title: Sunmi

text: Sunmi was born on May 2, 1992, in Iksan, North Jeolla, South Korea. She attended Hwangnam Elementary School, Chungdam Middle School and Chungdam High School, and majored in musical theater at Dongguk University.


title: Sunmi

text: Sunmi revealed on a 2018 episode of "Talkmon" that she first decided to become a celebrity when she was 12 after her father was admitted to hospital due to complications of pulmonary tuberculosis. She was inspired by BoA, who debuted at the age of 13, and it was for her "the fastest way to make money" in order to take care of her mother and two younger brothers. She went to Seoul to audition and became a JYP Entertainment trainee at 14, though her father passed away three months before her debut with Wonder Girls. She later adopted her stepfather's surname Lee while in university and merged her original given name and surname, becoming Lee Sun-mi.


title: Sunmi

text: In May 2006, Sunmi was revealed as the fourth member of Wonder Girls, a girl group managed by JYP Entertainment. The group debuted with the single "Irony", on February 10, 2007, and quickly rose to stardom with their hits "Tell Me", "So Hot" and "Nobody" within two years of debuting. Sunmi participated with the group in American activities, touring alongside the Jonas Brothers, under the nickname Mimi.


title: Sunmi

text: In January 2010, JYP announced that Sunmi would be postponing her musical career to pursue her studies, but would continue until February in order to complete scheduled events. On January 13, 2012, a JYP representative stated that "Sunmi has remained within the company and continues to sharpen her musical talents." JYP Entertainment later stated that there were no plans for Sunmi to return and comeback as a member of Wonder Girls.


title: Sunmi

text: In August 2013, Sunmi was announced to be returning to her music career, debuting as a solo artist. Sunmi made her official debut stage on August 22, on Mnet's "M! Countdown". Her debut single "24 Hours" was released on August 26, 2013, and subsequently achieved an all-kill on music charts. Subsequently, her debut extended play "Full Moon" was released on February 17, 2014 along with the promotional single of the same name. The latter peaked at number two on the Gaon Digital Chart and at number three on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s K-pop Hot 100. "Full Moon" was praised for being innovative, and Sunmi was said to have delivered a classy rendition of "sexy".


title: Sunmi

text: On June 24, 2015, JYP Entertainment announced that Sunmi would be re-joining Wonder Girls, after withdrawing in 2010, for their comeback after the group's two-year hiatus. The group returned with a band concept, with Sunmi playing the bass. In August, the group's album "Reboot" was released, with Sunmi co-writing and co-producing three of its tracks. In 2016, Sunmi once again received songwriting and producing credits for a Wonder Girls release, this time for two songs present on the band's single album "Why So Lonely", including the title track of the same name.


title: Sunmi

text: On January 26, 2017, it was announced that Wonder Girls were to disband after unsuccessful contract renewal negotiation with members Yeeun and Sunmi. The group released their final single "Draw Me" on February 10, 2017 which also served as a celebration for their tenth anniversary. In March, Sunmi signed with Makeus Entertainment. In August, she released her single "Gashina", produced by Teddy Park of The Black Label. The song debuted at number 2 on the Gaon Digital Chart before topping the chart the following week, and was named the third best k-pop song of 2017 by "Billboard".


title: Sunmi

text: Sunmi returned with a single titled "Heroine" on January 18, 2018. She described the single as a prequel to "Gashina". On September 4, Sunmi released her second EP, titled "Warning", along with the lead single, "Siren". "Siren" received an all-kill on six local music charts. "Warning" was named the third best k-pop album of 2018 by "Billboard" and "Bravo". "Addict" was named the eighth best k-pop b-side of the year by "MTV".


title: Sunmi

text: From February to June 2019, Sunmi held her first world tour, titled "Warning". She performed in 18 cities across Asia, America and Europe. In the midst of the tour, on March 4, 2019, Sunmi released a single titled "Noir". After completing the world tour she released her single "Lalalay" on August 27, 2019.


title: Sunmi

text: On February 6, 2020, Sunmi released the single "Gotta Go" along with its instrumental as part of the original sound track of the web series "XX" in which she made a cameo. Two days later, a dance performance for the song was released which later became the channel's most popular video after reaching over 4 million views. On May 21, it was revealed that Sunmi would be making a comeback in late June. Her single "Pporappippam" was released on June 29.


title: Sunmi

text: On July 22, she was selected as the exclusive model of "요괴미식가" (the Korean version of Yokai Kitchen) created by FriendTimes, in the TV commercial of the game, she played a gourmet who enjoyed cooking in the mysterious spirit realm restaurant.


title: Sunmi

text: On August 12, she and J. Y. Park released the duet "When We Disco". She also featured on label mate Park Won's song "Oh Yeah" from his album "My Fuxxxxx Romance".


title: Sunmi

text: Sunmi released her new single album "Tail" on February 23, 2021, with the lead single of the same name.


title: Sunmi

text: Sunmi released her third EP "1/6" (One Sixth) on August 6, 2021, with the lead single "You Can't Sit with Us".


title: Sunmi

text: On October 11, Sunmi released the new digital single "Go or Stop?". The single was released as part of a collaboration with DWG KIA, a "League of Legends" esports team who won the 2020 World Championship.


title: Sunmi

text: On June 8, 2022, Sunmi's agency announced that she was preparing for a comeback with a single titled "Heart Burn" on June 29.


title: Sunmi

text: On June 30, 2022, the agency announced Sunmi's world tour '2022 SUNMI TOUR 'GOOD GIRL GONE MAD' through its official SNS channel. It will be held in Europe and America.


title: Sunmi

text: Sunmi is known in the K-pop industry to have created her own musical style called "Sunmi-pop". It maintains K-pop's core influences such as pop, disco, rock, traditional Korean music plus retro and city pop elements mixed with Sunmi's own defined music identity.


title: Sunmi

text: The concept of "Sunmi-pop" was first mentioned by Sunmi herself on "You Hee-yeol's Sketchbook" at the start of 2018. Later in the year, in an interview for "1TheK"'s YouTube channel published in September 2018, she revealed that her personal goal was to create her own music style named after herself. The interview was published at a time coinciding with the release of "Warning" (her first extended play since her renewal as a solo artist) and she referred to the newly published EP as "a stepping stone from which [she] can build [her] own music style".


title: Sunmi

text: One week ahead of the release of her single "Noir", she mentioned her main goal during a detailed interview for "Billboard Korea", hoping that her musical style would become something that could inspire other artists. K-pop fans around the world started to acknowledge Sunmi's own musical identity by using for the first time the word ""Sunmi-pop"" in a few tweets, although the term became common on social media only after her fans used it to reply to a tweet posted by Sunmi herself. Even though the tweet itself didn't mention the term, Korean media and industry players started to officially recognize the word ""Sunmi-pop"" and implement it in articles and variety shows for the first time to describe Sunmi's music, reporting that she created her own style by applying her abilities in self-writing, self-composing and ideating performances.


title: Sunmi

text: On May 30, 2019, in London, right before going up on the stage of the "Warning" World Tour, an interviewer of the Korean media agency Yonhap News made known to Sunmi that a term to describe her musical style had been coined already as ""Sunmi-pop"". Thus the word ""Sunmi-pop"" gained its officiality, and on August 21, 2019, her agency Abyss Company (then known as Makeus Entertainment) also recognized the newly coined word by sharing an article from Naver News which dedicated a section to "Sunmi genre, Sunmi-pop" in anticipation of her comeback with "Lalalay".


title: Sunmi

text: The main characteristic of "Sunmi-pop" is defined by the emotions that the songs convey and provoke in the listener. According to Sunmi: "there's always a slightly sad emotion that permeates [my music] no matter how excitingly I sing the song" and "it's energetic and happy but with a sense of sadness". "Sunmi-pop" songs feature dance rhythms with lyrics marked by metaphors and double meanings that slightly conceal a sense of cynicism.


title: Sunmi

text: Since "Gashina", Sunmi's title tracks have featured double meanings and wordplays in the song title such as "Siren", expressing both the meaning of the warning sound and the mythological figure of the siren, and "Lalalay" which both refers to the act of flying [like a butterfly] and the word "nallari" (날라리) meaning 'punk' or 'party-goer' in Korean. Additionally, the songs "Gashina", "Heroine", "Siren", "Black Pearl", "Curve", "Lalalay" and "Tail" all present metaphors in the lyrics thus defining Sunmi's style of expression. Although "Sunmi-pop" songs mostly present an exciting and happy beat, Sunmi shared that her lyrics are often imbued with a sense of cynicism due to the fact that, in her real life, as a celebrity, she can't always express her true feelings. Metaphors, wordplays and double meanings are often expressed through choreographies that complement her work.


title: Sunmi

text: Though "Sunmi-pop" isn't constricted within a single music style or genre, electro-pop and retro elements are often associated with Sunmi's songs. The reason why these elements emerge is to be found in Sunmi's roots as a member of the Wonder Girls and her time in the US. Sunmi said in a recent interview that producer J. Y. Park wanted her and the other members to "broaden [their] understanding of the different music styles of different eras" focusing especially on retro concepts and Motown artists, which she ended up liking. In a "Billboard" interview she revealed: "Personally, I like music from the ‘70s, ’80s, and ‘90s, so I try to find instrumentals and sounds that evoke those periods and work them into my music".


title: Sunmi

text: "Sunmi-pop" is also considered by Sunmi to be a combination of popularity and identity. On the April 2021 issue of "L’Officiel Singapore", Sunmi explained: "I always try to come up with fun and easy ways to approach a range of people, while keeping the original emotions in myself". While her aesthetic or themes are considered to be niche, her goal is to remain inside the world of popular music.


title: Sunmi

text: Another key element of "Sunmi-pop" is dynamism: Sunmi shared her wish of wanting to try new ideas every time, like working with other producers, and explore new genres by showing a different range of themes, aesthetics and sounds through the years.


title: Shawn Hatosy

text: Shawn Wayne Hatosy is an American film and television actor and director. He is best known for his roles in the films "In & Out", "The Faculty", "Outside Providence", "Anywhere but Here", "The Cooler", and "Alpha Dog". He is also well known for his role as Detective Sammy Bryant on the TNT crime drama series "Southland" and starred as Andrew "Pope" Cody in the TNT crime drama series, "Animal Kingdom", based on the 2010 Australian film of the same title.


title: Shawn Hatosy

text: Shawn Hatosy was born in Ijamsville, Maryland, to Carol Ann (née Owens), a loan officer, and Wayne Thomas Hatosy. He has Hungarian and Irish ancestry. He grew up in the Loch Haven neighborhood of Ijamsville, Maryland, attended New Market Middle School, and graduated from Linganore High School in 1994.


title: Shawn Hatosy

text: Since appearing in "Public Enemies" (2009), starring Johnny Depp and Christian Bale, and "" (2009), in which Hatosy portrays Nicolas Cage's partner, Armand Benoit, Hatosy has primarily worked in television.


title: Shawn Hatosy

text: Earlier films included "Soldier's Girl", "The Faculty", "In & Out", "The Cooler", "Outside Providence", "Anywhere but Here", "John Q", "A Guy Thing", and 2006's "Alpha Dog". Hatosy auditioned for a leading role in the 1999 film "Varsity Blues" but lost it to James Van Der Beek.


title: Shawn Hatosy

text: Hatosy has appeared in such television shows as "SEAL Team", "", "The Twilight Zone", "Felicity", "Six Feet Under", "ER", "Law & Order", "Numb3rs", "My Name Is Earl", "Hawaii Five-0", "Criminal Minds", "Fear the Walking Dead", "Flaked", and "Bosch". He portrayed Detective Sammy Bryant in the NBC/TNT television series "Southland". Other roles were serial killer Boyd Fowler on the Showtime television series "Dexter" and police officer Terry McCandless in "Reckless".


title: Megatsunami

text: A megatsunami is a very large wave created by a large, sudden displacement of material into a body of water.


title: Megatsunami

text: Megatsunamis have quite different features from ordinary tsunamis. Ordinary tsunamis are caused by underwater tectonic activity (movement of the earth's plates) and therefore occur along plate boundaries and as a result of earthquakes and the subsequent rise or fall in the sea floor that displaces a volume of water. Ordinary tsunamis exhibit shallow waves in the deep waters of the open ocean that increase dramatically in height upon approaching land to a maximum run-up height of around in the cases of the most powerful earthquakes. By contrast, megatsunamis occur when a large amount of material suddenly falls into water or anywhere near water (such as via a meteor impact or volcanic activity). They can have extremely large initial wave heights ranging from hundreds and possibly up to thousands of metres, far beyond the height of any ordinary tsunami. These giant wave heights occur because the water is "splashed" upwards and outwards by the impact or displacement.


title: Megatsunami

text: Examples of modern megatsunamis include the one associated with the 1883 eruption of Krakatoa (volcanic eruption), the 1958 Lituya Bay megatsunami (landslide into a bay), and the wave resulting from the Vajont Dam landslide (caused by human activity destabilizing sides of valley). Prehistoric examples include the Storegga Slide (landslide), and the Chicxulub, Chesapeake Bay, and Eltanin meteor impacts.


title: Megatsunami

text: A megatsunami is a tsunami with an initial wave amplitude (height) measured in many tens, hundreds, and possibly up to thousands of metres. A megatsunami is a separate class of event from an ordinary tsunami and is caused by different physical mechanisms.


title: Megatsunami

text: Normal tsunamis result from displacement of the sea floor due to plate tectonics. Powerful earthquakes may cause the sea floor to displace vertically on the order of tens of metres, which in turn displaces the water column above and leads to the formation of a tsunami. Ordinary tsunamis have a small wave height offshore and generally pass unnoticed at sea, forming only a slight swell on the order of above the normal sea surface. In deep water it is possible that a tsunami could pass beneath a ship without the crew of the vessel noticing. As it approaches land, the wave height of an ordinary tsunami increases dramatically as the sea floor slopes upward and the base of the wave pushes the water column above it upwards. Ordinary tsunamis, even those associated with the most powerful strike-slip earthquakes, typically do not reach heights in excess of .


title: Megatsunami

text: By contrast, megatsunamis are caused by landslides and other impact events that displace large volumes of water, resulting in waves that may exceed the height of an ordinary tsunami by tens or even hundreds of metres. Underwater earthquakes or volcanic eruptions do not normally generate megatsunamis, but landslides next to bodies of water resulting from earthquakes or volcanic eruptions can, since they cause a much larger amount of water displacement. If the landslide or impact occurs in a limited body of water, as happened at the Vajont Dam (1963) and in Lituya Bay (1958) then the water may be unable to disperse and one or more exceedingly large waves may result.


title: Megatsunami

text: Determining a height range typical of megatsunamis is a complex and scientifically debated topic. This complexity is increased due to the fact that two different heights are often reported for tsunamis – the height of the wave itself in open water, and the height to which it surges when it encounters land. Depending upon the locale, this second or so-called "run-up height" can be several times larger than the wave's height just before reaching shore. While there is currently no minimum or average height classification for megatsunamis that is broadly accepted by the scientific community, the limited number of observed megatsunami events in recent history have all had run-up heights that exceeded . The megatsunami in Spirit Lake, Washington, USA that was caused by the 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens reached , while the tallest megatsunami ever recorded (Lituya Bay in 1958) reached a run-up height of . It is also possible that much larger megatsunamis occurred in prehistory; researchers analyzing the geological structures left behind by prehistoric asteroid impacts have suggested that these events could have resulted in megatsunamis that exceeded in height.


title: Megatsunami

text: Before the 1950s, scientists had theorized that tsunamis orders of magnitude larger than those observed with earthquakes could have occurred as a result of ancient geological processes, but no concrete evidence of the existence of these "monster waves" had yet been gathered. Geologists searching for oil in Alaska in 1953 observed that in Lituya Bay, mature tree growth did not extend to the shoreline as it did in many other bays in the region. Rather, there was a band of younger trees closer to the shore. Forestry workers, glaciologists, and geographers call the boundary between these bands a trim line. Trees just above the trim line showed severe scarring on their seaward side, while those from below the trim line did not. This indicated that a large force had impacted all of the elder trees above the trim line, and presumably had killed off all the trees below it. Based on this evidence, the scientists hypothesized that there had been an unusually large wave or waves in the deep inlet. Because this is a recently deglaciated fjord with steep slopes and crossed by a major fault (the Fairweather Fault), one possibility was that this wave was a landslide-generated tsunami.


title: Megatsunami

text: On July 9, 1958, a 7.8 strike-slip earthquake in southeast Alaska caused of rock and ice to drop into the deep water at the head of Lituya Bay. The block fell almost vertically and hit the water with sufficient force to create a wave that surged up the opposite side of the head of the bay to a height of , and was still many tens of metres high further down the bay when it carried eyewitnesses Howard Ulrich and his son Howard Jr. over the trees in their fishing boat. They were washed back into the bay and both survived.


title: Megatsunami

text: The mechanism giving rise to megatsunamis was analysed for the Lituya Bay event in a study presented at the Tsunami Society in 1999; this model was considerably developed and modified by a second study in 2010.


title: Megatsunami

text: Although the earthquake which caused the megatsunami was considered very energetic, it was determined that it could not have been the sole contributor based on the measured height of the wave. Neither water drainage from a lake, nor a landslide, nor the force of the earthquake itself were sufficient to create a megatsunami of the size observed, although all of these may have been contributing factors.


title: Megatsunami

text: Instead, the megatsunami was caused by a combination of events in quick succession. The primary event occurred in the form of a large and sudden impulsive impact when about 40 million cubic yards of rock several hundred metres above the bay was fractured by the earthquake, and fell "practically as a monolithic unit" down the almost-vertical slope and into the bay. The rockfall also caused air to be "dragged along" due to viscosity effects, which added to the volume of displacement, and further impacted the sediment on the floor of the bay, creating a large crater. The study concluded that:


title: Megatsunami

text: A 2010 model examined the amount of infill on the floor of the bay, which was many times larger than that of the rockfall alone, and also the energy and height of the waves, and the accounts given by eyewitnesses, concluded that there had been a "dual slide" involving a rockfall, which also triggered a release of 5 to 10 times its volume of sediment trapped by the adjacent Lituya Glacier, as an almost immediate and many times larger second slide, a ratio comparable with other events where this "dual slide" effect is known to have happened.


title: Megatsunami

text: At 10:00 p.m. on January 8, 1731, a landslide with a volume of possibly fell from the mountain Skafjell from a height of into the Storfjorden opposite Stranda, Norway. The slide generated a megatsunami in height that struck Stranda, flooding the area for inland and destroying the church and all but two boathouses, as well as many boats. Damaging waves struck as far as way as Ørskog. The waves killed 17 people.


title: Megatsunami

text: Just before 8:00 p.m. on February 22, 1756, a landslide with a volume of travelled at high speed from a height of on the side of the mountain Tjellafjellet into the Langfjorden about west of Tjelle, Norway, between Tjelle and Gramsgrø. The slide generated three megatsunamis in the Langfjorden and the Eresfjorden with heights of . The waves flooded the shore for inland in some areas, destroying farms and other inhabited areas. Damaging waves struck as far away as Veøy, from the landslide — where they washed inland above normal flood levels — and Gjermundnes, from the slide. The waves killed 32 people and destroyed 168 buildings, 196 boats, large amounts of forest, and roads and boat landings.


title: Megatsunami

text: In 1792, Mount Unzen in Japan erupted, causing part of the volcano to collapse into the sea. The landslide caused a megatsunami that reached high and killed 15,000 people in the local fishing villages.


title: Megatsunami

text: Sometime between August 1853 and May 1854, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in what was then Russian America. Studies of Lituya Bay between 1948 and 1953 first identified the event, which probably occurred because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay near Mudslide Creek. The wave had a maximum run-up height of , flooding the coast of the bay up to inland.


title: Megatsunami

text: A study of Lituya Bay in 1953 concluded that sometime around 1874, perhaps in May 1874, another megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska. Probably occurring because of a large landslide on the south shore of the bay in the Mudslide Creek Valley, the wave had a maximum run-up height of , flooding the coast of the bay up to inland.


title: Megatsunami

text: The eruption of Krakatoa created pyroclastic flows which generated megatsunamis when they hit the waters of the Sunda Strait on 27 August 1883. The waves reached heights of up to 24 metres (79 feet) along the south coast of Sumatra and up to 42 metres (138 feet) along the west coast of Java.


title: Megatsunami

text: On January 15, 1905, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of fell from a height of into the southern end of the lake Lovatnet in Norway, generating three megatsunamis of up to in height. The waves destroyed the villages of Bødal and Nesdal near the southern end of the lake, killing 61 people — half their combined population — and 261 farm animals and destroying 60 houses, all the local boathouses, and 70 to 80 boats, one of which — the tourist boat "Lodalen" — was thrown inland by the last wave and wrecked. At the northern end of the long lake, a wave measured at almost destroyed a bridge.


title: Megatsunami

text: On July 4, 1905, an overhanging glacier — since known as the Fallen Glacier — broke loose, slid out of its valley, and fell down a steep slope into Disenchantment Bay in Alaska, clearing vegetation along a path wide. When it entered the water, it generated a megatsunami which broke tree branches above ground level away. The wave killed vegetation to a height of at a distance of from the landslide, and it reached heights of from at different locations on the coast of Haenke Island. At a distance of from the slide, observers at Russell Fjord reported a series of large waves that caused the water level to rise and fall for a half-hour.


title: Megatsunami

text: On April 7, 1934, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Langhamaren with a volume of fell from a height of about into the Tafjorden in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the last and largest of which reached a height of between on the opposite shore. Large waves struck Tafjord and Fjørå. The waves killed 23 people at Tafjord, where the last and largest wave was tall and struck at an estimated speed of , flooding the town for inland and killing 23 people. At Fjørå, waves reached , destroyed buildings, removed all soil, and killed 17 people. Damaging waves struck as far as away, and waves were detected at a distance of from the landslide. One survivor suffered serious injuries requiring hospitalization.


title: Megatsunami

text: On September 13, 1936, a landslide on the slope of the mountain Ramnefjellet with a volume of fell from a height of into the southern end of the lake Lovatnet in Norway, generating three megatsunamis, the largest of which reached a height of . The waves destroyed all farms at Bødal and most farms at Nesdal — completely washing away 16 farms — as well as 100 houses, bridges, a power station, a workshop, a sawmill, several grain mills, a restaurant, a schoolhouse, and all boats on the lake. A wave struck the southern end of the long lake and caused damaging flooding in the Loelva River, the lake's northern outlet. The waves killed 74 people and severely injured 11.


title: Megatsunami

text: On October 27, 1936, a megatsunami occurred in Lituya Bay in Alaska with a maximum run-up height of in Crillon Inlet at the head of the bay. The four eyewitnesses to the wave in Lituya Bay itself all survived and described it as between high. The maximum inundation distance was inland along the north shore of the bay. The cause of the megatsunami remains unclear, but may have been a submarine landslide.


title: Megatsunami

text: On July 9, 1958, a giant landslide at the head of Lituya Bay in Alaska, caused by an earthquake, generated a wave that washed out trees to a maximum elevation of at the entrance of Gilbert Inlet. The wave surged over the headland, stripping trees and soil down to bedrock, and surged along the fjord which forms Lituya Bay, destroying two fishing boats anchored there and killing two people. This was the highest wave of any kind ever recorded. The subsequent study of this event led to the establishment of the term "megatsunami," to distinguish it from ordinary tsunamis.


title: Megatsunami

text: On October 9, 1963, a landslide above Vajont Dam in Italy produced a surge that overtopped the dam and destroyed the villages of Longarone, Pirago, Rivalta, Villanova, and Faè, killing nearly 2,000 people. This is currently the only known example of a megatsunami that was indirectly caused by human activities.


title: Megatsunami

text: On May 18, 1980, the upper of Mount St. Helens collapsed, creating a landslide. This released the pressure on the magma trapped beneath the summit bulge which exploded as a lateral blast, which then released the pressure on the magma chamber and resulted in a plinian eruption.


title: Megatsunami

text: One lobe of the avalanche surged onto Spirit Lake, causing a megatsunami which pushed the lake waters in a series of surges, which reached a maximum height of above the pre-eruption water level (about ASL). Above the upper limit of the tsunami, trees lie where they were knocked down by the pyroclastic surge; below the limit, the fallen trees and the surge deposits were removed by the megatsunami and deposited in Spirit Lake.


title: Megatsunami

text: At 8:19 p.m. Alaska Daylight Time on October 17, 2015, the side of a mountain collapsed, at the head of Taan Fiord, a finger of Icy Bay in Alaska. Some of the resulting landslide came to rest on the toe of Tyndall Glacier, but about of rock with a volume of about fell into the fjord. The landslide generated a megatsunami with an initial height of about that struck the opposite shore of the fjord, with a run-up height there of .


title: Megatsunami

text: Over the next 12 minutes, the wave travelled down the fjord at a speed of up to , with run-up heights of over in the upper fjord to between or more in its middle section, and or more at its mouth. Still probably tall when it entered Icy Bay, the tsunami inundated parts of Icy Bay's shoreline with run-ups of before dissipating into insignificance at distances of from the mouth of Taan Fiord, although the wave was detected away.


title: Megatsunami

text: Occurring in an uninhabited area, the event was unwitnessed, and several hours passed before the signature of the landslide was noticed on seismographs at Columbia University in New York City.


title: Megatsunami

text: On 28 November 2020, unseasonably heavy rainfall triggered a landslide of into a glacial lake at the head of Elliot Creek. The sudden displacement of water generated a high megatsunami that cascaded down Elliot Creek and the Southgate River to the head of Bute Inlet, covering a total distance of over . The event generated a magnitude 5.0 earthquake and destroyed over of salmon habitat along Elliot Creek.


title: Megatsunami

text: In a BBC television documentary broadcast in 2000, experts said that they thought that a landslide on a volcanic ocean island is the most likely future cause of a megatsunami. The size and power of a wave generated by such means could produce devastating effects, travelling across oceans and inundating up to inland from the coast. This research was later found to be flawed. The documentary was produced before the experts' scientific paper was published and before responses were given by other geologists. There have been megatsunamis in the past, and future megatsunamis are possible but current geological consensus is that these are only local. A megatsunami in the Canary Islands would diminish to a normal tsunami by the time it reached the continents. Also, the current consensus for La Palma is that the region conjectured to collapse is too small and too geologically stable to do so in the next 10,000 years, although there is evidence for past megatsunamis local to the Canary Islands thousands of years ago. Similar remarks apply to the suggestion of a megatsunami in Hawaii.


title: Megatsunami

text: Some geologists consider an unstable rock face at Mount Breakenridge, above the north end of the giant fresh-water fjord of Harrison Lake in the Fraser Valley of southwestern British Columbia, Canada, to be unstable enough to collapse into the lake, generating a megatsunami that might destroy the town of Harrison Hot Springs (located at its south end).


title: Megatsunami

text: Geologists Dr. Simon Day and Dr. Steven Neal Ward consider that a megatsunami could be generated during an eruption of Cumbre Vieja on the volcanic ocean island of La Palma, in the Canary Islands, Spain. Day and Ward hypothesize that if such an eruption causes the western flank to fail, a megatsunami could be generated.


title: Megatsunami

text: In 1949, an eruption occurred at three of the volcano's vents—Duraznero, Hoyo Negro, and Llano del Banco. A local geologist, Juan Bonelli-Rubio, witnessed the eruption and recorded details on various phenomenon related to the eruption. Bonelli-Rubio visited the summit area of the volcano and found that a fissure about long had opened on the east side of the summit. As a result, the western half of the volcano—which is the volcanically active arm of a triple-armed rift—had slipped approximately downwards and westwards towards the Atlantic Ocean.


title: Megatsunami

text: In 1971, an eruption occurred at the Teneguía vent at the southern end of the sub-aerial section of the volcano without any movement. The section affected by the 1949 eruption is currently stationary and does not appear to have moved since the initial rupture.


title: Megatsunami

text: It is likely that several eruptions would be required before failure would occur on Cumbre Vieja. The western half of the volcano has an approximate volume of and an estimated mass of . If it were to catastrophically slide into the ocean, it could generate a wave with an initial height of about at the island, and a likely height of around at the Caribbean and the Eastern North American seaboard when it runs ashore eight or more hours later. Tens of millions of lives could be lost in the cities and/or towns of St. John's, Halifax, Boston, New York, Baltimore, Washington, D.C., Miami, Havana and the rest of the eastern coasts of the United States and Canada, as well as many other cities on the Atlantic coast in Europe, South America and Africa. The likelihood of this happening is a matter of vigorous debate.


title: Megatsunami

text: Geologists and volcanologists are in general agreement that the initial study was flawed. The current geology does not suggest that a collapse is imminent. Indeed, it seems to be geologically impossible right now—the region conjectured as prone to collapse is too small and too stable to collapse within the next 10,000 years. A closer study of deposits left in the ocean from previous landslides suggests that a landslide would likely occur as a series of smaller collapses rather than a single landslide. A megatsunami does seem possible locally in the distant future as there is geological evidence from past deposits suggesting that a megatsunami occurred with marine material deposited above sea level between 32,000 and 1.75 million years ago. This seems to have been local to Gran Canaria.


title: Megatsunami

text: Day and Ward have admitted that their original analysis of the danger was based on several worst case assumptions. A 2008 study examined this scenario and concluded that while it could cause a megatsunami, it would be local to the Canary Islands and would diminish in height, becoming a smaller tsunami by the time it reached the continents as the waves interfered and spread across the oceans.


title: Megatsunami

text: Steep cliffs on the Cape Verde Islands have been caused by catastrophic debris avalanches. These have been common on the submerged flanks of ocean island volcanoes and more can be expected in the future.


title: Megatsunami

text: Sharp cliffs and associated ocean debris at the Kohala Volcano, Lanai and Molokai indicate that landslides from the flank of the Kilauea and Mauna Loa volcanoes in Hawaii may have triggered past megatsunamis, most recently at 120,000 BP. A tsunami event is also possible, with the tsunami potentially reaching up to about in height According to the documentary "National Geographic's Ultimate Disaster: Tsunami", if a big landslide occurred at Mauna Loa or the Hilina Slump, a tsunami would take only thirty minutes to reach Honolulu. There, hundreds of thousands of people could be killed as the tsunami could level Honolulu and travel inland. Also, the West Coast of America and the entire Pacific Rim could potentially be affected.


title: Megatsunami

text: Other research suggests that such a single large landslide is not likely. Instead, it would collapse as a series of smaller landslides.


title: Megatsunami

text: In 2018, shortly after the beginning of the 2018 lower Puna eruption, a National Geographic article responded to such claims with "Will a monstrous landslide off the side of Kilauea trigger a monster tsunami bound for California? Short answer: No."


title: Megatsunami

text: Despite this, evidence suggests that catastrophic collapses do occur on Hawaiian volcanoes and generate local tsunamis.


title: Megatsunami

text: Although known earlier to the local population, a crack wide and in length in the side of the mountain Åkerneset in Norway was rediscovered in 1983 and attracted scientific attention. It since has widened at a rate of per year. Geological analysis has revealed that a slab of rock thick and at an elevation stretching from is in motion. Geologists assess that an eventual catastrophic collapse of of rock into Sunnylvsfjorden is inevitable and could generate megatsunamis of in height on the fjord′s opposite shore. The waves are expected to strike Hellesylt with a height of , Geiranger with a height of , Tafjord with a height of , and many other communities in Norway's Sunnmøre district with a height of several metres, and to be noticeable even at Ålesund. The predicted disaster is depicted in the 2015 Norwegian film "The Wave".


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy Duck is an animated cartoon character created for Leon Schlesinger Productions by animators Tex Avery and Bob Clampett. Styled as an anthropomorphic black duck, he has appeared in cartoon series such as "Looney Tunes" and "Merrie Melodies", in which he is usually depicted as a foil for either Bugs Bunny or Porky Pig. He was one of the first of the new "screwball" characters that emerged in the late 1930s to replace traditional everyman characters who were more popular earlier in the decade, such as Mickey Mouse, Porky Pig, and Popeye.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy starred in 130 shorts in the golden age, making him the third-most frequent character in the "Looney Tunes"/"Merrie Melodies" cartoons, behind Bugs Bunny's 167 appearances and Porky Pig's 153 appearances. Virtually every Warner Bros. cartoon director, most notably Bob Clampett, Robert McKimson, and Chuck Jones, put his own spin on the Daffy Duck character.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy first appeared in "Porky's Duck Hunt", released on April 17, 1937. The cartoon was directed by Tex Avery and animated by Bob Clampett. "Porky's Duck Hunt" is a standard hunter/prey pairing, but Daffy (barely more than an unnamed bit player in this short) was something new to moviegoers: an assertive, completely unrestrained, combative protagonist. Clampett later recalled:


title: Daffy Duck

text: This early Daffy is less anthropomorphic and resembles a normal black duck. In fact, the only aspects of the character that have remained consistent through the years are his voice characterization by Mel Blanc; and his black feathers with a white neck ring. Blanc's characterization of Daffy once held the world record for the longest characterization of one animated character by their original actor: 52 years.


title: Daffy Duck

text: The origin of Daffy's voice, with its lateral lisp, is a matter of some debate. One often-repeated "official" story is that it was modeled after producer Leon Schlesinger's tendency to lisp. However, in Mel Blanc's autobiography, "That's Not All Folks!", he contradicts that conventional belief, writing, "It seemed to me that such an extended mandible would hinder his speech, particularly on words containing an "s" sound. Thus 'despicable' became 'des"th-"picable.'"


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy's slobbery, exaggerated lisp was developed over time, and it is barely noticeable in the early cartoons. In "Daffy Duck & Egghead", Daffy does not lisp at all except in the separately drawn set-piece of Daffy singing "The Merry-Go-Round Broke Down" in which just a slight lisp can be heard.


title: Daffy Duck

text: In "The Scarlet Pumpernickel" (1950), Daffy has a middle name, Dumas as the writer of a swashbuckling script, a nod to Alexandre Dumas. Also, in the "Baby Looney Tunes" episode "The Tattletale", Granny addresses Daffy as "Daffy Horatio Tiberius Duck". In "The Looney Tunes Show" (2011), the joke middle names "Armando" and "Sheldon" are used.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Tex Avery and Bob Clampett created the original version of Daffy in 1937. Daffy established his status by jumping into the water, hopping around, and yelling, "Woo-hoo!" Animator Bob Clampett immediately seized upon the Daffy Duck character and cast him in a series of cartoons in the 1930s and 1940s. The early Daffy is a wild and zany screwball, perpetually bouncing around the screen with cries of "Hoo-hoo! Hoo-hoo!" (In his autobiography, Mel Blanc stated that the zany demeanor was inspired by Hugh Herbert's catchphrase, which was taken to a wild extreme for Daffy.)


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy would also feature in several war-themed shorts during World War II, remaining true to his unbridled nature. He battles a Nazi goat intent on eating Daffy's scrap metal in "Scrap Happy Daffy" (1943), hits Adolf Hitler's head with a giant mallet in "Daffy the Commando" (1943) and outwits Hitler, Goebbels and Goering in "Plane Daffy" (1944). Oddly enough, it was only after these wartime escapades that Daffy is actually subject to conscription into military service, in the form of "the little man from the draft board", whom he tries to dodge in "Draftee Daffy" (1945). In the real world, Daffy was indeed "drafted" as a mascot for the 600th Bombardment Squadron.


title: Daffy Duck

text: For "Daffy Doodles" (his first "Looney Tunes" cartoon as a director), Robert McKimson tamed Daffy a bit, redesigning him yet again to be rounder and less elastic. The studio also instilled some of Bugs Bunny's savvy into the duck, making him as brilliant with his mouth as he was with his battiness. Daffy was teamed up with Porky Pig; the duck's one-time rival became his straight man. Arthur Davis, who directed Warner Bros. cartoon shorts for a few years in the late 1940s until upper management decreed there should be only three units (McKimson, Friz Freleng, and Jones), presented a Daffy similar to McKimson's. McKimson is noted as the last of the three units to make his Daffy uniform with Jones's, with even late shorts, such as "Don't Axe Me" (1958), featuring traits of the "screwball" Daffy. Starting in "You Were Never Duckier", Daffy's personality evolved to be from being less loony and more greedy.


title: Daffy Duck

text: While Daffy's looney days were over, McKimson continued to make him as bad or good as his various roles required him to be. McKimson would use this Daffy from 1946 to 1961. Although, even McKimson would follow in Jones' footsteps in many aspects with cartoons like People Are Bunny (1959) and Ducking the Devil (1957). Friz Freleng's version took a hint from Chuck Jones to make the duck more sympathetic, as in the 1957 "Show Biz Bugs". Here, Daffy is overemotional and jealous of Bugs, yet he has real talent that is ignored by the theater manager and the crowd. This cartoon finishes with a sequence in which Daffy attempts to wow the Bugs-besotted audience with an act in which he drinks gasoline and swallows nitroglycerine, gunpowder, and uranium-238 (in a greenish solution), jumps up and down to "shake well" and finally swallows a lit match that detonates the whole improbable mixture. When Bugs tells Daffy that the audience loves the act and wants more, Daffy, now a ghost floating upward (presumably to Heaven), says that he can only do the act once. Some TV stations, and in the 1990s the cable network TNT, edited out the dangerous act, afraid of imitation by young children.


title: Daffy Duck

text: While Bugs Bunny became Warner Bros.' most popular character, the directors still found ample use for Daffy. Several cartoons place him in parodies of popular movies and radio serials; Porky Pig was usually a comic relief sidekick. For example, Daffy in "The Great Piggy Bank Robbery" (1946) as "Duck Twacy" (Dick Tracy) by Bob Clampett; in "The Scarlet Pumpernickel" (1950), Daffy was the hero and Porky Pig was the villain. In "Drip-Along Daffy" (1951), named after the Hopalong Cassidy character, throws Daffy into a Western with him labeled "Western-Type Hero" and Porky Pig labeled "Comedy Relief". In "Duck Dodgers in the 24½th Century" (1953), a parody of "Buck Rogers", Daffy trades barbs (and bullets) with Marvin the Martian, with Porky Pig retaining the role of Daffy's sidekick. In "Rocket Squad" (1956), a parody of "Dragnet" and "Racket Squad", Daffy and Porky Pig pair up once again. Daffy also played "Stupor Duck", a parody of the "Adventures of Superman" television series. "Robin Hood Daffy" (1958) casts the duck in the role of the legendary outlaw Robin Hood with Porky Pig as Friar Tuck. Besides being playing parodies, Daffy also played a salesman-who continually annoys a potential customer into buying something: in "Fool Coverage", Daffy actually succeeds into selling Porky Pig a $1,000,000 accident policy which only works under impossible conditions-unfortunately for Daffy, all the conditions occur!


title: Daffy Duck

text: Bugs's ascension to stardom also prompted the Warner Bros. animators to recast Daffy as the rabbit's rival, intensely jealous, insecure and determined to steal back the spotlight, while Bugs either remained cool headed but mildly amused and/or indifferent to the duck's jealousy and/or used it to his advantage. Daffy's desire to achieve stardom at almost any cost was explored as early as 1940 in Freleng's "You Ought to Be in Pictures", but the idea was most successfully used by Chuck Jones, who redesigned the duck once again, making him scrawnier and scruffier. In Jones' "Hunting Trilogy" (or "Duck Season/Rabbit Season Trilogy") of "Rabbit Fire", "Rabbit Seasoning" and "Duck! Rabbit, Duck!" (each respectively launched in 1951, 1952, and 1953), Daffy's attention-grabbing ways and excitability provide Bugs Bunny the perfect opportunity to fool the hapless Elmer Fudd into repeatedly shooting the duck's bill off. Also, these cartoons reveal Daffy's catchphrase, "Youuu're deththpicable!" Jones' Daffy sees himself as self-preservationist, not selfish. However, this Daffy can do nothing that does not backfire on him, more likely to singe his tail feathers as well as his ego and pride than anything. It is thought that Chuck Jones based Daffy Duck's new personality on his fellow animator Bob Clampett, who, like Daffy, was known as a loud self-promoter. In "Beanstalk Bunny" Daffy, Bugs and Elmer are once again teamed up in a parody of "Jack and the Beanstalk" (with Elmer as the giant); in "A Star Is Bored" Daffy tries to upstage Bugs Bunny; while in the spoofs of the TV shows "The Millionaire" and "This Is Your Life", "The Million Hare" Daffy tries to defeat his arch-rival Bugs Bunny for a $1,000,000.00 prize given out by his favorite TV show and "This Is a Life?" Daffy tries to upstage Bugs Bunny in order to be the guest of honor on the show; in all four of these cartoons Daffy ends up a loser because of his own overemotional personality (which impairs Daffy's common sense and reasoning ability) and his craving for attention.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Film critic Steve Schneider calls Jones' version of Daffy "a kind of unleashed id." Jones said that his version of the character "expresses all of the things we're afraid to express." This is evident in Jones' "Duck Amuck" (1953), "one of the few unarguable masterpieces of American animation" according to Schneider. In the episode, Daffy is plagued by a godlike animator whose malicious paintbrush alters the setting, soundtrack, and even Daffy. When Daffy demands to know who is responsible for the changes, the camera pulls back to reveal none other than Bugs Bunny. "Duck Amuck" is widely heralded as a classic of filmmaking for its illustration that a character's personality can be recognized independently of appearance, setting, voice, and plot. In 1999, the short was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.


title: Daffy Duck

text: When the Warner Bros. animation studio briefly outsourced cartoon production to DePatie-Freleng Enterprises (DFE) in the 1960s, Daffy Duck became an antagonist in several cartoons opposite Speedy Gonzales, who refers to Daffy as "the loco duck." In "Well Worn Daffy" (1965), Daffy is determined to keep the mice away from a desperately needed well seemingly for no other motive than pure maliciousness. Furthermore, when he draws all the water he wants, Daffy then attempts to destroy the well in spite of the vicious pointlessness of the act, forcing Speedy to stop him. The Warner Bros. studio was entering its twilight years, and even Daffy had to stretch for humor in the period. In many of the later DFE cartoons, such as "Feather Finger" and "Daffy's Diner", Daffy is portrayed as a more sympathetic character (often forced to turn against Speedy at the behest of a common enemy) rather than the full-blown villain he is in cartoons like "Well Worn Daffy" and "Assault and Peppered". The last cartoon featuring Daffy and Speedy is "See Ya Later Gladiator", in what animation fans call the worst cartoon made by Warner Bros.


title: Daffy Duck

text: In light of the longstanding popularity of "The Bugs Bunny Show" and its various incarnations on CBS and ABC, NBC commissioned their own half-hour series, "The Daffy Duck Show", which began airing in the fall of 1978. While some well-known titles were included in the program, most of the cartoons featured on the series were from the late '60s Depatie-Freleng run. The program ran on NBC for two years, then in 1981 was rechristened "The Daffy/Speedy Show" and ran for another two years. Eventually, NBC canceled the series, and many of the cartoons were reintegrated into the lineups for the respective CBS and ABC Bugs Bunny shows.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy appeared in later cartoons. He was one of many "Looney Tunes" characters allowed by Warner Bros. to appear in the 1988 Disney/Amblin film "Who Framed Roger Rabbit". In the film, Daffy (utilizing his original, wacky characterization) shares a scene with his Disney counterpart Donald Duck whilst performing in a piano duel. In 1987, to celebrate Daffy's 50th anniversary, Warner Bros. released "The Duxorcist" as its first theatrical "Looney Tunes" short in two decades. Daffy Duck also appeared in several feature-film compilations, including two films centering on Daffy. The first was released in 1983, "Daffy Duck's Fantastic Island"; the second came in 1988, "Daffy Duck's Quackbusters", which is considered one of the "Looney Tunes"' best compilation films and featured another new theatrical short, "The Night of the Living Duck". Daffy has also had major roles in films such as "Space Jam" in 1996 and "" in 2003. The latter film does much to flesh out his character, even going so far as to cast a sympathetic light on Daffy's glory-seeking ways in one scene, where he complains that he works tirelessly without achieving what Bugs does without even trying. That same year, Warner Bros. cast him in a brand-new "Duck Dodgers" series. (It should be stressed that in this show, Duck Dodgers actually is Daffy Duck due to him being frozen in suspended animation in some unknown incident.) He had a cameo appearance in "The Sylvester & Tweety Mysteries" episode "When Granny Ruled the Earth", first airing on March 27, 1999. Daffy has also been featured in several webtoons, which can be viewed online.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy has also made appearances on numerous television series. In "Tiny Toon Adventures", Daffy is a teacher at Acme Looniversity, where he is the hero and mentor of student Plucky Duck. He is shown as a baby in "Baby Looney Tunes" and appears to have a similar personality to some of his earlier years with him being a rival of Bugs and saying Woo-hoo! a lot. show and made occasional cameo appearances on "Animaniacs" and "Histeria!". In "Loonatics Unleashed", his descendant is Danger Duck (voiced by Jason Marsden), who is also lame and unpopular to his teammates. A majority of these appearances try to emulate Chuck Jones of the characters.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy has also been given larger roles in more recent "Looney Tunes" films and series. Following "", Warner Bros. has slowly moved the spotlight away from Bugs and more towards Daffy, as shown in the 2006 direct-to-video movie "Bah, Humduck! A Looney Tunes Christmas", where Daffy plays the lead, while Bugs appears in a minor supporting role.


title: Daffy Duck

text: However, more recent merchandise of the duck, as well as that featured on the official website, have been shown to incorporate elements of the zanier, more light-hearted Daffy of the 1930s and 1940s. Producer Larry Doyle noted that recent theatrical cartoons were planned that would portray a more diverse Daffy closer to that of Robert McKimson's design; however, due to the box office bomb of "", these new films ceased production.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy returned to Cartoon Network in "The Looney Tunes Show", voiced by Jeff Bergman. In the show, he has moved out of the forest and shares Bugs' house with him. Unlike Bugs and their neighbors, Daffy has no way of earning money and relies on Bugs for food and shelter. He tried on numerous occasions to get rich quick, but ended up failing repeatedly. Daffy's one possession he is proud of is his paper-mache parade float, constructed on top of a flatbed truck, which is his main means of transportation. While Daffy's greed and jealousy of Bugs remains, he appears to be less antagonistic in this show, as Bugs even tells Daffy in spite of his faults, he is Bugs' best friend and vice versa. Daffy serves as a sort of mentor to Gossamer. Daffy has difficulty telling fiction from reality; he often confuses television shows for his own life, believes Bugs is Superman, and at one point hallucinates he is a wizard.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy starred in the 3-D short "Daffy's Rhapsody" with Elmer Fudd that was originally set to premiere before "Happy Feet Two" but instead debuted prior to "". The short features Daffy and Elmer in the first CG or 3-D depiction of these specific "Looney Tunes" characters. According to Matthew O’Callaghan, who directed the short, the audio comes from a 1950s recording for a children's album. Daffy is performing in a hunting musical, when Elmer, who is in the audience, pursues him. Daffy is initially unaware of the danger, but quickly realizes the threat Elmer poses and outwits him by using the props against him.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy appears in the Cartoon Network series "New Looney Tunes" where he is voiced by Dee Bradley Baker. Daffy is often paired with Porky where Daffy will annoy and bedevil the pig, though occasionally Porky one ups Daffy.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Daffy appears in the preschool series "Bugs Bunny Builders" which currently airs on Cartoon Network's Cartoonito block and HBO Max. Eric Bauza reprises his role.


title: Daffy Duck

text: Dell Comics published several Daffy Duck comic books, beginning in "Four Color Comics" #457, #536, and #615 and then continuing as "Daffy" #4-17 (1956–59), then as "Daffy Duck" #18-30 (1959–62). The comic book series was subsequently continued in Gold Key Comics "Daffy Duck" #31-127 (1962–79). This run was in turn continued under the Whitman Comics imprint until the company completely ceased comic book publication in 1984. In 1994, corporate cousin DC Comics became the publisher for comics featuring all the classic Warner Bros. cartoon characters, and while not getting his own title, Daffy has appeared in many issues of "Looney Tunes".


title: Yeshua

text: Yeshua or Y'shua (; with vowel pointing ) was a common alternative form of the name Yehoshua () in later books of the Hebrew Bible and among Jews of the Second Temple period. The name corresponds to the Greek spelling (), from which, through the Latin /, comes the English spelling Jesus.


title: Yeshua

text: The Hebrew spelling () appears in some later books of the Hebrew Bible. Once for Joshua the son of Nun, and 28 times for Joshua the High Priest and other priests called Jeshua – although these same priests are also given the spelling Joshua in 11 further instances in the books of Haggai and Zechariah. It differs from the usual Hebrew Bible spelling of Joshua (, ), found 218 times in the Hebrew Bible, in the absence of the consonant () and placement of the semivowel () after, not before, the consonant (). It also differs from the Hebrew spelling () which is found in and used in most secular contexts in Modern Hebrew to refer to Jesus, although the Hebrew spelling () is generally used in translations of the New Testament into Hebrew and used by Hebrew-speaking Christians in Israel. The name Yeshua is also used in Hebrew historical texts to refer to other Joshuas recorded in Greek texts such as Jesus ben Ananias and Jesus ben Sira.


title: Yeshua

text: In English, the name Yeshua is extensively used by followers of Messianic Judaism, whereas East Syriac Christian denominations use the name in order to preserve the Syriac name of Jesus. The 2004 film "The Passion of the Christ", which was made in Aramaic, used Yeshua as the name of Jesus and is the most well-known western Christian work to have done so.


title: Yeshua

text: The name , (transliterated in the English Old Testament as Jeshua), is a late form of the Biblical Hebrew name , (Joshua), and spelled with a in the second syllable. The Late Biblical Hebrew spellings for earlier names often contracted the theophoric element to . Thus, , , contracted to , .


title: Yeshua

text: Yeshua in Hebrew is a verbal derivative from "to rescue", "to deliver". Among the Jews of the Second Temple period, the Biblical Aramaic/Hebrew name , was common: the Hebrew Bible mentions several individuals with this name – while also using their full name Joshua. This name is a feature of biblical books written in the post-Exilic period (Ezra, Nehemiah, and Chronicles) and was found in the Dead Sea Scrolls, though Haggai and Zechariah prefer the spelling Joshua. Strong's Concordance connects the name , , in the English form Jeshua (as used in multiple instances in Ezra, Nehemiah, and 1 and 2 Chronicles), with the verb "to deliver" (or, "to rescue"). It is often translated as "He saves," to conform with Matthew 1:21: "She will bear a Son; and you shall call His name Jesus, for He will save His people from their sins".


title: Yeshua

text: The name occurs in the Hebrew of the Old Testament at verses Ezra 2:2, 2:6, 2:36, 2:40, 3:2, 3:8, 3:9, 3:10, 3:18, 4:3, 8:33; Nehemiah 3:19, 7:7, 7:11, 7:39, 7:43, 8:7, 8:17, 9:4, 9:5, 11:26, 12:1, 12:7, 12:8, 12:10, 12:24, 12:26; 1 Chronicles 24:11; and 2 Chronicles 31:15, and also in Aramaic at Ezra 5:2. In Nehemiah 8:17 this name refers to Joshua son of Nun, the successor of Moses, as leader of the Israelites. In earlier English (where adaptations of names of Biblical figures were generally based on the Latin Vulgate forms), Yeshua was generally transcribed identically to "Jesus" in English.


title: Yeshua

text: The name Yehoshua has the form of a compound of "Yeho-" and "shua": () is another form of , , a theophoric element standing for the name of God, (the Tetragrammaton YHWH, sometimes transcribed into English as Yahweh), and , is a noun meaning "a cry for help", "a saving cry", that is to say, a shout given when in need of rescue.


title: Yeshua

text: Another explanation for the name Yehoshua is that it comes from the root , , meaning "to deliver, save, or rescue". According to the Book of Numbers verse 13:16, the name of Joshua, the son of Nun was originally (), and the name () is usually spelled the same but with a added at the beginning. "Hosheaʿ" certainly comes from the root , , (in the Hif'il form the becomes a ), and not from the word , .)


title: Yeshua

text: In the 1st century, Philo of Alexandria, in a Greek exposition, offered this understanding of Moses's reason for the name change of the biblical hero Jehoshua/Joshua son of Nun from Hoshea (similar to , meaning "He rescued") to Yehoshua in commemoration of his salvation: "And refers to salvation of the Lord" [ or being the Greek form of the name] () ("On the Change of Names" 21.121).


title: Yeshua

text: Similarly, the Septuagint renders Ben Sira as saying (in the Greek form of the name): " the son of Naue [Yehoshua Ben Nun] who "according to his name" became great unto [the] salvation/deliverance of his chosen ones" () (Ben Sira 46:1–2). However, Ben Sira originally wrote in Hebrew in the second century BC, and the only extant Hebrew manuscript for this passage has "in his days" (), not "according to his name" (which would be in Hebrew), and thus does not comment on the name Yehoshua as connoting "deliverance": "Yehoshua Ben Nun, who was formed to be "in his days" a great deliverer for his chosen ones" ().


title: Yeshua

text: Tal Ilan's Lexicon of Jewish Names in Late Antiquity (2002) includes for "Joshua" 85 examples of Hebrew , 15 of , and 48 examples of in Greek inscriptions," with only one Greek variant as . One ossuary of the around twenty known with the name Yeshua, Rahmani No.9, discovered by Ezra Sukenik in 1931, has "Yeshu... Yeshua ben Yosef." The "Yeshu..." may have been scratched out. Two Jewish magical incantation bowls have been discovered both bearing variant spellings of Yeshua.


title: Yeshua

text: Apart from the "Yeshua... Yeshua ben Yosef" ossuary, the only other known evidence for the existence of a Yeshua form prior to the material related to Jesus in the Talmud, is a graffito which Joachim Jeremias identified in Bethesda in 1966, but which is now filled in.


title: Yeshua

text: In (, ), the Hebrew letter (, is vocalized with the Hebrew vowel (, a 'long' "e" like the first syllable of "neighbor" but not diphthongized), rather than with a (, as Y'shua) or (, Yesh-shua). The final letter, () is (a rough, guttural sound not found in Greek or English), sometimes transcribed (). The final represents the "patach genuvah" ("furtive" "patach"), indicating that the consonant is pronounced after the "a" vowel, and the word's stress is moved to the middle syllable (the characteristics of the furtive patach can be seen in other words, such as , 'spirit'). Thus it is pronounced in Modern Hebrew.


title: Yeshua

text: The Hebrew name of Jesus is probably pronounced , although this is uncertain and depends on the reconstruction of several ancient Hebrew dialects. Talshir suggests, even though Galileans tended to keep the traditional spelling for with for , they still pronounced the name similarly to the Judeans, as 'Yeshua' , who tended to spell the name phonetically as , perhaps reducing the name thus: > > , with the palatalizing (via dissimilation) before the .


title: Yeshua

text: Qimron describes the general linguistic environment of Hebrew dialects by the time of the Dead Sea Scrolls. The articulation of the (along with other guttural phonemes , , and , as well as approximants and ) lenited significantly. Thus Hebrew pronunciations became less stable when two successive vowels were no longer separated by a consonant . The speakers optionally either reduced the two vowels to a single vowel or oppositely expanded them to emphasize each vowel separately, sometimes forming a furtive glide in between, or . For example, the Dead Sea Scrolls spell the Hebrew word (, 'seen') variously, recording both pronunciations: reduced () and expanded ().


title: Yeshua

text: The Hebrew name Yehoshua generally reduced to Yeshua, but an expanded Yehoshua is possible, especially in Galilee, whose traditional orthography possibly reflects this.


title: Yeshua

text: The English name "Jesus" derives from the Late Latin name , which transliterates the Koine Greek name .


title: Yeshua

text: In the Septuagint and other Greek-language Jewish texts, such as the writings of Josephus and Philo of Alexandria, () is the standard Koine Greek form used to translate both of the Hebrew names: Yehoshua and Yeshua. The Greek or is also used to represent the name of Joshua son of Nun in the New Testament passages Acts 7:45 and Hebrews 4:8. (It was even used in the Septuagint to translate the name "Hoshea" in one of the three verses where this referred to Joshua the son of Nun—Deuteronomy 32:44.)


title: Yeshua

text: During the second Temple period (beginning 538 BC–70 AD), Yeshua first became a known form of the name Yehoshua. All occurrences of Yeshua in the Hebrew Bible are in 1 Chronicles 24:11, 2 Chronicles 31:15, Ezra, and Nehemiah where it is transliterated into English as Jeshua. Two of these men (Joshua the son of Nun and Joshua the High Priest) are mentioned in other books of the Hebrew Bible where they are instead called Yehoshua (transliterated into English as Joshua).


title: Yeshua

text: The earlier form Yehoshua did not disappear, however, and remained in use as well. In the post-exilic books, Joshua the son of Nun is called both Yeshua bin-Nun (Nehemiah 8:17) and Yehoshua (1 Chronicles 7:27). The short form Yeshua was used for Jesus ben Sirach in Hebrew fragments of the Wisdom of Sirach. (Some concern remains over whether these fragments faithfully represent the original Hebrew text or are instead a later translation back into Hebrew.) The earlier form Yehoshua saw revived usage from the Hasmonean period onwards, although the name Yeshua is still found in letters from the time of the Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–135 AD).


title: Yeshua

text: In the documentary "The Lost Tomb of Jesus", archeologist Amos Kloner stated that the name Yeshua was then a popular form of the name Yehoshua and was "one of the common names in the time of the Second Temple." In discussing whether it was remarkable to find a tomb with the name of Jesus (the particular ossuary in question bears the inscription "Yehuda bar Yeshua"), he pointed out that the name had been found 71 times in burial caves from that time period.


title: Yeshua

text: Thus, both the full form Yehoshua and the abbreviated form Yeshua were in use during the Gospel period – and in relation to the same person, as in the Hebrew Bible references to Yehoshua/Yeshua son of Nun, and Yehoshua/Yeshua the high priest in the days of Ezra. An argument in favor of the Hebrew reduced form , , as opposed to Yehoshua, is the Western Syriac language, in which the pronunciation is "Yeshuʿ" .


title: Yeshua

text: Aramaic and Classical Syriac render the pronunciation of the same letters as ' and ' . The Aramaic Bibles and the Syriac Peshitta preserve these same spellings. Current scholarly consensus posits that the New Testament texts were translated from the Greek, but this theory is not supported directly at least by the name for Jesus, which is not a simple transliteration of the Greek form as would otherwise be expected, as Greek did not have a "sh" sound, and substituted ; and likewise lacked and therefore omitted the final (). Moreover, Eusebius (early 4th century) reports that Papius (early 2nd century) reports that Jesus's disciple Matthew the Evangelist wrote a gospel "in the Hebrew language". (Note: Scholars typically argue the word "Hebrew" in the New Testament refers to Aramaic; however, others have attempted to refute this view.) The Aramaic of the Peshitta does not distinguish between "Joshua" and "Jesus", and the Lexicon of William Jennings gives the same form of for both names. The Hebrew final letter () is equivalent to final in Syriac varieties of Aramaic. It can be argued that Aramaic speakers who used this name had a continual connection to the Aramaic-speakers in communities founded by the apostles and other students of Jesus, thus independently preserved his historical name Yeshuuʿ and the Eastern dialectical . Those churches following the East Syriac Rite still preserve the name .


title: Yeshua

text: In the Talmud, only one reference is made to the spelling Yeshuaʿ, in verbatim quotation from the Hebrew Bible regarding Jeshua son of Jozadak (elsewhere called Joshua son of Josedech). The Talmud does refer to several people named Yehoshua from before (e.g. Joshua ben Perachyah) and after Jesus (e.g., Joshua ben Hananiah). In references to Jesus in the Talmud, however, where the name occurs, it is rendered Yeshu, which is a name reserved in Aramaic and Hebrew literature from the early medieval period until today, solely for Jesus, not for other Joshuas. Some scholars, such as Maier (1978), regard the two named "Yeshuʿ" texts in the Talmud (Sanhedrin 43a and 107b) to be later amendments, and not original.


title: Yeshua

text: In general rabbinical sources, the name Yeshuʿ is used, and this is the form to which some named references to Jesus in the Talmud as Yeshu occur in some manuscripts of the Babylonian Talmud, though some scholars, such as Maier (1978) have argued that the presence of the name Yeshuʿ in these texts is a late interpolation. Some of the Hebrew sources referencing Yeshu include the , "The Book of Nestor the Priest", Jacob ben Reuben's , , , the works of ibn Shaprut, Moses ha-Kohen de Tordesillas, and Hasdai Crescas.


title: Yeshua

text: The name Yeshu is unknown in archeological sources and inscriptions, except for one ossuary found in Israel which has an inscription where someone has started to write first "Yeshu.." and then written "Yeshuaʿ bar Yehosef" beneath it. There are 24 other ossuaries to various Yeshuas and Yehoshuas. None of the others have Yeshu. All other "Joshuas" in the Talmud, rabbinical writings, modern Hebrew, are always Yeshua or Yehoshua. There are no undisputed examples of any Aramaic or Hebrew text where Yeshu refers to anyone else than Jesus.


title: Yeshua

text: Some of rabbinical sources comment on the reasons for the missing from Yeshu, as opposed to the Hebrew Bible Yeshuaʿ and Yehoshuaʿ. Leon Modena argues that it was Jesus himself who made his disciples remove the , and that therefore they cannot now restore it. (Modena was a 17th-century polemicist and does not have reliable linguistic evidence for the claim.) A tradition states that the shortening to Yeshu relates to the Y-SH-U of the , "may his name be obliterated." Against this David Flusser suggested that the name "Yeshu" itself was "in no way abusive," but "almost certainly" a Galilean dialect form of Yeshua. But E.Y. Kutscher showed that the was still pronounced in Galilee, refuting a thesis by Paul Kahle.


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: Conrad Wayne Ricamora (born February 17, 1979) is an American actor. He is best known for his portrayal of Oliver Hampton on the ABC television series "How to Get Away with Murder" (2014–20). As a stage actor, he is noted for his roles in the original Off-Broadway musicals "Here Lies Love" and "Soft Power", which premiered in 2013 and 2019, respectively. He made his Broadway debut in the 2015 revival of "The King and I".


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: Ricamora was born in Santa Maria, California. He is the son of Ron Ricamora, who was in the US Air Force, and social worker Debbie Bolender. His father was born in Manila, Philippines and moved to the US when he was 10. His father is believed to be of Filipino descent and is adopted, and his mother is of German and Irish descent. Ricamora grew up primarily in Niceville, Florida, and was an avid tennis player. He is gay and was honored with the Human Rights Campaign's Visibility Award.


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: Ricamora attended Queens University of Charlotte on a tennis scholarship, graduating with a degree in psychology in 2001. He graduated from the MFA acting program at University of Tennessee in 2012.


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: Ricamora was first introduced to acting during his undergraduate studies and, after graduating, took part in community theater in Charlotte, North Carolina and Philadelphia before attending acting school. Following graduation, Ricamora performed the role of Ninoy Aquino in the 2013 Off-Broadway musical, "Here Lies Love", which had two runs at The Public Theater. He won a Theatre World Award and was nominated for a Lucille Lortel Award for Outstanding Lead Actor in a Musical.


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: In 2014, he was cast in the recurring role of Oliver Hampton on the ABC legal drama series "How to Get Away with Murder". He continued to make guest appearances throughout the show's second season and was promoted to a series regular in season three. The show concluded after its sixth season in 2020.


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: Ricamora played Lun Tha in Lincoln Center Theater's 2015 Broadway revival of Rodgers and Hammerstein's "The King and I", directed by Bartlett Sher. The 2015 Broadway cast recording of the musical received a Grammy Award nomination for Best Musical Theater Album.


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: In 2017, Ricamora rejoined the cast of "Here Lies Love" as Ninoy Aquino at the Seattle Repertory Theater.


title: Conrad Ricamora

text: In 2018, Ricamora starred in the premiere of David Henry Hwang's "Soft Power" as Xue Xing at the Ahmanson Theatre in Los Angeles and subsequently received a nomination for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Cory Sandhagen (born April 20, 1992) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Bantamweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). A professional competitor since 2015, Sandhagen has also competed for Legacy Fighting Alliance. As of December 6, 2022, he is #5 in the UFC bantamweight rankings.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Born and raised in Aurora, Colorado, Sandhagen attended Smoky Hill High School where he was on the basketball team – a sport he had been playing from his youth. Eventually he grew interest in combat sports, first picking up kickboxing in which he won multiple WKA titles. After winning a WKA world title, Sandhagen began transitioning to mixed martial arts.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen attended University of Colorado Boulder, from where he graduated with a degree in psychology.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen made his Legacy Fighting Alliance debut on February 24, 2017 at against Jamall Emmers, losing the bout via unanimous decision. His next fight was on October 17, 2017 against Luiz Antonio Lobo Gavinho at , which he won via first round TKO. Sandhagen's final appearance for Legacy Fighting Alliance came on January 19, 2018 at , defeating Jose Aguayo via first round TKO.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen made his promotional debut at on January 27, 2018 against Austin Arnett. He won the fight via second-round TKO.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: His next bout was at on August 25, 2018 Iuri Alcantara. After a back-and-forth affair, he won the fight via second-round TKO. This fight earned him the Fight of the Night award.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen was scheduled to face Thomas Almeida at . However, it was later announced that Sandhagen would face John Lineker at the event instead. On January 10, Lineker was forced to withdraw from the bout due to a rib injury. He was replaced by promotional newcomer Mario Bautista. He won the bout via first round submission.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: The bout with Lineker was rescheduled and eventually took place on April 27, 2019 at . Sandhagen won the fight via split decision.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen faced Raphael Assunção on August 17, 2019 at UFC 241. He won the bout by unanimous decision.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen was scheduled to face Frankie Edgar in a bantamweight bout on January 25, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 166. However, Edgar was removed from the fight in favour of a bout against Chan Sung Jung a month earlier at UFC Fight Night 165. In turn, Sandhagen was removed from the card.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen faced Aljamain Sterling on June 6, 2020 at UFC 250 in a bout that UFC president Dana White confirmed to be a bantamweight title eliminator. He lost the bout via submission in the first round.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen faced Marlon Moraes on October 11, 2020 at UFC Fight Night 179 in the main event. Sandhagen won the fight via technical knockout in round two. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen faced Frankie Edgar at UFC Fight Night 184 on February 6, 2021. He won the fight via knockout by flying knee in the first round. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen was scheduled to face T.J. Dillashaw on May 8, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 24. However, Dillashaw announced on April 27 that he had to pull out of the fight due to a cut he received from a headbutt in training. The pairing remained intact and was rescheduled to headline on July 24, 2021. He lost a close fight via split decision. 17 out of 23 media outlets scored the bout as a win for Sandhagen.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen faced Petr Yan for the Interim UFC Bantamweight Championship at UFC 267 on October 30, 2021. Sandhagen served as a late replacement for Aljamain Sterling, who was forced to withdraw from the bout with Yan due to a neck injury. He lost the bout via unanimous decision. This bout earned the "Fight of the Night" award.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Sandhagen faced Song Yadong on September 17, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 210. He won the fight via technical knockout after the doctor stopped the fight due to a cut.


title: Cory Sandhagen

text: Apart from his mixed martial arts career, Sandhagen worked part-time at a trauma center for children and teaches mixed martial arts at High Altitude Martial Arts in Aurora, Colorado.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The Security Service of Ukraine () or SBU () is the law enforcement authority and main intelligence and security agency of the Ukrainian government, in the areas of counter-intelligence activity and combating terrorism. The Constitution of Ukraine defines the SBU as a military formation, and its staff are considered military personnel with ranks. It is subordinated directly under the authority of the president of Ukraine. The SBU also operates its own special forces unit, the Alpha Group.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The SBU is the successor of the Ukrainian branch of the Soviet KGB, created after the Declaration of Independence of Ukraine in 1991. The agency was negatively seen by the Ukrainian public, as they were widely regarded as corrupt and were for conducting arrests and intimidations of political dissidents. After the Revolution of Dignity, the SBU went through a restructuring with the transition to the new government, as the agency was rife with corruption and infiltration by the Russian intelligence services.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The SBU has since been involved in operations against Russia and pro-Russian separatists in Donbas after the start of the War in Donbas and the wider Russo-Ukrainian War.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The Security Service of Ukraine is vested, within its competence defined by law, with the protection of national sovereignty, constitutional order, territorial integrity, economical, scientific, technical, and defense potential of Ukraine, legal interests of the state, and civil rights, from intelligence and subversion activities of foreign special services and from unlawful interference attempted by certain organizations, groups and individuals, as well with ensuring the protection of state secrets.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: Other duties include combating crimes that endanger the peace and security of mankind, terrorism, corruption, and organized criminal activities in the sphere of management and economy, as well as other unlawful acts immediately threatening Ukraine's vital interests.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The general structure and operational methods of SBU appear to be very similar to that of its predecessor (KGB of Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic) with exception of Ukrainian Border Guards and department responsible for security of high-rank state officials. Both of them became independent institutions. However, the SBU keeps under its control special operation Alpha units with bases in every Ukrainian province. According to British political expert Taras Kuzio the organizational structure of SBU remains bloated in size compared to its predecessor, the Soviet Ukrainian KGB, because the total number of active officers is as high as 30,000 personnel. It is six times larger than the British domestic MI5 and external MI6 combined.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In May 1918 the Department of the State Guard of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Ukrainian State started to form a new intelligence service. This was a much more effective agency than its predecessor due to the incorporation of former employees of Okhrana (the secret police force of the Russian Empire). After the fall of the Ukrainian State and the return of power of the Ukrainian People's Republic (UNR) in December 1918, the new UNR authorities destroyed virtually all of the state infrastructure of the Ukrainian State. Therefore, the new secret services founded in January 1919 (with two divisions – domestic and foreign) had to start practically from scratch. It never became as well-led, nor as successful, as its forerunner, the security services of the Ukrainian State. The security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic on the other hand were well-organized. The West Ukrainian People's Republic were formed in March 1919 as the Field Gendarmerie of the Ukrainian Galician Army (it also served as military police). There was no cooperation between the security services of the West Ukrainian People's Republic and Ukrainian People's Republic.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In 1924 former (April–July 1919) head of intelligence of the Ukrainian People's Republic Mykola Chebotarov started intelligence work on his own initiative for the Ukrainian People's Republic government in exile on the territory of the Ukrainian SSR.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The All-Ukrainian Cheka was formed on December 3, 1918, in Kursk on the initiative from Yakov Sverdlov and Lenin's orders. The commission was formed on the decree of the Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine and later adopted on May 30, 1919, by the All-Ukrainian Central Executive Committee. To support the Soviet government in Ukraine, in Moscow was formed a corps of special assignment with 24,500 soldiers as part of the All-Ukrainian Cheka. In spring 1919 there was created the Council in fight against counterrevolution and consisted of Adolph Joffe, Stanislav Kosior, and Martin Latsis. In its early years the security agency fought against the "kulak-nationalistic banditry" (peasants who resisted having their land confiscated and being forced into collective farms). On August 19, 1920, the All-Ukrainian Cheka arrested all members of the All-Ukrainian Conference of Mensheviks after accusing them in counterrevolution. On December 10, 1934, the State Political Directorate of Ukraine was dissolved, becoming part of the NKVD of Ukraine.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The SBU is a successor of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch of the Soviet KGB, keeping the majority of its 1990s personnel, many of whom came from the KGB's 5th directorate. It was created in September 1991 following the August 1991 independence of Ukraine. The last Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic's Branch head Colonel-General Nikolai Golushko stayed on as chairman of the newly formed Security Service of Ukraine for four months before moving to Russia. (Golushko headed the Russian Federal Counterintelligence Service in 1993 and 1994.)


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: Since 1992, the agency has been competing in intelligence functions with the intelligence branch of the Ukrainian Ministry of Defense. Despite this, a former Military Intelligence Chief and career GRU technological espionage expert, Ihor Smeshko, served as an SBU chief until 2005.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: According to Taras Kuzio during the 1990s in some regions of Ukraine (Donetsk) the SBU teamed up with local criminals taking part in privatization of state property (so-called "prykhvatizatsiya") ignoring its operational objectives and sky-rocketing level of local violence. A notorious incident took place in December 1995 in Western Ukraine when a local citizen Yuriy Mozola was arrested by SBU agents, interrogated and brutally tortured for three days. He refused to confess in trumped up murder charges and died in SBU custody. Later it turned out that the real killer was Anatoly Onoprienko. He was arrested the next year.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: Reports of SBU involvement in arms sales abroad began appearing regularly in the early 2000s. Ukrainian authorities have acknowledged these sales and arrested some alleged participants.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In 2004, the SBU's Intelligence Department was reorganized into an independent agency called Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine. It is responsible for all kinds of intelligence as well as for external security. As of 2004, the exact functions of the new service, and respective responsibilities of the Foreign Intelligence Service of Ukraine were not regulated yet. On November 7, 2005, the President of Ukraine created the Ukraine State Service of special communications and protection of information, also known as Derzhspetszvyazok (StateSpecCom) in place of one of the departments of SBU and making it an autonomous agency. The SBU subsumed the Directorate of State Protection of Ukraine (), the personal protection agency for the most senior government officials, which was the former Ninth Directorate of the Ukrainian KGB.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The SBU's State Directorate of Personal Protection is known for its former Major Mykola Mel'nychenko, the communications protection agent in President Leonid Kuchma's bodyguard team. Mel'nychenko was the central figure of the Cassette Scandal (2000)—one of the main events in Ukraine's post-independence history. SBU became involved in the case when Mel'nychenko accused Leonid Derkach, SBU Chief at the time, of several crimes, e.g., of clandestine relations with Russian mafia leader Semyon Mogilevich. However, the UDO was subsumed into the SBU after the scandal, so Mel'nychenko himself has never been an SBU agent.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: Later, the SBU played a significant role in the investigation of the Georgiy Gongadze murder case, the crime that caused the Cassette Scandal itself.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In 2004, General Valeriy Kravchenko, SBU's intelligence representative in Germany, publicly accused his agency of political involvement, including overseas spying on Ukrainian opposition politicians and German TV journalists. He was fired without returning home. After a half-year of hiding in Germany, Kravchenko returned to Ukraine and surrendered in October 2004 (an investigation is underway).


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: Later, the agency commanders became involved in the scandal around the poisoning of Viktor Yushchenko—a main candidate in the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election. Yushchenko felt unwell soon after supper with SBU Chief Ihor Smeshko, at the home of Smeshko's first deputy. However, neither the politician himself nor the investigators have ever directly accused these officers. It is also important to note that the Personal Protection department has been officially responsible for Yushchenko's personal security since he became a candidate. During the Orange Revolution, several SBU veterans and cadets publicly supported him as president-elect, while the agency as a whole remained neutral.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In 2005, soon after the elections, sacked SBU Chief Smeshko and other intelligence agents stated their own version of the revolution's events. They claimed to have prevented militsiya from violently suppressing the protests, contradicting the orders of President Kuchma and threatening "militsiya" with armed involvement of SBU's special forces units. This story was first described by the American journalist C.J. Chivers of "The New York Times" and has never been supported with documents or legally.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: An episode of human rights abuse by SBU happened during the case of serial killer Anatoly Onoprienko. Yuriy Mozola, an initial suspect in the investigation, died in SBU custody in Lviv as a result of torture. Several agents were convicted in the case. The SBU remains a political controversial subject in Ukrainian politics.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: The former Security Service of Ukraine Head Valeriy Khoroshkovsky was involved in several controversies during his tenure. The rector of the Ukrainian Catholic University in Lviv Borys Gudziak heavily criticized a visit from the SBU, forcing Khoroshkovskiy to apologize. Later the head of the Kyiv Bureau of the Konrad Adenauer Foundation, Nico Lange, was detained for a short while and released only after several high-ranking officials from the "German Chancellery" vouched for him. The Security Service described the incident as a misunderstanding. Khoroshkovskiy, as the Chairman of the SBU, eliminated the main competition of Ukrainian TV-giant Inter, officially owned by his wife Olena Khoroshkovskiy, in the face of TVi and Channel 5. In July 2010, Konrad Schuller of the "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung" wrote that Khoroshkovskiy had connections with RosUkrEnergo. The most important source of Khoroshkovskiy's came from RosUkrEnergo. The President's spokesperson, Hanna Herman, in an interview with this newspaper, did not dispute that Dmytro Firtash was one of the sponsors of the Presidential Party of Regions, with the help of which Khoroshkovskiy was appointed to the position of the State Security chairman. Khoroshkovskiy denied any connections to RosUkrEnergo. However it is a fact that Firtash possesses certain privileges in Inter. Schuller also stated that the SBU acts in direct association with RosUkrEnergo, arresting their main opponents (see RosUkrEnergo) to recover their invested money in the recent presidential campaign. Khoroshkovskiy having declined to give an interview to "Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung", Schuller posted a quote from one of his other interviews:


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: When Minister of Finance Fedir Yaroshenko resigned on January 18, 2012, Khoroshkovsky replaced him in the post on the same day. Khoroshkovsky is also the owner of U.A. Inter Media Group which owns major shares in various Ukrainian TV channels including Inter TV. 238 members of the Verkhovna Rada voted for Khoroshkovsky, however the head of the parliamentary committee for the National Security and Defense Anatoliy Hrytsenko stated that the committee accepted the decision to recommend Verkhovna Rada to deny the candidature of Khoroshkovskiy on the post of the chairman of Security Service of Ukraine.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: Khoroshkovskiy said the SBU's main duty was to protect the president rather than the interests of Ukraine. On July 26, 2010, it arrested an internet blogger, producing a warrant for his arrest the next day. SBU accused the blogger of threatening the President of Ukraine, citing his comment "May thunder strike Yanukovych!"; he was released after a short discussion. However, SBU showed a rather passive reaction to the statements of the Russian state official who claimed that Crimea and Sevastopol belong to the Russian Federation. Protest group FEMEN said that after the early 2010 election of President Viktor Yanukovych the SBU attempted to intimidate the FEMEN activists.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: On May 22, 2012, Volodymyr Rokytskyi, Deputy Head of the SBU, was photographed in public wearing a $32,000 luxury wristwatch despite the fact that its price amounts to his yearly official income. The instance happened at a joint Ukrainian-American event dedicated to fighting the drug trade.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In February 2014, numerous documents, hard drives, and flash drives, including data on over 22,000 officers and informants, were stolen or destroyed in a raid on the SBU allegedly ordered by President Viktor Yanukovych.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: Late February 2014 opposition MP Hennadiy Moskal released papers that showed the SBU had allegedly infiltrated the late 2013 – February 2014 anti-government Euromaidan protest. According to BBC Ukraine analyst Olexiy Solohubenko many tactics discussed in the paper had indeed been performed.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: After the overthrow of Yanukovich in the Revolution of Dignity the new SBU head Valentyn Nalyvaichenko claimed to have found his new office building empty, saying "the agency's former leadership had all fled to Russia or Crimea. There were no operative files, no weapons. Institutionally, the place was totally destroyed". Nalyvaichenko also claimed that at that time the agency was heavily infiltrated by Russian spies. Indeed, Nalyvaichenko predecessor Oleksandr Yakymenko with about 15 former SBU top officials surfaced in Russia a few days later. Allegedly in the months following the Revolution of Dignity thousands of Ukrainian spies switched sides and began reporting to Russia during the 2014 Crimean crisis and the pro-Russian unrest in east and south Ukraine. At the end of 2014 235 SBU agents, including the former counterintelligence chief and his cousin, and hundreds of other operatives had been arrested and 25 high treason probes against Yanukovych-era SBU officials had been launched; also all regional directors had been changed, as well as half of their deputies. In July 2015 Nalyvaichenko claimed "There's no longer a total infiltration of Russian agents. The danger is no longer widespread". The arrested agents were replaced by new recruits from western Ukraine, many of them in their early twenties. To test loyalty, all SBU agents are subjected to recurrent interrogations and lie detector tests.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In June 2015, the "Kyiv Post" reported that a deputy chief of the SBU, Vitaly Malikov, had supported events leading to the annexation of Crimea. According to February 2016 official figures of the Ukrainian parliamentary Committee on National Security, after Russia's annexation 10% of SBU personnel left Crimea. According to the SBU itself (in November 2017) 13% did so.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: On December 21, 2017, two Ukrainian civil servants were arrested by the SBU for spying on behalf of Russia, one of them being an SBU employee while the other, Stanislav Yezhov, worked for various cabinet ministers.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: In late 2018, the SBU carried out raids across the country targeting the Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) churches and priests.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: On July 8, 2019, the SBU announced that they conducted a raid into Donbass to apprehend Vladimir Borysovich Tsemakh, who was head of the air defense in Snizhne and a 'person of interest' when a Buk missile launcher was used to shoot down MH17. The SBU mentioned that he's a witness to the incident.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: On April 14, 2020, the SBU announced the arrest of Lt. General , who was recruited in 2014 by the FSB during a Russian-Ukrainian anti-terrorist working group under the command of Colonel . He was known to head the anti-terrorist division who had played a prominent role in negotiating ceasefires and prisoner exchanges with Russia-backed militants in Eastern Ukraine. He had planned the future assassination of , a Chechen in the International Peacekeeping Battalion named after Dzhokhar Dudayev which is defending Ukraine against Russia aggression.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: With the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, the SBU started to conduct extensive counter-espionage against Russian intelligence services. The SBU captured fifth-columnists, Russian sympathizers, collaborators, spies and infiltrators. The SBU, with help of the American NSA and CIA, also broke through the Russian encrypted cellphone services, intercepting phone calls to find valuable targets or other useful intelligence. Several Russian generals died due to the intercepted calls. They also published many supposed intercepted phone calls on their website, showing morale issues or admissions of war crimes by Russian troops.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: On March 5, 2022, SBU agents shot and killed Denis Kireev, a member of Ukraine's negotiating delegation during the 2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine, while he was being arrested. According to the SBU, Kireev was suspected of treason and was claimed to have clear evidence of him working for the enemy. However in August 18, later the Chief Directorate of Intelligence of the Ministry of Defence of Ukraine (GUR) disclosed the information that he was their agent and that he "died while performing special tasks" for the GUR.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: On April 12, 2022, the SBU announced they had arrested Viktor Medvedchuk, an ally of Vladimir Putin, in what Bakanov called a "a lightning-fast and dangerous multi-level special operation"; a treason case was opened against Medvedchuk the previous year and in February, and authorities said that Medvedchuk that escaped from house arrest.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: July 17, 2022, Head of the SBU Ivan Bakanov was dismissed by President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. While a long-time associate and personal friend of Zelenskyy, Bakanov was accused of allowing treason and collaboration of SBU agents with Russia, and failing to uproot them. Vasyl Maliuk, the first Deputy Head of the SBU, was appointed as acting Head of the SBU.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: On August 20, 2022, a car bombing occurred on the outskirts of Moscow; resulting in the death of Darya Dugina, daughter of the well known, Pro-Kremlin intellectual and philosopher Alexander Dugin. It is thought by the American intelligence community that the SBU was likely involved in arranging the assassination. Some have speculated that their original target may have been Dugin himself, considering his prominence on state media as an ideological supporter of Russia's invasion.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: According to "Ukrainska Pravda" and the UNIAN, the October 2022 Crimean Bridge explosion was carried out by the SBU.


title: Security Service of Ukraine

text: According to reports of the United Nations Human Rights Monitoring Mission in Ukraine (HRMMU), the SBU personnel is responsible for multiple cases of human rights abuses including forced disappearances, sexual violence, and torture.