title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: The next day, Moreau begins working on the puma, eventually revealed as being experimented into a woman. Prendick gathers that Moreau is performing a painful experiment on the animal and its anguished cries drive Prendick out into the jungle. While he wanders, he comes upon a group of people who seem human but have an unmistakable resemblance to swine. As he walks back to the enclosure, he suddenly realises he is being followed by a figure in the jungle. He panics and flees, and the figure gives chase. As his pursuer bears down on him, Prendick manages to stun him with a stone and observes that the pursuer is a monstrous hybrid of animal and man. When Prendick returns to the enclosure and questions Montgomery, Montgomery refuses to be open with him. After failing to get an explanation, Prendick finally gives in and takes a sleeping draught.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: Prendick awakes the next morning with the previous night's activities fresh in his mind. Seeing that the door to Moreau's operating room has been left unlocked, he walks in to find a humanoid form lying in bandages on the table before he is ejected by a shocked and angry Moreau. He believes that Moreau has been vivisecting humans and that he is the next test subject. He flees into the jungle where he meets an Ape-Man who takes him to a colony of similarly half-human/half-animal creatures. Their leader is a large grey unspecified creature named the Sayer of the Law who has him recite a strange litany called the Law that involves prohibitions against bestial behavior and praise for Moreau.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: Suddenly, Dr. Moreau bursts into the colony looking for Prendick, but Prendick escapes to the jungle. He makes for the ocean where he plans to drown himself rather than allow Moreau to experiment on him. Moreau explains that the creatures called the Beast Folk were not formerly men, but rather animals. Prendick returns to the enclosure where Moreau explains that he has been on the island for eleven years and has been striving to make a complete transformation of an animal to a human. He explains that while he is getting closer to perfection, his subjects have a habit of reverting to their animal form and behaviour. Moreau regards the pain he inflicts as insignificant and an unavoidable side effect in the name of his scientific experiments. He also states that pain is an animalistic instinct that one who is truly human cannot have, cutting his thigh with a penknife with no apparent reaction, to further prove his point.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: One day, Prendick and Montgomery encounter a half-eaten rabbit. Since eating flesh and tasting blood are strong prohibitions, Dr. Moreau calls an assembly of the Beast Folk and identifies the Leopard-Man (the same one that chased Prendick the first time he wandered into the jungle) as the transgressor. Knowing that he will be sent back to Dr. Moreau's compound for more painful sessions of vivisection, the Leopard-Man flees. Eventually, the group corners him in some undergrowth, but Prendick takes pity and shoots him to spare him from further suffering. Prendick also believes that although the Leopard-Man was seen breaking several laws, such as drinking water bent down like an animal, chasing men (Prendick), and running on all fours, the Leopard-Man was not solely responsible for the deaths of the rabbits. It was also the Hyena-Swine, the next most dangerous Beast Man on the island. Dr. Moreau is furious that Prendick killed the Leopard-Man but can do nothing about the situation.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: As time passes, Prendick becomes inured to the grotesqueness of the Beast Folk. However one day, the half-finished puma woman rips free of her restraints and escapes from the lab. Dr. Moreau pursues her, but the two end up fighting each other, leading to their mutual deaths. Montgomery breaks down and decides to share his alcohol with the Beast Folk. Prendick resolves to leave the island, but later hears a commotion outside in which Montgomery, his servant M'ling, and the Sayer of the Law die after a scuffle with the Beast Folk. At the same time, the compound burns down because Prendick has knocked over a lamp. With no chance of saving any of the provisions stored in the enclosure, Prendick realizes that Montgomery has also destroyed the only boats on the island during the night.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: Prendick lives with the Beast Folk on the island for months after the deaths of Moreau and Montgomery. As the time goes by, the Beast Folk increasingly revert to their original animal instincts, beginning to hunt the island's rabbits, returning to walking on all fours, and leaving their shared living areas for the wild. They cease to follow Prendick's instructions. Eventually the Hyena-Swine kills Prendick's faithful companion, the Dog-Man created from a St. Bernard. With help from the Sloth Creature, Prendick shoots the Hyena-Swine in self-defence.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: Prendick's efforts to build a raft have been unsuccessful. Luckily for him, a lifeboat that carries two corpses drifts onto the beach (perhaps the captain of the ship that picked Prendick up and a sailor). Prendick uses the boat to leave the island and is picked up three days later. When he tells his story, he is thought to be mad. So he feigns amnesia.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: Upon his return to England, Prendick is no longer comfortable in the presence of humans, all of whom seem to him to be about to revert to an animal state. He leaves London and lives in near-solitude in the countryside, devoting himself to chemistry and astronomy in the studies of which he finds some peace.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: The Beast Folk are animals which Moreau has experimented upon, giving them human traits via vivisection for which the surgery is extremely painful. They include:


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: At the time of the novel's publication in 1896, there was growing discussion in Europe of the possibility of the degeneration of the human race. Increasing opposition to animal vivisection led to formation of groups like the National Anti-Vivisection Society in 1875, and the British Union for the Abolition of Vivisection in 1898. "The Island of Dr. Moreau" reflects the ethical, philosophical, and scientific concerns and controversies raised by these themes and the ideas of Darwinian evolution which were so disrupting to social norms in the late 1800s. In the introduction to the Atlantic Edition, H.G. Wells explained that the book was a reaction to the trial of Oscar Wilde and a covert condemnation of homophobia influenced by Swift.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: The novel has been criticised as lacking a scientific basis to form the plot of the story. It has almost 5,000 reviews on Goodreads, with an average rating of 3.73 out of 5.


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: The novel has been adapted to films and other media on multiple occasions. In addition, the novel has influenced many fictional works. The following are some of the works which are related to the character of Dr. Moreau and his story:


title: The Island of Doctor Moreau

text: In the short essay "The Limits of Individual Plasticity" (1895), H.G. Wells expounded upon his firm belief that the events depicted in "The Island of Doctor Moreau" are entirely possible should such vivisective experiments ever be tested outside the confines of science fiction. Until recently, modern medicine has shown that non-human animals lack the necessary brain structure to emulate human faculties like speech. In addition, immune responses to foreign tissues make transplantation within one species very complicated, let alone between species. However, a team of researchers at Stanford University have successfully transplanted a cluster of living human brain cells from a dish in the lab to the brain of a newborn rat to study neurological conditions such as autism, ADHD, and schizophrenia.


title: Istria

text: Istria ( ; Croatian and Slovene: ; ; Istro-Romanian, Italian and Venetian: ; formerly in Latin and in Ancient Greek) is the largest peninsula within the Adriatic Sea. The peninsula is located at the head of the Adriatic between the Gulf of Trieste and the Kvarner Gulf. It is shared by three countries: Croatia, Slovenia, and Italy. Croatia encapsulates most of the Istrian peninsula with its Istria County.


title: Istria

text: The geographical features of Istria include the Učka/Monte Maggiore mountain range, which is the highest portion of the Ćićarija/Cicceria mountain range; the rivers Dragonja/Dragogna, Mirna/Quieto, Pazinčica, and Raša; and the Lim/Canale di Leme bay and valley. Istria lies in three countries: Croatia, Slovenia and Italy. By far the largest portion (89%) lies in Croatia. "Croatian Istria" is divided into two counties, the larger being Istria County in western Croatia. Important towns in Istria County include Pula/Pola, Poreč/Parenzo, Rovinj/Rovigno, Pazin/Pisino, Labin/Albona, Umag/Umago, Motovun/Montona, Buzet/Pinguente, and Buje/Buie. Smaller towns in Istria County include Višnjan/Visignano, Roč/Rozzo, and Hum/Olmo.


title: Istria

text: The northwestern part of Istria lies in Slovenia: it is known as Slovenian Istria, and includes the coastal municipalities of Piran/Pirano, Izola/Isola, and Koper/Capodistria. It also includes the Karstic municipality of Hrpelje-Kozina/Erpelle-Cosina.


title: Istria

text: Northwards of Slovenian Istria, there is a tiny portion of the peninsula that lies in Italy. This smallest portion of Istria consists of the "comunes" of Muggia/Milje and San Dorligo della Valle/Dolina with Santa Croce (Trieste) lying farthest to the north.


title: Istria

text: The ancient region of "Histria" extended over a much wider area, including the whole Karst Plateau with the southern edges of the Vipava Valley/Vipacco Valley, the southwestern portions of modern Inner Carniola with Postojna/Postumia and Ilirska Bistrica/Bisterza, and the Italian Province of Trieste, but not the Liburnian coast which was already part of Illyricum.


title: Istria

text: The name is derived from the Histri () tribes, which Strabo refers to as living in the region and who are credited as being the builders of the hillfort settlements (castellieri). The Histri are classified in some sources as a "Venetic" Illyrian tribe with certain linguistic differences from other Illyrians. The Romans described the Histri as a fierce tribe of pirates, protected by the difficult navigation of their rocky coasts. It took two military campaigns for the Romans to finally subdue them in 177 BC. The region was then called together with the Venetian part the X. Roman Region of "Venetia et Histria", the ancient definition of the northeastern border of Italy. Dante Alighieri refers to it as well, the eastern border of Italy per ancient definition is the river "Arsia". The eastern side of this river was settled by people whose culture was different than Histrians. Earlier influence of the Iapodes was attested there, while at some time between the 4th and 1st century BC the Liburnians extended their territory and it became a part of Liburnia. On the northern side, Histria extended much further north and included the Italian city of Trieste.


title: Istria

text: Some scholars speculate that the names Histri and Istria are related to the Latin name Hister, or Danube (especially its lower course). Ancient folktales reported —inaccurately— that the Danube split in two or "bifurcated" and came to the sea near Trieste as well as at the Black Sea. The story of the "bifurcation of the Danube" is part of the Argonaut legend. There is also a suspected link (but no historical documentation in support of it) to the commune of Istria in Constanța, Romania which is named after the ancient city Histria, named after River Hister.


title: Istria

text: In the Dark Ages, Istria was conquered and occupied by the Goths. Ostrogoth coins were found in Istria, as well as the remains of some buildings. South of Poreč there are the remains of the church of Sv. Petar, erected in the 5th century (with a baptistery added later), which reportedly served the Arian eastern Goths ruling Istria. Most notably, the Goths used Istrian stone to build their best known monument, the Mausoleum of Theodoric in Ravenna. In the following centuries, the peninsula was attacked and conquered by the Lombards, often in conjunction with the Slavs, such as in 601. However, the extent to which the Lombards occupied Istria is a matter of debate. After the Goths, Istria became part of the Exarchate of Ravenna. Gulfaris, who served the Byzantines but was of Lombard descent, is reported as its dux in 599.


title: Istria

text: Pope Gregory I in 600 wrote to bishop of Salona Maximus in which he expresses concern about arrival of the Slavs, ""Et quidem de Sclavorum gente, quae vobis valde imminet, et affligor vehementer et conturbor. Affligor in his quae jam in vobis patior; conturbor, quia per Istriae aditum jam ad Italiam intrare coeperunt"" (And as for the people of the Slavs who are really approaching you, I am very depressed and confused. I am depressed because I sympathize with you, confused because they over the Istria began to enter the Italy)


title: Istria

text: After the fall of the Western Roman Empire, the region was pillaged by the Goths, the Eastern Roman Empire, and the Avars. It western part was subsequently annexed to the Lombard Kingdom in 751, and then annexed to the Frankish kingdom by Pepin of Italy in 789. In 804, the Placitum of Riziano was held in the Parish of Rižan (), which was a meeting between the representatives of Istrian towns and castles and the deputies of Charlemagne and his son Pepin. The report about this judicial diet illustrates the changes accompanying the transfer of power from the Eastern Roman Empire to the Carolingian Empire and the discontent of the local residents.


title: Istria

text: Afterwards it was successively controlled by the dukes of Carantania, Merania, Bavaria and by the patriarch of Aquileia, before it became the territory of the Republic of Venice in 1267. The medieval Croatian kingdom held only the far eastern part of Istria (the border was near the river Raša), but they lost it to the Holy Roman Empire in the late 11th century.


title: Istria

text: The coastal areas and cities of Istria came under Venetian Influence in the 9th century. On 15 February 1267, Parenzo was formally incorporated with the Venetian state. Other coastal towns followed shortly thereafter. Bajamonte Tiepolo was sent away from Venice in 1310, to start a new life in Istria after his downfall. A description of the 16th-century Istria with a precise map was prepared by the Italian geographer Pietro Coppo. A copy of the map inscribed in stone can now be seen in the Pietro Coppo Park in the center of the town of Izola in southwestern Slovenia.


title: Istria

text: The Inner part of Istria around Mitterburg (Pazin) had been part of the Holy Roman Empire for centuries, and more specifically part of the domains of the Austrian Habsburgs since the 14th century. In 1797, with the Treaty of Campo Formio, the Venetian parts of the peninsula also passed to the Habsburg monarchy which became the Austrian Empire in 1804.


title: Istria

text: The French victory of 1809 compelled Austria to cede a portion of its South Slav lands to France. Napoleon combined Istira, Carniola, western Carinthia, Gorica (Gorizia), Trieste. and parts of Croatia, Dalmatia, and Dubrovnik to form the Illyrian Provinces. The Code Napoléon was introduced, and roads and schools were constructed. Local citizens were given administrative posts, and native languages were used to conduct official business. This sparked the Illyrian Movement for the cultural and linguistic unification of South Slavic lands.


title: Istria

text: After this seven-year period, the Austrian Empire regained Istria, which became part of the constituent Kingdom of Illyria. This kingdom was broken up in 1849, after which Istria formed part of Austrian Littoral, also known as the "Küstenland", which also included the city of Trieste and the Princely County of Gorizia and Gradisca until 1918. At that time the borders of Istria included part of what is now Italian Venezia-Giulia and parts of modern-day Slovenia and Croatia, but not the city of Trieste.


title: Istria

text: Many Istrian Italians looked with sympathy towards the Risorgimento movement that fought for the unification of Italy. However, after the Third Italian War of Independence (1866), when the Veneto and Friuli regions were ceded by the Austrians to the newly formed Kingdom Italy, Istria remained part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire, together with other Italian-speaking areas on the eastern Adriatic. This triggered the gradual rise of Italian irredentism among many Italians in Istria, who demanded the unification of Istria with Italy. The Italians in Istria supported the Italian Risorgimento: as a consequence, the Austrians saw the Italians as enemies and favored the Slav communities of Istria, fostering the nascent nationalism of Slovenes and Croats.


title: Istria

text: During the meeting of the Council of Ministers of 12 November 1866, Emperor Franz Joseph I of Austria outlined a wide-ranging project aimed at the Germanization or Slavization of the areas of the empire with an Italian presence:


title: Istria

text: There are some claims, Istrian Italians were more than 50% of the total population for centuries, while making up about a third of the population in 1900. With its strategic position at the southern tip of the peninsula and good harbor Pula was the primary base of the Austrian Navy.


title: Istria

text: A limited tension with the Austrian state did not in fact stop the rise of the use of the Italian language, in the second part of the 19th century, when the population of predominantly Italian-speaking towns in Istria had a significant rise: in the part of Istria that eventually became part of Croatia, the first Austrian census from 1846 found 34 thousand Italian speakers, alongside 120 thousand Croatian speakers (in the Austrian censuses, the ethnic composition of the population wasn't surveyed, only the main "language of use" of a person). Until 1910, the proportion changed significantly: there were 108 thousand Italian speakers and 134 thousand Croatian speakers. Vanni D'Alessio notes (2008), the Austrian surveys of the language of use "overestimated the diffusion of the socially dominant languages of the empire... The capacity of assimilation of the Italian language suggests that amongst those who declared themselves Italian speakers in Istria, there were people whose mother tongue was different." D'Alessio notes even members of the Austrian state bureaucracy and the members of their families with the German mother tongue tended to use Italian, after living in Istrian small towns long enough. The Poles, Czechs and Slovenes and Croats tended to join the "Slav" social group.


title: Istria

text: Although a member of the Central Powers, Italy remained neutral at the start of WWI, and soon launched secret negotiations with the Triple Entente, bargaining to participate in the war on its side, in exchange for significant territorial gains. To get Italy to join the war, the secret 1915 Treaty of London the Entente promised Italy Istria and parts of Dalmatia, South Tyrol, the Greek Dodecanese Islands, parts of Albania and Turkey, plus more territory for Italy's North Africa colonies.


title: Istria

text: After the war, Italy annexed Istria. Istria's political and economic importance declined under Italian rule, and after the fascist takeover of Italy in 1922 the Italian government began a campaign of forced Italianization. In 1926, the use of Slavic languages in schools and government was banned, even Slavic family names were Italianized to suit the fascist authorities. Slavic newspapers and libraries were closed, all Slavic cultural, sporting, business and political associations were banned. As a result, 100,000 Slavic-speakers left Italian-annexed areas in an exodus, moving mostly to Yugoslavia.


title: Istria

text: The organization TIGR, founded in 1927 by young Slovene liberal nationalists from Gorizia region and Trieste and regarded as the first armed antifascist resistance group in Europe soon penetrated into Slovene and Croatian-speaking parts of Istria.


title: Istria

text: In World War II, Istria became a battleground of competing ethnic and political groups. Istrian nationalist groups which were pro-fascist and pro-Allied and Yugoslav-supported pro-communist groups fought with each other and the Italian army. After the German withdrawal in 1945, Yugoslav partisans gained the upper hand and began a violent purge of real or suspected opponents in an "orgy of revenge".


title: Istria

text: After the end of World War II, Istria was ceded to Yugoslavia, except for a small part in the northwest corner that formed Zone B of the provisionally independent Free Territory of Trieste; Zone B was under Yugoslav administration and after the "de facto" dissolution of the Free Territory in 1954 it was also incorporated into Yugoslavia. Only the small town of Muggia, near Trieste, being part of Zone A remained with Italy.


title: Istria

text: The events of the period are visible in Pula. The city had an Istrian Italians majority and is located on the southernmost tip of the Istrian peninsula. Between December 1946 and September 1947, a large proportion of the city's inhabitants were forced to emigrate to Italy. Most of them left in the immediate aftermath of the signing of the Paris Peace Treaty on February 10, 1947 which granted Pula and the greater part of Istria to Yugoslavia.


title: Istria

text: The division of Istria between Croatia and Slovenia runs on the former republic borders, which were not precisely defined in the former Yugoslavia. Various points of contention remain unresolved between the two countries regarding the precise line of the border.


title: Istria

text: It became an international boundary with the independence of both countries from Yugoslavia in 1991. Since Croatia's first multi-party elections in 1990, the regionalist party Istrian Democratic Assembly (IDS-DDI, "Istarski demokratski sabor" or "Dieta democratica istriana") has consistently received a majority of the vote and maintained through the 1990s a position often contrary to the government in Zagreb, led by the then nationalistic party Croatian Democratic Union (HDZ, "Hrvatska demokratska zajednica"), with regards to decentralization in Croatia and certain facets of regional autonomy. The Istrian regionalist movement is known as Istrianism.


title: Istria

text: However, that changed in 2000 when the IDS formed with five other parties a left-centre coalition government, led by the Social Democratic Party of Croatia (SDP, "Socijaldemokratska Partija Hrvatske"). After the reformed HDZ won the Croatian parliamentary elections in late 2003 and formed a minority government, the IDS has cooperated with the state government on many projects, both local (in Istria County) and national. Since Slovenia's accession to the European Union and the Schengen Area, customs and immigration checks have been abolished at the Italian-Slovenian border.


title: Istria

text: The region has traditionally been ethnically mixed. Under Austrian rule in the 19th century it included a large population of Italians, Croats, and Slovenes as well as some Istro-Romanians, Serbs, and Montenegrins; however, official statistics in those times did not show those nationalities as they do today.


title: Istria

text: In 1910, the ethnic and linguistic composition was completely mixed. According to the Austrian census results (Istria included here parts of the Karst and Liburnia which are not really part of Istria and excluded ancient Istrian parts, like Trieste), out of 404,309 inhabitants in Istria, 168,116 (41.6%) spoke Serbo-Croatian, 147,416 (36.5%) spoke Italian, 55,365 (13.7%) spoke Slovene, 13,279 (3.3%) spoke German, 882 (0.2%) spoke Istro-Romanian, 2,116 (0.5%) spoke other languages, and 17,135 (4.2%) were non-citizens, which had not been asked for their language of communication. During the last decades of the Habsburg dynasty the coast of Istria profited from tourism within the Empire. Generally speaking, Italians lived on the coast and in the inland cities of northern Istria, while Croats and Slovenes lived in the eastern and southeastern inland parts of the countryside.


title: Istria

text: In the second half of the 19th century a clash of new ideological movements, Italian irredentism (which claimed Trieste and Istria), Slovene nationalism, and Croatian nationalism (developing individual identities in some quarters while seeking to unite in a Southern Slav identity in others) resulted in growing ethnic conflict between Italians on one side and Slovenes and Croats on the other side. This was intertwined with class conflict, as inhabitants of Istrian towns were mostly Italian, while Croats and Slovenes largely lived out in the eastern countryside.


title: Istria

text: The Croatian word for the Istrians is "Istrani", or "Istrijani", the latter being in the local Chakavian dialect. The term "Istrani" is also used in Slovenia. The Italian word for the Istrians is "Istriani" and today the Italian minority is organized in many towns. The Istrian county in Croatia is bilingual, as are large parts of Slovenian Istria. Every citizen has the right to speak either Italian or Croatian (Slovene in Slovenian Istria and Italian in the town of Koper/Capodistria, Piran/Pirano, Portorož/Portorose, and Izola/Isola d'Istria) in public administration or in court. Furthermore, Istria is a supranational European Region that includes Italian, Slovenian and Croatian Istria.


title: Istria

text: Discussions about Istrian ethnicity often use the words "Italian", "Croatian", and "Slovene" to describe the character of the Istrian people. However these terms are best understood as "national affiliations" that may exist in combination with or independently of linguistic, cultural and historical attributes. In the Istrian context, for example, the word "Italian" can just as easily refer to autochthonous speakers of the Venetian language whose antecedents in the region extend before the inception of the Venetian Republic or to the Istriot language the oldest spoken language in Istria, dated back to the Romans, today spoken in the southwest of Istria. It can also refer to Istrian Croats who adopted the veneer of Italian culture as they moved from rural to urban areas, or from the farms into the bourgeoisie.


title: Istria

text: Similarly, national powers claim Istrian Croats according to local language, so that speakers of Čakavian and Štokavian dialects of Croatian are considered to be Croatians while speakers of other dialects may be considered to be Slovene. Croatian dialect speakers are descendants of the refugees of the Turkish invasion and Ottoman Empire of Bosnia and Dalmatia in the 16th century.


title: Istria

text: The government of the Republic of Venice had settled them in Inner Istria, which had been devastated by wars and plague. As with other regions, the local dialects of the Croatian communities vary greatly across close distances. The Istrian Croatian and Italian vernaculars had both developed for many generations before being divided as they are today. This meant that Croats/Slovenes on the one side and Venetians/other Italians on the other side yielded to each other culturally while simultaneously distancing themselves from members of their ethnic groups living farther away.


title: Istria

text: Another important Istrian community are the Istro-Romanians in the south and north of the Učka mountain range of Istria. A small Albanian community, which until the late 19th century spoke the Istrian Albanian dialect is also present in the peninsula.


title: Istria

text: According to Austro-Hungarian censuses, the ethnic composition of Istria (i.e. the Habsburg Magraviate of Istria) was as follows:


title: Istria

text: The 2001 population census counted 23 languages spoken by the people of Istria. According to the 2011 Croatian census data for the Istria County, 68.33% of the inhabitants were Croats, 6.03% were Italians, 3.46% were Serbs, 2.95% were Bosniaks, 1.15% were Albanians, and 1.96% did not state their nationality. Those declaring themselves regionally as Istrians made up 12.11%. Other nationalities had less than 1% each. In 2021 Census show that 76.40% are Croats, Italians were 5.01%, 2.96% were Serbs, 2.48% Bosniaks, 1.05% were Albanians, while regionally declared were 5.13%.


title: Istria

text: The data for Slovenian Istria is not as neatly organized, but the 2002 Slovenian census indicates that the three Istrian municipalities (Izola, Piran, Koper) had a total of 56,482 Slovenes, 6,426 Croats, and 1,840 Italians.


title: Istria

text: The small town of Peroj has had a unique history which exemplifies the multi-ethnic complexity of the history of the region, as do some villages on both sides of the Učka that are still identified with the Istro-Romanian people which the UNESCO Redbook of Endangered Languages calls "the smallest ethnic group in Europe".


title: Istria

text: This list includes towns and municipalities of Istria with populations estimated to be higher than 8,000 people.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Teenage Dream is the third studio album by American singer Katy Perry. It was released on August 24, 2010, through Capitol Records. Primarily a pop record, "Teenage Dream" also contains elements of disco, electronic, rock, funk, house, Hi-NRG, and hip hop, that revolve around young love, partying, self-empowerment, and personal growth. Perry co-wrote the album, and worked with a number of producers such as Dr. Luke, Max Martin, Benny Blanco, Stargate and Greg Wells.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: With "California Gurls", "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "E.T.", and "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)", "Teenage Dream" is the second album in history to have five number-one singles (after Michael Jackson's 1987 album "Bad") to top the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and the first by a woman to achieve this milestone. Its sixth single, "The One That Got Away", peaked at number three on that chart. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, selling 192,000 copies in its first week. The album was later certified nine times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA) for combined album sales, track sales, on-demand audio and video streams equivalent of nine million album-sale units. The album has gone onto sell 3.1 million copies in the United States, and charted within the Top 40 of the "Billboard" 200 year-end chart three years in a row. The album also sold 1.3 million copies in the United Kingdom, where it was certified five times platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI).


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Upon its release, "Teenage Dream" received mixed reviews from music critics, who complimented its themes but were divided over its production and Perry's vocals. However, some retrospective reviews have praised the album, ranking it on multiple decade-end best albums lists. "Billboard" named "Teenage Dream" "one of the defining LPs from a new golden age in mega-pop" and "The A.V. Club" called the album "pop perfection". The album and its singles earned Perry seven Grammy Award nominations including Album of the Year, Best Pop Vocal Album, and Record of the Year.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: It also won International Album of the Year at the Juno Awards of 2011. All six of the aforementioned singles, in addition to two from its 2012 reissue "", have sold over two million digital downloads each in the US, setting a record in the digital era for the most multi-Platinum singles from one album, breaking the previous record of Fergie's debut album "The Dutchess" (2006), which had five multi-Platinum songs. To promote the album, Perry embarked on the California Dreams Tour from 2011 to 2012. By July 2013, "Teenage Dream" had sold 6 million copies worldwide.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Prior to recording "Teenage Dream", Perry told "Rolling Stone" she would "definitely keep it pop", in order to not "alienate" her fanbase. Perry began recording the album on October 13, 2009, stating that she had "lots of layers to get through, thankfully Greg Wells is there to do the peeling". Work on the album involved collaborating with numerous artists and producers including Wells. Guy Sigsworth, Dr. Luke, Max Martin, Ryan Tedder, Rivers Cuomo, Kuk Harrell, Greg Kurstin, Benny Blanco, Darkchild, Cathy Dennis, Esther Dean, and Tricky Stewart, who told "Rap-Up" magazine in December 2009 that the sound of the album would be pop and rock, like "One of the Boys", though calling it a "different gear" for himself. As for the visual component, Perry likens it to "going from Shirley Temple, Betty Boop to more of a Betty Paige [sic], pop art-sarcastic-fun-Lichtenstein picture: still bright, but the colors are more saturated, and it's more metallic fuchsia or purple than bubblegum pink."


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: On March 27, 2010, at 2010 Kids' Choice Awards, Perry told Jose Ordonez that she considered the album "a summer record". She added that her previous teases about the album still fit, saying "it's what I said I wanted earlier". She has also stated that the album is inspired by ABBA and the Cardigans. According to Perry, she gave her producer Dr. Luke a mixtape of songs by the two groups in order to demonstrate how she wanted her next record to sound. Perry described the album as "more groove-driven". She added, "When I went on tour, as much as I love all the in-between songs, I felt I was missing some of the stuff that made people bounce up and down." During a "Rolling Stone" photo shoot in April 2010, Perry revealed details about what would be the album's lead single, "California Gurls". Allegedly a response to Jay-Z and Alicia Keys's "Empire State of Mind", she stated "everyone has the New York song, but what the fuck? What about LA? What about California?", adding that the song also took its inspiration from Prince. The song features California rapper Snoop Dogg. "USA Today" gave the song a positive review, calling it "an effervescent toast to summer fun". Perry also claimed that working with producers Max Martin and Dr. Luke was "a wonderful collaborative effort".


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: For the recording of "Teenage Dream", Perry had recorded at a multitude of recording studios such as Playback Recording Studio, Roc the Mic Studios, Conway Recording Studios, Rocket Carousel Studio, Studio at the Palms, Triangle Sound Studios, Silent Sound Studios, The Boom Boom Boom, Henson Recording Studios, Capitol Studios, NightBird Recording Studios, and Eightysevenfourteen Studios. Recording for the album finished on April 30, 2010. The album cover is a painting by Will Cotton, and was revealed on July 21, 2010. via a live webstream with Cotton, at his Art Studio. On July 23, 2010, the album's official track listing was posted on Perry's official website.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Perry stated about the album "You're getting the sugary sweet but you're also getting the 'Oh my goodness, she had to sit down for a minute and let things off her chest'". The music of "Teenage Dream" is derived from a wide variety of pop genres, while heavily incorporating different musical styles not heard on her previous releases; disco and electronic are examples. Musically, "Teenage Dream" is considered to be a departure from Perry's previous album, "One of the Boys" (2008), which was pop rock and soft rock driven. The album features a very wide range of rock subgenres, which include disco rock, glam metal, indie rock, pop rock, hard rock, electronic rock, and goth rock.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: The album opens with the title track and second single "Teenage Dream", which is written as a throwback record to Perry's teenage years. It is a power pop and electropop song which features a "distinct retro sound", and contains influences of disco, pop rock, and industrial music. The song has been compared to several disco artists, including Madonna and the Cardigans. The second song is "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)", the song recalls a true experience that Perry had while partying in Santa Barbara which included streaking in a park, dancing on tables, and partying at a club. Musically, the song is styled in the genres of disco, indie rock, and Hi-NRG, while also taking influence from dance-pop. The lead single, "California Gurls", continues the "retro sound" carried from "Teenage Dream", and is written as an answer song to "Empire State of Mind" by Jay-Z and Alicia Keys, and pays tribute to the beach lifestyle of California. The song utilizes the genres of disco, funk-pop, and electropop, while bearing influence of new wave music within its composition.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: The fourth track is the self-empowerment song "Firework". Written in a disco-rock style which runs over the backing track, consisting of a mix of violins and house music. The song has generated comparisons to artists such as Coldplay and Leona Lewis. According to Perry, the song was inspired by Jack Kerouac's novel "On the Road", and she has said on many occasions that it is her favorite song from the album. "Peacock" is a dance-pop song, with an up-tempo house music beat. Lyrically, the track contains a double entendre with suggestive wording. "New York" magazine writer Willa Paskin observed that Perry did the obvious with the song's hook ("she used a common word for penis and made it mean penis!"). Rob Sheffield from "Rolling Stone" thought of "Peacock" as a sequel to Gwen Stefani's 2005 single "Hollaback Girl" by noticing the two songs shared a drum hook. The album follows with "Circle the Drain", a disco-rock song where, lyrically, Perry is telling off a self-destructive drug-addicted ex-boyfriend. Its candid lyrics also discuss the strains his addiction put on both of them. In the track's chorus, she sings about how she wants to be his lover, not someone who has to take care of him, such as a maternal figure. She also sings about how he had ultimately lost large opportunities. The song is styled in the genres of disco-rock, and gothic rock tones. The sixth single from "Teenage Dream" is "The One That Got Away", which is a rock and pop ballad. Perry stated that she wrote the song "about when you promise someone forever, but you end up not being able to follow through. It's a bittersweet story. Hopefully, the listener learns from hearing it and never has to say they had "the one" get away."


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: The eighth song, "E.T." is a song about "falling in love with a foreigner". A remix of the song features Kanye West. Musically, the track is an electronic and hip hop ballad influenced by drum and bass, rave, and techno. The eleventh track, "Hummingbird Heartbeat", was inspired by Perry's boyfriend at the time, Russell Brand. Musically, it is a 1980s-styled hard rock song that contains a mixture of elements from rock and electronica. Lyrically, the song compares the feeling of being in love to the speed of a hummingbird's heartbeat. The last track is "Not Like the Movies" a power ballad about a love relationship where a woman does not feel in love and still waits for the man of her dreams, or "charming prince", as a Terra reviewer put it. Its melody was compared to Britney Spears' "Everytime" (2003) and Evanescence's "My Immortal" (2003).


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "Teenage Dream" was released on August 24, 2010, in the United States as a digital download on iTunes, and as a physical release by Capitol Records. Worldwide, the album was released on August 30, 2010 and distributed by EMI. A deluxe version was made available on August 27, 2010 in the US, and consists of two CDs with the twelve original tracks, plus two tracks from 2009 on which Perry had appeared as a featured artist — 3OH!3's "Starstrukk" and Timbaland's "If We Ever Meet Again". The deluxe version also includes remixes of "California Gurls" and "Teenage Dream".


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: In North America, the album was packaged in several different ways. The explicit version of the album is available in a three-panel (six-sided) digipak, which does not feature Perry's name or the album title on the cover, aside from the Parental Advisory warning label on the lower right-hand corner. This is also how the album is displayed if purchased digitally. The booklet contained inside this version reproduces the album's front artwork, without any labels or text. The explicit version is also offered in a standard jewel case, which has text printed on the booklet and has the smell of cotton candy. The cover with text is mainly used for releases outside of North America, while international deluxe editions are available in the digipak, with a bonus disc included. A limited number of the albums are scented like cotton candy indicated by a sticker on the cover.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Artwork based on the album were also used by Electronic Arts for the limited edition of the expansion pack "" from "The Sims" game franchise. It was released on March 6, 2012.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: The official album cover, which shows Perry lying naked on clouds of cotton candy, was painted on canvas by Will Cotton and released on July 21 via live webstream. The covers of the first two singles were photographed by Emma Summerton in April 2010, and three other pictures taken by the artist were released to promote the album in July.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: On June 14, 2010, a beach themed "Teenage Dream" listening party took place in New York, a number of tracks were played, including: "Teenage Dream", "Firework", "Last Friday Night", "Circle The Drain", "Pearl", "The One That Got Away", "Peacock", and "Not Like the Movies". Before the release of the album, three promotional singles were released exclusively on Apple's iTunes Store as a countdown to "Teenage Dream". "Not Like the Movies", was released digitally on August 3, 2010, and debuted at number 53 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Circle the Drain" was released digitally on August 10, 2010 as the second promotional single, and entered the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 58. "E.T.", the third, was released the following week on August 17, 2010, and charted at number 42 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Peacock" reached number 64 in Canada, number 52 in the Czech Republic, and number 1 on the US Hot Dance Club Songs chart. It has also sold over 500,000 copies in the US and certified Gold on July 9, 2012. A dance remix of it was released on March 26, 2012.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Promotion for the album began with a live performance of the album's lead single, "California Gurls" on May 20, 2010, at the CW networks' annual "upfronts" presentation in New York. Perry alongside Snoop Dogg performed "California Gurls" at the MTV Movie Awards in June 2010. She also promoted the song that same month on Germany's Next Topmodel 2010 and Le Grand Journal. The Candifornia theme from the "California Gurls" video was used in the song's performance at the MuchMusic Video Awards 2010 and on "The Graham Norton Show". On September 5, 2010, Perry performed "Teenage Dream", "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)", "Firework" and "Not Like the Movies" in the show's launch of the "Teenage Dream" in Berlin.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Perry performed "Teenage Dream" live for the first time in July 2010 in MTV World Stage Live in Malaysia, as well as opening the 2010 Teen Choice Awards with a rendition of it. In August, Perry performed "California Gurls" and "Peacock" on "The Morning Show" and "The Today Show". That same month, "Firework" was performed live for the first time on the "Late Show with David Letterman".


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: While promoting the album, Perry expressed she wanted her upcoming tour to be very visual. On her Twitter account, she stated, "I hope that it's going to engage all of your senses: sight, sound, smell, taste, touch". The "California Dreams Tour" was officially announced in October 2010 by various media outlets including Perry's official website, in conjunction with the release of her third single, "Firework". In 2011, Perry announced her North American leg during a live chat on social network Facebook. She then responded the tour will be very "super girl power" as vocalists Robyn, Yelle and Marina and the Diamonds will open her shows during the various legs. Perry further stated she will actively participate with fans during the tour on various social networks including Facebook and Twitter. The tour beginning February 20, 2011 on Lisbon, Portugal and the end January 22, 2012 on Pasay, Philippines, the tour visited Europe, Oceania, Asia and the Americas. The tour ranked 16th in Pollstar's "2011 Top 25 Worldwide Tours", earning over $59.5 million. At the conclusion of 2011, the tour ranked 13th on "Billboard"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s annual "Top 25 Tours", earning nearly $50 million with 98 shows. It won an award for Favorite Tour Headliner at the 38th People's Choice Awards. On November 24, 2011, Perry had tweeted that there will be a concert DVD released for the tour.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "California Gurls" was the lead single from "Teenage Dream", which features rapper Snoop Dogg. The single made its radio debut on May 7, 2010 and was digitally released four days later. The song had received generally positive reviews from music critics, with many critics highlighting it as an album favorite. The song also received worldwide success as well, peaking at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, staying there for six consecutive weeks. It also peaked at number one in New Zealand, United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, Ireland, and Scotland. It was the best selling digital song of 2010.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "Teenage Dream" was released as the second single from the album. The song went to radio stations in the US on July 22, 2010. The song received positive reviews from music critics, with Jocelyn Vena of MTV said it "picks up right where 'California Gurls' leaves off", describing it as having "a strong beat". The song had also had chart success as similar to the first single, peaking at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 for two consecutive weeks, and also peaked at number one in Ireland, New Zealand, Scotland, Slovakia and other sub-charts in the US.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "Firework" was released as the third offering from the album. The song was released on October 18, 2010 through radio airplay, followed by a digital release on November 2, 2010 in the UK. The music video for "Firework" is part of a cross-promotional deal with European telecommunications group Deutsche Telekom. Deutsche Telekom hosted a series of activities and competitions from which fans around Europe were recruited to be in the video. The song had commercial success as well, peaking at number one in the US and spent four non-consecutive weeks. The song also topped the charts in Brazil, Canada, New Zealand and subcharts in the US.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "E.T." was released on February 11, 2011. For its single release, the song was remixed to feature new verses from Kanye West. The music video for the song, directed by Floria Sigismondi, was filmed in February 2011 and features both Perry and West. The video was released on March 31, 2011. The song topped the charts in the US for five non-consecutive weeks, and also peaked at the top position in Canada, Germany, Poland and New Zealand.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" was released on June 6, 2011 on contemporary hit and rhythmic contemporary radios as the fifth single from the album. The song received generally mixed reviews from music critics. The song also received commercial success, peaking at number one in Canada, the Czech Republic, Slovakia and the US, topping the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart for two consecutive weeks. The music video was released worldwide on June 14, 2011. It guest stars Darren Criss, Rebecca Black, Kevin McHale, Kenny G, Hanson, Corey Feldman and Debbie Gibson. A remixed version of "Last Friday Night" was released on August 8, 2011, featuring American rapper Missy Elliott. On August 17, 2011, with "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)", Perry made history as the second artist overall, and first female, to achieve five number one singles on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 chart from one album. The song also became Perry's fourth number one in Canada.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "The One That Got Away" was released as the sixth single from "Teenage Dream". The song was released on October 11, 2011 on US Mainstream radio. The song received mostly positive reviews from most music critics, who complimented Perry's serious tone. A teaser of the music video was also released in early November, and the full music video premiered on November 11, 2011 on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show". On November 24, the single entered the top five of the "Billboard" Hot 100, making "Teenage Dream" one of only seven albums in US history to have six or more top 10 singles. On December 14, it became one in two albums to yield six top four songs, when it soared to number four, it later peaked at number three.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "Not Like the Movies" and "Circle the Drain" were released as promotional singles as album previews in the United States.. They debuted at numbers 53 and 58 on the Hot 100, respectively. The solo, album version of "E.T" was also released as a promotional single on the same day of the album release, before later being given an official single release. A remix of "Peacock" was released on March 26, 2012 on iTunes as the fourth and final promotional single of the album.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "Teenage Dream" received mixed reviews upon release from music critics. Giving the album 4 out of 5 stars, Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic wrote that "There's no question Perry is smart enough to know every rule in pop but she's not inspired enough to ignore them, almost seeming nervous to break away from the de rigueur lite club beats that easily transition from day to night or the chilly, stainless-steel ballads designed to lose none of their luster on repeat plays." He felt that it contained "accents to her old "One of the Boys" palette" and distinguished itself through vulgar lyrics. Mikael Wood of "Spin" gave a mixed review, noting that the album "won't disappoint parents looking for reasons to worry about their kids". Rob Sheffield from "Rolling Stone" described the album as "heavy on Eighties beats, light on melody, taking a long dip into the Daft Punk filter-disco house sound." Greg Kot of the "Chicago Tribune" gave a negative review to the album. He criticized the production, calling it "Frankenstein-like", as well as calling Perry's vocals "robotic" and lacking "any elegance or nuance". Matthew Cole of "Slant Magazine" called it "over-produced bad-girl debauchery", claiming that Perry has "found a way to lower the bar".


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: The "Los Angeles Times" gave it three stars, saying, "On "Teenage Dream," the songs alternate between weekend-bender celebrations of hedonism and self-help-style affirmations encouraging listeners to get an emotional makeover. Either way, acquisition is the goal: of a great love, a happy hangover, a perfect pair of Daisy Dukes". Leah Greenblatt, writing for "Entertainment Weekly", stated, "beneath the fruity outfits and fart jokes, Perry is clearly serious about the business of hit songcraft; that doesn't make "Dream" nearly cohesive as an album, but it does provide, intermittently, exactly the kind of high-fructose rush she's aiming for." On the album's 10th anniversary, Patrick Gomez of "The A.V. Club" praised it as "pop perfection", writing that "the magic of the album is that it remains cohesive" and "the heightened emotions of teen love, lust, and self-discovery remain a constant throughout".


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: After its release, "Teenage Dream" debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200 chart, with a total of 192,000 copies sold in its first week. In the week July 21, 2012, the album jumped from 21 to two on the chart (up 417% on sales) with sales of 80,000 copies, becoming best sales frame since Christmas of 2010 after being discounted to 99 cents on Amazon. On the week ending March 14, 2015, the album completed 200 weeks in the chart since it debuted on September 11, 2010 making it the 25th album to spend more than 200 weeks or more on the "Billboard" 200. On the week ending November 5, 2022, the album completed 300 weeks in the chart, making it the sixth album to spend more weeks by female artist on the "Billboard" 200. "Teenage Dream" has been certified nine-times platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), and has sold 3,100,000 pure copies in United States as of August 2020. The album also debuted at number one on the Canadian Albums Chart, selling a total of 26,000 copies, and was later certified quadruple-Platinum by Music Canada.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: In Australia, "Teenage Dream" debuted at number one for a two-week run at the top of the chart. The album was certified triple-Platinum by the Australian Recording Industry Association (ARIA), for shipments of 210,000 units. In New Zealand, "Teenage Dream" debuted at number two, and reached number one after four weeks on the chart. It was certified Gold by the Recording Industry Association of New Zealand (RIANZ). As of June 19, 2012, "Teenage Dream" is the 12th best-selling album of all-time in the country, resulting her as the fifth female to make it on the list (behind Adele, Norah Jones, Shania Twain, and Bic Runga). In the United Kingdom, "Teenage Dream" debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, selling more than 54,176 copies. It was certificated 4× Platinum by British Phonographic Industry for shipments of 1,200,000 units. As of February 2017, the album has sold 1.3 million copies in the UK.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: In France, "Teenage Dream" debuted at number 14 on the French Albums Chart and peaked at number three. The album was certified Platinum by the Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique (SNEP). In Mexico, the album debuted and peaked at number 11. The album was certified Gold by (AMPROFON) Association. In Spain, "Teenage Dream" debuted at number four on the Spanish Albums Chart and stayed on the chart for 27 weeks. In Brazil, "Teenage Dream" peaked at number four on the Top Álbuns Brasil. As of July 2013, "Teenage Dream" has sold 6 million copies worldwide.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: "Teenage Dream" achieved a multitude of records throughout its run. Perry scored five "Billboard" Hot 100 number one singles from "Teenage Dream", making her the second artist in the chart's 53-year history to amass five number-one singles from one album over its first release after Michael Jackson achieved the feat with his 1987 album "Bad". Perry is the first female in history to achieve this milestone. The album is one of only three albums to produce six or more top-five singles on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart (along with Janet Jackson's "Rhythm Nation 1814" and George Michael's "Faith"), and the first album to have seven songs top the Dance Club Songs chart, breaking the previous record set by Beyoncé's "I Am... Sasha Fierce" and Kristine W's "The Power of Music", both with six songs. Perry was able to replicate this success in the United Kingdom, breaking the Official Charts Company's record for the most Top 10 singles from one studio album by a female solo artist.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Eight songs from "Teenage Dream" have topped Billboard's Adult Top 40 chart as well as the Mainstream Top 40 chart, both more than any other album in each respective chart's history. Additionally, with seven chart-toppers from "Waking Up in Vegas", Perry broke the record for the longest streak of number ones on the Mainstream Top 40 set by Lady Gaga's first six singles. The singles also allowed Perry to have an unprecedented 69-week long streak in the Hot 100's top-10, as well as a 71-week top-10 streak on the Airplay chart. Perry also has the most number-one singles (four) from one album to top the Canadian Hot 100.


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: Combined, the songs have sold a total of over 35 million copies worldwide aside from the album. Also, the first five singles from the album topped the charts in the United States and attained top-10 positions in more than 20 countries. All five singles also topped the Digital and Airplay charts, making her the first artist ever to have five number-one singles in the Airplay chart. Perry became the only artist to spend over 52 consecutive weeks in the top 10 of the "Billboard" Hot 100, and later heightened this to 69 weeks, with the first five singles from album, breaking the 15-year long previous record held by Ace of Base of 48 weeks with three singles . On the Mainstream Top 40 the album holds the unique record in the chart's history to have four songs from the same album in the top five of "Most weekly plays"; 1. "Last Friday Night (T.G.I.F.)" (12,468), 2. "E.T." (12,361), 3. "California Gurls" (12,159), and 4. "Firework" (11,857).


title: Teenage Dream (Katy Perry album)

text: In a retrospective review of the "Teenage Dream", "Pitchfork" called the album "a crowning achievement, not just of her career but of its style: EDM and disco and pop, bold and belting, entirely processed yet instantly recognizable, robust yet chintzy." uDiscover Music wrote that the album "holds an outsized influence on pop music landscape and the many artists she helped inspire" and that it along with the "Teenage Dream" song "lives on as a nostalgic spectacle that set the course for the pop icon's aesthetic". VH1 called "Teenage Dream" "the most important pop album of the last 10 years" and added "it surged a blend of silliness into the dance genre that had been dominated by Lady Gaga's "Fame Monster" edge". In an interview for Apple Music for her album "If I Can't Have Love, I Want Power", American singer-songwriter Halsey called "Teenage Dream" the "perfect pop album", saying: "Anyone who's trying to make a perfect pop album is wasting their time because Katy already did it with "Teenage Dream"."


title: Rudra: The Edge of Darkness

text: DCP Rudraveer Pratap Singh "Rudra" (Ajay Devgn) is pursuing a suspect who ends up in a comatose state in the hospital. After an inquiry into what happened, he is reinstated in the force months later, but the time apart has taken its toll on him.


title: Rudra: The Edge of Darkness

text: In April 2019, Applause Entertainment acquired the rights to remake the hit BBC One's drama series Luther. In April 2021, Disney+ Hotstar formally announced the show attaching Devgn to star in the lead role with Applause Entertainment and BBC Studios India producing.


title: Rudra: The Edge of Darkness

text: In April 2021, reports came in stating that Ajay Devgn will star in the Indian adaptation and the same was confirmed later that month with the series order from Disney+ Hotstar. In July 2021, Esha Deol was cast as the female lead. Later that month, Raashi Khanna, Atul Kulkarni, Ashwini Kalsekar and Ashish Vidyarthi joined the cast. In January 2022, Satyadeep Mishra and Tarun Gahlot were confirmed to be cast in main roles.


title: Rudra: The Edge of Darkness

text: The six episode first season premiered on 4 March 2022 on Disney+ Hotstar. In US, the show will be available on Hulu as part of distribution agreements with Star India.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Neil Anthony Morrissey (born 4 July 1962) is an English actor. He is known for his role as Tony in "Men Behaving Badly". Other notable acting roles include Deputy Head Eddie Lawson in the BBC One school-based drama series "Waterloo Road", Nigel Morton in "Line of Duty", and Rocky in "Boon". Morrissey also provides the voice of many cartoon characters, including Robert McGraw (Bob the Builder), Roley, Lofty, Mr. Angelo Sabatini, Mr. Fothergill, Farmer Pickles and Scrufty in the original UK version of "Bob the Builder".


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey was born on 4 July 1962 in Stafford, Staffordshire, the third of four sons of Irish parents who were both psychiatric nurses. He and his youngest brother Stephen spent much of their childhood in separate foster homes, Morrissey spending most of his time at Penkhull Children's Home, under the care of Margaret Cartlidge.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: He attended Thistley Hough High School in Penkhull, where he discovered a love for acting through the encouragement of teacher Sheila Steele. He studied for his A-levels at the City of Stoke-on-Trent Sixth Form College. It was there that he realised that his time in care would end at the end of his first year, aged 17, with the bleak prospect of a move to a working boys hostel that could end his academic and dramatic career. A solution was found through the family of his friend, Mark Langston, who fostered Neil until the summer of his 18th birthday.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey had developed his skills and reputation as an actor through his teenage years at Stoke Schools Theatre, Stoke Repertory Theatre and Stoke Original Theatre, performing at the Edinburgh Fringe Festival in 1979. His application to the Guildhall School of Music and Drama resulted in an unconditional offer, which paved the way for the next steps in his theatrical growth. Arriving with no educational grant and no living funds, he was helped by the school to obtain an educational grant, and he 'sofa-surfed' for his first year with friends. During this time he and a fellow student started a street theatre act, which gained them an agent, and hence the required 40 hours of bookings to gain an Equity card.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Offered the leading role as Robin Hood in The Theatre Chipping Norton's 1982 pantomime, Morrissey agreed to leave the Guildhall School in the first term of his third year. He quickly paid off his student debts by landing parts in film and theatre productions. In 1984, Morrissey played Able Seaman Matthew Quintal in "The Bounty" alongside Mel Gibson, Anthony Hopkins and Laurence Olivier. In the same year, he also appeared in episode 5 (of series 5) of the police drama "Juliet Bravo", shown on BBC1, and had an uncredited role in the nuclear war film "Threads".


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey shot to fame in 1987 as dim biker Rocky in the ITV drama series "Boon". In 1990, he played the lead role of Noddy in the British spoof horror film "I Bought a Vampire Motorcycle", which involved many of the actors from "Boon".


title: Neil Morrissey

text: His role as Tony in "Men Behaving Badly" was created to replace the character of Dermot after Harry Enfield's departure from the series. The series became one of the most popular UK sitcoms of the 1990s and turned Morrissey into a national star and a target for the tabloid newspapers. His ongoing romance storyline with co-star Leslie Ash led to the pair appearing in several advertisements for Homebase. In 1997, he starred in the Comedy Premiere "The Chest" and in 1998 two TV productions: the one-off "My Summer with Des" for the BBC and "The Vanishing Man" for ITV.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey also starred in a two-part TV comedy drama released on 23 April 2000 ( traditionally William Shakespeare's birthday), "Happy Birthday, Shakespeare", in which he portrayed a coach driver. One of his colleagues (played by Amanda Holden) was the object of his desire.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey also starred in the John Godber film about rugby league "Up 'n' Under". Neil would also voice Wilfred Toadflax and Dusty Dogwood in "Brambly Hedge", which was produced by HIT Entertainment. Because of this, Neil voiced several characters in the children's television series "Bob the Builder", including the lead character, between 1999 and 2011, which was produced by HIT. During his voice acting role, he achieved two UK number 1 singles, with "Can We Fix It?" (which was the 2000 UK Christmas No 1), and "Mambo No 5" in 2001. After the original series ended, he later provided the narration for Morph (in recent years) and Maisy.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In 2002, Morrissey returned to TV screens in the drama series "Paradise Heights" which ran for two series. He then had a starring role in the BBC sitcom "Carrie and Barry" from 2004 until 2005.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In 2006, he was the guest host for an episode of Channel 4's "The Friday Night Project" before taking on the role as presenter on the BBC Two car related game show "Petrolheads".


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In 2007, he appeared in British TV show "Skins" as the father of Cassie and made a guest appearance in "Neighbours" as a priest, remarrying long term characters Susan (Jackie Woodburne) and Karl (Alan Fletcher) on a boat on the River Thames. On 11 October 2007, he made his first appearance in the BBC One school-based drama series, "Waterloo Road" as the new deputy headteacher, Eddie Lawson. Taking the role to pay for his business problems, Morrissey was in this role for two series stating later that he left due to the poor quality of the scripts, making his final appearance in May 2009.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In August 2009, he promoted a national tour of the play "Rain Man". During the 2009 Christmas season he played the role of Buttons in the Pantomime "Cinderella" at The Assembly Rooms in Derby. By popular demand, Morrissey returned to the stage in the pantomime "Aladdin" playing the character of Wishey-Washey at The Assembly Rooms in Derby.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In January 2012, Morrissey took on the role of Fagin in Lionel Bart's musical "Oliver" at the Palace Theatre in Manchester.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In July 2013, Morrissey reprised his "Skins" role as Marcus Ainsworth, the father of Hannah Murray's character Cassie Ainsworth. He appeared in both parts of "Skins Pure".


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey starred alongside Adrian Edmonson, Robert Webb and Miles Jupp in the play "Neville's Island" at Duke of York's Theatre, London during Autumn 2014.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In 2015, he played a character called Keith, who is Johnny (Joe Maw) and Tee's (Mia McKenna Bruce) villainous mother's former boyfriend, in the CBBC sitcom "The Dumping Ground", for one episode. In December 2015, Morrissey starred in BBC Two's comedy-drama "A Gert Lush Christmas", playing the father of Russell Howard's character.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In 2016, he joined the cast of "Grantchester" for the second series. He played the role of Harding Redmond. Also in 2016, he took part in the second series of ITV's reality series "".


title: Neil Morrissey

text: His other West End theatre work includes "Speed", "Robin Hood", "The Daughter In-Law" and his critically acclaimed West End performance in "A Passionate Woman." In 2005 Morrissey performed in Victoria Wood's musical adaptation of "Acorn Antiques" alongside Julie Walters, Celia Imrie, Duncan Preston and Josie Lawrence. Morrissey took over the role of Nathan Detroit from Nigel Lindsay in the London revival of "Guys and Dolls" from March to June 2006.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: On 1 April 2006, a BBC Three spoof programme titled "Neil Morrissey's Secret" documented sides of Morrissey's life that were previously unknown to the world at large. It alleged he has a house, wife and two children in Jordan as well as a degree in Botany for which he had studied for 20 years. These studies were integral to his motivation to find a breakthrough in anti-ageing. According to the documentary he has invented a cream called 'The Essence' which contains extracts of a plant found only in a remote Jordanian village. In the documentary the cream's acolytes include celebrities such as Jane Seymour, Gloria Hunniford and Philippa Forrester. The show followed Morrissey as he carried out his research which involved years of study and crossing continents, funded by his lucrative acting career.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Ultimately Morrissey launches the cream only to have his friends concerned for his health, his laboratory broken into, and a trip to Jordan where he finds that the villagers whose trust he had gained through time spent with them, have abandoned their homes because of the fall-out of his discovery. This hoax was launched on 1 April and despite the suspicions caused by this date as April Fool's Day, it still managed to convince some people that it was true.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey's love of Welsh poet Dylan Thomas led him to buy up numerous properties in the village of Laugharne, including the Hurst Hotel, the New Three Mariners pub and Brown's Hotel in April 2004 for £670,000. In October 2006, it was announced that the business had put Brown's Hotel on the market to finance the redevelopment of the Hurst Hotel, and the expansion of the private members' club, Hurst House in Covent Garden, London.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In July 2008, with delays encountered on the construction of Hurst House-at-the-Mill, a luxury hotel in Hertfordshire due to open in 2009, the Laugharne-based assets of the Hurst House group went into a packaged administration. The assets were subsequently bought by new investors backing Roberts, resulting in the end of Morrissey's association with Laugharne.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey part-owned the lease on the "Ye Olde Punch Bowl Inn" in Marton, North Yorkshire. From this base came the Morrissey Fox range of real ale, developed by Morrissey and chef Richard Fox which is still in production. In June 2009, it was reported that his Welsh pub had failed and the lease to "Ye Olde Punch Bowl Inn" was handed back to the owner after just 18 months on 22 October 2009.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey now owns a chain of pubs in Staffordshire, including "The Plume of Feathers" in Barlaston, and more recently "The Old Bramshall Inn" in Bramshall. The latter opened its doors as a Neil Morrissey pub on 28 June 2018, an event which Morrissey attended.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey married Amanda Noar in 1987 after meeting her when she guested in an episode of "Boon"; the couple have a son born in 1989. The couple divorced in 1991. He then became engaged to actress Elizabeth Carling, whom he had first met in 1989, when she too was working on "Boon". They parted on good terms, and she later guest-starred alongside him on "Men Behaving Badly". His subsequent affairs have been well documented by the British tabloids, including dating Rachel Weisz after starring together in "My Summer with Des" in 1998. They lived together at his flat in Crouch End, north London.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey had an affair with Amanda Holden in 2000, leading to her divorce in 2003 from comedian Les Dennis.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: Morrissey has numerous tattoos. According to one version of their origin, he applied them himself with needles and Indian ink. On his left arm are his first name and a blob which was going to be his initials before it became infected, causing him to require a tetanus jab. On his right is a squiggle which is a reversed version of "The Saint" logo. Morrissey himself says the tattoos were done by other boys at the children's home. The boys there apparently saw that he did not have a tattoo and so gave him the option of a tattoo or a beating. He decided on the tattoo and now regrets not taking the other option.


title: Neil Morrissey

text: In 2006, Morrissey was awarded an honorary degree from Staffordshire University. He is a supporter of Crystal Palace FC. A fan of real ale, in 2011 he produced a real ale with the club called Palace Ale.


title: Stop motion

text: Stop motion is an animated filmmaking technique in which objects are physically manipulated in small increments between individually photographed frames so that they will appear to exhibit independent motion or change when the series of frames is played back. Any kind of object can thus be animated, but puppets with movable joints (puppet animation) or plasticine figures ("clay animation" or claymation) are most commonly used. Puppets, models or clay figures built around an armature are used in model animation. Stop motion with live actors is often referred to as pixilation. Stop motion of flat materials such as paper, fabrics or photographs is usually called cutout animation.


title: Stop motion

text: The term "stop motion", relating to the animation technique, is often spelled with a hyphen as "stop-motion". Both orthographical variants, with and without the hyphen, are correct, but the hyphenated one has a second meaning that is unrelated to animation or cinema: "a device for automatically stopping a machine or engine when something has gone wrong" ("The New Shorter Oxford English Dictionary", 1993 edition).


title: Stop motion

text: Before the advent of chronophotography in 1878, a small number of picture sequences were photographed with subjects in separate poses. These can now be regarded as a form of stop motion or pixilation, but very few results were meant to be animated. Until celluloid film base was established in 1888 and set the standard for moving image, animation could only be presented via mechanisms such as the zoetrope.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1849, Joseph Plateau published a note about improvements for his Fantascope (a.k.a. phénakisticope). A new translucent variation had improved picture quality and could be viewed with both eyes, by several people at the same time. Plateau stated that the illusion could be advanced even further with an idea communicated to him by Charles Wheatstone: a combination of the fantascope and Wheatstone's stereoscope. Plateau thought the construction of a sequential set of stereoscopic image pairs would be the more difficult part of the plan than adapting two copies of his improved fantascope to be fitted with a stereoscope. Wheatstone had suggested using photographs on paper of a solid object, for instance a statuette. Plateau concluded that for this purpose 16 plaster models could be made with 16 regular modifications. He believed such a project would take much time and careful effort, but would be well worth it because of the expected marvelous results. Unfortunately, the plan was never executed, possibly because Plateau was almost completely blind by this time.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1852, Jules Duboscq patented a "Stéréoscope-fantascope ou Bïoscope" (or abbreviated as stéréofantascope) stroboscopic disc. The only known extant disc contains stereoscopic photograph pairs of different phases of the motion of a machine. Due to the long exposure times necessary to capture an image with the photographic emulsions of the period, the sequence could not be recorded live and must have been assembled from separate photographs of the various positions of the machinery.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1855, Johann Nepomuk Czermak's published an article about his Stereophoroskop and other experiments aimed at stereoscopic moving images. He mentioned a method of sticking needles in a stroboscopic disc so that it looked like one needle was being pushed in and out of the cardboard when animated. He realized that this method provided basically endless possibilities to make different 3D animations. He then introduced two methods to animate stereoscopic pairs of images, one was basically a stereo viewer using two stroboscopic discs and the other was more or less similar to the later zoetrope. Czermak explained how suitable stereoscopic photographs could be made by recording a series of models, for instance to animate a growing pyramid.


title: Stop motion

text: On 27 February 1860, Peter Hubert Desvignes received British patent no. 537 for 28 monocular and stereoscopic variations of cylindrical stroboscopic devices (much like the later zoetrope). Desvignes' "Mimoscope", received an Honourable Mention "for ingenuity of construction" at the 1862 International Exhibition in London. Desvignes "employed models, insects and other objects, instead of pictures, with perfect success."


title: Stop motion

text: In 1874, Jules Janssen made several practice discs for the recording of the passage of Venus with his photographic rifle. He used a model of the planet and a light source standing in for the sun. While actual recordings of the passage of Venus have not been located, some practice discs survived and the images of one were turned into a short animated film decades after the development of cinematography.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1887, Étienne-Jules Marey created a large zoetrope with a series of plaster models based on his chronophotographs of birds in flight.


title: Stop motion

text: It is estimated that 80 to 90 percent of all silent film are lost. Extant contemporary movie catalogs, reviews and other documentation can provide some details on lost films, but this kind of written documentation is also incomplete and often insufficient to properly date all extant films or even identify them if original titles are missing. Possible stop motion in lost films is even harder to trace. The principles of animation and other special effects were mostly kept a secret, not only to prevent use of such techniques by competitors, but also to keep audiences interested in the mystery of the magic tricks.


title: Stop motion

text: Stop motion is closely related to the stop trick, in which the camera is temporarily stopped during the recording of a scene to create a change before filming is continued (or for which the cause of the change is edited out of the film). In the resulting film the change will be sudden and a logical cause of the change will be mysteriously absent or replaced with a fake cause that is suggested in the scene. The oldest known example is used for the beheading in Edison Manufacturing Company's 1895 film "The Execution of Mary Stuart". The technique of stop motion can be interpreted as repeatedly applying the stop trick. In 1917 clay animation pioneer Helena Smith-Dayton referred to the principle behind her work as "stop action", a synonym of "stop motion".


title: Stop motion

text: French trick film pioneer Georges Méliès claimed to have invented the stop-trick and popularized it by using it in many of his short films. He reportedly used stop-motion animation in 1899 to produce moving letterforms.


title: Stop motion

text: Spanish filmmaker Segundo de Chomón (1871–1929) made many trick films in France for Pathé. He has often been compared to Georges Méliès as he also made many fantasy films with stop tricks and other illusions (helped by his wife, Julienne Mathieu). By 1906 Chomón was using stop motion animation. "Le théâtre de Bob" (April 1906) features over three minutes of stop motion animation with dolls and objects to represent a fictional automated theatre owned by Bob, played by a live-action child actor. It is the oldest extant film with proper stop motion and a definite release date.


title: Stop motion

text: Segundo de Chomón's "Sculpteur moderne" was released on 31 January 1908 and features heaps of clay molding itself into detailed sculptures that are capable of minor movements. The final sculpture depicts an old woman and walks around before it's picked up, squashed and molded back into a sitting old lady.


title: Stop motion

text: American film pioneer Edwin S. Porter filmed a single-shot "lightning sculpting" film with a baker molding faces from a patch of dough in "Fun in a Bakery Shop" (1902), considered as foreshadowing of clay animation.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1905, Porter showed animated letters and very simple cutout animation of two hands in the intertitles in "How Jones lost his roll".


title: Stop motion

text: Porter experimented with a small bit of crude stop-motion animation in his trick film "Dream of a Rarebit Fiend" (1906).


title: Stop motion

text: "The "Teddy" Bears" (2 March 1907), made in collaboration with Wallace McCutcheon Sr., mainly shows people in bear costumes, but the short film also features a short stop-motion segment with small teddy bears.


title: Stop motion

text: On 15 February 1908, Porter released the trick film "A Sculptor's Welsh Rabbit Dream" that featured clay molding itself into three complete busts. No copy of the film has yet been located. It was soon followed by the similar extant film "The Sculptor's Nightmare" (6 May 1908) by Wallace McCutcheon Sr.


title: Stop motion

text: J. Stuart Blackton's "The Haunted Hotel" (23 February 1907) featured a combination of live-action with practical special effects and stop motion animation of several objects, a puppet and a model of the haunted hotel. It was the first stop motion film to receive wide scale appreciation. Especially a large close-up view of a table being set by itself baffled viewers; there were no visible wires or other noticeable well-known tricks. This inspired other filmmakers, including French animator Émile Cohl and Segundo de Chomón. De Chomón would release the similar "The House of Ghosts" and "El hotel eléctrico" in 1908, with the latter also containing some very early pixilation.


title: Stop motion

text: "The Humpty Dumpty Circus" (1908, considered lost) by Blackton and his British-American Vitagraph partner Albert E. Smith showed an animated performance of the figures from a popular wooden toy set. Smith would later claim that this was "the first stop-motion picture in America". The inspiration would have come from seeing how puffs of smoke behaved in the interrupted recordings for a stop trick film they were making. Smith would have suggested to get a patent for the technique, but Blackton thought it wasn't that important. Smith's recollections are not considered to be very reliable.


title: Stop motion

text: Blackton's "The Haunted Hotel" made a big impression in Paris, where it was released as "L'hôtel hanté: fantasmagorie épouvantable". When Gaumont bought a copy to further distribute the film, it was carefully studied by some of their filmmakers to find out how it was made. Reportedly it was newcomer Émile Cohl who unraveled the mystery. Not long after, Cohl released his first film, "Japon de fantaisie" (June 1907), featuring his own imaginative use of the stop-motion technique.


title: Stop motion

text: It was followed by the revolutionary hand-drawn "Fantasmagorie" (17 August 1908) and many more animated films by Cohl.


title: Stop motion

text: Other notable stop-motion films by Cohl include "Les allumettes animées (Animated Matches)" (1908), and "Mobilier fidèle" (1910, in collaboration with Romeo Bosetti). "Mobilier fidèle" is often confused with Bosetti's object animation tour de force "Le garde-meubles automatique (The Automatic Moving Company)" (1912). Both films feature furniture moving by itself.


title: Stop motion

text: Of the more than 300 short films produced between 1896 and 1915 by British film pioneer Arthur Melbourne-Cooper, an estimated 36 contained forms of animation. Based on later reports by Melbourne-Cooper and by his daughter Audrey Wadowska, some believe that Cooper's "Matches: an Appeal" was produced in 1899 and therefore the very first stop-motion animation. The extant black-and-white film shows a matchstick figure writing an appeal to donate a Guinea for which Bryant and May would supply soldiers with sufficient matches. No archival records are known that could proof that the film was indeed created in 1899 during the beginning of the Second Boer War. Others place it at 1914, during the beginning of World War I. Cooper created more "Animated Matches" scenes in the same setting. These are believed to also have been produced in 1899, while a release date of 1908 has also been given. The 1908 "Animated Matches" film by Émile Cohl may have caused more confusion about the release dates of Cooper's matchstick animations. It also raises the question whether Cohl may have been inspired by Melbourne-Cooper or vice versa.


title: Stop motion

text: Melbourne-Cooper's lost films "Dolly's Toys" (1901) and "The Enchanted Toymaker" (1904) may have included stop-motion animation. "Dreams of Toyland" (1908) features a scene with many animated toys that lasts approximately three and a half minutes.


title: Stop motion

text: As a means to plan his performances, ballet dancer and choreographer Alexander Shiryaev started making approximately 20- to 25-centimeter-tall puppets out of papier-mâché on poseable wire frames. He then sketched all the sequential movements on paper. When he arranged these vertically on a long strip, it was possible to give a presentation of the complete dance with a home cinema projector. Later on, he bought a movie camera and between 1906 and 1909 he made many short films, including puppet animations. As a dancer and choreographer, Shiryaev had a special talent to create motion in his animated films. According to animator Peter Lord his work was decades ahead of its time. Part of Shiryaev's animation work is featured in Viktor Bocharov's documentary "Alexander Shiryaev: A Belated Premiere" (2003).


title: Stop motion

text: Polish-Russian Władysław Starewicz (1882–1965), started his film career around 1909 in Kaunas filming live insects. He wanted to document rutting stag beetles, but the creatures wouldn't cooperate or would even die under the bright lamps needed for filming. He solved the problem by using wire for the limbs of dried beetles and then animating them in stop motion. The resulting short film, presumably 1 minute long, was probably titled by the Latin name for the species: "Жук-олень (Lucanus Cervus)" (1910, considered lost).


title: Stop motion

text: After moving to Moscow, Starewicz continued animating dead insects, but now as characters in imaginative stories with much dramatic complexity. He garnered much attention and international acclaim with these short films, including the 10-minute "Прекрасная Люканида, или Война усачей с рогачами (The Beautiful Leukanida)" (03-1912), the two-minute "Веселые сценки из жизни животных (Happy Scenes from Animal Life)", the 12-minute "Прекрасная Люканида, или Война усачей с рогачами (The Cameraman's Revenge)" (10-1912) and the 5-minute "Стрекоза и муравей (The Grasshopper and the Ant )" (1913). Reportedly many viewers were impressed with how much could be achieved with trained insects, or at least wondered what tricks could have been used, since few people were familiar with the secrets of stop motion animation. "Рождество обитателей леса (The Insects' Christmas)" (1913) featured other animated puppets, including Father Christmas and a frog. Starewicz made several other stop motion films in the next two years, but mainly went on to direct live-action short and feature films before he fled from Russia in 1918.


title: Stop motion

text: Willis O' Brien's first stop motion film was "" (1915). Apart from the titular dinosaur and "missing link" ape, it featured several cavemen and an ostrich-like "desert quail", all relatively lifelike models made with clay. This led to a series of short animated comedies with a prehistoric theme for Edison Company, including "Prehistoric Poultry" (1916), "R.F.D. 10,000 B.C." (1917), "The Birth of a Flivver" (1917) and "Curious Pets of Our Ancestors" (1917). O'Brien was then hired by producer Herbert M. Dawley to direct, create effects, co-write and co-star with him for "The Ghost of Slumber Mountain" (1918). The collaborative film combined live-action with animated dinosaur models in a 45-minute film, but after the premiere it was cut down to approximately 12 minutes. Dawley did not give O'Brien credits for the visual effects, and instead claimed the animation process as his own invention and even applied for patents. O'Brien's stop motion work was recognized as a technique to create lifelike creatures for adventure films. O' Brien further pioneered the technique with animated dinosaur sequences for the live-action feature "The Lost World" (1925).


title: Stop motion

text: New York artist Helena Smith Dayton, possibly the first female animator, had much success with her "Caricatypes" clay statuettes before she began experimenting with clay animation. Some of her first resulting short films were screened on 25 March 1917. She released an adaptation of William Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet" approximately half a year later. Although the films and her technique received much attention of the press, it seems she did not continue making films after she returned to New York from managing a YMCA in Paris around 1918. None of her films have yet surfaced, but the extant magazine articles have provided several stills and approximately 20 poorly printed frames from two film strips.


title: Stop motion

text: By 1920 Starewicz had settled in Paris, and started making new stop motion films. "Dans les Griffes de L'araignée" (finished 1920, released 1924) featured detailed hand-made insect puppets that could convey facial expressions with moving lips and eyelids.


title: Stop motion

text: One of the earliest clay animation films was "Modelling Extraordinary", which impressed audiences in 1912.


title: Stop motion

text: Starewicz finished the first feature stop motion film "Le Roman de Renard (The Tale of the Fox)" in 1930, but problems with its soundtrack delayed its release. In 1937 it was released with a German soundtrack and in 1941 with its French soundtrack.


title: Stop motion

text: Hungarian-American filmmaker George Pal developed his own stop motion technique of replacing wooden dolls (or parts of them) with similar figures displaying changed poses and/or expressions. He called it Pal-Doll and used it for his Puppetoons films since 1932. The particular replacement animation method itself also became better known as puppetoon. In Europe he mainly worked on promotional films for companies such as Philips. Later Pal gained much success in Hollywood with a string of Academy Award for Best Animated Short Films, including "Rhythm in the Ranks" (1941), "Tulips Shall Grow" (1942), "Jasper and the Haunted House" (1942), the Dr. Seuss penned "The 500 Hats of Bartholomew Cubbins" (1943) and "And to Think That I Saw It on Mulberry Street" (1944), "Jasper and the Beanstalk" (1945), "John Henry and the Inky-Poo" (1946), "Jasper in a Jam" (1946), and "Tubby the Tuba" (1947). Many of his puppetoon films were selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry.


title: Stop motion

text: Willis O' Brien's expressive and emotionally convincing animation of the big ape in "King Kong" (1933) is widely regarded as a milestone in stop-motion animation and a highlight of Hollywood cinema in general.


title: Stop motion

text: A 1940 promotional film for Autolite, an automotive parts supplier, featured stop-motion animation of its products marching past Autolite factories to the tune of Franz Schubert's "Military March". An abbreviated version of this sequence was later used in television ads for Autolite, especially those on the 1950s CBS program "Suspense", which Autolite sponsored.


title: Stop motion

text: The first British animated feature was the stop motion instruction film "Handling Ships" (1945) by Halas and Batchelor for the British Admiralty. It was not meant for general cinemas, but did become part of the official selection of the 1946 Cannes Film Festival.


title: Stop motion

text: The first Belgian animated feature was an adaptation of the Tintin comic "The Crab with the Golden Claws" (1947) with animated puppets.


title: Stop motion

text: The first Czech animated feature was the package film "The Czech Year" (1947) with animated puppets by Jiří Trnka. The film won several awards at the Venice Film Festival and other international festivals. Trnka would make several more award-winning stop motion features including "The Emperor's Nightingale" (1949), "Prince Bayaya" (1950), "Old Czech Legends" (1953) or "A Midsummer Night's Dream" (1959). He also directed many short films and experimented with other forms of animation.


title: Stop motion

text: <nowiki> </nowiki>Ray Harryhausen learned under O'Brien on the film "Mighty Joe Young" (1949). Harryhausen would go on to create many memorable stop motion effects for a string of successful fantasy films over the next three decades. These included "The Beast from 20,000 Fathoms" (1953), "It Came from Beneath the Sea" (1955), "Jason and the Argonauts" (1963), "The Golden Voyage of Sinbad" (1973) and "Clash of the Titans" (1981).


title: Stop motion

text: It wasn't until 1954 before a feature animated film with a technique other than cel animation was produced in the US. The first was the stop motion adaptation of 19th century composer Engelbert Humperdinck's opera "Hänsel und Gretel" as "".


title: Stop motion

text: In 1955 Karel Zeman made his first feature film "Journey to the Beginning of Time" inspired by Jules Verne, featuring stop motion animation of dinosaurs and other prehistoric creatures.


title: Stop motion

text: Art Clokey started his adventures in clay with a freeform clay short film called "Gumbasia" (1955), which shortly thereafter propelled him into the production of his more structured TV series "Gumby" (1955–1989), with the iconic titular character. In partnership with the United Lutheran Church in America, he also produced "Davey and Goliath" (1960–2004). The theatrical feature "" (1992, released in 1995) was a box office bomb.


title: Stop motion

text: On 22 November 1959, the first episode of "Unser Sandmänchen (Our Little Sandman)" was broadcast on DFF (East German television). The 10-minute daily bedtime show for young children features the title character as an animated puppet, and other puppets in different segments. A very similar "Sandmänchen" series, possibly conceived earlier, ran on West German television from 1 December 1959 until the German reunification in 1989. The East German show was continued on other German networks when DFF ended in 1991, and is one of the longest running animated series in the world. The theatrical feature "Das Sandmännchen – Abenteuer im Traumland" (2010) was fully animated with stop motion puppets.


title: Stop motion

text: Japanese puppet animator Tadahito Mochinaga started out as assistant animator in short anime (propaganda) films "Arichan" (1941) and "Momotarō no Umiwashi" (1943). He fled to Manchukuo during the war and stayed in China afterwards. Due to the scarcity of paint and film stock shortly after the war, Mochinaga decided to work with puppets and stop motion. His work helped popularize puppet animation in China, before he returned to Japan around 1953 where he continued working as animation director. In the 1960s, Mochinaga supervised the "Animagic" puppet animation for productions by Arthur Rankin Jr. and Jules Bass' Videocraft International, Ltd. (later called Rankin/Bass Productions, Inc.) and Dentsu, starting with the syndicated television series "The New Adventures of Pinocchio" (1960-1961). The Christmas TV special "Rudolph the Red-Nosed Reindeer" has been telecasted annually since 1964 and has become one of the most beloved holiday specials in the United States. They made three theatrical feature films "Willy McBean and His Magic Machine" (1965), "The Daydreamer" (1966, stop motion / live-action) and "Mad Monster Party?" (1966, released in 1967), and the television special "Ballad of Smokey the Bear" (1966) before the collaboration ended. Rankin/Bass worked with other animators for more TV specials, with titles such as "The Little Drummer Boy" (1968), "Santa Claus is Comin' to Town" (1970) and "Here Comes Peter Cottontail" (1971).


title: Stop motion

text: British television has shown many stop motion series for young children since the 1960s. An early example is "Snip and Snap" (1960-1961) by John Halas in collaboration with Danish paper sculptor Thok Søndergaard (Thoki Yenn), featuring dog Snap, cut from a sheet of paper by pair of scissors Snip.


title: Stop motion

text: Apart from their cutout animation series, British studio Smallfilms (Peter Firmin and Oliver Postgate) produced several stop motion series with puppets, beginning with "Pingwings" (1961-1965) featuring penguin-like birds knitted by Peter's wife Joan and filmed on their farm (where most of their productions were filmed in an unused barn). It was followed by "Pogles' Wood" (1965-1967), "Clangers" (1969-1972, 1974, revived in 2015), "Bagpuss" (1974) and "" (1984).


title: Stop motion

text: Czech surrealist filmmaker Jan Švankmajer's released his short artistic films since 1964, which usually contain much experimental stop motion. He started to gain much international recognition in the 1980s. Since 1988 he has mostly been directing feature films which feature much more live action than stop motion. These include "Alice", an adaptation of Lewis Carroll's "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland", and "Faust", a rendition of the legend of the German scholar. Švankmajer's work has been highly influential on other artists, such as Terry Gilliam and the Quay brothers (although the latter claim to have only discovered Švankmajer's films after having developed their own similar style).


title: Stop motion

text: French animator Serge Danot created "The Magic Roundabout" (1965) which played for many years on the BBC.


title: Stop motion

text: Polish studio Se-ma-for produced popular TV series with animated puppets in adaptations of "Colargol" ("Barnaby the Bear" in the UK, "Jeremy" in Canada) (1967-1974) and "The Moomins" (1977-1982).


title: Stop motion

text: In the 1960s and 1970s, independent clay animator Eliot Noyes Jr. refined the technique of "free-form" clay animation with his Oscar-nominated 1965 film "Clay (or the Origin of Species)". Noyes also used stop motion to animate sand lying on glass for his musical animated film "Sandman" (1975).


title: Stop motion

text: Italian director Francesco Misseri created the clay animation TV series "Mio Mao" (1970-1976, 2002–2007), "Il Rosso e il Blu (The Red and the Blue)" (1976), and a TV series with an animated origami duck "Quaq Quao" (1978-1979).