title: Data warehouse

text: A hybrid DW database is kept on third normal form to eliminate data redundancy. A normal relational database, however, is not efficient for business intelligence reports where dimensional modelling is prevalent. Small data marts can shop for data from the consolidated warehouse and use the filtered, specific data for the fact tables and dimensions required. The DW provides a single source of information from which the data marts can read, providing a wide range of business information. The hybrid architecture allows a DW to be replaced with a master data management repository where operational (not static) information could reside.


title: Data warehouse

text: The data vault modeling components follow hub and spokes architecture. This modeling style is a hybrid design, consisting of the best practices from both third normal form and star schema. The data vault model is not a true third normal form, and breaks some of its rules, but it is a top-down architecture with a bottom up design. The data vault model is geared to be strictly a data warehouse. It is not geared to be end-user accessible, which, when built, still requires the use of a data mart or star schema-based release area for business purposes.


title: Data warehouse

text: There are basic features that define the data in the data warehouse that include subject orientation, data integration, time-variant, nonvolatile data, and data granularity.


title: Data warehouse

text: Unlike the operational systems, the data in the data warehouse revolves around the subjects of the enterprise. Subject orientation is not database normalization. Subject orientation can be really useful for decision-making.


title: Data warehouse

text: The data found within the data warehouse is integrated. Since it comes from several operational systems, all inconsistencies must be removed. Consistencies include naming conventions, measurement of variables, encoding structures, physical attributes of data, and so forth.


title: Data warehouse

text: While operational systems reflect current values as they support day-to-day operations, data warehouse data represents a long time horizon (up to 10 years) which means it stores mostly historical data. It is mainly meant for data mining and forecasting. (E.g. if a user is searching for a buying pattern of a specific customer, the user needs to look at data on the current and past purchases.)


title: Data warehouse

text: The data in the data warehouse is read-only, which means it cannot be updated, created, or deleted (unless there is a regulatory or statutory obligation to do so).


title: Data warehouse

text: In the data warehouse process, data can be aggregated in data marts at different levels of abstraction. The user may start looking at the total sale units of a product in an entire region. Then the user looks at the states in that region. Finally, they may examine the individual stores in a certain state. Therefore, typically, the analysis starts at a higher level and drills down to lower levels of details.


title: Data warehouse

text: With data virtualization, the data used remains in its original locations and real-time access is established to allow analytics across multiple sources creating a virtual data warehouse. This can aid in resolving some technical difficulties such as compatibility problems when combining data from various platforms, lowering the risk of error caused by faulty data, and guaranteeing that the newest data is used. Furthermore, avoiding the creation of a new database containing personal information can make it easier to comply with privacy regulations. However, with data virtualization, the connection to all necessary data sources must be operational as there is no local copy of the data, which is one of the main drawbacks of the approach.


title: Data warehouse

text: The different methods used to construct/organize a data warehouse specified by an organization are numerous. The hardware utilized, software created and data resources specifically required for the correct functionality of a data warehouse are the main components of the data warehouse architecture. All data warehouses have multiple phases in which the requirements of the organization are modified and fine-tuned.


title: Data warehouse

text: Operational systems are optimized for the preservation of data integrity and speed of recording of business transactions through use of database normalization and an entity-relationship model. Operational system designers generally follow Codd's 12 rules of database normalization to ensure data integrity. Fully normalized database designs (that is, those satisfying all Codd rules) often result in information from a business transaction being stored in dozens to hundreds of tables. Relational databases are efficient at managing the relationships between these tables. The databases have very fast insert/update performance because only a small amount of data in those tables is affected each time a transaction is processed. To improve performance, older data are usually periodically purged from operational systems.


title: Data warehouse

text: Data warehouses are optimized for analytic access patterns. Analytic access patterns generally involve selecting specific fields and rarely if ever , which selects all fields/columns, as is more common in operational databases. Because of these differences in access patterns, operational databases (loosely, OLTP) benefit from the use of a row-oriented DBMS whereas analytics databases (loosely, OLAP) benefit from the use of a column-oriented DBMS. Unlike operational systems which maintain a snapshot of the business, data warehouses generally maintain an infinite history which is implemented through ETL processes that periodically migrate data from the operational systems over to the data warehouse.


title: Liz Carr

text: Carr was born 21 April 1972 in Port Sunlight and grew up in Bebington, Merseyside. She attended Upton Hall School FCJ in Upton, Merseyside and Birkenhead High School in Birkenhead.


title: Liz Carr

text: Carr has used a wheelchair since the age of seven owing to arthrogryposis multiplex congenita and frequently refers to her condition in her stand-up as "meus thronus kaputus". She is frank about her life as a disabled person and the inherent comedy that brings: "I've had some tuts, which is fantastic... I look quite frail to some people, so it's like, 'She's talking about sex, she's swearing.' Every stereotype you didn't expect. People generally look terrified. 'Oh my God, is she going to be funny? Can we laugh at this?'."


title: Liz Carr

text: Carr became involved in politics, disabled rights, and activism while studying at the University of Nottingham. Following her graduation she turned her back on law to work as a disability equality trainer. She has been a disability rights campaigner in the UK and has spoken at many rallies. In May 2008 she joined with ADAPT, a prominent disability rights group in the United States, to raise money for ADAPT and to protest against presidential candidate John McCain's refusal to support the right of people with disabilities to live in their own homes.


title: Liz Carr

text: In 2011, Carr was part of a "Newsnight" debate on assisted suicide, following the screening on the BBC of "", which included Jeremy Paxman and David Aaronovitch.


title: Liz Carr

text: She opposed Lord Falconer's Assisted Dying Bill, stating: "I fear we’ve so devalued certain groups of people – ill people, disabled people, older people – that I don’t think it’s in their best interests to enshrine in law the right of doctors to kill certain people."


title: Liz Carr

text: She has been part of a number of comedy groups, including Abnormally Funny People with Tanyalee Davis, Steve Day, Steve Best, Simon Minty and Chris McCausland.


title: Liz Carr

text: Carr co-hosted the BBC's Royal Television Society award-winning "Ouch! Podcast" with Mat Fraser from 2006 to 2013, and in 2011 worked as a researcher for the BBC comedy panel show "Have I Got News for You".


title: Liz Carr

text: Carr was in her thirties when she took on her first professional acting role, playing Mother Courage, before heading to the Young Vic with another Bertolt Brecht play, "The Exception and the Rule". In 2013, she joined the long-running BBC crime thriller series "Silent Witness" as regular character Clarissa Mullery. On 5 February 2020 it was announced that Carr had departed "Silent Witness" after eight years.


title: Liz Carr

text: In 2019, Carr starred in "The OA" as Dr Marlow Rhodes. In 2020, Carr appeared as a university lecturer in the miniseries "Devs".


title: Liz Carr

text: In March 2021, it was announced that Carr had joined the cast of "The Witcher" as Fenn in the show's second season. In December of the same year, it was announced that Carr had joined the cast of "Good Omens" for the second season, as the angel Saraqael. Between September and December 2021, Carr played Dr. Emma Brookner in the West End revival of "The Normal Heart" at the Royal National Theatre, marking the first time a disabled person had played the role on stage. Carr subsequently won the Laurence Olivier Award for Best Actress in a Supporting Role at the 2022 Laurence Olivier Awards.


title: Liz Carr

text: In 2010 Carr entered into a civil partnership with longtime partner Jo Church in what Carr called "A Wheelie Special Wedding". Her father gave a speech in which he was prohibited from using words like "brave." Carr and her partner danced to the "Dirty Dancing" theme and the local fire brigade held her, and her chair, aloft.


title: Liz Carr

text: On 10 August 2017, Carr and her personal assistant were the victims of an attack by a man armed with scissors. The assailant was subsequently arrested and detained under the Mental Health Act 2007.


title: Falsetto

text: Falsetto (, ; Italian diminutive of , "false") is the vocal register occupying the frequency range just above the modal voice register and overlapping with it by approximately one octave.


title: Falsetto

text: It is produced by the vibration of the ligamentous edges of the vocal cords, in whole or in part. Commonly cited in the context of singing, falsetto, a characteristic of phonation by both sexes, is also one of four main spoken vocal registers recognized by speech pathology.


title: Falsetto

text: The term "falsetto" is most often used in the context of singing to refer to a type of vocal phonation that enables the singer to sing notes beyond the vocal range of the normal or modal voice. The typical tone of falsetto register or M2, usually has a characteristic breathy and flute-like sound relatively free of overtones—which is more limited than its modal counterpart in both dynamic variation and tone quality. However, William Vennard points out that while most untrained people can sound comparatively "breathy" or "hooty" when using falsetto production, there are in rarer cases individuals who have developed a much stronger falsetto sound production which has more "ring" to it.


title: Falsetto

text: The modal voice, or modal register, and falsetto register differ primarily in the action of the vocal cords. Production of the normal voice involves vibration of the entire vocal cord, with the glottis opening first at the bottom and then at the top. Production of falsetto, on the other hand, vibrates only the ligamentous edges of the vocal folds while leaving each fold's body relatively relaxed. Transition from modal voice to falsetto occurs when each vocal cord's main body, or vocalis muscle, relaxes, enabling the cricothyroid muscles to stretch the vocal ligaments. William Vennard describes this process as follows:


title: Falsetto

text: In the modal register, the vocal folds (when viewed with a stroboscope) are seen to contact with each other completely during each vibration, closing the gap between them fully, if just for a very short time. This closure cuts off the escaping air. When the air pressure in the trachea rises as a result of this closure, the folds are blown apart, while the vocal processes of the arytenoid cartilages remain in apposition. This creates an oval gap between the folds and some air escapes, lowering the pressure inside the trachea. Rhythmic repetition of this movement creates the note.


title: Falsetto

text: In falsetto, however, the vocal folds are seen to be blown apart and in untrained falsetto singers a permanent oval orifice is left in the middle between the edges of the two folds through which a certain volume of air escapes continuously as long as the register is engaged (the singer is singing using the voice). In skilled countertenors, however, the mucous membrane of the vocal folds contact with each other completely during each vibration cycle. The arytenoid cartilages are held in firm apposition in this voice register also. The length or size of the oval orifice or separation between the folds can vary, but it is known to get bigger as the pressure of air pushed out is increased.


title: Falsetto

text: The folds are made up of elastic and fatty tissue. The folds are covered on the surface by laryngeal mucous membrane which is supported deeper down underneath by the innermost fibres of the thyroarytenoid muscle. In falsetto the extreme membranous edges, i.e. the edges furthest away from the middle of the gap between the folds, appear to be the only parts vibrating. The mass corresponding to the innermost part of the thyro-arytenoid muscle remains still and motionless.


title: Falsetto

text: Some singers feel a sense of muscular relief when they change from the modal register to the falsetto register.


title: Falsetto

text: Research has revealed that not all speakers and singers produce falsetto in exactly the same way. Some speakers and singers leave the cartilaginous portion of the glottis open (sometimes called 'mutational chink'), and only the front two-thirds of the vocal ligaments enter the vibration. The resulting sound, which is typical of many adolescents, may be pure and flutelike, but is usually soft and anemic in quality. In others, the full length of the glottis opens and closes in each cycle. In still others, a phenomenon known as damping appears, with the amount of glottal opening becoming less and less as the pitch rises, until only a tiny slit appears on the highest pitches. The mutational chink type of falsetto is considered inefficient and weak, but there is little information available about the relative strengths and weaknesses of the other two types.


title: Falsetto

text: Both sexes are physically capable of phonating in the falsetto register. Prior to research done by scientists in the 1950s and 1960s, it was widely believed that only men were able to produce falsetto. One possible explanation for this failure to recognize the female falsetto sooner is that when men phonate in the falsetto register there is a much more pronounced change in timbre and dynamic level between the modal and falsetto registers than there is in female voices. This is due in part to the difference in the length and mass of the vocal folds and to the difference in frequency ranges. However, motion picture and video studies of laryngeal action prove that women can and do produce falsetto, and electromyographic studies by several leading speech pathologists and vocal pedagogists provide further confirmation.


title: Falsetto

text: While scientific evidence has proven that women have a falsetto register, the issue of 'female falsetto' has been met with controversy among teachers of singing. This controversy does not exist within the sciences and arguments against the existence of female falsetto do not align with current physiological evidence. Some pioneers in vocal pedagogy, like Margaret Green and William Vennard, were quick to adopt current scientific research in the 1950s, and pursued capturing the biological process of female falsetto on film. They went further to incorporate their research into their pedagogical method of teaching female singers. Others refused to accept the idea, and opposition to the concept of female falsetto has continued among some teachers of singing long after scientific evidence had proven the existence of female falsetto. Celebrated opera singer and voice teacher Richard Miller pointed out in his 1997 publication "National Schools of Singing: English, French, German, and Italian" that while the German school of voice teachers had largely embraced the idea of a female falsetto into pedagogical practice, there is division within the French and English schools and a complete rejection of the idea of female falsetto in the Italian school of singing. In his 2004 book, "Solutions for Singers: Tools For Performers and Teachers", Miller said, "It is illogical to speak of a female falsetto, because the female is incapable of producing a timbre in the upper range that is radically different from its "mezza voce" or "voce piena in testa" qualities".


title: Falsetto

text: However, other writers of singing have warned about the dangers of failing to recognize that women have a falsetto register. McKinney, who expressed alarm that many books on the art of singing completely ignore or gloss over the issue of female falsetto or insist that women do not have falsetto, argues that many young female singers substitute falsetto for the upper portion of the modal voice. He believes that this failure to recognize the female falsetto voice has led to the misidentification of young contraltos and mezzo-sopranos as sopranos, as it is easier for these lower voice types to sing in the soprano "tessitura" using their falsetto register.


title: Falsetto

text: Use of falsetto voice in western music is very old. Its origins are difficult to trace because of ambiguities in terminology. Possibly when 13th century writers distinguished between chest, throat and head registers ("pectoris, guttoris, capitis") they meant capitis to refer to what would be later called falsetto. By the 16th century the term falsetto was common in Italy. The physician, Giovanni Camillo Maffei, in his book "Discorso della voce e del modo d'apparare di cantar di garganta" in 1562, explained that when a bass singer sang in the soprano range, the voice was called "falsetto". In a book by GB Mancini, called "Pensieri e riflessioni" written in 1774, falsetto is equated with ""voce di testa"" (translated as 'head voice').


title: Falsetto

text: The falsetto register is used by male countertenors to sing in the alto and occasionally the soprano range and was the standard before women sang in choirs. Falsetto is occasionally used by early music specialists today and regularly in British cathedral choirs by men who sing the alto line.


title: Falsetto

text: There is a difference between the modern usage of the "head voice" term and its previous meaning in the renaissance as a type of falsetto, according to many singing professionals. These days, head voice is typically defined as a mix of chest and head voice, therefore created a stronger sound than falsetto. The falsetto can be coloured or changed to sound different. It can be given classical styling to sound as male classical countertenors make it sound, or be sung in more contemporary musical styles.


title: Falsetto

text: In opera, it is believed that the chest voice, middle voice and head voice occur in women. The head voice of a man is, according to David A. Clippinger generally equivalent to the middle voice of a woman. This may mean the head voice of a woman is a man's falsetto equivalent. Although, in contemporary teaching, some teachers no longer talk of the middle voice, choosing to call it the head voice as with men. Falsetto is not generally counted by classical purists as a part of the vocal range of anyone except countertenors. There are exceptions, however, such as the baryton-Martin which uses falsetto (see baritone article).


title: Falsetto

text: Smokey Robinson used falsetto voice. One of the soulful falsettos is Philip Bailey of Earth, Wind and Fire. Brian Wilson of The Beach Boys sang falsetto on multiple Beach Boys tunes providing a dose of saccharine for the band's signature harmonies. The pop disco group Bee Gees had strong commercial success using Barry and Robin Gibb's falsetto in the 1970s, most notably within the disco genre. Frankie Valli usually sang in falsetto in the 1960s, as did many other singers in the doo-wop style, in the 1950s.


title: Falsetto

text: Falsetto has been used in Mexican songs for many generations. In Mexico, one of the famous singers of "falsete" was Miguel Aceves Mejía, a singer and actor in the Golden Age of Mexican cinema, known as the ""Rey de Falsete"", or "Falsetto King". He sang over a thousand songs, such as ""La Malagueña", "El Jinete", "La Noche y Tú"" and ""La Del Rebozo Blanco"", many of which utilized falsetto.


title: Falsetto

text: Many Hawaiian songs feature falsetto. In Hawaiian-style falsetto—called "ka leo ki'eki'e"—the singer, usually male, emphasizes the break between registers. Sometimes the singer exaggerates the break through repetition, as a yodel. As with other aspects of Hawaiian music, falsetto developed from a combination of sources, including pre-European Hawaiian chanting, early Christian hymn singing and the songs and yodeling of immigrant cowboys, called "paniolos" in the Hawaiian language, during the Kamehameha Reign in the 1800s when cowboys were brought from Mexico to teach Hawaiians how to care for cattle.


title: Falsetto

text: Falsetto is also common in African folk music, especially the South African style called "Mbube", traditionally performed by an all-male "a cappella" chorus.


title: Falsetto

text: The United States release of Muse's "Origin of Symmetry" album was delayed for four years because Maverick Records wanted the group to rerecord the album with less falsetto. Muse refused, and left Maverick Records due to the incident.


title: Falsetto

text: British millennial rock band The Darkness are known for their distinctive falsetto vocals, unusual in the genre.


title: Falsetto

text: Falsetto is more limited in dynamic variation and tone quality than the modal voice. Falsetto does not connect to modal voice except at very low volumes, leading to vocal breaks when transitioning from modal voice. In the absence of modern vocal training to hold back the volume of modal voice, in this overlapping area a given pitch in modal voice will be louder than the same pitch sung in falsetto. The type of vocal cord vibration that produces the falsetto voice precludes loud singing except in the highest tones of that register; it also limits the available tone colors because of the simplicity of its waveform. Modal voice is capable of producing much more complex waveforms and infinite varieties of tone color. Falsetto, however, does involve less physical effort by the singer than the modal voice and, when properly used, can make possible some desirable tonal effects.


title: Falsetto

text: The ability to speak within the falsetto register is possible for almost all men and women. The use of falsetto is considered uncommon in normal Western speech and is most often employed within the context of humor. However, the use of falsetto speech varies by culture and its use has been studied in African Americans and gay men in certain contexts. Its use has also been noted in the U.S. South. Pitch changes ranging to falsetto are also characteristic of British English.


title: Falsetto

text: Some people who speak frequently or entirely in the falsetto register are identified by speech pathologists as suffering from a functional dysphonia. Falsetto also describes the momentary, but often repeated, fluctuations in pitch emitted by both sexes while undergoing voice change during adolescence. These changes, however, are more apparent and occur with greater frequency in boys than they do in girls. Failure to undergo proper voice-change is called puberphonia.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: Bubble Guppies is a CGI-animated children's television series produced for Nickelodeon and created by Jonny Belt and Robert Scull. The series is a combination of the sketch comedy, edutainment, and musical genres, and revolves around the underwater adventures of a group of merperson preschoolers named Molly, Gil, Goby, Deema, Oona, Nonny, and Zooli. The program premiered on Nickelodeon on January 24, 2011, and originally ran for four seasons until its conclusion on October 21, 2016. The series is produced using 3D software.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: Almost three years after the last episode of its original run, it was revived for a fifth season on June 4, 2019 with an order of 26 episodes. The fifth season premiered on September 27, 2019. On February 19, 2020, the show was renewed for a sixth season, which premiered on October 19, 2021.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: All episodes follow a similar format. The episode starts with the show logo in a room and it is filling with water. Then the Little Fish breaks the fourth wall by saying the title of the show to the audience. The series starts with an introduction by Molly, saying 'Hi, it's me, Molly, and it's time for—' only to be stopped by Gil performing an act related to the episode's subject. One or both of the two then state 'It's time for "Bubble Guppies"!', and the theme song plays. After the theme song, the Little Fish say the episode's name.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: An event may occur when one or more characters is on the way to school. For example, Avi breaks his tail in "Call a Clambulance!" when Oona is on the way to school. A guppy tells Mr. Grouper about the earlier experience. He suggests, "Let's think about it", and the characters discuss the theme. A song follows, focusing on the episode's main theme. Usually, Molly or Gil sing this song, but there are episodes where Deema or Mr. Grouper sing it instead.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: One of the guppies may go to a shop that mostly focuses on the theme (example: a doctor's office in "Call a Clambulance!"). The owner of the shop (usually played by Deema) will ask questions about what they need. Jokes and silly responses will eventually lead to the correct necessity. Mr. Grouper often ends this segment by asking, "Excuse me, what time is it?" in a call and response pattern, with the guppies responding, "It's time for lunch!" three times.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: At lunch, three of the characters make a food pun about the subject of the episode; usually done by Nonny. After lunch, another Gil and Molly sketch is shown.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: After the sketch, some classroom activity is shown further reinforcing that episode's topic, or Mr. Grouper talks more about the theme. This is usually ended when Mr. Grouper says, "Line up everybody, it's time to go outside!" followed by the "outside song". Outside the classroom, the guppies act out a story about the theme, interfused with Adobe Flash-animated graphics. Once back inside, a second song is typically performed. Afterward, Gil and Molly do another sketch.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: They yell out, "FIELD TRIP!" This may focus on a problem shown earlier and involves the key characters. The episode concludes with a final sketch by Gil and Molly, followed by a shorter version of the theme song. The credits then roll which include a song played earlier in that episode.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: Season 5 introduced a new series format which has the story segment take up the majority of the episode, and incorporates the shop and lunch segments into the narrative. Gil and Molly simply introduce themselves before the theme song with no opening gag, the show cuts right to school after the theme, and the dance songs and field trips were removed. With the exception of select special episodes, Mr. Grouper's presence was primarily reduced to the beginning class segments. Gil and Molly's sketches were removed as well, instead having Mr. Grouper wave goodbye to the viewer as the guppies go back inside.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: A significant contribution to the show's popularity is its two-level humor track. Minor characters include a police officer named Miranda and a winged serpent named Pretzel-coatl. Heavy metal singer Ozzy Osbourne guest starred as Sid Fishy in the 2015 episode "Super Guppies!", while actor George Takei guest starred in a sci-fi mashup which pitted him as a Darth Vader-like armored villain against starship captain Gil and his first officer, Mr. Smart (Nonny). Recurring character Mr. Grumpfish is a reference to "Monty Python's The Meaning of Life", while the episode "The Puppy and the Ring" makes in-jokes ranging from J. R. R. Tolkien to L. Frank Baum.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: The revived series was not dubbed for UK release, and instead, the original airs. "The Jawsome Sharkventure!", however, used the British voices for the "Baby Shark's Big Show!" cast.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: The voice cast is based in New York and California and the dialogue is recorded at New York-based Dubway Studios and Rhumba Recorders and Burbank-based Nickelodeon Animation Studio.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: In addition to Nickelodeon Animation Studio, outsourced animation was provided by WildBrain Entertainment for Season 1, Nelvana for Season 2-4, and Jam Filled Toronto for Season 5–6.


title: Bubble Guppies

text: The series first premiered on January 24, 2011, the second season then premiering on November 4 of the same year. Season 3 premiered on August 12, 2013, with an episode entitled, "Get Ready for School!". Season 4 premiered on May 21, 2015. Season 5 premiered on September 27, 2019. Season 6 premiered on October 19, 2021.


title: JWoww

text: Jennifer Lynn Farley (born February 27, 1986), also known as JWoww, is an American television personality. She first came to prominence as one of the eight main cast members in the MTV reality series "Jersey Shore", and is a main cast member of its spin-offs, "Snooki & Jwoww" and "". She has also made several appearances on other shows, such as "TNA Impact!", "Disaster Date" and "Marriage Boot Camp: Reality Stars". Since 2015, she has starred in the web series "Snooki & Jwoww: Moms with Attitude", which started on go90 before moving to the MTV YouTube channel in 2018.


title: JWoww

text: Farley was born in East Greenbush, New York, where she attended Columbia High School. She later attended the New York Institute of Technology. Before starting her career, she spent time working as a nanny for small children. For a year, during which time she auditioned for "Jersey Shore", Farley lived in Franklin Square, New York, on Long Island.


title: JWoww

text: In 2019, she took a DNA test to learn of her full genetic background. Her 23andMe test stated she is mostly of Northwestern European ancestry, the breakdown being 24% British/Irish, 16.9% French/German and 23.9% Broadly Northwestern European, with her recent ancestor location being Ireland. The test would also prove she had a small percentage of Italian ancestry, a fact that surprised her as she had previously stated that she was not Italian like most of her "Jersey Shore" costars. She herself has claimed to be of Irish and Spanish descent, although her DNA test would also reveal she only has a small amount of Iberian ancestry.


title: JWoww

text: Before "Jersey Shore", Farley owned a graphic design business, Jenni Farley Designs, Inc. In December 2009, at age 23, Farley began appearing in "Jersey Shore" in which she and seven housemates spent the summer in Seaside Heights, New Jersey. The second season was filmed in Miami, Florida, and then the third season returned to New Jersey. A fourth season of the series was filmed in Florence, Italy, and the final two seasons moved back to Seaside Heights.


title: JWoww

text: Farley launched a line, "Filthy Couture", in a Las Vegas runway show in July 2010. After four months of operation, the line ceased sales in October 2010 due to a threatened trademark lawsuit. Farley stated that the brand was not over and a new line would be released. In April 2011, MTV announced that it ordered two "Jersey Shore" spin-off series, one of which will feature Farley and castmate Nicole Polizzi. Twelve episodes were ordered for the first season. In 2010 she released a book titled "The Rules According to JWOWW: Shore-Tested Secrets On Landing a Mint Guy, Staying Fresh to Death, and Kicking the Competition to the Curb". In 2012, she was sued for allegedly filming several episodes of her reality show without proper authorization from her landlord.


title: JWoww

text: In 2012, Farley and her "Jersey Shore" co-star Nicole Polizzi began starring in "Snooki & JWoww", which premiered on MTV on June 21, 2012. The first season was filmed over the course of six weeks at a former two-story firehouse located near Grove and Mercer Streets in Jersey City, New Jersey, followed Polizzi and Farley moving in together, and was described as a modern-day "Laverne & Shirley". Farley also hosted "MTV's Club New Year's Eve 2013" with Polizzi and Jeff Dye to ring in 2013. The duo did star again in the second season of "Snooki & JWoww", which followed the stars at their actual permanent residences, and premiered on January 8, 2013. It was renewed for a third season.


title: JWoww

text: In 2015, Farley competed and won the seventh season of Worst Cooks in America: Celebrity Edition. Farley also made her feature film debut starring in the indie production, "The Mint", in which she played the girlfriend of a record executive and also served as the film's executive producer. Since late 2015, she has starred in "Snooki & Jwoww: Moms with Attitude".


title: JWoww

text: Farley and Roger Mathews married in October 2015. They have two children: daughter Meilani, born July 13, 2014, and son Greyson, born May 5, 2016. In September 2018, Farley filed for divorce, citing irreconcilable differences. In the midst of her divorce from Mathews, on December 17, 2018, she reported to the police that her previous boyfriend Tom Lippolis, whom she had dated approximately 10 years ago, and had made appearances with her in the early seasons of "Jersey Shore", attempted to extort $25,000 from her in exchange for not selling "her secrets" to the press. He was arrested for this crime on December 19, 2018. In August 2019, Farley's divorce from Mathews was finalized. From April to October 2019, Farley was in a relationship with professional wrestler Zack Carpinello. After a brief separation period, Farley confirmed reconciliation on her Instagram page in December 2019. In February 2021, the couple became engaged at the Empire State Building, a surprise for Farley’s birthday.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Malin Maria Åkerman (born 12 May 1978) is a Swedish actress. In the early 2000s, she had several small television and film parts in both Canadian and American productions, including "The Utopian Society" (2003) and "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle" (2004). Following a supporting role on the HBO mockumentary sitcom "The Comeback" (2005), she gained her first co-starring roles in the romantic comedy films "The Heartbreak Kid" (2007) and "27 Dresses" (2008). She had an uncredited role in the science fiction film, "The Invasion" (2007). She played the female lead in "Watchmen" (2009) as Silk Spectre II, a role for which she was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2009, Åkerman had supporting and starring roles in the romantic comedies "The Proposal" and "Couples Retreat". From 2010 to 2016, she starred on the Adult Swim comedy series "Childrens Hospital". In 2012, she co-starred in the comedy "Wanderlust" and the musical film "Rock of Ages". She had her first lead television role with the short-lived ABC comedy series "Trophy Wife" (2013–2014). She later co-starred in the film "I'll See You in My Dreams" (2015) and the action film "Rampage" (2018). Since 2016, Åkerman has had a main role on the Showtime drama series "Billions" as Lara Axelrod.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Apart from acting and modelling, Åkerman had a brief music career as the lead vocalist for alternative rock band The Petalstones in the early 2000s, but eventually left to focus on her acting career. She has been married twice, first from 2007 to 2014 to Petalstones drummer Roberto Zincone, with whom she has a son, and, since 2018, to English actor Jack Donnelly.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman was born in Stockholm on 12 May 1978, the daughter of aerobics teacher and part-time model Pia (née Sundström) and insurance broker Magnus Åkerman. When she was two years old, the family moved to Canada after her father was offered a job there. Four years later her parents divorced and her father moved back to Sweden. She was raised as a Buddhist. After her mother remarried, they moved to Niagara-on-the-Lake, Ontario. Her mother divorced again in Åkerman's teenage years. Åkerman attended many different schools, including Sir Winston Churchill Secondary School in St. Catharines, Ontario. She visited her father in Falsterbo during school breaks and talked to him regularly over the phone. She cites her parents as "supportive, positive influences" in her life.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman's mother introduced her to modelling while she was still in primary school. At age 16, she was discovered by Ford Models in a shopping mall in St. Catharines. She was signed to the agency and later won a contract with skincare company Noxzema. She soon moved to Toronto while attending North Toronto Collegiate Institute and later Dante Alighieri Academy. At the age of 18, inspired by the "helplessness" she sometimes felt during her childhood, she decided to become a child psychologist. She supported her education by modelling for television commercials and catalogue layouts. While studying for a year at York University in Toronto, she was simultaneously offered guest roles on television as a result of her exposure in commercials. She saw the acting roles as further opportunities to pay for her education but found herself enjoying acting, and later dropped out of school to become an actress. She moved to Los Angeles in 2001 to pursue her acting career full-time.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman made her acting debut on the Canadian science fiction series "" in 1997 in a smaller role as a robot. She originally landed a role on an MTV pilot with Rachel McAdams but the project was never picked up by the network. In 2000 she guest starred on "Relic Hunter" and had a smaller role in the American film "The Skulls". The following year she made appearances on the series "Doc", "Twice in a Lifetime" and "Witchblade". In 2001 she moved to Los Angeles, California, in hopes of pursuing a broader acting career. At first, she worked as a waitress and stayed at a friend's house. In 2002 she received a role in the film "The Utopian Society". The film was edited by Francesco Sondelli, guitarist for alternative rock band Ozono. Sondelli asked Åkerman to help the band with song lyrics and later asked her to sing. Åkerman subsequently became the band's singer, and they changed their name to The Petalstones. The band's debut album "Stung" was released in August 2005, but Åkerman eventually left to focus on her acting career. She described her singing as "sort of a self-made, self-taught, if-you-can't-hit-the-note-scream-it kind of thing".


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2004 she got a small role in the film "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle", but considered moving back to Canada as most of her auditions failed. She was then cast in a supporting role as Juna on the HBO television series "The Comeback", with Lisa Kudrow in the main role. Kudrow played a former sitcom star who tried to restart her career. Åkerman's appearance on the show garnered media attention and resulted in her being offered more roles. A year later, she guest starred on an episode of "Love Monkey" and two episodes of "Entourage". Before the "Entourage" episodes aired, she landed a role in the 2007 comedy film "The Brothers Solomon". The film was a box office bomb and received largely critical reviews.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman signed up for a role opposite Ben Stiller in the comedy film "The Heartbreak Kid", directed by the Farrelly Brothers, in 2006. She played Lila, the newly wedded wife of Stiller's character. The film follows the couple's honeymoon in Mexico, where Stiller's character falls in love with another woman and realizes that the marriage was a mistake. A remake of the 1972 film of the same title, it was released in October 2007 to generally poor reviews, as critics deemed it "neither as daring nor as funny" as the directors' earlier films. Åkerman's performance garnered more positive reviews; Desson Thomson of "The Washington Post" called her a "fabulous comic partner" to Stiller, while Roger Moore of "Times Herald-Record" asserted that she had outperformed him. The film grossed US$14 million in its opening weekend in the United States, and went on to gross US$127 million globally.


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2007, Åkerman joined the cast of "27 Dresses", a romantic comedy film directed by Anne Fletcher with Katherine Heigl in the lead role. The film follows Heigl's character Jane, who has always been the bridesmaid and dreams of her own wedding. Åkerman played Jane's sister Tess. The film was shot during the summer of 2007, and was released in January 2008 to weak critical reception as it was considered "clichéd and mostly forgettable". The film was more successful commercially, with a gross of US$160 million. Åkerman played the title role in "Bye Bye Sally", a short film directed by Paul Leyden and based on Lisa Mannetti's short story "Everybody Wins". The film premiered at the 2009 Newport Beach Film Festival.


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2009, Åkerman starred as Silk Spectre II in the superhero film "Watchmen", an adaptation of Alan Moore's graphic novel of the same name. Directed by Zack Snyder, the feature film is set in an alternate reality in 1985 where a group of retired vigilantes investigate an apparent conspiracy against them. Snyder favoured Åkerman over other more well-known actresses as he felt that they could not play such a serious part. Åkerman rehearsed with "months of hardcore training" and went on a very strict diet. She wore a brunette wig, high heels and an uncomfortable latex costume, which provided little protection when performing stunts, and she often bruised herself during filming. Åkerman stated that her character carries the emotion of the film as she is the only woman among several men. Premiering in February 2009, the film received generally favourable reviews, and was a commercial success, grossing US$185 million worldwide. Although Åkerman was nominated for a Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance in the film, critics were generally negative towards her acting. She also received nominations for a Teen Choice Award and two Scream Awards.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman appeared in the 2009 romantic comedy film "The Proposal", starring Sandra Bullock and Ryan Reynolds in the lead roles. Åkerman played a supporting role as Gertrude, the ex-girlfriend of Reynolds' character. Although the film received mixed reviews, it went on to gross US$317 million worldwide. Also in 2009, Åkerman starred in the comedy film "Couples Retreat", opposite Jon Favreau and Vince Vaughn. The film follows four couples as they travel to a tropical island resort for couples therapy. Åkerman played Ronnie, the wife of Vaughn's character. She enjoyed playing a mother for the first time and tried to make her character as truthful as possible. The film premiered in theatres in October 2009 and grossed US$34 million in its opening weekend in the United States, entering number one at the box office, and totalled US$171 million worldwide. Reception for the film was mainly negative, although Åkerman's performance was met with more positive reactions.


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2010, Åkerman co-starred as Annie in the Josh Radnor-directed comedy-drama film "Happy. Thank You. More. Please." As her character has alopecia, Åkerman shaved off her eyebrows and wore a bald cap to cover her hair. She was originally offered a different part, but felt that she wanted to play Annie as it was different from her previous roles. The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival in January 2010 and received an audience award for Favorite U.S. Drama. Reviews from critics were polarized, but Åkerman received praise. Later in 2010, she guest starred on the "How I Met Your Mother" episode "The Wedding Bride", and joined the cast of the Adult Swim comedy series "Childrens Hospital". Playing the part of the promiscuous Dr. Valerie Flame, Åkerman joined during the series' second season along with Henry Winkler. The series was originally a web series and Åkerman accepted the role after viewing several webisodes. "It was totally up my alley, my kind of humor", she said of the series. The same year, she played a supporting role in the romantic comedy film "The Romantics" with Katie Holmes, Josh Duhamel and Anna Paquin. The film premiered in September 2010 on limited release to generally negative reviews.


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2010, she starred in Sebastian Gutierrez's comedy film "Elektra Luxx" opposite Carla Gugino and Joseph Gordon-Levitt. The film is a sequel to 2009's "Women in Trouble". Åkerman played Trixie, an awkward drug store clerk who falls for Gordon-Levitt's character, who in turn is obsessed with Gugino's character, a retired porn star. Åkerman was offered the role during a screening of "Women in Trouble". The film premiered in March 2011 on limited release and received generally unfavourable reviews; critics dismissed its many subplots and called it a "bizarre sex comedy". Next, Åkerman starred in the lead female role in the film "The Bang Bang Club", which follows a group of young photojournalists in South Africa during the final stages of the apartheid. Åkerman played Robin Comley, a newspaper photo editor. The film premiered during the 2010 Toronto International Film Festival to mixed reviews from the press. In 2010, Åkerman signed up for a part in newcomer Aaron Harvey's "Catch .44", a drama-thriller film with Forest Whitaker and Bruce Willis in the male lead roles. The film was generally ignored by critics and movie goers alike.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman had a supporting role in the 2012 comedy film "Wanderlust", with Jennifer Aniston and Paul Rudd. The film focuses on an overworked couple who end up at a commune when they try to slow things down. Åkerman played Eva, a woman at the commune. The film received mixed to positive reviews from critics, who were divided regarding its humour, but ultimately praised the cast. "Wanderlust" underperformed at the box office, earning just over US$20 million worldwide during its theatrical run. Åkerman appeared in the comedy film "The Giant Mechanical Man", which premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival in April 2012 to average reviews. She had a supporting role in the 2012 rock musical film "Rock of Ages", based on the stage production of the same name. She played Constance Sack, a journalist who interviews Tom Cruise's character Stacee Jaxx. She hired a vocal coach as her role required her to sing; she and Cruise recorded a duet of Foreigner's "I Want to Know What Love Is" (1984). The duet appears on the soundtrack, which peaked at number five on the "Billboard" 200 and sold 320,000 copies in the US. Although the film grossed lower than expected, its opening weekend gross in the United States became the third-highest ever for an adaption of a stage production.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman played opposite Nicolas Cage in the 2012 bank heist action film "Stolen". The film received negative reviews from critics and bombed at the box office. Next, Åkerman appeared in the crime film "Hotel Noir" (2012), the comedy horror film "Cottage Country" (2013), and the action thriller "The Numbers Station" (2013), all of which were panned by critics. In 2013, Åkerman portrayed Debbie Harry in Randall Miller's film "CBGB". The film received a limited theatrical release and was met with negative reviews in the press. During this time, she had several guest roles on television, including the series "Newsreaders", "Robot Chicken", and "Welcome to Sweden". From 2012 to 2013, she had a recurring role on ABC's comedy series "Suburgatory" as Alex, the absent mother of the main character Tessa. Åkerman was also a contestant on the comedy series "Burning Love" (2012), which parodied the reality series "The Bachelor".


title: Malin Akerman

text: From 2013 to 2014, Åkerman held the lead role on the ABC sitcom "Trophy Wife". She played Kate Harrison, the third wife of Bradley Whitford's character. Marcia Gay Harden and Michaela Watkins co-starred as Whitford's two ex-wives. Åkerman also served as a producer. She was initially put off by the title, "I saw the title and I said, 'Hell no, I'm not playing a trophy wife!'" However, she changed her mind after reading the script; she liked the writing and how the character is not actually a trophy wife. Executive producer Lee Eisenberg said the title was "always meant to be ironic". The series received positive reviews from critics, who praised the chemistry between the actors. Åkerman received critical acclaim for her performance; Gabriel Mizrahi of "The Huffington Post" deemed her portrayal "terrific", and Matt Webb Mitovich of TVLine opined that she "no less than shines here, coming off as fun-loving but not flaky, warm and not overheated". Several television critics named it one of the best new sitcoms of 2013, and some criticized its title for confusing audiences by suggesting it is about something that it is not. Willa Paskin of "Slate" regarded the title "terrible" and "an insult to its lovely, daffy main character". Criticism was also directed towards ABC for giving the series a poor time slot. "Trophy Wife" aired for one season before its cancellation.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman was a main cast member on Yahoo! Screen's short-lived comedy series "Sin City Saints" (2015), which ran for an eight-episode season. She portrayed Dusty Halford, the lawyer of the eponymous basketball team. Åkerman co-starred in Brett Haley's comedy-drama film "I'll See You in My Dreams" (2015) with Blythe Danner. The film premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival to positive reviews. Also in 2015, she starred in the comedy slasher film "The Final Girls" with Taissa Farmiga. The film follows a group of high school students who are transported into a slasher film. The film received generally favourable reviews from critics, who noted its "surprising layer of genuine emotion" amidst "the meta amusement". Åkerman was nominated for a Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Supporting Actress for her performance.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman acted in two feature films in 2016, "Misconduct" and "The Ticket", both of which received limited release. Critical reception of "Misconduct" was generally negative, while "The Ticket" attracted mixed reviews. Åkerman's performance in the latter, as the wife of a blind man who regained his sight, was met with positive reception. The same year, Åkerman starred alongside Orlando Bloom and Kate Micucci on an episode of the Netflix comedy-drama series "Easy", an anthology series with stand-alone episodes of different characters exploring relationships. Since 2016, Åkerman has been a main cast member on the Showtime drama series "Billions", playing the role of Lara Axelrod, the wife of billionaire hedge fund manager Bobby Axelrod, portrayed by Damian Lewis. Åkerman enjoys playing the character due to her "no-nonsense" attitude. The series has received critical acclaim throughout its four seasons, and was renewed for a fifth season in May 2019. Åkerman stepped into a recurring role for the third season to accommodate for roles in other projects, which was written into the storyline of season 3 as her character becomes Bobby Axelrod's ex-wife, allowing her to step away from the show without angering the fans.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman was cast in Brad Peyton's science fiction monster film "Rampage" (2018), based on the video game series of the same name, as Claire Wyden, the CEO of a company responsible for the infection and mutation of several animals. She liked playing a villain for the first time as it was a "good challenge". She said, "I don't think she had any redeeming qualities, but I don't think characters have to have redeeming qualities. It's quite fun to just enjoy being evil". The film became a commercial success with a worldwide revenue of US$428 million, ending up as the twenty-first highest-grossing film of 2018. Critical reception was mixed, with some critics deeming it a "brainless blockbuster". In 2019, Åkerman made a guest appearance on the Comedy Central educational comedy series "Drunk History" where she played accused murderer Beulah Annan. Åkerman played the role of Grace Richmond, the mother of Liana Liberato's character, in Martha Stephens' coming-of-age drama "To the Stars" (2019). The film premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival to positive reviews from critics.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman signed on for an NBC drama pilot titled "Prism" in February 2019. The pilot, directed by Daniel Barnz, details a murder trial told through different perspectives of each key person involved, with Åkerman as public defender Rachel Lewis. NBC passed on the project in May 2019. Åkerman played her first Swedish-speaking film role in the jukebox musical film "En del av mitt hjärta", directed by Edward af Sillén and based on music by Swedish singer Tomas Ledin. The film received a Christmas 2019 release in Sweden. She also starred in "The Sleepover", directed by Trish Sie for Netflix. Åkerman was cast in the comedy film "Friendsgiving", directed by Nicol Paone in her directorial debut. Åkerman is also a producer on the project. She appeared in an episode of the AMC anthology series "Soulmates", which premiered on 5 October 2020. In 2020, Åkerman played the lead role of Ally in the CBS comedy pilot "The Three of Us" which was created by Frank Pines.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Having been born in Sweden and raised in Canada, Åkerman has said that she has "conflicting feelings" for the two countries. In an interview for "Toronto Star", she said, "Every time I'm in Canada I feel more Swedish, and every time I'm in Sweden I feel more Canadian. I belong in both places and I love them both equally." She is a Swedish citizen but not a Canadian one, instead having permanent residency in Canada. She became an American citizen in October 2018. Apart from speaking fluent English and Swedish, she also speaks French and Spanish.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman met Italian musician Roberto Zincone in 2003, when she was the lead singer for The Petalstones, for which he was the drummer. They usually socialized after band practice, using a dictionary as Zincone could not speak English. They eventually started dating and married in Sorrento in June 2007. In 2013, they had a son called Sebastian Zincone. The couple separated in November 2013, and Zincone filed for divorce later that month. In October 2017, Åkerman announced her engagement to English actor Jack Donnelly. They married in Tulum in December 2018.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Inspired by her Buddhist upbringing, Åkerman has a lotus flower tattoo on her upper back. She also has a tattooed "Z" on her right wrist, which she got to honor Zincone when they were married.


title: Malin Akerman

text: Åkerman has revealed that she is dyslexic and that it takes her "a long time" to learn her lines: "I get horrified when I have to do table reads with the whole cast, because there's a lot of stuttering coming from me, so I have to do a lot of prep." Because of this, she prefers to improvise her lines.


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2008 she made her first appearance on AskMen.com's "99 Most Desirable Women" list at number 60. The same year men's magazine "Maxim" placed her at number 59 in their annual "Hot 100" rankings. The following year the magazine ranked her at number four.


title: Malin Akerman

text: In 2012 Åkerman travelled to Tanzania with Opportunity International and has since begun support of their international development work, becoming a Young Ambassador for Opportunity in June 2012, and hosting a fundraiser for Opportunity in October 2012. She served food with fellow actress January Jones at the Los Angeles Mission's annual Thanksgiving event in 2021.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: Mrs. Brown's Boys is an Irish television sitcom created by and starring Brendan O'Carroll and produced in the United Kingdom by BBC Scotland in partnership with BOC-PIX and Irish broadcaster RTÉ.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The series stars O'Carroll as Agnes Brown, with several close friends and family members making up the rest of the cast. The show adopts an informal production style often breaking the fourth wall, where production mistakes and tomfoolery, mostly instigated by O'Carroll, are edited into each episode. Despite being lambasted by critics and unfavorable comparisons to Father Ted, the show became a ratings success in both Ireland, where it is set, and the United Kingdom, where it is recorded. It also received high ratings in Australia, New Zealand and Canada. The show has won numerous industry awards.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: "Mrs. Brown's Boys" was developed from O'Carroll's works going back to the early 1990s. The character, Agnes Browne, first appeared in stage plays, radio plays, books, and straight-to-DVD films. For the sitcom, the spelling of Agnes' surname was shortened from Browne to Brown. A stage show has continued to run, and during February and March 2014 it toured Australia. A feature film, "Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie", was released on 27 June 2014.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The original radio play version of "Mrs. Browne's Boys" (the 'e' in Browne was later dropped) appeared first on Irish radio station RTÉ 2fm in 1992, then in a series of books written by Brendan O'Carroll from the mid-1990s onwards. The books, entitled "The Mammy", "The Chisellers", "The Granny", and "The Young Wan", were first published in Ireland, before being made available in the United Kingdom. In 1999, "The Mammy" was adapted into a film titled "Agnes Browne" with Anjelica Huston playing the title character. Following the film's success, O'Carroll wrote a series of stories adapted from the books, in which he played Mrs. Browne (now spelled 'Brown') and cast the rest of the family – including many of his own relatives as characters.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: A series of seven film-like adaptations was made and went straight to DVD release, originally officially just for Ireland, and since re-released via Universal Pictures, as "Mrs Brown(e)'s Boys – The Original Series". In turn, while these 7 straight-to-video features were released over the next few years, they would then also become adapted into the 7 stage plays later performed in rotation on the various tours, originally just in Ireland.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: During this time, O'Carroll took the show on the road, appearing in a series of Mrs. Brown plays in the United Kingdom and Ireland. Outside of Ireland, the stage show got its big break at Pavilion Theatre, Glasgow, where manager Iain Gordon liked O'Carroll's idea and decided to put it on, but the show didn't sell and O'Carroll suggested a 2-for-1 ticket deal, after which the show became a hit. For the next seven years, two different Mrs Brown's Boys shows were on for up to three weeks at a time. The Pavilion became known as "The Home of Mrs Brown".


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: There was also occasional DVD releases of the live theatre audience theatrical versions of the seven plays adapted from the original "The Original Series" features. These tour versions of the features are the video series referred to as the "Live Tour/Show", not to be confused with the live BBC/RTE TV broadcast episodes.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: In early 2009, O'Carroll was approached by BBC Scotland producer Stephen McCrum to create a television series based on the stage show. O'Carroll recruited an expanded cast mainly from family members and wrote a pilot, but production was held back a year due to the Jonathan Ross/Russell Brand incident. The unbroadcast pilot was created in November 2009, and within three weeks of the pilot being submitted to the BBC, they commissioned a full series. Subsequently, RTÉ came on board to help produce the series in partnership with the BBC. The first series aired on RTÉ One from 1 January to 5 February 2011. In the United Kingdom, the BBC transmitted the first episode on 21 February 2011.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: Following the success of the first series, RTÉ and the BBC commissioned a second, which began with a Christmas special broadcast on 25 December 2011 on RTÉ One, and the next day on BBC One. The latter was the most watched television programme in Ireland over the Christmas season. The second series began on New Year's Eve 2011 in Ireland, and two days later in the United Kingdom.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The BBC commissioned a third series in November 2011 a few weeks before the second series was broadcast. O'Carroll described the commission as "An extraordinary gift and we genuinely don't take it lightly. We're overwhelmed with the support of the audience and hopefully when they see what we've done with the second series they'll see that maybe the BBC is not totally mad." Whilst Cheryl Taylor, Controller, Comedy Commissioning for the BBC has also commented on the commission of a third series, "The new Mrs Brown's episodes are rip-roaring fun and will delight her ever growing army of fans. I am pleased as punch that we are commissioning series three – go Agnes!" Following two Christmas specials, the third series began on 29 December 2012 on RTÉ One and on 1 January 2013 on BBC One.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: According to Gary Hollywood, who plays Dino, on a radio interview, a "Mrs. Brown's Boys" Christmas Special for the year 2013 would be recorded in May 2013, due to a busy schedule of UK touring and the potential of filming the "Mrs. Brown" film (due for cinematic release in June 2014) from September to November 2013. On 30 January 2013, the BBC announced that two Christmas specials had been commissioned for 2013.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The BBC announced that they had commissioned two more Christmas specials for 2015, O'Carroll stated: "I have been commissioned to write another two Christmas specials and the BBC are expecting Christmas specials up until 2020." In December 2020, O’Carroll announced that additional Christmas specials had been commissioned up to 2026, stating "This new deal we signed last week goes all the way to 2026, which means I will be able to grow into the part, and we’ve a clause in which guarantees Mrs Brown is aired at 10pm on Christmas night, or else we don’t have to make it.".


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: On 19 February 2022, it was announced that "Mrs. Brown’s Boys" would be returning for a fourth series set to air in 2022. The new episodes are expected to begin filming in May 2022. This will mark the first new series of the show in almost 10 years. It was later announced that the series is being put on hold due to scheduling difficulties, with it being a mini series and it will instead be filmed in 2023.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: "Mrs. Brown's Boys" is recorded at the BBC Pacific Quay studios in Glasgow and is recorded in front of a live audience, which is seen at the beginning and the end of each show.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: While a fictional storyline is the basis of each episode, the programme uses a "laissez-faire" style in which areas beyond the set, including equipment and crew, are sometimes seen and aspects of the show's production are lampooned within the fictional dialogue. The show takes a more irregular concept as bloopers such as characters getting lines wrong or corpsing; and set, camera, and prop faults are not edited out of the episodes.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: At the beginning of each episode Agnes Brown breaks the fourth wall, with an introductory monologue. Each episode ends with Agnes again breaking the fourth wall to say goodbye. As the credits roll, the camera pulls out to see the audience and the cast of the entire episode lining up to take a bow. The finale (also including some Christmas specials) of every series so far has ended with a music performance by the cast. "Who's a Pretty Mammy" ended with a performance of Auld Lang Syne, complete with bagpipes.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The show also has a number of recurring running gags; examples include Agnes' blissful ignorance of Rory's obvious homosexuality in series 1, Dermot's outlandish costumes and alliterative tongue-twisters in relation to his job as a promoter, and in the festive specials a robotic Christmas tree that typically malfunctions on Agnes with "hilarious" consequences.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The series is also broadcast in the United States (BBC America), Canada (BBC Canada), Québec (French version adapted for Super Écran under the title "Mme Lebrun"), New Zealand (TVNZ 1), South Africa, Iceland and Australia (Seven Network).


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: "The whole thing is entirely predicated on viewers finding a man dressed as a foul-mouthed elderly woman intrinsically funny", wrote Bernice Harrison, TV reviewer with "The Irish Times". "If you do, you're away in a hack, and the viewing figures are astronomical, but if you don't, and you think that died out with Les Dawson and Dick Emery, then it's a long half-hour." The "Irish Independent" said that "Mrs Brown's Boys" was the type of TV programme "that makes you vaguely embarrassed to be Irish". Irish writer Graham Linehan has said he does not want his sitcom "The Walshes" to be compared with "Mrs. Brown's Boys".


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: Outside Ireland, it has received similarly poor reviews. "The Daily Telegraph"'s Sam Richards noted that the show's comedy has a "rudimentary nature", consisting of "an old-fashioned blend of silly voices and slapstick, played out in front of a live studio audience who collapse into giggles at the mere mention of the word "willy". Bruce Dessau in "The Guardian" described it as a "predictable, vulgar vehicle for Irish comedian Brendan O'Carroll", and in comparing it with other sitcoms said "No amount of 'fecks' are going to make "Mrs Brown's Boys" a classic like "Father Ted"". Grace Dent of "The Independent" remarked: "Once seen, it is rarely forgotten. To love Mrs Brown, one must be thrilled by a man in a hairnet and dinner lady tabard saying the F-word roughly once every ten minutes, egged on by a loyal studio audience so whipped to hysteria by him that one can hear pants being soiled and spleens exploding with mirth." Paul English of the "Daily Record" blasted the show as "lazy, end-of-pier trash rooted in the 1970s... One half-hour of this actually made me angry. Angry that the BBC seem to be abandoning quality in the pursuit of lowest common denominator ratings." "Metro" called it "jaw-droppingly past its sell-by date" and "not even remotely funny", saying that the BBC should "hang its head in shame" for showing "this RTÉ drivel".


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: "Mrs. Brown's Boys" was a ratings success upon its initial broadcast in Ireland. Every episode aired won its timeslot for RTÉ, with an average viewership of 753,500 in January 2011. One episode's rating beat that of RTÉ's own ratings giant "The Late Late Show", with 856,000 viewers tuning in to watch. The 2011 Christmas episode was the most-watched TV show in Ireland over the holiday season, with a 48.6% audience share. A year later the show again topped the Christmas ratings with "The Virgin Mammy" gaining an average of 972,000 viewers and a 47% share, and "Mammy Christmas" gaining an average of 851,000 viewers and a 51% share.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: More than one million copies of the first series of "Mrs. Brown's Boys" were sold on DVD in Ireland and the UK between October 2011 and February 2012. A complete series 1 and 2 box set was also released on 8 October 2012, containing the 2011 Christmas special as a content exclusive, meaning to own the special, one has to buy the box set.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: Some of the episodes on the Series 1 DVD differ from their original broadcasts. Due to copyright issues, scenes where casts perform songs were edited out. These edits included a scene where Mrs Brown sings Altered Images' "Happy Birthday", the entire cast singing The Proclaimers song, "I'm Gonna Be (500 Miles)" in episode 3, and a scene in episode 6 where Buster sings the theme tune to "". No changes have been made to the Series 2 episodes on their DVD release. A joke was made about being sued for singing a copyrighted song featured during the stage show "Mrs Brown's Boys Live: Good Mourning Mrs Brown".


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: On 11 October 2012, Series 2 was released in Region 4 in both standard form and a limited edition. The limited edition version contained the Christmas special. The Complete Collection was also released at the same time, containing all 13 episodes.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: A US DVD release of the complete series (which will also contain the first 7 Christmas specials and the unaired pilot) was released on 3 November 2015.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The first series of "Mrs. Brown's Boys" has been available on iTunes since 31 October 2011, including in High Definition. The two 2012 specials were released 11 November 2013. Additionally the Mrs. Brown's Boys Live Tour: Good Mourning Mrs Brown was also released 12 November 2012. Also, Mrs Brown's Boys Live Tour: Mrs Brown Rides Again was released on 11 November 2013. On 17 November 2014, Mrs. Brown's Boys Live Tour: For The Love of Mrs Brown was available to rent or buy.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: A film adaption of the series entitled "Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie" was released in cinemas on 27 June 2014. BBC Films is acting as its sales agent. In January 2014, whilst speaking to the Radio Times, Brendan O'Carroll said "We're already working on a sequel – Mrs Brown's Boys D'Movie 2". In December 2015 it was confirmed that there will be a sequel.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: In June 2014, it was announced that there would be two "Mrs. Brown's Boys" spin-off films. The first spin-off film is to be entitled "Wash and Blow", set in the salon where Rory and Dino work. O'Carroll will write the film but rather than playing Mrs. Brown, he will star as the salon's owner, Mario. The second spin-off film in development is to be entitled "Mr Wang", who is a character introduced in "D'Movie". It was confirmed that English actor Burt Kwouk had been asked to take the title role but was unable to travel to Dublin, citing illness, so O'Carroll decided take on the role himself if the film gets produced. Kwouk died in 2016. It will also co-star Buster Brady and Dermot Brown working for him under a detective agency. It is currently not yet known when, or if, the spin-off films will be filmed nor released.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: After starting the Ireland-only release of the original feature-length episodes, that would become known as "The Original Series", on DVD, the adapted for the stage version of "Mrs. Brown's Boys" began as a theatre show in 1999 performing across venues in Ireland, Scotland and the North of England. O'Carroll wrote three stage plays entitled "Mrs Brown's Last Wedding", "Good Mourning Mrs Brown" and "Mrs Brown Rides Again". These three stage shows formed part of the "Mrs Brown Trilogy" and was toured for several years. After playing to acceptable sized audiences across Ireland and the north of England, O'Carroll decided to write a fourth stage play entitled "For the Love of Mrs. Brown" in 2007 he then recorded the live show and made it available onto DVD via his own website in a bid to increase the popularity of the stage show. In 2009, O'Carroll then decided to write a fifth stage play entitled "How Now Mrs Brown Cow" which later toured in 2010.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: Since the show was picked up by the BBC in 2011 as a TV series, O'Carroll has decided to re-tour all these shows across the UK. In March and April 2014, the live stage show "Mrs. Brown Rides Again" was performed in theatres across Australia. Brendan O'Carroll announced at the end of each performance of "Mrs Brown Rides Again" that the cast would be returning to Australia and New Zealand in January 2016 for various performances of the live stage show "Good Mourning Mrs. Brown". On 30 June 2014, it was announced that "How Now Mrs Brown Cow" would tour UK arenas starting in March 2015. Tickets for the shows went on sale on 4 July 2014.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: In 2012, O'Carroll confirmed that a game show starring Mrs Brown was in development with production company 12 Yard called "Mrs. Brown's Celebrities". A non-broadcast pilot was recorded in late 2012, A full series was due to be broadcast in 2013 but O'Carroll turned it down, stating that he did not need to water down the Mrs. Brown brand. The format was brought up again in 2014, this time entitled "The Guess List" with Rob Brydon now hosting the full series. O'Carroll has also confirmed that an animated version of the show is in development. In the Spring of 2012, O'Carroll turned down an offer to create a one-off special for HBO with the option of a full series if the show was well received as he wished to spend his time with family.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: On 23 July 2016, "Mrs. Brown's Boys" had a one-off live episode, "Mammy Sutra", to celebrate 60 years of comedy on BBC. The show went live on BBC One and RTÉ One at 9:45 pm (BST) until 10:15 pm. The episode was then released on "Mrs. Brown's Boys: Unplugged & Unleashed On Air Live" DVD on 10 October 2016.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: A new television chat show hosted by "Mrs. Brown" titled "All Round to Mrs. Brown's" began in March 2017. The show is hosted primarily by Brendan O'Carroll (as Mrs Brown) but also includes a segment titled 'The Cathy Brown Show' in which Cathy interviews celebrity guests in a talk-show like fashion. The show also heavily relies on audience participation with a member of the audiences 'Mammy' brought on set to participate in a game-show like segment.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: During 2018, Brendan O'Carroll hosted a quiz show for the BBC called "For Facts Sake" as himself, with rotating members of the "Mrs. Brown's Boys" cast as team captains. The rest of the teams was made up from members of the audience.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The television show has been adapted for francophone audiences in Canada as "Madame Lebrun", with the lead role performed by Benoît Brière. The series has aired on Super Écran since 2015, with five seasons to date. Having surpassed the original series in number of episodes produced, the series has now transitioned from translating the original series to writing new original episodes.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: The show has been also adapted for the audiences in Greece as "Super Mammy" and began aired on 3 April 2022, on ANT1, with the lead role performed by Markos Seferlis.


title: Mrs. Brown's Boys

text: This show was also adapted in Czech Republic as "PanMáma" and has aired on TV Nova back in 2013, with the lead role performed by Rostislav Novák.


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: The Great Work (Latin: Magnum opus) is an alchemical term for the process of working with the prima materia to create the philosopher's stone. It has been used to describe personal and spiritual transmutation in the Hermetic tradition, attached to laboratory processes and chemical color changes, used as a model for the individuation process, and as a device in art and literature. The magnum opus has been carried forward in New Age and neo-Hermetic movements which sometimes attached new symbolism and significance to the processes. The original process philosophy has four stages:


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: The origin of these four phases can be traced at least as far back as the first century. Zosimus of Panopolis wrote that it was known to Mary the Jewess. The development of black, white, yellow, and red can also be found in the Physika kai Mystika or Pseudo-Democritus, which is often considered to be one of the oldest books on alchemy. After the 15th century, many writers tended to compress "citrinitas" into "rubedo" and consider only three stages. Other color stages are sometimes mentioned, most notably the "cauda pavonis" (peacock's tail) in which an array of colors appear.


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: The magnum opus had a variety of alchemical symbols attached to it. Birds like the raven, swan, and phoenix could be used to represent the progression through the colors. Similar color changes could be seen in the laboratory, where for example, the blackness of rotting, burnt, or fermenting matter would be associated with nigredo.


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: Alchemical authors sometimes elaborated on the three or four color model by enumerating a variety of chemical steps to be performed. Though these were often arranged in groups of seven or twelve stages, there is little consistency in the names of these processes, their number, their order, or their description.


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: Various alchemical documents were directly or indirectly used to justify these stages. The "Tabula Smaragdina" is the oldest document said to provide a "recipe". Others include the "Mutus Liber", the twelve keys of Basil Valentine, the emblems of Steffan Michelspacher, and the twelve gates of George Ripley. Ripley's steps are given as:


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: Some alchemists also circulated steps for the creation of practical medicines and substances, that have little to do with the magnum opus. The cryptic and often symbolic language used to describe both adds to the confusion, but it's clear that there is no single standard step-by-step recipe given for the creation of the philosopher's stone.


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: Sometimes an artist's magnum opus is modeled around the alchemical magnum opus. More than simple mention of alchemy within the story, novels like "Finnegans Wake" follow the process of transmutation, weaving their entire narrative with alchemical symbolism. The scholarly journal "Cauda Pavonis", which had been published out of various universities since 1980, explored these connections in art and literature. Recently, John Granger has used the phrase "literary alchemy" to describe these trends in popular fiction, such as the "Harry Potter" series.


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: The Magnum Opus features prominently in the television series "Lodge 49" and in the eponymous episode (no. 32) of "Lewis".


title: Magnum opus (alchemy)

text: "Opus Magnum" is a video game which revolves around manipulating alchemical elements to solve puzzles.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Daniel LaRusso is a fictional character in the "Karate Kid" franchise. He is the main protagonist of the Karate Kid film trilogy and one of the main characters in its spin-off series "Cobra Kai". He is portrayed by Ralph Macchio.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Daniel LaRusso was born in Newark, New Jersey on December 18, 1966, into an Italian-American family. When he was eight years old, his father David LaRusso died after a 2-year battle with stomach cancer. Daniel's mother Lucille never remarried. In September 1984, Daniel and Lucille moved to Reseda, California, after Lucille accepted a job offer at a computer firm. Shortly after moving to California, Daniel meets and starts a rivalry with Johnny Lawrence, the two-time winner of the All Valley Under-18 Karate Championship after Daniel befriended his ex-girlfriend Ali Mills. Luckily for Daniel, after being jumped by Johnny and his friends, he met Mr. Miyagi, the maintenance man at his apartment, who becomes his karate mentor and also a very good friend of his, as well as a father figure. It's through this training that Daniel became skilled enough to defeat Johnny in the tournament's final match and become the new champion. Despite their mutual respect afterwards, Daniel and Johnny become rivals.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Over the summer, Daniel gets to spend more time with Mr. Miyagi as they go to Okinawa, where Daniel ends up meeting a girl named Kumiko who becomes his love interest and eventual girlfriend along with also getting in a rivalry with Chozen, who is Sato's karate student and nephew. He ends up defeating Chozen in a fight to the death, although instead of killing him, he obeys Mr. Miyagi's teachings and instead shows mercy to Chozen. Daniel is able to pick up one more karate championship in the All-Valley Tournament after being forced to compete in the tournament and defeats national karate champion Mike Barnes, becoming a 2-time champion, and ending Terry Silver and John Kreese's vision of opening up multiple Cobra Kai dojos all across the valley.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: By 2018, Daniel is the owner of a successful car dealership in Southern California, is married to his co-owner, Amanda, with whom they have two children named Samantha (nicknamed Sam) and Anthony. They live in a large home with a swimming pool in Encino. Despite his success as an adult, Daniel's interest in karate reignites after LaRusso learns of the return of the Cobra Kai dojo, now run by Lawrence. This drives Daniel to reopen Miyagi-Do, passing on the teachings of the late Mr. Miyagi to a new generation of students, leading to a massive rivalry between the two dojos and its students.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Widowed mother Lucille LaRusso uproots her only child, Daniel, from their home in New Jersey and moves them both to the South Seas Apartments in Reseda, California. Daniel is invited by his new neighbor, Freddy Fernandez, to a beach party, where he meets Ali Mills. He also encounters and is beaten in a fight by Ali's ex-boyfriend Johnny Lawrence. During his first month in school, Daniel is constantly bullied by Johnny and his Cobra Kai gang. At the school's Halloween dance, Daniel attempts to get back at Johnny by placing a hose above the toilet stall where Johnny is rolling a joint whilst listening to his Walkman, getting him wet. However, his scheme backfires, and he is chased by Johnny and his gang, who corner him against the fence of his apartment building and assault him until Mr. Miyagi, the apartment's maintenance man, scales the fence, intervenes and saves Daniel. The next day, Mr. Miyagi confronts Cobra Kai sensei John Kreese and proposes that Daniel and Johnny settle their feud in the upcoming All Valley Under-18 Karate Championships tournament on December 19. Kreese agrees, but warns that if they do not show up at the tournament, both Daniel and Mr. Miyagi will be declared fair game to Cobra Kai.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Daniel is initially upset with Mr. Miyagi over the arrangement, but Mr. Miyagi assures him that with the proper karate training, he will no longer have to worry about Cobra Kai. However, Mr. Miyagi has Daniel do mundane chores at his rest house such as waxing his classic cars, sanding the wood floors, painting the fence, and painting the house. Not understanding his teacher's methods, a frustrated Daniel threatens to quit, but Mr. Miyagi shows that the chores double as defensive techniques, which Daniel has learned through muscle memory. While training, Daniel develops a relationship with Ali. Mr. Miyagi also allows Daniel to choose one of his classic cars as a gift on his 18th birthday and a reward for getting his driver's license, with Daniel choosing a yellow 1947 Ford Super De Luxe convertible.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: At the tournament, Daniel unexpectedly advances toward the semi-finals. Kreese instructs Bobby Brown, one of his more compassionate students and the least vicious of Daniel's tormentors, to put Daniel out of commission. Bobby reluctantly delivers an illegal kick to Daniel's knee, getting himself disqualified while Johnny looks at Kreese in disgust. Just before Johnny is declared the winner by default, Ali informs the tournament announcer that Daniel will fight in the final round. During the fight, Daniel gains the upper hand and gives Johnny a bloody nose. Kreese orders Johnny to sweep Daniel's leg, an unethical move. In fear of his sensei, Johnny hits Daniel's bad leg with an elbow strike and receives a warning from the referee. Upon the restart of the round, Daniel wins the match after landing a crane kick to Johnny's face. Having gained respect for his nemesis, Johnny gives Daniel the trophy. Daniel celebrates the victory as Mr. Miyagi looks on, proud of his student.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: At the beginning of the film, as Daniel and Mr. Miyagi are leaving, they see Kreese berating Johnny for placing second, breaking his trophy and then strangling him. Miyagi intervenes and defeats him easily, comically tweaking his nose before walking away. Six months later, Daniel returns early one morning to Mr. Miyagi's house from his senior prom dressed in a tuxedo and driving the now badly beaten up car Miyagi had given him. Surprised, Mr. Miyagi asks what happened, and Daniel angrily blames Ali for the damage and says that they broke up because she is in love with "a football player from UCLA". Later, when Daniel learns that Mr. Miyagi is going to Okinawa to visit his dying father, he uses his college fund to go with him. Upon their arrival, they meet Sato, a wealthy businessman and Miyagi's former best friend. Later, Daniel meets Kumiko, a teenager who aspires to move to Tokyo and pursue a career in dancing. He also encounters Sato's nephew Chozen Toguchi, and the two become enemies after Daniel inadvertently exposes the corruption in Chozen's grocery business. One day in town, Chozen challenges Daniel to chop a row of ice sheets; however, Daniel wins Chozen's wager by using Mr. Miyagi's breathing exercise and successfully breaking all of the ice sheets. Miyagi tells Daniel to keep his winnings for college.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: The Toguchi family continues to terrorize the village until a typhoon hits Okinawa. During the storm, Sato is pinned by debris from his family's dojo and rescued by Daniel and Miyagi, while Chozen runs away. Because of this, Sato lets go of his decades-old grudge with Mr. Miyagi and he offers to rebuild the village, disowning his nephew for refusing to help Daniel rescue a little girl from the typhoon. A humiliated and vengeful Chozen furiously crashes the village's Obon festival, taking Kumiko hostage and challenging Daniel to a fight to the death. Daniel and Chozen fight a brutal and bloody back-and-forth fight, and Miyagi, Sato, and the crowd use their handheld drums to motivate Daniel and defeat his opponent with the Miyagi family drum technique. After gaining the upper hand, Daniel grabs the vanquished Chozen and threatens to end his life by saying, "Live or die, man?!" Chozen chooses death, but, remembering the way Miyagi handled Kreese earlier, Daniel honks Chozen's nose and drops him to the ground. Daniel embraces Kumiko while the villagers cheer him on and Miyagi looks at him proudly.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Daniel and Mr. Miyagi return to Los Angeles from Okinawa to discover that their apartment building has been sold and is undergoing demolition, leaving Daniel homeless and Miyagi unemployed. Lucille is back in New Jersey to care for Daniel's uncle Louie. Mr. Miyagi invites Daniel to stay with him for a while, and Daniel uses the rest of his college fund to help his mentor set up a bonsai tree nursery. He also befriends Jessica Andrews, who manages the pottery shop across the street.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Daniel receives an invitation to defend his championship title at the next All Valley Under-18 Karate Championships, but Mr. Miyagi advises him to ignore it, seeing no point in the competition. However, Daniel is confronted by the prodigious and undefeated karateka Mike Barnes, who threatens Daniel into defending his title and steals the shop's bonsai trees. Terry Silver, a friend of Kreese and co-founder of the Cobra Kai dojo, offers to train Daniel for the tournament. Little does Daniel know that this is an elaborate scheme devised by Kreese and Cobra Kai to exact revenge on him by physically weakening him and having him suffer defeat at Barnes' hands. Silver hopes that this will revive Cobra Kai and promises to give Barnes partial ownership of the dojo in exchange for his help. Silver's methods start to corrupt Daniel, who becomes more aggressive and short-tempered as well as alienated from Miyagi and Jessica. Realizing this after he attacks a man at the nightclub by punching him and breaking his nose due to Silver bribing the man into instigating a fight with him and Jessica, Daniel apologizes to Miyagi and Jessica and reconciles with them. Daniel confronts Silver and tells him that he no longer wishes to defend his title, after which Silver reveals his scheme. When Kreese reveals himself and Barnes attacks Daniel, Mr. Miyagi saves his pupil and agrees to train him for the tournament.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: At the tournament, Barnes swiftly advances to face Daniel in the final round. He uses Silver and Kreese's tactic of scoring a point, then losing it with an illegal move (nearly getting disqualified in the process) until they reach the sudden death round. After Mr. Miyagi prevents him from conceding the match, Daniel performs a kata in the sudden death round. A confused Barnes charges at Daniel, but Daniel flips him to the ground and strikes him to win the tournament. Daniel and Miyagi embrace and celebrate their victory.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Although Daniel does not physically appear he is mentioned several times by Miyagi. After accidentally walking in on Julie undressing he says: "Miyagi apologize. You see, um, before, uh, live with a friend, Daniel-San. Daniel-San come Miyagi room, Miyagi go Daniel-San room. No big thing. Uh, boy is easier".


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: 34 years after the first film, Daniel is happily married to his wife Amanda Steiner, and has two children, Samantha (born 2002) and Anthony (born 2005). He and his wife own the LaRusso Auto Group, a chain of car dealerships in the San Fernando Valley. He unexpectedly encounters Johnny when his car is wrecked and sent to his intake lot. Daniel, unaware that Sam was a passenger when her friends accidentally caused the wreck, offers to fix his car for free, considering Johnny an old friend. However, he later discovers that Johnny has reopened the Cobra Kai dojo in Reseda. Fearing that Johnny will create a new generation of bullies like those that he and Mr. Miyagi faced in the past, Daniel starts taking steps to undermine Cobra Kai. In addition, Daniel begins to struggle with issues within his family and business. Furthermore, his cousin Louie, who works for him at the dealership, hires a local biker gang to vandalize Johnny's car in Daniel's name in retaliation for Johnny vandalizing Daniel's billboard, forcing Daniel to fire him and give Johnny a new car as compensation.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Johnny's estranged son Robby Keene gets a job at LaRusso Auto Group to get back at his father for neglecting him in favor of Miguel. Unaware that Robby is Johnny's son, Daniel takes him in as his karate student after Louie's antics inadvertently lead Robby to visiting Daniel's house. As such, Daniel proves to be a positive influence on Robby, who later turns against his miscreant friends when they plot to rob the dealership by fighting them off with his newfound karate skills and a security camera. However, upon learning that Robby is Johnny's son, Daniel furiously banishes him from his home and dealership as punishment for his dishonesty. Nonetheless, Robby participates in the All-Valley Karate Tournament against Cobra Kai as an independent fighter unaffiliated with any dojo. In the semifinals, Robby's left shoulder is badly injured when Cobra Kai student Hawk attacks him from behind and subsequently gets disqualified in the process. After Robby apologizes to Daniel for his deception, Daniel decides to reconcile with Robby and coaches him for the duration of the final match with Miguel under the Miyagi-Do name, having been impressed with his performance. Robby loses a close fight to Miguel, who fights dishonorably by exploiting Robby's injury from the semi-finals match with Hawk. With teacher and student reconciled, Daniel plans to expand the Miyagi-Do style and philosophy with an official dojo to oppose Cobra Kai with Robby as his senior student.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Daniel opens the Miyagi-Do dojo and offers his lessons for free, threatening Cobra Kai's business. He allows Robby to move into his home after the utilities are shut off in Robby's apartment and Robby is evicted from his apartment due to missed bills from his mother Shannon abandoning him by going on vacation to Mexico with her boyfriend and proceeds to train him and Sam together. During this time, Daniel discovers that Kreese has returned to Cobra Kai. Unfortunately, Daniel has trouble acquiring students, most of whom are not receptive to the chore-based muscle memory training style and defensive techniques he used himself.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Daniel tries to be the bigger man after Cobra Kai upstages their demonstration at the local Valley Fest, even going so far as to refusing to make use of footage of him dispatching three purse-snatchers caught on Robby's phone. He also takes on Demetri as a student, which proves challenging at first due to Demetri's constant whining and desire to take shortcuts. However, at the prodding of Kreese and without Johnny's knowledge, Hawk leads a small group of Cobra Kai students in vandalizing Daniel's dojo and his prized convertible and stealing Mr. Miyagi's Medal of Honor in retaliation for Moon breaking up with him due to the aftermath of the mall fight with Sam, Robby and Demetri. This pushes Daniel too far and he confronts Johnny at the Cobra Kai dojo, leading to numerous students walking out to join Miyagi-Do. Despite this success, Daniel's passion leads to him missing an important lunch meeting and neglecting his auto business, forcing Amanda to run it alone as well as a loss of sales and staff, particularly when Anoush quits and goes to work for Tom Cole due to his resentment towards Daniel standing him up at the important lunch meeting.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Despite an uneasy reconciliation with Johnny, at the prodding of Amanda and Johnny's girlfriend and Miguel's mother Carmen, the rivalry flares again after a misunderstanding caused by Robby bringing Sam to spend the night at Johnny's apartment after she gets drunk at a party, resulting in Daniel furiously cutting ties with Johnny and Robby. To make matters worse, the animosity between the two begins to affect their respective students, and the growing tension between the dojos finally explodes into a massive karate war on the first day of school when Cobra Kai student Tory Nichols picks a fight with Sam in retaliation for a drunken kiss with Miguel at Moon's party. By the time the fight is over, Sam is hospitalized with broken ribs and lacerations on her right arm, while Miguel is paralyzed and accidentally crippled by Robby. Furthermore, this event also allows Kreese to take control of Cobra Kai and force Johnny out. Amanda furiously demands that Daniel close down the dojo and stop all karate activities to prevent future incidents. Feeling that he has tainted Mr. Miyagi's legacy, Daniel reluctantly and sadly obliges.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: In the aftermath of the school fight, the LaRussos' reputation has been tarnished. People are actively avoiding their dealerships, they have had to withdraw all of their karate-themed advertising due to their reputation being tarnished by Robby's affiliation with Miyagi-Do and his actions against Miguel during the school brawl, while Sam has been afflicted with post-traumatic stress disorder due to the aftermath of her fight with Tory during the school brawl and watching Miguel accidentally being crippled by Robby at the end of the school brawl. Daniel and Johnny briefly team up to find Robby but go their separate ways after defeating a group of car thieves. Daniel finds Robby at Shannon's rehabilitation facility seeking comfort and support from Shannon, due to Robby being devastated about the aftermath of his fight with Miguel during the school brawl, and has the police take Robby into custody in order to lessen his sentence. However, Robby angrily accuses Daniel of betrayal and ends their friendship as he is apprehended by police.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Upon learning that his business rival Tom Cole had a hand in dissolving his business partnership with Doyona International, Daniel heads to Tokyo in order to salvage his business. Discouraged by his failed negotiations, and after an inspirational talk with a local bartender, Daniel visits Okinawa, where he reunites with Kumiko. After telling her of his personal and business problems, Kumiko gives Daniel closure by reading him one of Mr. Miyagi's final love letters to her aunt Yukie and also arranges him a meeting with Chozen in order to reconcile. After a few sparring sessions, Chozen gives Daniel a martial arts move scroll describing pressure point techniques. With his rivalry with Chozen now over, Daniel's business partnership is saved when he learns that Yuna, the young girl that he saved in the typhoon, is now the Vice President of Sales for Doyona.


title: Daniel LaRusso

text: Upon returning from his trip, Daniel finds out that Demetri's right arm was broken by Hawk during an arcade fight between Miyagi-Do and Cobra Kai and attempts to bring down Cobra Kai through legal means, but fails. They attempt to enlist Armand Zakarian to evict Kreese, but Kreese beats up Armand's nephews and retaliates by setting a cobra loose in the LaRussos' dealership. Left with no other options, Daniel and Amanda choose to resume teaching classes at Miyagi-Do and tries to get Sam's support, who is still traumatized from the aftermath of both the school fight and the laser tag fight. During a fishing trip, Daniel opens up to her about his encounter and fight with Barnes in the 1985 tournament as a means of helping her confront her fear of Tory. Sam's spirits are improved, and Daniel later teaches her a new technique by sparring with her using bo staffs.