title: Katniss Everdeen

text: Katniss has received mostly positive reviews. In a review for "The Hunger Games", Stephen King said she was a "cool kid" with a "lame name," before adding, "once I got over [her] name...I got to like her a lot." Francisca Goldsmith in "Booklist" said, "Although Katniss may be skilled with a bow and arrow and adept at analyzing her opponents' next moves, she has much to learn about personal sentiments, especially her own." "Publishers Weekly" says, "It's a credit to Collins's skill at characterization that Katniss, like a new Theseus, is cold, calculating and still likable." The "Cleveland Plain Dealer" stated in a review for "Catching Fire" that "Katniss in a pensive mood seems out of step with the kick-butt assassin," before adding that her loyalty and kindheartedness were enjoyed. John Green, in "the New York Times", called Katniss a "memorably complex and fascinating heroine". Also in "The New York Times", Katie Roiphe said that Katniss in "Mockingjay" was "a great character without being exactly likeable. [She] is bossy, moody, bratty, demanding, prickly", and commented that this is what makes many recent literature heroines likeable. "Entertainment Weekly" compared Katniss to Bella Swan from the "Twilight Saga" and said "unlike "Twilight's" passive, angsty Bella, Katniss is a self-possessed young woman who demonstrates equal parts compassion and fearlessness."


title: Katniss Everdeen

text: Laura Miller of Salon.com finds Katniss too virtuous and without motivation, negatively contrasting Katniss to Bella of "Twilight", saying, "In some ways, Katniss is more passive than Bella, allowed to have all kinds of goodies but only if she demonstrates her virtue by not really wanting them in the first place," and, "For all her irritating flaws, Bella, at least, has the courage of her desire. For what, besides a well-earned vengeance, does Katniss Everdeen truly hunger?" However, Miller did think that she was "in many respects an improvement on...Bella". However, "The Daily Telegraph" David Gritten labelled her "a great role model for girls" who "has love interests, but doesn't mope passively over boys".


title: Katniss Everdeen

text: Daniel D'Addario of Time stated: "The Hunger Games heroine has already secured her status as a feminist role model and a box-office powerhouse. But Katniss is more than a movie icon now: Her three-fingered salute, used in Mockingjay as a signal of rebellion against the Capitol, has become a rallying symbol among pro-democracy protesters in Thailand and Hong Kong.


title: Katniss Everdeen

text: Actresses Lyndsy Fonseca and Kaya Scodelario expressed interest in the film and received scripts in October 2010, while Oscar-nominated actress Hailee Steinfeld met with director Gary Ross. Chloë Grace Moretz, Malese Jow, and Jodelle Ferland publicly expressed interest in playing Katniss. Director Scott Derrickson, who had met with Lionsgate to potentially direct the film, considered Naya Rivera for the role. Lionsgate confirmed in March 2011 about 30 actresses either met with them or read for the role, including Jennifer Lawrence, Abigail Breslin, Emma Roberts, Saoirse Ronan, Emily Browning, and Shailene Woodley, as well as Steinfeld, Moretz, Fonseca, and Scodelario. On March 16, 2011, it was announced that Jennifer Lawrence of "Winter's Bone" and "" landed the coveted role of Katniss Everdeen. Lawrence was 20 at the time, a bit older than the character. However, author Suzanne Collins said the actress who plays Katniss has to have "a certain maturity and power" and said she would rather the actress be older than younger. Collins states Lawrence was the "only one who truly captured the character I wrote in the book" and she had "every essential quality necessary to play Katniss."


title: Krill

text: Krill are small crustaceans of the order Euphausiacea, and are found in all the world's oceans. The name "krill" comes from the Norwegian word "", meaning "small fry of fish", which is also often attributed to species of fish.


title: Krill

text: Krill are considered an important trophic level connection – near the bottom of the food chain. They feed on phytoplankton and (to a lesser extent) zooplankton, yet also are the main source of food for many larger animals. In the Southern Ocean, one species, the Antarctic krill, "Euphausia superba", makes up an estimated biomass of around 379,000,000 tonnes, making it among the species with the largest total biomass. Over half of this biomass is eaten by whales, seals, penguins, seabirds, squid, and fish each year. Most krill species display large daily vertical migrations, thus providing food for predators near the surface at night and in deeper waters during the day.


title: Krill

text: Krill are fished commercially in the Southern Ocean and in the waters around Japan. The total global harvest amounts to 150,000–200,000 tonnes annually, most of this from the Scotia Sea. Most of the krill catch is used for aquaculture and aquarium feeds, as bait in sport fishing, or in the pharmaceutical industry. In Japan, the Philippines, and Russia, krill are also used for human consumption and are known as in Japan. They are eaten as "camarones" in Spain and Philippines. In the Philippines, krill are also known as "alamang" and are used to make a salty paste called "bagoong".


title: Krill

text: Krill belong to the large arthropod subphylum, the Crustacea. The most familiar and largest group of crustaceans, the class Malacostraca, includes the superorder Eucarida comprising the three orders, Euphausiacea (krill), Decapoda (shrimp, prawns, lobsters, crabs), and the planktonic Amphionidacea.


title: Krill

text: The order Euphausiacea comprises two families. The more abundant Euphausiidae contains 10 different genera with a total of 85 species. Of these, the genus "Euphausia" is the largest, with 31 species. The lesser known family, the Bentheuphausiidae, has only one species, "Bentheuphausia amblyops", a bathypelagic krill living in deep waters below . It is considered the most primitive extant krill species.


title: Krill

text: Well-known species of the Euphausiidae of commercial krill fisheries include Antarctic krill ("Euphausia superba"), Pacific krill ("E. pacifica") and Northern krill ("Meganyctiphanes norvegica").


title: Krill

text: , the order Euphausiacea is believed to be monophyletic due to several unique conserved morphological characteristics (autapomorphy) such as its naked filamentous gills and thin thoracopods and by molecular studies.


title: Krill

text: There have been many theories of the location of the order Euphausiacea. Since the first description of "Thysanopode tricuspide" by Henri Milne-Edwards in 1830, the similarity of their biramous thoracopods had led zoologists to group euphausiids and Mysidacea in the order Schizopoda, which was split by Johan Erik Vesti Boas in 1883 into two separate orders. Later, William Thomas Calman (1904) ranked the Mysidacea in the superorder Peracarida and euphausiids in the superorder Eucarida, although even up to the 1930s the order Schizopoda was advocated. It was later also proposed that order Euphausiacea should be grouped with the Penaeidae (family of prawns) in the Decapoda based on developmental similarities, as noted by Robert Gurney and Isabella Gordon. The reason for this debate is that krill share some morphological features of decapods and others of mysids.


title: Krill

text: Molecular studies have not unambiguously grouped them, possibly due to the paucity of key rare species such as "Bentheuphausia amblyops" in krill and "Amphionides reynaudii" in Eucarida. One study supports the monophyly of Eucarida (with basal Mysida), another groups Euphausiacea with Mysida (the Schizopoda), while yet another groups Euphausiacea with Hoplocarida.


title: Krill

text: No extant fossil can be unequivocally assigned to Euphausiacea. Some extinct eumalacostracan taxa have been thought to be euphausiaceans such as "Anthracophausia", "Crangopsis" – now assigned to the Aeschronectida (Hoplocarida) – and "Palaeomysis". All dating of speciation events were estimated by molecular clock methods, which placed the last common ancestor of the krill family Euphausiidae (order Euphausiacea minus "Bentheuphausia amblyops") to have lived in the Lower Cretaceous about .


title: Krill

text: Krill occur worldwide in all oceans, although many individual species have endemic or neritic ("i.e.," coastal) distributions. "Bentheuphausia amblyops", a bathypelagic species, has a cosmopolitan distribution within its deep-sea habitat.


title: Krill

text: Species of the genus "Thysanoessa" occur in both Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The Pacific is home to "Euphausia pacifica". Northern krill occur across the Atlantic from the Mediterranean Sea northward.


title: Krill

text: Species with neritic distributions include the four species of the genus "Nyctiphanes". They are highly abundant along the upwelling regions of the California, Humboldt, Benguela, and Canarias current systems. Another species having only neritic distribution is "E. crystallorophias", which is endemic to the Antarctic coastline.


title: Krill

text: Species with endemic distributions include "Nyctiphanes capensis", which occurs only in the Benguela current, "E. mucronata" in the Humboldt current, and the six "Euphausia" species native to the Southern Ocean.


title: Krill

text: In the Antarctic, seven species are known, one in genus "Thysanoessa" ("T. macrura") and six in "Euphausia". The Antarctic krill ("Euphausia superba") commonly lives at depths reaching , whereas ice krill ("Euphausia crystallorophias") reach depth of , though they commonly inhabit depths of at most . Both are found at latitudes south of 55° S, with "E. crystallorophias" dominating south of 74° S and in regions of pack ice. Other species known in the Southern Ocean are "E. frigida", "E. longirostris", "E. triacantha" and "E. vallentini".


title: Krill

text: Krill are decapod crustaceans and, as do all crustaceans they have a chitinous external skeleton. They have the standard decapod anatomy with their bodies made up of three parts: the cephalothorax is composed of the head and the thorax, which are fused, the pleon, which bears the ten swimming legs, and the tail fan. This outer shell of krill is transparent in most species.


title: Krill

text: Krill feature intricate compound eyes. Some species adapt to different lighting conditions through the use of screening pigments.


title: Krill

text: They have two antennae and several pairs of thoracic legs called pereiopods or thoracopods, so named because they are attached to the thorax. Their number varies among genera and species. These thoracic legs include feeding legs and grooming legs.


title: Krill

text: Krill are decapods, so all species have five pairs of swimming legs called "swimmerets", very similar to those of a lobster or freshwater crayfish.


title: Krill

text: Most krill are about long as adults. A few species grow to sizes on the order of . The largest krill species, "Thysanopoda spinicaudata", lives deep in the open ocean. Krill can be easily distinguished from other crustaceans such as true shrimp by their externally visible gills.


title: Krill

text: Except for "Bentheuphausia amblyops", krill are bioluminescent animals having organs called photophores that can emit light. The light is generated by an enzyme-catalysed chemiluminescence reaction, wherein a luciferin (a kind of pigment) is activated by a luciferase enzyme. Studies indicate that the luciferin of many krill species is a fluorescent tetrapyrrole similar but not identical to dinoflagellate luciferin and that the krill probably do not produce this substance themselves but acquire it as part of their diet, which contains dinoflagellates. Krill photophores are complex organs with lenses and focusing abilities, and can be rotated by muscles. The precise function of these organs is as yet unknown; possibilities include mating, social interaction or orientation and as a form of counter-illumination camouflage to compensate their shadow against overhead ambient light.


title: Krill

text: Many krill are filter feeders: their frontmost appendages, the thoracopods, form very fine combs with which they can filter out their food from the water. These filters can be very fine in species (such as "Euphausia" spp.) that feed primarily on phytoplankton, in particular on diatoms, which are unicellular algae. Krill are mostly omnivorous, although a few species are carnivorous, preying on small zooplankton and fish larvae.


title: Krill

text: Krill are an important element of the aquatic food chain. Krill convert the primary production of their prey into a form suitable for consumption by larger animals that cannot feed directly on the minuscule algae. Northern krill and some other species have a relatively small filtering basket and actively hunt copepods and larger zooplankton.


title: Krill

text: Many animals feed on krill, ranging from smaller animals like fish or penguins to larger ones like seals and baleen whales.


title: Krill

text: Disturbances of an ecosystem resulting in a decline in the krill population can have far-reaching effects. During a coccolithophore bloom in the Bering Sea in 1998, for instance, the diatom concentration dropped in the affected area. Krill cannot feed on the smaller coccolithophores, and consequently the krill population (mainly "E. pacifica") in that region declined sharply. This in turn affected other species: the shearwater population dropped. The incident was thought to have been one reason salmon did not spawn that season.


title: Krill

text: Several single-celled endoparasitoidic ciliates of the genus "Collinia" can infect species of krill and devastate affected populations. Such diseases were reported for "Thysanoessa inermis" in the Bering Sea and also for "E. pacifica", "Thysanoessa spinifera", and "T. gregaria" off the North American Pacific coast. Some ectoparasites of the family Dajidae (epicaridean isopods) afflict krill (and also shrimp and mysids); one such parasite is "Oculophryxus bicaulis", which was found on the krill "Stylocheiron affine" and "S. longicorne". It attaches itself to the animal's eyestalk and sucks blood from its head; it apparently inhibits the host's reproduction, as none of the afflicted animals reached maturity.


title: Krill

text: Preliminary research indicates krill can digest microplastics under in diameter, breaking them down and excreting them back into the environment in smaller form.


title: Krill

text: The life cycle of krill is relatively well understood, despite minor variations in detail from species to species. After krill hatch, they experience several larval stages—"nauplius", "pseudometanauplius", "metanauplius", "calyptopsis", and "furcilia", each of which divides into sub-stages. The pseudometanauplius stage is exclusive to species that lay their eggs within an ovigerous sac: so-called "sac-spawners". The larvae grow and moult repeatedly as they develop, replacing their rigid exoskeleton when it becomes too small. Smaller animals moult more frequently than larger ones. Yolk reserves within their body nourish the larvae through metanauplius stage.


title: Krill

text: By the calyptopsis stages differentiation has progressed far enough for them to develop a mouth and a digestive tract, and they begin to eat phytoplankton. By that time their yolk reserves are exhausted and the larvae must have reached the photic zone, the upper layers of the ocean where algae flourish. During the furcilia stages, segments with pairs of swimmerets are added, beginning at the frontmost segments. Each new pair becomes functional only at the next moult. The number of segments added during any one of the furcilia stages may vary even within one species depending on environmental conditions. After the final furcilia stage, an immature juvenile emerges in a shape similar to an adult, and subsequently develops gonads and matures sexually.


title: Krill

text: During the mating season, which varies by species and climate, the male deposits a sperm sack at the female's genital opening (named "thelycum"). The females can carry several thousand eggs in their ovary, which may then account for as much as one third of the animal's body mass. Krill can have multiple broods in one season, with interbrood intervals lasting on the order of days.


title: Krill

text: Krill employ two types of spawning mechanism. The 57 species of the genera "Bentheuphausia", "Euphausia", "Meganyctiphanes", "Thysanoessa", and "Thysanopoda" are "broadcast spawners": the female releases the fertilised eggs into the water, where they usually sink, disperse, and are on their own. These species generally hatch in the nauplius 1 stage, but have recently been discovered to hatch sometimes as metanauplius or even as calyptopis stages. The remaining 29 species of the other genera are "sac spawners", where the female carries the eggs with her, attached to the rearmost pairs of thoracopods until they hatch as metanauplii, although some species like "Nematoscelis difficilis" may hatch as nauplius or pseudometanauplius.


title: Krill

text: Moulting occurs whenever a specimen outgrows its rigid exoskeleton. Young animals, growing faster, moult more often than older and larger ones. The frequency of moulting varies widely by species and is, even within one species, subject to many external factors such as latitude, water temperature, and food availability. The subtropical species "Nyctiphanes simplex", for instance, has an overall inter-moult period of two to seven days: larvae moult on the average every four days, while juveniles and adults do so, on average, every six days. For "E. superba" in the Antarctic sea, inter-moult periods ranging between 9 and 28 days depending on the temperature between have been observed, and for "Meganyctiphanes norvegica" in the North Sea the inter-moult periods range also from 9 and 28 days but at temperatures between . "E. superba" is able to reduce its body size when there is not enough food available, moulting also when its exoskeleton becomes too large. Similar shrinkage has also been observed for "E. pacifica", a species occurring in the Pacific Ocean from polar to temperate zones, as an adaptation to abnormally high water temperatures. Shrinkage has been postulated for other temperate-zone species of krill as well.


title: Krill

text: Some high-latitude species of krill can live for more than six years (e.g., "Euphausia superba"); others, such as the mid-latitude species "Euphausia pacifica", live for only two years. Subtropical or tropical species' longevity is still shorter, e.g., "Nyctiphanes simplex", which usually lives for only six to eight months.


title: Krill

text: Most krill are swarming animals; the sizes and densities of such swarms vary by species and region. For "Euphausia superba", swarms reach 10,000 to 60,000 individuals per cubic meter. Swarming is a defensive mechanism, confusing smaller predators that would like to pick out individuals. In 2012, Gandomi and Alavi presented what appears to be a successful stochastic algorithm for modelling the behaviour of krill swarms. The algorithm is based on three main factors: " (i) movement induced by the presence of other individuals (ii) foraging activity, and (iii) random diffusion."


title: Krill

text: Krill typically follow a diurnal vertical migration. It has been assumed that they spend the day at greater depths and rise during the night toward the surface. The deeper they go, the more they reduce their activity, apparently to reduce encounters with predators and to conserve energy. Swimming activity in krill varies with stomach fullness. Sated animals that had been feeding at the surface swim less actively and therefore sink below the mixed layer. As they sink they produce feces which implies a role in the Antarctic carbon cycle. Krill with empty stomachs swim more actively and thus head towards the surface.


title: Krill

text: Vertical migration may be a 2–3 times daily occurrence. Some species (e.g., "Euphausia superba", "E. pacifica", "E. hanseni", "Pseudeuphausia latifrons", and "Thysanoessa spinifera") form surface swarms during the day for feeding and reproductive purposes even though such behaviour is dangerous because it makes them extremely vulnerable to predators.


title: Krill

text: Experimental studies using "Artemia salina" as a model suggest that the vertical migrations of krill several hundreds of metres, in groups tens of metres deep, could collectively create enough downward jets of water to have a significant effect on ocean mixing.


title: Krill

text: Dense swarms can elicit a feeding frenzy among fish, birds and mammal predators, especially near the surface. When disturbed, a swarm scatters, and some individuals have even been observed to moult instantaneously, leaving the exuvia behind as a decoy.


title: Krill

text: Krill normally swim at a pace of 5–10 cm/s (2–3 body lengths per second), using their swimmerets for propulsion. Their larger migrations are subject to ocean currents. When in danger, they show an escape reaction called lobstering – flicking their caudal structures, the telson and the uropods, they move backwards through the water relatively quickly, achieving speeds in the range of 10 to 27 body lengths per second, which for large krill such as "E. superba" means around . Their swimming performance has led many researchers to classify adult krill as micro-nektonic life-forms, i.e., small animals capable of individual motion against (weak) currents. Larval forms of krill are generally considered zooplankton.


title: Krill

text: The Antarctic krill is an important species in the context of biogeochemical cycling and in the Antarctic food web. It plays a prominent role in the Southern Ocean because of its ability to cycle nutrients and to feed penguins and baleen and blue whales.


title: Krill

text: Krill have been harvested as a food source for humans and domesticated animals since at least the 19th century, and possibly earlier in Japan, where it was known as "okiami". Large-scale fishing developed in the late 1960s and early 1970s, and now occurs only in Antarctic waters and in the seas around Japan. Historically, the largest krill fishery nations were Japan and the Soviet Union, or, after the latter's dissolution, Russia and Ukraine. The harvest peaked, which in 1983 was about 528,000 tonnes in the Southern Ocean alone (of which the Soviet Union took in 93%), is now managed as a precaution against overfishing.


title: Krill

text: In 1993, two events caused a decline in krill fishing: Russia exited the industry; and the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources (CCAMLR) defined maximum catch quotas for a sustainable exploitation of Antarctic krill. After an October 2011 review, the Commission decided not to change the quota.


title: Krill

text: The annual Antarctic catch stabilised at around 100,000 tonnes, which is roughly one fiftieth of the CCAMLR catch quota. The main limiting factor was probably high costs along with political and legal issues. The Japanese fishery saturated at some 70,000 tonnes.


title: Krill

text: Although krill are found worldwide, fishing in Southern Oceans are preferred because the krill are more "catchable" and abundant in these regions. Particularly in Antarctic seas which are considered as pristine, they are considered a "clean product".


title: Krill

text: In 2018 it was announced that almost every krill fishing company operating in Antarctica will abandon operations in huge areas around the Antarctic Peninsula from 2020, including "buffer zones" around breeding colonies of penguins.


title: Krill

text: Although the total biomass of Antarctic krill may be as abundant as 400 million tonnes, the human impact on this keystone species is growing, with a 39% increase in total fishing yield to 294,000 tonnes over 2010–2014. Major countries involved in krill harvesting are Norway (56% of total catch in 2014), the Republic of Korea (19%), and China (18%).


title: Krill

text: Krill is a rich source of protein and omega-3 fatty acids which are under development in the early 21st century as human food, dietary supplements as oil capsules, livestock food, and pet food. Krill tastes salty with a somewhat stronger fish flavor than shrimp. For mass-consumption and commercially prepared products, they must be peeled to remove the inedible exoskeleton.


title: Krill

text: In 2011, the US Food and Drug Administration published a letter of no objection for a manufactured krill oil product to be generally recognized as safe (GRAS) for human consumption.


title: Krill

text: Krill (and other planktonic shrimp, notably "Acetes" spp.) are most widely consumed in Southeast Asia, where it is fermented (with the shells intact) and usually ground finely to make shrimp paste. It can be stir-fried and eaten paired with white rice or used to add umami flavors to a wide variety of traditional dishes. The liquid from the fermentation process is also harvested as fish sauce.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: Steven Macon Greer (June 28, 1955) is an American ufologist who founded the Center for the Study of Extraterrestrial Intelligence (CSETI) and the Disclosure Project, which seeks the disclosure of alleged classified UFO information.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: Greer was born in Charlotte, North Carolina, in 1955. He claims he saw an unidentified flying object at close range when he was eight years old. He claims he saw another UFO when he was 35. Greer was trained as a Transcendental Meditation teacher and served as director of a meditation organization. He received a B.S. degree in biology from Appalachian State University in 1982 and an M.D. degree from the James H. Quillen College of Medicine of East Tennessee State University in 1987. He received his Virginia medical license in 1989, worked as an emergency room physician, and in 1998 retired as a physician in favor of his ufology activities.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: Greer founded the Center for the Study of Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence (CSETI) in 1990 to create a diplomatic and research-based initiative to contact extraterrestrial civilizations. The group defined CE-5 or 'close encounters of the fifth kind' as human initiated contact and communication with extraterrestrial life. CSETI claims to have over 3,000 confirmed reports of UFO sightings by pilots and over 4,000 of what they describe as landing traces. The organisation utilizes 'Rapid Mobilisation Investigative Teams' with the aim of arriving at landing sites as quickly as possible. CSETI has defined a protocol for human initiated contact to UFOs using consciousness.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: In 1993, Greer founded the Disclosure Project, the goal of which is to publicly disclose the government's alleged knowledge of UFOs, extraterrestrial intelligence, and advanced energy and propulsion systems. The Disclosure Project was founded in an effort to grant amnesty to government whistle-blowers willing to violate their security oaths by sharing classified information about UFOs. Greer claims to have briefed CIA director James Woolsey at a dinner party, although Woolsey disputes the accuracy of Greer's claim.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: In May 2001, Greer held a press conference at the National Press Club in Washington, D.C. that featured 20 retired Air Force, Federal Aviation Administration and intelligence officers.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: In 2013, Greer co-produced "Sirius", a documentary detailing his work and hypotheses regarding extraterrestrial life, government cover-ups and close encounters of the fifth kind. The film was directed by Amardeep Kaleka and narrated by Thomas Jane, and covers Greer's 2006 book "Hidden Truth, Forbidden Knowledge". The movie premiered on April 22, 2013, in Los Angeles, California, and features interviews from former government and military officials.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: "Sirius" depicts a six-inch human skeleton known as the Atacama skeleton which they claimed was an alien skeleton. However, genetic evidence demonstrated that it was human, with genetic markers found in "indigenous women from the Chilean region of South America". The director of the center that did the analysis said, "It's an interesting medical mystery of an unfortunate human with a series of birth defects."


title: Steven M. Greer

text: In 2017, "Unacknowledged", a crowdfunded documentary featuring Greer was released. It was directed by Michael Mazzola and narrated by Giancarlo Esposito. After debuting on iTunes and digital platforms on May 9, 'Unacknowledged' moved to the number 1 documentary spot on those platforms internationally, and number 2 in the U.S.


title: Steven M. Greer

text: "Close Encounters of the Fifth Kind: Contact has Begun" was released April 2020. The documentary was directed and written by Michael Mazzola and stars Greer, Daniel Sheehan, Adam Curry, and Russell Targ. Writing in "Variety", film critic Owen Gleiberman described the film as "fantasy propaganda" and "a conspiracy documentary built around the thesis that the “national security state” has concealed it from all of us," further characterizing Greer as "like a ’70s computer nerd played by John Waters with a touch of Guy Pearce."


title: Fluminense FC

text: Fluminense Football Club (), known as Fluminense, is a Brazilian sports club best known for its professional football team that competes in the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the first tier of Brazilian football and the Campeonato Carioca, the state league of Rio de Janeiro. The club is based in the neighbourhood of Laranjeiras since its foundation, in 1902. Fluminense is the oldest football club of Rio de Janeiro.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The club was founded on 21 July 1902 and Oscar Cox was its first elected president. Fluminense have since been crowned national champions four times, most recently in the 2012 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the team have also won the 2007 Copa do Brasil, the 1999 Campeonato Brasileiro Série C and the 1952 Intercontinental Cup. In 1949, Fluminense became the first football club in the world to receive the Olympic Cup, awarded annually by the International Olympic Committee to an institution or association with a record of merit and integrity in actively developing the Olympic Movement. Its best international performances are finishing runner-up in the 2008 Copa Libertadores and 2009 Copa Sudamericana.


title: Fluminense FC

text: Fluminense is a demonym for people indigenous to the state of Rio de Janeiro, in Brazil. Although football was its original endeavour, the club is today an umbrella organisation for several teams in more than 16 different sport activities.


title: Fluminense FC

text: Fluminense's traditional home kit consists of an iconic combination of three colors: garnet, white and green, disposal in vertical stripes, since its adoption, in 1904. Along with white shorts and white socks, an outfit which has been in use since 1920, that's the typical home kit for the Tricolor.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The club holds several long-standing rivalries with other clubs, most notably with Flamengo ("Clássico Fla-Flu"), as well as with Botafogo ("Clássico Vovô") and Vasco da Gama ("Clássico dos Gigantes"). The Clássico Fla-Flu is widely considered the greatest football derby of Brazil, and host several attendance records, as the two highest attended matches in any football club tier, with almost 200.000 supporters in Maracanã.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The club is the birthplace of the Brazil national football team, which played its first game midst the celebrations of the 12th anniversary of the Club. In Fluminense's ground, the Stadium of Laranjeiras, the "Canarinhos" held their first ever match, scored their first ever goal and lifted their first ever trophy. Until today, the Club has contributed the fifth-most players to the national team among all Brazilian clubs.


title: Fluminense FC

text: Fluminense Football Club was founded on 21 July 1902 in the neighbourhood of Laranjeiras in the city of Rio de Janeiro by a group of young football enthusiasts led by Oscar Cox, a Brazilian of English descent who had come into contact with the sport whilst studying in Europe.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The first official match was played against now defunct Rio Football Club, and Fluminense won 8–0. The club's first title came in 1906, when Fluminense won the Campeonato Carioca.


title: Fluminense FC

text: In 1911, disagreement between Fluminense players led to the formation of Flamengo's football team. The so-called "Fla-Flu" derby is considered one of the biggest in the history of Brazilian football. Three years later, in Fluminense's stadium, the Brazil national football team debuted, against touring English club Exeter City. It was also there that they won their debut title, in 1919.


title: Fluminense FC

text: By 1922, Fluminense had 4,000 members, a stadium for 25,000 people, and facilities that impressed clubs in Europe.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The following years saw an expansion of the club's hegemony in Rio. Fluminense would remain unsurpassed in terms of state championships until 2009. International acclaim came in 1949 with the awarding of the Olympic Cup, and was further fostered in 1952 with Fluminense's World-wide honour, the Copa Rio. The club established itself regionally with victory in two Torneio Rio-São Paulo cups in 1957 and 1960. National honors followed in 1970, 1984, 2010 and 2012 with Taça de Prata and Série A cups, respectively, also taking the Cup in Brazil in 2007 and the Brasileirão Série C in 1999.


title: Fluminense FC

text: From the 1950s, with the creation of the Rio-São Paulo Tournament, the forerunner of what eventually would become the national championship, Fluminense established itself regionally by winning the tournament title in the years of 1957 and 1960.


title: Fluminense FC

text: From the 1960s, the first national championships began to be played in Brazil. Fluminense's first national title came in 1970; at that time, Brazil had the best players in world football, and all of them played in Brazilian clubs. Although its squad was not counted among the main contenders of the season in Brazil, Fluminense won the Brazilian championship and surpassed the great strengths of the time in Santos, Palmeiras and Cruzeiro.


title: Fluminense FC

text: In the 1970s, Fluminense signed several famous players like Roberto Rivellino. This time, called "Maquina Tricolor", they won the state championship in the years of 1975 and 1976. In the national championship, Fluminense lost in the semifinal matches to Internacional in 1975 and Corinthians in 1976.


title: Fluminense FC

text: Fluminense again became Brazilian champions in 1984. This time, they won the State Championship in the years of 1983, 1984, and 1985 with players like Romerito, Ricardo Gomes, Deley, and the "Casal Vinte": Assis and Washington.


title: Fluminense FC

text: At the end of the 1980s, Copa do Brasil was created, inspired by the Cup tournaments played in European countries. Fluminense reached the final of the Copa do Brasil for the first time in 1992, but lost to Internacional de Porto Alegre.


title: Fluminense FC

text: A disastrous campaign led to the club's relegation from Brasileirão Série A in 1996. A set of off-field political manoeuvres, however, not performed by Fluminense, allowed Fluminense to remain in Brazil's top domestic league, only to be relegated the next year. Completely out of control the club was relegated from Série B to Série C in 1998. In 1999, Fluminense won the Série C championship and were to be promoted to Série B when they were invited to take part in Copa João Havelange, a championship that replaced the traditional Série A in 2000. In 2001, it was decided that all clubs which took part in Copa João Havelange's so-called Blue Group should be kept in Série A.


title: Fluminense FC

text: In 2002, 2005 and 2012, Fluminense won the Campeonato Carioca again. In 2005 Fluminense reached the final of the Copa do Brasil again, but lost to Paulista Futebol Clube.


title: Fluminense FC

text: In 2007, Fluminense won the Copa do Brasil, after beating Figueirense in the final, and was admitted to the Copa Libertadores again after 23 years. The club's campaign saw them reach the final and included remarkable matches against Arsenal de Sarandí, São Paulo and Boca Juniors. Fluminense lost the final to LDU Quito in a penalty shootout.


title: Fluminense FC

text: After signing 27 players and going through 5 different managers in 2009, Fluminense found themselves struggling to avoid another relegation from Série A. With less than one-third of the championship left, the mathematical probability of the club's relegation was 98%. At this point, manager Cuca decided to dispense with some of the more experienced players and gave Fluminense's youngsters a chance. That, along with Fred's recovery from a serious injury and substantial support from the fans, allowed not only a sensational escape from relegation, but also placed Fluminense in the final of the Copa Sudamericana. For the second year in a row, the club contested a continental cup. In a repeat of the previous year's Copa Libertadores, Fluminense lost the final to LDU Quito.


title: Fluminense FC

text: In 2010, Fluminense won the Brazilian championship for the third time in their history, marking their third national championship after 1970 and 1984. It was also the fourth title for coach Muricy Ramalho in a decade: Ramalho had won the title three times in a row with São Paulo from 2006 to 2008. Darío Conca was named the Brazilian Championship's Player of the Season, while Fred and Washington were decisive players in Fluminense's winning campaign.


title: Fluminense FC

text: On 23 May 2012, Fluminense lost the semifinal qualification match to Boca Juniors from Argentina, for the continental club football cup, Copa Libertadores. Later that year, on 11 November, they won their fourth Brazilian championship after defeating the near-relegated Palmeiras 3–2.


title: Fluminense FC

text: In December 2013, a draw with Bahia in the last round of the 2013 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A had Fluminense mathematically relegated to Série B. However, irregular lineups by Portuguesa and Fluminense's main rivals Flamengo in their matches against Grêmio and Cruzeiro respectively caused both teams to lose 4 points after a trial in STJD (Brazil's governing football jury). That allowed Fluminense to stay in Série A, with Portuguesa being relegated instead and Flamengo ending the championship as the last non-relegated club.


title: Fluminense FC

text: Fluminense have taken part in 47 of the 49 official Serie A championships organized in Brazil since 1971.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The supporters of Fluminense Football Club are usually related to the upper classes of Rio de Janeiro. However, the popularity of the club reaches beyond the city limits. Recent polls have estimated the number of supporters to be between 1.3% and 3.7% of the Brazilian population. Considering a population of 185 million people, that would account for numbers between 2.73 and 6.84 million.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The best attendance ever observed in a match of Fluminense was registered on 15 December 1963 in a rally against Flamengo. On that day, an impressive number of 194,000 people showed up at Maracanã stadium. This occasion remains as the stadium's record for a match between clubs.


title: Fluminense FC

text: Notable supporters of Fluminense include composers Cartola and Chico Buarque, FIFA president of honor João Havelange, musician Ivan Lins, poet and actor Mário Lago, journalist and songwriter Nelson Motta, dramatist, journalist and writer Nelson Rodrigues, 1970 FIFA World Cup winner Gérson, Chelsea central defender Thiago Silva, Left-back legend Marcelo, former Minister of Culture Gilberto Gil, Silvio Santos, the owner of SBT, the second largest Brazilian television network, and the Academy Award nominee Fernanda Montenegro.


title: Fluminense FC

text: According to the fluzao.info site, the average paying public at the principal classics of Fluminense played in the Estádio do Maracanã is 60,107 against Flamengo, 43,735 against Vasco, 34,359 against Botafogo, 25,127 against America and 22,527 against Bangu (1950-2010). These statistics could be about 20% higher, given the issues of the distribution of gratuities at Maracanã.


title: Fluminense FC

text: The derby against Corinthians is perhaps the most representative among the various confrontations with big Brazilian clubs played by Fluminense, given the fact that these clubs often intersect at decisive moments in their seasons.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Jake Angeli (born Jacob Anthony Angeli Chansley; 1988), also known as the QAnon Shaman, Q Shaman, and Yellowstone Wolf, is an American activist and conspiracy theorist who participated in the January 6 attack on the Capitol and was later convicted for his actions on that day. He has been a supporter of President Donald Trump and a believer and disseminator of the QAnon conspiracy theory.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Angeli attended demonstrations in the Phoenix area from around 2019. At rallies, he promoted conspiracy theories supporting Trump, and he has been a counterprotestor at Black Lives Matter (BLM) events.


title: Jake Angeli

text: After being photographed taking part in the storming of the Capitol, Angeli was arrested on January 9 on federal charges of "knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority, and with violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds". He pleaded guilty to a single charge in September 2021, and was sentenced to three and a half years, or 41 months, in prison in November 2021.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Jake Angeli was born in 1988, to Martha Chansley. He attended Moon Valley High School in Phoenix, Arizona, and Glendale Community College, where he completed some coursework in psychology, religion, philosophy, and ceramics.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Angeli enlisted in the United States Navy on September 26, 2005. After boot camp and training as a supply clerk, he was assigned to the aircraft carrier USS "Kitty Hawk" in March 2006. At some point, he refused to take an anthrax vaccine and was scheduled for dismissal from the Navy. On September 29, 2007, he was sent to a Transient Personnel Unit in Puget Sound in Washington state, and was processed out of the Navy on October 11. After two years and 15 days in uniform, his final rank was Storekeeper Seaman Apprentice. His military awards and decorations include the National Defense Service Medal, the Global War on Terrorism Service Medal, the Sea Service Deployment Ribbon and the Navy and Marine Corps Overseas Service Ribbon.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Angeli self-published two books: "Will & Power: Inside the Living Library (Volume 1)", published in 2017 under the pen name Loan Wolf; and "One Mind at a Time: A Deep State of Illusion", published in 2020 under the name Jacob Angeli. He produced and narrated 11 videos espousing various conspiracy theories and uploaded them to the platform Rumble in late 2020.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Angeli was formerly a supporter of Donald Trump, has a social media following and has attended rallies supporting QAnon, mostly in and around Phoenix. At various rallies in Arizona, he shouted about QAnon conspiracy theories and carried a sign that says "Q Sent Me".


title: Jake Angeli

text: In 2019 Angeli frequently protested alone outside the Arizona Capitol, espousing various conspiracy theories. He was reported as a shamanic practitioner when attending a climate activism protest in Arizona and his ideology has been described as ecofascist. In early 2020 he told "The Arizona Republic" that he began wearing a fur hat and face paint to attract attention so that he could then talk about QAnon and "other truths". He appeared at a Black Lives Matter (BLM) protest in the Phoenix area in order to spread the QAnon conspiracy theory.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Following the 2020 United States presidential election, Angeli's protests focused on challenging the results of the vote in Arizona. He camped outside the Maricopa County Courthouse during the vote counting process, and gave a speech at a rally there on November 7, the day that president-elect Joe Biden announced his win, declaring, "This election has not been called! Don't believe that lie! They got their hands caught in the cookie jar and we're going to the Supreme Court! Trump always looks like he's going to lose. And then he wins."


title: Jake Angeli

text: During the January 6 United States Capitol attack, Angeli entered the Senate floor in the Capitol, wearing his "shamanic" attire, including a bison-horned fur headdress, and war paint in red, white, and blue, as well as carrying a spear, with an American flag tied below the spear head. He was also photographed standing on the raised platform in front of Vice President Mike Pence's chair, gaining him significant media attention. He later said police had initially blocked the crowd from entry, but had then specifically allowed them entry, at which point he entered. However, on March 16, 2021, the U.S. District Court in Washington D.C. released previously unseen video footage of Angeli entering the Capitol building after windows were smashed.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Court transcripts reveal Angeli told the FBI that he had traveled to the Capitol "as a part of a group effort, with other 'patriots' from Arizona, at the request of the President that all 'patriots' come to DC on January 6, 2021". Prior to the Capitol being invaded, Angeli called out for the demonstrators to pause and join him in prayer, saying, "Thank you for allowing the United States to be reborn. We love you and we thank you. In Christ's holy name, we pray." After the riot, Angeli told reporters, "The fact that we had a bunch of our traitors in office hunker down, put on their gas masks and retreat into their underground bunker, I consider that a win."


title: Jake Angeli

text: On January 8, Angeli was posted as a person of interest with the Washington DC Police. Interviewed while wanted, Angeli said that he believed he did nothing wrong, telling NBC: "I walked through an open door, dude." On January 8, Angeli told KPNX that he "wasn't worried" about possible charges. Angeli had no criminal record in Arizona before taking part in the riot.


title: Jake Angeli

text: On January 9, Angeli was arrested and brought up on U.S. federal charges of "knowingly entering or remaining in any restricted building or grounds without lawful authority, and with violent entry and disorderly conduct on Capitol grounds". A Capitol police special agent was quoted as saying that he identified Angeli by his "unique attire and extensive tattoos covering his arms and left side of his torso". Angeli voluntarily spoke to the Washington Field Office of the FBI prior to his arrest. In a January 14 court filing, federal prosecutors said that Angeli had left a note on Pence's desk in the Senate chamber that said "It's only a matter of time, justice is coming."


title: Jake Angeli

text: While jailed awaiting trial, Angeli refused to eat because the food served was not organic. Subsequently, a court ordered that he receive organic food.


title: Jake Angeli

text: Beginning in January 2021 through his guilty plea on September 2, Angeli was represented by St. Louis attorney Albert Watkins. In a written statement, Watkins argued that Angeli had no part in the violence, did not hide his identity, was unarmed, not destructive, and followed the instructions of law enforcement officials in a respectful fashion; and that Angeli was carrying a megaphone so his voice could be heard. Additionally, he presented evidence Angeli had been diagnosed with schizotypal personality disorder while serving the Navy. He also said in an interview with KSDK in St. Louis, "[Angeli] is responsible for his actions. He regrets where he is today". Watkins publicly called on President Trump to pardon his client, arguing that Angeli had been unarmed, not violent, and not destructive, and had been acting on the "invitation" of the president. Later in January, Angeli made overtures for a presidential pardon from Trump through White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows. When the pardon was not granted, Watkins said, "He (Angeli) regrets very very much having not just been duped by the President, but by being in a position where he allowed that duping to put him in a position to make decisions he should not have made." According to Watkins, Angeli was prepared to testify against Trump in his second impeachment trial. However, the trial ended with Trump's acquittal without any witnesses being called.


title: Jake Angeli

text: On March 8, 2021, federal judge Royce Lamberth ruled that Angeli should not be released from jail, saying his lawyer's arguments were "so frivolous as to insult the Court's intelligence". In a written statement, the judge said the "defendant does not fully appreciate the severity of the allegations against him."


title: Jake Angeli

text: On September 3, 2021, Angeli pleaded guilty to a single count of obstructing an official proceeding and agreed to accept the prosecution's recommended sentence of 41 to 51 months in prison as part of the settlement. Earlier, his lawyer said Angeli broke away from QAnon and asked that it no longer be used in terms for him. Judge Lamberth turned down a request for release (Angeli wanted to visit his grandfather while Watkins wanted to provide him with shelter and care for his mental health) on the grounds that there was no convincing evidence that there would not be any risk of escape. On November 17, Angeli was sentenced to 41 months in prison.


title: Jake Angeli

text: After the storming of the Capitol, pro-Trump users on Facebook circulated rumors trying to disassociate Angeli as a Trump supporter and right wing advocate, spreading false information that Angeli was instead associated with antifa or the Black Lives Matter (BLM) movement and had infiltrated the event as an agent provocateur. Those false reports frequently included a photo of Angeli at a BLM rally in Arizona, cropping out his "Q Sent Me" sign that indicates that Angeli was counter-protesting rather than participating in the rally.


title: Jake Angeli

text: In a January 6 tweet from his Twitter account, USAwolfpack, Angeli responded to speculations made by Trump campaign lawyer Lin Wood: "Mr. Wood. I am not antifa or blm. I'm a Qanon & digital soldier. My name is Jake & I marched with the police & fought against BLM & ANTIFA in PHX." Snopes investigated the statement, concluding that he did attend a BLM rally, that he is not affiliated with Antifa, and was an active Trump supporter.


title: Jake Angeli

text: There was also disinformation propagated which falsely claimed Angeli colluded with Nancy Pelosi's son-in-law, Michiel Vos, seen in a photo with him outside the U.S. Capitol Building. Snopes wrote that Vos is a reporter with the Dutch free-to-air television channel RTL, and the image is from a story on the protests which Vos wrote for Dutch news program "RTL Boulevard".


title: Jake Angeli

text: Angeli has stated his beliefs that televisions and radios emit "very specific frequencies that are inaudible," that "affect the brain waves of your brain". He has also spoken about the Bilderberg conspiracy theory and said that Freemasons designed Washington, D.C. according to "ley lines" that amplify the Earth's magnetic field. During a 2020 interview on ORF, Angeli declared that "in order to beat this evil occultic force you need a light occultic force … [you need] a force that is of the side of God, of love … almost like on the side of the angels … as opposed to the demons." In reflecting on the Capitol storming, Angeli said that "What we did on January 6 in many ways was an evolution in consciousness, because as we marched down the street along these ley lines shouting 'USA' or shouting things like 'freedom'... we were actually affecting the quantum realm."


title: Jake Angeli

text: Prosecutors have alleged that Angeli believes he is an alien or higher being and is destined to ascend to another reality.


title: Jake Angeli

text: When asked about her son's views in 2021, Martha Chansley told ABC15 Arizona that "it takes a lot of courage to be a patriot".


title: Jake Angeli

text: An animated Angeli appears in the 2021 "South ParQ Vaccination Special" episode of "South Park", in which he becomes a home school tutor for "Tutornon". Likewise, a character dressed in attire similar to Angeli's appears in a 2021 episode of "It's Always Sunny in Philadelphia" titled "", as well as in a 2021 episode of "Reno 911!". In 2022, Will Forte's character MacGruber appeared dressed as Angeli on an episode of "Saturday Night Live".


title: Tionne Watkins

text: Tionne Tenese Watkins (born April 26, 1970), better known by her stage name T-Boz, is an American singer and actress. Born in Des Moines, Iowa, Watkins rose to fame in the early 1990s as a member of the girl-group TLC. She has won four Grammy Awards for her work with TLC.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: Tionne Watkins was born in Des Moines, Iowa, on April 26, 1970, to James and Gayle Watkins. She has written that she is of African American, Native American and Irish descent. Watkins' family moved from Des Moines to Atlanta, Georgia, when she was nine years old.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: Crystal Jones held auditions for a singing group and chose Watkins, and Lisa "Left Eye" Lopes. The group eventually attracted the attention of Perri "Pebbles" Reid and her husband, Antonio "L.A." Reid, head of LaFace Records. Jones was replaced with Rozonda "Chilli" Thomas and the group was signed in 1991 as TLC. The successful group sold more than 65 million records. T-Boz has won four Grammy Awards as a member of TLC.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: In late 2011, VH1 announced plans to produce a biopic on the group. Watkins and Thomas signed on as producers. The film, "", premiered October 21, 2013. The role of Watkins was portrayed by actress/singer Drew Sidora. Watkins' daughter, Chase, portrayed a younger Tionne in the film.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: In addition to her work with TLC, Watkins recorded solo singles, including: "Touch Myself" (for the soundtrack of the 1996 film "Fled") and "My Getaway" (for the soundtrack to the 2000 film ""). In addition, she has been a featured vocalist on such songs as: "Ghetto Love" with Da Brat, "Changes" with Society of Soul, "He Say She Say" with Keith Sweat, "Different Times" with Raphael Saadiq and "Be Somebody" with Paula Cole. She also featured on the song "It's Good" by YoungBloodZ. On January 22, 2013, Watkins released her first solo single in over 15 years titled "Champion". The song was released digitally, and proceeds went to help raise awareness for people suffering from blood conditions such as Sickle Cell. On September 6, 2017, Watkins released her latest single digitally from her audiobook "A Sick Life" titled "Dreams".


title: Tionne Watkins

text: Watkins has worked as an actress, appearing in Hype Williams' 1998 film "Belly". She also appeared in two episodes of "Living Single", the first time guest-starring along with her bandmates and another time without them. Watkins served as one of the executive producers for the 2006 movie "ATL" featuring the rapper, T.I. She also appeared on "The Real Housewives of Atlanta" as a friend of Kandi Burruss. Watkins made a guest appearance as Pam Grier in one episode of the Adult Swim series "Black Dynamite". In 2009, Watkins was a participant in the eight season of "The Apprentice", finishing in 11th place. Watkins' reality TV show "Totally T-Boz", premiered January 1, 2013, on the TLC network, and ran four episodes. The show chronicled Watkins' quest to create a solo album, reunite with bandmember, Chilli, and her life with her daughter Chase.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: In 2016, Watkins and Chili joined actress Zoe Saldana onstage for her second round performance of "No Scrubs" on Spike's "Lip Sync Battle" against actor Zachary Quinto. In November 2016, she began a two-month acting stint as Sheila, a hardened prison inmate, on "Days of Our Lives". Watkins would later return to Days of Our Lives as a recurring character, playing the zany ex-con Sheila, in both 2017 and 2018. In 2017, she lent her voice to a character in "Trolland", also known as "Trollz", a direct-to-DVD CGI-animated movie.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: Watkins published a book of semi-autobiographical poetry called "Thoughts" on November 3, 1999. In 2005, Watkins and stylist Tara Brivic (who would later appear regularly on "Totally T-Boz") opened a children's boutique called Chase's Closet (named after her daughter). It was shut down years later. TLC also released a soundtrack album "20" marking both the band's 20-plus year legacy in entertainment business and the release of their biopic, this album included a new track written by singer Ne-Yo, "Meant to Be". They also had guest vocals on J. Cole's track "Crooked Smile". TLC celebrated their return with a series of highly publicized performances which included 2 dates: VH1's Mixtape Festival in Hershey, Pennsylvania, on July 27, 2013, and Drake's OVO Fest in Toronto on August 5, 2013. They released an album, "TLC", on June 30, 2017.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: As a child, Watkins was diagnosed with sickle cell anemia. Since the age of seven, she has been in and out of the hospital due to the painful condition. T-Boz opened up to the public about the disease in 1996; she later became one of the spokespersons for Sickle Cell Disease Association of America. In 2002, she was hospitalized for four months due to a flare-up of sickle-cell anemia. She is a national co-chair of the progressive organization Health Care Voter.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: On August 19, 2000, Watkins married rapper Mack 10. The couple's daughter, Chase Anela Rolison, was born premature a few months later on October 20, 2000. In June 2004, she filed for divorce, and requested a restraining order against Mack 10. In 2012, Watkins moved with Chase from Atlanta to Los Angeles, California, in order for Chase to be closer to her father.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: In October 2009, Watkins revealed that she had secretly battled a potentially fatal brain tumor for three years. In March 2006, she was diagnosed as having a grape-sized acoustic neuroma on her vestibular nerve that affected her balance, weight, hearing, sight, and facial movement. Many physicians refused to remove the tumor due to her sickle-cell-related complications, leaving her alternatives grim. Ultimately, she underwent surgery at Cedars-Sinai Hospital in Los Angeles.


title: Tionne Watkins

text: Watkins filed for bankruptcy in February 2011 and again in October 2011. In an episode of the Reelz TV series "Broke & Famous", entertainment reporter Viviana Vigil stated Watkins spent $9,000 a month and owed $770,000 on her home with a reported monthly income of $11,000, while another reporter Nina Parker cited Watkins's medical bills and brain tumor.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai () is a 2000 Indian Hindi-language romantic action film directed by Rakesh Roshan, marking the debuts of his son Hrithik Roshan and actress, Ameesha Patel.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Becoming the second-highest-grossing film of 2000, it received positive reviews from critics upon release, with particular praise directed towards Hrithik's performance and the film's soundtrack. Hrithik, who plays a double role in the film as Rohit and Raj, became an overnight superstar. His successful debut was termed 'Hrithik Mania' by the media, and he has been known as the "Millennial Superstar" ever since.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: "Kaho Naa.. Pyaar Hai" went on to be inducted into the Guinness World Records (2002) for being a feature film with the most awards won—a total of 92 awards received in numerous ceremonies and categories. Likewise, the film would be added to the "Limca Book of Records" (2003) for the greatest number of awards won by a Bollywood film. As director and producer, Rakesh Roshan collected his first ever Filmfare Award, while his son became the only actor ever to win both the Filmfare Award for Best Actor and the Filmfare Award for Best Debut for the same film.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Following the success of "Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai", the father-son duo have gone on to collaborate in many more films, including "Koi... Mil Gaya" (2003), "Krrish" (2006), "Kites" (2010), "Krrish 3" (2013), and "Kaabil" (2017).


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: The interval plot twist and a portion of the second half is inspired from the 1986 Kannada film "Ratha Sapthami".


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Rohit and his younger brother Amit are orphans living in Mumbai with their landlords Lily and Anthony (to whom they regard as their aunt and uncle). Rohit is an aspiring singer who works as a salesman in a car showroom, run by Malik. One day, he meets Sonia Saxena, the beautiful daughter of wealthy Mr. Saxena, Malik's friend, when he visits her to deliver the car her father brought for her birthday. Unknown to everyone, Malik is running a drug cartel with the help of two corrupt police officers.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Rohit and Sonia meet again during her birthday party on the beach. After Rohit sings for Sonia, he is invited to perform on a cruise. Rohit and Sonia become drunk during the celebrations and fall into a lifeboat that separates from the ship. Rohit rows to an island, where they are stranded for a couple of days. During this time, they continue to fight and eventually fall in love. They are rescued by Saxena, who does not approve of their love due to their class differences. Rohit is consequently fired from his job by Malik. However, Rohit proves Saxena wrong by saying that if they eloped and married, then it would go against their love. Saxena makes a deal with Rohit claiming that if Rohit becomes successful, Saxena will allow him to marry Sonia because she is from an upper-class family. Determined to prove himself, Rohit and his friends attempt to procure a record deal for him. Rohit eventually becomes a locally well-known artiste and prepares to perform at a concert.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: On the day of the show, while going to pick up Amit for it, Rohit witnesses the corrupt policemen and Malik shooting and killing police commissioner, who found out about their drug dealings. They discover Rohit's presence and shoot at him, wounding him before pursuing him over a bridge. Saxena is also revealed to be part of the drug cartel and orders Rohit's murder. They knock his bike off-track, causing him to fall into the Arabian Sea below. Rohit, who doesn't know how to swim, drowns and dies. The policemen are sent to search the in the sea but are unsuccessful in finding his body. Amit is traumatized by the news and becomes mute and Rohit's family and friends, including Sonia, fall into depression.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Saxena sends Sonia to stay with his brother in New Zealand to help overcome her depression. There, she meets her cousin Neeta's friend, Raj Chopra, the son of a billionaire NRI businessman, who, to her immense shock, strikingly resembles Rohit, though their personalities are quite different. Raj falls for Sonia but she avoids him, due to reminding her of Rohit. Upon learning her story, Raj accompanies Sonia back to India and gives her hope to keep living, before deciding to let her go, as he knows she does not love him. However, at the airport, one of the corrupt officers spots them and opens fire on Raj. After Raj and Sonia escape, Raj realizes that somebody is mistaking him for Rohit, and the two realize that Rohit was murdered.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Raj is welcomed by Rohit's family and friends. His presence brings Amit out of his shell, and Raj learns that Amit witnessed Rohit's murder and saw the culprits. The gang decides to set a trap to expose the killers, with Raj posing as Rohit to lure them out while Amit is to identify the guilty men. During this time, Raj confesses to Sonia that he loves her. Malik, Saxena, and the officers panic upon learning that "Rohit" is alive. Raj performs at a concert in tribute to Rohit, knowing his killers will come, although Malik and the officers arrive at the concert disguised. Saxena is reunited with his daughter and learns about the plan. He calls Malik and tells him who "Rohit" really is and not to fire. After the performance, Raj reveals to the crowd details of the shooting that he learned from Amit. Before he can reveal the names of the killers, one of the officers shoots him, causing panic in the audience, although Raj is saved due to wearing a bullet-proof jacket. Saxena tries to chastise Malik, who counterpoints that Saxena is trying to conspire with Sonia to trap them all.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: To catch who they believe is Rohit, the officers kidnap Sonia and threaten to kill her if he does not reveal himself. Raj arrives at the place where she is being held. He fights the corrupt police officers and beats each of them to death, saving Sonia. Malik arrives and reveals his motive for mercilessly pursuing Raj and Sonia but is fatally shot by Saxena before he can reveal his involvement. Amit upon arriving with his family recognizes Malik as one of Rohit's killers.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Raj later learns that Saxena was the man Malik called before killing Rohit through Malik's phone. On being confronted, Saxena confesses his crime to his daughter and Raj before being arrested. As Raj is about to leave with Amit, Sonia confesses that she loves him and does not want to lose her love again, as she already lost Rohit. The couple returns to New Zealand, taking everybody with them, and they get married with the blessings of their families.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: The film was launched in 1998 with Hrithik Roshan and Kareena Kapoor in lead roles. However, the latter walked out a few days after the launch, following a "misunderstanding" between the director Rakesh Roshan and Kareena's mother Babita. Rakesh, who had known Ameesha Patel's family for a long time, cast her in the role.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: The ship scenes were filmed aboard the "Star Flyer". The island scenes were filmed in Krabi, Thailand, in the area near Khao Phing Kan (popularly known as "James Bond Island").


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: "Kaho Naa.. Pyaar Hai" received highly positive reviews from critics upon release, with particular praise directed towards Hrithik's performance and the film's soundtrack. However, most critics also criticized the film's "clichéd" storyline.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: "Planet Bollywood"'s Alok Kumar said "I'm telling you all to go see "KNPH", a movie with which I had low expectations. The film ended up being very entertaining." Ajay Chaturvedi of "Apunkachoice.com" said "The film suffers from a bad script." But he praised the performance and dancing of Hrithik saying, "The highlight ... is Hrithik Roshan who has good screen presence, He has acted quite well considering that this is his debut film and he is a brilliant dancer." He praised the music saying "it is a big plus with "Na Tum Jaano Na Hum" and "Ek Pal Ka Jeena" being the pick of the lot."


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: The reviewer for "Filmfare" rated it 3.5 out of 5, and wrote, "Rakesh Roshan has come up with a winner. A racy script, excellent product values and taut editing result in a storyline that keeps the audience hooked throughout. The music is also good, especially the title song and numbers such as "Ek Pal Ka Jeena" and "Chand Sitaare". Hrithik is very good in the action and dance sequences, and proves his acting calibre in his very first film. Patel too performs well."


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: Sabiha Kalolwala of "The Indian Express" wrote, "Rakesh Roshan has been smart enough to make a film which encompasses all the facets of acting — drama, action, romance, thrill, comedy and tragedy, all of them enacted pretty well by Hrithik Roshan." Of the soundtrack, he wrote, "There is not even one song which is not enjoyable." Anupama Chopra, reviewing the film for "India Today" wrote, "... Rakesh has taken the routine love-story, added a thriller twist and narrated it with style. "KNPH" isn't about path-breaking craft, it's about blockbuster presentation. Rakesh's sweat and money are apparent in every frame." She concluded writing, "What doesn't work is the tired villain track. Kher, one of Bollywood's finest, hams from frame 1. Perhaps the idea of playing disgruntled papa yet again was too tedious. His post-climax repenting is almost comical. The rest of the gang isn't much better. The plot is as stale as the performances." Kanchana Suggu of "Rediff.com" called the film a "great entertainer" and wrote, "One must say Rakesh Roshan knew what he was doing when he cast Hrithik as the lead. The boy is good. The ease and style with which he dances, emotes, fights, makes one forget this is his debut film. He’s had to essay two different characters, and he’s done justice to both." Also commending the performances of other actors, she wrote praises of other departments in that the "music is good, the songs are catchy, the cinematography is appealing, the direction is unobtrusive and the story is actually 'different'."


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: The interval twist of the movie - where the hero supposedly dies in an accident - and the second half of the film - where the heroine is sent out of her hometown to her uncle's place in order to overcome her depression, but is shell-shocked to find a lookalike in a vehicle nearby, and later catches a glimpse of him again in a discotheque dancing merrily - was reported to be based on the 1986 Kannada movie "Ratha Sapthami".


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: In India, "Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai" was the highest-grossing Bollywood film of 2000. When adjusted for inflation, it was the 11th highest-grossing Bollywood film of all time as of 2011, and the sixth highest-grossing film of the 2000s.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: The film's music was composed by Rajesh Roshan with lyrics by Ibrahim Ashk, Saawan Kumar Tak and Vijay Akela. Most of the songs were sung by Lucky Ali, Udit Narayan and Alka Yagnik. The dancing sequences were choreographed by Farah Khan. The songs "Chand Sitare" and most notably, "Dil Ne Dil Ko Pukara" are inspired by the song Voices by Vangelis. The latter song has that tune playing throughout most of the song.


title: Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai

text: The Hindi-language musical romantic film, "Na Tum Jaano Na Hum" (2002) also starring Hrithik alongside Esha Deol and Saif Ali Khan, is named after a song from this film.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Cedric Bixler-Zavala (born November 4, 1974) is an American singer and songwriter. He is the lead singer and lyricist of the progressive rock band The Mars Volta and the only constant member of the post-hardcore group At the Drive-In, for which he is the lead singer and occasional guitarist. He is also the lead singer of the band Antemasque, and sings and plays guitar in his band Zavalaz.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Bixler-Zavala was born in the United States to Mexican parents, Dennis Jose Bixler and Rosa Maria Zavala. His parents were bilingual, but Bixler-Zavala says his command of proper Spanish is limited to "Spanglish". His Spanish maternal surname, Zavala, is a Castilian version of Zabala, of Basque origin. The earliest paternal ancestors on his mother's side were fishermen and traders from the Basque region of Gipuzkoa and were employed by the Spanish government as colonists to the Spanish Louisiana.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: In the early 1990s, Bixler-Zavala played drums and was a vocalist for a band named Foss which included future Texas congressman, senatorial candidate, and presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke on bass.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Bixler-Zavala has a tenor voice type, with a range spanning from D2 to C7. His vocal work spans many different styles, ranging from consistent rhythmic shouts (common in his singing with At The Drive-In) to controlled falsetto and head voice singing (a familiar trademark of his singing with the Mars Volta). In 2016, it was also revealed that Bixler-Zavala developed vocal nodules, causing shows to be canceled while on tour.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Bixler-Zavala is fond of Frank Zappaesque humor and writes in English, Spanish, and Latin. His lyrics have a wide vocabulary and often feature complicated wordplay. Bixler-Zavala also uses portmanteaus: combining existing words, or parts of words, to create a new word. The song "Noctourniquet," for example, combines "nocturnal" (active at night) and "tourniquet" (a medical device to stop bleeding). He has stated: "I love to take common sayings, pervert them, mutate them a little. So you think I am singing one thing, but when you read it, it is different." He has described Mark E. Smith of The Fall as "one of the pillars of influence for me as a lyricist".


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: When performing with At the Drive-in and the Mars Volta, Bixler-Zavala is known for his eccentric on-stage behavior. He frequently does somersaults on stage, swings his microphone (once unintentionally hitting bandmate Ikey Owens in the head), throws objects such as cymbals, microphone stands, and trash cans into the audience, salsa dances, adjusts Omar Rodríguez-López's effects pedals and occasionally plays the maracas.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Under the pseudonym "Alavaz Relxib Cirdec" ("Cedric Bixler-Zavala" backwards), Bixler-Zavala contributed a two-song single to the GSL Special 12-inch Singles Series, released in December 2005. Closer to the dub of De Facto and the ambient experimentation shown in Omar Rodríguez-López's records than the prog-rock of the Mars Volta, the two songs Bixler-Zavala has produced under this alias are entirely instrumental.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Late 2011 saw the release of the first 7-inch record from Bixler's new project Anywhere, a collaboration with Christian Eric Beaulieu of Triclops! and Mike Watt of The Stooges/Firehose/Minutemen. Their self-titled debut album was released by ATP Records in June 2012.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Bixler has stated that he has been working on an album with the last Mars Volta drummer Deantoni Parks, although it remains unreleased to date.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Since 2011 Bixler was working on another album, which he described as "mostly ballady type stuff... a very sunday morning record. Very soft". Eventually the solo project turned into a full-fledged band named Zavalaz, which features Bixler on lead vocals and guitar, Dan Elkan on guitar, Juan Alderete on bass and Gregory Rogove on drums. The band is set to play a number of West Coast tour dates throughout June, supported by Dot Hacker and EV Kain. On June 3, 2013, a snippet from song "Blue Rose of Grand Street" off their upcoming album "All the Nights We Never Met" was released on YouTube.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Cedric has been back into the studio after reuniting with Omar Rodríguez-López due to Red Hot Chili Peppers bassist, Flea, wanting them to reunite. They have now formed a supergroup together called Antemasque with ex-Mars Volta drummer Dave Elitch. The band recorded and released their debut in 2014. Fans have cited that as Flea and Dave have played with the Mars Volta prior, a Mars Volta reunion could be in the works. (Flea played bass on 2003's De-loused in the Comatorium and trumpet on 2005's "Frances the Mute"; Dave played with the Mars Volta from 2009 to 2010.) In February 2018, Bixler Zavala confirmed on Twitter that the Mars Volta will reunite, but later clarified that At the Drive-In activity will take precedence for the immediate future.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: In 2009, Bixler-Zavala married actress and model Chrissie Carnell. The couple reside in Los Angeles, California. They had their first children, twin boys Ulysses and Xanthus, in 2013. In November 2017, he said in a pair of tweets that actor Danny Masterson had raped his wife, and that he wrote At The Drive-In's song "Incurably Innocent" about the alleged assault.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Bixler-Zavala was a member of the Church of Scientology. Bixler-Zavala had credited Scientology with his changed attitude on the use of drugs. He attended the Church of Scientology Celebrity Centre event in 2013. In 2015, Bixler-Zavala spoke about his decision to stop smoking marijuana. "I was spending $1,000 a week on weed," he said, and rationalized his use by believing it made him more creative, when he later came to realize "I was using it to form this stoned bubble that helped me justify not wanting to interact with people." However, by 2017 he had become a harsh critic of Scientology, calling its "self help volcano[...] as barren as a floating needle. A placebo of Sugary kool aid" and accusing it of silencing sexual assault victims and of harassing both him and his wife; in 2018, he accused it of covering up his wife's alleged sexual assault and called it "a modern-day version of "The Handmaid's Tale"".


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: In 2020, Bixler-Zavala's dog died after allegedly eating raw meat laced with rat poison that had been tossed into their yard. Bixler-Zavala alleged that the Church of Scientology was responsible, though they have denied the accusations.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Bixler-Zavala's life has been heavily impacted by the deaths of people who have been in close association with him, several of which have become themes for his lyrics. Jimmy Hernandez, bass player for Los Dregtones, died of cancer in 1994. The year after, the original drummer for At The Drive-In, Bernie Rincon, died by suicide. In 1996, a close friend and band-mate of Bixler-Zavala's, Los Dregtones bassist Julio Venegas, also died by suicide. The story behind the Mars Volta's first album "De-Loused in the Comatorium" was loosely inspired by "life and death of Julio Venegas". During the following year, two of his bandmates of the group The Fall on Deaf Ears, Laura Beard and Sarah Reiser, died in a car accident. in May 2003, their sound manipulator and longtime friend of Bixler-Zavala and Omar Rodríguez-López, Jeremy Ward, was found dead of apparent heroin overdose. In October 2014, Isaiah "Ikey" Owens, former bandmate and keyboardist for Bixler-Zavala's previous bands De Facto and the Mars Volta (the latter from 2001 to 2010), was found dead in Puebla, Mexico, while on tour with Jack White. Owens was 39 years old and his cause of death was later confirmed to be a heart attack.


title: Cedric Bixler-Zavala

text: Bixler-Zavala endorsed 2020 presidential candidate Bernie Sanders and denounced the support of Joe Biden by his former Foss bandmate and 2020 presidential candidate Beto O'Rourke responding to a fan on Instagram who said that O'Rourke's support of Biden "bummed me out bad", to which Bixler-Zavala responded "me too."


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: The Messiah in Judaism () is a savior and liberator figure in Jewish eschatology, who is believed to be the future redeemer of the Jewish people. The concept of messianism originated in Judaism, and in the Hebrew Bible a messiah is a king or High Priest of Israel traditionally anointed with holy anointing oil. However, messiahs were not exclusively Jewish, as the Hebrew Bible refers to Cyrus the Great, king of the first Persian empire, as a messiah for his decree to rebuild the Jerusalem Temple.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: In Jewish eschatology, the Messiah is a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age and world to come. The Messiah is often referred to as "King Messiah" () or in Aramaic.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Jewish messianism gave birth to Christianity, which started as a Second Temple period messianic Jewish sect or religious movement.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: In Jewish eschatology, the term "mashiach", or "Messiah", refers specifically to a future Jewish king from the Davidic line, who is expected to save the Jewish nation, and will be anointed with holy anointing oil and rule the Jewish people during the Messianic Age. The Messiah is often referred to as "King Messiah", or, in Hebrew, (""), and, in Aramaic, . In a generalized sense, "messiah" has "the connotation of a savior or redeemer who would appear at the end of days and usher in the kingdom of God, the restoration of Israel, or whatever dispensation was considered to be the ideal state of the world."


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Messianism "denotes a movement, or a system of beliefs and ideas, centered on the expectation of the advent of a messiah." Orthodox views hold that the Messiah will be descended from his father through the line of King David, and will gather the Jews back into the Land of Israel, usher in an era of peace, build the Third Temple, father a male heir, re-institute the Sanhedrin, and so on. The word, "mashiach", however, is rarely used in Jewish literature within the 1st century BCE and the 1st century CE.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Jewish tradition of the late, or early post-Second Temple period alludes to two redeemers, one suffering and the second fulfilling the traditional messianic role, namely Mashiach ben Yosef, and Mashiach ben David. In general, the term "Messiah" unqualified refers to "Mashiach ben David" (Messiah, son of David).


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Belief in the future advent of the Messiah was originally a fringe idea, but somewhat controversially, according to Maimonides is one of the fundamental requisites of the Jewish faith, concerning which has written: "Anyone who does not believe in him, or who does not wait for his arrival, has not merely denied the other prophets, but has also denied the Torah and Moses, our Rabbi."


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: The roots of Jewish eschatology are to be found in the pre-exile prophets, including Isaiah and Jeremiah, and the exile prophets Ezekiel and Deutero-Isaiah. The main tenets of Jewish eschatology are the following, in no particular order, elaborated in the books of Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel:


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Early in the Second Temple period hopes for a better future are described in the Jewish scriptures. After the return from the Babylonian exile, the Persian king Cyrus the Great was called "messiah" in Isaiah, due to his role in the return of the Jewish exiles.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: A number of messianic ideas developed during the later Second Temple period, ranging from this-worldly, political expectations, to apocalyptic expectations of an endtime in which the dead would be resurrected and the Kingdom of Heaven would be established on earth. The Messiah might be a kingly "Son of David," or a more heavenly "Son of Man", but "Messianism became increasingly eschatological, and eschatology was decisively influenced by apocalypticism", while "messianic expectations became increasingly focused on the figure of an individual savior." According to Zwi Werblowsky, "the Messiah no longer symbolized the coming of the new age, but he was somehow supposed to bring it about." The "Lord's anointed" thus became the "savior and redeemer" and the focus of more intense expectations and doctrines." Messianic ideas developed both by new interpretations ("pesher", "midrash") of the Jewish scriptures, but also by visionary revelations.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Religious views on whether Hebrew Bible passages refer to a Messiah may vary among scholars of ancient Israel, looking at their meaning in their original contexts, and among rabbinical scholars. The reading of messianic attestations in passages from Isaiah, Jeremiah and Ezekiel is anachronistic, because messianism developed later than these texts. According to James C. VanderKam, there are no Jewish texts before the 2nd century BCE which mention a messianic leader, though some terms point in this direction, and some terms, such as the suffering servant from Isaiah, were later interpreted as such.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: According to Zwi Werblowsky, the brutal regime of Hellenistic Greek Seleucid king Antiochus IV (r. 175–163 BCE) led to renewed messianic expectations, as reflected in the Book of Daniel. His rule was ended by the Maccabean Revolt (167-160 BCE), and the installment of the Hasmonean dynasty (167-37 BCE). The Maccabees ruled Judea semi-independently from the Seleucid Empire from 167-110 BCE, fully independently from 110-63 BCE, and as a Roman client state from 63-37 BCE, when Herod the Great came to power. With the end of the Hasmonean dynasty, the belief in a messianic leader further developed. According to James C. VanderKam, the apocalyptic genre shows a negative attitude towards the foreign powers which ruled Judea, but rejection of these powers was not the only cause of the development of the apocalyptic genre.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: According to VanderKam, "the vast majority of Second Temple texts have no reference to a messianic leader of the endtime." The Animal Apocalypse (c. 160 BCE) is the first to do so, but after that time, only some apocalypses, and some texts which are not apocalypses but do contain apocalyptic or eschatological teachings, refer to a messianic leader. According to VanderKam, the lack of messianic allusions may be explained by the fact that Judea was governed for centuries by foreign powers, often without great problems, or a negative stance by Jews toward these Gentile powers.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: In the first millennium BCE, in the Qumran texts, the "Psalms of Solomon", and the Similitudes of Enoch, "both foreign and native rulers are castigated and hopes are placed on a Messiah (or Messiahs) who will end the present evil age of injustice. After the First Jewish–Roman War (66-70 CE), texts like 2 Baruch and 4 Ezra reflect the despair of the time. The images and status of the messiah in the various texts are quite different, but the apocalyptic messiahs are only somewhat more exalted than the leaders portrayed in the non-apocalyptic texts.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Charleswoth notes that messianic concepts are found in the Old Testament pseudepigrapha, which include a large number of Apocalypses.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: The Book of Daniel (mid-2nd c. BCE) was quoted and referenced by both Jews and Christians in the 1st century CE as predicting the imminent end-time. The concepts of immortality and resurrection, with rewards for the righteous and punishment for the wicked, have roots much deeper than Daniel, but the first clear statement is found in the final chapter of that book: "Many of those who sleep in the dust of the earth shall awake, some to everlasting life, and some to everlasting shame and contempt." Without this belief, Christianity, in which the resurrection of Jesus plays a central role, may have disappeared, like the movements following other charismatic Jewish figures of the 1st century.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: The "Book of Enoch" (1 Enoch, 3rd-1st c. BCE) is an ancient Jewish apocalyptic religious work, ascribed by tradition to Enoch, the great-grandfather of Noah. Enoch contains a prophetic exposition of the thousand-year reign of the Messiah. The older sections (mainly in the Book of the Watchers) of the text are estimated to date from about 300 BCE, while the latest part (Book of Parables) probably to the 1st century BCE.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: 1 Enoch is the first text to contain the idea of a preexistent heavenly Messiah, called the "Son of Man." 1 Enoch, and also 4 Ezra, transform the expectation of a kingly Messiah of Daniel 7 into "an exalted, heavenly messiah whose role would be to execute judgment and to inaugurate a new age of peace and rejoicing." He is described as an angelic being, who "was chosen and hidden with God before the world was created, and will remain in His presence forevermore." He is the embodiment of justice and Wisdom, seated on a throne in Heaven, who will be revealed to the world at the end of times, when he will judge all beings.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Some scholars contend that 1 Enoch was influential in molding New Testament doctrines about the Messiah, the Son of Man, the messianic kingdom, Christian demonology, the resurrection, and Christian eschatology.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: VanderKam further notes that a variety of titles are being used for the Messiah(s) in the Dead Sea Scrolls:


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Messianic allusions to some figures include to Menahem ben Hezekiah who traditionally was born on the same day that the Second Temple was destroyed.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Christianity started as a messianic Jewish sect. Most of Jesus's teachings were intelligible and acceptable in terms of Second Temple Judaism; what set the followers of Jesus apart from other Jews was their faith in Jesus as the resurrected messiah. While ancient Judaism acknowledged multiple messiahs, the two most relevant being the Messiah ben Joseph and the traditional Messiah ben David, Christianity acknowledges only one ultimate Messiah. Jesus would have been viewed by many as one or both. According to Larry Hurtado, "the christology and devotional stance that Paul affirmed (and shared with others in the early Jesus-movement) was not a departure from or a transcending of a supposedly monochrome Jewish messianism, but, instead, a distinctive expression within a variegated body of Jewish messianic hopes."


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: According to Maimonides, Jesus was the most influential, and consequently, the most damaging of all false messiahs. However, since the traditional Jewish belief is that the messiah has not yet come and the Messianic Age is not yet present, the total rejection of Jesus as either messiah or deity has never been a central issue for Judaism.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Judaism has never accepted any of the claimed fulfillments of prophecy that Christianity attributes to Jesus. Judaism forbids the worship of a person as a form of idolatry, since the central belief of Judaism is the absolute unity and singularity of God. Jewish eschatology holds that the coming of the Messiah will be associated with a specific series of events that have not yet occurred, including the return of Jews to their homeland and the rebuilding of The Temple, a Messianic Age of peace and understanding during which "the knowledge of God" fills the earth." And since Jews believe that none of these events occurred during the lifetime of Jesus (nor have they occurred afterwards), he was not the Messiah.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Traditional views of Jesus have been mostly negative (see "Toledot Yeshu", an account that portrays Jesus as an impostor), although in the Middle Ages Judah Halevi and Maimonides viewed Jesus as an important preparatory figure for a future universal ethical monotheism of the Messianic Age. Some modern Jewish thinkers, starting in the 18th century with the Orthodox Jacob Emden and the reformer Moses Mendelssohn, have sympathetically argued that the historical Jesus may have been closer to Judaism than either the Gospels or traditional Jewish accounts would indicate.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: The Talmud extensively discusses the coming of the Messiah (Sanhedrin 98a–99a, et al.) and describes a period of freedom and peace, which will be the time of ultimate goodness for the Jews. Tractate Sanhedrin contains a long discussion of the events leading to the coming of the Messiah. The Talmud tells many stories about the Messiah, some of which represent famous Talmudic rabbis as receiving personal visitations from Elijah the Prophet and the Messiah.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: There are innumerable references to the Messiah in Midrashic literature, where they often stretch the meaning of biblical verses. One such reference is found in the Midrash HaGadol (on Genesis 36:39) where Abba bar Kahana says: "What is meant by, 'In that day the root of Jesse, who shall stand as an ensign for the peoples, of him shall the nations inquire, and his rest shall be glorious' ? It means that when the banner of the anointed king shall be lifted-up, all the masts of ships belonging to the nations of the world shall be broken, while all the lines (halyard, downhaul and sheets) are cut loose, while all ships are broken asunder, and none of them remain excepting the banner of the son of David, as it says: 'who shall stand as an ensign for the peoples'. Likewise, when the banner of the son of David shall arise, all the languages belonging to the nations shall be made useless, and their customs shall be rendered null and void. The nations, at that time, will learn from the Messiah, as it says: 'of him shall the nations inquire' (ibid.); 'and his rest shall be glorious', meaning, he gives to them satisfaction, and tranquility, and they dwell in peace and quiet."


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: The influential Jewish philosopher Maimonides discussed the messiah in his Mishneh Torah, his 14-volume compendium of Jewish law, in the section "Hilkhot Melakhim Umilchamoteihem", chapters 11 & 12. According to Maimonides, Jesus of Nazareth is not the Messiah, as is claimed by Christians.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Following the expulsion of Jews from Spain in 1492, many Spanish rabbis such as Abraham ben Eliezer Halevi believed that the year 1524 would be the beginning of the Messianic Age and that the Messiah himself would appear in 1530–31.


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Orthodox Judaism maintains the 13 Principles of Faith as formulated by Maimonides in his introduction to Chapter "Helek" of the Mishna Torah. Each principle starts with the words "Ani Maamin" (I believe). Number 12 is the main principle relating to "Mashiach".


title: Messiah in Judaism

text: Hasidic Jews tend to have a particularly strong and passionate belief in the immediacy of the Messiah's coming, and in the ability of their actions to hasten his arrival. Because of the supposed piousness, wisdom, and leadership abilities of the Hasidic Masters, members of Hasidic communities are sometimes inclined to regard their dynastic rebbes as potential candidates for Messiah. Many Jews (see the "Bartenura's" explanation on "Megillat Rut", and the "Halakhic" responsa of The "Ch'sam Sofer" on "Choshen Mishpat" [vol. 6], Chapter 98 where this view is explicit), especially Hasidim, adhere to the belief that there is a person born each generation with the potential to become Messiah, if the Jewish people warrant his coming; this candidate is known as the "Tzadik Ha-Dor", meaning "Tzaddik of the Generation". However, fewer are likely to name a candidate.