title: Stop motion

text: The British artists Brian Cosgrove and Mark Hall (Cosgrove Hall Films) produced two stop-motion animated adaptions of Enid Blyton's "Noddy" book series, including the original series of the same name (1975–1982) and "Noddy's Toyland Adventures" (1992–2001), a full-length film "The Wind in the Willows" (1983) and later a multi-season TV series, both based on Kenneth Grahame's classic children's book of the same title. They also produced a documentary of their production techniques, "Making Frog and Toad".


title: Stop motion

text: In 1975, filmmaker and clay animation experimenter Will Vinton joined with sculptor Bob Gardiner to create an experimental film called "Closed Mondays" which became the first stop-motion film to win an Oscar. Will Vinton followed with several other successful short film experiments including "The Great Cognito", "The Creation", and "Rip Van Winkle" which were each nominated for Academy Awards. In 1977, Vinton made a documentary about this process and his style of animation which he dubbed "claymation"; he titled the documentary "Claymation". Soon after this documentary, the term was trademarked by Vinton to differentiate his team's work from others who had been, or were beginning to do, "clay animation". While the word has stuck and is often used to describe clay animation and stop motion, it remains a trademark owned currently by Laika Entertainment, Inc. Twenty clay-animation episodes featuring the clown Mr. Bill were a feature of "Saturday Night Live", starting from a first appearance in February 1976.


title: Stop motion

text: At very much the same time in the UK, Peter Lord and David Sproxton formed Aardman Animations that would produce many commercials, TV series, short films and eventually also feature films. In 1976 they created the character Morph who appeared as an animated side-kick to the TV presenter Tony Hart on his BBC TV programme Take Hart. The five-inch-high presenter was made from a traditional British modelling clay called Plasticine. In 1977 they started on a series of animated films, again using modelling clay, but this time made for a more adult audience. The soundtrack for Down and Out was recorded in a Salvation Army Hostel and Plasticine puppets were animated to dramatise the dialogue. A second film, also for the BBC followed in 1978. A TV series The Amazing Adventures of Morph was aired in 1980. They also produced a notable music video for "Sledgehammer", a song by Peter Gabriel.


title: Stop motion

text: Sand-coated puppet animation was used in the Oscar-winning 1977 film "The Sand Castle", produced by Dutch-Canadian animator Co Hoedeman. Hoedeman was one of dozens of animators sheltered by the National Film Board of Canada, a Canadian government film arts agency that had supported animators for decades. A pioneer of refined multiple stop-motion films under the NFB banner was Norman McLaren, who brought in many other animators to create their own creatively controlled films. Notable among these are the pinscreen animation films of Jacques Drouin, made with the original pinscreen donated by Alexandre Alexeieff and Claire Parker.


title: Stop motion

text: Czech filmmakers Lubomír Beneš and Vladimír Jiránek debuted their animated puppet characters "Pat & Mat", two inventive but clumsy neighbors, in the 7-minute short "Kuťáci" in 1976. Since 1979, over 100 episodes have been broadcast irregularly. Since 2014, new episodes were presented in theatrically released package films. The series became very popular in several countries, especially in The Netherlands, the only country where the characters are voiced.


title: Stop motion

text: One of the main British animation teams, John Hardwick and Bob Bura, were the main animators in many early British TV shows, and are famous for their work on the "Trumptonshire" trilogy.


title: Stop motion

text: Disney experimented with several stop-motion techniques by hiring independent animator-director Mike Jittlov to make the first stop-motion animation of Mickey Mouse toys ever produced, in a short sequence called "Mouse Mania", part of a TV special, "Mickey's 50", which commemorated Mickey's 50th anniversary in 1978. Jittlov again produced some impressive multi-technique stop-motion animation a year later for a 1979 Disney special promoting their release of the feature film "The Black Hole". Titled "Major Effects", Jittlov's work stood out as the best part of the special. Jittlov released his footage the following year to 16mm film collectors as a short film titled "The Wizard of Speed and Time", along with four of his other short multi-technique animated films, most of which eventually evolved into his own feature-length film of the same title. Effectively demonstrating almost all animation techniques, as well as how he produced them, the film was released to theaters in 1987 and to video in 1989.


title: Stop motion

text: In the 1970s and 1980s, Industrial Light & Magic often used stop-motion model animation in such films as the original "Star Wars" trilogy: the holochess sequence in "Star Wars", the Tauntauns and AT-AT walkers in "The Empire Strikes Back", and the AT-ST walkers in "Return of the Jedi" were all filmed using stop-motion animation, with the latter two films utilising go motion: an invention from renowned visual effects veteran Phil Tippett. The many shots including the ghosts in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" and the first two feature films in the "RoboCop" series use Tippett's go motion.


title: Stop motion

text: In the UK, Aardman Animations continued to grow. Channel 4 funded a new series of clay animated films, "Conversation Pieces", using recorded soundtracks of real people talking. A further series in 1986, called "Lip Sync", premiered the work of Richard Goleszowski ("Ident"), Barry Purves ("Next"), and Nick Park ("Creature Comforts"), as well as further films by Sproxton and Lord. "Creature Comforts" won the Oscar for Best Animated Short in 1990.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1980, Marc Paul Chinoy directed the 1st feature-length clay animated film, based on the famous "Pogo" comic strip. Titled "I go Pogo". It was aired a few times on American cable channels but has yet to be commercially released. Primarily clay, some characters required armatures, and walk cycles used pre-sculpted hard bases legs.


title: Stop motion

text: Stop motion was also used for some shots of the final sequence of the first "Terminator" movie, also for the scenes of the small alien ships in Spielberg's "Batteries Not Included" in 1987, animated by David W. Allen. Allen's stop-motion work can also be seen in such feature films as "The Crater Lake Monster" (1977), "Q - The Winged Serpent" (1982), "The Gate" (1987) and "Freaked" (1993). Allen's King Kong Volkswagen commercial from the 1970s is now legendary among model animation enthusiasts.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1985, Will Vinton and his team released an ambitious feature film in stop motion called "The Adventures Of Mark Twain" based on the life and works of the famous American author. While the film may have been a little sophisticated for young audiences at the time, it got rave reviews from critics and adults in general. Vinton's team also created the Nomes and the Nome King for Disney's "Return to Oz" feature, for which they received an Academy Award Nomination for Special Visual Effects. In the late 1980s and early 1990s, Will Vinton became very well known for his commercial work as well with stop-motion campaigns including The California Raisins and The Noid.


title: Stop motion

text: From 1986 to 1991, Churchill Films produced "The Mouse and the Motorcycle", "Runaway Ralph", and "Ralph S. Mouse" for ABC television. The shows featured stop-motion characters combined with live action, based on the books of Beverly Cleary. John Clark Matthews was the animation director, with Justin Kohn, Joel Fletcher, and Gail Van Der Merwe providing character animation. The company also produced other films based on children's books.


title: Stop motion

text: From 1986 to 2000, over 150 five-minute episodes of "Pingu", a Swiss children's comedy, were produced by Trickfilmstudio.


title: Stop motion

text: Aardman Animations' Nick Park became very successful with his short claymation "Creature Comforts" in 1989, which had talking animals voicing vox pop interviews. Park then used the same format to produce a series of commercials between 1990 and 1992. The commercials have been credited as having introduced a more "caring" way of advertising in the UK. Richard Goleszowski later directed two 13-episode "Creature Comforts" TV series (2003, 2005–2006) and a Christmas special (2005).


title: Stop motion

text: Also in 1989, Park introduced his very popular clay characters Wallace and Gromit in "A Grand Day Out". Three more short films and one feature film and many TV adaptions and spin-offs would follow. Among many other awards, Park won the Academy Award for Best Animated Feature for the feature-length outing "". Park also worked on the "Chicken Run" movie, which was another film from Aardman Animations.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1992, Trey Parker and Matt Stone made "The Spirit of Christmas (short film)", a short cutout animated student film made with construction paper. In 1995 they made a second short with the same titled, commissioned as a Christmas greeting by Fox Broadcasting Company executive Brian Graden. The concepts and characters were further developed into the TV hit series "South Park" (since 1997). Except for the pilot, all animation has been created on computers in the same style.


title: Stop motion

text: "The Nightmare Before Christmas" (1993), directed by Henry Selick and produced by Tim Burton, was one of the more widely released stop-motion features and become the highest grossing stop-motion animated movie of its time, grossing over $50 million domestic. Henry Selick also went on to direct "James and the Giant Peach" and "Coraline", and Tim Burton went on to direct "Corpse Bride" and "Frankenweenie".


title: Stop motion

text: In November 1998, the first episode of Bob the Builder released on BBC. Bob the Builder was a popular British stop-motion television series created by Keith Chapman & produced and owned by HIT Entertainment.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1999, Will Vinton launched the first US prime-time stop-motion television series called "The PJs", co-created by actor-comedian Eddie Murphy. The Emmy-winning sitcom aired on Fox for two seasons, then moved to the WB for an additional season. Vinton launched another series, "Gary & Mike", for UPN in 2001.


title: Stop motion

text: In 1999, Tsuneo Gōda directed 30-second sketches of the character Domo. The shorts, animated by stop-motion studio Dwarf, are currently still produced in Japan and have received universal critical acclaim from fans and critics. Gōda also directed the stop-motion movie series "Komaneko" in 2004.


title: Stop motion

text: The BBC commissioned thirteen episodes of stop frame animated "Summerton Mill" in 2004 as inserts into their flagship pre-school program, "Tikkabilla". Created and produced by Pete Bryden and Ed Cookson, the series was then given its own slot on BBC1 and BBC2 and has been broadcast extensively around the world.


title: Stop motion

text: Other notable stop-motion feature films released since 2000 include "Fantastic Mr. Fox" (2009) "$9.99" (2009), "Anomalisa" (2015), and "Guillermo del Toro's Pinocchio" (2022).


title: Stop motion

text: In 2003, the pilot film for the series "Curucuru and Friends", produced by Korean studio Ffango Entertoyment is greenlighted into a children's animated series in 2004 after an approval with the Gyeonggi Digital Contents Agency. It was aired in KBS1 on November 24, 2006, and won the 13th Korean Animation Awards in 2007 for Best Animation. Ffango Entertoyment also worked with Frontier Works in Japan to produce the 2010 film remake of "Cheburashka".


title: Stop motion

text: Since 2005, "Robot Chicken" has mostly utilized stop-motion animation, using custom made action figures and other toys as principal characters.


title: Stop motion

text: Since 2009, Laika, the stop-motion successor to Will Vinton Studios, has released five feature films, which have collectively grossed over $400 million.


title: Stop motion

text: As of 2019, stop motion is thriving even in a filmmaking world dominated by CGI despite the efforts needed by the animators.


title: Stop motion

text: Stop motion has very rarely been shot in stereoscopic 3D throughout film history. The first 3D stop-motion short was "In Tune With Tomorrow" (also known as "Motor Rhythm"), made in 1939 by John Norling. The second stereoscopic stop-motion release was "The Adventures of Sam Space" in 1955 by Paul Sprunck. The third and latest stop motion short in stereo 3D was "The Incredible Invasion of the 20,000 Giant Robots from Outer Space" in 2000 by Elmer Kaan and Alexander Lentjes. This is also the first ever 3D stereoscopic stop motion and CGI short in the history of film. The first all stop-motion 3D feature is "Coraline" (2009), based on Neil Gaiman's best-selling novel and directed by Henry Selick.


title: Stop motion

text: Another recent example is the Nintendo 3DS video software which comes with the option for Stop Motion videos. This has been released December 8, 2011 as a 3DS system update. Also, the film "ParaNorman" is in 3D stop motion.


title: Stop motion

text: Another more complicated variation on stop motion is go motion, co-developed by Phil Tippett and first used on the films "The Empire Strikes Back" (1980), "Dragonslayer" (1981), and the "RoboCop" films. Go motion involved programming a computer to move parts of a model slightly during each exposure of each frame of film, combined with traditional hand manipulation of the model in between frames, to produce a more realistic motion blurring effect. Tippett also used the process extensively in his 1984 short film "Prehistoric Beast", a 10 minutes long sequence depicting a herbivorous dinosaur ("Monoclonius"), being chased by a carnivorous one ("Tyrannosaurus"). With new footage "Prehistoric Beast" became "Dinosaur!" in 1985, a full-length dinosaurs documentary hosted by Christopher Reeve. Those Phil Tippett's go motion tests acted as motion models for his first photo-realistic use of computers to depict dinosaurs in "Jurassic Park" in 1993. A low-tech, manual version of this blurring technique was originally pioneered by Władysław Starewicz in the silent era, and was used in his feature film "The Tale of the Fox" (1931).


title: Stop motion

text: Reasons for using stop motion instead of the more advanced computer-generated imagery (CGI) include the low entry price and the appeal of its distinct look. It is now mostly used in children's programming, in commercials and some comic shows such as "Robot Chicken". Another merit of stop motion is that it accurately displays real-life textures, while CGI texturing is more artificial and not quite as close to realism. This is appreciated by a number of animation directors, such as Tim Burton, Henry Selick, Wes Anderson, and Travis Knight.


title: Stop motion

text: Many young people begin their experiments in movie making with stop motion, thanks to the ease of modern stop-motion software and online video publishing. Many new stop-motion shorts use clay animation into a new form.


title: Stop motion

text: Singer-songwriter Oren Lavie's music video for the song Her Morning Elegance was posted on YouTube on January 19, 2009. The video, directed by Lavie and Yuval and Merav Nathan, uses stop motion and has achieved great success with over 25.4 million views, also earning a 2010 Grammy Award nomination for "Best Short Form Music Video".


title: Stop motion

text: Stop motion has occasionally been used to create the characters for computer games, as an alternative to CGI. The Virgin Interactive Entertainment Mythos game Magic and Mayhem (1998) featured creatures built by stop-motion specialist Alan Friswell, who made the miniature figures from modelling clay and latex rubber, over armatures of wire and ball-and-socket joints. The models were then animated one frame at a time, and incorporated into the CGI elements of the game through digital photography. "ClayFighter" for the Super NES and The Neverhood for the PC are other examples.


title: Stop motion

text: Scientists at IBM used a scanning tunneling microscope to single out and move individual atoms which were used to make characters in "A Boy and His Atom". This was the tiniest scale stop-motion video made at that time.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: Diana J. Gabaldon (; born January 11, 1952) is an American author, known for the "Outlander" series of novels. Her books merge multiple genres, featuring elements of historical fiction, romance, mystery, adventure and science fiction/fantasy. A television adaptation of the "Outlander" novels premiered on Starz in 2014.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: Gabaldon was born on January 11, 1952, in Scottsdale, Arizona, United States, the daughter of Jacqueline Sykes and Tony Gabaldon (1931–1998), an Arizona state senator from Flagstaff for sixteen years and later a supervisor of Coconino County. Her father was of Mexican ancestry, and her mother was of English descent.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: Gabaldon grew up in Flagstaff, Arizona. She earned a bachelor of science in zoology from Northern Arizona University, 1970–1973; a master of science in marine biology from the University of California, San Diego, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, 1973–1975; and a PhD in behavioral ecology from Northern Arizona University, 1975–1978.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: Gabaldon was the founding editor of "Science Software Quarterly" in 1984 while employed at the Center for Environmental Studies at Arizona State University. During the mid-1980s, Gabaldon wrote software reviews and technical articles for computer publications, as well as popular-science articles and Disney comics. She was a professor with an expertise in scientific computation at ASU for 12 years before leaving to write full-time.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: In 1988, Gabaldon decided to write a novel for "practice, just to learn how", and with no intention to show it to anyone. As a research professor, she decided that a historical novel would be easiest to research and write, but she had no background in history and initially no particular time period in mind. Gabaldon happened to see a rerun episode of the "Doctor Who" science fiction TV series titled "The War Games." One of the Doctor's companions was a Scot from around 1745, a young man about 17 years old named Jamie McCrimmon, who provided the initial inspiration for her main male character, James Fraser, and for her novel's mid-18th century Scotland setting. Gabaldon decided to have "an Englishwoman to play-off all these kilted Scotsmen," but her female character "took over the story and began telling it herself, making smart-ass modern remarks about everything."


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: To explain the character's modern behavior and attitudes, Gabaldon chose to use time travel. Writing the novel at a time "when the World Wide Web didn't exist," she did her research "the old-fashioned way, by herself, through books."


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: Later, Gabaldon posted a short excerpt of her novel on the CompuServe Literary Forum, where author John E. Stith introduced her to literary agent Perry Knowlton. Knowlton represented her based on an unfinished first novel, tentatively titled "Cross Stitch." Her first book deal was for a trilogy, the first novel plus two then-unwritten sequels. Her U.S. publishers changed the first book's title to "Outlander", but the title remained unchanged in the U.K. According to Gabaldon, her British publishers liked the title "Cross Stitch", a play on "a stitch in time"; however, the American publisher said it "sounded too much like embroidery" and wanted a more "adventurous" title. When her second book was finished, Gabaldon resigned her faculty position at Arizona State University to become a full-time author.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: , the "Outlander" series comprises nine published novels. The ninth installment, "Go Tell the Bees That I am Gone", was published on November 23, 2021. Gabaldon also published "The Exile (An Outlander Graphic Novel)" in 2010. The "Lord John" series is a spin-off from the "Outlander" books, centering on a secondary character from the original series. Gabaldon announced in September 2021 that she is working on the tenth Outlander series book which is possibly the last.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: Gabaldon lives in Scottsdale, Arizona with her husband Doug Watkins, with whom she has three adult children. Her son, Sam Sykes, is also a fantasy writer.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: The "Outlander" series focuses on 20th-century nurse Claire Randall, who time travels to 18th-century Scotland and finds adventure and romance with the dashing James Fraser. Set in Scotland, France, the West Indies, England and North America, the novels merge multiple genres, featuring elements of historical fiction, romance, mystery, adventure and science fiction/fantasy.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: The "Lord John" series is a sequence of novels and shorter works that center on Lord John Grey, a recurring secondary character in Gabaldon's "Outlander" series. The spin-off series currently consists of five novellas and three novels, which all take place between 1756 and 1761, during the events of Gabaldon's "Voyager". They can be generally categorized as historical mysteries, and the three novels are shorter and focus on fewer plot threads than the main "Outlander" books.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: The "Outlander" series has been released in unabridged (read by Davina Porter) and abridged (read by Geraldine James) audiobooks. Several of the "Lord John" books have been released in audiobook form, read by Jeff Woodman.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: A television adaptation of the "Outlander" series premiered on Starz in the US on August 9, 2014. Gabaldon made a cameo appearance as Iona MacTavish in the August 2014 episode "The Gathering". Gabaldon is a paid consultant for the show, and wrote the screenplay for the 2016 season 2 episode "Vengeance Is Mine".


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: In 2010 Gabaldon adapted the first third of "Outlander" into "", illustrated by Hoang Nguyen. The same year, a 14-song cycle based on "Outlander" was released under the title "".


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: Gabaldon's "Outlander" won the Romance Writers of America's RITA Award for Best Romance of 1991. "A Breath of Snow and Ashes" (2005) debuted at #1 on "The New York Times" Hardcover Fiction Best-Seller List and won the Quill Award for Science Fiction/Fantasy/Horror. In 2007, "The Montreal Gazette" noted that Gabaldon's books "are in demand in 24 countries in 19 languages," and that the author "continues to churn out one bestseller after another." By 2012 her novels had been published in 27 countries and 24 languages.


title: Diana Gabaldon

text: "Lord John and the Private Matter" reached No. 8 on "The New York Times" Hardcover Fiction Best-Seller List in 2003. In 2007, "Lord John and the Brotherhood of the Blade" debuted at #1, and the "Hand of Devils" collection reached No. 24 on "The New York Times" Hardcover Fiction Best-Seller List. "The Scottish Prisoner" debuted at #6 on "The New York Times" E-Book Fiction Best-Seller List in 2011, and the novella "A Plague of Zombies" was nominated for an Edgar Award by the Mystery Writers of America for the “Best Short Mystery Story” the same year. Reviewing the "Lord John" series, "Publishers Weekly" said that "Gabaldon's prose is crisply elegant" and that she "brings an effusive joy to her fiction that proves infectious even for readers unfamiliar with her work or the period."


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: Bob Proctor (born Robert Corlett Proctor; July 5, 1934 – February 3, 2022) was a Canadian self-help author and lecturer. He was best known for his "New York Times" best-selling book "You Were Born Rich" (1984) and being a contributor to the film "The Secret" (2006). Proctor's teachings maintained the idea that a positive self-image is critical for obtaining success, frequently referencing the pseudoscientific belief of the Law of Attraction.


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: Proctor's teachings of the Law of Attraction were a major part of the rise in prominence it, due chiefly to The Secret film and book. Critics noted that simply having a sustained thought over time will materialize those thoughts into reality, whether it be for riches or for health. Some experts worried that individuals may opt for Proctor's model of Positive Thinking instead of physical therapies or medical intervention.


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: The Law of Attraction originates from quantum mysticism which suggests that positive thinking can shape reality. Critics take exception to the connection that can be made to quantum mechanics which draws upon "coincidental similarities of language rather than genuine connections".


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: Proctor claimed to have a poor self-image and little ambition as a child, dropping out from Danforth Tech after a bandsaw-inflicted thumb injury with no plans for the future. Working in a fire department in Toronto, Proctor met a man who shared the book "Think and Grow Rich" with him at the age of 26, the first book he claimed to have ever read. Soon afterward, Proctor claimed his life started to change as the book shifted his focus in life. Proctor said he started a company offering cleaning services as his first enterprise - a venture he claimed netted him over $100,000 in his starting year despite having neither formal education nor business experience.


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: Proctor later joined the Nightingale-Conant Organization and worked his way up within the company, claiming to have been mentored by Earl Nightingale.


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: In 1984, the book "You Were Born Rich", was published by McCrary Publishing. Prior to that, other publishers sent the book back to him noting that "this book is absurd." Australian-based filmmaker Rhonda Byrne discovered Proctor's book and led her to requesting he be interviewed and participate in the 2006 movie "The Secret". Financial experts express caution from not making sound investments when following the advice of "You Were Born Rich".


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: Throughout his material, Proctor aimed to have the reader tap into their "inner self". He suggested their "inner-self" controls all that is brought into their life and that a bad self-image, which he called a "paradigm", lead to poor results even among those with adequate knowledge and abilities. Instead of academic education, which Proctor argued was detrimental, Proctor recommended students attend his seminars and follow his program of branded personal development.


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: Despite any evidence supporting the Law of Attraction, Proctor contended that everything in the universe vibrates and that similar vibrations attract each other. Using images of Kirlian photography, Proctor further argued that a person's body emitted an "energy field" and that the mind and body vibrate at specific frequencies which if harnessed could produce specific results. He suggested that given humans are capable of controlling their thoughts, they could choose to manipulate these vibrational frequencies and thus control their outcomes by attracting objects which vibrate at a similar frequency. Critics claimed Proctor's teachings were a pseudoscientific misunderstanding of quantum mechanics. In response, Proctor claimed his teachings were "the basic laws of the universe".


title: Bob Proctor (author)

text: Proctor claimed there was nothing in a person's life they could not change through the Law of Attraction. Proctor also suggested that even a global recession was the result of excessive vibrational negativity which attracted the recession to the economy. In a 2009 article, "The Wall Street Journal" opined that if any of Proctor's followers believed that they could simply choose not to participate in the recession they were "being shammed".


title: Mako Komuro

text: , formerly , is a former member of the Japanese imperial family. She is the eldest child of Crown Prince Fumihito and Crown Princess Kiko, niece of Emperor Naruhito, and granddaughter of Emperor Emeritus Akihito and Empress Emerita Michiko. She married Kei Komuro, a lawyer, on 26 October 2021. As a result of her marriage to a commoner, she gave up her imperial title and left the imperial family, as required by the Imperial Household Law.


title: Mako Komuro

text: Mako Komuro was born Princess Mako of Akishino on 23 October 1991 to Fumihito, Prince Akishino, and Kiko, Princess Akishino, at Imperial Household Agency Hospital in Tokyo Imperial Palace, Chiyoda, Tokyo. She has a younger sister, Princess Kako, and a younger brother, Prince Hisahito. Mako was educated at the Gakushūin School in her Primary, Girls' Junior and Senior High School years. She studied English at University College, Dublin (UCD), in July–August 2010. She had an informal talk with the President of Ireland, Mary McAleese, and she visited Northern Ireland.


title: Mako Komuro

text: The Princess graduated from the International Christian University in Mitaka, Tokyo, on 26 March 2014 with a bachelor's degree in Art and Cultural Heritage. She obtained Japanese national certification in curation as well as a driver's license while she was an undergraduate student. She later studied art history at the University of Edinburgh for nine months, from September 2012 to May 2013. On 17 September 2014, she left for the United Kingdom where she studied at the University of Leicester for a year, receiving an MA degree in Art Museum and Gallery Studies on 21 January 2016. In September 2016, she enrolled in the doctoral course of the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, International Christian University.


title: Mako Komuro

text: Mako has been considered by some to be an internet idol since 2004, when images of her in sailor fuku appeared on television. An image repository was set up, and a video featuring fanart of Komuro was uploaded onto the popular video-sharing website Nico Nico Douga, attracting over 340,000 views and 86,000 comments. The Imperial Household Agency, responding to a request for comment, stated that they are not sure how they should handle this phenomenon, since they see no signs of slander or insults against the Imperial Family.


title: Mako Komuro

text: In 2011, Princess Mako came of age and was conferred Grand Cordon of the Order of the Precious Crown on 23 October. Since then, she began attending official events as an adult member of the Imperial Family. She gave her patronage to a number of organizations, including the Japan Tennis Association and the Japan Kōgei Association.


title: Mako Komuro

text: In August 2006, Mako visited Vienna, Austria for two weeks on a school-sponsored homestay program. She stayed in the home of an Austrian citizen who was a colleague of Tatsuhiko Kawashima, her maternal grandfather. Because Mako is interested in art and architecture, she visited the museums, St. Stephen's Cathedral and Schönbrunn Palace.


title: Mako Komuro

text: In July 2011, she worked as a volunteer in the affected areas of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami without revealing her identity.


title: Mako Komuro

text: In April 2022, it was reported that she was working as an unpaid volunteer at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, assisting curators within the museum's Asian art collection.


title: Mako Komuro

text: In May 2017, it was announced that the Princess was expected to marry Kei Komuro, a graduate of International Christian University (ICU). The two had been reportedly dating since 2013. The wedding was originally expected to take place in November 2018, but it was postponed for approximately three years due to Komuro's mother's involvement in a financial dispute. A Japanese weekly magazine reported she had received over ¥4 million ($36,000) from her former fiancé, some of which went towards paying Komuro's tuition fees. The dispute resulted in the imperial family's and the public's disapproval of the match. Early in 2021, Komuro released a 28-page statement, mentioning that his mother initially believed the money was a gift and added that he wished to pay it back. In September 2021, it was reported that the marriage would take place in the form of a simple ceremony at a government office, with the date later announced as 26 October 2021, three days after Mako's 30th birthday.


title: Mako Komuro

text: On 26 October 2021, Princess Mako officially married Komuro following the submission of their marriage document at the local ward office.


title: Mako Komuro

text: The couple gave a press conference at a hotel hall after their wedding where they provided answers to five questions submitted in advance. The couple announced their desire to move to New York as Kei Komuro gained a Juris Doctor degree from Fordham University School of Law in May 2021. While awaiting her passport issuance and US Visa, she moved to her own residence in the Shibuya district in Tokyo as she is by law not allowed to live at her parents' house inside the imperial quarters.


title: Mako Komuro

text: Kei Komuro resolved the financial dispute between his mother and her ex-fiancé in November 2021, paying the ex-fiancé an undisclosed sum of money to resolve the debt.


title: Mako Komuro

text: The couple departed for New York in mid-November 2021. Kei Komuro was hired by the New York-based law firm Lowenstein Sandler LLP in 2021 and he passed the New York bar examination in July 2022.


title: Mako Komuro

text: Weeks before her planned wedding, the Imperial Household Agency announced on behalf of Princess Mako that she had recently been diagnosed with complex post-traumatic stress disorder (C-PTSD) by the head of the quality assurance room of the NTT Tokyo Medical Center. The diagnosis determined that the C-PTSD originated during her primary high school years and continued due to strong criticism from imperial family members and the media.


title: Mako Komuro

text: Mako was styled as "Her Imperial Highness" Princess Mako until her marriage on 26 October 2021, after which she became known as "Mrs." Kei Komuro.


title: 2002 NBA draft

text: The 2002 NBA draft was held on June 26, 2002, at The Theater at Madison Square Garden. In this draft, National Basketball Association (NBA) teams took turns selecting 57 amateur college basketball players and other first-time eligible players, such as players from non-North American leagues. This was the last draft that was broadcast on TNT, as ESPN secured rights to air the 2003 draft. The NBA announced that about 42 college and high school players, and five international players, had filed as early-entry candidates for the draft. The Chicago Bulls and the Golden State Warriors each had a 22.5% chance of acquiring the first pick, but the Houston Rockets, with just an 8.9% probability, won the NBA draft lottery on May 19. The Bulls and Warriors were second and third, respectively. As punishment for salary-cap violations during the 2000–01 season, the Minnesota Timberwolves forfeited their first-round draft pick.


title: 2002 NBA draft

text: The 2002 draft set a record of 17 international selections, with six of them coming in the first round.


title: 2002 NBA draft

text: Two months after the conclusion of his rookie season, number-two pick Jay Williams nearly lost his life in a motorcycle crash that shattered his pelvis, severed a main nerve in his leg and tore three ligaments in his left knee, including his ACL. Despite intense rehabilitation, Williams never played a game in the NBA again. When it became clear Williams could not return to the Bulls because of his injuries, the team waived him. The Bulls could have voided Williams' contract because it prohibited riding a motorcycle. However, the franchise bought out his contract for $3 million in 2004 instead of having him walk away with nothing.


title: 2002 NBA draft

text: The draft class was relatively weak outside of the top prospects. Several players selected early had promising careers that ended prematurely due to injury, including Yao Ming, Williams and Dajuan Wagner. Nevertheless, Yao was named a Hall of Famer—a selection predicated as much on his role in popularizing basketball in China as it was for his on-court play. Udonis Haslem is the last remaining active player from the 2002 class, though he went undrafted.


title: 2002 NBA draft

text: Nine of the players selected in this draft never played in an NBA game throughout their professional basketball careers. Three of those players were the sole selection of the draft from their respective teams: Peter Fehse (Seattle's only pick), Marcus Taylor (Minnesota's only pick) and Mladen Šekularac (Dallas' only pick).


title: Skin

text: Skin is the layer of usually soft, flexible outer tissue covering the body of a vertebrate animal, with three main functions: protection, regulation, and sensation.


title: Skin

text: Other animal coverings, such as the arthropod exoskeleton, have different developmental origin, structure and chemical composition. The adjective cutaneous means "of the skin" (from Latin "cutis" 'skin'). In mammals, the skin is an organ of the integumentary system made up of multiple layers of ectodermal tissue and guards the underlying muscles, bones, ligaments, and internal organs. Skin of a different nature exists in amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Skin (including cutaneous and subcutaneous tissues) plays crucial roles in formation, structure, and function of extraskeletal apparatus such as horns of bovids (e.g., cattle) and rhinos, cervids' antlers, giraffids' ossicones, armadillos' osteoderm, and os penis/os clitoris.


title: Skin

text: All mammals have some hair on their skin, even marine mammals like whales, dolphins, and porpoises that appear to be hairless.


title: Skin

text: The skin interfaces with the environment and is the first line of defense from external factors. For example, the skin plays a key role in protecting the body against pathogens and excessive water loss. Its other functions are insulation, temperature regulation, sensation, and the production of vitamin D folates. Severely damaged skin may heal by forming scar tissue. This is sometimes discoloured and depigmented. The thickness of skin also varies from location to location on an organism. In humans, for example, the skin located under the eyes and around the eyelids is the thinnest skin on the body at 0.5 mm thick and is one of the first areas to show signs of aging such as "crows feet" and wrinkles. The skin on the palms and the soles of the feet is the thickest skin on the body as 4 mm thick. The speed and quality of wound healing in skin is promoted by the reception of estrogen.


title: Skin

text: Fur is dense hair. Primarily, fur augments the insulation the skin provides but can also serve as a secondary sexual characteristic or as camouflage. On some animals, the skin is very hard and thick and can be processed to create leather. Reptiles and most fish have hard protective scales on their skin for protection, and birds have hard feathers, all made of tough beta-keratins. Amphibian skin is not a strong barrier, especially regarding the passage of chemicals via skin, and is often subject to osmosis and diffusive forces. For example, a frog sitting in an anesthetic solution would be sedated quickly as the chemical diffuses through its skin. Amphibian skin plays key roles in everyday survival and their ability to exploit a wide range of habitats and ecological conditions.


title: Skin

text: The word skin originally only referred to dressed and tanned animal hide and the usual word for human skin was hide.


title: Skin

text: Skin is a borrowing from Old Norse skinn "animal hide, fur", ultimately from the Proto-Indo-European root *sek-, meaning "to cut" (probably a reference to the fact that in those times animal hide was commonly cut off to be used as garment).


title: Skin

text: The epidermis is composed of the outermost layers of the skin. It forms a protective barrier over the body's surface, responsible for keeping water in the body and preventing pathogens from entering, and is a stratified squamous epithelium, composed of proliferating basal and differentiated suprabasal keratinocytes.


title: Skin

text: Keratinocytes are the major cells, constituting 95% of the epidermis, while Merkel cells, melanocytes and Langerhans cells are also present. The epidermis can be further subdivided into the following "strata" or layers (beginning with the outermost layer):


title: Skin

text: Keratinocytes in the stratum basale proliferate through mitosis and the daughter cells move up the strata changing shape and composition as they undergo multiple stages of cell differentiation to eventually become anucleated. During that process, keratinocytes will become highly organized, forming cellular junctions (desmosomes) between each other and secreting keratin proteins and lipids which contribute to the formation of an extracellular matrix and provide mechanical strength to the skin. Keratinocytes from the stratum corneum are eventually shed from the surface (desquamation).


title: Skin

text: The epidermis contains no blood vessels, and cells in the deepest layers are nourished by diffusion from blood capillaries extending to the upper layers of the dermis.


title: Skin

text: The epidermis and dermis are separated by a thin sheet of fibers called the basement membrane, which is made through the action of both tissues.


title: Skin

text: The basement membrane controls the traffic of the cells and molecules between the dermis and epidermis but also serves, through the binding of a variety of cytokines and growth factors, as a reservoir for their controlled release during physiological remodeling or repair processes.


title: Skin

text: The dermis is the layer of skin beneath the epidermis that consists of connective tissue and cushions the body from stress and strain. The dermis provides tensile strength and elasticity to the skin through an extracellular matrix composed of collagen fibrils, microfibrils, and elastic fibers, embedded in hyaluronan and proteoglycans. Skin proteoglycans are varied and have very specific locations. For example, hyaluronan, versican and decorin are present throughout the dermis and epidermis extracellular matrix, whereas biglycan and perlecan are only found in the epidermis.


title: Skin

text: It harbors many mechanoreceptors (nerve endings) that provide the sense of touch and heat through nociceptors and thermoreceptors. It also contains the hair follicles, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, apocrine glands, lymphatic vessels and blood vessels. The blood vessels in the dermis provide nourishment and waste removal from its own cells as well as for the epidermis.


title: Skin

text: Dermis and subcutaneous tissues are thought to contain germinative cells involved in formation of horns, osteoderm, and other extra-skeletal apparatus in mammals.


title: Skin

text: The dermis is tightly connected to the epidermis through a basement membrane and is structurally divided into two areas: a superficial area adjacent to the epidermis, called the "papillary region", and a deep thicker area known as the "reticular region".


title: Skin

text: The papillary region is composed of loose areolar connective tissue. This is named for its fingerlike projections called "papillae" that extend toward the epidermis. The papillae provide the dermis with a "bumpy" surface that interdigitates with the epidermis, strengthening the connection between the two layers of skin.


title: Skin

text: The reticular region lies deep in the papillary region and is usually much thicker. It is composed of dense irregular connective tissue and receives its name from the dense concentration of collagenous, elastic, and reticular fibers that weave throughout it. These protein fibers give the dermis its properties of strength, extensibility, and elasticity.


title: Skin

text: Also located within the reticular region are the roots of the hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, receptors, nails, and blood vessels.


title: Skin

text: The subcutaneous tissue (also hypodermis) is not part of the skin, and lies below the dermis. Its purpose is to attach the skin to underlying bone and muscle as well as supplying it with blood vessels and nerves. It consists of loose connective tissue and elastin. The main cell types are fibroblasts, macrophages and adipocytes (the subcutaneous tissue contains 50% of body fat). Fat serves as padding and insulation for the body.


title: Skin

text: Microorganisms like "Staphylococcus epidermidis" colonize the skin surface. The density of skin flora depends on region of the skin. The disinfected skin surface gets recolonized from bacteria residing in the deeper areas of the hair follicle, gut and urogenital openings.


title: Skin

text: The epidermis of fish and of most amphibians consists entirely of live cells, with only minimal quantities of keratin in the cells of the superficial layer. It is generally permeable, and in the case of many amphibians, may actually be a major respiratory organ. The dermis of bony fish typically contains relatively little of the connective tissue found in tetrapods. Instead, in most species, it is largely replaced by solid, protective bony scales. Apart from some particularly large dermal bones that form parts of the skull, these scales are lost in tetrapods, although many reptiles do have scales of a different kind, as do pangolins. Cartilaginous fish have numerous tooth-like denticles embedded in their skin, in place of true scales.


title: Skin

text: Sweat glands and sebaceous glands are both unique to mammals, but other types of skin gland are found in other vertebrates. Fish typically have a numerous individual mucus-secreting skin cells that aid in insulation and protection, but may also have poison glands, photophores, or cells that produce a more watery, serous fluid. In amphibians, the mucus cells are gathered together to form sac-like glands. Most living amphibians also possess "granular glands" in the skin, that secrete irritating or toxic compounds.


title: Skin

text: Although melanin is found in the skin of many species, in the reptiles, the amphibians, and fish, the epidermis is often relatively colorless. Instead, the color of the skin is largely due to chromatophores in the dermis, which, in addition to melanin, may contain guanine or carotenoid pigments. Many species, such as chameleons and flounders may be able to change the color of their skin by adjusting the relative size of their chromatophores.


title: Skin

text: Amphibians possess two types of glands, mucous and granular (serous). Both of these glands are part of the integument and thus considered cutaneous. Mucous and granular glands are both divided into three different sections which all connect to structure the gland as a whole. The three individual parts of the gland are the duct, the intercalary region, and lastly the alveolar gland (sac). Structurally, the duct is derived via keratinocytes and passes through to the surface of the epidermal or outer skin layer thus allowing external secretions of the body. The gland alveolus is a sac shaped structure that is found on the bottom or base region of the granular gland. The cells in this sac specialize in secretion. Between the alveolar gland and the duct is the intercalary system which can be summed up as a transitional region connecting the duct to the grand alveolar beneath the epidermal skin layer. In general, granular glands are larger in size than the mucous glands, however mucous glands hold a much greater majority in overall number.


title: Skin

text: Granular glands can be identified as venomous and often differ in the type of toxin as well as the concentrations of secretions across various orders and species within the amphibians. They are located in clusters differing in concentration depending on amphibian taxa. The toxins can be fatal to most vertebrates or have no effect against others. These glands are alveolar meaning they structurally have little sacs in which venom is produced and held before it is secreted upon defensive behaviors.


title: Skin

text: Structurally, the ducts of the granular gland initially maintain a cylindrical shape. However, when the ducts become mature and full of fluid, the base of the ducts become swollen due to the pressure from the inside. This causes the epidermal layer to form a pit like opening on the surface of the duct in which the inner fluid will be secreted in an upwards fashion.


title: Skin

text: The intercalary region of granular glands is more developed and mature in comparison with mucous glands. This region resides as a ring of cells surrounding the basal portion of the duct which are argued to have an ectodermal muscular nature due to their influence over the lumen (space inside the tube) of the duct with dilation and constriction functions during secretions. The cells are found radially around the duct and provide a distinct attachment site for muscle fibers around the gland's body.


title: Skin

text: The gland alveolus is a sac that is divided into three specific regions/layers. The outer layer or tunica fibrosa is composed of densely packed connective-tissue which connects with fibers from the spongy intermediate layer where elastic fibers, as well as nerves, reside. The nerves send signals to the muscles as well as the epithelial layers. Lastly, the epithelium or tunica propria encloses the gland.


title: Skin

text: Mucous glands are non-venomous and offer a different functionality for amphibians than granular. Mucous glands cover the entire surface area of the amphibian body and specialize in keeping the body lubricated. There are many other functions of the mucous glands such as controlling the pH, thermoregulation, adhesive properties to the environment, anti-predator behaviors (slimy to the grasp), chemical communication, even anti-bacterial/viral properties for protection against pathogens.


title: Skin

text: The ducts of the mucous gland appear as cylindrical vertical tubes that break through the epidermal layer to the surface of the skin. The cells lining the inside of the ducts are oriented with their longitudinal axis forming 90-degree angles surrounding the duct in a helical fashion.


title: Skin

text: Intercalary cells react identically to those of granular glands but on a smaller scale. Among the amphibians, there are taxa which contain a modified intercalary region (depending on the function of the glands), yet the majority share the same structure.


title: Skin

text: The alveolar or mucous glands are much more simple and only consist of an epithelium layer as well as connective tissue which forms a cover over the gland. This gland lacks a tunica propria and appears to have delicate and intricate fibers which pass over the gland's muscle and epithelial layers.


title: Skin

text: The epidermis of birds and reptiles is closer to that of mammals, with a layer of dead keratin-filled cells at the surface, to help reduce water loss. A similar pattern is also seen in some of the more terrestrial amphibians such as toads. However, in all of these animals there is no clear differentiation of the epidermis into distinct layers, as occurs in humans, with the change in cell type being relatively gradual. The mammalian epidermis always possesses at least a stratum germinativum and stratum corneum, but the other intermediate layers found in humans are not always distinguishable.


title: Skin

text: Hair is a distinctive feature of mammalian skin, while feathers are (at least among living species) similarly unique to birds.


title: Skin

text: Birds and reptiles have relatively few skin glands, although there may be a few structures for specific purposes, such as pheromone-secreting cells in some reptiles, or the uropygial gland of most birds.


title: Skin

text: Cutaneous structures arise from the epidermis and include a variety of features such as hair, feathers, claws and nails. During embryogenesis, the epidermis splits into two layers: the periderm (which is lost) and the basal layer. The basal layer is a stem cell layer and through asymmetrical divisions, becomes the source of skin cells throughout life. It is maintained as a stem cell layer through an autocrine signal, TGF alpha, and through paracrine signaling from FGF7 (keratinocyte growth factor) produced by the dermis below the basal cells. In mice, over-expression of these factors leads to an overproduction of granular cells and thick skin.


title: Skin

text: It is believed that the mesoderm defines the pattern. The epidermis instructs the mesodermal cells to condense and then the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of what structure to make through a series of reciprocal inductions. Transplantation experiments involving frog and newt epidermis indicated that the mesodermal signals are conserved between species but the epidermal response is species-specific meaning that the mesoderm instructs the epidermis of its position and the epidermis uses this information to make a specific structure.


title: Skin

text: Skin is a soft tissue and exhibits key mechanical behaviors of these tissues. The most pronounced feature is the J-curve stress strain response, in which a region of large strain and minimal stress exists and corresponds to the microstructural straightening and reorientation of collagen fibrils. In some cases the intact skin is prestreched, like wetsuits around the diver's body, and in other cases the intact skin is under compression. Small circular holes punched on the skin may widen or close into ellipses, or shrink and remain circular, depending on preexisting stresses.


title: Skin

text: Tissue homeostasis generally declines with age, in part because stem/progenitor cells fail to self-renew or differentiate. Skin aging is caused in part by TGF-β by blocking the conversion of dermal fibroblasts into fat cells which provide support. Common changes in the skin as a result of aging range from wrinkles, discoloration, and skin laxity, but can manifest in more severe forms such as skin malignancies. Moreover, these factors may be worsened by sun exposure in a process known as photoaging.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Bilbo Baggins is the title character and protagonist of J. R. R. Tolkien's 1937 novel "The Hobbit", a supporting character in "The Lord of the Rings", and the fictional narrator (along with Frodo Baggins) of many of Tolkien's Middle-earth writings. The Hobbit is selected by the wizard Gandalf to help Thorin and his party of Dwarves to reclaim their ancestral home and treasure, which has been seized by the dragon Smaug. Bilbo sets out in "The Hobbit" timid and comfort-loving, and through his adventures grows to become a useful and resourceful member of the quest.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Bilbo's way of life in the Shire, defined by features like the availability of tobacco and a postal service, recalls that of the English middle class during the Victorian to Edwardian eras. This is not compatible with the much older world of Dwarves and Elves. Tolkien appears to have based Bilbo on the designer William Morris's travels in Iceland; Morris liked his home comforts, but grew through his adventurous journeying. Bilbo's quest has been interpreted as a "pilgrimage of grace", in which he grows in wisdom and virtue, and as a psychological journey towards wholeness.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Bilbo has appeared in numerous radio and film adaptations of "The Hobbit" and "The Lord of the Rings", and in video games based on them. Several astronomical features and both living and fossil species have been named for him.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: The protagonist of "The Hobbit", Bilbo Baggins, is a hobbit in comfortable middle age. He is hired as a "burglar", despite his initial objections, on the recommendation of the wizard Gandalf and 13 Dwarves led by their king in exile, Thorin Oakenshield. The company of dwarves are on a quest to reclaim the Lonely Mountain and its treasures from the dragon Smaug. The adventure takes Bilbo and his companions through the wilderness, to the elves haven, Rivendell, across the Misty Mountains where, escaping from goblins, he meets Gollum and acquires a magic ring. His journey continues via a lucky escape from wargs, goblins, and fire, to the house of Beorn the shapeshifter, through the black forest of Mirkwood, to Lake-town in the middle of Long Lake, and eventually to the Mountain itself.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: As burglar, Bilbo is sent down the secret passage to the dragon's lair. He steals a golden cup and takes it back to the Dwarves. Smaug awakes and instantly notices the theft and a draught of cold air from the opened passage. He flies out, nearly catches the Dwarves outside the door, and eats their ponies. Bilbo and the Dwarves hide inside the passage. Bilbo goes down to Smaug's lair again to steal some more, but the dragon is now only half-asleep. Wearing his magic ring, Bilbo is invisible, but Smaug at once smells him. Bilbo has a riddling conversation with Smaug, and notices that the dragon's armour does indeed have a gap. He escapes the dragon's flames as he runs up the passage, and tells the Dwarves about the gap in Smaug's armour. An old thrush hears what he says, and flies off to tell Bard in Lake-town.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Smaug realizes that Lake-town must have helped Bilbo, and flies off in a rage to destroy the town. The Dwarves and Bilbo hear that Smaug has been killed in the attack. The Dwarves reclaim the Lonely Mountain, and horrify Bilbo by refusing to share the dragon's treasure with the lake-men or the wood-elves. Bilbo finds the Arkenstone of Thrain, the most precious heirloom of Thorin's family, but hides it. Thorin calls his relative Dáin to bring an army of Dwarves. Thorin and his dwarves fortify the entrance to the mountain hall, and are besieged by the Wood-elves and Lake-men. Bilbo tries to ransom the Arkenstone to prevent fighting, but Thorin sees his action as betrayal, and banishes Bilbo. Dain arrives, and the army of Dwarves faces off against the armies of Elves and Men. As battle is joined, a host of goblins and wargs arrive to take over the mountain, now that Smaug is dead. The armies of Elves, Men, and Dwarves, with the help of Eagles and Beorn, defeat the goblins and wargs. Thorin is fatally wounded, but has time to make peace with Bilbo. Bilbo accepts only a little of the treasure which was his share, though it still represents great wealth for a Shire hobbit. Bilbo returns to his home in the Shire to find that several of his relatives, believing him to be dead, are trying to claim his home and possessions.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: "The Lord of the Rings" begins with Bilbo's "eleventy-first" (111th) birthday, 60 years after the beginning of "The Hobbit". The main character of the novel is Frodo Baggins, Bilbo's cousin, who celebrates his 33rd birthday and legally comes of age on the same day. Bilbo has kept the magic ring, with no idea of its significance, all that time; it has prolonged his life, leaving him feeling "thin and stretched". At the party, Bilbo tries to leave with the ring, but Gandalf persuades him to leave it behind for Frodo. Bilbo travels to Rivendell and visits the dwarves of the Lonely Mountain before returning to retire at Rivendell and write books. Gandalf discovers that Bilbo's magic ring is the One Ring forged by the Dark Lord Sauron, and sets in motion the quest to destroy it. Frodo and his friends set off on the quest, finding Bilbo, now obviously old, but spry, in Rivendell. When they have destroyed the Ring, they return to the Shire, via Rivendell, where Bilbo looks "very old, but peaceful, and sleepy". Two years later Bilbo accompanies Gandalf, Elrond, Galadriel, and Frodo to the Grey Havens, there to board ship bound for Tol Eressëa across the sea.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In Tolkien's narrative conceit, in which all the writings of Middle-earth are translations from the fictitious volume of the "Red Book of Westmarch", Bilbo is the author of "The Hobbit", translator of various "works from the elvish", and the author of the following poems and songs:


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: The critic Tom Shippey notes that "Baggins" is close to the spoken words "bæggin", "bægginz" in the dialect of Huddersfield, Yorkshire, where it means a substantial meal eaten between main meals, most particularly at teatime in the afternoon; and Mr Baggins is definitely, Shippey writes, "partial to ... his tea". The choice of the surname may be connected to the name of Bilbo's house, Bag End, also the actual name of Tolkien's aunt's farmhouse, which Shippey notes was at the bottom of a lane with no exit. This is called a "cul-de-sac" in England; Shippey describes this as "a silly phrase", a piece of "French-oriented snobbery", and observes that the socially aspiring Sackville-Bagginses have similarly attempted to "Frenchify" their family name, "Sac[k]-ville" = "Bag Town", as a mark of their bourgeois status. The journalist Matthew Dennison, writing for St Martin's Press, calls Lobelia Sackville-Baggins "Tolken's unmistakable nod to Vita Sackville-West", an aristocratic novelist and gardening columnist as passionately attached to her family home, Knole House, which she was unable to inherit, as Lobelia was to Bag End. The opposite of a bourgeois is a burglar who breaks into bourgeois houses, and in "The Hobbit" Bilbo is asked to become a burglar (of Smaug the dragon's lair), Shippey writes, showing that the Bagginses and the Sackville-Bagginses are "connected opposites". He observes that the name Sackville-Baggins, for the snobbish branch of the Baggins family, is "an anomaly in Middle-earth and a failure of tone".


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Bilbo's period can be defined, Shippey notes, by the presence of tobacco, brought to Europe in 1559, and a postal service, introduced in England in 1840. Like Tolkien himself, Bilbo was ""English, middle class; and roughly Victorian to Edwardian"", something that as Shippey observes, does not belong to the much older world of elves, dwarves, and wizards.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Marjorie Burns, a medievalist, writes that Bilbo's character and adventures match the fantasy writer and designer William Morris's account of his travels in Iceland in the early 1870s in numerous details. Like Bilbo's, Morris's party set off enjoyably into the wild on ponies. He meets a "boisterous" man called "Biorn the boaster" who lives in a hall beside Eyja-fell, and who tells Morris, tapping him on the belly, "... besides, you know you are so fat", just as Beorn pokes Bilbo "most disrespectfully" and compares him to a plump rabbit. Burns notes that Morris was "relatively short, a little rotund, and affectionately called 'Topsy', for his curly mop of hair", all somewhat hobbit-like characteristics. Further, she writes, "Morris in Iceland often chooses to place himself in a comic light and to exaggerate his own ineptitude", just as Morris's companion, the painter Edward Burne-Jones, gently teased his friend by depicting him as very fat in his Iceland cartoons. Burns suggests that these images "make excellent models" for the Bilbo who runs puffing to the Green Dragon inn or "jogs along behind Gandalf and the dwarves" on his quest. Another definite resemblance is the emphasis on home comforts: Morris enjoyed a pipe, a bath, and "regular, well-cooked meals"; Morris looked as out of place in Iceland as Bilbo did "over the Edge of the Wild"; both are afraid of dark caves; and both grow through their adventures.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: The Christian writer Joseph Pearce describes "The Hobbit" as "a pilgrimage of grace, in which its protagonist, Bilbo Baggins, becomes grown up ... in wisdom and virtue". Dorothy Matthews sees the story rather as a psychological journey, the anti-heroic Bilbo being willing to face challenges while firmly continuing to love home and discovering himself. Along the way, Matthews sees Jungian archetypes, talismans, and symbols at every turn: the Jungian wise old man Gandalf; the devouring mother of the giant spider, not to mention Gollum's "long grasping fingers"; the Jungian circle of the self, the ring; the escape from the dark underground imprisoning chambers of the wood-elves and Bilbo's symbolic rebirth into the sunlight and the waters of the woodland river; and the dragon guarding the contested treasure, itself "an archetype of the self, of psychic wholeness". Later research has extended Matthews' analysis using alternative psychological frameworks such as Erik Erikson's theory of development.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: The Tolkien scholar Jason Fisher notes that Tolkien stated that hobbits were extremely "clannish" and had strong "predilections for genealogy". Accordingly, Tolkien's decision to include the Baggins and other hobbit family trees in "Lord of the Rings" gives the book, in Fisher's view, a strongly "hobbitish perspective". The tree also, he notes, serves to show Bilbo's and Frodo's connections and familial characteristics, including that Bilbo was both "a Baggins and a Took". Fisher observes that Bilbo is, like Aragorn: a "distillation of the best of two families"; he notes that in the game "The Quest of Erebor", Gandalf is given the (non-Tolkien) lines "So naturally, thinking over the hobbits that I knew, I said to myself, 'I want a dash of the [adventurous] Took ... and I want a good foundation of the stolider sort, a Baggins perhaps.' That pointed at once to Bilbo".


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: The Tolkien critic Tom Shippey notes that Tolkien was very interested in such names, describing Shire names at length in "The Lord of the Rings" "Appendix F". One category was the names that meant nothing to the hobbits "in their daily language", like Bilbo and Bungo; a few of these, like Otho and Drogo in the family tree, were "by accident, the same as modern English names".


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In the 1955–1956 BBC Radio serialisation of "The Lord of the Rings", Bilbo was played by Felix Felton. In the 1968 BBC Radio serialisation of "The Hobbit", Bilbo was played by Paul Daneman.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: The 1969 parody "Bored of the Rings" by "Harvard Lampoon" (i.e. its co-founders Douglas Kenney and Henry Beard) modifies the hobbit's name to "Dildo Bugger".


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Nicol Williamson portrayed Bilbo with a light West Country accent in the 1974 performance released on Argo Records.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In the 1977 Rankin/Bass animated version of "The Hobbit", Bilbo was voiced by Orson Bean. Bean also voiced both the aged Bilbo and Frodo in the same company's 1980 adaptation of "The Return of the King".


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In Ralph Bakshi's 1978 animated version of "The Lord of the Rings", Bilbo was voiced by Norman Bird. Billy Barty was the model for Bilbo in the live-action recordings Bakshi used for rotoscoping. The 3000th story to be broadcast in the BBC's long-running children's programme Jackanory was "The Hobbit", in 1979. Four narrators told the story with Bilbo's part being played by Bernard Cribbins.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In the BBC's 1981 radio serialisation of "The Lord of the Rings", Bilbo is played by John Le Mesurier. An unlicensed Soviet version, called "Сказочное путешествие мистера Бильбо Бэггинса, Хоббита" ("The Fairytale Journey of Mr. Bilbo Baggins, The Hobbit") appeared on the Leningrad TV channel in 1985. In the 1993 television miniseries "Hobitit" by Finnish broadcaster Yle, Bilbo is portrayed by Martti Suosalo.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In Peter Jackson's films "" (2001) and "" (2003) Bilbo is played by Ian Holm, who had played Frodo in the BBC radio series 20 years earlier.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: Throughout the 2003 video game "The Hobbit", the players control Bilbo, voiced by Michael Beattie. The game follows the plot of the book, but adds the elements of platform gameplay and various side-objectives along the main quests.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In "The Lord of the Rings Online" (2007) Bilbo resides in Rivendell, mostly playing riddle games with the Elf Lindir in the Hall of Fire.


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In Peter Jackson's "The Hobbit" film series, a prequel to "The Lord of the Rings", the young Bilbo is portrayed by Martin Freeman while Ian Holm reprises his role as an older Bilbo in "" (2012) and "" (2014).


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In astronomy, the asteroid was discovered and named in 1982. The International Astronomical Union names all colles (small hills) on Saturn's moon Titan after characters in Tolkien's work, and in 2012, they named one of these "Bilbo Colles".


title: Bilbo Baggins

text: In taxonomy, the South African frog "Breviceps bagginsi" (Bilbo's rain frog) was described in 2003, while a fossil trilobite "Marjumia bagginsi" from the Cambrian period was described in 1994. Among the beetles named for Bilbo is the "short and robust" "Pericompsus bilbo", described in 1974.


title: Heather Morris

text: Heather Elizabeth Morris (born February 1, 1987) is an American actress, dancer, singer, and model. She played the role of Brittany S. Pierce in the Fox musical comedy-drama series "Glee".


title: Heather Morris

text: Morris was born in Thousand Oaks, California, and raised in Scottsdale, Arizona. She began dancing in early childhood. Morris competed at a young age in a variety of styles including jazz, tap, and contemporary. Her father died of cancer when she was 14 years old. After graduating from Desert Mountain High School, where she was homecoming queen, Morris spent a year at Arizona State University before moving to Los Angeles to pursue a dance career.


title: Heather Morris

text: Morris' first significant appearance was in 2006 on "So You Think You Can Dance" Season 2 where she made it through "Vegas Week" without being cut, but failed to make the final 20 by a vote of 3 to 2.


title: Heather Morris

text: Not discouraged, Morris actively pursued a career in dancing. Her big break came in 2007 via Beyoncé. Morris was one of Beyoncé's backup dancers on "The Beyoncé Experience" world tour and, following that, worked again with Beyoncé on a mini "Single Ladies (Put a Ring on It)" promotional tour that included 2008 performances on the "American Music Awards", "Saturday Night Live", "The Ellen DeGeneres Show", "Today", and MTV's "Total Request Live" finale. She also danced backup for Beyoncé and Tina Turner at the 50th Annual Grammy Awards in 2008. She later appeared in a small role in the movie "Fired Up", where she met choreographer Zach Woodlee. Following that film, Woodlee brought Morris in to dance on other shows he was choreographing, including episodes of "Eli Stone" and "Swingtown", and the movie "Bedtime Stories"; eventually, Morris landed a role as Brittany on "Glee".


title: Heather Morris

text: In December 2010, Morris was named the Celebrity Style Ambassador for FLIRT! Cosmetics, an Estee Lauder cosmetics line.


title: Heather Morris

text: In 2010, Morris made the "Maxim" Hot 100 list, coming in at number 85. On the AfterEllen hot 100 list, she was ranked #2 behind her close friend Naya Rivera.


title: Heather Morris

text: In the October 2011 issue of "Fitness" magazine, she stated that she had her breast implants removed. "Implants were something I thought I wanted when I was younger, and now I don't. It was hard being active with them, because my chest was always sore. It hurt a lot, and I didn't like always being in pain, so they had to go!" Her breast implant surgery was done sometime between her time on "So You Think You Can Dance" at age 18, and age 21 when she was a backup dancer for Beyoncé.


title: Heather Morris

text: Morris was taking acting classes and actively pursuing an acting career when she was asked by Woodlee to teach the choreography for Beyoncé's "Single Ladies" dance to the "Glee" actors. At the same time, the show was looking for a third cheerleader, and Morris ended up landing the role of Brittany. Initially a background character who hardly ever spoke, the role grew as writers discovered Morris had a gift for delivering one-liners. Jarrett Wieselman of the "New York Post" opined that Morris had "emerged as one of the funniest second bananas on TV right now" and a "LA Times" writer mentioned having a "comedy crush on Morris, who plays the galactically dim Glee Club cheerleader Brittany".


title: Heather Morris

text: When a promotional clip for the episode "Sectionals" indicated that Brittany Pierce and Santana Lopez had slept together, Dorothy Snarker, writing for lesbian entertainment website After Ellen, praised the pairing, referring to them by the portmanteau "Brittana". Snarker called the two her "new favorite "Glee" pairing", commenting that: "While Heather Morris (Brittany) and Naya Rivera (Santana) have had minimal screen time, they've made it count. Heather in particular has brought the laughs as the Cheerio least likely to get a Mensa invitation. Never mind Finn and Rachel — I'm on Team Brittana now."


title: Heather Morris

text: Morris' role became more prominent during the final nine episodes of season one and, due to the overwhelmingly positive response to her character, was promoted to official series regular status during season two. She was at the center of the second episode, "Britney/Brittany" (a tribute to Britney Spears), where she made her singing debut covering Spears' "I'm a Slave 4 U" solo and dueting with Naya Rivera on "Me Against the Music". She later got many other singing and dancing solos. The second half of season two saw Morris' character engage in a lesbian storyline with Rivera's character. The arc and Rivera's and Morris' performances were met with critical acclaim. As on "Glee", Morris was best friends in real life with co-star Rivera, until Rivera’s death in 2020.


title: Heather Morris

text: In Season 3, her and Rivera's characters continue with the lesbian storyline. Morris had a large role in the episode "Prom-asaurus". During the season finale, she reveals that she has an 0.0 GPA and that she will not be graduating.


title: Heather Morris

text: During the 2011 Glee Tour, Morris performed Britney Spears' song "I'm a Slave 4 U". She also had a dance spotlight with castmate Harry Shum Jr. during Naya Rivera's performance of "Valerie", and was one of the dancers in the "Single Ladies" and "Safety Dance" numbers.


title: Heather Morris

text: Morris co-wrote and appeared in a January 2011 video for the comedy website Funny or Die, "Nuthin' But A Glee Thang" a parody of "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang" by Dr. Dre featuring Snoop Dogg. Co-written with actresses Ashley Lendzion and Riki Lindhome, the video features appearances from "Modern Family"'s Sofia Vergara and Morris' "Glee" castmates Matthew Morrison, Cory Monteith, Harry Shum Jr., and Naya Rivera.


title: Heather Morris

text: On June 28, 2013, it was reported that Morris would not be returning as regular on "Glee" fifth season. However, Morris reprised her role for the show's hundredth episode and the final episode of the show's fifth season. Morris also appeared in five episodes in the show's sixth and final season, including the series finale.


title: Heather Morris

text: On March 1, 2017, Morris was revealed as one of the contestants who would compete on season 24 of "Dancing with the Stars". Her participation in the show has been criticized, with many citing her professional dancing experience as an unfair advantage. The producers defended their decision to cast Morris by saying that she doesn't have ballroom or partnering experience. She was paired with professional dancer Maksim Chmerkovskiy, though she danced with troupe member Alan Bersten starting on the second until the fifth week of the competition due to Chmerkovskiy suffering a calf muscle injury. Morris and Chmerkovskiy reunited to dance in the sixth week of the competition on April 24, 2017, but were eliminated despite receiving the first perfect score of the season and topping the results board.


title: Heather Morris

text: On October 22, 2022, Morris was revealed to be the winner of the second season of "The Masked Dancer". She participated in the show under the character of "Scissors".


title: Heather Morris

text: Morris is married to Taylor Hubbell, whom she began dating when he was a college baseball player. They attended the same high school in Arizona, but did not know each other there. They began dating after Morris moved to Los Angeles and Hubbell contacted her on Myspace. In a 2011 interview with "Fitness", Morris said of Hubbell, "I want to marry him so bad. That's what I really care about. I want to marry Taylor and have kids with him. I love acting, but if it affects my relationship, then I won't continue doing it." After graduating from the University of Louisiana in Lafayette, Hubbell began living with Morris in Los Angeles in early 2012. Morris gave birth to their first child, a son, on September 28, 2013, and he was named after Taylor Hubbell's older cousin. On August 28, 2014, it was announced that she and Hubbell were engaged, and they married on May 16, 2015. In August 2015, she announced via social media that they were expecting their second child. In an interview with E! News, she revealed that the second child would be a boy. She gave birth to their second son on February 11, 2016.


title: Richard Coles

text: Richard Keith Robert Coles (born 26 March 1962) is an English writer, radio presenter and Church of England priest who was the vicar of Finedon in Northamptonshire from 2011 to 2022. He first came to prominence as the multi-instrumentalist who partnered Jimmy Somerville in the 1980s band the Communards. They achieved three top ten hits, including the No. 1 record and best-selling single of 1986, a dance version of "Don't Leave Me This Way".


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles frequently appears on radio and television as well as in newspapers and, in March 2011, became the host of BBC Radio 4's "Saturday Live" programme. He is a regular contributor to "QI", "Would I Lie to You?" and "Have I Got News for You". He is an author, Chancellor of the University of Northampton, Honorary Chaplain to the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers, and a patron of social housing project Greatwell Homes in Wellingborough.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles was born in Northampton, England. His grandfather was a prosperous shoe manufacturer. The company failed under Coles's father because of the increasing popularity of cheaper foreign imports and the family lost much of their wealth.


title: Richard Coles

text: He was educated at the independent Wellingborough School (where he was a choirboy) and at the South Warwickshire College of Further Education (Department of Drama & the Liberal Arts) in Stratford-upon-Avon. He later attended King's College London where he studied theology from 1990. Coles was awarded an MA by research from the University of Leeds in 2005 for work on the Greek text of the Epistle to the Ephesians.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles is gay. The first person who Coles came out to was his mother, in 1978, when he was 16. He played her Tom Robinson's "Glad to Be Gay" four times before she said "Darling, are you trying to tell me something?" Coles has spoken about the "mental crisis" that he suffered following his coming out, which ultimately led to him attempting suicide and being diagnosed with clinical depression.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles lived with his partner, David Coles (né Oldham), in an asserted celibate relationship until the latter's death in December 2019. Following the death, Coles says he had received hate mail claiming that his partner is in hell. The Church of England has allowed priests to enter a civil partnership since 2005 and Richard and David entered into one in 2010. Coles later revealed that the relationship wasn't celibate but he had to promise celibacy in order to maintain his job as a vicar.


title: Richard Coles

text: His older brother, Andy, a former Metropolitan Police officer, was elected in 2015 as a Conservative councillor in Peterborough and was appointed deputy Cambridgeshire Police and Crime Commissioner in 2016. After a mention in Coles' 2014 autobiography, he was accused of having deceived a 19-year-old political activist into a sexual relationship while he was a 32-year-old undercover police officer in the 1990s and resigned as deputy commissioner on 15 May 2017. This relationship was part of a wider scandal involving undercover police officers in the UK getting into relationships with political activists in this period.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles is a member of the Labour Party. He is also a member of the Gaelic Athletic Association (GAA), having become enthusiastic about GAA sports through watching the 2020 TV series "Normal People". Family ties led to Coles selecting Cork, Ireland as his county and St Finbarr's as his club. The club responded by sending him a membership card.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles moved to Friston, East Sussex in May 2022 to be closer to his friend and former manager Lorna Gradden. He said "I'll be living in a charming 18th-century cottage with a bow window that looms over the street affording a privileged view of my neighbours' comings and goings, as the scent of lavender floats across the village green."


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles learned to play the saxophone, clarinet and keyboards and moved to London in 1980, where he played in theatre. In 1983, he appeared with Jimmy Somerville in the Lesbian and Gay Youth Video Project film "", which won the Grierson Award. Coles joined Bronski Beat (initially on saxophone) in 1983.


title: Richard Coles

text: Somerville left Bronski Beat and in 1985 he and Coles formed the Communards, who were together for just over three years and had three UK top 10 hits, including the biggest-selling single of 1986, a version of "Don't Leave Me This Way", which was at number one for four weeks. The band split in 1988 and Somerville went solo.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles provided narration for the Style Council's film "JerUSAlem" in 1987 and also started a career as a writer, particularly with the "Times Literary Supplement" and the "Catholic Herald". He took up religion in his late twenties, after "the best of times, the worst of times", pop success and the deaths of friends as a result of HIV. From 1991 to 1994 he studied for a BA in theology at King's College London. While at university, Coles became a Roman Catholic and remained so for the next ten years before returning to Anglicanism in 2001.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles was selected for training for the priesthood in the Church of England and began his training at the College of the Resurrection, Mirfield, West Yorkshire, in 2003, before being ordained in 2005. After ordination, he was a curate at St Botolph's Church in Boston, Lincolnshire and then at St Paul's Church, Knightsbridge in London. He has been chaplain of the Royal Academy of Music and has also played Dr Frank N Furter in a local concert and has conducted an atheist funeral for Mo Mowlam in 2005.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles was an inspiration for the character of Adam Smallbone (played by Tom Hollander) in BBC Two sitcom "Rev." and was also an advisor to the show. Coles mentions in his book "Fathomless Riches" that he is also the inspiration for the character "Tom" in the Bridget Jones novels. In January 2011, Coles was appointed as the vicar of St Mary the Virgin, Finedon in the Diocese of Peterborough.


title: Richard Coles

text: Since 2011, Coles has been on the board of Wellingborough Homes, a social enterprise providing housing and community support for the Borough of Wellingborough and, after its name change to Greatwell Homes, became its Patron. In 2012, Coles was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Northampton and also became a fellow of the Royal Society of Arts. In 2016, he was awarded an honorary DLitt by the University of Warwick. In 2019 he was appointed Honorary Chaplain to the Worshipful Company of Leathersellers.


title: Richard Coles

text: In July 2017, Coles was elected a Fellow of King's College London and separately as Chancellor of the University of Northampton.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles retired as vicar of Finedon on Low Sunday 2022. Looking back on his time as a "half-time vicar", he said: "“How do you do all the things you do?” I am frequently asked, and the answer is by neglecting important things and disappointing people. I was once called in the middle of the night to attend a parishioner’s deathbed and I could not because I was in Glasgow doing "Celebrity Antiques Road Trip." I found someone to cover, but it should have been me." He explained: "I will still be a priest, I will always be a priest, and I will minister where I am able. Next month I am going to my first conference of prison chaplains and I hope I can make myself useful as a volunteer with inmates in the criminal justice system."


title: Richard Coles

text: In April 2022, Coles announced that he retired from parish duties due to the Church of England allegedly increasingly excluding gay couples, and what he described as its "conservative, punchy and fundamentalist" direction.


title: Richard Coles

text: On 1 November 2012 (All Saints' Day), Darton, Longman and Todd published Coles' book, "Lives of the Improbable Saints", illustrated by Ted Harrison, a précis of the life stories of nearly 200 lesser-known saints. The following year, Volume two, "Legends of the Improbable Saints", followed.


title: Richard Coles

text: In 2014, the first volume of his memoirs, "Fathomless Riches", was published by Weidenfeld & Nicolson. In 2016 a follow-up volume, "Bringing in the Sheaves", was published.


title: Richard Coles

text: In June 2022, Coles' debut mystery novel "Murder Before Evensong" was released. It is intended to be first in a series about Canon Daniel Clement.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles still works as a broadcaster, which he describes as "just showing off", including "Nightwaves" on Radio 3, which he formerly presented, and "Newsnight Review" on BBC Two. He has appeared on the Radio 4 panel game show "Heresy" twice; first in May 2008 and then in May 2010.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles has appeared seven times as a guest on the topical television news quiz "Have I Got News for You", in 1994, May 2009, May 2013, April 2016, June 2017, April 2020 and May 2021. He presented a special edition of "Songs of Praise" in January 2010. He was a guest on the Children in Need special of the BBC quiz "Only Connect" in November of the same year. In 2011 he presented a four-part Radio 3 series called "Out in the World: A Global Gay History".


title: Richard Coles

text: He regularly guest-hosted the Radio 4 programme "Saturday Live", while the regular host Fi Glover was on maternity leave from 2008 to 2009. Coles replaced Glover permanently in 2011. On 1 September 2011, he presented a short piece on his home town and parish of Finedon for the Radio 4 programme "You and Yours". In December 2012, December 2013 and November 2014, Coles appeared as a guest on the BBC comedy quiz show "QI". In January 2014, he won the BBC's "Celebrity Mastermind", with his specialist subject being the "Mapp and Lucia" novels of E. F. Benson.


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles featured as the subject of "Fern Britton Meets..." on BBC1 in December 2014. Since 2014 he has appeared regularly in the "Pause for Thought" slot on Radio 2's "The Chris Evans Breakfast Show", for which he won a Jerusalem Award in 2014.


title: Richard Coles

text: In July 2016, Coles appeared on the BBC cooking series "Celebrity Masterchef", finishing in fifth place. In December 2021, he once again appeared on the programme, this time winning the edition. In February 2017, he co-presented "The Big Painting Challenge" with Mariella Frostrup on BBC1. From September 2017, Coles was a contestant in the 15th series of BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing." He was paired with professional dancer Dianne Buswell. They were the second couple to be eliminated after scoring 14 points for their Pasodoble to Flash Gordon – at the time, the lowest scoring Pasodoble in the history of the show.


title: Richard Coles

text: On 18 December 2017 Coles was a guest panellist on the Christmas special of the eleventh series of BBC1 comedy quiz "Would I Lie to You?", hosted by Rob Brydon. Coles was captain of a team from the University of Leeds who were series champions on the BBC's "Christmas 2019 University Challenge". In December 2020 Coles was featured in the BBC series "Winter Walks", walking from Sutton Bank to Rievaulx Abbey. He said, "At the centre of what we do in order to be who we are, we need silence, we need retreat, we need contemplation."


title: Richard Coles

text: Coles appeared in a January 2021 episode of the BBC Four series "Britain's Lost Masterpieces", discussing the story of the Magi in the gospels, in relation to a portrayal of Balthazar by Joos van Cleve.


title: Richard Coles

text: In August 2022, Coles appeared in the Channel 4 documentary "Good Grief with Reverend Richard Coles", discovering some of the different ways people deal with bereavement.


title: Amber Anderson

text: Amber Anderson (born 5 March 1992) is an English actress, pianist and model. She is best known for her roles as Jane Fairfax in the 2020 film "Emma", Ciara Porter in J.K Rowling's crime drama series "Strike", Lady Anne in "The Riot Club" (2014), and She in the Steve McQueen-directed "Mr. Burberry" (2016). She also starred as Lady Diana Mitford in "Peaky Blinders" (2022). She is also a pianist and violinist.


title: Amber Anderson

text: She was Steiner educated before studying at Aberdeen City Music School, with piano as her first study. She went on to study at Gordonstoun School on a double music and drama scholarship, the first of its kind especially awarded to Anderson.


title: Amber Anderson

text: In 2017, Anderson wrote an Instagram post accusing Harvey Weinstein of behaving inappropriately and harassing her for a personal relationship to further her career when she was 20.


title: Amber Anderson

text: Anderson has appeared in ads for brands such as Clarins, Burberry, Chanel and Kenzo. She has walked catwalk for Dior, Jean Paul Gaultier, Burberry, Hermes and Chanel.


title: Amber Anderson

text: She has worked with photographers such as Albert Watson, Mario Testino, Patrick Demarchelier, Nick Knight and Solve Sunsbo.


title: Amber Anderson

text: In January 2020, Anderson received the Vancouver Film Critics Circle's award for Best Supporting Actress in a Canadian Film for her performance as Jennifer Ellis in "White Lie".


title: LaTanya Richardson Jackson

text: LaTanya Richardson Jackson ( Richardson; born October 21, 1949) is an American actress. She began her career appearing in off-Broadway productions, before playing supporting roles on television and film.


title: LaTanya Richardson Jackson

text: Richardson has appeared in films including "Fried Green Tomatoes" (1991), "Malcolm X" (1992), "Sleepless in Seattle" (1993), "When a Man Loves a Woman" (1994), "Losing Isaiah" (1995), "Lone Star" (1996), "U.S. Marshals" (1998), and "The Fighting Temptations" (2003). Her television credits include "100 Centre Street" (2001–2002), "Show Me a Hero" (2015), "Luke Cage" (2016–2018), and "Rebel" (2017).


title: LaTanya Richardson Jackson

text: She was born in Atlanta, Georgia. While attending Atlanta's historically black, all-female Spelman College in 1970, she met actor Samuel L. Jackson, then a student at historically black, all-male Morehouse College. She and Jackson married in 1980. As of 2020, they have been together 50 years, according to Samuel's tribute post on Instagram. They have one child, freelance film and TV producer Zoe Jackson, born in 1982. After her daughter's birth, Richardson stopped working regularly, because, she said: "We'd vowed to be an intact revolutionary black family. But it was very, very hard."


title: LaTanya Richardson Jackson

text: To date, Richardson's biggest role in a motion picture was in the 2003 musical "The Fighting Temptations" in which she appears as the main antagonist, the hypercritical Paulina Pritchett.


title: LaTanya Richardson Jackson

text: In 2014, Richardson received a Tony Award nomination for Best Lead Actress in a Play for her performance in the play "A Raisin in the Sun." This was her second appearance on Broadway after her debut in the 2009 revival of "Joe Turner's Come and Gone". She also appeared in Aaron Sorkin's adaptation of "To Kill a Mockingbird" on Broadway in the 2018–19 season.


title: LaTanya Richardson Jackson

text: She has appeared in four films with her husband: "Juice" (1992), "Losing Isaiah" (1995), "Freedomland" (2006), and "Mother and Child" (2009).


title: LaTanya Richardson Jackson

text: In September 2022, Richardson made her directorial debut directing, among others, her husband Samuel in a Broadway revival of August Wilson's play "The Piano Lesson" at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre.


title: Carl Rogers

text: Carl Ransom Rogers (January 8, 1902 – February 4, 1987) was an American psychologist and among the founders of the humanistic approach (and client-centered approach) in psychology. Rogers is widely considered one of the founding fathers of psychotherapy research and was honored for his pioneering research with the Award for Distinguished Scientific Contributions by the American Psychological Association (APA) in 1956.


title: Carl Rogers

text: The person-centered approach, Rogers's unique approach to understanding personality and human relationships, found wide application in various domains, such as psychotherapy and counseling (client-centered therapy), education (student-centered learning), organizations, and other group settings. For his professional work he received the Award for Distinguished Professional Contributions to Psychology from the APA in 1972. In a study by Steven J. Haggbloom and colleagues using six criteria such as citations and recognition, Rogers was found to be the sixth most eminent psychologist of the 20th century and second, among clinicians, only to Sigmund Freud. Based on a 1982 survey of 422 respondents of U.S. and Canadian psychologists, he was considered the most influential psychotherapist in history (Freud ranked third).


title: Carl Rogers

text: Rogers was born on January 8, 1902, in Oak Park, Illinois, a suburb of Chicago. His father, Walter A. Rogers, was a civil engineer, a Congregationalist by denomination. His mother, Julia M. Cushing, was a homemaker and devout Baptist. Carl was the fourth of their six children.


title: Carl Rogers

text: Rogers was intelligent and could read well before kindergarten. Following an education in a strict religious and ethical environment as an altar boy at the vicarage of Jimpley, he became rather isolated, independent and disciplined, and acquired knowledge and an appreciation for the scientific method in a practical world. At the University of Wisconsin–Madison, where he was a member of the fraternity Alpha Kappa Lambda, his first career choice was agriculture, followed by history and then religion.


title: Carl Rogers

text: At age 20, following his 1922 trip to Peking, China, for an international Christian conference, Rogers started to doubt his religious convictions. To help him clarify his career choice, he attended a seminar titled "Why am I entering the Ministry?", after which he decided to change careers. In 1924, he graduated from the University of Wisconsin, married Helen Elliott (a fellow Wisconsin student whom he had known from Oak Park), and enrolled at Union Theological Seminary (New York City). Some time later he became an atheist. Although referred to as an atheist early in his career, Rogers eventually came to be described as agnostic. However, in his later years it is reported he spoke about spirituality. Thorne, who knew Rogers and worked with him on a number of occasions during his final ten years, writes that "in his later years his openness to experience compelled him to acknowledge the existence of a dimension to which he attached such adjectives as mystical, spiritual, and transcendental". Rogers concluded that there is a realm "beyond" scientific psychology, a realm he came to prize as "the indescribable, the spiritual."


title: Carl Rogers

text: After two years, Rogers left the seminary to attend Teachers College, Columbia University, obtaining an M.A. in 1927 and a Ph.D. in 1931. While completing his doctoral work, he engaged in child study. In 1930, Rogers served as director of the Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children in Rochester, New York. From 1935 to 1940 he lectured at the University of Rochester and wrote "The Clinical Treatment of the Problem Child" (1939), based on his experience in working with troubled children. He was strongly influenced in constructing his client-centered approach by the post-Freudian psychotherapeutic practice of Otto Rank, especially as embodied in the work of Rank's disciple, noted clinician and social work educator Jessie Taft. In 1940 Rogers became professor of clinical psychology at the Ohio State University, where he wrote his second book, "Counseling and Psychotherapy" (1942). In it, Rogers suggests that by establishing a relationship with an understanding, accepting therapist, a client can resolve difficulties and gain the insight necessary to restructure their life.