title: William O. Douglas

text: For much of his life, Douglas was dogged by various rumors and allegations about his private life, originating from political rivals and other detractors of his liberal legal opinions on the Court—often a matter of controversy. In one such instance in 1966, Republican Rep. [[Bob Dole]] of Kansas attributed his court decisions to his "bad judgment from a matrimonial standpoint", and several other Republican members of Congress introduced resolutions in the [[United States House of Representatives|House of Representatives]], though none ever passed, that called for investigation of Douglas's moral character.


title: William O. Douglas

text: Four years after retiring from the Supreme Court, Douglas died at age 81 on January 19, 1980, at [[Walter Reed Army Medical Center|Walter Reed Hospital]] in Bethesda, MD. He was survived by his fourth wife, Cathleen Douglas, and two children, Mildred and William Jr., with his first wife.


title: William O. Douglas

text: Douglas is interred in Section 5 of [[Arlington National Cemetery]] near the graves of eight other former Supreme Court justices: [[Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr.]], [[Warren E. Burger]], [[William Rehnquist]], [[Hugo Black]], [[Potter Stewart]], [[William J. Brennan]], [[Thurgood Marshall]] and [[Harry Blackmun]]. Throughout his life Douglas claimed he had been a U.S. Army private during [[World War I]], which was inscribed on his headstone. Some historians, including biographer [[Bruce Allen Murphy|Bruce Murphy]], asserted that this claim was false, although Murphy later added, according to "Washington Post" editorial writer [[Charles Lane (journalist)|Charles Lane]], that Douglas's "career on the court makes it 'appropriate'" that he be buried in Arlington Cemetery.


title: William O. Douglas

text: Lane engaged in further research—consulting applicable provisions of the relevant federal statutes, locating Douglas's honorable discharge and speaking with Arlington Cemetery staff. Records in the [[Library of Congress]] showed that from June to December 1918, Douglas served in the SATC as (what the War Department's regulations termed) "a soldier in the Army of the United States ... placed upon active-duty status immediately." Tom Sherlock, Arlington's official historian, told Lane that an "active-duty recruit whose service was limited to boot camp would qualify" to be buried in Arlington. Lane therefore concluded, "Legally, then, Douglas may have had a plausible claim to be a 'Private, U.S. Army,' as his headstone at Arlington reads."


title: William O. Douglas

text: The papers of William O. Douglas from his career as professor of law, Securities and Exchange commissioner, and associate justice of the United States Supreme Court were bequeathed by him to the [[Library of Congress]].


title: Annette (film)

text: Annette is a 2021 musical romantic drama film directed by Leos Carax, his first English-language film. The film's story and music were written by Ron Mael and Russell Mael of Sparks, with lyrics co-written by Carax. The film, which has been described as a rock opera, follows a stand-up comedian (Adam Driver) and his opera singer wife (Marion Cotillard), and how their lives are changed when they have their first child. Simon Helberg and Devyn McDowell also appear.


title: Annette (film)

text: An international co-production between France, Germany, Belgium, the United States, Japan, Mexico and Switzerland, "Annette" was premiered on 6 July 2021 as the opening film at the 2021 Cannes Film Festival, where Carax received the Best Director award. It was released in France the next day by UGC Distribution and in the United States on 20 August by Amazon Studios. The film received positive reviews from critics.


title: Annette (film)

text: After a swift courtship, provocative stand-up comedian Henry McHenry publicly declares his engagement to world-famous soprano Ann Desfranoux. Shortly afterward, Ann gives birth to their daughter Annette, portrayed by a wooden marionette puppet. The marriage becomes rocky when Henry begins to take care of Annette while Ann's career flourishes and takes her overseas.


title: Annette (film)

text: Later, Ann has dreams about six women who come forward with allegations of past abuse at the hands of Henry and nightmares about Henry almost killing her. Back home, Henry's career begins to spiral, exacerbated by an onstage meltdown, and he comes to resent Ann's continued success. The two schedule a private cruise with the goal of mending their relationship. However, the cruise ends in disaster when Ann falls overboard during a stormy night after Henry drunkenly forces her to waltz with him. After realizing that his wife is dead, Henry gets to an island with Annette using a lifeboat. There, both fall asleep, when Ann's ghost suddenly appears and gives her voice to infant Annette as a form of revenge so she can haunt Henry.


title: Annette (film)

text: Though cleared of legal suspicion for Ann's death, Henry finds himself at a financial dead-end without her income. He contacts Ann's former accompanist, revealing Annette's singing voice and suggesting they use her gift for a musical act. The accompanist reluctantly agrees, having been in love with Ann, and as they tour, Baby Annette becomes a worldwide hit. Henry continues to drink heavily and stay out late, haunted by memories of Ann. One night, when returning home, Henry overhears Annette singing a rendition of “We Love Each Other So Much”, which was Ann and Henry's song. He confronts the accompanist, who implies that he is Annette's real father. In retaliation, Henry drowns him in the backyard pool, witnessed by Annette from her bedroom window. Henry plans one final performance at the "Hyperbowl" halftime show, but Annette refuses to sing, instead declaring, "Daddy kills people," to the packed stadium. Henry is tried and convicted.


title: Annette (film)

text: A few years later, Annette visits her father in prison. Annette, suddenly portrayed by a living human girl, denies his attempts at reconciliation and even blames her mother for using her to get revenge. She tells him that he now has "nothing to love". After the living Annette leaves, the Annette puppet lies lifeless on the floor.


title: Annette (film)

text: It was announced in November 2016 that Carax was set to make his first English language film, with Adam Driver, Rooney Mara and Rihanna in talks to star in the film. Filming was scheduled to begin in spring 2017. In March 2017, Amazon Studios acquired the film, but Mara and Rihanna were not involved in the project. In May, Michelle Williams was cast to replace Mara, with filming then due to begin in July. Production on the film stalled, with the screenwriters Ron and Russell Mael attributing the delay to Driver's commitments to "Star Wars". Filming was moved to begin in summer 2019.


title: Annette (film)

text: Development resumed on the project in May 2019, with Cotillard now cast to replace Williams. In October 2019, Simon Helberg joined the cast.


title: Annette (film)

text: Filming began in August 2019, with shooting taking place in Los Angeles, Brussels and Bruges and at locations in Germany including Münster, Cologne and Bonn. Production concluded in November 2019. In January 2020, it was announced that the Belgian singer Angèle was cast in an undisclosed role.


title: Annette (film)

text: The first song from the score and soundtrack, "So May We Start", was released as a single on 28 May 2021.


title: Annette (film)

text: The film's stars, while not trained, do most of their own singing. Cotillard has sung in previous film roles and has had a musical career outside film, and Driver has sung in previous film roles as well.|


title: Annette (film)

text: A second single, "We Love Each Other So Much", was released via streaming on 25 June 2021. The soundtrack "Annette (Cannes Edition - Selections from the Motion Picture Soundtrack)" was released on CD and vinyl on MasterWorks / Milan label by Sony Music: it contains 15 tracks. The "Unlimited Edition: The Original Movie Soundtrack" was released digitally and as a double CD shortly after and contains virtually all of the music from the movie as well as demos.


title: Annette (film)

text: The film additionally utilises elements of earlier Sparks tracks, including "Rock, Rock, Rock", "Thanks But No Thanks", "Bon Voyage" and "The Calm Before the Storm".


title: Annette (film)

text: "Annette" debuted at the Cannes Film Festival on 6 July 2021. and was released in France the same day by UGC Distribution.


title: Annette (film)

text: The film was given a limited North American theatrical release on 6 August 2021 before digital streaming on Amazon Prime Video on 20 August 2021.


title: Annette (film)

text: In June 2021, the film's UK and Ireland distribution rights were acquired by the streaming service MUBI. It was also selected in the 'Gala Presentation' section of 26th Busan International Film Festival.


title: Annette (film)

text: The review aggregator website "Rotten Tomatoes" reports an approval rating of 71% based on 262 reviews, and an average rating of 6.7/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "A dreamy, delicate dance between farce and fantasia, "Annette" is a magnificently ludicrous rock opera whose experimental approach to its emotional extremes is an ambitious, if not peculiar, return for director Leos Carax." On "Metacritic", the film has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100, based on 51 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The Piper PA-28 Cherokee is a family of two-seat or four-seat light aircraft built by Piper Aircraft and designed for flight training, air taxi and personal use. The PA-28 family of aircraft comprises all-metal, unpressurized, single-engined, piston-powered airplanes with low-mounted wings and tricycle landing gear. They have a single door on the right side, which is entered by stepping on the wing.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The first PA-28 received its type certificate from the Federal Aviation Administration in 1960 and the series remains in production to this day. Current models are the Warrior, Arrow, and Archer TX and LX, and the Pilot 100 and i100. The Archer was discontinued in 2009, but with investment from new company ownership, the model was put back into production in 2010.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The PA-28 series competes with the high-winged Cessna 172 and the similarly low-winged Grumman American AA-5 series and Beechcraft Musketeer designs.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Piper has created variations within the Cherokee family by installing engines ranging from 140 to 300 hp (105–220 kW), offering turbocharging, retractable landing gear, constant-speed propellers and stretching the fuselage to accommodate six people. The Piper PA-32 (initially known as "Cherokee Six") is a larger, six-seat variant of the PA-28. The PA-32R Saratoga variant was in production until 2009.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: At the time of the Cherokee's introduction, Piper's primary single-engined, all-metal aircraft was the Piper PA-24 Comanche, a larger, faster aircraft with retractable landing gear and a constant-speed propeller. Karl Bergey, Fred Weick and John Thorp designed the Cherokee as a less expensive alternative to the Comanche, with lower manufacturing and parts costs to compete with the Cessna 172, although some later Cherokees also featured retractable gear and constant-speed propellers.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The Cherokee and Comanche lines continued in parallel production, serving different market segments for over a decade, until Comanche production was ended in 1972, to be replaced by the Piper PA-32R family.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The original Cherokees were the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 (PA-28-150 and PA-28-160), which started production in 1961 (unless otherwise mentioned, the model number always refers to horsepower).


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1962, Piper added the Cherokee 180 (PA-28-180) powered by a 180-horsepower (134-kW) Lycoming O-360 engine. The extra power made it practical to fly with all four seats filled (depending on passenger weight and fuel loading) and the model remains popular on the used-airplane market. In 1968, the cockpit was modified to replace the "push-pull"-style engine throttle controls with quadrant levers. In addition, a third window was added to each side, giving the fuselage the more modern look seen in most recent production.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Piper continued to expand the line rapidly. In 1963, the company introduced the even more powerful Cherokee 235 (PA-28-235), which competed favorably with the Cessna 182 Skylane for load-carrying capability. The Cherokee 235 featured a Lycoming O-540 engine de-rated to and a longer wing which would eventually be used for the Cherokee Six. It included tip tanks of 17-gallon capacity each, bringing the total fuel capacity of the Cherokee 235 to 84 gallons. The aircraft had its fuselage stretched in 1973, giving much more leg room in the rear. The stabilator area was increased, as well. In 1973, the marketing name was changed from "235" to "Charger". In 1974, it was changed again to "Pathfinder". Production of the Pathfinder continued until 1977. No 1978 models were built. In 1979, the aircraft was given the Piper tapered wing and the name was changed again, this time to Dakota.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1964, the company filled in the bottom end of the line with the Cherokee 140 (PA-28-140), which was designed for training and initially shipped with only two seats. The PA-28-140 engine was slightly modified shortly after its introduction to produce 150 horsepower (112 kW), but kept the -140 name.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1967, Piper introduced the PA-28R-180 Cherokee Arrow. This aircraft featured a constant-speed propeller and retractable landing gear and was powered by a 180-horsepower (134-kW) Lycoming IO-360-B1E engine. A 200-hp (149-kW) version powered by a Lycoming IO-360-C1C was offered as an option beginning in 1969 and designated the PA-28R-200; the 180-hp model was dropped after 1971. At the time the Arrow was introduced, Piper removed the Cherokee 150 and Cherokee 160 from production.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The Arrow II came out in 1972, featuring a five-inch fuselage stretch to increase legroom for the rear-seat passengers. In 1977, Piper introduced the Arrow III (PA-28R-201), which featured a semi-tapered wing and longer stabilator, a design feature that had previously been introduced successfully on the PA-28-181 and provided better low-speed handling. It also featured larger fuel tanks, increasing capacity from 50 to 77 gallons.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The first turbocharged model, the PA-28R-201T, was also offered in 1977, powered by a six-cylinder Continental TSIO-360-F engine equipped with a Rajay turbocharger. A three-bladed propeller was optional.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1979, the Arrow was restyled again as the PA-28RT-201 Arrow IV, featuring a "T" tail that resembled the other aircraft in the Piper line at the time.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1971, Piper released a Cherokee 140 variant called the Cherokee Cruiser 2+2. Although the plane kept the 140 designation, it was, in fact, a 150-hp plane and was shipped mainly as a four-seat version. In 1973, the Cherokee 180 was named the Cherokee Challenger and had its fuselage lengthened slightly and its wings widened and the Cherokee 235 was named the Charger with similar airframe modifications. In 1974, Piper changed the marketing names of some of the Cherokee models again, renaming the Cruiser 2+2 (140) simply the Cruiser, the Challenger to the Archer (model PA-28-181), and the Charger (235) to Pathfinder.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Piper reintroduced the Cherokee 150 in 1974, renaming it the Cherokee Warrior (PA-28-151) and giving it the Archer's stretched body and a new, semi-tapered wing.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1977, Piper stopped producing the Cruiser (140) and Pathfinder (235), but introduced a new 235-hp (175-kW) plane, the Dakota (PA-28-236), based on the Cherokee 235, Charger, and Pathfinder models, but with the new semi-tapered wing.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The PA-28-201T Turbo Dakota followed the introduction of the PA-28-236 Dakota in 1979. The airframe was essentially the same as a fixed-gear Arrow III and was powered by a turbocharged Continental TSIO-360-FB engine producing 200 hp (149 kW). The aircraft did not sell well and production ended in 1980.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1977, Piper upgraded the Warrior to 160 hp (119 kW) PA-28-161, changing its name to Cherokee Warrior II. This aircraft had slightly improved aerodynamic wheel fairings introduced in 1978. Later models of the Warrior II, manufactured after July 1982, incorporated a gross weight increase to 2,440 pounds, giving a useful load over 900 pounds. This same aircraft, now available with a glass cockpit, was available as the Warrior III and was marketed as a training aircraft.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In 1965, Piper developed the Piper Cherokee Six, designated the PA-32, by stretching the PA-28 design. It featured a lengthened fuselage and seating for one pilot and five passengers.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: PA-28s were built under license in Brazil as the Embraer EMB-711A and EMB-711C Corisco (PA-28R-200), EMB-711B (PA-28R-201), EMB-711T (PA-28RT-201) and EMB-711ST Corisco Turbo (PA-28RT-201T) and the EMB-712 Tupi (PA-28-181). Argentinian production was carried out by Chincul SACAIFI of San Juan, Argentina. Chincul S. A. built 960 airplanes between 1972 and 1995, including the Cherokee Archer, Dakota, Arrow and Turbo Arrow. The PA-28-236 Dakota was also assembled under license by the Maintenance Wing of the Chilean Air Force (which later became known as ENAER). By September 1982, 20 Dakotas had been assembled in Chile.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The original Piper Aircraft company declared bankruptcy in 1991. In 1995, the New Piper Aircraft company was created. It was renamed Piper Aircraft once again in 2006. The company originally produced one variant, the 180-horsepower (134 kW) Archer LX (PA-28-181), and began testing two diesel versions, with 135 and 155 hp.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Originally, all Cherokees had a constant-chord, rectangular planform wing, popularly called the "Hershey Bar" wing because of its resemblance to the convex, rectangular chocolate bar.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Beginning with the Warrior in 1974, Piper switched to a semi-tapered wing with the NACA 652-415 profile and a wingspan. The constant chord is maintained from the root to mid-wing, at which point a tapered section sweeping backwards on the leading edge continues until the tip. Both Cherokee wing variants have an angled wing root; i.e., the wing chord is greater at the root, with the leading edge swept back as it leaves the fuselage body, rather than the wing meeting the body at a perpendicular angle.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Debate is ongoing about the relative benefits of the two wing shapes. According to the Cherokee's lead designer, Fred Weick, the semi-tapered wing was introduced to "improve stall characteristics and increase wingspan," and side-by-side testing of the two shapes found that with the semitapered wing, "the plane had better climb and flatter flight characteristics" The original 1974 version of the wing had a structural weakness that caused a structural failure during an aerobatic maneuver, but that was fixed for all later wings. According to Terry Lee Rogers (summarizing interviews with Weick), "the outboard wing sections had a different taper than the wing root, which permitted them to retain control even when the inboard sections were stalled."


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: However, designer John Thorp, who collaborated with Weick in the late 1950s on an early 180 hp version of the PA-28 (with Hershey-bar wings) and was not involved in the later semi-tapered design, publicly disagreed: "Tapered wings tend to stall outboard, reducing aileron effectiveness and increasing the likelihood of a rolloff into a spin."


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Aviation journalist Peter Garrison is also in the Hershey-bar wing camp, claiming that the semitapered shape has a neutral effect on drag: "to prevent tip stall, designers have resorted to providing the outboard portions of tapered wings with more cambered airfoil sections, drooped or enlarged leading edges, fixed or automatic leading edge slots or slats and most commonly, wing twist or "washout". The trouble with these fixes is that they all increase the drag, cancelling whatever benefit the tapered wing was supposed to deliver in the first place."


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: For the Cherokee family, Piper used their traditional flight-control configuration. The horizontal tail is a stabilator with an antiservo tab (sometimes termed an antibalance tab). The antiservo tab moves in the same direction of the stabilator movement, making pitch control "heavier" as the stabilator moves out of the trimmed position. Flaps can extend up to 40° and 25° flaps are normally used for a short- or soft-field takeoff. The ailerons, flaps, stabilator and stabilator trim are all controlled using cables and pulleys.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: In the cockpit, all Cherokees use control yokes rather than sticks, together with rudder pedals. The pilot operates the flaps manually using a Johnson bar located between the front seats: for zero degrees, the lever is flat against the floor and is pulled up to select the detent positions of 10, 25, and 40°.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Older Cherokees use an overhead crank for stabilator trim (correctly called an antiservo tab), while later ones use a trim wheel on the floor between the front seats, immediately behind the flap bar.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: All Cherokees have a brake lever under the pilot side of the instrument panel. Differential toe brakes on the rudder pedals were an optional add-on for earlier Cherokees and became standard with later models.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Some earlier Cherokees used control knobs for the throttle, mixture, and propeller advance (where applicable), while later Cherokees use a collection of two or three control levers in a throttle quadrant.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: Cherokees normally include a rudder trim knob, which actually controls a set of springs acting on the rudder pedals rather than an external trim tab on the rudder—in other words, the surface is trimmed by control tension rather than aerodynamically.


title: Piper PA-28 Cherokee

text: The Cherokee series has been popular with private owners and flying clubs, with over 32,000 delivered.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog I (, ; 8 October 18959 April 1961), born Ahmed Muhtar bey Zogolli, taking the name Ahmet Zogu in 1922, was the leader of Albania from 1922 to 1939. At age 27, he first served as Albania's youngest ever prime minister (1922–1924), then as president (1925–1928), and finally as king (1928–1939).


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Born to a beylik family in Ottoman Albania, Zog was active in Albanian politics from a young age and fought on the side of Austria-Hungary during the First World War. He held various ministerial posts in the Albanian government before being driven into exile in June 1924, but returned later in the year with Yugoslav and White Russian military support and was subsequently elected prime minister. Zog was elected president in January 1925 and vested with dictatorial powers, with which he enacted major domestic reforms, suppressed civil liberties, and struck an alliance with Benito Mussolini's Italy. In September 1928, Albania was proclaimed a monarchy and he acceded to the throne as Zog I, King of the Albanians. He married Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony in 1938; their only child Leka was born a year later.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Albania fell further under Italian influence during Zog's reign, and by the end of the 1930s the country had become almost fully dependent on Italy despite Zog's resistance. In April 1939, Italy invaded Albania and the country was rapidly overrun. Mussolini declared Albania an Italian protectorate under King Victor Emmanuel III, forcing Zog into exile. He lived in England during the Second World War but was barred from returning to Albania by Enver Hoxha's communist regime. Zog spent the rest of his life in France and died in April 1961 at the age of 65. His remains were buried at the Thiais Cemetery near Paris, before being transferred to the royal mausoleum in Tirana in 2012.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog was born as Ahmet Muhtar Zogolli in Burgajet Castle, near Burrel in the northern part of Albania, third son to Xhemal Pasha Zogolli, and first son by his second wife Sadije Toptani in 1895. His family was a beylik family of landowners, with feudal authority over the region of Mati. His mother's Toptani family claimed to be descended from the sister of Albania's greatest national hero, the 15th-century general Skanderbeg. He was educated at Galatasaray High School (French: "Lycée Impérial de Galatasaray") in Beyoğlu, a district of the capital of the Ottoman Empire, of which Albania was an integral part. Upon his father's death in 1911, Zogolli became governor of Mat, being appointed ahead of his elder half-brother, Xhelal Bey Zogolli.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In 1912, he participated at the Albanian Declaration of Independence as the representative of the Mat District. As a young man during the First World War, Zogolli volunteered on the side of Austria-Hungary. He was detained at Vienna in 1917 and 1918 and in Rome in 1918 and 1919 before returning to Albania in 1919. During his time in Vienna, he grew to enjoy a Western European lifestyle. Upon his return, Zogolli became involved in the political life of the fledgling Albanian government that had been created in the wake of the First World War. His political supporters included many southern feudal landowners called beys, Turkish for "province chieftain" with title variations including Beyg, Begum, Bygjymi. The Bey title refers to the social group to which he belonged, which was also used by noble families in the north, along with merchants, industrialists, and intellectuals. During the early 1920s, Zogolli served as Governor of Shkodër (1920–1921), Minister of the Interior (March–November 1920, 1921–1924), and chief of the Albanian military (1921–1922). His primary rivals were Luigj Gurakuqi and Fan S. Noli. In 1922, Zogolli formally changed his surname from Zogolli to Zogu, which sounds more Albanian.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In 1923, he was shot and wounded in Parliament. A crisis arose in 1924 after the assassination of one of Zogu's industrialist opponents, Avni Rustemi; in the aftermath, a leftist revolt forced Zogu, along with 600 of his allies, into exile in June 1924. He returned to Albania with the backing of Yugoslav forces and Yugoslavia-based General Pyotr Wrangel's White Russian troops led by Russian Gen Sergei Ulagay and became Prime Minister.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zogu was officially elected as the first President of Albania by the Constituent Assembly on 21 January 1925, taking office on 1 February for a seven-year term. A new constitution vested Zogu with sweeping executive and legislative powers, to the point that he was effectively a dictator. He had the right to appoint all major government personnel, as well as one-third of the lower house.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zogu's government followed the European model, though large parts of Albania still maintained a social structure unchanged from the days of Ottoman rule, and most villages were serf plantations run by the Beys. On 28 June 1925, Zogu ceded Sveti Naum to Yugoslavia in exchange for Peshkëpi (Pëshkupat) village and other concessions.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zogu enacted several major reforms. His principal ally during this period was the Kingdom of Italy, which lent his government funds in exchange for a greater role in Albania's fiscal policy. For the first time since the death of Skanderbeg, Albania began to emerge as a nation, rather than a feudal patchwork of local Beyliks. His administration was marred by disputes with Kosovar leaders, primarily Hasan Prishtina and Bajram Curri.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: On the debit side, Zogu's Albania was a police state in which civil liberties were all but nonexistent and the press was closely censored. Political opponents were imprisoned and often killed. For all intents and purposes, he held all governing power in the nation.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: On 1 September 1928, Albania was transformed into a kingdom, and President Zogu became Zog I, "King of the Albanians" ("Mbreti i Shqiptarëve" in Albanian). His advisor was Mehmed Orhan. He took as his regnal name his surname rather than his forename since the Islamic name "Ahmet" might have had the effect of isolating him on the European stage. He also initially took the parallel name "Skanderbeg III" (Zogu claimed to be a successor of Skanderbeg through descent through Skanderbeg's sister; "Skanderbeg II" was taken to be Prince Wied, but this fell out of use).


title: Zog I of Albania

text: On the same day as he was declared king (he was never technically crowned), he was declared Field Marshal of the Royal Albanian Army. He proclaimed a constitutional monarchy similar to the contemporary regime in Italy, created a strong police force, and instituted the Zogist salute (flat hand over the heart with palm facing downwards). Zog hoarded gold coins and precious stones, which were used to back Albania's first paper currency.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog's mother, Sadije, was declared Queen Mother of Albania, and Zog also gave his brother and sisters Royal status as Prince and Princesses Zogu. One of his sisters, Senije (c. 1897–1969), married Prince Shehzade Mehmed Abid Efendi of Turkey, a son of Sultan Abdul Hamid II.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog's constitution forbade any Prince of the Royal House from serving as Prime Minister or a member of the Cabinet, and contained provisions for the potential extinction of the Royal Family. Ironically, in light of later events, the constitution also forbade the union of the Albanian throne with that of any other country. Under the Zogist constitution, the King of the Albanians, like the King of the Belgians, ascended the throne and exercised Royal powers only after taking an oath before Parliament; Zog himself swore an oath on the Bible and the Qur'an (the king being Muslim) in an attempt to unify the country. In 1929, King Zog abolished Islamic law in Albania, adopting in its place a civil code based on the Swiss one, as Atatürk's Turkey had done in the same decade. The price for such modernization was high, though. Although nominally a constitutional monarch, in practice Zog retained the dictatorial powers he had enjoyed as president. Thus, in effect, Albania remained a military dictatorship.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In 1938, as a result of a request from his advisor and friend Constantino Spanchis, Zog opened the borders of Albania to Jewish refugees fleeing persecution in Nazi Germany.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Although born as an aristocrat and hereditary Bey, King Zog was somewhat ignored by other monarchs in Europe because he was a self-proclaimed monarch who had no links to any other European royal families. Nonetheless, he did have strong connections with Muslim royal families in the Arab World, particularly Egypt, whose ruling dynasty had Albanian origins. As King, he was honoured by the governments of Italy, Luxembourg, Egypt, Yugoslavia, France, Romania, Greece, Belgium, Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Austria.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog had been engaged to the daughter of Shefqet Bey Verlaci before he became king. Soon after he became king, however, he broke off the engagement. According to traditional customs of blood vengeance prevalent in Albania at the time, Verlaci had the right and obligation to kill Zog. The king frequently surrounded himself with a personal guard and avoided public appearances. He also feared that he might be poisoned, so the Mother of the King assumed supervision of the Royal Kitchen.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In April 1938, Zog married Countess Geraldine Apponyi de Nagy-Appony, a Roman Catholic aristocrat who was half-Hungarian and half-American. The ceremony was broadcast throughout Tirana via Radio Tirana that was officially launched by the monarch five months later. Their only child, Crown Prince Leka, was born in Albania on 5 April 1939.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: About 600 blood feuds reportedly existed against Zog, and during his reign he reputedly survived more than 55 assassination attempts.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: One of these occurred inside the corridors of the Albanian Parliament premises on 23 February 1924. Beqir Valteri, originating from the same area as Zog, was waiting for him and opened fire suddenly. Zog was shot twice. Meanwhile, Valteri fled but, surrounded by the militia, took refuge in one of the bathrooms, refusing to surrender and singing patriotic songs. According to the memoirs of Ekrem Vlora, he surrendered after the intervention of Qazim Koculi and Ali Klissura. Zog stepped down briefly from political activity, but promised to forgive Valteri. Valteri, a member of the revolutionary "Bashkimi" ("The union") committee led by Avni Rustemi, was set free by the Court of Tirana after declaring that it was an individual act. Meanwhile, all rumors pointed to the opposition, specifically to Rustemi. Two weeks later Zog and Valteri would meet in private. Soon after, Rustemi would be shot.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Another attempt occurred on 21 February 1931, while visiting the Vienna State Opera house for a performance of "Pagliacci". The attackers (Aziz Çami and Ndok Gjeloshi) struck whilst Zog was getting into his car. The attempt was organized by "National Union" (), a union of Zog opponents in exile which was formed in Vienna (1925) with the initiative of Ali Këlcyra, Sejfi Vllamasi, Xhemal Bushati etc. Zog was in the company of Minister Eqrem Libohova who was wounded, while Zog's guard Llesh Topallaj was mistaken for Zog by Gjeloshi, who shot him three times in the back of the head. Çami's gun was stuck and did not fire. Zog came out of the event unharmed, thanks also to the prompt intervention of Albanian Consul Zef Serreqi and local police. The Austrian authorities arrested Çami, Gjeloshi, and later Qazim Mulleti, Rexhep Mitrovica, Menduh Angoni, Angjelin Suma, Luigj Shkurti, Sejfi Vllamasi, etc. All the Albanian political "émigrés" in Vienna were subsequently arrested, beside Hasan Prishtina. Most of them were quickly released and expelled from Austria. Gjeloshi was sentenced to 3 years and 6 months of jail, while Çami got 2 years and 6 months.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: The fascist government of Benito Mussolini's Italy had supported Zog since early in his presidency; that support had led to increased Italian influence in Albanian affairs. The Italians compelled Zog to refuse to renew the First Treaty of Tirana (1926), although Zog still retained British officers in the Gendarmerie as a counterbalance against the Italians, who had pressured Zog to remove them.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: During the worldwide depression of the early 1930s Zog's government became almost completely dependent on Mussolini, to the point that the Albanian national bank had its seat in Rome. Grain had to be imported, many Albanians emigrated, and Italians were allowed to settle in Albania. In 1932 and 1933, Albania was unable to pay the interest on its loans from the Society for the Economic Development of Albania, and the Italians used this as a pretext for further dominance. They demanded that Tirana put Italians in charge of the Gendarmerie, join Italy in a customs union, and grant the Italian Kingdom control of Albania's sugar, telegraph, and electrical monopolies. Finally, Italy called for the Albanian government to establish teaching of the Italian language in all Albanian schools, a demand that was swiftly refused by Zog. In defiance of Italian demands, he ordered the national budget to be slashed by 30 percent, dismissed all Italian military advisers, and nationalized Italian-run Roman Catholic schools in the north of Albania to decrease Italian influence on the population of Albania. In 1934, he tried without success to build ties with France, Germany, and the Balkan states, and Albania drifted back into the Italian orbit.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Two days after the birth of Zog's son and heir apparent, on 7 April 1939 (Good Friday), Mussolini's Italy invaded, facing no significant resistance. The Albanian army was ill-equipped to resist, as it was almost entirely dominated by Italian advisors and officers and was no match for the Italian Army. The Italians were, however, resisted by small elements in the gendarmerie and general population. The Royal Family, realising that their lives were in danger, fled into exile, taking with them a considerable amount of gold from the National Bank of Tirana and Durrës. Since the Royal Family had expected an Italian invasion, the gathering of gold had started in advance. "Oh God, it was so short" were King Zog's last words to Geraldine on Albanian soil. Mussolini declared Albania a protectorate under Italy's King Victor Emmanuel III. While some Albanians continued to resist, "a large part of the population ... welcomed the Italians with cheers", according to one contemporary account.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Prior to the birth of Prince Leka, the position of heir presumptive was held by Tati Esad Murad Kryziu, Prince of Kosova, who was born 24 December 1923 in Tirana, and who was the son of the King's sister, Princess Nafije. He became an honorary General of the Royal Albanian Army in 1928, at age five. He was made Heir Presumptive with the style of His Highness and title of "Prince of Kosova" ("Princ i Kosovës") in 1931. After the royal house's exile, he moved to France, where he died in August 1993, aged 69.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: The Royal Family fled to Greece. Zog, speaking a few days after his arrival there, characterized Hitler and Mussolini as madmen facing "two fools who sleep" -- Chamberlain and Daladier. Zog went on to declare, "We prefer to die, from the littlest child to the oldest man, to show our independence is not for sale." The world, aware that Zog and his entourage had carried off most of the Albanian treasury's gold, was not impressed.After a short stay in Greece, the Zog party went to Istanbul in Turkey, then fled through Romania, Poland, Latvia, Sweden, Norway, Belgium to Paris, France. Zog and his family lived a time in France and fled when the Germans invaded. Their escape from France was helped by Prince Mehmed Orhan Osmanoğlu from the Ottoman Imperial Dynasty, who was aide-de-camp of Zog I.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: The Royal Family then settled in England. Their first residence was at The Ritz in London. This was followed in 1941 by a brief stay at Forest Ridge, a house in the South Ascot area of Sunninghill in Berkshire, near where Zog's nieces had been at school in Ascot. In 1941 they moved to Parmoor House, Parmoor, near Frieth in Buckinghamshire, with some staff of the court living in locations around Lane End.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In 1946, Zog and most of his family left England and went to live in Egypt at the behest of King Farouk. In 1951, Zog bought the Knollwood estate in Muttontown, New York, but the sixty-room estate was never occupied; it quickly fell into ruin and Zog sold the estate in 1955. Farouk was overthrown in 1952, and the family left for France in 1955.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: He made his final home in France, where he died at the Foch Hospital, Suresnes, Hauts-de-Seine on 9 April 1961, aged 65, of an undisclosed condition. Zog was said to have regularly smoked 200 cigarettes a day, giving him a possible claim to the dubious title of the world's heaviest smoker in 1929, but had been seriously ill for some time. He was survived by his wife and son, and was initially buried at the cimetière parisien de Thiais, near Paris. On his death, his son Leka was pronounced H.M. King Leka of the Albanians by the exiled Albanian community.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: His widow, Geraldine, died of natural causes in 2002 at the age of 87 in a military hospital in Tirana, Albania. The country's communist government abolished the monarchy in 1946, but, even in exile, the Royal Family insisted that Leka Zogu was Albania's legitimate ruler until his death on 30 November 2011.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: During World War II, three resistance groups were operating in Albania: the nationalists, the royalists and the communists. Some of the Albanian establishment opted for collaboration. The communist partisans refused to co-operate with the other resistance groups and eventually took control of the country. They were able to defeat the Nazi remnants and had full control of Albania in November 1944.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog attempted to reclaim his throne after the war. However, when the new Communist-dominated government seized power, one of its first acts was to ban Zog from ever returning to Albania. It formally deposed him in 1946.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In 1952, his representatives met with the representatives of the Yugoslavian government over possible collaboration.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Sponsored by MI6 and the CIA, some forces loyal to Zog attempted to mount infiltrations into the country, but most were ambushed due to intelligence sent to the Soviet Union by spy Kim Philby.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: A referendum in 1997—seven years after the end of Communist rule—proposed to restore the monarchy in the person of Zog's son Leka Zogu who, since 1961, had been styled "Leka I, King of the Albanians". The official but disputed results stated that about two-thirds of voters favoured a continued republican government. Leka, believing the result to be fraudulent, attempted an armed uprising: he was unsuccessful and was forced into exile, although he later returned and lived in Tirana until his death on 30 November 2011. A main street in Tirana was later renamed "Boulevard Zog I" by the Albanian government.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In October 2012, the government of Albania decided to bring back the remains of the former king from France, where he died in 1961. Zog's body was exhumed from the Thiais Cemetery, Paris on 15 November 2012. A guard of honour was provided by the French President, in the form of French Legionnaires in ceremonial dress.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog's remains were returned in a state ceremony on 17 November 2012, coinciding with celebrations for Albania's independence centennial. The bodies of the king and his family members now lie in the reconstructed royal mausoleum in the capital Tirana. The interment was attended by the government of Albania, including the President and Prime Minister, and senior figures from the Romanian, Montenegrin, Russian and Albanian royal families.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: Zog's name was in use by 1972 in the English language palaeontological mnemonic for the names of zonal index fossils in part of the Lower Carboniferous System of Great Britain (namely Cleistopora, which geologists decided to call 'zone k', Zaphrentis, Caninia, Seminula and Dibanophylum): "King Zog caught syphilis and died".


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In the James Bond novel "The Man with the Golden Gun", Ian Fleming writes of the villainous Francisco Scaramanga telling his compatriots that the Rastafari of Jamaica "believes it owes allegiance" to the King of Ethiopia, this "King Zog or what-have-you." Fleming had been assigned with the task of escorting Zog when in exile after Albania was annexed by Italy.


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In "Aria", a 1987 British anthology film, Zog was a character in the first of ten short self-contained segments, each by a different director and each featuring a different opera aria. This segment, entitled 'Un ballo in maschera' after the Giuseppe Verdi opera, was directed by Nicolas Roeg, with actor Theresa Russell playing King Zog during a fictionalized account of his visit to Vienna in 1931 and the assassination attempt on the steps of that city's opera house (as noted earlier, Zog had actually seen a performance of 'Pagliacci' before the real attack).


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In the "new" Doc Savage pulp fiction novel, The Whistling Wraith (July 1993, Bantam/Spectra), from the original notes of Lester Dent (primary writer of the sagas) but now completed as a novel by Will Murray, the life & person of Zog, as well as Albania's political problems and foreign policy issues with Mussolini's Italy are key to the plot. The story slots into the Doc Savage timeline in 1938 (a few weeks after The Motion Menace, per p. 61). Egil Goz the First is clearly standing in for King Zog I, for both are Muslims and both were first president before being the first king of their Balkan nation. (Italy is Santa Bellanca, which is behaving badly in Africa in the work, a tie to the invasion and conquest of Ethiopia.)


title: Zog I of Albania

text: In the animated series Disenchantment (TV series) King Zøg has a reference in the first and only King of Albania.


title: Shweta Tripathi

text: Shweta Tripathi Sharma (born 6 July 1985) is an Indian actress popularly known for the character of Golu Gupta in Mirzapur. She began her film career as a production assistant and associate director and gained wider recognition and accolades for her acting performances in the Hindi film industry and web series. Notable films include "Masaan" (2015) and "Haraamkhor" (2017).


title: Shweta Tripathi

text: Tripathi was born on 6 July 1985 in New Delhi. Her father works for the Indian Administrative Service and her mother is a retired teacher. The family moved a lot due to her father's job. Tripathi spent her childhood in Andaman and Nicobar Islands and Mumbai, Maharashtra. She describes her time in Andaman as her happiest: "That’s when I discovered how much I like travelling and being outdoors. Every weekend used to be a picnic on a new island, and it was an enriching experience".


title: Shweta Tripathi

text: Tripathi moved back to New Delhi to pursue secondary education and attended the Delhi Public School, RK Puram. She then studied at National Institute of Fashion Technology and graduated with a degree in Fashion Communication.


title: Shweta Tripathi

text: Tripathi is mostly known for her role in "Masaan", where she played Actor Vicky Kaushal's girlfriend. She also played the role of Zenia Khan, a tomboyish character, in the Disney India sitcom "Kya Mast Hai Life". She has also appeared in advertisements for brands such as Tata Sky, McDonald's and Vodafone.She also appears in ads for Tata Sky download, McDonald's, Tanishq and most recently Tata Tea. She was also a photo editor for the women's magazine, Femina. Before her work on the sitcom "Kya Mast Hai Life", she worked at Pixion trailer house, a post-production house in Mumbai and also ran a theater company called All My Tea Productions.


title: Shweta Tripathi

text: She was a part of "The Trip" on Bindass and made her Tamil debut with "Mehandi Circus" directed by Saravana Rajendran. She was also a part of the movie Zoo, India’s first feature length movie shot entirely on an iPhone. Shweta later appeared in the web series "Mirzapur as Golu Gupta" in which her masturbation was praised for its frank portrayal of women's sexuality. Tripathi’s latest film "Gone Kesh" is her most ambitious wherein she plays an adolescent dancer who develops alopecia and loses her hair and her self-esteem.


title: Shweta Tripathi

text: She is also admired for her role in "TVF Tripling" in the 3rd episode of season 2 as Begum Zainab, who is in love with the elderly Nawab. In the season 2 of "Laakhon Mein Ek", she played the lead role of Dr. Shreya. She will next be seen in Disney+ Hotstar's web series "Escaype Live".


title: Mugwort

text: Mugwort is a common name for several species of aromatic flowering plants in the genus "Artemisia." In Europe, mugwort most often refers to the species "Artemisia vulgaris", or common mugwort. In East Asia the species "Artemisia argyi" is often called "Chinese mugwort" in the context of traditional Chinese medicine, or () in Mandarin. "Artemisia princeps" is a mugwort known in Korea as () and in Japan as (). While other species are sometimes referred to by more specific common names, they may be called simply "mugwort" in many contexts.


title: Mugwort

text: The Anglo-Saxon "Nine Herbs Charm" mentions . A folk etymology, based on coincidental sounds, derives "" from the word "mug"; more certainly, it has been used in flavoring drinks at least since the early Iron Age. Other sources say "mugwort" is derived from the Old Norse (meaning "marsh") and German "wuertz" ("wort" in English, originally meaning "root"), which refers to its use since ancient times to repel insects, especially moths.


title: Mugwort

text: The Old English word for mugwort is where , could be a variation of the Old English word for "midge": . "Wort" comes from the Old English (root/herb/plant), which is related to the Old High German (root) and the Old Norse (plant).


title: Mugwort

text: Mugwort has seen continuous use in many cultures throughout the world as a medicinal, spiritual, and culinary ingredient since at least the Iron Age. In contemporary culture mugwort is commonly found in foods and drinks, and remains a common ingredient in Chinese, Japanese, and Korean traditional medicine, where the leaves are used directly as a food, or to obtain oil extracts, tinctures, or burned in what is called moxibustion. The mugwort plant has been used as an anthelminthic, so it is sometimes confused with wormwood ("Artemisia absinthium"). The downy hairs on the underside of the leaves can be scraped off and used as effective tinder. Mugwort has also been used therapeutically to relieve sleeplessness.


title: Mugwort

text: Aromatic and slightly bitter leaves can be eaten raw or cooked, as well as young spring shoots. The leaves and buds, best picked shortly before mugwort flowers in July to September, can be used as a bitter flavoring agent to season fat, meat and fish. Mugwort was used to flavor beer before the introduction of hops.


title: Mugwort

text: The composition of mugwort essential oil can vary depending on the genus of plant selected, its habitat, as well as the part of the plant extracted and the season of its harvest. Its main components can include camphor, cineole, α- and β-thujone, artemisia ketone (CAS: 546-49-6), borneol and bornyl acetate as well as a wide variety of other phenols, terpenes, and aliphatic compounds. The presence and concentration of thujone varies largely by species, as well as the climactic, and soil conditions where the plant is grown.


title: Mugwort

text: All parts of the plant contain essential oils with all-purpose insecticidal properties (especially in the killing of insect larvae). This is best used in a weak infusion, but use on garden plants is not recommended, as it also reduces plant growth.


title: Mugwort

text: In the European Middle Ages, mugwort was used as a magical protective herb. Mugwort was used to repel insects – especially moths – from gardens. Mugwort has also been used from ancient times as a remedy against fatigue and to protect travelers against evil spirits and wild animals. Roman soldiers put mugwort in their sandals to protect their feet against fatigue and cramps. Mugwort is one of the nine herbs invoked in the pagan Anglo-Saxon "Nine Herbs Charm", recorded in the 10th century in the Lacnunga.


title: Mugwort

text: Grieve's "Modern Herbal" (1931) states that "in the Middle Ages, the plant was known as , it being believed that John the Baptist wore a girdle of it in the wilderness...a crown made from its sprays was worn on St. John's Eve to gain security from evil possession, and in Holland and Germany one of its names is 'St. John's plant', because of the belief that – if gathered on St. John's Eve – it gave protection against diseases and misfortunes."


title: Mugwort

text: In the Isle of Man, mugwort is known as "bollan bane", and is still worn on the lapel at the Tynwald Day celebrations, which also have strong associations with St John.


title: Mugwort

text: There are several references to the Chinese using mugwort in cuisine. The famous Chinese poet Su Shi in the 11th century mentioned it in one of his poems. There are even older poems and songs that can be tracked back to 3 BC. It was often called () or () in Mandarin. Mugwort can be prepared as a cold dish or can be stir-fried with fresh or smoked meat. The Hakka Taiwanese also use it to make "chhú-khak-ké" (), doughy sweet dumplings. Mugwort is also used as a flavoring and colorant for a seasonal rice dish.


title: Mugwort

text: In traditional Chinese medicine, mugwort is used in a pulverized and aged form – called "" in English (from Japanese "mogusa") – to perform moxibustion, that is, to burn on specific acupuncture points on the patient's body to achieve therapeutic effects. There is a belief that moxibustion of mugwort is effective at increasing the cephalic positioning of fetuses who were in a breech position before the intervention. A Cochrane review in 2012 found that moxibustion may be beneficial in reducing the need for ECV, but stressed a need for well-designed randomised controlled trials to evaluate this usage.


title: Mugwort

text: In Germany, known as , it is mainly used to season goose, especially the roast goose traditionally eaten for Christmas.


title: Mugwort

text: The plant, called "nāgadamanī" in Sanskrit, is used in Ayurveda for cardiac complaints as well as feelings of unease, unwellness, and general malaise.


title: Mugwort

text: Mugwort – or – is used in a number of Japanese dishes, including "yōkan", a dessert, or "kusa mochi", also known as "yomogi mochi".


title: Mugwort

text: Mugwort rice cakes, or "kusa mochi" are used for Japanese sweets called "daifuku" (literally 'great luck'). To make these, take a small amount of mochi and stuff it or wrap it round a filling of fruit or sweetened adzuki (red bean) paste. Traditional "daifuku" can be pale green, white or pale pink and are covered in a fine layer of potato starch to prevent sticking.


title: Mugwort

text: Mugwort is a vital ingredient of "kusa mochi" (rice cake with mugwort) and "hishi mochi" (lozenge rice cake), which is served at the Doll Festival in March. In addition, the fuzz on the underside of the mugwort leaves is gathered and used in moxibustion. In some regions in Japan, there is an ancient custom of hanging "yomogi" and iris leaves together outside homes in order to keep evil spirits away. It is said that evil spirits dislike their smell. The juice is said to be effective at stopping bleeding, lowering fevers and purging the stomach of impurities. It can also be boiled and taken to relieve colds and coughs.


title: Mugwort

text: In both North and South Korea, mugwort – () – is used in soups and salads. A traditional soup containing mugwort and clams is (), made in spring from the young plants just before they bloom. Another dish is named (), in which the mugwort is mixed with rice flour, sugar, salt and water and is then steamed. It is a common ingredient in rice cakes, teas, soups, and pancakes.


title: Mugwort

text: Known as a blood cleanser, it is believed to have different medicinal properties depending on the region it is collected in. In some regions, mugwort thins the blood, while in another region, it is claimed to have hallucinogenic properties, causing some to pass out from direct skin contact (dermal absorption) with the active chemicals. For this reason, some Koreans also wear a silk sleeve when picking mugwort plants.


title: Mugwort

text: Its primary medicinal use in Korea is in moxibustion, where Mugwort is burned on pressure points of the body, much like acupuncture. It is also said that the people of the Joseon Dynasty rinsed their mouths and bodies with mugwort water to clean themselves.


title: Mugwort

text: Indigenous peoples of North America used mugwort for a number of medicinal purposes. Strong, bitter-tasting pasture sagewort tea was taken to treat colds and fevers. Mugwort was used in washes and salves to treat bruises, itching, sores, poison ivy, eczema, and underarm or foot odour. The leaves were dried, crushed, and used as a snuff to relieve congestion, nosebleeds, and headaches. Frequently, to improve taste and absorption, Mugwort Tea is made by crushing the leaves, and steeping with other ingredients. Tarragon plants were boiled to make washes and poultices for treating swollen feet and legs and snow blindness. Some tribes called western mugwort 'women's sage' because the leaf tea was taken to correct menstrual irregularity. It was taken to relieve indigestion, coughs, and chest infections. Western mugwort smoke was used to disinfect contaminated areas and revive patients from comas. Northern wormwood tea was taken to relieve difficulties with urination or bowel movements, to ease delivery of babies, and to cause abortions.


title: Mugwort

text: Mugwort pollen is one of the main sources of hay fever and allergic asthma in North Europe, North America, and parts of Asia. Mugwort pollen generally travels less than 2,000 meters. The highest concentration of mugwort pollen is generally found between 9 and 11 am. The Finnish allergy association recommends tearing as a method of eradicating mugwort. Tearing mugwort is known to lessen the effect of the allergy, since the pollen flies only a short distance. Cut flowers before they bloom to avoid allergens and reproduction of the plant.


title: Mugwort

text: Mugwort often contains the neurotoxin compound thujone, though this varies greatly by species and the environmental conditions where the plant is grown. Toxicity to humans is believed to be weak, though some studies have linked high concentrations of thujone to seizures and an abortive effect. The Botanical Safety Handbook suggests the Mugwort not be used during pregnancy unless it is under the supervision of a medical expert. In rare cases, minor allergic skin reactions have been recorded in relation to moxibustion, or the burning of dried Mugwort.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Leaving Neverland is a 2019 documentary film directed and produced by the British filmmaker Dan Reed. It focuses on two men, Wade Robson and James Safechuck, who allege they were sexually abused as children by the American singer Michael Jackson.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: The film is a co-production between the UK broadcaster Channel 4 and the US broadcaster HBO. Following its premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2019, it was broadcast in two parts on HBO and as a shortened version on Channel 4 in March 2019. It received acclaim from critics, winning the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special, but mixed reviews from viewers.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: "Leaving Neverland" triggered a media backlash against Jackson and a reassessment of his legacy. However, it boosted sales of his music. Some dismissed the film as one-sided and questioned its veracity; the Jackson estate condemned it as a "tabloid character assassination", while Jackson's fans organized protests. "", a documentary challenging the allegations, was released in August on Amazon Prime Video. Another rebuttal, "", presented interviews with individuals described as having been omitted from the HBO film. Reed is developing a follow-up documentary, with Robson and Safechuck returning.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In February 2019, the Jackson estate sued HBO for breaching a non-disparagement clause from a 1992 contract. The suit sought to compel HBO to participate in a non-confidential arbitration that could result in US$100 million or more in damages being awarded to the estate. HBO denied claims of a breach of contract and filed an anti-SLAPP motion against the estate. Judge George Wu denied HBO's motion to dismiss the case, allowing the Jackson estate to compel arbitration, but granted HBO's motion to stay the arbitration proceedings with the Jackson estate pending HBO's appeal to the US Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit. On December 14, 2020, a three-judge panel of the Ninth Circuit upheld the lower court ruling favoring the Jackson estate.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Director Dan Reed described "Leaving Neverland" as a "study of the psychology of child sexual abuse, told through two ordinary families ... groomed for twenty years by a pedophile masquerading as a trusted friend." In the film, Wade Robson and James Safechuck allege that Jackson sexually abused them when they were childrenSafechuck beginning in 1988, Robson beginning in 1990. They give graphic descriptions of Jackson's alleged sex acts, including masturbation, oral sex, and anal sex, which they claim took place at his home, Neverland Ranch, and other locations.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Robson and Safechuck claim that these acts were regarded as "romantic", and that they did not realize they were inappropriate until adulthood. Safechuck says Jackson once took him shopping for an engagement ring (which he kept as memorabilia) and later held a mock wedding. He began therapy in 2013 and recalled his trauma for the first time. His mother, Stephanie Safechuck, describes feeling elated and dancing when Jackson died in 2009. Robson says Jackson told him to distrust women. Both men claimed that Jackson tried pushing them away from their families and "brainwashing" them. Jackson allegedly sent the two men "love letters" and set up security systems at Neverland to prevent other people from witnessing their sexual acts.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Safechuck claims Jackson eventually replaced him with Brett Barnes; Robson claims he was replaced by actor Macaulay Culkin, who is two years older, because Jackson preferred prepubescent boys. Robson says he was given Jackson memorabilia as a child; he is photographed burning those items at the end of the film.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In 1993, Jackson was accused of sexually molesting 13-year-old Jordan Chandler. Jackson denied the claims and settled the case out of court for a US$23 million payment. No charges were filed after a criminal investigation due to a lack of evidence and testimony from the alleged victim. In 1996, Jackson made an out-of-court settlement with the mother of another boy, Jason Francia, for more than US$2 million, who, in 1993, previously told police that Jackson never molested him. The Francias never filed a lawsuit. In 2005, Jackson was criminally tried for several counts of child molestation charges following concerns raised in the 2003 documentary "Living with Michael Jackson". In that film, he was seen holding hands with 12-year-old Gavin Arvizo and talked about sharing a bed with him. Jackson was acquitted of all charges.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In May 2011, Wade Robson, a choreographer and former friend of Jackson, approached John Branca, co-executor of the Jackson estate, following up on an offer to discuss directing the Jackson-Cirque du Soleil joint production "". Robson wanted the job "badly", but the estate had already chosen someone else for the production. Robson states in his 2013 complaint that he had suffered two nervous breakdowns April 2011 and March 2012. According to Robson, his second breakdown was triggered by an obsessive desire for success juxtaposed with a failing career. Joseph Vogel, criticising "Leaving Neverland" in a "Forbes" article, wrote that Robson was "shopping a book" about his alleged sexual abuse by Jackson.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In 2013, Robson filed a lawsuit alleging that Jackson had sexually abused him for seven years, beginning when he was seven years old; the suit was reportedly worth up to US$1 billion. The following year, James Safechuck, another former friend of Jackson, filed a lawsuit alleging he was sexually abused by Jackson over four years, beginning when he was ten years old. Safechuck said he realized he was abused by Jackson after seeing Robson on television. A probate court dismissed Safechuck's suit in 2017. Both men had previously testified that Jackson never molested them—Safechuck as a child during the 1993 investigation, and Robson as a child in 1993 and as a young adult in 2005.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In 2015, Robson's case against Jackson's estate was dismissed because it was "untimely." In the 2015 summary judgement, the judge rejected Robson's argument, which according to California's law on summary judgements, he could only do if he found that no rational juror could believe it. This fact would later be pointed out again in the Jackson estate's petition to compel arbitration against HBO for airing the film in 2019. Robson's attorney, Maryann Marzano, said they would appeal the ruling and that they would pursue Jackson's business entities. In 2017, it was ruled that the corporations formerly owned by Jackson could not be held accountable for Jackson's alleged past actions. The rulings were appealed because of a change in California law that extended that statutes of limitation. On October 20, 2020, Safechuck's lawsuit against Jackson's corporations was again dismissed, with the presiding judge ruling that there was no evidence that Safechuck had a relationship with Jackson's companies. On April 26, 2021, Robson's case was dismissed because of a lack of supporting evidence that the defendants exercised control over Jackson.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: "Leaving Neverland" was conceived by Channel 4 editors. After Reed produced enough material to make a four-hour film, HBO joined the production. He felt the length was necessary to present the story "in a way that makes it fully understandable in all its complexity." Reed said he did not use the film to comment on Jackson's actions or motivations and did not want to interview other key figures because they might complicate or compromise the story he wanted to tell. The UK version of the film was trimmed by 47 minutes.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In February 2017, Reed and assistant producer Marguerite Gaudin flew to Hawaii to interview Robson, who agreed to tell his story chronologically and without omission of any unpleasant details. A camera failed shortly after shooting began, but a solution was found; shooting continued until nighttime and continued throughout the second day. Reed traveled to Los Angeles later that week to shoot Safechuck's story in two days. Reed said that Robson, Safechuck, and their families received no financial compensation for the film.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: After filming, Reed returned to London and began corroborating the stories. Wondering how Robson's and Safechuck's mothers could have allowed their sons to be allegedly abused, he returned to Los Angeles in November 2017 and interviewed their families. The interview in which Safechuck discusses and shows the wedding ring was filmed in July 2018. Reed decided that footage he had shot of former detectives and prosecutors from the 1993 case and the 2005 trial was unnecessary. Reed was unable to contact Jordan Chandler for the documentary and assumed he preferred to remain private. Reed also said the Chandler and Arvizo stories could form the basis for a second documentary.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: The documentary was scored by Chad Hobson, who said his approach was to "imagine a walk through a beautiful and magical forest ... But as you travel deeper into the forest it becomes darker, more distorted, the limbs of the trees becoming more twisted and sinister."


title: Leaving Neverland

text: "Leaving Neverland" premiered at the 2019 Sundance Film Festival on January 25, 2019. For television, it was split into two parts, broadcast on March 34 on HBO in the US and on March 67 on Channel 4 in the UK. The Channel 4 version was edited from four hours to three to create space for commercials. It broke Channel 4 streaming records and became the most downloaded Channel 4 show ever, taking a 45% share of young television audiences. An audience of 2.1 million watched "Part 1" on Channel 4, and 1.9 million watched "Part 2"; after 28-days of catch-up viewing, improving substantially to 5.4 million and 4.4 million respectively. In the US, "Part 1" drew a 0.4 rating and 1.285 million viewers, the third-largest audience for an HBO documentary in the decade, behind only "" and "". "Part 2" drew a 0.3 rating and 927,000 viewers in its initial airing.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Kew Media Group sold the documentary to channels in 130 territories. In New Zealand, the first episode was watched by 716,000, making it one of the most-watched broadcasts in the country's history not dealing with sports or news. Dutch broadcaster VPRO referred viewers to the MIND Korrelatie organization for victims of sexual abuse, and attracted callers in large numbers.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: The American broadcast was followed by "Oprah Winfrey Presents: After Neverland" (recorded March 2, 2019), in which Robson, Safechuck, and Reed were interviewed by Oprah Winfrey before an audience of victims and their families. Winfrey later spoke of the "hateration" she received from Jackson's supporters and others who criticized the film, yet said her support of the accusers has not wavered.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Channel One Russia planned to release the film on nighttime television on March 15, but relegated it to their website, available until March 20, because of "mixed reception, speculation, and aggression from both supporters and opponents of the film".


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Following many requests of composer Chad Hobson to make the film's score available, the "Leaving Neverland: Original Motion Picture Soundtrack" official 19-track soundtrack album was released by Redrocca in the US and UK in digital format on April 1, 2019.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, "Leaving Neverland" holds an approval rating of 98% based on 95 reviews, with an average score of 7.97/10. Its consensus states: "Crucial and careful, "Leaving Neverland" gives empathetic breadth and depth to the complicated afterlife of child sexual abuse as experienced by adult survivors." On Metacritic, it holds a weighted average of 85 out of 100, indicating "universal acclaim", based on 23 reviews.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In "Vanity Fair", Owen Gleiberman described Safechuck and Robson's stories as "overwhelmingly powerful and convincing". Hank Stuever of "The Washington Post" thought the documentary was "riveting" and "devastating", ending his review with a plea: "Turn off the music and listen to these men." Melanie McFarland of "Salon" believed the film's "intent isn't to merely grant these men and their families a platform to air their stories in all their painful fullness, but to place the viewer inside the perspectives of everyone who was taken in by the dream... it does leave the viewer in the thorny clarity of what we know now." Matthew Gilbert of "The Boston Globe" wrote that the film was not "particularly imaginative", yet he admired how it chronicled Robson's and Safechuck's emotional narrative: "It accounts for every stage of their respective recoveries, which are still in progress, including their darkest feelings of fear, denial, and shame."


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In "Entertainment Weekly", Kristen Baldwin gave the film a B grade. She criticized it as "woefully one-sided" and concluded: "As a documentary, "Leaving Neverland" is a failure. As a reckoning, though, it is unforgettable." In "The Hollywood Reporter", Daniel Fienberg wrote: "Leaving Neverland" is "about the 20+ years... Robson and Safechuck [held secrets, lied, covered up] — and the damage that can do — as it is about the alleged crimes." He concluded: "It's doubtful you'll feel exactly the same after watching." "The Daily Telegraph" awarded it five out of five, describing it as "a horrifying picture of child abuse".


title: Leaving Neverland

text: David Fear wrote in "Rolling Stone": "By offering these men a forum, this doc has clearly chosen a side. Yet the thoroughness with which it details this history of allegations, and the way it personalizes them to a startling degree, is hard to shake off." "IndieWire"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s David Ehrlich wrote that the film was "dry" and "hardly great cinema", but a "crucial document for a culture that still can't see itself clearly in Michael Jackson's shadow". Alissa Wilkinson described the documentary as "a devastating case" that "may forever" change Jackson's legacy. In the "Chicago Sun-Times", Richard Roeper described it as a "devastating and undeniably persuasive film". "Leaving Neverland" earned the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Documentary or Nonfiction Special and the TCA Award for Outstanding Achievement in News and Information.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In January 2019, the Jackson estate issued a press release condemning the film: "The two accusers testified under oath that these events never occurred. They have provided no independent evidence and absolutely no proof in support of their accusations." In February 2019, the estate filed a $100 million lawsuit against HBO, petitioning a court to compel their arbitrate cooperation regarding the film's broadcast. As Jackson is dead, HBO cannot be sued for defamation. Instead, the estate claimed HBO had violated a 1992 agreement never to disparage Jackson's public image, stipulated in the terms for broadcasting his concert film "". On the day of the HBO premiere of "Leaving Neverland: Part One", the estate posted "Live in Bucharest" on YouTube. The next day, to coincide with the broadcast of "Part Two", the estate posted another concert film, "Live at Wembley July 16, 1988".


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Fans of Jackson demanded the Sundance Film Festival cancel the screening. At the Sundance premiere, Robson and Safechuck said they had received death threats from some fans. Fans organised protests outside Channel 4's office, an internet campaign against the film, and a crowdfunded campaign placing posters with the slogan "Facts don't lie. People do" on public transport. On 27 February 2019, The Southern Christian Leadership Conference wrote a letter to HBO asking the network to reconsider airing the film, calling it a 'posthumous lynching' of Michael Jackson. On March 13, Transport for London announced it would remove the adverts after the charity Survivors Trust complained that they could discourage victims of sexual abuse from coming forward.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: American actor Corey Feldman, who knew Jackson as a child, called the documentary "one-sided" and said Jackson never approached him inappropriately. He later said that his comments "[weren't] meant in any way to question the validity of the victims". Feldman told "Rolling Stone" that his relationship with Jackson was "the standard grooming process that [Robson and Safechuck] describe ... everything was similar [to what happened to me] up until the sexual part." Singer Aaron Carter, a friend of Jackson as a child, said in 2019 "there was one thing that he did that was a little bit inappropriate"; after the release of "Leaving Neverland", he said that the incident had not been sexual. He remembered Jackson as "an amazing guy" and said his accusers were "full of crap". Brett Barnes and American actor Macaulay Culkin, whom the documentary suggests replaced Robson and Safechuck when Jackson "pushed them out", also denied any inappropriate behavior from Jackson. Culkin restated that he had never seen inappropriate behavior from Jackson, and said he had "no reason to hold anything back" now that Jackson had died.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: English singer Boy George expressed skepticism about the documentary: "It's just taken almost for granted that this is what happened and therefore we all should accept it." American singer Madonna, who was a friend of Jackson, told "British Vogue": "I don't have a lynch-mob mentality, so in my mind, people are innocent until proven guilty ... Are there people asking for money, is there some kind of extortion thing happening?" Joey Fatone of NSYNC, who had worked with Robson at the 2001 MTV Video Music Awards, also expressed skepticism: "[At the time] it seemed like nothing was going on, that's the whole thing. To come out later on and have these repercussions, it's kind of weird and interesting because you never know what's true."


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Jackson biographer Mike Smallcombe argued that Safechuck's claims of sexual abuse at Neverland's train station at age 10 from 1988 to 1992 could not be true because the train station had not been built until he was at least 16 in 1994. Reed responded: "There seems to be no doubt about the station date. The date [the accusers] have wrong is the end of the abuse." He said that Safechuck was present at Neverland before and after the construction of the station and that it was "just one of the many locations where James remembers sexual activity taking place". However, this would contradict Safechuck's claim that his alleged abuse ended in 1992 because he got too old. Smallcombe dismissed Reed's response, and criticized the documentary for omitting the debts Robson and Safechuck allegedly owe Jackson's estate in court costs. Another Jackson biographer, J. Randy Taraborrelli, felt that Jackson's friendships with children were "weird", but saw nothing sexual about them; he said he would have felt that Robson and Safechuck were telling the truth "if it wasn't Michael they were talking about". Bill Whitfield, Jackson's former head of security, also disputed Robson's account that he and his wife visited Jackson at his home in Las Vegas in 2008, with Whitfield claiming that Robson never visited the property.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: A 30-minute documentary rebutting the claims in the film, "," was released on YouTube on March 30, 2019. It was directed by journalist Liam McEwan and features interviews with Jackson's family and colleagues. It featured Jackson's niece Brandi Jackson, who dated Robson from 1991 onward for years. She has been countering Robson's claims and the narrative of Michael always being around him. Another documentary challenging the film, "", was released on August 13. On August 13, 2019, parts of Robson's 2016 video deposition were released in an online video essay, "Lies of Leaving Neverland." The essay argues that his deposition statements contradict statements he made in "Leaving Neverland". Another documentary, "", examined the first accusations made against Jackson and made a case for his innocence, portraying him as a victim of tabloid journalism.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: "Leaving Neverland" led to a media backlash against Jackson. Commentators suggested Jackson's music could fall from favor, similarly to the work of convicted sexual abuser Gary Glitter. Reed said he was not interested in this debate, and said: "I'm not about cancelling Jackson. But I think people should know that he was, at times, a monster to children."


title: Leaving Neverland

text: All Cogeco-owned radio stations in Canada pulled Jackson's music from their playlists, but later re-added it. NH Radio in the Netherlands and MediaWorks New Zealand, New Zealand Media and Entertainment and Radio New Zealand also pulled Jackson's music, but some New Zealand radio stations eventually re-added it, citing "positive listener survey results". A 1991 episode of "The Simpsons" guest-starring Jackson, "Stark Raving Dad", was pulled from circulation; writer Al Jean said he believed Jackson had used the episode to groom boys for sexual abuse. A London concert produced by Jackson collaborator Quincy Jones removed Jackson's name and album titles from its advertisements; the organizers said the modified artwork reflected the show's broader inclusion of Jones' repertoire unrelated to his work with Jackson. "Weird Al" Yankovic dropped his parodies of Jackson's music from his Strings Attached Tour.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Film producer Jodi Gomes said she and the Jackson family had been working on a new documentary about the Jackson 5 for their 50th anniversary, but that it was canceled after the broadcast of "Leaving Neverland". However, Gomes believed Jackson's legacy would continue "from this generation to the next". Items of Jackson's clothing and a Jackson poster were removed from the Children's Museum of Indianapolis, but Jackson's photographs from the museum's Ryan White exhibit were kept. Fashion house Louis Vuitton canceled Jackson-inspired products planned for its 2019 collections. American artistic gymnast Katelyn Ohashi removed Jackson's music and Jackson-inspired dance moves from her floor routine at the 2019 PAC-12 Championships. The city council of Brussels cancelled plans to dress the "Manneken Pis" sculpture in Jackson's signature clothing.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: Despite the negative publicity, Jackson's honors were not rescinded, as had happened following sexual assault allegations made against Bill Cosby and Harvey Weinstein, and there were no mass calls to stop playing his music, as happened following allegations against R. Kelly. Jackson's combined music sales, including his work with the Jackson 5, increased by 10%. Streams of his music and videos increased by 6%, rising from 18.7 million between February 24 and 26 to 19.7 million between March 3 and 5. His videos were viewed 22.1 million times, an increase of roughly 1.2 million from the week prior, and three of his albums re-entered the UK iTunes chart.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In June 2019, around the time of the tenth anniversary of Jackson's death, various industry executives said that his legacy would endure. Darren Julien, president of Julien's Auctions, which has sold millions of dollars' worth of Jackson memorabilia, said Jackson "still commands prices compared to most any other celebrity". "Billboard" senior editor Gail Mitchell said she interviewed about thirty music executives who believed Jackson's legacy could withstand the controversy. In a "Guardian" article reassessing Jackson's legacy, the biographer Margo Jefferson expressed her support for Jackson's accusers and concluded: "The task is to read the art and the life fully as they wind and unwind around each other, changing shape and direction."


title: Leaving Neverland

text: In January 2019, Reed explained his documentary to the "L.A. Times", saying: "There must be dozens of men out there who have been sexually abused by [Michael Jackson] ... others will see this film and come out." In June, Reed said he would film a sequel if two other victims come forward.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On February 7, 2019, shortly before broadcast, Howard Weitzman, attorney for the Jackson estate, wrote a letter to HBO chief executive Richard Plepler criticizing "Leaving Neverland" as journalistically unethical. The letter asserted that HBO is "being used as part of Robson's and Safechuck's legal strategy [both of which are currently seeking appeals]", and that Reed intentionally did not interview anyone who detracted from the story. The letter said that the two accusers had been caught lying in testimony, and the documentary would only bolster their credibility. "We know that this will go down as the most shameful episode in HBO's history," the letter said.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On February 21, the Jackson estate sued HBO for violating a non-disparagement clause in a 1992 contract by agreeing to run the documentary. The suit sought to compel HBO to litigate the issue in a public arbitration process and claimed that the estate could be awarded $100 million or more in damages. The suit accused HBO of fabricating lies with a financial motive. HBO did not stop the airing of the documentary.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On February 28, Plepler resigned from HBO. He was rumored to have chafed under the leadership of John Stankey, WarnerMedia's new chief. The Jackson estate said Plepler "must have known" about the 1992 contract, since he had been senior vice president of communications then. It was reported in September 2019 that Plepler resigned three days after an unnamed shareholder wrote a letter criticizing, among other things, Plepler's greenlighting of "Leaving Neverland", arguing that it opened the company to lawsuits.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On May 2, HBO lawyers Daniel Petrocelli and Theodore Boutrous filed an opposing motion arguing that the contract had expired once both parties had fulfilled their obligations. HBO contended that the estate's interpretation of the clause as conferring perpetual immunity from disparagement, even in death, was excessively broad. They argued that such interpretation would "run afoul of the public policy embodies in numerous California statutes to protect children from sexual abuse" and "legitimize the creation of a category of wealthy, powerful or famous individual who could... preserve for themselves via contract posthumous control over how they are portrayed and described in a way that ordinary citizens cannot." Bryan Freedman, an attorney for Jackson estate, responded, "If HBO thinks the contract does not apply or is expired then why are they opposing adjudicating it? The reason why is because they know they were complicit in this one-sided farce of a money grab that clearly violates the agreement... Let this be a warning to all talent that HBO will disregard the truth and distribute fictitious one-sided content in violation of the artists' rights it promised to protect."


title: Leaving Neverland

text: The Jackson estate aimed to have a Los Angeles Superior Court judge compel arbitration proceedings before the American Arbitration Association. HBO said there was no enforceable agreement that pertained to "Leaving Neverland". It argued that an over-reading of the 1992 contract would violate both its due process rights and the First Amendment; under the Federal Arbitration Act, the federal judge had to decide the "gateway issues of validity and arbitrability". The Jackson estate called this argument "classic tautology" and that it "assumes the very conclusion that HBO wants an adjudicator to reach in this dispute, i.e., that there are no remaining obligations under the Agreement".


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On the recommendation of Judge George Wu, HBO filed a SLAPP (Strategic Lawsuit Against Public Participation) motion against the estate on August 29. It pointed to the "extraordinary" origins of the case. The estate argued that its petition is a federal issue, under the Federal Arbitration Act, hence the California SLAPP law should not take precedence. They said, "Breaching an agreement by refusing to arbitrate is not constitutionally protected activity. And even if it were, the Jackson Estate has shown a probability of success on that claim." The SLAPP law provides an automatic right to an immediate appeal, which may bring the case to the Ninth Circuit.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On September 19, Judge Wu tentatively denied HBO's motion to dismiss the estate's lawsuit. John Branca, co-executor of the estate, said HBO had been trying to suppress the other side of the story. "I've never seen a media organization fight so hard to keep a secret," Branca said. The following day, Judge Wu gave a final ruling to deny HBO's motion to dismiss the case, granting the Jackson estate's motion to compel arbitration.


title: Leaving Neverland

text: On October 21, 2019, HBO filed a notice of appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit, seeking appellate review of the District Court's order granting the Jackson estate's motion to compel arbitration. Shortly after, HBO applied for a stay of the arbitration proceedings. On November 7, 2019, HBO was granted its motion to stay the arbitration proceedings with the Jackson estate pending HBO's appeal to the Ninth Circuit. On December 14, 2020, HBO lost an appellate bid to avoid arbitration, as a three-judge panel for the Ninth Court Court of Appeal upheld the lower court decision favoring the Jackson estate.


title: Megatron

text: Megatron is a fictional character and the main antagonist of the "Transformers" media franchise produced by American toy company Hasbro and Japanese toy company Takara Tomy. Megatron is the cruel and tyrannical leader of the Decepticons, a faction of sentient, war-mongering robotic lifeforms that seeks to conquer their home planet of Cybertron and the rest of the known universe. He serves as the archenemy of Optimus Prime, the leader of the rival Autobot faction. As with all Cybertronians, Megatron has the ability to transform between his robot form and various vehicles or weapons. His alternate modes have ranged from a Walther P38 handgun, a particle-beam weapon, a telescopic laser cannon, and a Cybertronian jet, depending on which continuity he is depicted in.


title: Megatron

text: Megatron's most consistent origin portrays him as having risen up from being an oppressed worker to a gladiatorial champion who took the legendary name of one of the original Thirteen Primes—Megatronus—as his own. He shortened his name when he became a political revolutionary who attempted to reform Cybertron's corrupt governing body and called for an end to its decrepit caste system. As the mentor of the young Orion Pax, Megatron preached that freedom of self-determination was the right of all sentient beings. When Megatron grew corrupted by his power, Orion would utilize his teachings against him as Optimus Prime. In most incarnations, Megatron would eventually meet his demise at Optimus' hands, only to later be resurrected as Galvatron.


title: Megatron

text: Megatron has become one of the franchise's most iconic characters and a widely recognized villain in popular culture. The character's popularity has seen him appear on a variety of merchandise, such as toys, clothing and collectible items, theme park attractions, and be referenced in a number of media. He has been adapted in live-action, animated, and video game incarnations, having been voiced by actors including Frank Welker, Corey Burton, and Hugo Weaving.


title: Megatron

text: The original Megatronus, better known as the Fallen, was one of the original Thirteen Primes created by Primus. Megatronus betrayed his creator by siding with Primus' dark twin, the malevolent planet-eater Unicron. In the final battle between Primus and Unicron, Megatronus fell victim to the same fate as his master, sucked through a black hole into another dimension. However, while Unicron emerged in another universe, the Fallen was not so fortunate, finding himself trapped in the "underspace" between dimensions. Another being addressed simply as Megatron is an apocalyptic figure said to bring about death and destruction through alteration of the time stream. Possible interpretations in the book of him are "Alpha and Omega" and "The Great Dragon".


title: Megatron

text: The Fallen made his first appearance in the second volume of "". The character appears as the main antagonist in the second live action film, "", the 2009 sequel to the 2007 "Transformers" movie, voiced by Tony Todd. Director Michael Bay described him as "apocalyptic". He has the ability to teleport and generate a shockwave upon reappearance. He wields a spear as his weapon and has the ability of telekinesis. Megatronus is also mentioned as one of Thirteen in "" and later appeared as the main antagonist in the first-season finale of "", voiced by Gil Gerard.


title: Megatron

text: Megatronus's history would be retconned in "", which depicts him in more tragic light and omits his involvement with Unicron. Megatronus was one of the original thirteen Primes. Megatronus commissioned Solus Prime to create the Requiem Blaster. It's revealed that Megatronus and Solus Prime were in love, but that Megatronus was prone to bursts of temper and aggression due to his pride and secret shame at being a necessary counter-force to balance out light and darkness within the Thirteen. Following the War of the Primes, he exiled himself from Cybertron after unintentionally murdering Solus Prime.


title: Megatron

text: Megatron is the founder of the Decepticon uprising and their most feared leader. Bob Budiansky, the writer for the Marvel Comics series, stated that originally Hasbro took issue with the name, saying it sounded too frightening. Budiansky responded that as the lead villain, that was the point. Hasbro later agreed with his reasoning, and approved the name "Megatron". Budiansky has said in interviews that it is a portmanteau of "electronic" and "megaton".


title: Megatron

text: Megatron is able to transform into a Walther P38, delivering more focused energy blasts than he could in his robotic form. He can adjust his size and mass as he transforms, to comfortably allow another Transformer or even a human being to wield him. His robot form has an arm-mounted fusion cannon. He can retract and replace his right hand with energy flail. He can fire electrical blasts from his hands, laser blasts from his eyes, and can reprogram computers with a port in his head.


title: Megatron

text: Megatron is a Decepticon, one of the lineal descendants of the military hardware robots created by the Quintessons on their factory world of Cybertron. Following a war between the Decepticons and the other robot race, the Autobots, the Decepticons were defeated by the Autobots' invention of transformation, which allowed them the advantage of stealth. The Autobot victory in the war began the Golden Age of Cybertron, but a viper lurked within this paradise, as the Decepticons too eventually developed transformation, leading to the creation of Megatron. Gathering a small number of troops together, Megatron made a small strike on an outer city, killing the current Autobot leader. However, this event was not made public knowledge, and young robots like the naive Orion Pax still looked up to Megatron and his followers because of their new robot-mode flight powers. Orion soon learned the error of his ways when Megatron duped him into allowing him access to Energon warehouses, and Megatron near-fatally wounded him in a scuffle. However, the ancient Autobot, Alpha Trion, reconstructed Pax into a battle hardy configuration at the behest of the Aerialbots, who had been flung back in time by Megatron. Orion, rechristened as Optimus Prime, became leader of the Autobots and Megatron's sworn opponent as the civil war erupted again.


title: Megatron

text: The Decepticons had conquered Cybertron by 2005 in the feature film, "". After hearing of an Autobot supply run to Earth in order to procure a larger amount of Energon in the hopes of mounting a full scale assault to reclaim the planet, Megatron led Decepticon forces to commandeer the Autobots' shuttle and kill the crew, and proceeded with an attack on Autobot City on Earth. Optimus Prime confronted Megatron in an epic and internecine fight, in which they both sustained mortal injuries. As he was about to kill Prime, Megatron was defeated and would have died if he had not been saved by Soundwave. On the Decepticons' return journey to Cybertron, Megatron, who was still functional, was jettisoned into space along with the fallen Skywarp, Thundercracker, and the Insecticons, in order to reduce Astrotrain's mass to reach Cybertron. The end seemed to be near for Megatron—but it was not to be, as he was summoned by Unicron, who made him an offer—in return for Megatron's service, he would give him a new body and new troops to command. Facing destruction as an alternative, Megatron agreed to Unicron's offer, and was rebuilt with a new body and rechristened to Galvatron. Commanded by Unicron to destroy the Autobot Matrix of Leadership, Galvatron first returned to Cybertron to settle a score with Starscream, who had set him adrift in space and was now being crowned as the new Decepticon leader in a pompous ceremony. Demonstrating his new power, Galvatron annihilated Starscream with a single blast from his new cannon mode. The other Decepticons quickly accepted Galvatron as their leader.


title: Megatron

text: Unicron's subsequent consumption of Cybertron's moons enraged Galvatron, but when Unicron mentally tortured him to put him in his place, Galvatron submitted. Leading another attack on Autobot City, he pursued Ultra Magnus and the Autobots to the Planet of Junk, where he seized the Matrix from Ultra Magnus, and attempted to use its power against Unicron. Unable to open the Matrix, Galvatron was powerless as Unicron transformed and attacked Cybertron with his bare hands, swallowing Galvatron as well. Shortly thereafter, a group of Autobots entered Unicron's body, where young Autobot Hot Rod encountered the Decepticon leader. Although Galvatron initially proposed an alliance with the Autobot against Unicron, he was once again tortured mentally by Unicron, who ordered him to destroy Hot Rod or face his own obliteration. To end the torture, Galvatron agreed and engaged Hot Rod in battle. Galvatron quickly gained the upper hand over the smaller Autobot. However, when Hot Rod seized the Matrix from Galvatron, he was reformatted into the much larger and more powerful Rodimus Prime. Rodimus defeated Galvatron and hurled him through Unicron's armor and into the void of space, before unleashing the power of the Matrix and destroying Unicron.


title: Megatron

text: Later, Galvatron's Unicron-created minions, Cyclonus, Scourge and the Sweeps, set out to find their leader in order for him to lead the Decepticons back to victory. Using the information stored in Unicron's memory banks, they traced Galvatron to the planet Thrull. They found him immersed in a pool of lava-like plasma, and rescued him only to discover that the plasma had seeped into Galvatron's head casing and damaged his "metaprocessor", resulting in insanity. Nevertheless, the Decepticon empire was reestablished with Galvatron as the new leader. Still, Decepticons at times questioned his ability to lead; on one occasion, Cyclonus tricked Galvatron into receiving therapy on a planet where the mentally ill are treated.