title: Continuous function

text: This is equivalent to the condition that the preimages of the closed sets (which are the complements of the open subsets) in "Y" are closed in "X".


title: Continuous function

text: An extreme example: if a set "X" is given the discrete topology (in which every subset is open), all functions


title: Continuous function

text: to any topological space "T" are continuous. On the other hand, if "X" is equipped with the indiscrete topology (in which the only open subsets are the empty set and "X") and the space "T" set is at least T, then the only continuous functions are the constant functions. Conversely, any function whose range is indiscrete is continuous.


title: Continuous function

text: The translation in the language of neighborhoods of the formula_261-definition of continuity leads to the following definition of the continuity at a point:


title: Continuous function

text: This definition is equivalent to the same statement with neighborhoods restricted to open neighborhoods and can be restated in several ways by using preimages rather than images.


title: Continuous function

text: Also, as every set that contains a neighborhood is also a neighborhood, and formula_262 is the largest subset of such that formula_263 this definition may be simplified into:


title: Continuous function

text: As an open set is a set that is a neighborhood of all its points, a function formula_264 is continuous at every point of if and only if it is a continuous function.


title: Continuous function

text: If "X" and "Y" are metric spaces, it is equivalent to consider the neighborhood system of open balls centered at "x" and "f"("x") instead of all neighborhoods. This gives back the above formula_85 definition of continuity in the context of metric spaces. In general topological spaces, there is no notion of nearness or distance. If however the target space is a Hausdorff space, it is still true that "f" is continuous at "a" if and only if the limit of "f" as "x" approaches "a" is "f"("a"). At an isolated point, every function is continuous.


title: Continuous function

text: Given formula_266 a map formula_264 is continuous at formula_50 if and only if whenever formula_269 is a filter on formula_209 that converges to formula_50 in formula_272 which is expressed by writing formula_273 then necessarily formula_274 in formula_275


title: Continuous function

text: If formula_276 denotes the neighborhood filter at formula_50 then formula_264 is continuous at formula_50 if and only if formula_280 in formula_275 Moreover, this happens if and only if the prefilter formula_282 is a filter base for the neighborhood filter of formula_53 in formula_275


title: Continuous function

text: Several equivalent definitions for a topological structure exist and thus there are several equivalent ways to define a continuous function.


title: Continuous function

text: In several contexts, the topology of a space is conveniently specified in terms of limit points. In many instances, this is accomplished by specifying when a point is the limit of a sequence, but for some spaces that are too large in some sense, one specifies also when a point is the limit of more general sets of points indexed by a directed set, known as nets. A function is (Heine-)continuous only if it takes limits of sequences to limits of sequences. In the former case, preservation of limits is also sufficient; in the latter, a function may preserve all limits of sequences yet still fail to be continuous, and preservation of nets is a necessary and sufficient condition.


title: Continuous function

text: In detail, a function formula_264 is sequentially continuous if whenever a sequence formula_222 in formula_209 converges to a limit formula_288 the sequence formula_231 converges to formula_290 Thus sequentially continuous functions "preserve sequential limits". Every continuous function is sequentially continuous. If formula_209 is a first-countable space and countable choice holds, then the converse also holds: any function preserving sequential limits is continuous. In particular, if formula_209 is a metric space, sequential continuity and continuity are equivalent. For non first-countable spaces, sequential continuity might be strictly weaker than continuity. (The spaces for which the two properties are equivalent are called sequential spaces.) This motivates the consideration of nets instead of sequences in general topological spaces. Continuous functions preserve limits of nets, and in fact this property characterizes continuous functions.


title: Continuous function

text: "Proof." Assume that formula_293 is continuous at formula_44 (in the sense of formula_295 continuity). Let formula_296 be a sequence converging at formula_44 (such a sequence always exists, for example, formula_298); since formula_46 is continuous at formula_44


title: Continuous function

text: Assume on the contrary that formula_46 is sequentially continuous and proceed by contradiction: suppose formula_46 is not continuous at formula_44


title: Continuous function

text: then we can take formula_314 and call the corresponding point formula_315: in this way we have defined a sequence formula_316 such that


title: Continuous function

text: by construction formula_318 but formula_319, which contradicts the hypothesis of sequentially continuity. formula_320


title: Continuous function

text: In terms of the interior operator, a function formula_264 between topological spaces is continuous if and only if for every subset formula_322


title: Continuous function

text: In terms of the closure operator, formula_264 is continuous if and only if for every subset formula_325


title: Continuous function

text: That is to say, given any element formula_219 that belongs to the closure of a subset formula_325 formula_53 necessarily belongs to the closure of formula_330 in formula_275 If we declare that a point formula_50 is a subset formula_333 if formula_334 then this terminology allows for a plain English description of continuity: formula_46 is continuous if and only if for every subset formula_325 formula_46 maps points that are close to formula_338 to points that are close to formula_339 Similarly, formula_46 is continuous at a fixed given point formula_219 if and only if whenever formula_50 is close to a subset formula_325 then formula_53 is close to formula_339


title: Continuous function

text: Instead of specifying topological spaces by their open subsets, any topology on formula_209 can alternatively be determined by a closure operator or by an interior operator.


title: Continuous function

text: Specifically, the map that sends a subset formula_338 of a topological space formula_209 to its topological closure formula_349 satisfies the Kuratowski closure axioms. Conversely, for any closure operator formula_350 there exists a unique topology formula_351 on formula_209 (specifically, formula_353) such that for every subset formula_325 formula_355 is equal to the topological closure formula_356 of formula_338 in formula_358 If the sets formula_209 and formula_360 are each associated with closure operators (both denoted by formula_361) then a map formula_264 is continuous if and only if formula_363 for every subset formula_364


title: Continuous function

text: Similarly, the map that sends a subset formula_338 of formula_209 to its topological interior formula_367 defines an interior operator. Conversely, any interior operator formula_368 induces a unique topology formula_351 on formula_209 (specifically, formula_371) such that for every formula_325 formula_373 is equal to the topological interior formula_374 of formula_338 in formula_358 If the sets formula_209 and formula_360 are each associated with interior operators (both denoted by formula_379) then a map formula_264 is continuous if and only if formula_381 for every subset formula_382


title: Continuous function

text: Continuity can also be characterized in terms of filters. A function formula_264 is continuous if and only if whenever a filter formula_269 on formula_209 converges in formula_209 to a point formula_266 then the prefilter formula_388 converges in formula_360 to formula_290 This characterization remains true if the word "filter" is replaced by "prefilter."


title: Continuous function

text: If formula_264 and formula_392 are continuous, then so is the composition formula_393 If formula_264 is continuous and


title: Continuous function

text: The possible topologies on a fixed set "X" are partially ordered: a topology formula_395 is said to be coarser than another topology formula_396 (notation: formula_397) if every open subset with respect to formula_395 is also open with respect to formula_399 Then, the identity map


title: Continuous function

text: is continuous if and only if formula_397 (see also comparison of topologies). More generally, a continuous function


title: Continuous function

text: stays continuous if the topology formula_403 is replaced by a coarser topology and/or formula_404 is replaced by a finer topology.


title: Continuous function

text: Symmetric to the concept of a continuous map is an open map, for which of open sets are open. In fact, if an open map "f" has an inverse function, that inverse is continuous, and if a continuous map "g" has an inverse, that inverse is open. Given a bijective function "f" between two topological spaces, the inverse function formula_405 need not be continuous. A bijective continuous function with continuous inverse function is called a .


title: Continuous function

text: If a continuous bijection has as its domain a compact space and its codomain is Hausdorff, then it is a homeomorphism.


title: Continuous function

text: where "X" is a topological space and "S" is a set (without a specified topology), the final topology on "S" is defined by letting the open sets of "S" be those subsets "A" of "S" for which formula_407 is open in "X". If "S" has an existing topology, "f" is continuous with respect to this topology if and only if the existing topology is coarser than the final topology on "S". Thus the final topology can be characterized as the finest topology on "S" that makes "f" continuous. If "f" is surjective, this topology is canonically identified with the quotient topology under the equivalence relation defined by "f".


title: Continuous function

text: Dually, for a function "f" from a set "S" to a topological space "X", the initial topology on "S" is defined by designating as an open set every subset "A" of "S" such that formula_408 for some open subset "U" of "X". If "S" has an existing topology, "f" is continuous with respect to this topology if and only if the existing topology is finer than the initial topology on "S". Thus the initial topology can be characterized as the coarsest topology on "S" that makes "f" continuous. If "f" is injective, this topology is canonically identified with the subspace topology of "S", viewed as a subset of "X".


title: Continuous function

text: A topology on a set "S" is uniquely determined by the class of all continuous functions formula_409 into all topological spaces "X". Dually, a similar idea can be applied to maps formula_410


title: Continuous function

text: If formula_411 is a continuous function from some subset formula_412 of a topological space formula_209 then a of formula_46 to formula_209 is any continuous function formula_416 such that formula_417 for every formula_418 which is a condition that often written as formula_419 In words, it is any continuous function formula_416 that restricts to formula_46 on formula_422 This notion is used, for example, in the Tietze extension theorem and the Hahn–Banach theorem. Were formula_411 not continuous then it could not possibly have a continuous extension. If formula_360 is a Hausdorff space and formula_412 is a dense subset of formula_209 then a continuous extension of formula_411 to formula_272 if one exists, will be unique. The Blumberg theorem states that if formula_429 is an arbitrary function then there exists a dense subset formula_14 of formula_15 such that the restriction formula_432 is continuous; in other words, every function formula_433 can be restricted to some dense subset on which it is continuous.


title: Continuous function

text: Various other mathematical domains use the concept of continuity in different, but related meanings. For example, in order theory, an order-preserving function formula_264 between particular types of partially ordered sets formula_209 and formula_360 is continuous if for each directed subset formula_338 of formula_272 we have formula_439 Here formula_440 is the supremum with respect to the orderings in formula_209 and formula_442 respectively. This notion of continuity is the same as topological continuity when the partially ordered sets are given the Scott topology.


title: Continuous function

text: for any small (that is, indexed by a set formula_445 as opposed to a class) diagram of objects in formula_446.


title: Continuous function

text: A is a generalization of metric spaces and posets, which uses the concept of quantales, and that can be used to unify the notions of metric spaces and domains.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: Snoh Sheri Nowrozi (born Shahrzad Fooladi, 13 September 1987), better known by her stage name, Snoh Aalegra (), is a Swedish singer based in Los Angeles. Her debut album "Feels" was released in 2017, followed by "Ugh, Those Feels Again" in 2019.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: Aalegra was born on 13 September 1987, in Uppsala, Sweden to Persian parents hailing from the south of Iran. She grew up in Enköping, Sweden, moving there with her mother following her parents' divorce. They later moved to Stockholm. She began writing music at the age of 9.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: In 2001, at the age of 13, Aalegra signed an artist development deal with Sony Music Sweden. She would ultimately leave Sony Sweden with no music being released.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: In 2009, Aalegra began her musical career using the mononym Sheri. She released her debut single "Hit and Run" on 16 February 2009, with production by Andreas Carlsson. The single peaked at number 12 on the Swedish Single Charts. She released her second single "U Got Me Good" on 4 December 2009, reaching number 2 on the Swedish Single Charts.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: On 6 April 2010, under the name Sheri, she released the studio album "First Sign", on Universal Music Sweden. It features a cover of the 1984 song "Smooth Operator" by Sade, and the singles "Hit And Run" and "U Got Me Good".


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: In July 2014, she debuted her new name, Snoh Aalegra, and appeared on Common's tenth studio album, "Nobody's Smiling", featuring on the song "Hustle Harder". She released her debut single, "Bad Things" featuring Common, in October 2014, and her debut EP, "There Will Be Sunshine", on 17 November 2014, through ARTium/Epic. The EP includes "Stockholm, Pt. II (Outro)" featuring Cocaine 80s.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: In 2014, she became a protégé of Prince after he discovered her music and reached out to her. He mentored her until his death in 2016.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: In February 2015, Aalegra said she had changed her legal name to Snoh Nowrozi. She added "Aalegra" to her stage name because it means "joyful" in Italian (changing the spelling of "allegra" to make it her own), and because there was already an artist named Snoh. On 11 February 2015, Aalegra released her first single as Snoh Aalegra, "Emotional", produced by RZA. She also appeared on Vince Staples' debut album, "Summertime '06" in June 2015, providing vocals for the song, "Jump Off the Roof".


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: Aalegra released the EP "Don't Explain" on 8 April 2016, through ARTium Recordings, with features and production from James Fauntleroy, No I.D., Boi-1da, Christian Rich and DJ Dahi. The EP features a cover of the 1944 song, "Don't Explain" by Billie Holiday and Arthur Herzog Jr. John Mayer plays guitar on "Under the Influence", and the final track, "Chaos", was written by Sia. In 2017, she went on her first North American tour, in support of Daniel Caesar.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: On 20 October 2017, Aalegra released her debut album, "Feels", with features from Vince Staples, Vic Mensa, Logic, and Timbuktu. The album is a "nostalgic blend of soul and R&B" which she calls "cinematic soul". Her single "Time" was sampled by Drake on "Do Not Disturb", the closing track on his 2017 mixtape "More Life". On 12 September 2018, her single "Nothing Burns Like the Cold" produced by Christian Rich and featuring Vince Staples, was used by Apple for their iPhone XS announcement video and commercials. In the fall of 2018, Aalegra headlined her first North American tour with support from Mereba and Leven Kali.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: In August 2019, Aalegra released her second album, "Ugh, Those Feels Again", on ARTium Recordings. The album is considered to be a sequel to "Feels", similar in mood and thematically. The album peaked at number 3 on the "Billboard" R&B Album Sales chart, number 6 on the "Billboard" Top R&B Albums chart, and number 73 on the "Billboard" 200 chart. The single "I Want You Around" reached number 1 on the "Billboard" Adult R&B Songs chart. She recorded the song "Wolves Are Out Tonight", produced by Swizz Beatz, for the soundtrack to the 2019 EPIX television series "Godfather of Harlem". She released the video to her single "Whoa", starring herself and actor Michael B. Jordan, on 13 December 2019. In the fall of 2019, she headlined a European and North American tour, with support from Baby Rose and Giveon, and reached number 1 on the Bandsintown + Billboard Global Rising Artists Index.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: In February 2020, NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts released Aalegra's performance where she sang "Love Like That", "I Want You Around", "Whoa", "Fool For You", and "Find Someone Like You".


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: On 9 March 2020, it was announced that Aalegra had signed a recording contract with Roc Nation/Universal Music Group with a partnership with her current label ARTium Records, and released "Dying 4 Your Love", her first single, through both labels on 10 July. She announced that she was working on her next album in an interview.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: On 9 July 2021, Aalegra released her third album, "Temporary Highs in the Violet Skies", on ARTium Records and Roc Nation. The album was preceded by singles "Dying 4 Your Love", released on 10 June 2020, and "Lost You", released 21 June 2021, which was produced by Maneesh and No I.D. Aalegra began her 'Ugh, These Temporary Highs Tour' in Manchester, UK on 13 February 2022, her show at London's O2 Brixton Academy received rave reviews, with artist and personal inspiration to Aalegra – Janet Jackson in attendance. Her US tour is set to begin in late March.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: Aalegra cites James Brown, Michael Jackson, Whitney Houston, Prince, Brandy, Lauryn Hill, Missy Elliott, Robyn, and Mariah Carey as musical influences. She also credits film score orchestras and arrangements with influencing her sound. She has said she first fell in love with music when she was 7 and heard Whitney Houston's "The Bodyguard" soundtrack.


title: Snoh Aalegra

text: After briefly living in London, Aalegra has lived in Los Angeles since 2012. She speaks Persian, Swedish, English and a little Spanish.


title: 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election

text: The Bihar Legislative Assembly election was held in three phases through October–November to elect members to the Seventeenth Bihar Legislative Assembly. The term of the previous Sixteenth Legislative Assembly of Bihar ended on 29 November 2020.


text: The election was held in three phases for a total of 243 seats:- the first for 71 seats on 28 October 2020, the second for 94 seats on 3 November 2020, and the third for the remaining 78 seats on 7 November 2020. The counting of votes began on 10 November 2020 and the incumbent National Democratic Alliance emerged as the winner with 125 elected MLAs, whereas the principal opposition coalition of Mahagathbandhan won 110 seats. Other minor coalitions and parties won 7 seats while only 1 newly elected MLA was an independent.


text: After the elections, the incumbent Chief Minister Nitish Kumar was elected as the leader of the National Democratic Alliance in Bihar and was sworn in again as Chief Minister, whereas two new deputy Chief Ministers, Tarkishore Prasad and Renu Devi were inducted to the new ministry. On the other side, Tejashwi Yadav was elected Leader of the Opposition, and also leader of the Mahagathbandhan alliance.


text: Outlined in Article 168 of the Constitution of India, the Bihar Legislative Assembly is the lower house of the bicameral legislature of Bihar and not a permanent body and subject to dissolution. The tenure of the Legislative Assembly is five years from the date appointed for its first sitting unless dissolved sooner. Members of the Legislative Assembly are directly elected by the people. The Tenure of current Bihar Legislative Assembly is scheduled to end on 29 November 2020.


text: In the previous election, an alliance of three Major Parties consisting of Janata Dal (United), Rashtriya Janata Dal and Indian National Congress named as Mahagathbandhan won against its primary opposition, the Bharatiya Janata Party led National Democratic Alliance. However, in 2017, the Janata Dal (United) Chief Minister Nitish Kumar left the Mahagathbandhan and joined the National Democratic Alliance. While Nitish Kumar remained the Chief Minister, Sushil Kumar Modi of the Bharatiya Janata Party replaced Tejashwi Yadav as the Deputy Chief Minister.


text: The main issue was that of the jobs and the economy. Bihar, for a long time, has been an economically backward state and sends large numbers of migrant laborers to cities across the country. Due to the coronavirus pandemic lockdown, thousands of migrant laborers were forced to return to their home states due to lack of work, and Bihar was one of the most affected by the ensuing humanitarian crisis. Many of these workers blamed the current government for not having jobs for them in the first place, and not providing jobs when the lockdown started. There was also a significant anti-incumbency wave against Nitish, who had been CM for 15 years.


text: The three agriculture bills passed by the Indian Parliament amid nationwide protests was expected to play a key role in the elections.


text: Issues such as the lack of employment, alleged politicisation of flood relief in the aftermath of the 2019 Bihar floods and alleged inability of the state government to handle the COVID-19 pandemic were expected to be made an election issue by the opposition parties. The limited digital connectivity in Bihar and the migrant crisis were among the issues which may have had an impact on campaigning and poll outcomes.


text: The death of the former Lok Janshakti Party president and union cabinet minister, Ram Vilas Paswan on 8 October 2020 was also speculated to have an effect on the prospects of the competing parties.


text: It was reported that the BJP accorded special focus on the politically significant Mithila region which comprises 22 of the 38 districts of the state including Darbhanga, Madhubani, Supaul, Araria, Purnia, Katihar and Samastipur.


text: The National Democratic Alliance in Bihar is the ruling political group headed by the chief minister Nitish Kumar and comprising primarily the Janata Dal (United) and the Bharatiya Janata Party in the legislative assembly.


text: In the previous election, the alliance was led by the Bharatiya Janata Party alongside three smaller allies namely the Lok Janshakti Party, the Rashtriya Lok Samta Party and the Hindustani Awam Morcha, while the Janata Dal (United) had contested as part of the current opposition Mahagathbandan. In 2017, the Janata Dal (United) switched alliance which caused the Mahagathbandan government to fall and the National Democratic Alliance came to power. In 2018, two of the partners, the Rashtriya Lok Samata Party and the Hindustani Awam Morcha left the alliance.


text: During the campaigning phase in August 2020, the alliance was re-joined by the Hindustani Awam Morcha which held one seat in the legislature. Later, the alliance was also joined in by the Vikassheel Insaan Party in October 2020. The campaign however faced problems with persistent attacks on the Janata Dal (United) by the Lok Janshakti Party. Chirag Paswan, the leader of the party in the state was called to Delhi to negotiate with the national leadership of the Bharatiya Janata Party, in the end the Lok Janshakti Party quit the alliance stating that they would contest all seats against the Janata Dal (United) but not against the Bharatiya Janata Party. Following the development, several notable leader of the Bharatiya Janata Party including the state vice president and 2 sitting legislators joined the Lok Janshakti Party to contest against Janata Dal (United) candidates. Later during the campaigning period in October 2020, the Bharatiya Janata Party officially cut ties with the Lok Janshakti Party stating that the National Democratic Alliances in Bihar consisted of the four parties.


text: According to political analysts the Lok Janshakti Party was unlikely to make any electoral gains but would act as spoilers for the Janata Dal (United) candidates, the development was suggested to have been orchestrated by the Bharatiya Janata Party to gain leverage over the Janata Dal (United) by reducing its final tally. The Bharatiya Janata Party at the time re-asserted that Nitish Kumar would remain the chief ministerial face of the alliance.


text: Both the Lok Janshakti Party and the Janata Dal (United) are expected to hold sway among certain sections of Scheduled caste voters while the Bharatiya Janta Party are expected to draws its support base from Forward caste voters.


text: The Janata Dal (United) though relied upon its core voters by giving importance to its Luv-Kush equation in ticket distribution, also gave good representation to the forward castes and EBCs. For 115 seats which it contested 17 forward caste were given party tickets while the Koeri and Kurmi candidates got 17 and 7 seats respectively. The EBCs on the other hand contested on 21 seats out of 115.


text: The Mahagathbandhan is the main opposition political coalition comprising primarily the United Progressive Alliance members Rashtriya Janata Dal and Indian National Congress along with left–wing parties such as CPI and CPI (M).


text: In the previous election, the Mahagathbandhan formed and initially comprised the Rashtriya Janata Dal, the Janata Dal (United) and the Indian National Congress. It was able to form government following the election but the government fell when the Janata Dal (United) switched sides and joined the National Democratic Alliance. In the opposition, the alliance was joined in by smaller parties like the Rashtriya Lok Samta Party, the Hindustan Awami Morcha and the Vikassheel Insaan Party. The three parties however opted out of the alliance between August–October 2020. In September 2020, the Samajwadi Party which had contested in previous elections in Bihar without success, declared that they would not contest this time and instead support the Rashtriya Janata Dal.


text: In the meantime, the alliance after negotiations were joined in by the left–wing parties in Bihar; namely the Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) Liberation, the Communist Party of India and the Communist Party of India (Marxist). The new arrangement was described as an experiment beyond the caste based politics in Bihar with a caste plus class strategy. The communist parties in Bihar had historically held a large presence in the state that was reduced following the Mandal Commission, the Liberation group had retained some of its former base and had emerged as the largest non alliance party in the previous election.


text: The seat sharing agreement was finalised on 3 October 2020 with the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha included in the alliance. On 7 October, the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha opted out of the alliance in Bihar over disagreements on seat sharing while maintaining that they will continue to uphold their alliance in the state of Jharkhand.


text: In the wake of the 2020 Bihar Legislative Assembly election, Upendra Kushwaha pulled the party out of the Rashtriya Janata Dal led Mahagathbandhan (Grand Alliance). The party entered into an alliance with the Uttar Pradesh based Bahujan Samaj Party and the minor Janvadi Party (Socialist); The UDSA consisted of the Samajwadi Janata Dal Democratic led by the veteran socialist Devendra Prasad Yadav and the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen. On 8 October 2020, the UDSA and the three party front including the Bahujan Samaj Party were merged into a single coalition called the Grand Democratic Secular Front (GDSF), the alliance additionally included the Suheldev Bharatiya Samaj Party. Among the constituent parties, only the All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen had representation in the assembly through a single legislator.


text: There are a number of other smaller parties and coalitions contesting the election, the prospects and impact of these formations have been noted to be marginal. As of January 2020, there were 120 unrecognised registered parties in Bihar.


text: On 2 October 2020, there were reportedly four other noteworthy alliances that had emerged; Progressive Democratic Alliance (PDA), United Democratic Alliance (UDA). PDA consisted of Pappu Yadav's Jan Adhikar Party, Chandrashekhar Azad's Azad Samaj Party, Social Democratic Party of India and Bahujan Mukti Party. The UDA consisted of a front of 20 parties collectively led by the former Bharatiya Janata Party cabinet minister Yashwant Sinha and other transiently popular mass leaders.


text: The newly formed The Plurals Party (TPP, दप्पा) is also contesting the election in 2020 on all 243 seats.


text: In the meantime, the UDA which was the front led by Yashwant Sinha had reportedly fallen apart as various members of the constituent parties had defected to join the mainstream regional and national parties. Other notable parties that are contesting independent of an alliance, are the Lok Janshakti Party on 134 seats, the Loktantrik Janata Dal on 51 seats, the Shiv Sena on 30–40 seats and the Jharkhand Mukti Morcha on 7 seats.


text: The Chief Election Commissioner of India, Sunil Arora, announced on 25 September 2020 that the Bihar assembly election will be held from 28 October 2020, in three phases for 243 constituencies. Per the Election Commission of India, approximately 60 registered parties are to contest in the Bihar elections.


text: The elections were conducted amid the COVID-19 pandemic with the necessary guidelines issued by the Election Commission of India. The election will consist of both, virtual and physical campaigns. The authorities also passed the guidelines over limited people to be involved in the rallies. Due to COVID-19, the polling time will be increased by one hour and will now be from 7am to 6pm, except in Naxalite–Maoist insurgency affected areas. As per guidelines, maximum number of voters per polling station was reduced from 1,500 to 1,000. Arrangements were made for 7 lakh units of hand sanitisers, 46 lakh masks, 6 lakh PPE kits, 6.7 lakh face shields, and 23 lakh single use gloves.


text: The overall voter turnout in this election has been 57.05%, which is 0.39% more than the 56.66% in 2015 assembly polls. In these elections, 59.58% of females voted compared to a 54.68% voter turnout of males.


text: A total of 1,066 candidates, including 952 male and 114 female, contested in the first phase of elections from different constituencies. The maximum number of candidates contesting from one constituency in the first phase was being at Gaya Town with 27 candidates and the minimum at Katoria with 5 candidates in Banka district. In the constituencies voting in the first phase of elections, approximately 2.15 crore registered electors were eligible to exercise their vote, out of which around 1.12 crore were male, 1.01 crore were female and 599 were categorised as the third gender.


text: The first phase of elections recorded a voter turnout of 55.68%. The male and female voter turnout for the first phase was 56.8% and 54.4% respectively. In the previous assembly election in 2015, the voter turnout was 54.94% for these constituencies.


text: In the second phase of elections, 1463 candidates contested the elections, of which 1315 candidates were male, 147 candidates were female and 1 candidate belonged to the transgender community.


text: In the third phase of elections, 1094 male candidates and 110 female candidates contested the elections for 78 Seats, out of a total of 23.5 Million eligible voters for this phase total of 12.3 Million were Male and 11.2 Million were female voters.


text: The elections were held on 7 November 2020 and the total Voting turnout was recorded 59.94%, which was highest among all three phases.


text: On 27 October 2020 a day before the first phase of the election, three improvised explosive devices (IEDs) were recovered and diffused from two different places in Imamganj area of Gaya district.


text: NDA secured a total of 125 seats (37.26% votes) while MGB won 110 seats (37.23% votes). GDSF got 6 seats, LJP & others won a seat each. The results surprised many analysts and polling agencies that predicted MGB to win. Only agency to correctly predict the Bihar election results was Politique Marquer that had predicted a narrow majority for NDA. Rashtriya Janata Dal won in 75 constituencies and became the largest political party in the Legislative Assembly, however its numbers reduced compared to previous election. The Bharatiya Janata Party won 74 seats and was the biggest gainer in terms of number of MLAs elected as it added more than 30% to its seat count compared to the last election. The Janata Dal (United) and Indian National Congress won in 43 and 19 constituencies respectively and dropped the most seats compared to the previous election. The All India Majlis-e-Ittehadul Muslimeen (AIMIM) also made inroads in the state winning 5 seats. All the 5 MLAs of AIMIM were elected from constituencies in the Seemanchal region of the State. The Communist parties also gained in these elections. The Communist Party of India (Marxist–Leninist) (Liberation) won 12 seats, whereas the Communist Party of India (Marxist) and Communist Party of India won 2 seats each. The Vikassheel Insaan Party which contested the Assembly elections for the first time won 4 seats. Sumit Kumar Singh was the only Independent candidate to win as a MLA.


text: The constituencies with higher female turnout than male, the NDA was in lead. Out of the 125 seats that NDA won, 99 were constituencies where female turnout was more than their male counterparts. About 20% of the seats, the margin of victory was less than 2.5% of the votes polled. The NDA won 21 seats with a less than 2.5% vote margin, while the Mahagathbandhan won in 22 such seats.


text: In districts adjoining Uttar Pradesh, the BJP performed better than the Mahagathbandhan, however JDU's seats declined. The NDA won in majority of the constituencies in the Champaran region.


text: After the election process concluded, Chief Minister Nitish Kumar tendered his resignation to the Governor on 13 November 2020. The National Democratic Alliance members met at around 12:30 pm IST, on 15 November to formally announce and elect the new Chief Minister. Nitish Kumar was elected leader of the NDA and Chief Minister in the meeting. After being elected as the NDA leader in Bihar, Nitish said that he did not want to become the chief minister of the state and wanted someone from the BJP party to become the next chief minister. However he accepted the designation on the insistence of the BJP. Soon after, Nitish visited the Governor to stake claim to form the new government.


text: After the election results were announced, the incumbent Chief Minister of Bihar Nitish Kumar thanked the Prime Minister of India Narendra Modi for his contribution and support to the National Democratic Alliance in the election campaign. Narendra Modi himself declared victory and quoted “Democracy has once again won in Bihar.”


text: Following the results, Tejashwi claimed to have "won 130 seats" and that "the mandate was in our favour, but the Election Commission’s results were declared in favour of NDA". He claimed, that the MGB "lost about 20 seats" because of "irregularities" in counting of postal ballots and threatened to move to court. The partisan Election Commission termed the claims unfounded, adding that, according to Bharatiya Janata Party's procedure, the postal ballots including the invalid ones were re-verified where the margin of victory was less than the number of rejected ballots. Tejashwi also claimed that NDA won by "money, muscle power and deceit". Later the Election Commission claimed that it had counted random voter-verified paper audit trail which matched the EVM count.


text: The Time magazine called the victory as a triumph for Modi's "Hindu Nationalist Message". According to analysts BJP has become more significant in the state than before. The 14th Dalai Lama congratulated Nitish on his election victory.


text: 2021 bye-election was necessitated by the death of sitting MLAs of Kusheshwar Asthan and Tarapur assembly constituencies. JDU was successful in holding on to both the seats.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages (abbreviated as Mφ, MΦ or MP) (, from Greek "μακρός" (') = large, "φαγεῖν" (') = to eat) are a type of white blood cell of the immune system that engulfs and digests pathogens, such as cancer cells, microbes, cellular debris, and foreign substances, which do not have proteins that are specific to healthy body cells on their surface. The process is called phagocytosis, which acts to defend the host against infection and injury.


title: Macrophage

text: These large phagocytes are found in essentially all tissues, where they patrol for potential pathogens by amoeboid movement. They take various forms (with various names) throughout the body (e.g., histiocytes, Kupffer cells, alveolar macrophages, microglia, and others), but all are part of the mononuclear phagocyte system. Besides phagocytosis, they play a critical role in nonspecific defense (innate immunity) and also help initiate specific defense mechanisms (adaptive immunity) by recruiting other immune cells such as lymphocytes. For example, they are important as antigen presenters to T cells. In humans, dysfunctional macrophages cause severe diseases such as chronic granulomatous disease that result in frequent infections.


title: Macrophage

text: Beyond increasing inflammation and stimulating the immune system, macrophages also play an important anti-inflammatory role and can decrease immune reactions through the release of cytokines. Macrophages that encourage inflammation are called M1 macrophages, whereas those that decrease inflammation and encourage tissue repair are called M2 macrophages. This difference is reflected in their metabolism; M1 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the "killer" molecule nitric oxide, whereas M2 macrophages have the unique ability to metabolize arginine to the "repair" molecule ornithine. However, this dichotomy has been recently questioned as further complexity has been discovered.


title: Macrophage

text: Human macrophages are about in diameter and are produced by the differentiation of monocytes in tissues. They can be identified using flow cytometry or immunohistochemical staining by their specific expression of proteins such as CD14, CD40, CD11b, CD64, F4/80 (mice)/EMR1 (human), lysozyme M, MAC-1/MAC-3 and CD68.


title: Macrophage

text: A majority of macrophages are stationed at strategic points where microbial invasion or accumulation of foreign particles is likely to occur. These cells together as a group are known as the mononuclear phagocyte system and were previously known as the reticuloendothelial system. Each type of macrophage, determined by its location, has a specific name:


title: Macrophage

text: Investigations concerning Kupffer cells are hampered because in humans, Kupffer cells are only accessible for immunohistochemical analysis from biopsies or autopsies. From rats and mice, they are difficult to isolate, and after purification, only approximately 5 million cells can be obtained from one mouse.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages can express paracrine functions within organs that are specific to the function of that organ. In the testis, for example, macrophages have been shown to be able to interact with Leydig cells by secreting 25-hydroxycholesterol, an oxysterol that can be converted to testosterone by neighbouring Leydig cells. Also, testicular macrophages may participate in creating an immune privileged environment in the testis, and in mediating infertility during inflammation of the testis.


title: Macrophage

text: Cardiac resident macrophages participate in electrical conduction via gap junction communication with cardiac myocytes.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages can be classified on basis of the fundamental function and activation. According to this grouping there are classically-activated (M1) macrophages, wound-healing macrophages (also known as alternatively-activated (M2) macrophages), and regulatory macrophages (Mregs).


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages that reside in adult healthy tissues either derive from circulating monocytes or are established before birth and then maintained during adult life independently of monocytes. By contrast, most of the macrophages that accumulate at diseased sites typically derive from circulating monocytes. Leukocyte extravasation describes monocyte entry into damaged tissue through the endothelium of blood vessels as they become macrophages. Monocytes are attracted to a damaged site by chemical substances through chemotaxis, triggered by a range of stimuli including damaged cells, pathogens and cytokines released by macrophages already at the site. At some sites such as the testis, macrophages have been shown to populate the organ through proliferation. Unlike short-lived neutrophils, macrophages survive longer in the body, up to several months.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages are professional phagocytes and are highly specialized in removal of dying or dead cells and cellular debris. This role is important in chronic inflammation, as the early stages of inflammation are dominated by neutrophils, which are ingested by macrophages if they come of age (see CD31 for a description of this process).


title: Macrophage

text: The neutrophils are at first attracted to a site, where they perform their function and die, before they or their neutrophil extracellular traps are phagocytized by the macrophages. When at the site, the first wave of neutrophils, after the process of aging and after the first 48 hours, stimulate the appearance of the macrophages whereby these macrophages will then ingest the aged neutrophils.


title: Macrophage

text: The removal of dying cells is, to a greater extent, handled by "fixed macrophages", which will stay at strategic locations such as the lungs, liver, neural tissue, bone, spleen and connective tissue, ingesting foreign materials such as pathogens and recruiting additional macrophages if needed.


title: Macrophage

text: When a macrophage ingests a pathogen, the pathogen becomes trapped in a phagosome, which then fuses with a lysosome. Within the phagolysosome, enzymes and toxic peroxides digest the pathogen. However, some bacteria, such as "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", have become resistant to these methods of digestion. Typhoidal "Salmonellae" induce their own phagocytosis by host macrophages in vivo, and inhibit digestion by lysosomal action, thereby using macrophages for their own replication and causing macrophage apoptosis. Macrophages can digest more than 100 bacteria before they finally die due to their own digestive compounds.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages are versatile cells that play many roles. As scavengers, they rid the body of worn-out cells and other debris. Along with dendritic cells, they are foremost among the cells that present antigens, a crucial role in initiating an immune response. As secretory cells, monocytes and macrophages are vital to the regulation of immune responses and the development of inflammation; they produce a wide array of powerful chemical substances (monokines) including enzymes, complement proteins, and regulatory factors such as interleukin-1. At the same time, they carry receptors for lymphokines that allow them to be "activated" into single-minded pursuit of microbes and tumour cells.


title: Macrophage

text: After digesting a pathogen, a macrophage will present the antigen (a molecule, most often a protein found on the surface of the pathogen and used by the immune system for identification) of the pathogen to the corresponding helper T cell. The presentation is done by integrating it into the cell membrane and displaying it attached to an MHC class II molecule (MHCII), indicating to other white blood cells that the macrophage is not a pathogen, despite having antigens on its surface.


title: Macrophage

text: Eventually, the antigen presentation results in the production of antibodies that attach to the antigens of pathogens, making them easier for macrophages to adhere to with their cell membrane and phagocytose. In some cases, pathogens are very resistant to adhesion by the macrophages.


title: Macrophage

text: The antigen presentation on the surface of infected macrophages (in the context of MHC class II) in a lymph node stimulates TH1 (type 1 helper T cells) to proliferate (mainly due to IL-12 secretion from the macrophage). When a B-cell in the lymph node recognizes the same unprocessed surface antigen on the bacterium with its surface bound antibody, the antigen is endocytosed and processed. The processed antigen is then presented in MHCII on the surface of the B-cell. T cells that express the T cell receptor which recognizes the antigen-MHCII complex (with co-stimulatory factors- CD40 and CD40L) cause the B-cell to produce antibodies that help opsonisation of the antigen so that the bacteria can be better cleared by phagocytes.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages provide yet another line of defense against tumor cells and somatic cells infected with fungus or parasites. Once a T cell has recognized its particular antigen on the surface of an aberrant cell, the T cell becomes an activated effector cell, producing chemical mediators known as lymphokines that stimulate macrophages into a more aggressive form.


title: Macrophage

text: There are several activated forms of macrophages. In spite of a spectrum of ways to activate macrophages, there are two main groups designated M1 and M2. M1 macrophages: as mentioned earlier (previously referred to as classically activated macrophages), M1 "killer" macrophages are activated by LPS and IFN-gamma, and secrete high levels of IL-12 and low levels of IL-10. M1 macrophages have pro-inflammatory, bactericidal, and phagocytic functions. In contrast, the M2 "repair" designation (also referred to as alternatively activated macrophages) broadly refers to macrophages that function in constructive processes like wound healing and tissue repair, and those that turn off damaging immune system activation by producing anti-inflammatory cytokines like IL-10. M2 is the phenotype of resident tissue macrophages, and can be further elevated by IL-4. M2 macrophages produce high levels of IL-10, TGF-beta and low levels of IL-12. Tumor-associated macrophages are mainly of the M2 phenotype, and seem to actively promote tumor growth.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages exist in a variety of phenotypes which are determined by the role they play in wound maturation. Phenotypes can be predominantly separated into two major categories; M1 and M2. M1 macrophages are the dominating phenotype observed in the early stages of inflammation and are activated by four key mediators: interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor (TNF), and damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs). These mediator molecules create a pro-inflammatory response that in return produce pro-inflammatory cytokines like Interleukin-6 and TNF. Unlike M1 macrophages, M2 macrophages secrete an anti-inflammatory response via the addition of Interleukin-4 or Interleukin-13. They also play a role in wound healing and are needed for revascularization and reepithelialization. M2 macrophages are divided into four major types based on their roles: M2a, M2b, M2c, and M2d. How M2 phenotypes are determined is still up for discussion but studies have shown that their environment allows them to adjust to whichever phenotype is most appropriate to efficiently heal the wound.


title: Macrophage

text: M2 macrophages are needed for vascular stability. They produce vascular endothelial growth factor-A and TGF-β1. There is a phenotype shift from M1 to M2 macrophages in acute wounds, however this shift is impaired for chronic wounds. This dysregulation results in insufficient M2 macrophages and its corresponding growth factors that aid in wound repair. With a lack of these growth factors/anti-inflammatory cytokines and an overabundance of pro-inflammatory cytokines from M1 macrophages chronic wounds are unable to heal in a timely manner. Normally, after neutrophils eat debris/pathogens they perform apoptosis and are removed. At this point, inflammation is not needed and M1 undergoes a switch to M2 (anti-inflammatory). However, dysregulation occurs as the M1 macrophages are unable/do not phagocytose neutrophils that have undergone apoptosis leading to increased macrophage migration and inflammation.


title: Macrophage

text: Both M1 and M2 macrophages play a role in promotion of atherosclerosis. M1 macrophages promote atherosclerosis by inflammation. M2 macrophages can remove cholesterol from blood vessels, but when the cholesterol is oxidized, the M2 macrophages become apoptotic foam cells contributing to the atheromatous plaque of atherosclerosis.


title: Macrophage

text: The first step to understanding the importance of macrophages in muscle repair, growth, and regeneration is that there are two "waves" of macrophages with the onset of damageable muscle use – subpopulations that do and do not directly have an influence on repairing muscle. The initial wave is a phagocytic population that comes along during periods of increased muscle use that are sufficient to cause muscle membrane lysis and membrane inflammation, which can enter and degrade the contents of injured muscle fibers. These early-invading, phagocytic macrophages reach their highest concentration about 24 hours following the onset of some form of muscle cell injury or reloading. Their concentration rapidly declines after 48 hours. The second group is the non-phagocytic types that are distributed near regenerative fibers. These peak between two and four days and remain elevated for several days during while muscle tissue is rebuilding. The first subpopulation has no direct benefit to repairing muscle, while the second non-phagocytic group does.


title: Macrophage

text: It is thought that macrophages release soluble substances that influence the proliferation, differentiation, growth, repair, and regeneration of muscle, but at this time the factor that is produced to mediate these effects is unknown. It is known that macrophages' involvement in promoting tissue repair is not muscle specific; they accumulate in numerous tissues during the healing process phase following injury.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages are essential for wound healing. They replace polymorphonuclear neutrophils as the predominant cells in the wound by day two after injury. Attracted to the wound site by growth factors released by platelets and other cells, monocytes from the bloodstream enter the area through blood vessel walls. Numbers of monocytes in the wound peak one to one and a half days after the injury occurs. Once they are in the wound site, monocytes mature into macrophages. The spleen contains half the body's monocytes in reserve ready to be deployed to injured tissue.


title: Macrophage

text: The macrophage's main role is to phagocytize bacteria and damaged tissue, and they also debride damaged tissue by releasing proteases. Macrophages also secrete a number of factors such as growth factors and other cytokines, especially during the third and fourth post-wound days. These factors attract cells involved in the proliferation stage of healing to the area. Macrophages may also restrain the contraction phase. Macrophages are stimulated by the low oxygen content of their surroundings to produce factors that induce and speed angiogenesis and they also stimulate cells that re-epithelialize the wound, create granulation tissue, and lay down a new extracellular matrix. By secreting these factors, macrophages contribute to pushing the wound healing process into the next phase.


title: Macrophage

text: Scientists have elucidated that as well as eating up material debris, macrophages are involved in the typical limb regeneration in the salamander. They found that removing the macrophages from a salamander resulted in failure of limb regeneration and a scarring response.


title: Macrophage

text: As described above, macrophages play a key role in removing dying or dead cells and cellular debris. Erythrocytes have a lifespan on average of 120 days and so are constantly being destroyed by macrophages in the spleen and liver. Macrophages will also engulf macromolecules, and so play a key role in the pharmacokinetics of parenteral irons.


title: Macrophage

text: The iron that is released from the haemoglobin is either stored internally in ferritin or is released into the circulation via ferroportin. In cases where systemic iron levels are raised, or where inflammation is present, raised levels of hepcidin act on macrophage ferroportin channels, leading to iron remaining within the macrophages.


title: Macrophage

text: Melanophages are a subset of tissue-resident macrophages able to absorb pigment, either native to the organism or exogenous (such as tattoos), from extracellular space. In contrast to dendritic juncional melanocytes, which synthesize melanosomes and contain various stages of their development, the melanophages only accumulate phagocytosed melanin in lysosome-like phagosomes. This occurs repeatedly as the pigment from dead dermal macrophages is phagocytosed by their successors, preserving the tattoo in the same place.


title: Macrophage

text: Every tissue harbors its own specialized population of resident macrophages, which entertain reciprocal interconnections with the stroma and functional tissue. These resident macrophages are sessile (non-migratory), provide essential growth factors to support the physiological function of the tissue (e.g. macrophage-neuronal crosstalk in the guts), and can actively protect the tissue from inflammatory damage.


title: Macrophage

text: Nerve-associated macrophages or NAMs are those tissue-resident macrophages that are associated with nerves. Some of them are known to have an elongated morphology of up to 200μm


title: Macrophage

text: Due to their role in phagocytosis, macrophages are involved in many diseases of the immune system. For example, they participate in the formation of granulomas, inflammatory lesions that may be caused by a large number of diseases. Some disorders, mostly rare, of ineffective phagocytosis and macrophage function have been described, for example.


title: Macrophage

text: In their role as a phagocytic immune cell macrophages are responsible for engulfing pathogens to destroy them. Some pathogens subvert this process and instead live inside the macrophage. This provides an environment in which the pathogen is hidden from the immune system and allows it to replicate.


title: Macrophage

text: Diseases with this type of behaviour include tuberculosis (caused by "Mycobacterium tuberculosis") and leishmaniasis (caused by "Leishmania" species).


title: Macrophage

text: In order to minimize the possibility of becoming the host of an intracellular bacteria, macrophages have evolved defense mechanisms such as induction of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen intermediates, which are toxic to microbes. Macrophages have also evolved the ability to restrict the microbe's nutrient supply and induce autophagy.


title: Macrophage

text: Once engulfed by a macrophage, the causative agent of tuberculosis, "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", avoids cellular defenses and uses the cell to replicate. Recent evidence suggests that in response to the pulmonary infection of "Mycobacterium tuberculosis", the peripheral macrophages matures into M1 phenotype. Macrophage M1 phenotype is characterized by increased secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, TNF-α, and IL-6) and increased glycolytic activities essential for clearance of infection.


title: Macrophage

text: Upon phagocytosis by a macrophage, the "Leishmania" parasite finds itself in a phagocytic vacuole. Under normal circumstances, this phagocytic vacuole would develop into a lysosome and its contents would be digested. "Leishmania" alter this process and avoid being destroyed; instead, they make a home inside the vacuole.


title: Macrophage

text: Infection of macrophages in joints is associated with local inflammation during and after the acute phase of "Chikungunya" (caused by CHIKV or Chikungunya virus).


title: Macrophage

text: Adenovirus (most common cause of pink eye) can remain latent in a host macrophage, with continued viral shedding 6–18 months after initial infection.


title: Macrophage

text: "Brucella spp." can remain latent in a macrophage via inhibition of phagosome–lysosome fusion; causes brucellosis (undulant fever).


title: Macrophage

text: "Legionella pneumophila", the causative agent of Legionnaires' disease, also establishes residence within macrophages.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages are the predominant cells involved in creating the progressive plaque lesions of atherosclerosis.


title: Macrophage

text: Focal recruitment of macrophages occurs after the onset of acute myocardial infarction. These macrophages function to remove debris, apoptotic cells and to prepare for tissue regeneration. Macrophages protect against ischemia-induced ventricular tachycardia in hypokalemic mice.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages also play a role in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Like T cells, macrophages can be infected with HIV, and even become a reservoir of ongoing virus replication throughout the body. HIV can enter the macrophage through binding of gp120 to CD4 and second membrane receptor, CCR5 (a chemokine receptor). Both circulating monocytes and macrophages serve as a reservoir for the virus. Macrophages are better able to resist infection by HIV-1 than CD4+ T cells, although susceptibility to HIV infection differs among macrophage subtypes.


title: Macrophage

text: Macrophages can contribute to tumor growth and progression by promoting tumor cell proliferation and invasion, fostering tumor angiogenesis and suppressing antitumor immune cells. Attracted to oxygen-starved (hypoxic) and necrotic tumor cells they promote chronic inflammation. Inflammatory compounds such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-alpha released by the macrophages activate the gene switch nuclear factor-kappa B. NF-κB then enters the nucleus of a tumor cell and turns on production of proteins that stop apoptosis and promote cell proliferation and inflammation. Moreover, macrophages serve as a source for many pro-angiogenic factors including vascular endothelial factor (VEGF), tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha), macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF/CSF1) and IL-1 and IL-6 contributing further to the tumor growth. Macrophages have been shown to infiltrate a number of tumors. Their number correlates with poor prognosis in certain cancers including cancers of breast, cervix, bladder, brain and prostate. Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are thought to acquire an M2 phenotype, contributing to tumor growth and progression. Some tumors can also produce factors, including M-CSF/CSF1, MCP-1/CCL2 and Angiotensin II, that trigger the amplification and mobilization of macrophages in tumors. Research in various study models suggests that macrophages can sometimes acquire anti-tumor functions. For example, macrophages may have cytotoxic activity to kill tumor cells directly; also the co-operation of T-cells and macrophages is important to suppress tumors. This co-operation involves not only the direct contact of T-cell and macrophage, with antigen presentation, but also includes the secretion of adequate combinations of cytokines, which enhance T-cell antitumor activity. Recent study findings suggest that by forcing IFN-α expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages, it is possible to blunt their innate protumoral activity and reprogram the tumor microenvironment toward more effective dendritic cell activation and immune effector cell cytotoxicity. Additionally, subcapsular sinus macrophages in tumor-draining lymph nodes can suppress cancer progression by containing the spread of tumor-derived materials.


title: Macrophage

text: Experimental studies indicate that macrophages can affect all therapeutic modalities, including surgery, chemotherapy, radiotherapy, immunotherapy and targeted therapy. Macrophages can influence treatment outcomes both positively and negatively. Macrophages can be protective in different ways: they can remove dead tumor cells (in a process called phagocytosis) following treatments that kill these cells; they can serve as drug depots for some anticancer drugs; they can also be activated by some therapies to promote antitumor immunity. Macrophages can also be deleterious in several ways: for example they can suppress various chemotherapies, radiotherapies and immunotherapies. Because macrophages can regulate tumor progression, therapeutic strategies to reduce the number of these cells, or to manipulate their phenotypes, are currently being tested in cancer patients. However, macrophages are also involved in antibody mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) and this mechanism has been proposed to be important for certain cancer immunotherapy antibodies.


title: Macrophage

text: It has been observed that increased number of pro-inflammatory macrophages within obese adipose tissue contributes to obesity complications including insulin resistance and diabetes type 2.


title: Macrophage

text: The modulation of the inflammatory state of adipose tissue macrophages has therefore been considered a possible therapeutic target to treat obesity-related diseases. Although adipose tissue macrophages are subject to anti-inflammatory homeostatic control by sympathetic innervation, experiments using ADRB2 gene knockout mice indicate that this effect is indirectly exerted through the modulation of adipocyte function, and not through direct Beta-2 adrenergic receptor activation, suggesting that adrenergic stimulation of macrophages may be insufficient to impact adipose tissue inflammation or function in obesity.


title: Macrophage

text: Within the fat (adipose) tissue of CCR2 deficient mice, there is an increased number of eosinophils, greater alternative macrophage activation, and a propensity towards type 2 cytokine expression. Furthermore, this effect was exaggerated when the mice became obese from a high fat diet. This is partially caused by a phenotype switch of macrophages induced by necrosis of fat cells (adipocytes). In an obese individual some adipocytes burst and undergo necrotic death, which causes the residential M2 macrophages to switch to M1 phenotype. This is one of the causes of a low-grade systemic chronic inflammatory state associated with obesity.


title: Macrophage

text: Though very similar in structure to tissue macrophages, intestinal macrophages have evolved specific characteristics and functions given their natural environment, which is in the digestive tract. Macrophages and intestinal macrophages have high plasticity causing their phenotype to be altered by their environments. Like macrophages, intestinal macrophages are differentiated monocytes, though intestinal macrophages have to coexist with the microbiome in the intestines. This is a challenge considering the bacteria found in the gut are not recognized as "self" and could be potential targets for phagocytosis by the macrophage.


title: Macrophage

text: To prevent the destruction of the gut bacteria, intestinal macrophages have developed key differences compared to other macrophages. Primarily, intestinal macrophages do not induce inflammatory responses. Whereas tissue macrophages release various inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α, intestinal macrophages do not produce or secrete inflammatory cytokines. This change is directly caused by the intestinal macrophages environment. Surrounding intestinal epithelial cells release TGF-β, which induces the change from proinflammatory macrophage to noninflammatory macrophage.


title: Macrophage

text: Even though the inflammatory response is downregulated in intestinal macrophages, phagocytosis is still carried out. There is no drop off in phagocytosis efficiency as intestinal macrophages are able to effectively phagocytize the bacteria,"S. typhimurium" and "E. coli", but intestinal macrophages still do not release cytokines, even after phagocytosis. Also, intestinal macrophages do not express lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IgA, or IgG receptors. The lack of LPS receptors is important for the gut as the intestinal macrophages do not detect the microbe-associated molecular patterns (MAMPS/PAMPS) of the intestinal microbiome. Nor do they express IL-2 and IL-3 growth factor receptors.


title: Macrophage

text: Intestinal macrophages have been shown to play a role in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), such as Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). In a healthy gut, intestinal macrophages limit the inflammatory response in the gut, but in a disease-state, intestinal macrophage numbers and diversity are altered. This leads to inflammation of the gut and disease symptoms of IBD. Intestinal macrophages are critical in maintaining gut homeostasis. The presence of inflammation or pathogen alters this homeostasis, and concurrently alters the intestinal macrophages. There has yet to be a determined mechanism for the alteration of the intestinal macrophages by recruitment of new monocytes or changes in the already present intestinal macrophages.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Two-terminal components and electrical networks can be connected in series or parallel. The resulting electrical network will have two terminals, and itself can participate in a series or parallel topology. Whether a two-terminal "object" is an electrical component (e.g. a resistor) or an electrical network (e.g. resistors in series) is a matter of perspective. This article will use "component" to refer to a two-terminal "object" that participate in the series/parallel networks.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Components connected in series are connected along a single "electrical path", and each component has the same current through it, equal to the current through the network. The voltage across the network is equal to the sum of the voltages across each component.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Components connected in parallel are connected along multiple paths, and each component has the same voltage across it, equal to the voltage across the network. The current through the network is equal to the sum of the currents through each component.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: A circuit composed solely of components connected in series is known as a series circuit; likewise, one connected completely in parallel is known as a parallel circuit. Many circuits can be analyzed as a combination of series and parallel circuits, along with other configurations.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: In a series circuit, the current that flows through each of the components is the same, and the voltage across the circuit is the sum of the individual voltage drops across each component. In a parallel circuit, the voltage across each of the components is the same, and the total current is the sum of the currents flowing through each component.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Consider a very simple circuit consisting of four light bulbs and a 12-volt automotive battery. If a wire joins the battery to one bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, to the next bulb, then back to the battery in one continuous loop, the bulbs are said to be in series. If each bulb is wired to the battery in a separate loop, the bulbs are said to be in parallel. If the four light bulbs are connected in series, the same current flows through all of them and the voltage drop is 3-volts across each bulb, which may not be sufficient to make them glow. If the light bulbs are connected in parallel, the currents through the light bulbs combine to form the current in the battery, while the voltage drop is 12-volts across each bulb and they all glow.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: In a series circuit, every device must function for the circuit to be complete. If one bulb burns out in a series circuit, the entire circuit is broken. In parallel circuits, each light bulb has its own circuit, so all but one light could be burned out, and the last one will still function.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Series circuits are sometimes referred to as "current"-coupled or daisy chain-coupled. The electric current in a series circuit goes through every component in the circuit. Therefore, all of the components in a series connection carry the same current.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: A series circuit has only one path through which its current can flow. Opening or breaking a series circuit at any point causes the entire circuit to "open" or stop operating. For example, if even one of the light bulbs in an older-style string of Christmas tree lights burns out or is removed, the entire string becomes inoperable until the bulb is replaced.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: In a series circuit, the voltage is the sum of the voltage drops of the individual components (resistance units).


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: The total resistance of two or more resistors connected in series is equal to the sum of their individual resistances:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Electrical conductance presents a reciprocal quantity to resistance. Total conductance of a series circuits of pure resistances, therefore, can be calculated from the following expression:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-coupled inductors in series is equal to the sum of their individual inductances:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: However, in some situations, it is difficult to prevent adjacent inductors from influencing each other as the magnetic field of one device couples with the windings of its neighbors. This influence is defined by the mutual inductance M. For example, if two inductors are in series, there are two possible equivalent inductances depending on how the magnetic fields of both inductors influence each other.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: When there are more than two inductors, the mutual inductance between each of them and the way the coils influence each other complicates the calculation. For a larger number of coils the total combined inductance is given by the sum of all mutual inductances between the various coils including the mutual inductance of each given coil with itself, which we term self-inductance or simply inductance. For three coils, there are six mutual inductances formula_7, formula_8, formula_9 and formula_10, formula_11 and formula_12. There are also the three self-inductances of the three coils: formula_13, formula_14 and formula_15.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: By reciprocity, formula_17 = formula_18 so that the last two groups can be combined. The first three terms represent the sum of the self-inductances of the various coils. The formula is easily extended to any number of series coils with mutual coupling. The method can be used to find the self-inductance of large coils of wire of any cross-sectional shape by computing the sum of the mutual inductance of each turn of wire in the coil with every other turn since in such a coil all turns are in series.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Capacitors follow the same law using the reciprocals. The total capacitance of capacitors in series is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their individual capacitances:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Equivalently using elastance (the reciprocal of capacitance), the total series elastance equals the sum of each capacitor's elastance.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Two or more switches in series form a logical AND; the circuit only carries current if all switches are closed. See AND gate.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: A battery is a collection of electrochemical cells. If the cells are connected in series, the voltage of the battery will be the sum of the cell voltages. For example, a 12 volt car battery contains six 2-volt cells connected in series. Some vehicles, such as trucks, have two 12 volt batteries in series to feed the 24-volt system.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: If two or more components are connected in parallel, they have the same difference of potential (voltage) across their ends. The potential differences across the components are the same in magnitude, and they also have identical polarities. The same voltage is applied to all circuit components connected in parallel. The total current is the sum of the currents through the individual components, in accordance with Kirchhoff's current law.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: To find the total resistance of all components, add the reciprocals of the resistances formula_22 of each component and take the reciprocal of the sum. Total resistance will always be less than the value of the smallest resistance:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: The components divide the current according to their reciprocal resistances, so, in the case of two resistors,


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: An old term for devices connected in parallel is "multiple", such as multiple connections for arc lamps.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Since electrical conductance formula_30 is reciprocal to resistance, the expression for total conductance of a parallel circuit of resistors reads:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: The relations for total conductance and resistance stand in a complementary relationship: the expression for a series connection of resistances is the same as for parallel connection of conductances, and vice versa.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Inductors follow the same law, in that the total inductance of non-coupled inductors in parallel is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of their individual inductances:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: If the inductors are situated in each other's magnetic fields, this approach is invalid due to mutual inductance. If the mutual inductance between two coils in parallel is , the equivalent inductor is:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: The sign of formula_36 depends on how the magnetic fields influence each other. For two equal tightly coupled coils the total inductance is close to that of every single coil. If the polarity of one coil is reversed so that is negative, then the parallel inductance is nearly zero or the combination is almost non-inductive. It is assumed in the "tightly coupled" case is very nearly equal to . However, if the inductances are not equal and the coils are tightly coupled there can be near short circuit conditions and high circulating currents for both positive and negative values of , which can cause problems.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: More than three inductors become more complex and the mutual inductance of each inductor on each other inductor and their influence on each other must be considered. For three coils, there are three mutual inductances formula_7, formula_8 and formula_9. This is best handled by matrix methods and summing the terms of the inverse of the formula_40 matrix (3×3 in this case).


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: The total capacitance of capacitors in parallel is equal to the sum of their individual capacitances:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: The working voltage of a parallel combination of capacitors is always limited by the smallest working voltage of an individual capacitor.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Two or more switches in parallel form a logical OR; the circuit carries current if at least one switch is closed. See OR gate.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: If the cells of a battery are connected in parallel, the battery voltage will be the same as the cell voltage, but the current supplied by each cell will be a fraction of the total current. For example, if a battery comprises four identical cells connected in parallel and delivers a current of 1 ampere, the current supplied by each cell will be 0.25 ampere. If the cells are not identical, cells with higher voltages will attempt to charge those with lower ones, potentially damaging them.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Parallel-connected batteries were widely used to power the valve filaments in portable radios. Lithium-ion rechargeable batteries (particularly laptop batteries) are often connected in parallel to increase the ampere-hour rating. Some solar electric systems have batteries in parallel to increase the storage capacity; a close approximation of total amp-hours is the sum of all amp-hours of in-parallel batteries.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: From Kirchhoff's circuit laws we can deduce the rules for combining conductances. For two conductances formula_43 and formula_44 in "parallel", the voltage across them is the same and from Kirchhoff's current law (KCL) the total current is


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: For two conductances formula_43 and formula_44 in series the current through them will be the same and Kirchhoff's Voltage Law tells us that the voltage across them is the sum of the voltages across each conductance, that is,


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: This equation can be rearranged slightly, though this is a special case that will only rearrange like this for two components.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: The value of two components in parallel is often represented in equations by the parallel operator, two vertical lines (∥), borrowing the parallel lines notation from geometry.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: This simplifies expressions that would otherwise become complicated by expansion of the terms. For instance:


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: A common application of series circuit in consumer electronics is in batteries, where several cells connected in series are used to obtain a convenient operating voltage. Two disposable zinc cells in series might power a flashlight or remote control at 3 volts; the battery pack for a hand-held power tool might contain a dozen lithium-ion cells wired in series to provide 48 volts.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Series circuits were formerly used for lighting in electric multiple units trains. For example, if the supply voltage was 600 volts there might be eight 70-volt bulbs in series (total 560 volts) plus a resistor to drop the remaining 40 volts. Series circuits for train lighting were superseded, first by motor-generators, then by solid state devices.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Series resistance can also be applied to the arrangement of blood vessels within a given organ. Each organ is supplied by a large artery, smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins arranged in series. The total resistance is the sum of the individual resistances, as expressed by the following equation: . The largest proportion of resistance in this series is contributed by the arterioles.


title: Series and parallel circuits

text: Parallel resistance is illustrated by the circulatory system. Each organ is supplied by an artery that branches off the aorta. The total resistance of this parallel arrangement is expressed by the following equation: . , , and are the resistances of the renal, hepatic, and other arteries respectively. The total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual arteries.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: Harilal Mohandas Gandhi (born Hiralal Mohandas Gandhi; 23 August 1888 – 18 June 1948) was the eldest son of Mahatma Gandhi and Kasturba Gandhi. He had three younger brothers: Manilal Gandhi, Ramdas Gandhi and Devdas Gandhi.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: Harilal was born on 23 August 1888, just before his father left for England for higher studies. Harilal remained in India with his mother.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: Harilal was involved in the Indian independence movement, and was imprisoned as a satyagrahi six times between 1908 and 1911. His willingness to endure these sentences earned him the nickname of 'Chhote (Little) Gandhi'.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: He too wanted to go to England for higher studies, hoping to become a barrister as his father had once been. His father however firmly opposed this, believing that a Western-style education would not be helpful in the struggle against British rule over India, leading to tensions between father and son. Eventually rebelling against his father's decision, in 1911 Harilal renounced all family ties.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: In 1906 he married Gulab Gandhi, with whom he had had five children: two daughters, Rani and Manu; and three sons, Kantilal, Rasiklal and Shantilal. Rasiklal and Shantilal died at an early age. He had four grandchildren (Anushrya, Prabodh, Neelam Solanki, and Navmalika) via Rani, two (Shanti and Pradeep) via Kantilal, and one (Urmi) via Manu. After Gulab died during the 1918 influenza pandemic, Harilal became detached from his children. He contemplated marrying his wife's sister Kumi Adalaja, who was a child widow, however this did not materialize. This led to Harilal's further descent and he gradually began to slip and became an alcoholic. He stayed in touch with his father sporadically through the years, sometimes through commonly known people, right up to 1947.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: Neelam Parikh, the daughter of Ranibehn, the eldest of Harilal's children, wrote a biography of him subsequently, entitled "Gandhiji's Lost Jewel: Harilal Gandhi".


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: In May 1936, at the age of 48, Harilal publicly converted to Islam and named himself Abdullah Gandhi. However, later in 1936, on his mother Kasturba Gandhi's request, he converted back to Hinduism through the Arya Samaj and reverted to his original name, Harilal.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: Harilal died of tuberculosis four months after Gandhi's death, on the night of 18 June 1948, aged 59 at a municipal hospital (now the Sewri TB Hospital) in Mumbai. His death certificate is preserved at the Brihanmumbai Municipal Corporation's archives in Vakola. Harilal's death certificate reveals that he was admitted to the hospital after being found unconscious in Kamathipura. Harilal did not reveal to staff that he was Gandhi's son, and his family only found out about his hospitalisation after his death.


title: Harilal Gandhi

text: The troubled relationship between Harilal and his father is the subject of the film and play "Gandhi, My Father". The film adaptation was released on 3 August 2007 and directed by Feroz Abbas Khan and produced by Anil Kapoor. Harilal is portrayed by Akshaye Khanna. Khan's play, "Mahatma vs. Gandhi", while different from this film, had a similar theme. The film got positive reviews from critics but was a failure at box office.


title: Kerri Green

text: Kerri Lee Green (born January 14, 1967) is an American actress, best known for her roles in "The Goonies" (1985), "Summer Rental" (1985), and "Lucas" (1986). She also co-wrote and directed the film "Bellyfruit" (1999).


title: Kerri Green

text: Green was born on January 14, 1967, in Fort Lee, New Jersey. She grew up in Woodcliff Lake and attended Pascack Hills High School.


title: Kerri Green

text: Green is best known for her roles as a young teen in a string of teen flicks in the 1980s, including "Summer Rental" (1985), in which she starred as the daughter of a stressed-out air traffic controller (John Candy). Her big break came in the 1985 film "The Goonies", in which she played cheerleader-turned-adventurer Andrea "Andy" Carmichael.


title: Kerri Green

text: She gained further critical acclaim for her performance in "Lucas" (1986), in which she starred as the center of a love triangle between the characters of Corey Haim and Charlie Sheen. However, her next film, "Three for the Road" (1987), which featured Charlie Sheen and Alan Ruck, did not fare as well. Green later appeared in a 1990 episode of "In the Heat of the Night ", performed in an independent film called "Blue Flame", and played the role of secretary of Paul Reiser's character in two episodes of the television sitcom "Mad About You". She then took a break from acting to study art at Vassar College, where she was roommates with Marisa Tomei's brother, Adam, and with "BioShock" developer Ken Levine.


title: Kerri Green

text: Green eventually co-founded a film production company, Independent Women Artists, with Bonnie Dickenson. With Dickenson, she co-wrote and directed the film adaptation of a play about teen pregnancy called "Bellyfruit" (1999).


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Dubbed as “"Asia's Superstar”" by various media outlets, People Asia hailed Bernardo as the Box Office Queen of her generation for being the only Filipino actress with two films earning more than P800 million each. Forbes Asia listed her as one of Asia-Pacific’s most influential celebrities on social media. "Metro Society" included her on their list of Most Influential on Social Media. "EdukCircle" listed her as one of the Most Influential Celebrities of the Decade.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo is best known for her roles in the following hit television series "Mara Clara" (2010–2011) "Princess and I" (2012-2013)., "Pangako Sa 'Yo" (2015–2016), and "La Luna Sangre" (2017–2018). She is also known for roles in the films "She's Dating the Gangster" (2014), "Crazy Beautiful You" (2015), "" (2016), "The Hows of Us" (2018), and "Hello, Love, Goodbye" (2019), the latter two of which are two of the highest grossing Filipino films of all time.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Kathryn Chandria Manuel Bernardo was born on March 26, 1996, in Cabanatuan in the Philippines. Her parents are Luzviminda and Teodore Bernardo. She was raised alongside her three siblings: two sisters named Chrysler and Kaye, and one brother named Kevin. She is the youngest in her family.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo was raised a member of Iglesia ni Cristo, but she is now practicing Evangelical Protestantism.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: In 2018, Bernardo said that she has been in a long-term relationship with her on-screen partner, actor Daniel Padilla since May 25, 2012.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo studied at OB Montessori Center Inc. before her acting debut in 2003. She was home schooled, and currently attends Enderun Colleges, Taguig, where she studies marketing.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo began acting in 2003, appearing as the young Cielo on ABS-CBN's "It Might Be You". In 2006, she landed her first main role in the TV series "Super Inggo" playing Maya, the love interest of the main character. She then continued to play different roles in other ABS-CBN shows such as "Krystala" and "Vietnam Rose" before landing a permanent spot on the hit kiddie show "Goin' Bulilit".


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: In 2010, Bernardo received dramatic roles, the first being young Victoria on ABS-CBN's "Magkaribal" and young Jenny on GMA's "Endless Love". Coincidentally, both premiered on June 28, 2010.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo's breakthrough role was her as Mara David/Mara Del Valle in the remake of 1992 television drama "Mara Clara" with her co-star and off-screen best friend Julia Montes. Since its premiere, the TV series remained a consistent leader in primetime ratings. Affirming its success, the show was nominated in the 2011 Banff World Media Festival's "Telenovelas & Soap Operas" category and marked Bernardo's future as a distinguished actress.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: After the primetime teleserye ended, Bernardo soon began appearing in the Sunday afternoon teen show "Growing Up". Re-partnering with Julia Montes, the show starred other up and coming ABS-CBN teen stars such as Kiray Celis, Diego Loyzaga and Daniel Padilla. On the show, Bernardo played the role of 15-year-old Ella who lives with her single mother. The show premiered strongly, ranking at number 2 overall on the afternoon block of primetime television.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo's film career started in 2004 with the movie "Gagamboy". However, it was only in 2011 when she, together with her "Mara Clara" co-star Julia Montes, received a lead role in the movie "Way Back Home". The film opened at first place with an estimated PHP 18 million (US$428,571) in its first week that then surpassed other foreign film showings at the time, such as "The Smurfs" and "Conan the Barbarian" according to Box Office Mojo.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: In that same year, Bernardo was included in Regal Film's Metro Manila Film Festival entry "Shake, Rattle & Roll 13". Bernardo took on the horror genre by snagging one of the lead roles of the film's second story called "Parola". Her performance received positive reviews. In a review for ClickTheCity.com, Philbert Dy praised Bernardo's acting: "A fantastic performance from Kathryn Bernardo ties it all together. It might just be one of the best things that has ever come out of "Shake Rattle and Roll"."


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo starred in "Princess and I", a romance/drama royalty-themed television series, following the success of "Growing Up". With a cast flanked by Daniel Padilla as Gino Dela Rosa, Enrique Gil as Prince Jao and Bernardo as Mikay/Princess Areeyah, the teleserye is touted as one of the grandest, being the first Philippine show to be shot in Bhutan. Aside from Padilla and Gil as Bernardo's leading men on the show, "Pilipinas Got Talent Season 3" former contestant Khalil Ramos played Mikay's unrequited lover and best friend Kiko. Other veteran actors like Gretchen Barretto and Albert Martinez joined the star-studded cast.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: The show garnered unprecedented ratings and appraisal as the number one primetime show in September 2012, opening more doors for Bernardo's shining career. In August 2013, she and Daniel Padilla announcing another television series: "Got to Believe" in which Bernardo plays Chichay Tampipi, a teenage girl who reunites with her childhood friend Joaquin Manansala (Padilla) after many years; Chichay falls for the rich boy despite their economic differences and family pasts, encountering difficult obstacles that put their love to the test. "Got to Believe" was also a primetime television hit, gathering 38.6% percent in ratings during the broadcast of the show's final episode and placing at No. 2 on Kantar Media's nationwide TV ranking list.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Together with Padilla, they both starred in a Filipino romantic-comedy movie entitled 24/7 in Love that was released on November 21, 2012. She then starred alongside comedian Vice Ganda together with Daniel Padilla in the 2012 MMFF entry, "Sisterakas"; in the 1st quarter of 2013, Bernardo, with co-star Daniel Padilla, released her first solo project film from Star Cinema entitled "Must Be... Love" that was broadcast on March 13.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: In December 2013, Bernardo and Padilla starred in the film (an entry for 2013 Metro Manila Film Festival) "Pagpag" (produced by Star Cinema and Regal Films) which was broadcast on Christmas Day.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo and Padilla once again headlined a movie adaptation of Bianca Bernardino's best-selling novel named "She's Dating the Gangster" as part of Star Cinema's 20th anniversary in July 2014. The movie was produced by Star Cinema, co-produced by Summit Media and directed by Cathy Garcia-Molina. This is the 5th movie in which Bernardo and Padilla are paired on the big screen after the success of their romantic comedy television series "Got to Believe" (which was also directed by Garcia-Molina). According to Star Cinema Advertising Manager Mico del Rosario the film was a financial success, gathering PHP 15 million (US$340,000) on its first day of showing. On its 4th week (August 3, 2014), the movie reportedly grossed PHP 230 million (US$5,476,190). A year after her recognition from FHM UK, Bernardo was ranked 17 behind former Japanese AV Idol Maria Ozawa for the FHM Philippines 100 Sexiest Woman 2015, which won by Jennylyn Mercado.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: On December 1, 2014, Bernardo with Daniel Padilla and Vice Ganda were given their own stars in the country's version of the Hollywood Walk of Fame, the Eastwood Walk of Fame, located at Eastwood City, Quezon City.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo has been involved in singing ventures such as her guest appearances for Daniel Padilla's concert "DOS" and her participation in the soundtrack albums of her primetime television shows.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo recorded her first solo "Mula Noon Hanggang Ngayon" as part of the soundtrack for "Princess and I" in 2012 and was originally sung by Lea Salonga. In 2013, she recorded a cover of David Pomeranz's "Got to Believe in Magic" with Padilla for their primetime television Got 2 Believe.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: In 2014, she began to venture into music by recording various original songs and releasing her first studio album titled "Kathryn". A duet with Padilla titled was used as the theme song for ABS-CBN's Summer Station. Bernardo also released her first solo original song titled "Ikaw Na Nga Yata", which was used in the local airing of the Korean series Pretty Man. On November 6, she released the lead single to her debut album titled "You Don't Know Me" which was written by Marion Aunor and is about a blooming relationship that fails to take off because of the lack of effort of one of those involved to genuinely get to know the other. The album was released on November 30 under Star Music, consisting of eleven songs in total.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo cites American pop stars Taylor Swift and Ariana Grande as her musical inspirations; she further said she considers local pop sensation Sarah Geronimo and singer Yeng Constantino her idols.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo is the first and only Filipina actress who breached the ₱800-Million mark for two movies. One was in 2018 for "The Hows of Us" and the other one is "Hello, Love, Goodbye" for 2019.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo currently holds the highest-grossing Filipino Film of All Time for the movie "Hello, Love, Goodbye". It also became the highest-grossing Filipino Film in the Middle East, Australia, and North America. "Hello, Love, Goodbye" broke the Box Office Records of any Filipino Film.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo was given the "Phenomenal Box Office Queen" award along with her on-screen and real-life partner Daniel Padilla for their movie The Hows of Us, which also broke multiple records in the Philippine Cinema at the 50th Guillermo Mendoza Box Office Awards and received the prestigious Camera Obscura Award from FDCP.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: She won "Best Actress" awards at the 35th PMPC Star Awards for Movies and Entertainment Editors' Choice Awards for Movies, or The EDDY'S 2019 for her outstanding portrayal as George in "The Hows of Us"".


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: Bernardo was also given the "Box Office Queen" award for the blockbuster movie "" at the 48th Guillermo Mendoza Box Office Awards.


title: Kathryn Bernardo

text: In 2020, she won as "Best Actress" in Gawad Pasado, along with Judy Ann Santos-Agoncillo. And won "Film Acting Awardee" in Gawad Tanglaw, "Movie Actress of the Year" in Aral Parangal Awards, "Best Actress" in Village Pipol Awards. Meanwhile, she was also nominated for "Best Actress" in Film Academy of the Philippines, Gawad Urian, and Filipino Academy of Movie Arts and Sciences (FAMAS), and currently nominated in "Movie Actress of the Year" in PMPC Star Awards for Movies making her a grandslam nomination in the four major award-giving bodies in the Philippines.


title: BHP

text: BHP Group Limited (formerly known as BHP Billiton) is an Australian multinational mining, metals, natural gas petroleum public company that is headquartered in Melbourne, Victoria, Australia.


title: BHP

text: The Broken Hill Proprietary Company was founded on 16 July 1885 in the mining town of Silverton, New South Wales. By 2017, BHP was the world's largest mining company, based on market capitalisation, and was Melbourne's third-largest company by revenue.


title: BHP

text: BHP Billiton was formed in 2001 through the merger of the Australian Broken Hill Proprietary Company Limited (BHP) and the Anglo–Dutch Billiton plc trading on both the Australian and London Stock Exchanges as a dual-listed company.


title: BHP

text: In 2015, some BHP Billiton assets were demerged and rebranded as South32, while a scaled-down BHP Billiton became BHP. In 2018, BHP Billiton Limited and BHP Billiton plc became BHP Group Limited and BHP Group plc, respectively. In the 2020 Forbes Global 2000, BHP Group was ranked as the 93rd-largest public company in the world. In January 2022, BHP relinquished its London Stock Exchange listing, becoming a solely Australian Securities Exchange listed company. As of 2022, BHP is the largest company in Australia, and the largest mining company in the world, both as measured by market capitalisation.


title: BHP

text: was founded 29 September 1860, when its articles of association were approved by a meeting of shareholders in the "Groot Keizershof" hotel in The Hague, Netherlands. Two months later, the company acquired mineral rights to the Billiton ("Belitung") and Bangka Islands in the Netherlands Indies archipelago off the eastern coast of Sumatra.