title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: The second season of "Trollhunters" was nominated for six Annie Awards, tied for the most nominations of any television program in 2018. It was also nominated for four Daytime Emmy Awards, including Best Children's Animated Series, and won the Emmy for Outstanding Writing in an Animated Program.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: On January 30, 2017, "Trollhunters" writers Kevin and Dan Hageman stated that the series is the most successful Netflix original show to date that is targeted at a younger audience.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: On November 6, 2017, show creator Guillermo del Toro announced that "Trollhunters" would be expanded into a trilogy of animated series known as "Tales of Arcadia". The trilogy was continued by a sci-fi animated series known as "3Below: Tales of Arcadia", which centers on two royal aliens and their bodyguard who escape from their home planet and crash-land on Earth in Arcadia, where "Trollhunters" also takes place. There, the aliens adjust to human culture and try to fix their spaceship to return and take back their home planet, which is being taken over by an evil dictator. "3Below" premiered on Netflix in 2018. The trilogy then was concluded with the animated series "", in which wizard-in-training named Douxie Casperan must embark on a time-bending adventure to medieval Camelot in a battle with the Arcane Order. The limited series premiered on Netflix on August 7, 2020.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: "Tales of Arcadia" ended with a full-length feature film entitled "Trollhunters: Rise of the Titans", which brings together the three disparate worlds of trolls, aliens and wizards who have found themselves drawn to Arcadia, "...culminating in an apocalyptic battle for the control of magic that will ultimately determine the fate of these supernatural worlds that have now converged". The film was announced on August 7, 2020, and was released globally on Netflix on Wednesday, July 21, 2021.


title: Nena

text: Gabriele Susanne Kerner (born 24 March 1960), better known as Nena, is a German singer and songwriter who rose to international fame in 1983 as the lead vocalist of the band Nena with the Neue Deutsche Welle song "99 Luftballons". In the same year the band re-recorded this song in English as "99 Red Balloons". Nena's re-recording of some of the band's old hit songs as a solo artist, produced by the co-composer of most of them, her former Nena band colleague and keyboard player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, rekindled her solo career in 2002. Combined with the success of the Nena band years, she has sold over 25 million records, making her the most successful German pop singer in chart history.


title: Nena

text: Gabriele Susanne Kerner was born on 24 March 1960 in Hagen, West Germany, while her family lived in the nearby town of Breckerfeld. She spent the earliest part of her childhood in Breckerfeld and later lived in Hagen. She acquired her nickname while on a vacation to Mallorca, Spain with her parents. ( is a Spanish and Catalan word meaning "girl".) In 1977, she left high school before graduation, and in the three following years she was trained as a goldsmith.


title: Nena

text: Nena's musical career began on 2 July 1979 when guitarist Rainer Kitzmann founded The Stripes and, on the basis of having seen her dancing at a local disco, asked her to audition for the position of the lead singer. The group, based in Hagen, performed songs with English lyrics and had a minor hit with the song "Ecstasy", but never achieved mainstream success and disbanded on 3 March 1982. However, The Stripes's record company, CBS, offered Nena a record deal if she would move to Berlin and make music with German lyrics. In May 1982, Nena and her then-boyfriend moved to West Berlin,<ref name="Pop/rocky staralbum"></ref> where they met future band members guitarist Carlo Karges, keyboard player Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen, and bass player Jürgen Dehmel. Together, they formed the band Nena.


title: Nena

text: In June 1982, they released their first single, "Nur geträumt", which became an instant hit in Germany after the band appeared on the German television show "Musikladen" on 21 August 1982. The single reportedly sold 40,000 copies the day after the song appeared on the show and reached in the German charts.


title: Nena

text: In 1983, the band released its first album "Nena", which contained the singles "99 Luftballons" and "Leuchtturm". "99 Luftballons" became a number one hit in West Germany and the Netherlands in 1983 and went on to major international chart success the following year, an English version hitting in the UK and the original German version hitting in the US, behind Van Halen's "Jump". In 1984, Casey Kasem's radio show "American Top 40" introduced a "mixed" version of the song, "splicing" the German and English versions together. It was also a huge hit in many other countries, it is one of the best-known German rock songs in many parts of the world.


title: Nena

text: In May 1984, while on a tour in the UK, Nena made the headlines of the British red-top press for having unshaved armpits. While not uncommon in continental Europe at the time, this was considered unusual in English-speaking countries to the extent that some consider it an explanation for the commercial failure of the follow-ups to "99 Luftballons". Baffled by the attention generated, Nena asked her manager's girlfriend to shave her and has remained clean shaved ever since. Referring to the "huge indignation" the issue raised, Nena, in her memoirs published in 2005, wrote, "Can a girl from Hagen, who dreams of the big wide world and is in love with Mick Jagger, have no idea that girls can't under any circumstances have hair under the arm? Yes she can. I simply had no idea!"


title: Nena

text: Although "99 Luftballons" was the Band Nena's only hit in the English-speaking world, the band continued to enjoy success in several European countries in the following years including with the single Irgendwie, irgendwo, irgendwann. Nena's next international single "Just a Dream" (an English language re-issue of "Nur geträumt") reached in the UK charts in 1984; it had "Indianer" on the B-side. A dance version of "Just a Dream" was released in the 1990s to a new audience and became a club anthem.


title: Nena

text: Nena's first solo album "Wunder gescheh'n" was released on 5 November 1989. The title track (German for "Miracles Happen"), composed by Nena herself, relates to the fact that Nena was at the time pregnant with twins, but release of the album that appeared just four days before the fall of the Berlin Wall (on 9 November) and the fact that she performed the song at the end of the "" three days later has ever since associated it with that historic event. It was to prove to be her last major hit of the 20th century as throughout the 1990s her albums and singles although often critically acclaimed were less commercially successful. In 1993, following the indifferent performance of her second solo album "Bongo Girl", Sony decided not to renew Nena's recording contract, and the label which distributed her third, RMG Music Entertainment, disappeared shortly afterwards. In 1995 Nena and her growing family moved from Berlin to Hamburg, borrowing money from a family friend in order to do so since her bank declined to extend credit.


title: Nena

text: In 2002, Nena celebrated her 20th anniversary on stage with the album "Nena feat. Nena", a disc produced by Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen (her former band colleague and author of almost all of the band's and her chart successes) and consisting of newly arranged recordings of the band's hits from the 1980s. This album marked a "comeback" for Nena, and spawned a number of successful chart entries. The remake of "Anyplace, Anywhere, Anytime" as an English-German duet with Kim Wilde was a hit in various European countries, reaching the spot in the Netherlands and Austria, and in Germany, in 2003.


title: Nena

text: Having regalvanised her career by virtue of the band's 1980s hits, Nena reestablished herself as a force with entirely new material (produced again by Uwe Fahrenkrog-Petersen) with the 2005 album "Willst du mit mir gehn" which quickly achieved platinum status and climbed to in the German charts. The first single from the album, "Liebe ist", reached on the German charts in early 2005, and was the theme song for a German telenovela, "Verliebt in Berlin". It reached the top position 22 years after "99 Luftballons", the longest span between first and last number one in German chart history.


title: Nena

text: In October 2007, Nena released a new album entitled "Cover Me", made up entirely of cover songs. David Bowie, Rolling Stones and Rammstein are three of the bands covered. She also released the single, "Ich kann nix dafür" in April 2007 for the film, "Vollidiot", and her cover of "She's a Rainbow" by the Rolling Stones in the US and the UK. In 2009 she recorded and released a new version of her hit song "99 Luftballons", which more closely follows the 1980s original, in contrast to her 2002 version. This song was first performed in Germany on 6 September 2009. Some parts of the new version are in French.


title: Nena

text: Since 2009, Nena's releases have been published by her own record label, The Laugh & Peas Company, which also promotes the work of her daughter's group (Adameva) and that of one of her protegés from "The Voice of Germany", Sharron Levy.


title: Nena

text: Nena released a new single on 18 September 2009, called "Wir sind wahr", and a new album on 2 October: "Made in Germany". The autobiographical ballad from the album "In meinem Leben" became her fourteenth top 10 hit in Germany, taking her to 12th position in the all-time list of , the third highest placed German act and top German female. She also collaborated with the popular techno-rap artists to produce a new single, "Strobo Pop". In 2011, she contributed vocals to the track "Let Go Tonight" by Kevin Costner and Modern West.


title: Nena

text: In late 2012, Nena released her 11th solo studio album, "Du bist gut", which peaked at in the German charts, although the tracks released as singles from the album were not as successful as those from her previous albums since her 2002 "comeback".


title: Nena

text: Nena's next album, "Oldschool", which was produced by the German rapper and hip hop artist Samy Deluxe, was released on 27 February 2015. Distribution rights for the album were agreed with Sony Music, 22 years after the company dropped Nena as a recording artist. The album maintained Nena's 21st century chart success pattern (top 5 in Germany, top 10 in Austria, top 20 in Switzerland) but the first two singles released from the album failed to chart. However, for the first time in Nena's career, another track from the album ("Magie"), which was not released as a single, crept into the lower echelons of the German singles chart solely by virtue of downloads. Then, in April 2016, fourteen months after "Oldschool"s release, the third single from the album, "Genau jetzt", returned Nena to the German Top 30 singles chart for the first time in six years.


title: Nena

text: The period between the releases of "Oldschool" and the 2020 album "Licht" is the longest in Nena's career between new studio albums. In an era when artists tend to generate more revenue from live performances than recordings, Nena released two live albums and restricted her studio work to one-track collaborations with Zara Larsson, Dave Stewart, Trettmann and fellow guests from the 2016 "Sing meinen Song" series. In February 2019 Nena provided vocals for the title track and lead single of Schiller's album "Morgenstund" which entered the German album chart at number 1 and the top 10 of both the Austrian and Swiss album charts.


title: Nena

text: In February 2020 Nena announced new music would be published "soon" and a month later on her 60th birthday released the single "Licht", which became the title track of her next studio album released on 16 October. "Licht" maintained Nena's 21st century album chart pattern by reaching in Germany, in Switzerland and in Austria, although none of its three singles released ahead of the album charted.


title: Nena

text: Since 1997, Nena has toured Germany and its neighbouring countries annually, typically performing between 15 and 50 concerts every year.


title: Nena

text: In 2003, she took the stage during the Howard Jones 20th Anniversary concert at the Shepherd's Bush Empire in London to sing "99 Luftballons", with both German and English lyrics. In 2004, Nena went on stage at the Mayday Music Festival in Dortmund, accompanied by the techno duo . She sang the song "Bang Bang", and was later joined on stage by DJ Westbam to perform "Oldschool Baby". In March 2015, Nena promoted the release of the "Oldschool" album with a "club tour" of 16 smaller venues (for 200 to 700 people) including her former primary school. A recording of one of these concerts at the SO36 club in Berlin on 4 March 2015 was released as Nena's sixth live album "Live at SO36" on 4 March 2016, exactly one year later. Later in 2015, Nena announced her intention to perform live in the US for the first time by way of a similar "club tour", which was initially planned for early 2016 before taking place as a three-date "mini tour" in September and October. During this tour, Nena met Dave Stewart with whom she collaborated to release in March 2018 the single "Be my rebel", the video for which went on to win 40 international awards.


title: Nena

text: Nena's 2018 "Nichts versäumt" tour of mainly sold-out concerts in 45 towns and cities attracted in excess of 250,000 fans and won the German Live Entertainment Award (LEA) for "concert hall tour of the year". The concert in Dortmund on 29 June 2018 was recorded for the "Nichts versäumt" live DVD which was released on 9 November 2018.


title: Nena

text: Nena's initial live appearances in 2020 were cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic but were replaced from July that year with the "Niemand hält uns auf" (nobody stops us) series of 12 drive-in, "picnic" and "360" concerts held in accordance with Germany's prevailing social distancing rules. In February 2021 in the debate in Germany about how COVID-19 restrictions should be lifted, Nena sparked controversy by announcing, "there will be no two-class society at my concerts. You're all always welcome. Whether you get vaccinated or not is entirely your decision and should be respected by everyone." Nevertheless, the majority of Nena's concerts originally planned for 2021 were postponed to 2022, although she remained scheduled to appear at a number of festivals. However, in July 2021, organisers cancelled her appearances in some festivals after Nena encouraged fans to disregard social-distancing rules during a concert in Berlin. In September 2021 Nena cancelled all her remaining 2022 concerts in Germany declaring, "all people are welcome at a Nena concert. Our country is going in a totally different direction and I am not going to be a part of it."


title: Nena

text: Besides her singing career, Nena has also acted in the 1983 musical comedy film "Gib Gas – Ich will Spass" (released in the US as "Hangin' Out") opposite fellow musician , and the 1987 invisibility comedy "Der Unsichtbare" starring Klaus Wennemann and Barbara Rudnik, and voiced the character Saphira for the German dub of the movie "Eragon" (2006) and the role of the Princess for the German version of "Arthur and the Invisibles" (2006) alongside Tokio Hotel's Bill Kaulitz. Kaulitz has also stated on many occasions that Nena is his favourite singer.


title: Nena

text: In 2008, Nena appeared as one of the coaches on the German TV series "Dein Song", in which established artists mentor a youngster to produce a song. Nena was also one of the coaches on "The Voice of Germany" for 3 seasons before announcing her withdrawal from the show in March 2014. In April and May 2016 she was one of the participants in the third season of "Sing meinen Song", a show in which well-known artists perform each other's songs and judge their favourites. In February 2017 and 2018, Nena appeared as a juror in the fifth and sixth seasons of "The Voice Kids" together with her daughter Larissa.


title: Nena

text: In 2007, jointly with her partner Philipp Palm, Thomas Simmerl, and Silke Steinfadt, she founded the Neue Schule Hamburg, a school following the Sudbury model.


title: Nena

text: Nena wrote an autobiographical book, "Willst du mit mir gehn", jointly with Claudia Thesenfitz, a journalist. Nena's contributions are her disparate accounts of various episodes in her life. Most of Thesenfitz's contributions are excerpts from interviews of many of Nena's friends, co-workers, and relatives.


title: Nena

text: Since becoming a mother, Nena has released a number of albums consisting of songs for children. In the 1990s, she hosted several TV shows, including "Metro" and "Countdown Grand Prix", the German preselection for the "Eurovision Song Contest", in 1998.


title: Nena

text: In addition to citing the Ramones,<ref name="Look In 21/4/84"></ref> David Bowie and Debbie Harry as early influences, Nena's main artistic source of inspiration and her favourite band is the Rolling Stones. Nena has covered their songs in concert and on her 2007 "Cover Me" album. In 1984 Nena said, "If I hadn't started listening to the Rolling Stones when I was 12 I'd have been a different person, a secretary or something like that."<ref name="NME 5/5/84"></ref>


title: Nena

text: Although Nena said she disliked the English version of "99 Luftballons" because it was too "blatant" and that the Nena band was neither political nor a protest band,<ref name="Record Mirror 10/3/84"></ref> she has occasionally publicly lent her name in support of political causes. She supports "Ehe für alle" (marriage for everyone) and, as a mother of five, a campaign against the German government's plans to scale back the state provision of midwifery services. In March 2021 Nena expressed her support for the anti-COVID-19 lockdown demonstration in Kassel.


title: Nena

text: Nena has been a member of various charity ensembles and supergroups including "Band für Afrika" (Germany's equivalent of Band Aid) in 1985 and "Marlon und Freunde" in 2006, whose top 10 hit in Germany, "Lieber Gott", raised funds for flood victims. Nena also supports local causes and in 2015 ran (in socks) 2.5 kilometres (approximately 1.5 miles) in aid of a Stuttgart children's hospice.


title: Nena

text: Nena is a vegetarian and won the PETA (Germany) award for "Sexiest Vegetarian of the Year 2010". She believes in Jesus and God and says that thanking him for every new day is the cornerstone of her spirituality.


title: Nena

text: In his 2014 biography of the Nena band, Rolf Brendel, its drummer and Nena's boyfriend at the time, said that although other band members used drugs, Nena never did and frowned upon it. Brendel added, "Nena is naturally stoned, she doesn't need to take drugs."


title: Nena

text: Nena and the band's drummer Rolf Brendel split up in 1987, Nena's feelings described in the song "Jetzt bist du weg" ("Now You Are Gone") from the band's final album, "Eisbrecher". Nena then started dating Swiss actor Benedict Freitag shortly after the band separated in 1987; he is the son of the German actress and Austrian-Swiss actor Robert Freitag. The couple had three children together, the first being Christopher Daniel, who was born disabled allegedly due to medical mistakes made during the birth that caused Nena to go into cardiac arrest. He died at the age of 11 months. In 1990 they had twins, Larissa Maria and Sakias Manuel. After splitting with Freitag, Nena started a relationship with drummer and music producer Philipp Palm from Stuttgart, with whom she had two children, Samuel Vincent (1995), and Simeon Joel (1997). The couple and the four children currently live in Hamburg. On Christmas Day 2009, Nena became a grandmother when Larissa gave birth to a girl, Carla Maria. Only two days later, Nena's son Sakias became a father to a boy named Noah. A third grandchild (Victor, son of Larissa) was born in September 2013 and a fourth in May 2018.


title: Nena

text: Since 2010, Nena's twins Sakias and Larissa have appeared as backing singers on stage and on her albums, and since 2015 her youngest son Simeon has joined her on stage playing keyboards.


title: Antivirus software

text: Antivirus software (abbreviated to AV software), also known as anti-malware, is a computer program used to prevent, detect, and remove malware.


title: Antivirus software

text: Antivirus software was originally developed to detect and remove computer viruses, hence the name. However, with the proliferation of other malware, antivirus software started to protect from other computer threats. In particular, modern antivirus software can protect users from malicious browser helper objects (BHOs), browser hijackers, ransomware, keyloggers, backdoors, rootkits, trojan horses, worms, malicious LSPs, dialers, fraud tools, adware, and spyware. Some products also include protection from other computer threats, such as infected and malicious URLs, spam, scam and phishing attacks, online identity (privacy), online banking attacks, social engineering techniques, advanced persistent threat (APT), and botnet DDoS attacks.


title: Antivirus software

text: Although the roots of the computer virus date back as early as 1949, when the Hungarian scientist John von Neumann published the ""Theory of self-reproducing automata"", the first known computer virus appeared in 1971 and was dubbed the "Creeper virus". This computer virus infected Digital Equipment Corporation's (DEC) PDP-10 mainframe computers running the TENEX operating system.


title: Antivirus software

text: The Creeper virus was eventually deleted by a program created by Ray Tomlinson and known as "The Reaper". Some people consider "The Reaper" the first antivirus software ever written – it may be the case, but it is important to note that the Reaper was actually a virus itself specifically designed to remove the Creeper virus.


title: Antivirus software

text: The Creeper virus was followed by several other viruses. The first known that appeared "in the wild" was "Elk Cloner", in 1981, which infected Apple II computers.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1983, the term ""computer virus"" was coined by Fred Cohen in one of the first ever published academic papers on computer viruses. Cohen used the term ""computer virus"" to describe programs that: ""affect other computer programs by modifying them in such a way as to include a (possibly evolved) copy of itself."" (note that a more recent definition of computer virus has been given by the Hungarian security researcher Péter Szőr: ""a code that recursively replicates a possibly evolved copy of itself"").


title: Antivirus software

text: The first IBM PC compatible "in the wild" computer virus, and one of the first real widespread infections, was "Brain" in 1986. From then, the number of viruses has grown exponentially. Most of the computer viruses written in the early and mid-1980s were limited to self-reproduction and had no specific damage routine built into the code. That changed when more and more programmers became acquainted with computer virus programming and created viruses that manipulated or even destroyed data on infected computers.


title: Antivirus software

text: Before internet connectivity was widespread, computer viruses were typically spread by infected floppy disks. Antivirus software came into use, but was updated relatively infrequently. During this time, virus checkers essentially had to check executable files and the boot sectors of floppy disks and hard disks. However, as internet usage became common, viruses began to spread online.


title: Antivirus software

text: There are competing claims for the innovator of the first antivirus product. Possibly, the first publicly documented removal of an "in the wild" computer virus (i.e. the "Vienna virus") was performed by Bernd Fix in 1987.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1987, Andreas Lüning and Kai Figge, who founded G Data Software in 1985, released their first antivirus product for the Atari ST platform. In 1987, the "Ultimate Virus Killer (UVK)" was also released. This was the de facto industry standard virus killer for the Atari ST and Atari Falcon, the last version of which (version 9.0) was released in April 2004. In 1987, in the United States, John McAfee founded the McAfee company (was part of Intel Security) and, at the end of that year, he released the first version of VirusScan. Also in 1987 (in Czechoslovakia), Peter Paško, Rudolf Hrubý, and Miroslav Trnka created the first version of NOD antivirus.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1987, Fred Cohen wrote that "there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible computer viruses".


title: Antivirus software

text: Finally, at the end of 1987, the first two heuristic antivirus utilities were released: "Flushot Plus" by Ross Greenberg and "Anti4us" by Erwin Lanting. In his O'Reilly book, "Malicious Mobile Code: Virus Protection for Windows", Roger Grimes described Flushot Plus as "the first holistic program to fight malicious mobile code (MMC)."


title: Antivirus software

text: However, the kind of heuristic used by early AV engines was totally different from those used today. The first product with a heuristic engine resembling modern ones was F-PROT in 1991. Early heuristic engines were based on dividing the binary into different sections: data section, code section (in a legitimate binary, it usually starts always from the same location). Indeed, the initial viruses re-organized the layout of the sections, or overrode the initial portion of a section in order to jump to the very end of the file where malicious code was located—only going back to resume execution of the original code. This was a very specific pattern, not used at the time by any legitimate software, which represented an elegant heuristic to catch suspicious code. Other kinds of more advanced heuristics were later added, such as suspicious section names, incorrect header size, regular expressions, and partial pattern in-memory matching.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1988, the growth of antivirus companies continued. In Germany, Tjark Auerbach founded Avira ("H+BEDV" at the time) and released the first version of "AntiVir" (named ""Luke Filewalker"" at the time). In Bulgaria, Vesselin Bontchev released his first freeware antivirus program (he later joined FRISK Software). Also Frans Veldman released the first version of ThunderByte Antivirus, also known as "TBAV" (he sold his company to Norman Safeground in 1998). In Czechoslovakia, Pavel Baudiš and Eduard Kučera started avast! (at the time "ALWIL Software") and released their first version of avast! antivirus. In June 1988, in South Korea, Ahn Cheol-Soo released its first antivirus software, called "V1" (he founded AhnLab later in 1995). Finally, in autumn 1988, in the United Kingdom, Alan Solomon founded S&S International and created his "Dr. Solomon's Anti-Virus Toolkit" (although he launched it commercially only in 1991 – in 1998 Solomon's company was acquired by McAfee). In November 1988 a professor at the Panamerican University in Mexico City named Alejandro E. Carriles copyrighted the first antivirus software in Mexico under the name "Byte Matabichos" (Byte Bugkiller) to help solve the rampant virus infestation among students.


title: Antivirus software

text: Also in 1988, a mailing list named VIRUS-L was started on the BITNET/EARN network where new viruses and the possibilities of detecting and eliminating viruses were discussed. Some members of this mailing list were: Alan Solomon, Eugene Kaspersky (Kaspersky Lab), Friðrik Skúlason (FRISK Software), John McAfee (McAfee), Luis Corrons (Panda Security), Mikko Hyppönen (F-Secure), Péter Szőr, Tjark Auerbach (Avira) and Vesselin Bontchev (FRISK Software).


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1989, in Iceland, Friðrik Skúlason created the first version of F-PROT Anti-Virus (he founded FRISK Software only in 1993). Meanwhile in the United States, Symantec (founded by Gary Hendrix in 1982) launched its first "Symantec antivirus for Macintosh" (SAM). SAM 2.0, released March 1990, incorporated technology allowing users to easily update SAM to intercept and eliminate new viruses, including many that didn't exist at the time of the program's release.


title: Antivirus software

text: In the end of the 1980s, in United Kingdom, Jan Hruska and Peter Lammer founded the security firm Sophos and began producing their first antivirus and encryption products. In the same period, in Hungary, also VirusBuster was founded (which has recently being incorporated by Sophos).


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1990, in Spain, Mikel Urizarbarrena founded Panda Security ("Panda Software" at the time). In Hungary, the security researcher Péter Szőr released the first version of "Pasteur" antivirus. In Italy, Gianfranco Tonello created the first version of VirIT eXplorer antivirus, then founded TG Soft one year later.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1990, the Computer Antivirus Research Organization (CARO) was founded. In 1991, CARO released the ""Virus Naming Scheme"", originally written by Friðrik Skúlason and Vesselin Bontchev. Although this naming scheme is now outdated, it remains the only existing standard that most computer security companies and researchers ever attempted to adopt. CARO members includes: Alan Solomon, Costin Raiu, Dmitry Gryaznov, Eugene Kaspersky, Friðrik Skúlason, Igor Muttik, Mikko Hyppönen, Morton Swimmer, Nick FitzGerald, Padgett Peterson, Peter Ferrie, Righard Zwienenberg and Vesselin Bontchev.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1991, in the United States, Symantec released the first version of Norton AntiVirus. In the same year, in the Czech Republic, Jan Gritzbach and Tomáš Hofer founded AVG Technologies ("Grisoft" at the time), although they released the first version of their "Anti-Virus Guard" (AVG) only in 1992. On the other hand, in Finland, F-Secure (founded in 1988 by Petri Allas and Risto Siilasmaa – with the name of Data Fellows) released the first version of their antivirus product. F-Secure claims to be the first antivirus firm to establish a presence on the World Wide Web.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1991, the European Institute for Computer Antivirus Research (EICAR) was founded to further antivirus research and improve development of antivirus software.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1992, in Russia, Igor Danilov released the first version of "SpiderWeb", which later became Dr. Web.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1994, AV-TEST reported that there were 28,613 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.


title: Antivirus software

text: Over time other companies were founded. In 1996, in Romania, Bitdefender was founded and released the first version of "Anti-Virus eXpert" (AVX). In 1997, in Russia, Eugene Kaspersky and Natalya Kaspersky co-founded security firm Kaspersky Lab.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 1999, AV-TEST reported that there were 98,428 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 2000, Rainer Link and Howard Fuhs started the first open source antivirus engine, called "OpenAntivirus Project".


title: Antivirus software

text: In 2001, Tomasz Kojm released the first version of ClamAV, the first ever open source antivirus engine to be commercialised. In 2007, ClamAV was bought by Sourcefire, which in turn was acquired by Cisco Systems in 2013.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 2002, in United Kingdom, Morten Lund and Theis Søndergaard co-founded the antivirus firm BullGuard.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 2005, AV-TEST reported that there were 333,425 unique malware samples (based on MD5) in their database.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 2007, AV-TEST reported a number of 5,490,960 new unique malware samples (based on MD5) only for that year. In 2012 and 2013, antivirus firms reported a new malware samples range from 300,000 to over 500,000 per day.


title: Antivirus software

text: Over the years it has become necessary for antivirus software to use several different strategies (e.g. specific email and network protection or low level modules) and detection algorithms, as well as to check an increasing variety of files, rather than just executables, for several reasons:


title: Antivirus software

text: In 2005, F-Secure was the first security firm that developed an Anti-Rootkit technology, called "BlackLight".


title: Antivirus software

text: Because most users are usually connected to the Internet on a continual basis, Jon Oberheide first proposed a Cloud-based antivirus design in 2008.


title: Antivirus software

text: In February 2008 McAfee Labs added the industry-first cloud-based anti-malware functionality to VirusScan under the name Artemis. It was tested by AV-Comparatives in February 2008 and officially unveiled in August 2008 in McAfee VirusScan.


title: Antivirus software

text: Cloud AV created problems for comparative testing of security software – part of the AV definitions was out of testers control (on constantly updated AV company servers) thus making results non-repeatable. As a result, Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organisation (AMTSO) started working on method of testing cloud products which was adopted on May 7, 2009.


title: Antivirus software

text: Following the 2013 release of the APT 1 report from Mandiant, the industry has seen a shift towards signature-less approaches to the problem capable of detecting and mitigating zero-day attacks. Numerous approaches to address these new forms of threats have appeared, including behavioral detection, artificial intelligence, machine learning, and cloud-based file detonation. According to Gartner, it is expected the rise of new entrants, such Carbon Black, Cylance and Crowdstrike will force EPP incumbents into a new phase of innovation and acquisition. One method from Bromium involves micro-virtualization to protect desktops from malicious code execution initiated by the end user. Another approach from SentinelOne and Carbon Black focuses on behavioral detection by building a full context around every process execution path in real time, while Cylance leverages an artificial intelligence model based on machine learning. Increasingly, these signature-less approaches have been defined by the media and analyst firms as "next-generation" antivirus and are seeing rapid market adoption as certified antivirus replacement technologies by firms such as Coalfire and DirectDefense. In response, traditional antivirus vendors such as Trend Micro, Symantec and Sophos have responded by incorporating "next-gen" offerings into their portfolios as analyst firms such as Forrester and Gartner have called traditional signature-based antivirus "ineffective" and "outdated".


title: Antivirus software

text: One of the few solid theoretical results in the study of computer viruses is Frederick B. Cohen's 1987 demonstration that there is no algorithm that can perfectly detect all possible viruses. However, using different layers of defense, a good detection rate may be achieved.


title: Antivirus software

text: Substantially, when a malware sample arrives in the hands of an antivirus firm, it is analysed by malware researchers or by dynamic analysis systems. Then, once it is determined to be a malware, a proper signature of the file is extracted and added to the signatures database of the antivirus software.


title: Antivirus software

text: Although the signature-based approach can effectively contain malware outbreaks, malware authors have tried to stay a step ahead of such software by writing "oligomorphic", "polymorphic" and, more recently, "metamorphic" viruses, which encrypt parts of themselves or otherwise modify themselves as a method of disguise, so as to not match virus signatures in the dictionary.


title: Antivirus software

text: Many viruses start as a single infection and through either mutation or refinements by other attackers, can grow into dozens of slightly different strains, called variants. Generic detection refers to the detection and removal of multiple threats using a single virus definition.


title: Antivirus software

text: For example, the Vundo trojan has several family members, depending on the antivirus vendor's classification. Symantec classifies members of the Vundo family into two distinct categories, "Trojan.Vundo" and "Trojan.Vundo.B".


title: Antivirus software

text: While it may be advantageous to identify a specific virus, it can be quicker to detect a virus family through a generic signature or through an inexact match to an existing signature. Virus researchers find common areas that all viruses in a family share uniquely and can thus create a single generic signature. These signatures often contain non-contiguous code, using wildcard characters where differences lie. These wildcards allow the scanner to detect viruses even if they are padded with extra, meaningless code. A detection that uses this method is said to be "heuristic detection."


title: Antivirus software

text: Anti-virus software can attempt to scan for rootkits. A rootkit is a type of malware designed to gain administrative-level control over a computer system without being detected. Rootkits can change how the operating system functions and in some cases can tamper with the anti-virus program and render it ineffective. Rootkits are also difficult to remove, in some cases requiring a complete re-installation of the operating system.


title: Antivirus software

text: Real-time protection, on-access scanning, background guard, resident shield, autoprotect, and other synonyms refer to the automatic protection provided by most antivirus, anti-spyware, and other anti-malware programs. This monitors computer systems for suspicious activity such as computer viruses, spyware, adware, and other malicious objects. Real-time protection detects threats in opened files and scans apps in real-time as they are installed on the device. When inserting a CD, opening an email, or browsing the web, or when a file already on the computer is opened or executed.


title: Antivirus software

text: Some commercial antivirus software end-user license agreements include a clause that the subscription will be automatically renewed, and the purchaser's credit card automatically billed, at the renewal time without explicit approval. For example, McAfee requires users to unsubscribe at least 60 days before the expiration of the present subscription while BitDefender sends notifications to unsubscribe 30 days before the renewal. Norton AntiVirus also renews subscriptions automatically by default.


title: Antivirus software

text: Some apparent antivirus programs are actually malware masquerading as legitimate software, such as WinFixer, MS Antivirus, and Mac Defender.


title: Antivirus software

text: A "false positive" or "false alarm" is when antivirus software identifies a non-malicious file as malware. When this happens, it can cause serious problems. For example, if an antivirus program is configured to immediately delete or quarantine infected files, as is common on Microsoft Windows antivirus applications, a false positive in an essential file can render the Windows operating system or some applications unusable. Recovering from such damage to critical software infrastructure incurs technical support costs and businesses can be forced to close whilst remedial action is undertaken.


title: Antivirus software

text: Running (the real-time protection of) multiple antivirus programs concurrently can degrade performance and create conflicts. However, using a concept called multiscanning, several companies (including G Data Software and Microsoft) have created applications which can run multiple engines concurrently.


title: Antivirus software

text: It is sometimes necessary to temporarily disable virus protection when installing major updates such as Windows Service Packs or updating graphics card drivers. Active antivirus protection may partially or completely prevent the installation of a major update. Anti-virus software can cause problems during the installation of an operating system upgrade, e.g. when upgrading to a newer version of Windows "in place"—without erasing the previous version of Windows. Microsoft recommends that anti-virus software be disabled to avoid conflicts with the upgrade installation process. Active anti-virus software can also interfere with a firmware update process.


title: Antivirus software

text: The functionality of a few computer programs can be hampered by active anti-virus software. For example, TrueCrypt, a disk encryption program, states on its troubleshooting page that anti-virus programs can conflict with TrueCrypt and cause it to malfunction or operate very slowly. Anti-virus software can impair the performance and stability of games running in the Steam platform.


title: Antivirus software

text: Support issues also exist around antivirus application interoperability with common solutions like SSL VPN remote access and network access control products. These technology solutions often have policy assessment applications that require an up-to-date antivirus to be installed and running. If the antivirus application is not recognized by the policy assessment, whether because the antivirus application has been updated or because it is not part of the policy assessment library, the user will be unable to connect.


title: Antivirus software

text: Studies in December 2007 showed that the effectiveness of antivirus software had decreased in the previous year, particularly against unknown or zero day attacks. The computer magazine "c't" found that detection rates for these threats had dropped from 40-50% in 2006 to 20–30% in 2007. At that time, the only exception was the NOD32 antivirus, which managed a detection rate of 68%. According to the "ZeuS tracker" website the average detection rate for all variants of the well-known ZeuS trojan is as low as 40%.


title: Antivirus software

text: The problem is magnified by the changing intent of virus authors. Some years ago it was obvious when a virus infection was present. At the time, viruses were written by amateurs and exhibited destructive behavior or pop-ups. Modern viruses are often written by professionals, financed by criminal organizations.


title: Antivirus software

text: In 2008, Eva Chen, CEO of Trend Micro, stated that the anti-virus industry has over-hyped how effective its products are—and so has been misleading customers—for years.


title: Antivirus software

text: Independent testing on all the major virus scanners consistently shows that none provides 100% virus detection. The best ones provided as high as 99.9% detection for simulated real-world situations, while the lowest provided 91.1% in tests conducted in August 2013. Many virus scanners produce false positive results as well, identifying benign files as malware.


title: Antivirus software

text: Although methods may differ, some notable independent quality testing agencies include AV-Comparatives, ICSA Labs, West Coast Labs, Virus Bulletin, AV-TEST and other members of the Anti-Malware Testing Standards Organization.


title: Antivirus software

text: Anti-virus programs are not always effective against new viruses, even those that use non-signature-based methods that should detect new viruses. The reason for this is that the virus designers test their new viruses on the major anti-virus applications to make sure that they are not detected before releasing them into the wild.


title: Antivirus software

text: Some new viruses, particularly ransomware, use polymorphic code to avoid detection by virus scanners. Jerome Segura, a security analyst with ParetoLogic, explained:


title: Antivirus software

text: A proof of concept virus has used the Graphics Processing Unit (GPU) to avoid detection from anti-virus software. The potential success of this involves bypassing the CPU in order to make it much harder for security researchers to analyse the inner workings of such malware.


title: Antivirus software

text: Detecting rootkits is a major challenge for anti-virus programs. Rootkits have full administrative access to the computer and are invisible to users and hidden from the list of running processes in the task manager. Rootkits can modify the inner workings of the operating system and tamper with antivirus programs.


title: Antivirus software

text: If a file has been infected by a computer virus, anti-virus software will attempt to remove the virus code from the file during disinfection, but it is not always able to restore the file to its undamaged state. In such circumstances, damaged files can only be restored from existing backups or shadow copies (this is also true for ransomware); installed software that is damaged requires re-installation (however, see System File Checker).


title: Antivirus software

text: Any writeable firmware in the computer can be infected by malicious code. This is a major concern, as an infected BIOS could require the actual BIOS chip to be replaced to ensure the malicious code is completely removed. Anti-virus software is not effective at protecting firmware and the motherboard BIOS from infection. In 2014, security researchers discovered that USB devices contain writeable firmware which can be modified with malicious code (dubbed "BadUSB"), which anti-virus software cannot detect or prevent. The malicious code can run undetected on the computer and could even infect the operating system prior to it booting up.


title: Antivirus software

text: Furthermore, inexperienced users can be lulled into a false sense of security when using the computer, considering their computers to be invulnerable, and may have problems understanding the prompts and decisions that antivirus software presents them with. An incorrect decision may lead to a security breach. If the antivirus software employs heuristic detection, it must be fine-tuned to minimize misidentifying harmless software as malicious (false positive).


title: Antivirus software

text: Antivirus software itself usually runs at the highly trusted kernel level of the operating system to allow it access to all the potential malicious process and files, creating a potential avenue of attack. The US National Security Agency (NSA) and the UK Government Communications Headquarters (GCHQ) intelligence agencies,


title: Antivirus software

text: respectively, have been exploiting anti-virus software to spy on users. Anti-virus software has highly privileged and trusted access to the underlying operating system, which makes it a much more appealing target for remote attacks. Additionally anti-virus software is "years behind security-conscious client-side applications like browsers or document readers. It means that Acrobat Reader, Microsoft Word or Google Chrome are harder to exploit than 90 percent of the anti-virus products out there", according to Joxean Koret, a researcher with Coseinc, a Singapore-based information security consultancy.


title: Antivirus software

text: Antivirus software running on individual computers is the most common method employed of guarding against malware, but it is not the only solution. Other solutions can also be employed by users, including Unified Threat Management (UTM), hardware and network firewalls, Cloud-based antivirus and online scanners.


title: Antivirus software

text: Network firewalls prevent unknown programs and processes from accessing the system. However, they are not antivirus systems and make no attempt to identify or remove anything. They may protect against infection from outside the protected computer or network, and limit the activity of any malicious software which is present by blocking incoming or outgoing requests on certain TCP/IP ports. A firewall is designed to deal with broader system threats that come from network connections into the system and is not an alternative to a virus protection system.


title: Antivirus software

text: Cloud antivirus is a technology that uses lightweight agent software on the protected computer, while offloading the majority of data analysis to the provider's infrastructure.


title: Antivirus software

text: One approach to implementing cloud antivirus involves scanning suspicious files using multiple antivirus engines. This approach was proposed by an early implementation of the cloud antivirus concept called CloudAV. CloudAV was designed to send programs or documents to a network cloud where multiple antivirus and behavioral detection programs are used simultaneously in order to improve detection rates. Parallel scanning of files using potentially incompatible antivirus scanners is achieved by spawning a virtual machine per detection engine and therefore eliminating any possible issues. CloudAV can also perform "retrospective detection," whereby the cloud detection engine rescans all files in its file access history when a new threat is identified thus improving new threat detection speed. Finally, CloudAV is a solution for effective virus scanning on devices that lack the computing power to perform the scans themselves.


title: Antivirus software

text: Some examples of cloud anti-virus products are Panda Cloud Antivirus and Immunet. Comodo Group has also produced cloud-based anti-virus.


title: Antivirus software

text: Some antivirus vendors maintain websites with free online scanning capability of the entire computer, critical areas only, local disks, folders or files. Periodic online scanning is a good idea for those that run antivirus applications on their computers because those applications are frequently slow to catch threats. One of the first things that malicious software does in an attack is disable any existing antivirus software and sometimes the only way to know of an attack is by turning to an online resource that is not installed on the infected computer.


title: Antivirus software

text: Virus removal tools are available to help remove stubborn infections or certain types of infection. Examples include "Avast Free Anti- Malware", "AVG Free Malware Removal Tools", and "Avira AntiVir Removal Tool". It is also worth noting that sometimes antivirus software can produce a false positive result, indicating an infection where there is none.


title: Antivirus software

text: A rescue disk that is bootable, such as a CD or USB storage device, can be used to run antivirus software outside of the installed operating system, in order to remove infections while they are dormant. A bootable antivirus disk can be useful when, for example, the installed operating system is no longer bootable or has malware that is resisting all attempts to be removed by the installed antivirus software. Examples of some of these bootable disks include the "Bitdefender Rescue CD", "Kaspersky Rescue Disk 2018", and "Windows Defender Offline" (integrated into Windows 10 since the Anniversary Update). Most of the Rescue CD software can also be installed onto a USB storage device, that is bootable on newer computers.


title: Antivirus software

text: According to an FBI survey, major businesses lose $12 million annually dealing with virus incidents. A survey by Symantec in 2009 found that a third of small to medium-sized business did not use antivirus protection at that time, whereas more than 80% of home users had some kind of antivirus installed. According to a sociological survey conducted by G Data Software in 2010 49% of women did not use any antivirus program at all.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: The timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic lists the articles containing the chronology and epidemiology of SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and is responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: The first human cases of COVID-19 were identified in Wuhan, People's Republic of China, in December 2019. The World Health Organization declared the COVID-19 outbreak a Public Health Emergency of International Concern on 30 January 2020, and a pandemic on 11 March 2020. At this moment (), we cannot conclusively determine precisely how humans in mainland China were initially or previously infected with the virus, called SARS-CoV-2. Furthermore, some developments may become known or fully understood only in retrospect.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: In November 2020, the United States became the first country to have at least ten million confirmed cases. In December 2020, India became the second country to have at least ten million confirmed cases. In February 2021, Brazil became the third country to have at least ten million confirmed cases. In November 2021, the United Kingdom became the fourth country to have at least ten million confirmed cases. In December 2021, Russia became the fifth country to have at least ten million confirmed cases. At the beginning of 2022, France joined the list of countries with at least ten million confirmed cases. More than a week later, Turkey joined the list of countries with at least ten million confirmed cases. Then, Italy joined the list of countries with at least ten million confirmed cases. At the beginning of February 2022, Germany and Spain joined the list of countries with at least ten million cases. The United States was also the only country to have at least ten million confirmed cases in November and December 2020. In March 2022, South Korea joined the list of countries with at least ten million confirmed cases, days after overtaking Japan in terms of the number of confirmed cases. Later on, in April 2022, Vietnam joined the list of countries with at least ten million cases. In July 2022, Japan joined the list of countries with at least ten million confirmed cases. As of , 13 countries have at least ten million confirmed cases, incl. the United States, India, France, Brazil, Germany, the United Kingdom, South Korea, Italy, Russia, Japan, Turkey, Spain and Vietnam.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: In December 2019 and January 2020, China was the only country to have at least one confirmed case. Thailand was the only country to have at least one confirmed case outside China in January 2020. The United States and India became first two countries with at least ten million confirmed cases in late 2020. Brazil, the United Kingdom and Russia joined the list of countries with at least ten million confirmed cases in 2021. France, Germany, South Korea, Italy, Japan, Turkey, Spain and Vietnam later joined the list of countries with at least ten million confirmed cases. Six (nearly 46.2%) of the 13 countries that have at least ten million confirmed cases are in Europe, incl. France, Germany and the United Kingdom. In March 2022, on the second anniversary of the day when the COVID-19 outbreak became a pandemic, Japan overtook Mexico in terms of the number of confirmed cases.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: Until March 2020, China had the largest number of confirmed cases. In March 2020, the United States and Italy began to have the largest numbers of confirmed cases by overtaking China. Later on, in April 2020, the United Kingdom became one of the countries to have the largest numbers of confirmed cases by overtaking China. The United States has had the largest number of confirmed cases since March 2020. As of , 48 states in the United States have more confirmed cases than China, with California having the largest number of confirmed cases. In February and March 2022, all 50 states in the United States, as well as Washington, D.C., had more confirmed cases than China. In March and April 2022, 49 states in the United States had more confirmed cases than China. Vermont was the last and most recent state in the United States to overtake China in terms of the number of confirmed cases. Of the 50 states in the United States, 28 have at least a million confirmed cases. California is the only state in the United States with at least ten million confirmed cases. The United States is the country in North America with the highest number of confirmed cases. It is also the only country in North America with at least ten million confirmed cases. France is the country in Europe with the highest number of confirmed cases. Germany is the country in Europe with the second highest number of confirmed cases. The United Kingdom is the country in Europe with the third highest number of confirmed cases.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: In August 2021, Japan became the first country in East Asia with at least a million confirmed cases. Several months later, in February 2022, South Korea became the second country in East Asia with at least a million confirmed cases. Japan was also the only country in East Asia with at least a million confirmed cases for several months, between August 2021 and February 2022. In May 2022, North Korea and Taiwan became third two countries in East Asia with at least a million confirmed cases. As of , four countries in East Asia have at least a million confirmed cases, incl. Japan and South Korea. Between March and July 2022, South Korea, which overtook Japan in terms of the number of confirmed cases, more than a year after overtaking China in terms of the number of confirmed cases, was the only country in East Asia with at least ten million confirmed cases. South Korea and Japan are two countries in East Asia with at least ten million confirmed cases.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: Until October 2020, China was the country in East Asia with the largest number of confirmed cases. In October 2020, Japan became the country in East Asia with the largest number of confirmed cases by overtaking China. A few months later, at the beginning of March 2021, South Korea became the country in East Asia with the second largest number of confirmed cases by overtaking China. In June 2021, Mongolia became the country in East Asia with the third largest number of confirmed cases by overtaking China. In May 2022, North Korea and Taiwan became countries in East Asia with fourth two largest numbers of confirmed cases by overtaking China. Japan was the country in East Asia with the largest number of confirmed cases between October 2020 and March 2022. As of , 15 prefectures in Japan have more confirmed cases than China, with Tokyo having the largest number of confirmed cases. In February and March 2022, ten prefectures in Japan had more confirmed cases than China. In March and April 2022, nine prefectures in Japan had more confirmed cases than China. In April and May 2022, eight prefectures in Japan had more confirmed cases than China. In May and June 2022, nine prefectures in Japan had more confirmed cases than China. In June and July 2022, ten prefectures in Japan had more confirmed cases than China. In July and August 2022, 12, 13 or 14 prefectures in Japan had more confirmed cases than China. Kumamoto was the most recent prefecture in Japan to overtake China in terms of the number of confirmed cases. Of the 47 prefectures in Japan, 33 (about seven tenths) have at least 100,000 confirmed cases. Tokyo, Osaka, Kanagawa and Aichi are four prefectures in Japan with at least a million confirmed cases. In February 2022, Japan joined the list of 20 countries with the most confirmed cases, weeks before overtaking Mexico in terms of the number of confirmed cases. Later on, South Korea joined the list of 40 countries with the most confirmed cases. At the beginning of March 2022, South Korea joined the list of 30 countries with the most confirmed cases on the first anniversary of the day when it overtook China in terms of the number of confirmed cases. In March 2022, South Korea joined the list of 20 countries with the most confirmed cases and became the country in East Asia with the largest number of confirmed cases by overtaking Japan. Weeks later, South Korea joined the list of ten countries with the most confirmed cases, like the United Kingdom.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: The 2019 and January 2020 timeline articles include the initial responses as subsections, and more comprehensive timelines by nation-state are listed below this section.


title: Timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic

text: Some of the timelines listed below also contain responses. The following are the timeline of the COVID-19 pandemic in:


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Waterloo Road is a British television drama series set in a comprehensive school of the same name, first broadcast on BBC One. The show was filmed and set in the English town of Rochdale from series one until the end of series seven, and the Scottish town of Greenock from the beginning of series eight until the end of its original run. The first episode was broadcast on BBC One on 9 March 2006, and the final episode of the original run was broadcast on BBC Three on 9 March 2015.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: "Waterloo Road" ran for 200 episodes and exactly nine years. In September 2021, the show was recommissioned for an eleventh series, with production returning to the Greater Manchester area.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The first series contained eight episodes and was first broadcast from 9 March to 27 April 2006 on BBC One. Subsequently, the show was renewed for a second series that was 12 episodes long. This series began on 18 January 2007 and finished on 26 April of the same year. Series 3 was commissioned, consisting of twenty episodes (which would become the normal length of the show's series), and premiered on 11 October 2007 and ending on 13 March 2008. Starting on 7 January 2009, the 4th series consisted of 20 episodes and ended on 20 May. Filming of the 5th series began on 11 May 2009 and began airing on Wednesday 28 October (the previous Sunday for BBC One Scotland). The final episode aired on 15 July 2010. For the first time, the series was recorded in HD.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Production was meant to move locations in 2009, with storylines in the fourth and fifth series designed to coincide with that move. However, these plans did not go ahead, so the show remained in Rochdale until Series 7. The filming of the fifth and sixth series was back-to-back, from 2009 to 2010. The sixth series ran from 1 September 2010 to 6 April 2011.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The seventh series began airing on 4 May 2011 and ended on 25 April 2012. The series lasted for 30 episodes. As part of a BBC initiative to produce more shows out of England, in August 2011 the show was commissioned for fifty episodes, comprising the eighth and ninth series, in a new location in Greenock, Scotland. The Rochdale site was demolished shortly after filming ended in 2011 and is now a housing estate. For most of the eighth series, the school was a non-fee charging independent school, as opposed to a comprehensive school as it was for the first seven series. The eighth series, again 30 episodes long, started on 23 August 2012 and concluded on 4 July 2013. Starting on 5 September the same year, the ninth series ran until 12 March 2014.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: It was announced on 2 April 2014 that the 10th series would be the show's last. The final scenes of the show were recorded on 22 August 2014. On 11 December, it was announced that the last ten episodes of the show would be aired first on BBC Three, with a repeat on BBC One shown later in the evening. The final episode was the show's 200th and aired on 9 March 2015, exactly nine years after the first episode. In the story, the school remains open after a lengthy battle against a school merger. In September 2019, the entire series was made available on BBC iPlayer.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: On 23 September 2021, it was announced that "Waterloo Road" would return with a new series on BBC One. The series' production returned to the Greater Manchester area, serving as an out-of-London replacement for "Holby City", with at least thirty episodes a year expected to air. Filming commenced in February 2022. The revived series included one episode scripted by Lisa Holdsworth. On 15 October 2022, the BBC revealed a new logo and revamped version of the theme on their social media channels. It was also announced that the new series would air in the beginning of early 2023. In November 2022, it was confirmed that seven episodes will initially be shown from January 2023.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The show utilises an ensemble cast, led by the school's staff members. Six Headteachers were featured over the series' run, beginning with Jason Merrells as Jack Rimmer. After leaving early in the third series, Merrells was followed by Eva Pope as Rachel Mason until series 5, Amanda Burton as Karen Fisher in series 6 and the first part of series 7, Alec Newman as Michael Byrne in series 7 and 8, Laurie Brett as Christine Mulgrew in series 9 and Neil Pearson as Vaughan Fitzgerald in series 10. Brett also stars in series 8 and 10, outside of Christine's tenure as Headteacher. The longest-running cast members were Philip Martin Brown (Grantly Budgen), Jason Done (Tom Clarkson) and Chelsee Healey (Janeece Bryant), who appeared from series 1 until their exits in series 9 for Brown and 8 for Done and Healey, respectively. Healey was not in Series 5, however.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The original teaching characters consisted of Headteacher Jack Rimmer (Jason Merrells); Deputy Headteacher Andrew Treneman (Jamie Glover); Art teacher and Head of Pastoral Care Kim Campbell (Angela Griffin); Head of English Grantly Budgen (Philip Martin Brown); English teachers Lorna Dickey (Camilla Power) and Tom Clarkson (Jason Done); Head of French Steph Haydock (Denise Welch); and Head of Drama Izzie Redpath (Jill Halfpenny). The student characters included Donte Charles (Adam Thomas), Chlo Grainger (Katie Griffiths), Janeece Bryant (Chelsee Healey), Yasmin Deardon (Rhea Bailey), Mika Grainger (Lauren Drummond) and Lewis Seddon (Craig Fitzpatrick).


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Series 2 featured a number of new main characters: pupil Brett Aspinall (Tom Payne), his father and sponsor governor Roger Aspinall (Nick Sidi) and school secretary Davina Shackleton (Christine Tremarco).


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Series 3 introduced several new characters, including new deputy head Eddie Lawson (Neil Morrissey) and, in the seventh episode, new headteacher Rachel Mason (Eva Pope). Other staff arrivals include NQT English teacher Jasmine Koreshi (Shabana Bakhsh) and Head of Music and Drama Matt Wilding (Chris Geere). Pupils introduced in the third series include Aleesha Dillon (Lauren Thomas), Danielle Harker (Lucy Dixon), Karla Bentham (Jessica Baglow), Paul Langley (Thomas Milner), Bolton Smilie (Tachia Newall) and Michaela White (Zaraah Abrahams).


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The fourth series introduces several new characters who become focal points of the subsequent episodes. For example, the Kelly family seems to be the epitome of the "Family from Hell" and consists of an alcoholic mother Rose Kelly (Elaine Symons) and her five children: eldest son Marley (Luke Bailey), borderline psychopath Earl (Reece Noi), daughter Sambuca (Holly Kenny), 11-year-old Denzil (Reece Douglas), and baby Prince. New Head of PE Rob Cleaver (Elyes Gabel) begins a relationship with English teacher Jasmine and becomes the boxing mentor of pupil Bolton. He is later sacked by Rachel and Eddie when it transpires he is giving Bolton pills to help him win an important match, ultimately ending his and Jasmine's relationship. Rachel's sister Melissa Ryan (Katy Carmichael) and nephew Phillip (Dean Smith) are also introduced. Series 4 marked the exit of long-term characters Davina, Chlo, Donte and Janeece. Marley, Eddie, Matt, Flick, Jasmine and Andrew also made their final appearances in episode 20.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Long-serving characters Steph Haydock (Denise Welch), Kim Campbell (Angela Griffin), Rachel Mason (Eva Pope), Paul Langley (Thomas Milner), Karla Bentham (Jessica Baglow), Danielle Harker (Lucy Dixon), Aleesha Dillon (Lauren Thomas), Bolton Smilie (Tachia Newall) and Michaela White (Zaraah Abrahams), as well as Phillip Ryan (Dean Smith), Siobhan Mailey (Phoebe Dynevor) and Jo Lipsett (Sarah-Jane Potts) left at the end of Series 5.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: For series 6, former "Silent Witness" and "Brookside" actress Amanda Burton joined the cast as new headteacher, Karen Fisher. Linzey Cocker played alongside Burton as on-screen daughter, Jess Fisher and Ceallach Spellman played her on-screen son, Harry Fisher, "Coronation Street" actor Lucien Laviscount was cast as rebellious teenager Jonah Kirby and Chelsee Healey also reprised her role as Janeece Bryant, not as a pupil, but as the new school secretary. On 21 December 2009, it was announced that former "Coronation Street" actress Tina O'Brien had been cast as Bex Fisher, and that "Britain's Got Talent" winner George Sampson would be joining the cast as a new Year 11 student, Kyle Stack – his scenes aired from episode 11. Also from episode 11, Scott Haining played Nate Gurney, a love interest for the newly homosexual Josh Stevenson, Spandau Ballet member and former "EastEnders" actor Martin Kemp guest starred as Mr Burley, new character Ronan Burley's (Ben-Ryan Davies) father, and Karen David portrayed new Head of Spanish, Francesca "Cesca" Montoya. Wil Johnson portrayed new Geography teacher, Marcus Kirby, Jonah's father, and the family was further expanded by the addition of Anna Jobarteh, who played his daughter and new pupil, Ruth. Elaine Symons also reprised her role as Rose Kelly in Episode 6. Series 6 saw the last appearances of Cesca Montoya (Karen David), Ruby Fry (Elizabeth Berrington), Jonah Kirby (Lucien Laviscount), Ruth Kirby (Anna Jobarteh), Marcus Kirby (Wil Johnson), Adanna Lawal (Sharlene Whyte) and Nate Gurney (Scott Haining). It ended on 6 April 2011.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The seventh series added several new cast members, including new Headteacher Michael Byrne (Alec Newman), science teacher and deputy headteacher Sian Diamond (Jaye Jacobs), school site manager Rob Scotcher (Robson Green), maths teacher Daniel Chalk (Mark Benton), new Head of English Linda Radleigh (Sarah Hadland), school benefactor Lorraine Donnagan (Daniela Denby-Ashe) and pupil Jodie "Scout" Allen (Katie McGlynn). Guest stars in the seventh series included: Gemma Atkinson, Dominique Jackson, Alicya Eyo, Margi Clarke, Jodie Prenger, Lisa Riley, Tupele Dorgu, Tracy Ann Oberman, Kai Owen and Jane Asher.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Series 8 marks the start of Waterloo Road in Greenock. Laurie Brett and Georgie Glen join the main cast as English teacher Christine Mulgrew and History teacher Audrey McFall respectively. The tenth and final series began in October 2014, with Neil Pearson's Vaughan Fitzgerald taking over as the new headmaster of Waterloo Road. An extensive set of new characters joined him, including his new partner, Art teacher Allie Westbrook (Nicola Stephenson), his two children and her two children. Pooky Quesnel joined the cast recurringly in the first half of the season as Vaughan's ex-wife.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Laura Aikman joined the cast as new deputy headteacher Lorna Hutchinson, as well as "Broadchurch" star Charlotte Beaumont appearing as new student Kenzie Calhoun. Quesnel became part of the main cast in the second half of the series. The series 10 characters consisted of Headteacher Vaughan Fitzgerald (Neil Pearson), Deputy Headteacher Lorna Hutchinson (Laura Aikman), Head of English Christine Mulgrew (Laurie Brett), Head of Modern Languages George Windsor (Angus Deayton), Home Economics Teacher and Housemistress Maggie Budgen (Melanie Hill); History Teacher Audrey McFall (Georgie Glen), GPD Teacher Guy Braxton (Regé-Jean Page), Science Teacher Marco D'Olivera (Stefano Braschi), Geography Teacher Olga Fitzgerald (Pooky Quesnel) and School Secretary Sonya Donnegan (Victoria Bush). An extensive set of pupils were prominent in the final series, including Rhiannon Salt (Rebecca Craven), Lenny Brown (Joe Slater), Lisa Brown (Caitlin Gillespie), Darren Hughes (Mark Beswick), Shaznay Montrose (Je'Taime Morgan Hanleyand), Justin Fitzgerald (Max Bowden), Leo Fitzgerald (Zebb Dempster), Kenzie Calhoun (Charlotte Beaumont), Scott Fairchild (Andrew Still), Carrie Norton (Tahirah Sharif), Bonnie Kincaid (Holly Jack), Dale Jackson (Finlay MacMillan) and Abdul Bukhari (Armin Karima).


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: On 24 January 2022, the BBC revealed that former cast members Adam Thomas, Katie Griffiths and Angela Griffin would reprise their roles in the forthcoming series as Donte Charles, Chlo Charles and Kim Campbell respectively, with Campbell now as Waterloo Road's Headteacher. In early February that same year the actors cast as the teaching and support staff were revealed, including Kym Marsh. Finally on 21 February 2022 the actors selected to play the pupils were introduced to the public, most notably Scarlett Thomas, daughter of former Waterloo Road actor Tina O’Brien and niece of Adam Thomas, who has been cast as his on-screen daughter Izzy Charles.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The final episode of series 3 attracted 6 million viewers. The final episode of series 4 attracted 4.5 million viewers.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Series six started airing on BBC One from 1 September, with the second episode following the next day with a strong audience of 5.1m. The series took a mid-term break from 27 October 2010 and resumed with episodes 11–20 beginning on 2 February 2011


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: The finale of series 10 aired on 9 March 2015, nine years after the first episode aired on 9 March 2006.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Series one and two were released by 2entertain, while series three to eight were released by Acorn DVD. Series nine and ten were not been released on home media.


title: Waterloo Road (TV series)

text: Full episodes (series 1 episode 1 to series 8 episode 30) were previously available to watch on YouTube but have now been replaced by highlights of Waterloo Road. All episodes were made available on BBC iPlayer on 19 September 2019, categorized under Drama & Soaps. This was announced on the official Waterloo Road and BBC iPlayer social media sites, including Facebook and Twitter, on 19 September 2019.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Timothy David Snyder (born August 18, 1969) is an American historian specializing in the modern history of Central and Eastern Europe. He is the Richard C. Levin Professor of History at Yale University and a permanent fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: He has written several books, including the best-sellers "Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin" and "." An expert on the Holocaust, Snyder is on the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. He is also a member of the Council on Foreign Relations.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Snyder was born on August 18, 1969, in the Dayton, Ohio area, the son of Christine Hadley Snyder, a teacher, accountant, and homemaker, and Estel Eugene Snyder, a veterinarian. Snyder's parents were married in a Quaker ceremony in 1963 in Ohio, and his mother was active in preserving her family farmstead as a Quaker historic site. Snyder graduated from Centerville High School. He received his Bachelor of Arts degree in history and political science from Brown University and his Doctor of Philosophy degree in modern history in 1995 at the University of Oxford, supervised by Timothy Garton Ash and Jerzy Jedlicki. He was a Marshall Scholar at Balliol College, Oxford, from 1991 to 1994.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Snyder has held fellowships at the French National Centre for Scientific Research in Paris from 1994 to 1995, the Institut für die Wissenschaften vom Menschen in Vienna in 1996, the Olin Institute for Strategic Studies at Harvard University in 1997, and was an Academy Scholar at the Weatherhead Center for International Affairs at Harvard University from 1998 to 2001.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: He has also been an instructor at the College of Europe Natolin Campus, the Baron Velge Chair at the Université libre de Bruxelles, the Cleveringa Chair at the Leiden University, Philippe Romain Chair at the London School of Economics, and the 2013 René Girard Lecturer at Stanford University. Prior to assuming the Richard C. Levin Professorship of History, Snyder was the Bird White Housum Professor of History at Yale University.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: He is a member of the Committee on Conscience of the United States Holocaust Memorial Museum. On September 25, 2020, he was named as one of the 25 members of the "Real Facebook Oversight Board", an independent monitoring group over Facebook.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: He serves on the editorial boards of the "Journal of Modern European History" and "East European Politics and Societies".


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: For the academic year 2013–2014, he held the Philippe Roman Chair of International History at the London School of Economics and Political Science.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Snyder has written nine books and co-edited two. He says that he speaks five European languages and reads ten. This enables him to use primary and archival sources in Germany and Central Europe in his research. Snyder has stressed that in order to engage in such transnational history, knowing other languages is very important, saying "If you don't know Russian, you don't really know what you're missing."


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: In 2010, Snyder published "Bloodlands: Europe Between Hitler and Stalin". "Bloodlands" was a best seller and has been translated into 20 languages. In an interview with Slovene historian Luka Lisjak Gabrijelčič in 2016, Snyder described the book as an attempt to overcome the limitations of national history in explaining the political crimes perpetrated in Eastern Europe in the 1930s and 1940s:


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: The point of "Bloodlands" was that we hadn't noticed a major event in European history: the fact 13 million civilians were murdered for political reasons in a rather confined space over a short period of time. The question of the book was: 'How this could have happened?' We have some history of Soviet terror, of the Holocaust, of the Ukrainian famine, of the German reprisals against the civilians. But all of these crimes happened in the same places in a short time span, so why not treat them as a single event and see if they can be unified under a meaningful narrative.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: "Bloodlands" received reviews ranging from highly critical to "rapturous". In assessing these reviews, Jacques Sémelin described it as one of those books that "change the way we look at a period in history". Sémelin noted that some historians have criticized the chronological construction of events, the arbitrary geographical delimitation, Snyder's numbers on victims and violence, and a lack of focus on interactions between different actors. Omer Bartov wrote that "the book presents no new evidence and makes no new arguments", and in a highly critical review Richard Evans wrote that, because of its lack of causal argument, "Snyder's book is of no use", and that Snyder "hasn't really mastered the voluminous literature on Hitler's Germany", which "leads him into error in a number of places" regarding the politics of Nazi Germany. On the other hand, Wendy Lower wrote that it was a "masterful synthesis", John Connelly called it "morally informed scholarship of the highest calibre", and Christopher Browning described it as "stunning". The journal "Contemporary European History" published a special forum on the book in 2012, featuring reviews by Mark Mazower, Dan Diner, Thomas Kühne and Jörg Baberowski, as well as an introduction and response by Snyder.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Snyder's 2012 book "Thinking the Twentieth Century" was co-authored with Tony Judt while Judt was in the late stages of ALS disease.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Snyder published "Black Earth: The Holocaust as History and Warning" in 2015. The book received mixed reviews.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: In 2017, he published "", a short book about how to prevent a democracy from becoming a tyranny, with a focus on modern United States politics and on what he called "America's turn towards authoritarianism". The book topped "The New York Times" Best Seller list for paperback nonfiction in 2017 and remained on bestseller lists as late as 2021.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Snyder has published essays in publications such as the "International Herald Tribune", "The Nation", "New York Review of Books", "The Times Literary Supplement", "The New Republic", "Eurozine", "Tygodnik Powszechny", the "Chicago Tribune", and "The Christian Science Monitor".


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Although primarily a scholar of 20th century Eastern European history, in the mid-2010s Snyder became interested in contemporary politics, health and education. In January 2021, he said that the defunding of departments of history and the humanities since the supposed post-Soviet end of history have led to a society without the "concepts and references" or structural tools to discuss eroding factors such as modern forms of populism.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: In "The Road to Unfreedom", Snyder argues that Vladimir Putin's government in Russia is authoritarian, and that it uses fascist ideas in its rhetoric. In December 2018, during a discussion with a fellow historian of Eastern Europe, John Connelly, Snyder referred to this as schizo-fascism:


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: His view was questioned by Marlène Laruelle, Research Professor at The George Washington University, who accused Snyder of "distortions, inaccuracies, and selective interpretations." She wrote:Contrary to [Snyder's] claims, the Kremlin does not live in an ideological world inspired by Nazi Germany, but in one in which the Yalta decades, the Gorbachev-Yeltsin years, and the collapse of the Soviet Union still constitute the main historical referents and traumas. In 2022, after Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and particularly the bombing of its energy infrastructure, Snyder launched a $12.5m crowdfunding to upgrade Ukraine's air defense. According to Snyder, the only way to end the war is for Putin's Russia to "win by losing", as only if Ukraine wins will it be possible for the dictator to leave the scene, and for the country start a democratic process that will benefit Russia itself. Snyder is on the list of 200 Americans barred from entering Russian territory, under sanctions announced by the Russian government in November 2022.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: Asked in early 2017 how the agenda of the Trump administration compared with Adolf Hitler's rise to power, Snyder said that history "does not repeat. But it does offer us examples and patterns, and thereby enlarges our imaginations and creates more possibilities for anticipation and resistance".


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: In a May 2017 interview with "Salon", he warned that the Trump administration would attempt to subvert democracy by declaring a state of emergency and take full control of the government, similar to Hitler's Reichstag fire: "it's pretty much inevitable that they will try." According to Snyder, "Trump's campaign for president of the United States was basically a Russian operation." Snyder also warned that Trump's lies would lead to tyranny.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: In January 2021, Snyder published a "New York Times" essay on the future of the GOP in response to the siege of the United States Capitol, blaming Trump and his "enablers", Senators Ted Cruz and Josh Hawley, for the insurrection fueled by their claims of election fraud, writing that "the breakers have an even stronger reason to see Trump disappear: It is impossible to inherit from someone who is still around. Seizing Trump's big lie might appear to be a gesture of support. In fact it expresses a wish for his political death."


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: In 2015, Snyder delivered a series of lectures in Kyiv, Dnipro and Kharkiv. The lectures, which were delivered in Ukrainian, were open to the public and focused on Snyder's historical research as well as the contemporary political situation in Ukraine.


title: Timothy D. Snyder

text: In 2005, Snyder married Marci Shore, a professor of European cultural and intellectual history at Yale University. The couple have two children together. In December 2019, he fell seriously ill following a series of medical misdiagnoses. While recuperating through the coronavirus pandemic he wrote "Our Malady: Lessons in Liberty from a Hospital Diary", about the problems of the for-profit health care system in the US, and the coronavirus response so far.


title: Terry Kinney

text: Terry Kinney (born January 29, 1954) is an American actor and theater director, and is a founding member of the Steppenwolf Theatre Company, with John Malkovich, Laurie Metcalf, Gary Sinise, and Jeff Perry. Kinney is best known for his role as Emerald City creator Tim McManus on HBO's prison drama "Oz".


title: Terry Kinney

text: Kinney was born in Lincoln, Illinois, the son of Elizabeth L. (née Eimer), a telephone operator, and Kenneth C. Kinney, a tractor company supervisor.


title: Terry Kinney

text: He attended Illinois State University, in Normal, Illinois, where he became friends with Jeff Perry, who took him to see a performance of "Grease" featuring Gary Sinise, bringing the three Steppenwolf Theatre Company co-founders together for the first time.


title: Terry Kinney

text: Kinney has been involved in theatre since 1974, when he, Gary Sinise and Jeff Perry founded the Steppenwolf Theatre Company. In describing the company's radical usage of cinematic techniques such as accelerated time, substantial soundtracks and the rough equivalent of dissolves and bleeds, Kinney had said:We’ve always been more influenced by cinematic techniques than stage techniques because stage techniques have been around long enough to become really boring and cliché. Our earliest influences were the films of Cassavetes, not any plays we’d seen. We always tend to score our pieces and we always tend to manipulate the audience to look where we want them to look and the way to do that is to get very tight on certain situations.He has directed several plays (see below) and performed in several. In 1985 he performed in the Drama Desk Award winning play "Balm in Gilead" by Lanford Wilson. In 1996 Kinney played Tilden in the Sam Shepard play "Buried Child" directed by Gary Sinise in New York City. During a performance of "Buried Child" Kinney had a "terrible, horrible, screaming panic attack" and stayed offstage for several years, only returning in 2002 in a performance with Kurt Elling called "Petty Delusions and Grand Obsessions". He directed Richard Greenberg's play "Well Appointed Room" in 2006 and Neil Labute's "reasons to be pretty" in 2009. In 2010 he directed another Lanford Wilson play, "Fifth of July" for Bay Street Theatre (July) and for the Williamstown Theatre Festival (August).


title: Terry Kinney

text: In October–November 2012 Kinney directed "Checkers" a new play by Douglas McGrath at the Vineyard Theatre, New York City. He directed Lyle Kessler's new play "Collision" in January 2013 at Rattlestick Playwrights Theater.


title: Terry Kinney

text: Besides his theatrical work, Kinney has done much acting, mainly for television, starting in 1986 with an appearance in "Miami Vice". In 1987, he starred as Pastor Tom Bird in the CBS miniseries "Murder Ordained" opposite JoBeth Williams. He is perhaps best known for his portrayal of the idealistic unit manager Tim McManus on HBO's prison drama "Oz".


title: Terry Kinney

text: In 1995, Kinney co-starred with Tommy Lee Jones in an adaptation of an Elmer Kelton western novel titled "The Good Old Boys". Tommy Lee Jones directed this made-for-TV movie which also co-starred Sissy Spacek, Matt Damon, Sam Shepard, Wilford Brimley and retired Texas Ranger H. Joaquin Jackson.


title: Terry Kinney

text: Kinney also directed two episodes of "Oz", "Cruel and Unusual Punishments" in 1999 and "Wheel of Fortune" in 2002. Explaining the experience, he said, "it was great training for shooting on a limited budget, on a time crunch."


title: Terry Kinney

text: His film work includes a role in the 1988 film "Miles from Home", which featured many cast members of Steppenwolf and was directed by Sinise. In 1995, he played mayoral candidate Todd Carter in Carl Franklin's film "Devil in a Blue Dress". In 1996, Kinney played a comedic role as Uncle David in the coming-of-age drama, "Fly Away Home". In 1999, Kinney played the lead in the indie film, "The Young Girl and the Monsoon", about Hank, a 39-year-old photo-journalist dealing with a demanding job and a growing daughter. In 2001, he played the estranged father of the protagonist, Sara Johnson (Julia Stiles), in the film "Save the Last Dance".


title: Terry Kinney

text: In 2006 Kinney directed a short film (18 minutes) called "Kubuku Rides (This Is It)", which portrays the effects of drug addiction of a mother as seen by her young son. The film is based on the short story by Larry Brown. It is the first film produced by Steppenwolf Films. In 2008, he directed "Diminished Capacity", a feature film with a big Steppenwolf presence, based on the Sherwood Kiraly novel of that name.


title: Terry Kinney

text: For television, in 2008, Kinney was Deputy Attorney General Zach Williams in "Canterbury's Law", a short-lived Fox series. In 2009, he played Sergeant Harvey Brown in the ABC series, "The Unusuals", and in the same year he had a recurring role as Special Agent Sam Bosco on the hit CBS series, "The Mentalist".


title: Terry Kinney

text: 2010 saw a pilot for a CBS drama called "The Line", starring Dylan Walsh as ATF Agent Donovan with Kinney as a complex criminal, Alex Gunderson, that Donovan is hunting. The series was to be based on a novel by Robert Gregory Browne called ""Kiss Her Goodbye"". (Browne said that the show was tentatively called ""ATF"".) In 2011 Kinney had a recurring role in the North American adaptation of "Being Human" as Heggemann, an 1,100-year-old Dutch vampire. In April 2012 he starred in the CBS police procedural drama "NYC 22" as Field Training Officer Daniel "Yoda" Dean. However, after four episodes "NYC 22" was axed. Kinney also guest starred as Salvatore Amato, a member of a Chicago crime family, in the new Fox drama "The Mob Doctor" premiering in September 2012.


title: Terry Kinney

text: Kinney was cast as a series regular on ABC drama series "Black Box" opposite Kelly Reilly and Vanessa Redgrave, set to air on ABC in 2014.


title: Terry Kinney

text: Since 2016 Kinney has played Hall, a recurring character in the TV series "Billions". In 2019, Terry was cast in the Shonda Rhimes mini-series "Inventing Anna" alongside Julia Garner, Laverne Cox, and Anna Chlumsky. The series, which depicts Instagram-famous scam artist Anna Sorokin, premiered on Netflix in 2022.


title: Terry Kinney

text: From 1984 to 1988, Kinney was married to Elizabeth Perkins. From 1993 to 2005, he was married to his "Oz" co-star Kathryn Erbe, with whom he has a daughter, Maeve (b. 1995), and a son, Carson (b. 2003).


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The gameplay is mostly unchanged from the previous games; the player controls the main character from an overhead perspective, and the controls are largely the same as those of previous games. As with previous games, the main objectives are to catch all of the Pokémon in the games and defeat the Elite Four; also like their predecessors, the games' main subplot involves the player character defeating a criminal organization that attempts to take over the region. New features, such as double battles, Pokémon abilities, Pokémon Contests, and 135 new Pokémon were added. Owing to the increased capabilities of the Game Boy Advance, four players may be connected to each other at a time instead of the previous limit of two. Additionally, the games can be connected to an e-Reader or other third-generation "Pokémon" games.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "Ruby" and "Sapphire" received mostly positive reviews, though critics were divided in their assessment of the games, especially on the gameplay and graphics. Most of the complaints focused on gameplay not changing much in relation to previous generations, and connectivity issues versus past generations of the series. With over 16.22 million copies sold, they were a commercial success and became the best-selling games for the Game Boy Advance; The games sold less than previous generations with "Red" and "Blue" having sold nearly 31 million units worldwide, and "Gold" and "Silver" selling over 23 million units.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The basic mechanics of "Ruby" and "Sapphire" are largely the same as their predecessors'. As with all "Pokémon" games for handheld consoles, gameplay is in third-person, overhead perspective and consists of three basic screens: a field map, in which the player navigates the main character; a battle screen; and the menu, in which the player configures their party, items, or gameplay settings. Players begin the game with one Pokémon, and can capture more using Poké Balls. They can also use their Pokémon to battle other Pokémon. When the player encounters a wild Pokémon or is challenged by a trainer to a battle, the screen switches to a turn-based battle screen where the Pokémon fight. During a battle, the player may use a move, use an item, switch their active Pokémon, or flee, although fleeing is not an option in battles against trainers. All Pokémon have hit points (HP); when a Pokémon's HP is reduced to zero, it faints and cannot battle until it is revived. If the player's Pokémon defeats the opposing Pokémon (causes it to faint), it receives experience points. After accumulating enough experience points, it will level up; most Pokémon evolve into a new species of Pokémon when they reach a certain level.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: Apart from battling, capturing Pokémon is the most essential element of "Pokémon" gameplay. During a battle with a wild Pokémon, the player may use a Poké Ball on them. If successful, the Pokémon will be added to the player's active party, or stored if the player already has the maximum six Pokémon in their party. Factors in the success rate of capture include the HP, status effects such as Paralysis or Sleep, and the strength of the Poké Ball used: the lower the target's HP and the stronger the Poké Ball, the higher the success rate of capture is. Other trainers' Pokémon cannot be captured.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The most prominent change in the battle mechanics is the introduction of double battles, in which the opposing parties each use two Pokémon at the same time. Consequently, certain Pokémon moves can affect multiple combatants at once. Multi battles were added alongside double battles. They are identical to double battles, but there are two trainers to a side, each controlling one of the two Pokémon sent out. Also new to the games are innate abilities and natures; the former is shared by every Pokémon of a certain species, while the latter may vary among a particular species. Abilities grant their holders certain powers in battle, such as immunity against certain types of moves or strengthening a certain type of move. Natures, like innate abilities, affect the strength of Pokémon in battle; however, they affect the stats of the Pokémon rather than directly affecting the strength of the moves. Another stat introduced in "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" is Condition, an important factor in Pokémon Contests, mini-games in which participants perform moves before a judge. Both Pokémon and their moves have a Condition, which is increased by using Pokéblocks, which are candies made from berries. Secret bases were added as a one-off feature where players could open up a hole in the world and customize the area with various items picked up in-game. Players who linked up with others who set up secret bases were able to battle an NPC version of that trainer within their secret base.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: Like "Pokémon Gold", "Silver", and "Crystal", "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" keep track of real-life time; this influences events like tides and berry plant growth. However, unlike their predecessors, "Ruby" and "Sapphire" do not differentiate between day and night. Also, due to the differences in the technical specifications of Game Boy link cables and Game Boy Advance link cables, "Ruby" and "Sapphire" cannot be linked with Pokémon games of previous generations; one cannot battle with or trade to the previous generations.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "Ruby" and "Sapphire" have limited e-Reader support. Nintendo released Battle-e Cards, a set of e-Reader cards that contained trainer battles in which the player could see previously-hidden Pokémon. A special e-Reader card called the Eon Ticket was also released; obtained through the Mystery Gift function, the Ticket allows the player to reach a place called Southern Island. There, the player faces either Latios or Latias, depending on which version of the game is used.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "Ruby" and "Sapphire" are also able to connect to the GameCube games "Pokémon Colosseum", "" and "". In the former two, once players reach a certain point in the game, they are able to transfer Pokémon between "Colosseum" / "XD" and "Ruby" / "Sapphire". Additionally, those who pre-ordered "Colosseum" were able to access the Pokémon Jirachi and see a preview of the movie "". "Pokémon Box" allows players to store and organize their Pokémon on the GameCube. Also, in the European version of "Pokémon Channel", players could receive a Jirachi at a certain point in the game, which they could then transfer over to "Ruby" or "Sapphire".


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" take place in the Hoenn region, located some distance from the Kanto and Johto regions featured in previous games. The design of Hoenn was based on the Japanese island and region of Kyushu; however Hoenn is rotated 90° relative to Kyushu, as Junichi Masuda felt that it would provide a better gameplay balance. Like Kyushu, Hoenn possesses many smaller islands, and part of the region is dominated by sea routes, several of which contain areas where the player can dive underwater.