title: Instacart

text: In May 2020, Instacart began a partnership with Rite Aid, offering its service across 2,400 locations in 18 states. In August 2020, Instacart entered its first partnership with Walmart in the U.S. to offer same-day delivery services. The partnership is a pilot program beginning in Los Angeles, San Francisco, San Diego, and Tulsa. Additional partnerships in June included C&S Wholesale Grocers and Staples.


title: Instacart

text: In October 2020, Instacart raised $200 million at a valuation of $17.7 billion in a financing round led by Valiant Capital and D1 Capital Partners.


title: Instacart

text: On January 14, 2021, Instacart announced a vaccine support stipend to provide financial assistance to company shoppers who choose to get the COVID-19 vaccine.


title: Instacart

text: On January 21, 2021, the company planned to lay off nearly 2,000 employees, including all of its employees who had voted to unionize. Instacart said that the layoffs were due to stores increasingly using Instacart to have consumers place orders, but have their own employees fulfill the order instead of Instacart's workforce, reducing reliance on Instacart's in-store shoppers.


title: Instacart

text: As of its most recent funding round, in March 2021, Instacart raised $265 million at a valuation of $39 billion from existing venture capital investors including Andreessen Horowitz, Sequoia and D1 Capital Partners, as well as existing institutional investors like Fidelity and T. Rowe Price. In March 2022, Instacart slashed its valuation by almost 40% to $24 billion.


title: Instacart

text: On July 8, 2021, Instacart announced that it had appointed Board Member Fidji Simo as CEO, while Apoorva Mehta transitioned to Executive Chairman of the Board.


title: Instacart

text: On February 22, 2022, Instacart started to team up with Delta to give clients more ways to earn miles when they link their SkyMiles and Instacart accounts, with special earning bonuses for Instacart+ members.


title: Instacart

text: On March 3, 2022, the platform celebrates women's history month by expanding advertising initiative with new $1 million to support Women-Owned Brands.


title: Instacart

text: On March 16, 2022, in partnership with TikTok, Hearst Magazine and Tasty, Instacart launched Shoppable Recipes with new product integrations that allow food creators to make their recipes shoppable on Instacart.


title: Instacart

text: On March 23, Instacart introduced the Instacart Platform, a program with services for retailers. The platform launched with features for advertising, home delivery, and inventory counting.


title: Instacart

text: In May 2022, Instacart announced that it had confidentially submitted a draft registration statement on Form S-1 with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, signaling its intent to go public. Instacart unveiled new partnerships with Canada's top 5 grocers: Metro, Giant Tiger, Galleria Supermarket and more, expanding same-day delivery countrywide.


title: Instacart

text: In June 2022, Instacart+ (formerly Instacart Express) was introduced with new family shopping features, including sharing membership with another family member for free. The membership also allows for shopping-cart collaboration among family members.


title: Instacart

text: In July 2022, Instacart appointed CEO Fidji Simo to succeed Apoorva Mehta as the Board Chair once the company completed its initial public offering. EBT SNAP is now accepted online via the Instacart Platform in 10 additional states- Colorado, Hawaii, Idaho, Louisiana, Montana, New Mexico, Oregon, Utah, Washington, and Wyoming - with launch partners Albertsons Companies and Sprouts Farmers Market.


title: Instacart

text: In August 2022, Instacart added Carts to the app to allow users to buy items listed by celebrities, influencers, retailers, and other public figures.


title: Instacart

text: In September 2022, Instacart announced it would be acquiring Eversight, an AI pricing platform for brands and retailers.


title: Instacart

text: Orders are fulfilled and delivered by a personal shopper, who picks, packs, and delivers the order within the customer's designated time frame—within one hour or up to five days in advance. Customers pay with personal debit or credit cards, Google Pay, Apple Pay and EBT cards. The delivery fee is $3.99 for orders of $35 or more and $7.99 under that amount. Regardless of the cost of the order, there is a 5% service fee with a minimum of $2 owed. Instacart offers a membership service called Instacart+, formerly Instacart Express until June 2022, for a monthly fee of about $9.99 or an annual fee of $99. The membership service waives delivery fees on orders over $35, but customers must still pay the service fee for the shopper. Customers are also requested to leave a gratuity. Retailers participating in Instacart's partnership program set the price of individual items on the Instacart marketplace, which are mostly the same prices as in-store. In addition, customers can pick up their pre-made orders from the store through a separate service. For stores that do not participate in Instacart's partnership program, customers can be charged a markup of about 15%-40% per order with individual items ranging from a negative markup to over 50%.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The 2022 Tour de France was the 109th edition of the Tour de France. It started in Copenhagen, Denmark on 1 July 2022 and ended with the final stage on the Champs-Élysées, Paris on 24 July 2022. Denmark's Jonas Vingegaard () won the general classification for the first time. Two-time defending champion Tadej Pogačar () finished in second place, and former winner Geraint Thomas () finished third. This was the first Tour since 1989 in which each of the three podium finishers had made the podium on a previous occasion.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The race began in Copenhagen before returning to France. Wout van Aert of controlled the lead for much of the first week until Pogačar seized control of the race and won two consecutive stages. In the Alps, attacked Pogačar, and Vingegaard became the first rider to take serious time from Pogačar. Vingegaard defended and increased his lead through the Pyrenees and the final individual time trial to secure the victory. He thereby became the first Dane to win the Tour since Bjarne Riis in 1996.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The race was affected by climate-change protests as well as a heat wave. The race had the fewest number of finishers since 2000, with 17 riders forced to leave the race because of COVID-19, including stage winners Magnus Cort and Simon Clarke, as well as former Tour winner Chris Froome of .


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The points classification was won by Wout van Aert with 480 points, breaking Peter Sagan's modern-day record. Vingegaard also won the mountains classification, marking the first time since 1969 that riders from the same team won the yellow and green jerseys as well as the mountains classification. The young rider classification was won by GC runner-up Pogačar, and the team of won the team classification. Van Aert was chosen as the most combative rider.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The race was followed by the first edition of the Tour de France Femmes, which had its first stage on the final day of the men's Tour.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: In February 2019, it was announced that Denmark would host the "" of the Tour in 2021. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this was delayed to 2022. In October 2021, the route was announced by Christian Prudhomme. Three stages took place in Denmark, with an opening time trial in Copenhagen. Other features of the Tour include 11 cobbled sectors on stage 5 (cobbles last featured in 2018), a gravel summit finish at La Super Planche des Belles Filles on stage 7, and a summit finish on Col du Granon on stage 11 (the Col du Granon was last used in 1986). The "queen stage" took place on Bastille Day, with a replica of Stage 18 of the 1986 Tour to Alpe d'Huez.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: In the lead up to the event, the top pre-race favourites were Tadej Pogačar of , and Jonas Vingegaard and Primož Roglič of . The 2nd tier general classification (GC) favourites were thought to be Aleksandr Vlasov of , and Geraint Thomas and Dani Martínez of , with longshot favourites including Ben O'Connor, Adam Yates, Enric Mas and Romain Bardet.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The race began in Copenhagen, Denmark for the first time, with three stages in Denmark. After finishing second in the opening time trial, behind Yves Lampaert of , Wout van Aert of Jumbo–Visma took the yellow jersey in stage 2 by virtue of bonus seconds. Danish rider Magnus Cort of EF Education–EasyPost took all King of the Mountains (KoM) points available in Denmark, collecting enough for him to wear the polka dot jersey until stage 9. During this run he claimed the record of most consecutive summits won, from former Tour champion and multi-time mountains classification winner Federico Bahamontes. Sprinter Dylan Groenewegen of won the final stage in Denmark, before a transfer day and return to France.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: On stage 4, van Aert extended his lead with a solo attack into Calais. Stage 5 involved cobbles for the first time since 2018, with Pogačar gaining time in the general classification over every contender including Vingegaard, who had mechanical issues, and Roglič who crashed and dislocated his shoulder. Stage 6 was the longest of the race, with van Aert taking part in the breakaway to extend his lead in the points classification, before eventually being caught and falling off the back losing the overall lead. In the final uphill sprint, Pogačar out sprinted everyone to win the stage and take the "maillot jaune" by virtue of the bonus seconds.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: Stage 7 was the first summit finish of the race at Super Planche des Belles Filles. A group of contenders made their way up the majority of the climb together, before Vingegaard attacked and only Pogačar could follow. In a sprint on the final slope, Pogačar overtook Vingegaard to get the stage win and extend his lead to over 30 seconds. Other contenders lost between 20 seconds and over a minute to the leading two. After stage 8, a hilly stage that finished in Lausanne, Switzerland where van Aert extended his points classification lead further, and stage 9 in the Swiss Alps where Bob Jungels won the day and Simon Geschke gained enough points to take the polka dot jersey, the first rest day took place in Morzine.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: During the second week, stages 10 and 18 were disrupted by Climate Change protesters, which forced stages to be halted for a short period. Media discussed the legitimacy of the protest and the effect that climate change was having on the Tour, while other coverage expressed annoyance at the disruption to the race. The second week of the race was affected by an intense heat wave, with several stages having temperatures of around . Some riders suffered heat stroke including Alexis Vuillermoz on stage 9.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: No major attacks by contenders occurred on stage 10, the first in the French Alps, however Lennard Kamna who was in the breakaway that finished close to ten minutes ahead of the peloton, came within eleven seconds of taking the yellow jersey from Pogačar. The stage was won by Magnus Cort, in a photo finish ahead of Nick Schultz. Stage 11 was a summit finish at the Col du Granon – which was included in the Tour for the first time since 1986. After constant attacks by Roglič and Vingegaard on the flat before the Col du Galibier, a gap opened up between Pogačar and Vingegaard on the final ascent to Col du Granon. Vingegaard gained nearly three minutes on Pogačar, winning the stage and taking the yellow jersey. At the end of the day only six riders were within five minutes of Vingegaard in the overall situation: Bardet, Pogačar, Thomas, Quintana, Yates and Gaudu.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: Stage 12 to Alpe d'Huez was the "queen stage" of the Tour, taking place on Bastille Day. Neilson Powless of Team attacked at kilometre zero and stayed at the front of the race until near the very end. Tom Pidcock of Ineos Grenadiers and former Tour winner Chris Froome, attacked about halfway through the stage and bridged up to the leading breakaway riders. On the final ascent of Alpe d'Huez, Pidcock attacked from the group including Powless, Froome, Ciccone and Meintjes and rode on to a convincing solo victory. In the race, Pogačar attacked Vingegaard twice, with both riders dropping the other contenders on the climb, however the Slovenian rider was unable to shake off the Dane.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The transitional stage 13 out of the Alps was won by the sprinter Mads Pedersen of , and stage 14 was won by Michael Matthews of from the breakaway, who was just able to drop Alberto Bettiol prior to reaching the summit of the final intermediate climb. Behind Matthews, Pogačar and Vingegaard attacked the peloton on this same climb and extended their lead over the other contenders. Stage 15, before the second rest day, took the Tour to Carcassonne where the final breakaway rider in Benjamin Thomas was caught in the final few hundred meters to set up a sprint finish, which was won by Jasper Philipsen. Jumbo–Visma lost two riders on stage 15: team leader Roglič abandoned the race following his injuries on stage 5, and domestique Steven Kruijswijk left the race in an ambulance after dislocating his shoulder in a crash.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: After a rest day in Carcassonne, the race entered the Pyrenees. Stage 16 was won by Hugo Houle of Israel–Premier Tech, after a solo attack from the breakaway with around to go. Rafał Majka, a "key lieutenant" of Pogačar did not start stage 17, due to an injury suffered after he threw his chain near the end of stage 16. Brandon McNulty of UAE Team Emirates pulled his teammate Pogačar and Vingegaard up to the final steep slopes of Peyragudes, increasing the gap to the rest of the peloton. Inside the final 500m of steep climbing Pogačar attacked, but Vingegaard responded and followed with a counter attack of his own. Just before the line, Pogačar was able to come around him to win his third stage of the Tour and reduce Vingegaard's lead in the by four seconds thanks to bonus seconds, to 2 minutes 18 seconds.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: On stage 18 – the final day in the Pyrenees – Pogačar attacked Vingegaard multiple times on the Col de Spandelles, with Vingegaard able to keep up every time. On the descent, both riders pushed hard: Vingegaard almost crashed, while Pogačar did crash after slipping on gravel. Pogačar was able to continue with minor cuts to his leg; in a moment of sportsmanship, Vingegaard slowed down and waited for Pogačar.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: Before the ascent of the Hautacam, both riders were caught by a larger group including Thomas and two of Vingegaard's teammates (Sepp Kuss and Tiesj Benoot). On the final climb, a furious pace was set by Kuss, leaving all other contenders behind. Meeting up with van Aert ahead (who had been in a breakaway), the high tempo continued, until van Aert and Vingegaard attacked Pogačar with around to go to the top. Pogačar was unable to keep up, so Vingegaard extended his lead to almost three and a half minutes. By taking maximum points at the top of Hautacam, Vingegaard gained an unassailable lead of that classification, taking the jersey from Simon Geschke of Team , who had set a record for most days by a German rider leading the mountains classification.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: After the transitional stage 19 was won by Christophe Laporte of Jumbo-Visma, the final time trial to Rocamadour was won by van Aert, followed by Vingegaard, Pogačar and Thomas. The traditional final stage on the Champs-Élysées in Paris completed the Tour, with sprinter Jasper Philipsen winning his second stage of the Tour.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: In the general classification, Vingegaard became the first Dane to win the Tour since 1996, with Pogačar in second 2 minutes 43 seconds behind. Thomas was third, over seven minutes behind. The points classification was won by Wout van Aert with 480 points, breaking Peter Sagan's modern record. Vingegaard also won the mountains classification, marking the first time since the Faema team of Eddy Merckx in 1969, that riders from the same team won the yellow and green jerseys as well as the mountains classification. The young rider classification was won by runner-up Pogačar, who led the classification from start to finish and tied Jan Ullrich and Andy Schleck with his third win of this classification. The team of third place Thomas, Ineos Grenadiers, won the team classification. Van Aert was chosen as the most combative rider. Caleb Ewan was the Lanterne rouge - normally competitive with the elite sprinters, his top 10 result on stage 21 was his highest stage finish of the Tour.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: The race had the fewest finishers since 2000, with just 135 of the 176 starters reaching the finish line in Paris. The teams of the first two podium finishers were severely depleted by the end of the race, with Team UAE Emirates losing half its start list due to injury and illness, and Team Jumbo-Visma losing several key members along the route. Several riders were forced to leave the race due to contracting Covid, including stage winners Magnus Cort and Simon Clarke, and former Tour winner Chris Froome of .


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: In August 2022, Colombian rider Nairo Quintana of Arkéa–Samsic was disqualified from 6th place overall, after blood samples tested positive for tramadol, a painkiller.


title: 2022 Tour de France

text: As of 1 March 2022, the UCI announced that cyclists from Russia and Belarus would no longer compete under the name or flag of those respective countries due to the Russian invasion of Ukraine.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Klaus is a 2019 Spanish-American animated Christmas film written and directed by Sergio Pablos in his directorial debut, produced by his company Sergio Pablos Animation Studios and distributed by Netflix. Co-written by Zach Lewis and Jim Mahoney, and co-directed by Carlos Martinez Lopez, the traditionally animated film stars the voices of Jason Schwartzman, J.K. Simmons, Rashida Jones, Will Sasso, Neda Margrethe Labba, Sergio Pablos (in a dual role), Norm Macdonald (in his final film role released in his lifetime), and Joan Cusack. Serving as an alternate origin story of Santa Claus independent from the historical Saint Nicholas of Myra and using a fictional 19th-century setting, the plot revolves around a postman stationed in an island town to the Far North who befriends a reclusive toymaker (Klaus).


title: Klaus (film)

text: "Klaus" was released on 8 November 2019 and received critical acclaim for its animation, story, and vocal performances. It won seven awards at the 47th Annie Awards, including Best Animated Feature, and also won Best Animated Film at the 73rd British Academy Film Awards. The film was also nominated at the 92nd Academy Awards for Best Animated Feature, making it the first animated film from Netflix to be nominated for an Academy Award, as well as the first animated film from a streaming service to be nominated, alongside "I Lost My Body", but lost to "Toy Story 4", which also starred Cusack.


title: Klaus (film)

text: In 19th-century Norway, Jesper Johansen is the lazy, spoiled, self-centered son of the Royal Postmaster General who has enrolled Jesper into his postman training academy hoping that it will reform him. Jesper deliberately underperforms, forcing his father to finally send him to the distant, northern island town of Smeerensburg with the task of posting 6,000 letters within a year. If Jesper fails, he will be cut off from the family's fortune.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Upon arrival, it is explained to Jesper by sarcastic ferryman Mogens, and bitter teacher-turned-fishmonger Alva, that the town's two familial clans—the Ellingboes and the Krums—comprise nearly all of Smeerensburg's populace and are perpetually conflicted, spending more time hating each other than writing letters.


title: Klaus (film)

text: While desperately searching for people to post letters, Jesper finds an isolated house far outside the town. There, he discovers a tall reclusive woodsman named Klaus who has a house filled with handmade toys. Terrified by Klaus' imposing appearance, Jesper flees and leaves behind a drawing he had found from one of Smeerensburg’s Krum children. Klaus forces Jesper to bring him to the house depicted in the drawing and then secretly deliver a toy to the boy inside, cheering him up.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Word of this event spreads to other children and they go to Jesper the next day, each believing they will receive a toy if they send Klaus a letter. Jesper capitalizes on the idea and asks Klaus if he can donate his toys; Klaus agrees provided they operate at night and Jesper continues to deliver the toys in secret. The Krum boy's toy leads him to play with an Ellingboe girl, much to their clans’ outrage. Family elders Tammy Krum and Aksel Ellingboe each explain and show their clans' histories of hatred with each other, which have gone on for a long time, and find out it was Jesper and Klaus who delivered the Krum boy the toy. Soon, more children begin writing letters to Klaus. When Jesper tells them Klaus only gives toys to good children and knows whenever any child misbehaves, the acts of kindness they perform gradually inspire the rest of the townsfolk to end their ancient dispute, and Alva to reopen her school to help the children learn to read and write so they can send letters.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Eventually, Jesper and Klaus begin running out of toys. With Jesper's deadline approaching, he tries persuading Klaus to make more toys in time for Christmas. Klaus initially refuses, but then works with Jesper to build a sled for a small girl named Márgu, who lives in an isolated settlement with her people. Klaus finally tells Jesper about his wife Lydia and explains he had made the toys to give to the future children the couple hoped to have, but they couldn't conceive and Lydia died from an illness. Klaus has slowly realized their work is spreading joy to the children and agrees to the Christmas plan with Márgu and the rest of her people arriving to help. As the town and his relationship with Alva flourish, Jesper finds himself wanting to stay in Smeerensburg.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Meanwhile, Aksel Ellingboe and Tammy Krum form a temporary truce, wanting to stop Jesper and Klaus so that the families can resume their traditional feud. They themselves post enough letters to meet well over Jesper's target and let his father know he posted fourteen-thousand letters.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Jesper’s father arrives on Christmas Eve to congratulate his son, inadvertently revealing to Jesper's friends the selfish motives behind his deeds. Just before they leave town, Jesper's father notices his son's remorse, and after a private talk, he allows Jesper to stay.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Jesper then tries to stop the elders and their angry mob from destroying the Christmas toys but apparently fails. However, Alva had already been informed of the plot by the town's children, and so she and Klaus had replaced the toys with decoys. During the chase for the toys, Mr. Ellingboe's daughter Pumpkin and Mrs. Krum's son Olaf also fall in love.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Jesper is redeemed and Smeerensburg becomes a happy town, with the family elders being forced to end the feud due to the marriage of their children. Jesper marries Alva and raises two children, and he and Klaus continue to deliver presents in Smeerensburg and beyond for eleven years. Then on the twelfth year, Klaus follows a wisp of wind up a sunny hill and disappears, saying he is joining his departed wife.


title: Klaus (film)

text: But although he is gone, Klaus lives on in Christmas stories and so every subsequent Christmas Eve, Jesper still waits for Klaus who returns every year to deliver toys across the world.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Additional children voices provided by Evan Agos, Sky Alexis, Jaeden Bettencourt, Teddy Blum, Mila Brener, Sydney Brower, Finn Carr, Kendall Joy Hall, Hayley Hermida, Lexie Holland, Brooke Huckeba, Matthew McCann, Tucker Meek, Leo Miller, Joaquin Obradors, Víctor Pablos, Lucian Perez, Bailey Rae Fenderson, Maximus Riegel, Emma Shannon, Ayden Soria, Sunday Sturz, Hudson West, Gordon Wilcox, Emma Yarovinskiy, and Julian Zane.


title: Klaus (film)

text: Additional adult voices provided by Brad Abrell, Catherine Cavadini, Bill Chott, Daniel Crook, Brian Finney, Stephen Hughes, Neil Kaplan, Sam McMurray, Amanda Philipson, Alyson Reed, Dee Dee Rescher, Dwight Schultz, Lloyd Sherr, Helen Slayton-Hughes, and Travis Willingham.


title: Klaus (film)

text: After setting up his own animation studio in Madrid, Spain, director Sergio Pablos, who had worked on Disney Renaissance films such as "The Hunchback of Notre Dame", "Hercules", and "Tarzan", decided to develop a new traditionally-animated feature film. Pablos wanted to explore how the medium would have evolved had western animation film studios not switched to producing mostly computer animated films since the 1990s. For the film's look, the studio sought to overcome some of the technical limitations that traditional animation had, focusing on organic and volumetric lighting and texturing to give the film a unique look, while maintaining a hand-crafted feel. Proprietary tools from Les films du Poisson Rouge, a French company in Angoulême, were used to allow the team to produce a variety of visual development styles, with the aim of getting away from the standardized style of "characters looking like stickers put on painted backgrounds." Fellow Disney animator James Baxter, known for "Beauty and the Beast", also worked on the film.


title: Klaus (film)

text: The first teaser for the project was released in April 2012; at the time, the studio was seeking investment, co-production, and distribution partners. It was shopped around to various studios, but most studios rejected the movie viewing it as "too risky." In November 2017, Waner Bros announced that they had acquired the global rights to "Klaus"; at the same time, the casting of Schwartzman, Jones, Simmons, and Cusack was announced along with a Christmas 2019 release date. In March 2019, it was reported that Netflix was planning an Oscar-qualifying run for "Klaus" in theaters, and it was listed as one of ten films Netflix was negotiating with chains to give limited releases prior to their online debuts that August. The film's release date was announced, alongside the debut of an official trailer, on 7 October.


title: Klaus (film)

text: The film is dedicated to animator and scene checker Mary Lescher who died on 2 June 2019 of cancer. She had worked on "Klaus", as well as other animated features such as "Beauty and the Beast" and "The Lion King". Pablos said Smeerensburg is a deliberate misspelling of Smeerenburg, a former Dutch and Norwegian whaling station in the Arctic archipelago of Svalbard.


title: Klaus (film)

text: "Klaus" was released theatrically in select theaters on 8 November 2019, and was released digitally through Netflix on 15 November. It is the first original animated feature film to appear on Netflix. In January 2020, Netflix reported the film was watched by 40 million members over its first four weeks of release.


title: Klaus (film)

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 95% based on 76 reviews with an average rating of . The critical consensus reads "Beautiful hand-drawn animation and a humorous, heartwarming narrative make "Klaus" an instant candidate for holiday classic status." On Metacritic the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 13 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Klaus (film)

text: John DeFore of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, writing: "Sergio Pablos' Klaus invents its own unexpected and very enjoyable origin story for the big guy who gives out toys every Christmas eve. Shaking off most Yuletide cliches in favor of a from-scratch story about how even dubiously-motivated generosity can lead to joy, it contains echoes of other seasonal favorites (especially, in a topsy-turvy way, Dr. Seuss' Grinch) while standing completely on its own."


title: Klaus (film)

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" gave the film a mixed review, calling the film over-complicated and saying: "What goodwill the movie does inspire owes more to the splendid visual world than to anything the story supplies."


title: Klaus (film)

text: According to data provided by Netflix to Reuters, the film racked up nearly 30 million views worldwide in its first month. The film beat "Toy Story 4" for best Animated Film of 2019 on "Animation Magazine".


title: Klaus (film)

text: "Invisible" by Zara Larsson and "How You Like Me Now?" by The Heavy are featured in the film. The song "High Hopes" by Panic! at the Disco is featured in the trailer.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia is a high-level, dynamic programming language. Its features are well suited for numerical analysis and computational science.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Distinctive aspects of Julia's design include a type system with parametric polymorphism in a dynamic programming language; with multiple dispatch as its core programming paradigm. Julia supports concurrent, (composable) parallel and distributed computing (with or without using MPI or the built-in corresponding to "OpenMP-style" threads), and direct calling of C and Fortran libraries without glue code. Julia uses a just-in-time (JIT) compiler that is referred to as "just-ahead-of-time" (JAOT) in the Julia community, as Julia compiles all code (by default) to machine code before running it.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia is garbage-collected, uses eager evaluation, and includes efficient libraries for floating-point calculations, linear algebra, random number generation, and regular expression matching. Many libraries are available, including some (e.g., for fast Fourier transforms) that were previously bundled with Julia and are now separate.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Several development tools support coding in Julia, such as integrated development environments (e.g. for Microsoft's Visual Studio Code, an extension is available providing debugging and linting support); with integrated tools, e.g. a profiler (and flame graph support available for the built-in one), debugger, and the Rebugger.jl package "supports repeated-execution debugging" and more.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia works with other languages, calling C has special support, and with use of extra packages, e.g. for working with Python, R, Rust, C++, SQL and to work with or even to compile to JavaScript.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia can be compiled to binary executables using a package for it supporting all Julia features. Small binary executables can also be made using a different package but then the Julia runtime isn't included in the executable, e.g. down to 9 KB (then without e.g. the garbage collector since it's part of Julia's runtime, i.e. with similar limited capabilities to the C language), for computers or even microcontrollers with 2 KB of RAM. By default, Julia code depends on the Julia runtime to support all Julia features, e.g. threading, but some (non-idiomatic, to smaller or larger degree) Julia code can be compiled to small executables (with limited Julia capabilities). In both cases no source code needs to be distributed.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Work on Julia was started in 2009, by Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski, Viral B. Shah, and Alan Edelman, who set out to create a free language that was both high-level and fast. On 14 February 2012, the team launched a website with a blog post explaining the language's mission. In an interview with "InfoWorld" in April 2012, Karpinski said of the name "Julia": "There's no good reason, really. It just seemed like a pretty name." Bezanson said he chose the name on the recommendation of a friend, then years later wrote:


title: Julia (programming language)

text: In the 10 years since the 2012 launch of pre-1.0 Julia, the community has grown. The Julia package ecosystem has over 11.8 million lines of code (including docs and tests). The JuliaCon academic conference for Julia users and developers has been held annually since 2014 with JuliaCon2020 welcoming over 28,900 unique viewers, and then JuliaCon2021 breaking all previous records (with more than 300 JuliaCon2021 presentations available for free on YouTube, up from 162 the year before), and 43,000 unique viewers during the conference.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Three of the Julia co-creators are the recipients of the 2019 James H. Wilkinson Prize for Numerical Software (awarded every four years) "for the creation of Julia, an innovative environment for the creation of high-performance tools that enable the analysis and solution of computational science problems." Also, Alan Edelman, professor of applied mathematics at MIT, has been selected to receive the 2019 IEEE Computer Society Sidney Fernbach Award "for outstanding breakthroughs in high-performance computing, linear algebra, and computational science and for contributions to the Julia programming language."


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Both Julia 0.7 and version 1.0 were released on 8 August 2018. Work on Julia 0.7 was a "huge undertaking" (e.g., because of an "entirely new optimizer"), and some changes were made to semantics, e.g. the iteration interface was simplified; and the syntax changed a little (with the syntax now stable, and same for 1.x and 0.7).


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia 1.3 added composable multi-threaded parallelism and a binary artifacts system for Julia packages.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia 1.4 added syntax for generic array indexing to handle e.g. 0-based arrays. The memory model was also changed.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia 1.5 released in August 2020 added record and replay debugging support, for Mozilla's rr tool. The release changed the behavior in the REPL (soft scope) to the one used in Jupyter, but fully compatible with non-REPL code. Most of the thread API was marked as stable, and with this release "arbitrary immutable objects—regardless of whether they have fields that reference mutable objects or not—can now be stack allocated", reducing heap allocations, e.g. codice_1 are no longer allocating. Julia 1.5 targeted so-called "time-to-first-plot" performance, in general, the speed of compilation itself (as opposed to performance of the generated code), and adds tools for developers to improve package loading.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia 1.6 was the largest release since 1.0, faster on many fronts, e.g. introduced parallel precompilation and faster loading of packages, in some cases "50x speedup in load times for large trees of binary artifacts".


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia 1.7.0 was released in November 2021, with many changes, e.g. a new faster random-number generator.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia 1.8 has been released (and 1.8.1 and 1.8.2 as followup on 29 September 2022, both fixing bugs and invalidations, thus compiling faster), with improvements for distributing Julia programs without source code, and compiler speedup, in some cases by 25%, and more controllable inlining (i.e. now also allowing applying codice_2 at the call site, not just on the function itself) and Julia 1.9 is the next milestone, it and the milestones for 1.10, 1.11, 1.12 and 2.0 currently have no set due dates.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Since 2014, the Julia Community has hosted an annual Julia Conference focused on developers and users. The first JuliaCon took place in Chicago and kickstarted the annual occurrence of the conference. Since 2014, the conference has taken place across a number of locations including MIT and the University of Maryland, Baltimore. The event audience has grown from a few dozen people to over 28,900 unique attendees during JuliaCon 2020, which took place virtually. JuliaCon 2021 also took place virtually with keynote addresses from professors William Kahan (the primary architect of the IEEE 754 floating-point standard, which his keynote is about, that virtually all CPUs use and languages, including Julia), and Jan Vitek, Xiaoye Sherry Li, and Soumith Chintala (co-creator of PyTorch). JuliaCon grew to 43,000 unique attendees and more than 300 presentations (still freely accessible, plus for older years). JuliaCon 2022 will also be virtual held between July 27 and July 29, 2022, for the first time in several languages, not just in English.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: The Julia language became a NumFOCUS fiscally sponsored project in 2014 in an effort to ensure the project's long-term sustainability. Jeremy Kepner at MIT Lincoln Laboratory was the founding sponsor of the Julia project in its early days. In addition, funds from the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation, the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation, Intel, and agencies such as NSF, DARPA, NIH, NASA, and FAA have been essential to the development of Julia. Mozilla, the maker of Firefox web browser, with its research grants for H1 2019, sponsored "a member of the official Julia team" for the project "Bringing Julia to the Browser", meaning to Firefox and other web browsers. The Julia language is also supported by individual donors on GitHub.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: JuliaHub, Inc. was founded in 2015 as Julia Computing, Inc. by Viral B. Shah, Deepak Vinchhi, Alan Edelman, Jeff Bezanson, Stefan Karpinski and Keno Fischer.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: In June 2017, Julia Computing raised US$4.6million in seed funding from General Catalyst and Founder Collective, the same month was "granted $910,000 by the Alfred P. Sloan Foundation to support open-source Julia development, including $160,000 to promote diversity in the Julia community", and in December 2019 the company got $1.1million funding from the US government to "develop a neural component machine learning tool to reduce the total energy consumption of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems in buildings". In July 2021, Julia Computing announced they raised a $24 million Series A round led by Dorilton Ventures, which also owns team Williams Racing, that partnered with Julia Computing. Williams' Commercial Director said: "Investing in companies building best-in-class cloud technology is a strategic focus for Dorilton and Julia's versatile platform, with revolutionary capabilities in simulation and modelling, is hugely relevant to our business. We look forward to embedding Julia Computing in the world's most technologically advanced sport".


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia is a general-purpose programming language, while also originally designed for numerical/technical computing.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: It is also useful for low-level systems programming, as a specification language, High-level Synthesis (HLS) tool (for hardware, e.g. FPGAs),<ref name = "HLS/FPGA"></ref> and for web programming at both server and client side.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Multiple dispatch (also termed multimethods in Lisp) is a generalization of single dispatch the polymorphic mechanism used in common object-oriented programming (OOP) languages, such as Python, C++, Java, JavaScript, and Smalltalk that uses inheritance. In Julia, all concrete types are subtypes of abstract types, directly or indirectly subtypes of the codice_3 type, which is the top of the type hierarchy. Concrete types can not themselves be subtyped the way they can in other languages; composition is used instead (see also inheritance vs subtyping).


title: Julia (programming language)

text: By default, the Julia runtime must be pre-installed as user-provided source code is run. Alternatively, a standalone executable that needs no Julia source code can be built with e.g. "PackageCompiler.jl".


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia's syntactic macros (used for metaprogramming), like Lisp macros, are more powerful than text-substitution macros used in the preprocessor of some other languages such as C, because they work at the level of abstract syntax trees (ASTs). Julia's macro system is hygienic, but also supports deliberate capture when desired (like for anaphoric macros) using the codice_4 construct.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia draws inspiration from various dialects of Lisp, including Scheme and Common Lisp, and it shares many features with Dylan, also a multiple-dispatch-oriented dynamic language (which features an ALGOL-like free-form infix syntax rather than a Lisp-like prefix syntax, while in Julia "everything" is an expression), and with Fortress, another numerical programming language (which features multiple dispatch and a sophisticated parametric type system). While Common Lisp Object System (CLOS) adds multiple dispatch to Common Lisp, not all functions are generic functions.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: In Julia, Dylan, and Fortress, extensibility is the default, and the system's built-in functions are all generic and extensible. In Dylan, multiple dispatch is as fundamental as it is in Julia: all user-defined functions and even basic built-in operations like codice_5 are generic. Dylan's type system, however, does not fully support parametric types, which are more typical of the ML lineage of languages. By default, CLOS does not allow for dispatch on Common Lisp's parametric types; such extended dispatch semantics can only be added as an extension through the CLOS Metaobject Protocol. By convergent design, Fortress also features multiple dispatch on parametric types; unlike Julia, however, Fortress is statically rather than dynamically typed, with separate compiling and executing phases. The language features are summarized in the following table:


title: Julia (programming language)

text: An example of the extensibility of Julia, the Unitful.jl package adds support for physical units of measurement to the language.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: The Julia official distribution includes an interactive command-line read–eval–print loop (REPL), with a searchable history, tab completion, and dedicated help and shell modes, which can be used to experiment and test code quickly. The following fragment represents a sample session example where strings are concatenated automatically by println:


title: Julia (programming language)

text: The REPL gives user access to the system shell and to help mode, by pressing codice_6 or codice_7 after the prompt (preceding each command), respectively. It also keeps the history of commands, including between sessions. Code can be tested inside Julia's interactive session or saved into a file with a codice_8 extension and run from the command line by typing:


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia uses UTF-8, e.g. for source code, meaning also allowing as an option common math symbols for many operators, such as ∈ for the codice_9 operator, typable with codice_10 then pressing (i.e. uses LaTeX codes, or also possible by simply copy-pasting, e.g. possible for sqrt and cbrt functions). Julia has support for Unicode 14.0 (from 2021, and 1.9-DEV supports the latest Unicode 15.0), for the languages of the world, even for source code, e.g. variable names (while not using English isn't recommended for code for others to read e.g. package names).


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia is supported by Jupyter, an online interactive "notebooks" environment, and Pluto.jl, a "reactive notebook" (where notebooks are saved as pure Julia files), a possible replacement for the former kind.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: The REPL can be extended with additional modes, and has been with packages, e.g. with an SQL mode, for database access, and RCall.jl adds an , to work with the R language.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia is in practice interoperable with other languages (e.g. majority of top 10–20 languages in popular use). Julia's ccall keyword is used to call C-exported or Fortran shared library functions individually, and packages are available to allow calling other languages e.g. Python, R, MATLAB, C# (and other .NET languages with DotNET.jl), JavaScript, Java (and other JVM languages, such as Scala with JavaCall.jl). And packages for other languages allow to call to Julia, e.g. from Python, R, Rust, or Ruby, such as with pyjulia and PythonCall.jl/juliacall for Python and a different JuliaCall package for R. Julia has also been used for hardware, i.e. to compile to VHDL, as a High-level Synthesis (HLS) tool (for e.g. FPGAs).


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia has packages supporting markup languages such as HTML (and also for HTTP), XML, JSON and BSON, and for databases (such as PostgreSQL, Mongo, Oracle, including for TimesTen, MySQL, SQLite, Microsoft SQL Server, Amazon Redshift, Vertica, ODBC) and web use in general.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia has a built-in package manager and includes a default registry system. Packages are most often distributed as source code hosted on GitHub, though alternatives can also be used just as well. Packages can also be installed as binaries, using artifacts. Julia's package manager is used to query and compile packages, as well as managing environments. Federated package registries are supported, allowing registries other than the official to be added locally.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia's core is implemented in Julia and C, together with C++ for the LLVM dependency. The code parsing and code-lowering are implemented in FemtoLisp, a Scheme dialect (that parser can however be switched out at runtime, with the pure-Julia package "JuliaSyntax.jl", a drop-in, faster replacement, usually, and it "greatly improves parser error messages in various cases", thus it's being considered as an addition to Julia, first as a non-default option in 1.10.0, but can already be used in older versions). A non-default parser package "Parser.jl" (for e.g. much faster floating-point number parsing on Windows) is available, already used indirectly by some packages, but is also being considered for inclusion into Julia. The LLVM compiler infrastructure project is used as the back end for generation of 64-bit or 32-bit optimized machine code depending on the platform Julia runs on. With some exceptions (e.g., PCRE, which is being considered for removal in Julia 2.0; Julia already has alternative regex libraries, e.g. "RE2.jl" for Google's re2, "StrRegex.jl" and "ReadableRegex.jl"), the standard library is implemented in Julia. A very notable aspect of Julia's implementation is its speed, which is often within a factor of two relative to fully optimized C code (and thus often an order of magnitude faster than Python or R). Development of Julia began in 2009 and an open-source version was publicized in February 2012.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia has tier 1 macOS support, meaning for Intel-based Macs, but also for the new Apple M1-based Macs, by either "running in Rosetta 2 emulation", or, while then, with tier 2 native (non-Rosetta) support with Julia 1.8 (unlike the older LTS version of Julia which only has tier 3 (experimental) support; Windows on ARM has no official support yet). The work on that support (i.e. without emulation) is mostly done, and many programs work with Julia 1.8.0. Julia was prior to 1.8.0 claimed to work "ok" on M1 Macs (at reduced performance) through the (automatic) use of Rosetta 2 (that needs to emulate Julia).


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Since Julia uses JIT, Julia generates native machine code directly, before a function is first run (i.e. a different approach than compiling to bytecode, that you distribute by default, to be run on a virtual machine (VM), as with e.g. Java/JVM; then translated from the bytecode while running, as done by Dalvik on older versions of Android).


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia has four support tiers. All IA-32 processors completely implementing the i686 subarchitecture are supported and all 64-bit x86-64 (aka amd64), i.e. all less than about a decade old are supported. ARMv8 (AArch64) processors are supported on second tier, and ARMv7 and ARMv6 (AArch32) are supported with some caveats (lower tier) for Julia 1.0.x and also had official executables for later versions, while 32-bit ARM support was later downgraded to tier 3 (however, unofficial binaries are available for Julia 1.5.1). Hundreds of packages are GPU-accellerated: CUDA (i.e. Nvidia GPUs; implementing PTX) has tier 1 support, with the help of an external package. There are also additionally packages supporting other accelerators, such as Google's TPUs, and some Intel (integrated) GPUs, through oneAPI.jl, and AMD's GPUs have support with e.g. OpenCL; and experimental support for the AMD ROCm stack. Julia's downloads page provides executables (and source) for all the officially supported platforms.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: On some platforms, Julia may need to be compiled from source code (e.g., the original Raspberry Pi), with specific build options, which has been done and unofficial pre-built binaries (and build instructions) are available. Julia has been built


title: Julia (programming language)

text: for several ARM platforms, from small Raspberry Pis to (recent) top-1 supercomputer Fugaku's ARM-based A64FX. PowerPC (64-bit) has tier 3 support, meaning it "may or may not build".


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia is now supported in Raspbian while support is better for newer Pis, e.g., those with ARMv7 or newer; the Julia support is promoted by the Raspberry Pi Foundation.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: There is also support for web browsers/JavaScript through JSExpr.jl; and the alternative language of web browsers, WebAssembly, has minimal support for several upcoming external Julia projects.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia can compile to ARM; thus, in theory, Android apps can be made with the NDK, but for now Julia has been made to run under Android only indirectly, "i.e." with a Ubuntu chroot on Android.


title: Julia (programming language)

text: While Julia requires an operating system by default, and has no official support to run without or on embedded system platforms like Arduino, Julia code has still been run, with some limitations, on a baremetal 16 MHz 8-bit AVR-microcontroller Arduino with 2 KB RAM (plus 32 KB of flash memory).


title: Julia (programming language)

text: Julia has been adopted by many universities including MIT, Stanford, and UC Berkeley. Large private firms across many sectors have adopted the language including Amazon, IBM, BlackRock, JP Morgan, ASML, and many of the largest pharma companies. Julia has also been used in government agencies like NASA and the FAA as well as every US national energy laboratory.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: Raymond Edward "Gilbert" O'Sullivan (born 1 December 1946) is an Irish singer-songwriter who achieved his most significant success during the early 1970s with hits including "Alone Again (Naturally)", "Clair", and "Get Down".


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: O'Sullivan's songs are often marked by his distinctive, percussive piano playing style and observational lyrics using word play.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: Born in Waterford, Ireland, O'Sullivan settled in Swindon, England, as a child. In 1967, O'Sullivan began pursuing a career in music. Worldwide, he has charted 16 top 40 records including six No. 1 songs, the first of which was 1970's "Nothing Rhymed". Across his career, he has recorded 20 studio albums. The music magazine "Record Mirror" voted him the top UK male singer of 1972. He has received three Ivor Novello Awards, including “Songwriter of the Year” in 1973.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: Raymond Edward O'Sullivan was born on 1 December 1946 in Cork Road, Waterford, Ireland. He was one of six children; his mother May ran a sweet shop and his father was a butcher with Clover Meats. The O'Sullivans emigrated due to a job offer in England. The family first moved to Battersea, London when Raymond was seven, before settling in Swindon, Wiltshire a year later. Raymond began playing piano here, later explaining: "I come from a working class background, but we always had a piano, the thinking of my parents was that if one of your kids could play it, you could make some money at it." A period of going to piano lessons was short-lived, as O'Sullivan was not enamoured of music theory and played the pieces by ear instead. Raymond's father died two years after the move to Swindon.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: Raymond attended St Joseph's Catholic College before studying at Swindon College, specialising in graphic design. Here, he played with several semi-professional bands including the Doodles, the Prefects and was most notably drummer in a band called Rick's Blues, along with Malcolm Mabbett (guitar), Keith Ray (bass), and founder Rick Davies. Davies, who later founded Supertramp, taught O'Sullivan how to play both drums and piano. O'Sullivan's drumming informed his style of piano-playing, which often utilises a distinct, percussive piano pattern. O'Sullivan has explained "My left hand is hitting the high hat and the right hand is the snare." He started writing songs, heavily influenced by the Beatles as writers and Bob Dylan as a performer.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: In 1967, O'Sullivan moved from Swindon to London in pursuit of a career in music. Determined to get a record deal and looking to stand out, he created an eye-catching visual image consisting of a pudding basin haircut, cloth cap and short trousers. O'Sullivan has said his love of silent film inspired the look. He scored a five-year contract with April Music, CBS Records' house publishing company, after coming to the attention of the professional manager Stephen Shane, who also suggested changing his name from Ray to Gilbert as a play on the name of the operetta composers Gilbert & Sullivan. He was paid an advance of £12 (equivalent to £ as of 2022), with which he bought a piano. He was signed to CBS Records by the A&R manager Mike Smith, who produced the Tremeloes, the Marmalade and the Love Affair.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: His first single was "Disappear", produced by Mike Smith and released in November 1967 credited to the mononym 'Gilbert'. It failed to chart, as did his second single "What Can I Do", released in April 1968. A switch to the Irish record label Major Minor in 1969 yielded a third single "Mr. Moody's Garden", again unsuccessful. O'Sullivan then sent some demo tapes to Gordon Mills, the manager of Tom Jones and Engelbert Humperdinck, whereupon O'Sullivan was signed to Mills' newly founded label, MAM Records. Mills reportedly hated O'Sullivan's self-created image, but O'Sullivan insisted on using it initially. O'Sullivan's unique signature look garnered much attention, and often saw him compared to the Bisto Kids. O'Sullivan explained his thinking behind his appearance in a 1971 interview: "My mother probably doesn't like Neil Young because she hates the way he looks, his hair and everything. If you can get them interested in the way you look then they tend to like the music. The thing which I'm trying to create is of the thirties; Keaton and Chaplin."


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: At the end of 1970, O'Sullivan achieved his first UK top 10 hit with "Nothing Rhymed", which also reached number one in the Netherlands,<ref name="Top40/"></ref> where it earned O'Sullivan his first gold disc. Over 1971, O'Sullivan scored hits with "Underneath The Blanket Go" (which also reached number one in the Netherlands), "We Will" and "No Matter How I Try", the latter being named "Best Ballad or Romantic Song" at the 17th Ivor Novello Awards in 1972. O'Sullivan released his debut album, "Himself", in August 1971. It received a warm critical reception, with O'Sullivan's observational and conversational style of songwriting garnering comparisons to Paul McCartney and Randy Newman. O'Sullivan opted not to tour in promotion of the album, but did however make a number of appearances on British television during 1971, most notably recording an edition of "BBC In Concert" broadcast 18 December 1971.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: In 1972 O'Sullivan achieved major international fame with "Alone Again (Naturally)", a ballad which touches on suicide and loss. The single peaked at no. 3 in the UK but in America spent six non-consecutive weeks at number one on "Billboards Hot 100, selling nearly two million copies. It peaked at no. 2 in New Zealand (during an 11-week chart run), spent two weeks at number one in Canada (13 weeks in the Top 40); and reached number one in Japan (during a 21-week chart run). In America the single ranked no. 2 (behind Roberta Flack's "The First Time Ever I Saw Your Face") in "Billboards year-end chart, based on both sales and airplay. In 1973 both titles were Grammy-nominated for both Song of the Year and Record of the Year, with Flack winning in both categories. This international success coincided with a new image, with O'Sullivan discarding the appearance he'd used since 1967. He unveiled a more modern 'college-like' look in which he often wore a sweater bearing a large letter 'G'. This was a deliberate attempt to prevent "[making] an impact like Tiny Tim" in the US that "would have taken years to shake off," and the subsequent American edition of "Himself", which included "Alone Again (Naturally)", featured an updated image of O'Sullivan on the album artwork. O'Sullivan followed up on the success of "Alone Again (Naturally)" with "Clair", which reached no. 2 in the United States on the Hot 100 and no. 1 in the UK, Norway, France, Belgium, Ireland and Canada (14 weeks in the Canadian Top 40). Its parent album (and O'Sullivan's second), "Back to Front", spawned a further hit with "Out of the Question", which reached no. 17 in the US and no. 14 in Canada.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: O'Sullivan's disc sales exceeded ten million in 1972 and made him the top star of the year. O'Sullivan's success led to his taking part in the BBC's anniversary programme "Fifty Years of Music" in November 1972. O'Sullivan was ranked by "Record Mirror" as the number 1 male singer of 1972, and in May 1973, he won an Ivor Novello award for "British Songwriter of the Year."


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: 1973 saw the release of O'Sullivan's third album, "I'm a Writer, Not a Fighter", which reflected a new emphasis on rock music and funk influences. Its lead single, the electric keyboard-based "Get Down", reached number one in the UK, Belgium and Germany, no. 7 in both the US and Canada, and no. 3 in the Netherlands. Following "Alone Again (Naturally)" and "Clair", "Get Down" was O'Sullivan's third million-seller, with the RIAA gold disc award presented on 18 September 1973.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: O'Sullivan enjoyed nearly five years of success with MAM, a run that included seven UK top 10 singles and four UK top 10 albums; three US top 10 singles and one top 10 album; five Dutch top 10 singles and three top 10 albums; five New Zealand top 10 singles; three Canadian top 10 singles; and seven Japan top 10 singles. By 1974, his sales were decreasing. His fourth album "A Stranger In My Own Back Yard", was his first to miss the top five on the UK Albums Chart, charting at no. 9. Its lead single, "A Woman's Place", generated controversy due to its lyric ("I believe / A woman's place is in the home"), seen by some as sexist. It was O'Sullivan's first single since his 1970 breakthrough to miss the top 40 of the UK Singles Chart, reaching a peak of no. 42. His November 1974 single "Christmas Song" reached no. 12 in the UK and no. 5 in Ireland. In June 1975, O'Sullivan had his last top 20 hit, "I Don't Love You But I Think I Like You".


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: Gilbert released a fifth album with MAM in 1977, "Southpaw", but it failed to chart. O'Sullivan discovered his recording contract with MAM Records greatly favoured the label's owner, Gordon Mills. A lawsuit followed, with prolonged argument over how much money his songs had earned and how much of that money he had actually received. Eventually, in May 1982, the court found in O'Sullivan's favour, describing him as a "patently honest and decent man", who had not received a just proportion of the vast income his songs had generated. They awarded him £7 million in damages (£ as of 2022). Although he had won, the court battle put his recording career on hold, and has said he was unable to obtain management or a major record label deal.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: The first single, "What's in a Kiss?", reached No. 19 in the UK in 1980 and No. 21 in Japan. It was his first UK top 20 hit in five years. Following the release of his subsequent 1980 and 1982 albums, "Off Centre" and "Life & Rhymes", and due in part to the then-ongoing MAM court case, O'Sullivan released no new material between 1983 and 1986. Apart from the single "So What?" in 1990 and a compilation album in 1991, "Nothing But the Best", O'Sullivan was absent from the charts until another compilation album, "The Berry Vest of Gilbert O'Sullivan", returned him to the UK top 20 in 2004.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: O'Sullivan is also noted for his role in bringing about the practice of clearing samples in hip hop music as a result of the 1991 court case Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records, Inc., in which he sued rapper Biz Markie over the rights to use a sample of his song "Alone Again (Naturally)". He won 100% of the royalties and made sampling an expensive undertaking.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: O'Sullivan has continued to record and perform into the 21st century. He enjoys particular acclaim in Japan. His album "A Scruff at Heart" was released in 2007, featuring "Just So You Know". On 14 July 2008, O'Sullivan released "Never Say Di". He appeared at the 2008 Glastonbury Festival, and played London's Royal Albert Hall on 26 October 2009. On 26 August 2010, O'Sullivan announced that he had joined Hypertension, a record company whose artists have included Leo Sayer, Chris DeBurgh, Fleetwood Mac and Gerry Rafferty.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: His album "Gilbertville" was released on 31 January 2011; it featured "All They Wanted to Say", which dealt with the 2001 attacks on the World Trade Center, and his single "Where Would We Be (Without Tea)?". On 19 July 2011, O'Sullivan played live on the BBC Radio 2 Ken Bruce Show. On 26 August that year, the documentary "Out on His Own" was broadcast by BBC 4 (before by Irish RTÉ). In March 2012, the compilation album "Gilbert O'Sullivan: The Very Best Of – A Singer & His Songs" entered the UK Albums Chart at No. 12. 2015 saw Gilbert re-emerge on Irish and BBC radio and television. He toured Ireland beginning of June, and on 8 June 2015 his Peggy Lee-inspired album "Latin ala G!" was released.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: On 24 August 2018, O'Sullivan released his 19th studio album "Gilbert O'Sullivan". The album entered the UK Album Chart at No. 20, his first UK charting studio album for over 40 years.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: July 22, 2022, O'Sullivan released his 20th studio album "Driven", producer by Andy Wright. The album received the best reviews in over 50 years. The album also managed to enter the UK Album Chart at No. 26.


title: Gilbert O'Sullivan

text: O'Sullivan purposely avoided dating at the peak of his career; he feared that doing so would inhibit his songwriting abilities. In January 1980, O'Sullivan married his Norwegian girlfriend Aase Brekke. Later that year, the first of their two daughters, Helen-Marie, was born. Tara was born two years later.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: "Video Killed the Radio Star" is a song written by Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes and Bruce Woolley in 1979. It was recorded concurrently by Bruce Woolley and the Camera Club (with Thomas Dolby on keyboards) for their album "English Garden" and by British new wave/synth-pop group the Buggles, which consisted of Horn and Downes (and initially Woolley).


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The Buggles' version of the track was recorded and mixed in 1979, released as their debut single on 7 September 1979 by Island Records, and included on their first album "The Age of Plastic". The backing track was recorded at Virgin's Town House in West London, and mixing and vocal recording was done at Sarm East Studios.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The song relates to concerns about, and mixed attitudes towards 20th-century inventions and machines for the media arts. Musically, the song performs like an extended jingle and the composition plays in the key of D-flat major in common time at a tempo of 132 beats per minute. The track has been positively received, with reviewers praising its unusual musical pop elements. Although the song includes several common pop characteristics and six basic chords are used in its structure, Downes and writer Timothy Warner described the piece as musically complicated, due to its use of suspended and minor ninth chords for enhancement that gave the song a "slightly different feel."


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: On release, the single topped sixteen international music charts, including those in the UK, Australia, and Japan. It also peaked in the top 10 in Canada, Germany, New Zealand and South Africa, but only reached number 40 in the US. The accompanying music video was written, directed, and edited by Russell Mulcahy. It was the first music video shown on MTV in the US, airing at 12:01a.m. on 1 August 1981, and the first video shown on MTV Classic in the UK on 1 March 2010. The song has received several critical accolades, such as being ranked number 40 on VH1's "100 Greatest One-Hit Wonders of the '80s". It has also been covered by many recording artists.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The Buggles, which formed in 1977, first consisted of Trevor Horn, Geoff Downes and Bruce Woolley. They recorded the first demo of "Video Killed the Radio Star" on a Revox A77 tape recorder, one afternoon in 1978, in Downes' apartment located above a monumental stonemason's in Wimbledon Park, London. The piece was built up from a chorus riff developed by Woolley. It is one of the three Buggles songs that Woolley assisted in writing, the two others being "Clean, Clean" and "On TV". A later, more detailed demo of the song, featuring Horn's then-girlfriend Tina Charles on vocals, was recorded at Camden's Soundsuite Studios, and engineered by studio owner Peter Rackham. This demo became the blueprint for the final record, and helped the group get signed to Island Records to record and release their debut album "The Age of Plastic", as well as producing and writing for the label, after Downes' girlfriend, who worked for Island, managed to get it played to executives there. Woolley left during recording to form his own band, The Camera Club, which did their own version of "Video", as well as "Clean, Clean" for their album "English Garden".


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: Horn has said that J. G. Ballard's short story "The Sound-Sweep", in which the title character—a mute boy vacuuming up stray music in a world without it—comes upon an opera singer hiding in a sewer, provided inspiration for "Video", and he felt "an era was about to pass." Horn claimed that Kraftwerk was another influence of the song: "It was like you could see the future when you heard Kraftwerk, something new is coming, something different. Different rhythm section, different mentality. So we had all of that, myself and Bruce, and we wrote this song probably six months before we recorded it." In a 2018 interview Horn stated: "I'd read JG Ballard and had this vision of the future where record companies would have computers in the basement and manufacture artists. I'd heard Kraftwerk's "The Man-Machine" and video was coming. You could feel things changing".


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: All the tracks of "The Age of Plastic" deal with positives and concerns of the impact of modern technology. The theme of "Video Killed the Radio Star" is thus nostalgia, with the lyrics referring to a period of technological change in the 1960s, the desire to remember the past and the disappointment that children of the current generation would not appreciate the past. The lyrics relate to concerns of the varied behaviours towards 20th-century technical inventions and machines used and changed in media arts such as photography, cinema, radio, television, audio recording and record production. According to Horn, the band initially struggled to come up with a line to follow the song's opening ("I heard you on the wireless back in '52"): he eventually came up with "Lying awake intent at tuning in on you", inspired by memories of listening to Radio Luxembourg at night as a child. Woolley worried about the song's name, given the existence of a band with the name Radio Stars and a song titled "Video King" by singer Snips.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The Buggles' version of "Video Killed the Radio Star" is a new wave and synth-pop song. It performs like an extended jingle, sharing its rhythm characteristics with disco. The piece plays in common time at a bright tempo of 132 beats per minute. It is in the key of D♭ major, and six basic chords are used in the song's chord progression. According to Geoff Downes, "It's actually a lot more complicated piece of music than people think, for instance part of the bridge is actually suspended chords and minor 9ths. A lot of people transcribed the song wrongly, they thought it was a straight F# chord. The song was written in D flat. The suspended gives it a slightly different feel." Writing in his book, "Pop Music: Technology and Creativity: Trevor Horn and the Digital Revolution", Timothy Warner said that the "relatively quiet introduction" helping the listener detect a high amount of "tape hiss" generated through the use of analogue multi-track tape recorders, as well as the timbre of the synthesized instruments, give an indication of the technical process and time of producing the song.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: Horn and Downes tried to interest labels in the song, but were turned down multiple times, including by Island Records. Downes' then girlfriend worked for Island and was able to get the song listened to again. The demo ended up being heard by Chris Blackwell, who chose to sign the band.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The song took more than three months of production. In 2018 Downes stated that the version that was released was rewritten from that recorded for the band's demo tape: the verses were extended and Downes contributed a new intro and middle eight, with the bulk of the original song having already been written by Horn and Woolley when he joined. The instrumental track was recorded at Virgin's Town House in West London in twelve hours, with mixing and recording of vocals held at Sarm East Studios. The entire song was mixed through a Trident TSM console. "Video" was the first track recorded for the group's debut LP "The Age of Plastic", which cost a sum of £60,000 () to produce, and the song was mixed by Gary Langan four or five times. According to Langan, "there was no total recall, so we just used to start again. We’d do a mix and three or four days later Trevor would go, 'It's not happening. We need to do this and we need to do that.' The sound of the bass drum was one of his main concerns, along with his vocal and the backing vocals. It was all about how dry and how loud they should be in the mix without the whole thing sounding ridiculous. As it turned out, that record still had the loudest bass drum ever for its time."


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The song includes instrumentation of drums, bass guitar, electric guitar, synth strings, piano, glockenspiel, marimbas and other futuristic, twinkly sounds, and vocals. Downes used a Solina, Minimoog and Prophet-5 to create the overdubbed orchestral parts. Both the male and female voices differ to give a tonal and historical contrast. When Langan was interviewed in December 2011, he believed the male vocal was recorded through either a dynamic Shure SM57, SM58, Sennheiser MD 421, or STC 4038 ribbon microphone, and that four or five takes had to be done. The male voice echoes the song's theme in the tone of the music, initially limited in bandwidth to give a "telephone" effect typical of early broadcasts, and uses a Mid-Atlantic accent resembling that of British singers in the 1950s and '60s. The Vox AC30 amplifier was used to achieve the telephone effect, and Gary Langan says he was trying to make it "loud without cutting your head off", in others words make the voice sound soft. Gary Langan and Trevor Horn also tried using a bullhorn, but they found it too harsh. Langan later compressed and EQ'd the male vocals, and he said that doing the compression for old-style vocal parts was a "real skill". The female vocals are panned in the left and right audio channels, and sound more modern and have a New York accent.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The single version of "Video Killed the Radio Star" lasts for 3 minutes and 25 seconds. The album version plays for 4 minutes and 13 seconds, about 48 seconds longer than the single version, as it fades into a piano and synth coda, which ends with a brief sampling of the female vocals.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: "Video Killed the Radio Star" was a huge commercial success, reaching number one on 16 national charts. The song made its debut on the UK Singles Chart in the top 40 at number 24, on the issue dated 29 September 1979. The next week, the track entered into the chart's top ten at number six before topping the chart on the week of 20 October. It was the 444th UK number-one hit in the chart's entire archive. In 2022, the single was certified platinum by the British Phonographic Industry (BPI) for UK sales and streams of 600,000 units.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: In Australia, "Video Killed the Radio Star" reached number one, and for 27 years it held the country's record for best-selling single. In late 1979, while the single was still in an eight-week run at Number one in the charts, the single was awarded a platinum disc by Festival Records, the record's distributing company, for sales of over 100,000 copies in Australia. The song also made a number-one peak in France and Spain, where it was certified gold and platinum, respectively, as well as Austria, Ireland, Sweden and Switzerland. In other parts of Europe and Oceania, "Video Killed the Radio Star" was a number-two hit in Germany and New Zealand, and also charted in Flanders on the Ultratop 50 and in the Netherlands, on the Nationale Hitparade Top 50 (now the Single Top 100) and Dutch Top 40.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: "Video Killed the Radio Star" did not start charting in North America, however, until November 1979. In the United States, the song appeared on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and "Cash Box" Top 100, barely breaking into the top 40 on both charts. In a 2015 list from "Billboard", it tied with Marvin Gaye's recording of "The End of Our Road" as the "Biggest Hot 100 Hit" at the peak of number 40. "Video Killed the Radio Star" debuted at number 86 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 on the week of 10 November 1979, while on the "Cash Box" Top 100 it debuted at number 83 that same week. It started also at number 83 on the Canadian "RPM" Top Single Chart. By January 1980, it entered the top 40 at number 31, and on 2 February made it into the top 20 at number 11. Two weeks later, the song earned its peak in the top 10 at number 6 and issue dated 16 February 1980.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The song became a "Billboard" Top Single Pick on 3 November 1979. The publication found the chorus catchy and also highlighted the orchestral instruments supporting the backing singers. Although there had been a mixed review of the single from "Smash Hits", who found the song to be "too tidy, like vymura" (wallpaper), they listed it in a review of "The Age of Plastic" as one of the best tracks of the album, along with "Living in the Plastic Age". Timothy Warner wrote that, although several common pop elements were still present in the song, it included stronger originality for its own purpose than most other pop hits released at the time. These unusual pop music characteristics include the timbres of the male and female vocal parts, and the use of suspended fourth and ninths chords for enhancement in its progression. He also felt it was unnecessary to dislike it as a "novelty song". AllMusic's Heather Phares said the track "can be looked on as a perfectly preserved new wave gem", "just as the song looks back on the radio songs of the '50s and '60s". She concluded her review by saying that it "still sounds as immediate as it did when it was released, however, and that may be the song's greatest irony".


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: However, many writers called Woolley's recording of "Video" much better than the Buggles' version. This included one critic who called both acts overall as of being very high quality, but felt that Woolley's version was more faithful to the source material than that of The Buggles, noting the filtered vocals and cute, female vocals of the latter rendition as giving it a novelty feel. However, he also wrote of liking both versions of "Clean, Clean" on the same level.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The music video for "Video Killed the Radio Star", written, directed and edited by Australian Russell Mulcahy, was produced on a budget of $50,000. It was filmed in only a day in South London, and was edited in a couple of days.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The video starts with a young girl sitting in front of a radio. A black-and-white shot of Trevor Horn singing into an early radio-era microphone is superimposed over the young girl by the radio. The radio blows up by the time of the first chorus, then in the second verse, she is seen transported into the future, where she meets Horn and a silver-jumpsuited woman in a clear plastic tube. Shots of Horn and Geoff Downes are shown during the remainder of the video.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: There were about 30 takes required for shots of the actress in the tube. The tube falls over in the video, although Mulcahy claims it was not intended to be shown in the final edit. Hans Zimmer can be briefly seen wearing black playing a keyboard, and Debi Doss and Linda Jardim, who provided the female vocals for the song, are also seen.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The video was first released in 1979, when it originally aired on the BBC's "Top of the Pops" for promotion of the single, in lieu of doing live performances. Zimmer recalled in 2001 that the video drew criticism from some viewers who watched it before it aired on MTV, due to being "'too violent' because we blew up a television." The video is best known as marking the debut of MTV, when the US channel started broadcasting at 12:01 AM on 1 August 1981. On 27 February 2000, it became the one-millionth video to be aired on MTV. It also opened MTV Classic in the UK and Ireland. The video marked the closing of MTV Philippines before its shutdown on 15 February 2010 at 11:49 PM. MTV co-founder Bob Pittman said the video "made an aspirational statement. We didn't expect to be competitive with radio, but it was certainly a sea-change kind of video." In July 2013, multiple independent artists covered the song for the launch of the TV channel Pivot, which launched with the music video of the cover on 1 August at 6am.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: A notable interpretation of the melody was released in 1979 by French singer Ringo, using French language lyrics by Étienne Roda-Gil supplying a new title ("Who is this big black raven?") Ringo's version peaked at number 8 in France.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: The Presidents of the United States of America recorded a cover of the song which appeared on the soundtrack of the 1998 film "The Wedding Singer" starring Adam Sandler.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: In November 2006, the Producers played at their first gig in Camden Town. A video clip can be seen on ZTT Records of Horn singing lead vocals and playing bass in a performance of "Video Killed the Radio Star". Tina Charles appears on a YouTube video singing "Slave to the Rhythm" with the Producers and Horn reveals that Tina was the singer and originator of the "Oh Ah-Oh Ah-Oh" part of "Video"; fellow 5000 Volt member Martin Jay was also a session musician on The Buggles record.


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: Anne Dudley, composer and co-founding member of The Art of Noise with Trevor Horn, performed the song on solo piano on her album "Anne Dudley Plays the Art of Noise".


title: Video Killed the Radio Star

text: In mid-2020, the song became popular among TikTok users as a trend to revisit celebrity death conspiracies, and across the internet when a deepfake of Adolf Hitler and Joseph Stalin singing the song went viral on multiple social media sites.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: Buran (, , meaning "Snowstorm" or "Blizzard"; GRAU index serial number: 11F35 1K, construction number: 1.01) was the first spaceplane to be produced as part of the Soviet/Russian Buran program. Besides describing the first operational Soviet/Russian shuttle orbiter, "Buran" was also the designation for the entire Soviet/Russian spaceplane project and its orbiters, which were known as "Buran-class orbiters".


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: Buran completed one uncrewed spaceflight in 1988, and was destroyed in the 2002 collapse of its storage hangar. The Buran-class orbiters used the expendable Energia rocket, a class of super heavy-lift launch vehicle.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The construction of the Buran spacecraft began in 1980, and by 1984 the first full-scale orbiter was rolled out. Over 1000 companies all over the Soviet Union were involved in construction and development. The Buran spacecraft was made to be launched on the Soviet Union's super-heavy lift vehicle, Energia. The Buran program ended in 1993.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The Buran orbiter is built around a "glider", which is its main structural component, since all other components such as wings and the crew cabin are attached to it. The components necessary for flight make up approx. 20% of the weight of the orbiter, while another 11% of weight is added by payload systems and removable parts. The wings of the Buran orbiter contain elevators whose position can be changed from +35° to −20°.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: Similarly to US space shuttle orbiters, Buran orbiters have their exterior covered in 38,600 heat shielding tiles designed to withstand 100 reentries, which themselves were very similar to the ones in the space shuttle, however, the carbon-carbon Buran heat tiles have an antioxidant molybdenum disilicide coating. The black coating in the carbon-carbon heat tiles helps dissipate heat, and, similarly to the heat tiles used in the space shuttle, Buran heat tiles are glued to the orbiter, and the bottom of the heat tiles are left uncoated to equalize the pressure in the tile with that of its surroundings, preventing additional mechanical loads. The gaps between tiles are deliberate to allow for thermal expansion. The gaps were filled with quartz fiber, rope, alkaline elements, inserts and brush seals, and the carbon-carbon heat tiles were also waterproofed.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The Buran and space shuttle orbiters are exposed to similar temperatures, and both have similar levels of insulation.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: Buran has a different carbon-carbon heat tile layout in its underside, in which all gaps between heat tiles are parallel or perpendicular to the direction of airflow through the orbiter's underside, reducing heat in between heat tiles and in the boundary layer between the heat tiles and surrounding air, while helping maintain a laminar airflow through the orbiter.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The cabin is an all-metal, welded, pressurised compartment housing the crew's workplaces, control and life support systems. It has three decks. The Command Module on the upper deck is the workspace for the crew and serves to accommodate the commander, pilot, engineer and mission specialist's seats, as well as the RMS operator's workplace. The middeck houses life support and auxiliary equipment, and up to six crewmembers could be seated there during launch and reentry. The lower deck houses the power systems.<ref name="bru_cocpit/htm/cocpit"></ref> The cockpit is similar in layout to that of the space shuttle, with three cathode-ray tube displays.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The automatic landing system is capable of performing a fully automatic descent, approach and landing from any point located in the "admissible starting conditions area" at altitude, controlling the orbiter's flight during the descent. Covering during the approach and eventually slowing down from to zero.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The first Buran flight was notable for the automatic landing system electing to perform an unlikely (estimated 3% probability) manoeuvre at the key point, which was needed to extend the glide distance and bleed excessive energy. The standard approach was from the south and consisted of two left turns onto the final approach course. Instead, it performed additional turns in both directions and overflew the field to its northern side, before making a right turn back onto the final course. The landing system elected to perform the manoeuvre as the orbiter's energy didn't decrease enough due to strong-gusty winds in the area, measured at and gusting up to at ground level.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The docking module () is mounted into the forward part of the payload bay. It is a spherical compartment with a diameter of , with a cylindrical tunnel leading to the androgynous peripheral docking unit (APAS-89). Unlike the U.S. Space Shuttle, the docking compartment for Buran features an extendable tunnel to increase clearance between orbiter and station. Another hatch, facing into the payload bay, was to support extravehicular activity from the orbiter.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The Onboard Manipulator System (), similar to the Space Shuttle's RMS, was developed at the Central Research and Development Institute for Robotics and Technical Cybernetics to support operations with payload. It could be operated both in manual and automatic modes. Buran-class orbiter could carry, depending on the mission, one or two manipulator arms.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: To expand Buran capabilities, pressurised modules similar to ESA's Spacelab were designed based on the 37K design. These modules had to be both compartments to conduct experiments and logistics volume, could be mounted either in the payload bay and connected to the crew cabin via tunnel or be temporarily docked to Mir's Kristall side docking port. On Buran maiden flight, the Accessory Unit () 37KB No.37070 was installed into the orbiter's payload bay. It carried recording equipment and accumulators providing power to onboard systems as the regular fuel cells based power system were not ready at the time. The second unit, 37KB No.37071 was built in 1987. It was planned to build a third unit, 37KB No.37072, but this never happened because of programme cancellation.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The only orbital launch of a Buran-class orbiter, 1K1 (first orbiter, first flight) occurred at 03:00:02 UTC on 15 November 1988 from Baikonur Cosmodrome launch pad 110/37. Buran was lifted into space, on an uncrewed mission, by the specially designed Energia rocket. The automated launch sequence performed as specified, and the Energia rocket lifted the vehicle into a temporary orbit before the orbiter separated as programmed. After boosting itself to a higher orbit and completing two orbits around the Earth, the ODU (, сombined propulsion system) engines fired automatically to begin the descent into the atmosphere, return to the launch site, and horizontal landing on a runway.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: After making an automated approach to Site 251, Buran touched down under its own control at 06:24:42 UTC and came to a stop at 06:25:24, 206 minutes after launch. Despite a lateral wind speed of , Buran landed only laterally and longitudinally from the target mark. It was the first spaceplane to perform an uncrewed flight, including landing in fully automatic mode. It was later found that Buran had lost only eight of its 38,000 thermal tiles over the course of its flight.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: In 1989, it was projected that Buran would have an uncrewed second flight by 1993, with a duration of 15–20 days. Although the Buran programme was never officially cancelled, the dissolution of the Soviet Union led to funding drying up and this flight never took place.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: The mass of Buran is quoted as 62 tons, with a maximum payload of 30 tons, for a total lift-off weight of 105 tons.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: Unlike the US Space Shuttle, which was propelled by a combination of solid boosters and the orbiter's own liquid-propellant engines fuelled from a large tank, the Soviet/Russian launch system used thrust from each booster's RD-170 liquid oxygen/kerosene engine (each with 4 nozzles), developed by Valentin Glushko, and another four RD-0120 liquid oxygen/liquid hydrogen engines attached to the central block.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: Five orbiters were planned to be built (designated 1K-5K, K stands for ), and hull numbering starts with 1 or 2 (e.g. 1.01), two originally ordered in 1970s and three ("second series") additionally ordered in 1983. For research and testing purposes, several test articles produced, designated 1M-8M (M stands for ), hull numbering starts with 0 (e.g. 0.02). The programme prefix OK stands for and carries the GRAU index number 11F35.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: By 1991 two operational vehicles were delivered to Baikonur, three others were under construction at Tushino.


title: Buran (spacecraft)

text: Most of the geo-locations below show the orbiter bodies on the ground; in some cases Google Earth's History facility is required to see the orbiter within the dates specified.


title: Srivijaya

text: Srivijaya (Indonesian/) was a Buddhist thalassocratic empire based on the island of Sumatra (in modern-day Indonesia), which influenced much of Southeast Asia. Srivijaya was an important centre for the expansion of Buddhism from the 7th to the 12th century AD. Srivijaya was the first polity to dominate much of western Maritime Southeast Asia. Due to its location, the Srivijaya developed complex technology utilizing maritime resources. In addition, its economy became progressively reliant on the booming trade in the region, thus transforming it into a prestige goods-based economy.


title: Srivijaya

text: The earliest reference to it dates from the 7th century. A Tang dynasty Chinese monk, Yijing, wrote that he visited Srivijaya in year 671 for six months. The earliest known inscription in which the name Srivijaya appears also dates from the 7th century in the Kedukan Bukit inscription found near Palembang, Sumatra, dated 16 June 682. Between the late 7th and early 11th century, Srivijaya rose to become a hegemon in Southeast Asia. It was involved in close interactions, often rivalries, with the neighbouring Mataram, Khmer and Champa. Srivijaya's main foreign interest was nurturing lucrative trade agreements with China which lasted from the Tang to the Song dynasty. Srivijaya had religious, cultural and trade links with the Buddhist Pala of Bengal, as well as with the Islamic Caliphate in the Middle East.


title: Srivijaya

text: Before the 12th century, Srivijaya was primarily a land-based polity rather than a maritime power, fleets were available but acted as logistical support to facilitate the projection of land power. In response to the change in the maritime Asian economy, and threatened by the loss of its dependencies, Srivijaya developed a naval strategy to delay its decline. The naval strategy of Srivijaya was mainly punitive; this was done to coerce trading ships to be called to their port. Later, the naval strategy degenerated to raiding fleet.


title: Srivijaya

text: The kingdom ceased to exist in the 13th century due to various factors, including the expansion of the competitor Javanese Singhasari and Majapahit empires. After Srivijaya fell, it was largely forgotten. It was not until 1918 that French historian George Cœdès, of l'École française d'Extrême-Orient, formally postulated its existence.


title: Srivijaya

text: Srivijaya is a Sanskrit-derived name: श्रीविजय, "Śrīvijaya". "Śrī" means "fortunate", "prosperous", or "happy" and "Vijaya" means "victorious" or "excellence". Thus, the combined word "Srivijaya" means "shining victory", "splendid triumph", "prosperous victor", "radiance of excellence" or simply "glorious".


title: Srivijaya

text: Early 20th-century historians that studied the inscriptions of Sumatra and the neighboring islands thought that the term "Srivijaya" referred to a king's name. In 1913, H. Kern was the first epigraphist that identified the name "Srivijaya" written in a 7th-century Kota Kapur inscription (discovered in 1892). However, at that time he believed that it referred to a king named "Vijaya", with "Sri" as an honorific title for a king or ruler.


title: Srivijaya

text: The Sundanese manuscript of Carita Parahyangan, composed around the late 16th century in West Java, vaguely mentioned about the name "Sang Sri Wijaya". The manuscript describes princely hero that rose to be a king named Sanjaya that — after he secured his rule in Java — was involved in battle with the Malayu and Keling against their king Sang Sri Wijaya.


title: Srivijaya

text: Subsequently, after studying local stone inscriptions, manuscripts and Chinese historical accounts, historians concluded that the term "Srivijaya" was actually referred to a polity or kingdom. The main concern is to define Srivijaya's amorphous statehood as a thalassocracy, which dominated a confederation of semi autonomous harbour cities in Maritime Southeast Asia.


title: Srivijaya

text: Little physical evidence of Srivijaya remains. There had been no continuous knowledge of the history of Srivijaya even in Indonesia and Maritime Southeast Asia; its forgotten past has been resurrected by foreign scholars. Contemporary Indonesians, even those from the area of Palembang (around where the kingdom was based), had not heard of Srivijaya until the 1920s when the French scholar, George Cœdès, published his discoveries and interpretations in the Dutch and Indonesian language newspapers. Cœdès noted that the Chinese references to "Sanfoqi", previously read as "Sribhoja" or "Sribogha", and the inscriptions in Old Malay refer to the same empire.


title: Srivijaya

text: The Srivijayan historiography was acquired, composed and established from two main sources: the Chinese historical accounts and the Southeast Asian stone inscriptions that have been discovered and deciphered in the region. The Buddhist pilgrim Yijing's account is especially important in describing Srivijaya, when he visited the kingdom in 671 for six months. The 7th-century "siddhayatra" inscriptions discovered in Palembang and Bangka Island are also vital primary historical sources. Also, regional accounts that some might be preserved and retold as tales and legends, such as the Legend of the Maharaja of Javaka and the Khmer King also provide a glimpse of the kingdom. Some Indian and Arabic accounts also vaguely describe the riches and fabulous fortune of the king of Zabag.


title: Srivijaya

text: The historical records of Srivijaya were reconstructed from a number of stone inscriptions, most of them written in Old Malay using Pallava script, such as the Kedukan Bukit, Talang Tuwo, Telaga Batu and Kota Kapur inscriptions. Srivijaya became a symbol of early Sumatran importance as a great empire to balance Java's Majapahit in the east. In the 20th century, both empires were referred to by nationalistic intellectuals to argue for an Indonesian identity within a united Indonesian state that had existed prior to the colonial state of the Dutch East Indies.


title: Srivijaya

text: Srivijaya, and by extension Sumatra, had been known by different names to different peoples. The Chinese called it "Sanfotsi", "Sanfoqi" or "Che-li-fo-che" ("Shilifoshi"), and there was an even older kingdom of Kantoli, which could be considered the predecessor of Srivijaya. Sanskrit and Pali texts referred to it as "Yavades" and "Javadeh", respectively. The Arabs called it "Zabag" or "Sribuza" and the Khmers called it "Melayu". While the Javanese called them "Suvarnabhumi", "Suvarnadvipa", "Melayu", or "Malayu." This is another reason why the discovery of Srivijaya was so difficult. While some of these names are strongly reminiscent of the name of Java, there is a distinct possibility that they may have referred to Sumatra instead.


title: Srivijaya

text: According to the Kedukan Bukit inscription, dated 605 Saka (683), Srivijaya was first established in the vicinity of today's Palembang, on the banks of Musi River. It mentions that Dapunta Hyang Sri Jayanasa came from Minanga Tamwan. The exact location of Minanga Tamwan is still a subject of discussion. The Palembang theory as the place where Srivijaya was first established was presented by Cœdes and supported by Pierre-Yves Manguin. Soekmono, on the other hand, argues that Palembang was not the capital of Srivijaya and suggests that the Kampar River system in Riau where the Muara Takus temple is located as Minanga Tamwan.