title: Williamsburg, Brooklyn

text: In 1976, Mayor Abraham Beame proposed building a combined incinerator and power plant at the nearby Brooklyn Navy Yard. The project garnered large community opposition from the Latino and Hasidic Jewish residents of southern Williamsburg, located next to the site of the proposed incinerator. Though the New York City Board of Estimate narrowly gave its approval to the incinerator in 1984, the state refused to grant a permit for constructing the plant for several years, citing that the city had no recycling plan. The proposed incinerator was a key issue in the 1989 mayoral election because the Hasidic Jewish residents of Williamsburg who opposed the incinerator were also politically powerful. David Dinkins, who ultimately won the 1989 mayoral election, campaigned on the stance that the Brooklyn Navy Yard incinerator plan should be put on hold. The state denied a permit for the incinerator in 1989, stating that the city had no plan for reducing ash emissions from the plant.


title: Williamsburg, Brooklyn

text: The plan was placed on hold for several years, and in 1995, community members filed a lawsuit to block the incinerator's construction. Further investigation of the incinerator's proposed site found toxic chemicals were present in such high levels that the site qualified for Superfund environmental clean-up. The next year, the city dropped plans for the construction of the incinerator altogether.


title: Williamsburg, Brooklyn

text: National Grid (formerly KeySpan) is remediating contamination at a former Manufactured Gas Plant (MGP) site, located at Kent


title: Williamsburg, Brooklyn

text: Avenue, between North 11th and North 12th Streets, in Williamsburg. The Remediation is being performed in conversion for the site's conversion into Bushwick Inlet Park. It is being implemented under an order of consent with the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation entered into between the NYSDEC and KeySpan in February 2007.


title: Williamsburg, Brooklyn

text: There are also ten oil storage tanks on the site of Bushwick Inlet Park that were formerly operated by Bayside Oil. A plan unveiled in 2016, called "Maker Park", would convert the oil tankers into attractions such as a theater and hanging gardens. It directly conflicted with the original plan for Bushwick Inlet Park, which would see the tankers demolished. The city stated that the oil tankers were heavily polluted, and that the site needed to be cleaned before it could be repurposed into a park.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Maid in Manhattan is a 2002 American romantic comedy-drama film directed by Wayne Wang and based on a story by John Hughes, who is credited using a pseudonym. It stars Jennifer Lopez, Ralph Fiennes, and Natasha Richardson. In the film, a hotel maid and a high-profile politician fall in love. The film was released on December 13, 2002, by Columbia Pictures and was a box office success, grossing $154 million against its $55 million budget.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Marisa Ventura, a single mother raising her 10-year-old son Ty, works as a maid at the Beresford Hotel in the heart of Manhattan. When not in school, Ty spends time with Marisa's fellow hotel workers, who think she can be promoted to management.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: While Marisa and her co-worker Stephanie are cleaning the room of socialite Caroline Lane, Stephanie convinces Marisa to try on a Dolce & Gabbana coat. Lane had previously asked for it to be returned to the store, and Stephanie argues that it "technically" does not belong to anyone at the moment. Elsewhere in the hotel, Ty befriends hotel guest and senatorial candidate Christopher "Chris" Marshall, whom Ty learns has an interest in Richard Nixon, the subject of his school presentation. Ty wants to go with Chris to walk his dog and the pair go to Caroline's room to ask Marisa for permission. Chris meets Marisa, who is wearing the designer coat, and is instantly smitten with her. He assumes that she is Caroline. The trio spend some time together at the park. Though Marisa and Chris are attracted to each other, Marisa is terrified that management will find out about the ruse and makes it a point to avoid Chris afterwards.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Chris asks the hotel's head butler, Lionel Bloch, to invite "Caroline Lane" to lunch, but is confused when the real Caroline shows up instead of Marisa. Marisa was present when she received the invitation and even offered Caroline advice on what to wear for their "lunch à deux". When the real Caroline shows up, Chris asks his assistant Jerry Siegal to find "the other Caroline Lane", promising that he will attend an important dinner and wishes her to go with him. Jerry asks Lionel to find her. Lionel, who has figured out that Marisa is the woman Chris has been looking for, tells her to go to the dinner and end the affair swiftly if she wants a future in hotel management. Stephanie and the hotel staff assist her in preparing for the evening by styling her hair and loaning her an expensive dress and spectacular necklace.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Marisa is unable to end the affair, and she spends the night in Chris' hotel room. The next morning, Marisa is spotted by the real Caroline and her friend leaving Chris' room. Caroline blurts out the truth to the hotel management and Marisa is fired in front of Chris in Lane's hotel suite. Both Marisa and Chris spend time apart with him still thinking about her. Marisa is also hounded by the media and her disapproving mother Veronica.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Some time later, Marisa secures another job as a maid at another hotel. Chris is giving a news conference at the same hotel. Ty attends it and asks Chris whether people should be forgiven if they make mistakes, referencing former President of the United States Richard Nixon. Ty leads him to the staff room where Marisa is having her break. Chris and Marisa are reunited, and the film ends with images of publications showing that Chris has been elected, he and Marisa are still together after a year, and Marisa and her maid friends have been promoted to management.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: The film was originally titled "The Chambermaid" and then "Uptown Girl". It was described as a "Cinderella"-type story. John Hughes was initially announced as the film's director, with Hilary Swank set to star as the lead. "Variety" confirmed in July 2001 that Jennifer Lopez was in negotiations to star in "The Chambermaid", with Hughes no longer directing the project. Swank was no longer involved in the film. Ralph Fiennes signed on to star in the film in February 2002. Natasha Richardson joined the cast in April 2002. The film's title was confirmed as "Maid in Manhattan" in August 2002. Describing the character of Marisa, Lopez said: "She's Puerto Rican. She's from the Bronx. She has this young son and she's just trying to make ends meet. Every day she gets on the train to work. She goes to this big city of dreams and she wants more. She has aspirations in that way." Fiennes' character was originally a wealthy British guest.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Principal photography commenced in New York City in April, just months after the terrorist attacks of September 11, 2001 in which the towers of the World Trade Center (visible in some unused pre-production footage) were destroyed, and concluded by June 2002. Filming was carried out at both New York's Roosevelt Hotel and the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel. Filming also took place in the Morris Heights section of the Bronx on E 175 Street between the Grand Concourse and on Jerome Avenue. John Hughes wrote the story, but was credited as Edmond Dantes. On the film's first day of production in The Bronx, paparazzi and spectators forced filming to stop, and police were called as a result of the pandemonium. Wayne Wang said "No one in the production was prepared for it."


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: The film features Paul Simon's "Me and Julio Down by the Schoolyard" in the opening credits, "Lovergirl" sung by Teena Marie, "Train on a Track" sung by Kelly Rowland, "Come Away with Me" and "Don't Know Why" sung by Norah Jones, Michael Jackson's "Fall Again" sung by Glenn Lewis, Paul Simon's "Kathy's Song" sung by Eva Cassidy and "I'm Coming Out" sung by Amerie.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: "Maid in Manhattan" opened at 2,838 theaters in the United States, reaching number one at the box office in its opening weekend with $18.7 million, beating out "", by less than $200,000. It earned a total of $94 million domestically, and $60.9 million in other countries, for a total gross of $154.8 million worldwide.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: "Maid in Manhattan" received mixed reviews from film critics. On the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a rating of 38% based on 151 reviews, with an average rating of 5.10/10. The website's critics consensus reads: "Too blandly generic, "Maid in Manhattan" also suffers from a lack of chemistry between Lopez and Fiennes." Metacritic assigned the film a weighted average score of 45 out of 100, based on 32 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: "Time" magazine named it one of the top 10 worst chick flicks. According to Anna Smith of the magazine "Empire": "the film constantly falls back on its staple fairy-tale plotline, which is so resolutely traditional it should succeed in charming its target audience". Nell Minow of Common Sense Media wrote positively, stating: "is as careful a combination of ingredients as it is possible to package [sic] Everything is at the fairy tale level, which means we never dwell on troubling realities". Paul Byrnes of the "Sydney Morning Herald" said: "The script is so lazy it snores, and Wayne Wang directs like he walked onto the wrong set - true enough, in its way." Rich Cline of the webzine "Film Threat" reviewed "Maid in Manhattan" positively. Cline wrote: "When we catch ourselves sighing at the end, we get mad that we've fallen for this same old formula all over again. But mad in a nice way." Roger Ebert wrote that the film is a "skillful, glossy, formula picture, given life by the appeal of its stars".


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Charles Passy of "The Atlanta Journal-Constitution" gave it a negative review, writing: "Instead of a fairy tale, we have a tale told without imagination. It's Cinderella gone stale." Andrew Chase of Killer Movie Reviews, however, was more positive. Chase wrote: "Leave reality at the concession stand along with your $20 for popcorn, candy and a large drink". Derek Adams of "Time Out" wrote: "Talented individuals labour over the contrivances in this lightweight romance, and if the result's fluff, at least it's painless."


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Lopez's casting in the film sparked some debate. "Variety" commented that "[m]aking the maid a Latina is certainly realistic but never quite avoids the suggestion that upward mobility is best achieved through marriage into Anglo society". "Fade to Black and White: Interracial Images in Popular Culture" (2009) author Erica Chito Childs noted aspects of the film to expose the objective sides of a biracial relationship using the "symbolic roles of maid and politician". Writer Betty Kaklamanidou praised Lopez's casting in the film which "proved that a Latin actress can move away from stereotypical supporting roles and effectively become the center of a romantic narrative".


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: ABC announced in August 2008 that it would be adapting the film to a television series, with Lopez producing. Chad Hodge was hired as a script writer. In 2009, Sony Pictures Television indicated the spiff-off as a put pilot.


title: Maid in Manhattan

text: Telemundo and Sony Pictures Television were co-producing a telenovela based on the movie called "Una Maid en Manhattan", starring Litzy and Eugenio Siller. As of November 29, 2011, the telenovela was airing in Telemundo weeknights at 8pm/7pm central.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: Victor James Santiago Jr. (born September 6, 1977), better known by his stage names Noreaga and later N.O.R.E., is an American rapper. Born and raised in Queens, New York, Santiago first rose to prominence as one half of the East Coast hip hop duo Capone-N-Noreaga (C-N-N), alongside fellow Queens-based rapper Capone. He would also have success as a solo artist with the chart-topping singles "Superthug", "Banned from T.V.", "Nothin'" and "Oye Mi Canto".


title: N.O.R.E.

text: Santiago has released music under various record labels, including Penalty, Roc-La-Familia, Def Jam, and Babygrande Records. In June 2011, it was announced Santiago partnered with fellow American rapper Busta Rhymes' Conglomerate label, where he released his 2013 album "Student of the Game", issued under E1 Music. Santiago is also chief executive officer (CEO) of his own label imprint, Militainment Business.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: Santiago's career began to take off in 1995, while under the pseudonym Noreaga (after Panamanian ruler Manuel Noriega), as part of the duo Capone-N-Noreaga (C-N-N), alongside friend and fellow Queens-based rapper Capone (whom he met while serving time in prison). Santiago grew up in LeFrak City and spent time hanging out in Capone’s neighbouring Queensbridge Houses. They signed to Penalty Recordings in 1996, and released their debut album "The War Report", in 1997. "The War Report" was a commercial and critical success that made the duo well known among hip hop audiences. The album received praise for using the "traditional grimey boom-bap" sound of classic New York City hip hop, which at that time was falling out in favor of a more futuristic sound. The album peaked at #21 on the "Billboard" 200, and the singles "Illegal Life", "Closer", and "T.O.N.Y. (Top of New York)" all charted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and Tracks chart.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: Following the release of the album, Capone was again sentenced to a jail term, which left Noreaga to take on a solo career and make an album on his own. Noreaga's solo debut studio album "N.O.R.E", was released in 1998. The title, a shortening of the artist's name, used the backronym "Niggaz on (the) Run Eatin'". The album became even more successful than the duo's debut, charting at #3 on the "Billboard" 200 and being certified platinum by the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA). The album features guest appearances from fellow NYC rappers Nas, Kool G Rap, Big Pun and Busta Rhymes. It also features in many cases a different production style than "The War Report", including the modern futuristic sound, with tracks produced by then-up-and-coming producers The Neptunes and Swizz Beatz. The Neptunes produced the hit "Superthug", which reached #36 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 and #1 on the Hot Rap Tracks chart. The song, along with Mase's hit "Lookin' At Me", was one of the Neptunes' first major productions.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: In 1999, Noreaga would go on to release his second solo album, "Melvin Flynt - Da Hustler", which was a moderate success, reaching the top 10 of the "Billboard" 200 and becoming certified gold by the RIAA. The album's most successful single (produced by The Neptunes) was "Oh No", which reached #49 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Singles and Tracks chart. Capone was released from prison in 1999. The two subsequently began recording music together again and released their second C-N-N album in the year 2000. The album, titled "The Reunion", was not well-received critically and failed to match the commercial success of the duo's debut or Noreaga's solo albums. AllMusic reviewer Matt Conaway summed up the album by stating "With "The Reunion", Capone-N-Noreaga take a step backward." The group would then go on a hiatus and not release another album until 2009.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: Noreaga continued to pursue his career as a solo artist. He officially changed his stage name to N.O.R.E., and after some delays, his third solo studio album "God's Favorite", was released in 2002. The album peaked at #3 on the "Billboard" 200 and was later certified platinum. It contained the major hit Nothin'" (produced by The Neptunes), which reached #10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. It became N.O.R.E.'s highest-charting hit.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: Following "God's Favorite", N.O.R.E. changed his musical focus. He began recording Spanish-language songs to reflect his Puerto Rican background and made reggaeton music, rather than traditional hip hop. The reggaeton single "Oye Mi Canto", was released in 2004 and became a major hit, peaking at #12 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The song was originally supposed to be a single from an upcoming album titled "1 Fan a Day", but the album was never released. Instead, N.O.R.E. released a reggaeton/hip hop album in 2006, titled "N.O.R.E. y la Familia...Ya Tú Sabe", which included the lead singles "Oye Mi Canto" and "Mas Maiz". The album, released under Jay-Z's Roc-La-Familia, has both English and Spanish language tracks. It did not chart nearly as well as any of N.O.R.E.'s previous solo albums, as it only reached #82 on the "Billboard" 200. He also is a playable character in Def Jam Vendetta and Def Jam Fight for New York.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: N.O.R.E. went on to release two more solo albums. The first, his fifth album "Noreality", was released in 2007 and supported by the single "Set It Off", featuring vocals and production from Swizz Beatz. N.O.R.E. released his CD/DVD, "Noreality", in September via a joint venture with his own Thugged Out Militainment label and Babygrande Records. The album features guest appearances from Jadakiss, Three 6 Mafia, Kanye West, Pharrell, Mobb Deep's Prodigy, Bun B, Tru Life, David Banner, Kurupt and Capone. Swizz Beatz is among the producers. The DVD, which was available in limited quantities, is based on the rapper's life.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: The second album "S.O.R.E.", was controversially released in 2009. N.O.R.E. would go on to denounce "S.O.R.E.", calling it an album he had nothing to do with and asked fans not to purchase it. The album is a reference to his stage name and his first album which is a backronym for "Niggaz on (the) Run Eatin'", which makes "S.O.R.E.", "Still on (the) Run Eatin'". The term was first used in late 2007, when N.O.R.E. released a song entitled "Still on the Run Eatin'", featuring Lil Wayne. N.O.R.E. said in a video blog that he didn't approve of this album. He also stated the album's artwork was of him at 310 pounds, adding he had lost 62 pounds since then. He also went on to mention five songs on the album were actually handed in, while the rest were pulled off the internet, some of which came from 2007, probably stemming from label financial issues. He later stated he was working on an album known as "N.O.R.E. Pt. 2: Born Again", later retitled "Student of the Game".


title: N.O.R.E.

text: In 2009, N.O.R.E. collaborated with Capone once again, to release their third studio album "Channel 10", which charted at #136 on the "Billboard" 200. In 2010, a fourth Capone-N-Noreaga album titled "The War Report 2", was released. Its lead single was "Hood Pride", featuring Faith Evans. In June 2011, fellow American rapper Busta Rhymes, with whom N.O.R.E. has collaborated several times in the past, stated on his Twitter account that he had officially signed N.O.R.E. to his newly founded record label Conglomerate Records.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: Between 2009 and 2011, N.O.R.E. teamed up with DJ EFN to host a satellite radio show for Sirius XM called Militainment Crazy Raw Radio, a title that gave equal weight to N.O.R.E.'s Militainment brand, to EFN's Crazy Hood, and to 66 Raw, the channel on Sirius XM which carried the show.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: In early 2013, Santiago stated that he would yet again change his moniker, this time to P.A.P.I. (Acronym for Power Always Proves Intelligence), which stirred mixed reactions from his fans. On April 16, 2013 he released "Student of the Game", and shortly after announced a sequel would be released as his next album.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: On September 27, 2013, he told MTV that his next album, "Melvin Flynt II: Da Final Hustle" will be his final album. He stated he will stop touring and releasing solo albums to focus on being a music executive and CEO. On October 30, 2015, Santiago tweeted: "New and last album in July!!!", followed by ""Melvin Flynt 2"? Or "N.O.R.E. 2"?".


title: N.O.R.E.

text: N.O.R.E. reunited with DJ EFN to begin hosting the "Drink Champs" podcast in March 2016. Celebrity hip-hop guests are featured in most episodes, sharing stories and updates while drinking alcohol. The podcast has achieved more than five million listens per month. Since November 2016, the show has been aired on Revolt.


title: N.O.R.E.

text: On February 24, 2009, N.O.R.E. was arrested at a Fatburger hamburger restaurant in Miami Beach, FL, following a fight with a customer.


title: Paul (film)

text: Paul is a 2011 comic science fiction road film directed by Greg Mottola from a screenplay by Simon Pegg and Nick Frost. Starring Pegg and Frost, with the voice and motion capture of Seth Rogen as the titular character, the film follows two science fiction geeks who come across an alien. Together, they help the alien escape from the Secret Service agents who are pursuing him so that he can return to his home world. The film is a parody of other science-fiction films, especially those of Steven Spielberg, as well as of science fiction fandom in general.


title: Paul (film)

text: It is a British-American venture produced by Working Title Films, StudioCanal, Big Talk Pictures and Relativity Media and distributed by Universal Pictures. "Paul" was released on 14 February 2011 in the United Kingdom and on 18 March 2011 in the United States to generally positive reviews from critics and grossed $98 million worldwide on a $40 million budget.


title: Paul (film)

text: Best friends Graeme Willy and Clive Gollings are British comic book and sci-fi enthusiasts who travel to the United States to attend the annual San Diego Comic-Con. They embark on a road trip through the Southwestern U.S. to visit UFO sites on a remote desert highway at night.


title: Paul (film)

text: After a brush with homophobic rednecks at a diner, they watch a car driving erratically and crashing. Stopping to offer assistance to the driver, he is revealed to be Paul, an alien. Graeme agrees to give him a ride, despite Clive fainting and wetting his pants upon seeing him.


title: Paul (film)

text: Later, Special Agent Zoil of the Secret Service arrives at the car-crash site, informing his unseen female superior, "the Big Guy", that he is closing in on Paul. She sends rookies Haggard and O'Reilly to assist. Clive remains paranoid over Paul's intentions, considering his appearance as evidence of a conspiracy. Then Paul explains the government fed his image to the public to keep them from panicking if anyone encounters his race.


title: Paul (film)

text: They later camp at an RV park run by Christian fundamentalists, one-eyed Ruth Buggs and her father Moses. The next day, when Ruth sees Paul, she faints, so they take her with them. During an argument, Paul convinces Ruth to question her beliefs and uses his healing power to cure her blind eye.


title: Paul (film)

text: Stopping at a bar, Ruth calls her father, but Zoil intercepts the call. She is accosted by the rednecks and a bar fight ensues. They escape when Paul terrifies them into fainting. Later, at another RV park, Ruth is questioned by Agent Zoil, but plays dumb and escapes. Meanwhile, Haggard and O'Reilly have figured out about Paul. Confronting Zoil, he orders them to return to base, but they go behind his back and try to catch the alien on their own.


title: Paul (film)

text: The group soon arrives at Tara's, who rescued Paul when he crashed on Earth 60 years ago, accidentally killing her dog (hence Paul's name) in the crash (opening scene). As no-one believed her story, she has spent her life as a pariah. Although angry at first, she forgives Paul and prepares to make tea for her visitors. Haggard, O'Reilly and Zoil arrive and surround the house. The group flee but O'Reilly shoots at them, igniting gas from Tara's stove and destroying her house with him inside. Haggard pursues and catches up to the RV but loses control and drives off a cliff. Zoil reassures the Big Guy that he will have Paul within the hour but tired of waiting, she orders a "military response".


title: Paul (film)

text: Paul, Graeme, Clive, Ruth and Tara arrive at Devils Tower National Monument, where they set off fireworks to signal Paul's mothership. A helicopter suddenly arrives with agents and the Big Guy. Zoil appears and initiates a stand-off, unexpectedly shooting the agents, before being wounded. He is revealed to be Paul's friend, attempting to aid his escape under the guise of capturing him. During the fight, Tara knocks out the Big Guy. Moses arrives unexpectedly and fires at Paul, but hits Graeme instead. Paul once again uses his healing powers, reviving Graeme in spite of the danger to himself, causing Moses to believe Paul to be a messiah.


title: Paul (film)

text: Graeme and Ruth admit their feelings for each other and kiss, but the Big Guy regains consciousness and holds the group at gunpoint. Just as she is about to kill them, she is crushed by the landing transport ship. Paul says goodbye to his friends and offers Tara a chance to go with him, promising to give her a new life after ruining her childhood and accidentally killing her dog. The aliens go home as the remaining humans wave. Two years later, Graeme, Clive and Ruth are at another Comic-Con, where Graeme and Clive are promoting their new bestselling novel titled "Paul".


title: Paul (film)

text: In an interview for the DVD release of "Paul", Pegg and Frost said they made the film to demonstrate their love for Steven Spielberg's films "Close Encounters of the Third Kind" and "E.T. the Extra Terrestrial", as well as their favourite science-fiction films. After they mentioned the project to Spielberg, he suggested he might make a cameo appearance, and a scene was added to include him as a voice on a speakerphone in 1980 discussing ideas with Paul for his soon-to-become box office hit "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial". According to Robert Kirkman, he, along with "Invincible" co-creator Cory Walker and "Invincible" artist Ryan Ottley, had a cameo in the film as the Big Guy's henchmen.


title: Paul (film)

text: The idea for "Paul" came from Pegg and Frost in 2003, while they were filming "Shaun of the Dead". To help with the script, Pegg and Frost went on their own road trip across America and used ideas from it to add to the script. According to Mottola, the film was given the green light shortly before the late 2000s recession; if it had been delayed, "they probably wouldn’t have made the movie." The budget for the film was around US$40 million. Principal photography, including 50 days in the New Mexico desert, wrapped on 9 September 2009, with additional scenes filmed in July 2010 at the Albuquerque Convention Center, which was designed to look like the 2010 San Diego Comic-Con. During filming, Joe Lo Truglio was a stand-in for the character Paul, the only character who was created by CGI, although Seth Rogen, the voice of Paul did some motion capture in preproduction during postproduction. The cover art for the fictional comic book "Encounter Briefs" was drawn by alternative comics artist Daniel Clowes.


title: Paul (film)

text: A teaser trailer for the film was released on 18 October 2010. The film had its world premiere in London on 7 February 2011.


title: Paul (film)

text: The film was released on DVD and Blu-ray in the United Kingdom on 13 June 2011 and was released in North America on 9 August 2011. Three versions of the film were made. The DVD release features an audio commentary with director Greg Mottola, stars Simon Pegg, Nick Frost, Bill Hader, and producer Nira Park; two featurettes; "Simon's Silly Faces"; photo galleries; storyboards and posters; and a blooper reel. The United States Blu-ray release features all the DVD supplements with nine more featurettes and a digital copy.


title: Paul (film)

text: "Paul" grossed $37.4 million in the United States and Canada, and $63.6 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $98 million.


title: Paul (film)

text: In North America, "Paul" opened on March 18, 2011 alongside "Limitless" and "The Lincoln Lawyer". It went on to debut to $13 million, finishing fifth at the box office.


title: Paul (film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 70% based on 207 reviews, with an average rating of 6.30/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "It doesn't measure up to Pegg and Frost's best work, but "Paul" is an amiably entertaining — albeit uneven — road trip comedy with an intergalactic twist." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 57 based on 37 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Paul (film)

text: "Empire" rated the film "excellent" (four stars out of five), stating, "Broader and more accessible than either "Shaun of the Dead" or "Hot Fuzz", "Paul" is pure Pegg and Frost — clever, cheeky, and very, very funny. You'll never look at "E.T." in the same way again." "SFX" also gives the film four stars out of five, saying, "the film veers dangerously close to alienating (no pun intended) all but its geek core audience, [though] the more obvious concessions to a mainstream crowd [are] never enough to derail the film's laugh-a-minute ride"; "SFX" also calls it a "triumph of visual effects, convincing characterisation and bad taste humour." Peter Bradshaw gave the film two stars out of five and called it a "goofy, amiable piece of silliness" exhibiting "self-indulgence" and possessing a "distinct shortage of real gags". On the same scale Nigel Andrews gave the film only one star, calling it a "faltering extraterrestrial knockabout". "The Independent" grades the film two stars out of five, saying, "Pegg is likeable as usual, Frost more doltish than usual, and Kristen Wiig an appealing convert from Bible thumper to ladette", and notes that "from time to time, clever ideas rear their heads – like the idea that 'Paul' has been the brains behind all science-fiction and UFO initiatives for the last 30 years, including "Close Encounters" and "The X-Files" – but they soon return to the film's default setting of laddish japes and a conviction that the word 'cocksucker' will always get a laugh."


title: Paul (film)

text: IGN provided "Paul" with three reviews. The first gave the film three stars, stating, "Simon Pegg and Nick Frost send up everything from "Star Wars" to "E.T." in this sci-fi comedy ... As with Pegg and Frost's previous films together, it's derivative stuff, the plot similar to countless sci-fi flicks of the past; paying homage to the good and gently ribbing the bad." Less excited was their review for the British Blu-ray version, which said, "But unlike previous Pegg and Frost collaborations – "Shaun of the Dead" and "Hot Fuzz" – "Paul" does not generously reward repeat viewing. That's not to say it's a bad film at all; it has a strong central premise, which carries much of the film, loveable central characters, the odd neat idea (it turns out that Paul inspired all major works of SF post-1950, from "Close Encounters" to "The X-Files", and has a direct line to Steven Spielberg), and a couple of genuine laughs, but it never feels more than a rough sketch of a bigger, much funnier movie." In a second review for the American Blu-ray version, IGN compared the movie with "Galaxy Quest" and wrote that it is "richly layered with clever homage, a refreshingly original alien hero, delightfully entertaining characters and great performances from our leads and their supporting players."


title: Paul (film)

text: Upon its release in the United States, Roger Ebert gave "Paul" a mixed review of two and a half stars out of four, saying it is a "movie that teeters on the edge of being really pretty good and loses its way. I'm not sure quite what goes wrong, but you can see that it might have gone right." Manohla Dargis of "The New York Times" wrote: "As genial, foolish and demographically engineered as it sounds (hailing all fan boys and girls), "Paul" is at once a buddy flick and a classic American road movie of self (and other) discovery, interspersed with buckets of expletives and some startling (especially for a big-studio release) pokes at Christian fundamentalism ... The movie has its attractions, notably Mr. Pegg and Mr. Frost (and of course Mr. Bateman), whose ductile, (noncomputer) animated and open faces were made for comedy ... Paul proves the weak link. One problem is that Mr. Rogen, however comically inclined, has become overexposed, and there’s just something too familiar and predictable about this voice coming out of that body. Yet while Paul seems great conceptually, he's not particularly interesting or surprising, despite a funny recap of what he’s been doing on his time on Earth. With his vibe and vocabulary, shorts and weed, juvenilia and sentimentality, Paul turns out to be not much different from a lot of guys who have wreaked comedy havoc on American screens lately, even if this one only wants to beam up, not knock up."


title: Paul (film)

text: "Paul: Music from the Original Motion Picture" was released on 21 February 2011 by Universal Music. It intersperses David Arnold's score with the rock songs appearing in the film.


title: Paul (film)

text: Pegg has stated that he would like to do a sequel to "Paul", titled "Pauls", but that the time and expense it would take means it is unlikely to happen unless costs decrease. On August 13, 2021 during a live stream on Instagram, Pegg stated that there was 'no chance' of a sequel.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Eastern Slavic naming customs are the traditional way of identifying a person's given name and patronymic name in Russia and some countries formerly part of the Russian Empire or the Soviet Union.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: They are commonly used in Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and to an extent in Kyrgyzstan and Georgia. It is named after the East Slavic languages group that the Belarusian, Russian, and Ukrainian languages belong to. They are also found occasionally in the Balkans among older generations.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Eastern Slavic parents select a given name for a newborn child. Most first names in East Slavic languages originate from two sources:


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Almost all first names are single. Doubled first names (as in, for example, French, like "Jean-Luc") are very rare and are from foreign influence. Most doubled first names are written with a hyphen: "Mariya-Tereza".


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Being highly synthetic languages, Eastern Slavic treats personal names as grammatical nouns and apply the same rules of inflection and derivation to them as for other nouns. So one can create many forms with different degrees of affection and familiarity by adding the corresponding suffixes to the auxiliary stem derived from the original name. The auxiliary stem may be identical to the word stem of the full name (the full name Жанна "Zhanna" can have the suffixes added directly to the stem Жанн- "Zhann-" like Жанночка "Zhannochka), and most names have the auxiliary stem derived unproductively (the Russian name Михаил "Mikhail" has the auxiliary stem Миш- "Mish-", which produces such name-forms as Миша "Misha, Мишенька "Mishenka, Мишуня "Mishunya etc., not *Михаилушка "Mikhailushka").


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Unlike English, in which the use of diminutive forms is optional even between close friends, in East Slavonic languages, such forms are obligatory in certain contexts because of the strong T–V distinction: the T-form of address usually requires the short form of the counterpart's name. Also, unlike other languages with prominent use of name suffixes, such as Japanese, the use of derived name forms is mostly limited to the T-addressing: there is no way to make the name more formal than the plain unsuffixed full form, and no suffixes can be added to the family name.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: The "short name" (Russian: краткое имя "kratkoye imya"), historically also "half-name" (Russian: полуимя "poluimya"), is the simplest and most common name derivative. Bearing no suffix, it is produced suppletively and always has the declension noun ending for both males and females, thus making short forms of certain unisex names indistinguishable: for example, Sasha (Russian: Саша) is the short name for both the masculine name Aleksandr (Alexander) and the feminine form Aleksandra (Alexandra).


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Some names, such as Zhanna (Jeana) and Mark have no short forms, and others may have two (or more) different forms. In the latter case, one form is usually more informal than the other.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Diminutive forms are produced from the "short name" by means of various suffixes; for example, Михаил Mikhail (full) – Миша Misha (short) – Мишенька Mishenka (affectionate) – Мишка Mishka (colloquial). If no "short name" exists, then diminutive forms are produced from the full form of the respective first name; for example, Марина Marina (full) – Мариночка Marinochka (affectionate) – Маринка Marinka (colloquial). Unlike the full name, a diminutive name carries a particular emotional attitude and may be unacceptable in certain contexts. Depending on the nature of the attitude, diminutive name forms can be subdivided into three broad groups: affectionate, familiar, and slang.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Typically formed by suffixes -"еньк"- (-yenk-), -"оньк"- (-onk-), -"ечк"- (-yechk-), -"ушк" (-ushk), as illustrated by the examples below. It generally emphasises a tender, affectionate attitude and is roughly analogous to German suffixes -"chen", -"lein", Japanese -"chan" and -"tan" and affectionate name-derived nicknames in other languages. It is often used to address children or intimate friends.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Within a more official context, this form may be combined with the honorific plural to address a younger female colleague.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Colloquial diminutives are derived from short names by the -"к"- ("-k-") suffix. Expressing a highly familiar attitude, the use may be considered rude or even pejorative outside a friendly context.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Slang forms exist for male names and, since a few decades ago, female names. They are formed with the suffixes -"ян" (-yan), -"он" (-on), and -"ок/ёк" (-ok/yok). The suffixes give the sense of "male brotherhood" that was once expressed by the patronymic-only form of address in the Soviet Union. Originating in criminal communities, such forms came into wide usage in Russia in the 1990s.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: During the days of the October Revolution, as part of the campaign to rid Russia of bourgeois culture, there was a drive to invent new, revolutionary names. As a result, many Soviet children were given atypical names, often being acronyms/initialisms besides many other names above.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: The patronymic name is based on the first name of the father and is written in all legal and identity documents. If used with the first name, the patronymic always follows it.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: The patronymic name is obligatory when addressing a person of higher social stance and/or on special occasions such as business meetings; for example, when a pupil addresses a teacher, they are obliged to use both first and patronymic names – . Not using patronymic names in such situations is considered offensive.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Addressing a person by patronymic name only is widespread among older generations (more often – "blue collar"-male coworkers) and serves as a display of close relationship based on not only sympathy but also mutual responsibility.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: The patronymic is formed by a combination of the father's name and suffixes. The suffix is -"ович" for a son, -"овна" – for a daughter. For example, if the father's name was "Иван" (Ivan), the patronymic will be "Иванович" (Ivanovich) for a son and "Ивановна" (Ivanovna) for a daughter.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: If the suffix is being appended to a name ending in a "й" ("y") or a soft consonant, the initial "o" in the suffixes -"ович" and -"овна" becomes a "е" ("ye") and the suffixes change to -"евич" and -"евна" . For example, if the father is "Дмитрий" (Dmitry), the patronymic is "Дмитриевич" (Dmitrievich) for a son and "Дмитриевна" (Dmitrievna) for a daughter. It is not "Дмитрович" (Dmitrovich) or "Дмитровна" (Dmitrovna) because the name "Дмитрий" (Dmitry) ends on "й" ("y");


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: For some names ending in a vowel, the suffix is -"ич" for a son and -"ична" or -"инична" for a daughter; for example, Фока Foka (father's first name) – Фокич Fokich (male patronymic) – Фокична Fokichna (female patronymic); Кузьма Kuzma (father's first name) – Кузьмич Kuzmich (male patronymic) – Кузьминична Kuzminichna (female patronymic).


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Historical Russian naming conventions did not include surnames. A person's name included that of his father: e.g. "Иван Петров сын" (Ivan Petrov syn) which means "Ivan, son of Peter". That is the origin of most Russian -ov surnames.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Modern -ovich- patronyms were originally a feature of the royal dynasty (Рюриковичи, Ruerikovichi, Rurikids, which makes the East Slavic patronym in its original meaning being similar to German "von". From the 17th century, the second name with suffix -"ович" (-"ovich") was the privilege given by the tsar to commoners. For example, in 1610, Tsar Vasili IV gave to the Stroganovs, who were merchants, the privilege to use patronyms. As a tribute for developing the salt industry in Siberia, Pyotr Stroganov and all his issues were allowed to have a name with -"ovich". The tsar wrote in the chart dated on 29 May, "... "to write him with "ovich", to try" [him] "in Moscow only, not to fee" [him] "by other fees, not to kiss a cross by himself" [which means not to swear during any processions]" In the 18th century, it was the family of merchants to have patronyms. By the 19th century, the -ovich form eventually became the default form of a patronymic.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Everyone in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus is supposed to have a tripartite name. Single mothers may give their children any patronym, and this does not have any legal consequences. Foreigners who adopt Russian citizenship are exempted from having a patronym. Now, an adult person is entitled to change patronyms if necessary, such as to alienate themselves from the biological father (or to show respect for the adopted one) as well as to decide the same for an underage child.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: In Russian, some common suffixes are -"ов" (-ov), -"ев" (-yev), meaning "belonging to" or "of the clan of/descendant of", e.g. Petrov = of the clan of/descendant of Petr (Peter), usually used for patronymic surnames—or -"ский" (-sky), an adjectival form, meaning "associated with" and usually used for toponymic surnames. Historically, toponymic surnames may have been granted as a token of nobility; for example, the princely surname Shuysky is indicative of the princedom based on the ownership of Shuya. Prince Grigory Aleksandrovich Potemkin-Tavricheski had the victory title 'Tavricheski', as part of his surname, granted to him for the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: In the 19th and early 20th centuries, "-off" was a common transliteration of "-ov" for Russian family names in foreign languages such as French and German (like for the Smirnoff and the Davidoff brands).


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Surnames of Ukrainian and Belarusian origin use the suffixes -ко (-ko), -ук (-uk), and -ич (-ych). For example, the family name "Писаренко" (Pisarenko) is derived from the word for a scribe, and "Ковальчук" (Kovalchuk) refers to a smith.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Less often, some versions of family names will have no suffix, e.g. Lebed, meaning swan, and Zhuk, meaning beetle (but see also Lebedev and Zhukov).


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Eastern Slavic languages are synthetic languages and have grammatical cases and grammatical gender. Unlike analytic languages like English, which use prepositions ("to", "at", "on" etc.) to show the links and relations between words in a sentence, Eastern Slavic suffixes are used much more broadly than prepositions. Words need the help of some suffix to integrate them into the sentence and to build a grammatically correct sentence. That includes names, unlike in German. Family names are declined based on the Slavic case system.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: The surnames that originally are short ("-ov", "-ev", "-in") or full ("-iy/-oy/-yy") Slavic adjectives, have different forms depending on gender: male forms "-ov", "-ev", "-in" and "-iy/-oy/-yy" correspond to female forms "-ova", "-eva", "-ina" and "-aya", respectively. For example, the wife of "Борис Ельцин" (Boris Yel'tsin) was "Наина Ельцина" (Naina Yel'tsina); the wife of Leo Tolstoy was Sophia Tolstaya, etc. All other, i.e. non-adjectival, surnames stay the same for both genders (including surnames ending with -"енко" ("-yenko"), -"ич" ("-ich") etc.), unlike in many West Slavic languages, where the non-adjectival surname of men corresponds to derivative feminine adjectival surname (Novák → Nováková). Note the difference between patronymics and surnames ending with "-ich": surnames are the same for males and females, but patronymics are gender-dependent (for example, Ivan Petrov"ich" Mirov"ich" and Anna Petr"ovna" Mirov"ich")


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: This dependence of grammatical gender of adjectival surname on the gender of its owner is not considered to be changing the surname (compare the equivalent rule in Polish, for example). The correct transliteration of such feminine surnames in English is debated: the names technically should be in their original form, but they sometimes appear in the masculine form.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: The surnames which are not grammatically adjectives ("Zhuk", "Gogol", "Barchuk", "Kupala" etc.) declines in cases and numbers as the corresponding common noun. The exclusion is when a woman has a surname which is grammatically a noun of masculine gender; in such case, the surname is not declined. For example, Ivan and Anna Zhuk in dative case ("to whom?") would be: Ивану Жуку ("Ivanu "Zhuku), but Анне Жук ("Anne Zhuk").


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Family names are generally inherited from one's parents. As in English, on marriage, women usually adopt the surname of the husband; the opposite, when the husband adopt the maiden surname of his wife, very rarely occurs. Rarely, both spouses keep their pre-marriage family names. The fourth, very rare but still legal way is the taking a double surname; for example, in marriage of Ivanov (he) and Petrovskaya (she), the spouses may adopt the family name Ivanov-Petrovsky and Ivanova-Petrovskaya, correspondingly.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: When names are written in English, the patronymic is not equivalent to an English middle name. When the name is written in English, the patronymic may be omitted with the given name written out in full or abbreviated (Vladimir Putin or V. Putin), both the first name and the patronymic may be written out in full (Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin), both the first name and the patronymic may be abbreviated (V. V. Putin) or the first name may be written out in full with the patronymic abbreviated (Vladimir V. Putin).


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Some surnames in those languages have been Russified since the 19th century: the surname of Kazakh president Nursultan Nazarbayev has a Russian "-yev" suffix, which literally means "of Nazar-bay" (in which "bay" is a Turkic native noble rank: compare Turkish "bey", Uzbek "beg", and Kyrghyz "bek"). The frequency of such Russification varies greatly by country.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: After incorporation of Azerbaijan into the Soviet Union, it became obligatory to register their surnames and to add a Russian suffix such as "-yev" or "-ov" for men and "-yeva" or "-ova" for women. Since the majority did not have official surnames, the problem was resolved by adopting the name of the father and adding the mentioned suffixes. Examples are Aliyev, Huseynov, and Mammadov.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Since 1930s and 1940s, surnames and patronymics were obligatory in Uzbekistan. The surname could be derived from the name of the father by adding the suffixes -ev after vowels or soft consonants and -ov in all other cases. Examples are Rashidov and Abdullaev. Most of the people born in this time had the same surname as their patronymic.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: By law, foreign persons who adopt Russian citizenship are allowed to have no patronymic. Some adopt non-Slavonic patronymics as well. For example, the Russian politician Irina Hakamada's patronym is "Муцуовна" (Mutsuovna) because her Japanese father's given name was Mutsuo. The ethnicity of origin generally remains recognizable in Russified names.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Bruno Pontecorvo, after he emigrated to the Soviet Union, was known as "Бруно Максимович Понтекорво" (Bruno Maximovich Pontekorvo) in the Russian scientific community, as his father's given name was "Massimo" (corresponding to Russian Максим (Maksim)). His sons have been known by names "Джиль Брунович Понтекорво" (Gigl Brunovich Pontecorvo), "Антонио Брунович Понтекорво" (Antonio Brunovich Pontecorvo) and "Тито Брунович Понтекорво" (Tito Brunovich Pontekorvo).


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: For example, Kazakh "ұлы" ("uly"; transcribed into Latin script as "-uly", as in Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev), Turkmen "uly" (as in Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedow), or Azeri "оглы/оғлу" ("oglu") (as in Heydar Alirza oglu Aliyev); Kazakh "қызы" (transcribed into Latin script as -"qyzy", as in Dariga Nursultanqyzy Nazarbayeva). Such Turkic patronymics were officially allowed in the Soviet Union.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: The choice of addressing format is closely linked to the choice of second-person pronoun. Russian language distinguishes:


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: "Вы" ("Vy") is the plural of both forms to address a pair or group. Historically, it comes from German, under Peter the Great, which uses "du" and Sie" similarly.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Other than the use of patronymics, Russian forms of address in Russian are very similar to English ones.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Using a "ty" form with a person who dislikes it or on inappropriate occasions can be an insult, especially the surname alone.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: Other Eastern Slavic languages use the same adjectives of their literal translation if they differ from Russian analogue. All Eastern Slavic languages are synthetic languages, and grammatical genders are used. Thus, the suffix of an adjective changes with the sex of the recipient.


title: Eastern Slavic naming customs

text: In Russian, adjectives before names are generally restricted to written forms of communication. Adjectives like "Любимый / Любимая" (lyubimiy / lyubimaya, "beloved") and "Милый / Милая" (miliy / milaya, "sweetheart") are informal, and "Уважаемый / Уважаемая" (uvazhayemiy / uvazhayemaya, literally "respected") is highly formal. Some adjectives, like "Дорогой / Дорогая" (dorogoy / dorogaya, "dear"), can be used in both formal and informal letters.


title: JPEGMafia

text: Barrington DeVaughn Hendricks (born October 22, 1989), known professionally as JPEGMafia (stylized in all caps), is an American rapper, singer, and record producer from Brooklyn, New York. His 2018 album "Veteran", released through Deathbomb Arc, received widespread critical acclaim and was featured on many year-end lists. It was followed by 2019's "All My Heroes Are Cornballs" and 2021's "LP!", released to further critical acclaim.


title: JPEGMafia

text: Hendricks was born in Flatbush, Brooklyn, to Jamaican parents. He spent the majority of his childhood in Flatbush, before moving to Alabama at age 13, where he experienced a significant amount of racism that later had an intense effect on his music. Hendricks moved to Louisiana and enlisted in the United States Air Force at age 18. He served a tour of duty in Iraq and also spent time in Kuwait, Germany, Japan, and North Africa, before being honorably discharged. Though he previously claimed to have a master's degree in journalism, Hendricks has since clarified that, though having studied the subject while deployed, he was not officially awarded a degree. In April 2021, Hendricks revealed through social media that he had "a sexually, verbally, and physically abusive childhood."


title: JPEGMafia

text: Hendricks developed an interest in music production at the age of 15, and he began producing after he learned how to sample. Describing his production, Hendricks says "When I was first making beats, no one liked the beats. To this day I give people beats and they're just confused." He says "I started rapping because no one liked my beats." Noting that he started producing before he started rapping, Hendricks said "I'm a producer first kind of, and then a rapper second but I take both of them seriously."


title: JPEGMafia

text: During his military stay in Japan, he was producing and writing music under the name Devon Hendryx. In 2015, he moved to Baltimore, where he began to make music under his moniker JPEGMafia, under which he released his mixtape "Communist Slow Jams" in April 2015. Only a month later, he released his mixtape "Darkskin Manson" which was inspired by the Freddie Gray protests in Baltimore that were happening right as he had moved there.


title: JPEGMafia

text: Following a number of mixtapes, Hendricks released his debut studio album, "Black Ben Carson", in February 2016 via Deathbomb Arc featuring a much harsher, distorted sound than his other projects. Four months later, he released a collaborative EP with fellow Baltimore-based rapper Freaky titled "The 2nd Amendment".


title: JPEGMafia

text: After less than 3 years living there, Hendricks moved from Baltimore to Los Angeles for his next studio album. In January 2018, he released his second studio album "Veteran". In an article on Bandcamp, he said "I wanted to show I'm not just a one-trick pony. I always do weird shit. I usually just keep it to myself. This time, I just let the filter go." At the time of its release, "Veteran" was considered JPEGMafia's most experimental album to date, receiving widespread critical acclaim.


title: JPEGMafia

text: After the release of "Veteran", Hendricks started working on his next album. He recorded 93 songs, and whittled it down to 18 tracks. He mixed and mastered it at the end of Vince Staples' tour, posting percentage updates frequently on his Instagram. Prior to the release, he would label the project as a "disappointment" in interviews and his social media. The first single from the album, "Jesus Forgive Me, I Am a Thot", was released on August 13, 2019. He promoted the album by uploading a series of listening sessions to his YouTube channel where friends and artists such as Denzel Curry, Jeff Tweedy (of Wilco) and Hannibal Buress discussed and reacted to cuts off of the album. "All My Heroes Are Cornballs" was released on September 13, 2019, to further critical acclaim, and was his first album to chart. In October 2019, he embarked on the JPEGMafia Type Tour to support his new album.


title: JPEGMafia

text: In 2020, Hendricks released several singles across the span of the year, and compiled them into an EP, aptly titled "EP!" It was released on Hendricks' Bandcamp page on November 6, and on streaming services with the addition of one extra single on December 10. On February 12, 2021, Hendricks released his second extended play, "EP2!" On October 2, Hendricks announced the album "LP!" , which was released on October 22, 2021, his birthday, to further acclaim. Due to sample-related issues, the album was released as two separate versions: "LP!" released on streaming services, and "LP! (Offline)" released for free on Bandcamp, YouTube, and Soundcloud. On February 24, 2022, Hendricks announced via Twitter that the songs not on the "Online" version had been released to streaming services as the "OFFLINE!" EP.


title: JPEGMafia

text: His music has mostly been described as experimental hip-hop but has been said to incorporate a wide range of genres into his music such as trap, R&B, vaporwave, and noise rap.


title: JPEGMafia

text: In an interview with Cambridge Union, Hendricks noted that his biggest influence is Kanye West. He states that one of his earliest influences was the rock group Hanson. He has also cited Ol' Dirty Bastard, Throbbing Gristle, Skinny Puppy, MF DOOM, Lil B, Chief Keef, Ice Cube, Rick Rubin, Cam'Ron, Björk, Janelle Monáe, Radiohead, The Backstreet Boys, Dirty Beaches and Arca as influences.


title: JPEGMafia

text: In March 2020, Hendricks started a vlog series on his YouTube channel called HTBAR ("How To Build A Relationship"). The series feature JPEGMafia talking to other artists and friends about various topics, mostly about music, life and politics. Each episode's soundtrack consist of unreleased songs, demos and instrumentals produced by JPEGMafia. Artists that have featured on the vlog series include Danny Brown, Kenny Beats, Lykke Li, Orville Peck, Saba and more. Hendricks has also appeared on The Cave, a YouTube series created by hip hop producer Kenny Beats.


title: JPEGMafia

text: Hendricks is a fan of professional wrestling, and has incorporated several references to it in his songs. He made an appearance for wrestling promotion All Elite Wrestling (AEW) on an episode of their television show "AEW Dynamite" in September 2020. In 2021, AEW star Darby Allin was featured on Hendricks' thirteenth HTBAR episode.


title: JPEGMafia

text: Hendricks appeared on the 7th episode of season 5 of "The Eric Andre Show", "Named After My Dad's Penis", and competed in the third "Rapper Warrior Ninja" sketch - a parody of the TV show "Sasuke" (which aired in the United States of America under the title "Ninja Warrior") and its American spin-off "American Ninja Warrior". Hendricks competed along with Lil Yachty, Murs, Trippie Redd, and Zack Fox in a challenge to cross a platform while freestyling and dodging various attacks. Hendricks fell off the platform while freestyling and failed.


title: Electronegativity

text: Electronegativity, symbolized as "χ", is the tendency for an atom of a given chemical element to attract shared electrons (or electron density) when forming a chemical bond. An atom's electronegativity is affected by both its atomic number and the distance at which its valence electrons reside from the charged nucleus. The higher the associated electronegativity, the more an atom or a substituent group attracts electrons. Electronegativity serves as a simple way to quantitatively estimate the bond energy, and the sign and magnitude of a bond's chemical polarity, which characterizes a bond along the continuous scale from covalent to ionic bonding. The loosely defined term electropositivity is the opposite of electronegativity: it characterizes an element's tendency to donate valence electrons.


title: Electronegativity

text: On the most basic level, electronegativity is determined by factors like the nuclear charge (the more protons an atom has, the more "pull" it will have on electrons) and the number and location of other electrons in the atomic shells (the more electrons an atom has, the farther from the nucleus the valence electrons will be, and as a result, the less positive charge they will experience—both because of their increased distance from the nucleus and because the other electrons in the lower energy core orbitals will act to shield the valence electrons from the positively charged nucleus).


title: Electronegativity

text: In spite of its long history, an accurate scale of electronegativity was not developed until 1932, when Linus Pauling proposed an electronegativity scale which depends on bond energies, as a development of valence bond theory. It has been shown to correlate with a number of other chemical properties. Electronegativity cannot be directly measured and must be calculated from other atomic or molecular properties. Several methods of calculation have been proposed, and although there may be small differences in the numerical values of the electronegativity, all methods show the same periodic trends between elements.


title: Electronegativity

text: The most commonly used method of calculation is that originally proposed by Linus Pauling. This gives a dimensionless quantity, commonly referred to as the Pauling scale ("χ"), on a relative scale running from 0.79 to 3.98 (hydrogen = 2.20). When other methods of calculation are used, it is conventional (although not obligatory) to quote the results on a scale that covers the same range of numerical values: this is known as an electronegativity in "Pauling units".


title: Electronegativity

text: As it is usually calculated, electronegativity is not a property of an atom alone, but rather a property of an atom in a molecule. Even so, the electronegativity of an atom is strongly correlated with the first ionization energy, and negatively correlated with the electron affinity. It is to be expected that the electronegativity of an element will vary with its chemical environment, but it is usually considered to be a transferable property, that is to say that similar values will be valid in a variety of situations.


title: Electronegativity

text: Pauling first proposed the concept of electronegativity in 1932 to explain why the covalent bond between two different atoms (A–B) is stronger than the average of the A–A and the B–B bonds. According to valence bond theory, of which Pauling was a notable proponent, this "additional stabilization" of the heteronuclear bond is due to the contribution of ionic canonical forms to the bonding.


title: Electronegativity

text: where the dissociation energies, "E", of the A–B, A–A and B–B bonds are expressed in electronvolts, the factor (eV) being included to ensure a dimensionless result. Hence, the difference in Pauling electronegativity between hydrogen and bromine is 0.73 (dissociation energies: H–Br, 3.79 eV; H–H, 4.52 eV; Br–Br 2.00 eV)


title: Electronegativity

text: As only differences in electronegativity are defined, it is necessary to choose an arbitrary reference point in order to construct a scale. Hydrogen was chosen as the reference, as it forms covalent bonds with a large variety of elements: its electronegativity was fixed first at 2.1, later revised to 2.20. It is also necessary to decide which of the two elements is the more electronegative (equivalent to choosing one of the two possible signs for the square root). This is usually done using "chemical intuition": in the above example, hydrogen bromide dissolves in water to form H and Br ions, so it may be assumed that bromine is more electronegative than hydrogen. However, in principle, since the same electronegativities should be obtained for any two bonding compounds, the data are in fact overdetermined, and the signs are unique once a reference point has been fixed (usually, for H or F).


title: Electronegativity

text: To calculate Pauling electronegativity for an element, it is necessary to have data on the dissociation energies of at least two types of covalent bonds formed by that element. A. L. Allred updated Pauling's original values in 1961 to take account of the greater availability of thermodynamic data, and it is these "revised Pauling" values of the electronegativity that are most often used.


title: Electronegativity

text: The essential point of Pauling electronegativity is that there is an underlying, quite accurate, semi-empirical formula for dissociation energies, namely:


title: Electronegativity

text: These are approximate equations but they hold with good accuracy. Pauling obtained the first equation by noting that a bond can be approximately represented as a quantum mechanical superposition of a covalent bond and two ionic bond-states. The covalent energy of a bond is approximate, by quantum mechanical calculations, the geometric mean of the two energies of covalent bonds of the same molecules, and there is additional energy that comes from ionic factors, i.e. polar character of the bond.


title: Electronegativity

text: The geometric mean is approximately equal to the arithmetic mean—which is applied in the first formula above—when the energies are of a similar value, e.g., except for the highly electropositive elements, where there is a larger difference of two dissociation energies; the geometric mean is more accurate and almost always gives positive excess energy, due to ionic bonding. The square root of this excess energy, Pauling notes, is approximately additive, and hence one can introduce the electronegativity. Thus, it is these semi-empirical formulas for bond energy that underlie the concept of Pauling electronegativity.


title: Electronegativity

text: The formulas are approximate, but this rough approximation is in fact relatively good and gives the right intuition, with the notion of the polarity of the bond and some theoretical grounding in quantum mechanics. The electronegativities are then determined to best fit the data.


title: Electronegativity

text: In more complex compounds, there is an additional error since electronegativity depends on the molecular environment of an atom. Also, the energy estimate can be only used for single, not for multiple bonds. The enthalpy of formation of a molecule containing only single bonds can subsequently be estimated based on an electronegativity table, and it depends on the constituents and the sum of squares of differences of electronegativities of all pairs of bonded atoms. Such a formula for estimating energy typically has a relative error on the order of 10% but can be used to get a rough qualitative idea and understanding of a molecule.


title: Electronegativity

text: Robert S. Mulliken proposed that the arithmetic mean of the first ionization energy (E) and the electron affinity (E) should be a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract electrons:


title: Electronegativity

text: As this definition is not dependent on an arbitrary relative scale, it has also been termed absolute electronegativity, with the units of kilojoules per mole or electronvolts. However, it is more usual to use a linear transformation to transform these absolute values into values that resemble the more familiar Pauling values. For ionization energies and electron affinities in electronvolts,


title: Electronegativity

text: The Mulliken electronegativity can only be calculated for an element whose electron affinity is known. Measured values are available for 72 elements, while approximate values have been estimated or calculated for the remaining elements.


title: Electronegativity

text: The Mulliken electronegativity of an atom is sometimes said to be the negative of the chemical potential. By inserting the energetic definitions of the ionization potential and electron affinity into the Mulliken electronegativity, it is possible to show that the Mulliken chemical potential is a finite difference approximation of the electronic energy with respect to the number of electrons., i.e.,


title: Electronegativity

text: A. Louis Allred and Eugene G. Rochow considered that electronegativity should be related to the charge experienced by an electron on the "surface" of an atom: The higher the charge per unit area of atomic surface the greater the tendency of that atom to attract electrons. The effective nuclear charge, "Z", experienced by valence electrons can be estimated using Slater's rules, while the surface area of an atom in a molecule can be taken to be proportional to the square of the covalent radius, "r". When "r" is expressed in picometres,


title: Electronegativity

text: R.T. Sanderson has also noted the relationship between Mulliken electronegativity and atomic size, and has proposed a method of calculation based on the reciprocal of the atomic volume. With a knowledge of bond lengths, Sanderson's model allows the estimation of bond energies in a wide range of compounds. Sanderson's model has also been used to calculate molecular geometry, "s"-electron energy, NMR spin-spin coupling constants and other parameters for organic compounds. This work underlies the concept of electronegativity equalization, which suggests that electrons distribute themselves around a molecule to minimize or to equalize the Mulliken electronegativity. This behavior is analogous to the equalization of chemical potential in macroscopic thermodynamics.


title: Electronegativity

text: Perhaps the simplest definition of electronegativity is that of Leland C. Allen, who has proposed that it is related to the average energy of the valence electrons in a free atom,


title: Electronegativity

text: where "ε" are the one-electron energies of s- and p-electrons in the free atom and "n" are the number of s- and p-electrons in the valence shell. It is usual to apply a scaling factor, 1.75×10 for energies expressed in kilojoules per mole or 0.169 for energies measured in electronvolts, to give values that are numerically similar to Pauling electronegativities.


title: Electronegativity

text: The one-electron energies can be determined directly from spectroscopic data, and so electronegativities calculated by this method are sometimes referred to as spectroscopic electronegativities. The necessary data are available for almost all elements, and this method allows the estimation of electronegativities for elements that cannot be treated by the other methods, e.g. francium, which has an Allen electronegativity of 0.67. However, it is not clear what should be considered to be valence electrons for the d- and f-block elements, which leads to an ambiguity for their electronegativities calculated by the Allen method.


title: Electronegativity

text: On this scale, neon has the highest electronegativity of all elements, followed by fluorine, helium, and oxygen.


title: Electronegativity

text: The wide variety of methods of calculation of electronegativities, which all give results that correlate well with one another, is one indication of the number of chemical properties that might be affected by electronegativity. The most obvious application of electronegativities is in the discussion of bond polarity, for which the concept was introduced by Pauling. In general, the greater the difference in electronegativity between two atoms the more polar the bond that will be formed between them, with the atom having the higher electronegativity being at the negative end of the dipole. Pauling proposed an equation to relate the "ionic character" of a bond to the difference in electronegativity of the two atoms, although this has fallen somewhat into disuse.


title: Electronegativity

text: Several correlations have been shown between infrared stretching frequencies of certain bonds and the electronegativities of the atoms involved: however, this is not surprising as such stretching frequencies depend in part on bond strength, which enters into the calculation of Pauling electronegativities. More convincing are the correlations between electronegativity and chemical shifts in NMR spectroscopy or isomer shifts in Mössbauer spectroscopy (see figure). Both these measurements depend on the s-electron density at the nucleus, and so are a good indication that the different measures of electronegativity really are describing "the ability of an atom in a molecule to attract electrons to itself".


title: Electronegativity

text: In general, electronegativity increases on passing from left to right along a period and decreases on descending a group. Hence, fluorine is the most electronegative of the elements (not counting noble gases), whereas caesium is the least electronegative, at least of those elements for which substantial data is available. This would lead one to believe that caesium fluoride is the compound whose bonding features the most ionic character.


title: Electronegativity

text: There are some exceptions to this general rule. Gallium and germanium have higher electronegativities than aluminium and silicon, respectively, because of the d-block contraction. Elements of the fourth period immediately after the first row of the transition metals have unusually small atomic radii because the 3d-electrons are not effective at shielding the increased nuclear charge, and smaller atomic size correlates with higher electronegativity (see Allred-Rochow electronegativity and Sanderson electronegativity above). The anomalously high electronegativity of lead, in particular when compared to thallium and bismuth, is an artifact of electronegativity varying with oxidation state: its electronegativity conforms better to trends if it is quoted for the +2 state with a Pauling value of 1.87 instead of the +4 state.


title: Electronegativity

text: In inorganic chemistry, it is common to consider a single value of electronegativity to be valid for most "normal" situations. While this approach has the advantage of simplicity, it is clear that the electronegativity of an element is "not" an invariable atomic property and, in particular, increases with the oxidation state of the element.


title: Electronegativity

text: Allred used the Pauling method to calculate separate electronegativities for different oxidation states of the handful of elements (including tin and lead) for which sufficient data were available. However, for most elements, there are not enough different covalent compounds for which bond dissociation energies are known to make this approach feasible. This is particularly true of the transition elements, where quoted electronegativity values are usually, of necessity, averages over several different oxidation states and where trends in electronegativity are harder to see as a result.


title: Electronegativity

text: The chemical effects of this increase in electronegativity can be seen both in the structures of oxides and halides and in the acidity of oxides and oxoacids. Hence CrO and MnO are acidic oxides with low melting points, while CrO is amphoteric and MnO is a completely basic oxide.


title: Electronegativity

text: The effect can also be clearly seen in the dissociation constants p"K" of the oxoacids of chlorine. The effect is much larger than could be explained by the negative charge being shared among a larger number of oxygen atoms, which would lead to a difference in p"K" of log() = –0.6 between hypochlorous acid and perchloric acid. As the oxidation state of the central chlorine atom increases, more electron density is drawn from the oxygen atoms onto the chlorine, diminishing the partial negative charge of individual oxygen atoms. At the same time, the positive partial charge on the hydrogen increases with a higher oxidation state. This explains the observed increased acidity with an increasing oxidation state in the oxoacids of chlorine.


title: Electronegativity

text: The electronegativity of an atom changes depending on the hybridization of the orbital employed in bonding. Electrons in s orbitals are held more tightly than electrons in p orbitals. Hence, a bond to an atom that employs an sp"" hybrid orbital for bonding will be more heavily polarized to that atom when the hybrid orbital has more s character. That is, when electronegativities are compared for different hybridization schemes of a given element, the order holds (the trend should apply to non-integer hybridization indices as well). While this holds true in principle for any main-group element, values for the hybridization-specific electronegativity are most frequently cited for carbon. In organic chemistry, these electronegativities are frequently invoked to predict or rationalize bond polarities in organic compounds containing double and triple bonds to carbon.


title: Electronegativity

text: In organic chemistry, electronegativity is associated more with different functional groups than with individual atoms. The terms group electronegativity and substituent electronegativity are used synonymously. However, it is common to distinguish between the inductive effect and the resonance effect, which might be described as σ- and π-electronegativities, respectively. There are a number of linear free-energy relationships that have been used to quantify these effects, of which the Hammett equation is the best known. Kabachnik parameters are group electronegativities for use in organophosphorus chemistry.


title: Electronegativity

text: Electropositivity is a measure of an element's ability to donate electrons, and therefore form positive ions; thus, it is antipode to electronegativity.


title: Electronegativity

text: Mainly, this is an attribute of metals, meaning that, in general, the greater the metallic character of an element the greater the electropositivity. Therefore, the alkali metals are the most electropositive of all. This is because they have a single electron in their outer shell and, as this is relatively far from the nucleus of the atom, it is easily lost; in other words, these metals have low ionization energies.


title: Electronegativity

text: While electronegativity increases along periods in the periodic table, and decreases down groups, electropositivity "decreases" along periods (from left to right) and "increases" down groups. This means that elements in the upper right of the periodic table of elements (oxygen, sulfur, chlorine, etc.) will have the greatest electronegativity, and those in the lower-left (rubidium, caesium, and francium) the greatest electropositivity.


title: Easy on Me

text: "Easy on Me" is a song by English singer Adele from her fourth studio album "30" (2021). Adele wrote the song with its producer, Greg Kurstin. Columbia Records released it as the album's lead single on 15 October 2021. It is a minimally produced pop ballad set to a prominent, sombre piano and propelled by sparse bass beats. Expressing themes of nostalgia, regret, and forgiveness, the lyrics represent Adele's plea to her son, in which she details her struggles with her dissolved marriage and requests him to be kind to her.


title: Easy on Me

text: The song received critical acclaim, with praise towards its poignant lyrics and vocals, though some opined it did not reach the emotional heights of her previous ballads. In the United Kingdom and United States, the song marked Adele's third and fifth chart toppers, respectively. "Easy on Me" broke the Spotify and Amazon Music records for the most streams for a song in both a day and a week. It became the longest running number-one song on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 by a female artist in the 2020s decade, with ten weeks atop the chart.


title: Easy on Me

text: An accompanying music video, directed by Canadian filmmaker Xavier Dolan and shot in Sutton, Quebec, was released on 15 October 2021, continuing the setting established in the music video for Adele's 2015 song "Hello", where she is seen entering a furnished house. In the video, Adele vacates the house and drives off in a truck as a pile of sheet music flies out of it, littering the road. A duet rendition with Chris Stapleton was featured on Target and Japanese editions of "30" and was released to country radio in the US on 19 November 2021. The solo version won the Brit Award for British Single at the Brit Awards 2022.


title: Easy on Me

text: On 1 October 2021, multiple posters and projections stating "30" appeared on significant landmarks and buildings in different cities around the world. Instalments of the logo were largely linked to the title of Adele's upcoming studio album. On 4 October, the singer's social media accounts were updated for the first time in months. The following day, Adele teased the song and its music video through an instrumental clip she posted on her social media. The black-and-white teaser shows Adele putting a cassette tape into the tape deck of a truck and turning up the volume. She then drives off with the windows rolled down, while piles of sheet music fly out of the windows. "Billboard" writer Gil Kaufman thought the visuals were "Adele to the core". The teaser was widely compared to the music video of Adele's previous lead single, "Hello" (2015). The teaser clip of the song garnered over 17 million views, becoming the most viewed clip by a female artist on Twitter.


title: Easy on Me

text: During an interview with "Vogue", it was revealed that long-time collaborator Greg Kurstin worked on the song. The staff at Capital FM interpreted the song title as documenting the "start of a blossoming relationship". On 9 October, the singer shared a 40-second preview of the song via Instagram Live. "Easy on Me" was released on 15 October 2021, to all digital music platforms. It marked the first single by Adele in nearly five years.


title: Easy on Me

text: "Easy on Me" is a piano-driven pop ballad joined by bass drum beats halfway. The song's chorus consists of its title sung in prominently elongated vocal runs. The song is written in the key of F major with a slow tempo of 70 beats per minute. The song opens with a solo piano, which leads into the vocals.


title: Easy on Me

text: Lyrically, Adele addresses her nine-year-old son Angelo in "Easy on Me", explaining to him her divorce from his father and beseeching him to be "easy on [her]". According to Stephanee Wang writing for "Nylon", Adele wrote the lyrics in reaction to her divorce proceedings stating: "In 2019, the story broke that after 11 years together, she and her ex-husband, Simon Konecki, had separated, with their divorce getting finalized in March 2021." Wang said the lyrics directly speak to Angelo, "as [Adele] tries to explain to him why she decided to split from his father and choose a new path for the two of them." Adele had also previously stated: "I just felt like I wanted to explain to [Angelo], through this record, when he’s in his twenties or thirties, who I am and why I voluntarily chose to dismantle his entire life in the pursuit of my own happiness. It made him really unhappy sometimes. And that's a real wound for me that I don't know if I'll ever be able to heal."


title: Easy on Me

text: Upon release, "Easy on Me" received very positive reviews from music critics. Neil McCormick of "The Daily Telegraph" called the song a "bold comeback single", contrasting its simple piano arrangement with the sleek power ballad production of "Hello". He said Adele possesses a heartfelt voice, one "that digs deepest into the soul of the world." "Evening Standard" writer Jochan Embley lauded "Easy on Me" for its plaintive piano, elegant vocals, and "lilting" melodies. He said the song is a testament to Adele's resistance to pop music trends, avoiding "bombastic hyperpop or anodyne reggaeton" and staying true to her style. Nevertheless, Embley felt the song "doesn't quite match the mascara-streaked sorrow of 'Someone like You' (2011), or the soaring emotional heights of 'Hello'. But it is just about as powerful."


title: Easy on Me

text: "NME" Nick Levine proclaimed "Adele's has never sounded better" than on "Easy on Me", making a comeback with a "slice of classic Adele balladry." Music critic Alexandra Pollard, writing for "The Independent", opined that "Easy on Me" has Adele "addressing her nine-year-old son, attempting to explain to him why she chose to take apart the life he knew." Pollard admired the "raspy" vocals, sentimental lyrics, polished sound, and the piano composition evocative of "Exile" (2020) by Taylor Swift and Bon Iver. He nevertheless found the chorus of "Easy on Me" less catchy than that of "Hello". In his "The Guardian" review, music journalist Alexis Petridis highlighted the typical "Adele-esque" sound of the song, consisting of soulful vocals and relatable lyrics, and added that, though "Easy on Me" is not as arresting as "Someone like You", it is still better than some forgettable tracks on "25" (2015).


title: Easy on Me

text: Fiona Sturges of "i" hailed it as a "heartfelt, anthemic" song that puts Adele's "remarkable instrument"—her voice—at the forefront; later in the review, Sturges expressed her concern over how the song's "slightly over-produced sheen" prevents it from being more heartaching. "Pitchfork" critic Cat Zhang wrote "Easy on Me" sticks to a classic formula, "for better or worse". Zhang praised Adele's vocal delivery, and deemed the song a "stirring ballad" even though it "isn't really treading new ground within [Adele's] own discography". Dubbing it a "great tune" that is not as impressive as Adele's previous lead singles, "The Times" Will Hodgkinson said "Easy on Me" is "nice and accomplished" but felt "a sheen of thoroughly American professionalism that stops the emotions from really hitting home in the way they did on "Someone like You"."


title: Easy on Me

text: Upon release, "Easy on Me" broke the all-time record for the most streamed song in a single day on Spotify with 19.7 million global streams, as well as the record for the most streamed song in a single week with 84.9 million streams. It additionally broke two Amazon Music records, the most first-day streams globally, and the most first-day Alexa requests for any song in the platform's history.


title: Easy on Me

text: "Easy on Me" debuted at number 195 on the "Billboard" Global 200 from its first five hours of tracking, drawing 16,900 downloads and 7.7 million streams within the timeframe, before rocketing to the chart's top spot the following week. It tallied 136,300 downloads and 178.2 million streams in its second week, marking the third-largest sales week for any song on that chart, only behind BTS' "Butter" and "Permission to Dance", respectively, and the second-largest streaming week on the chart, only behind "Butter", which earned 289.2 million streams. The song registered over double the chart points of the runner-up single, "Stay", by The Kid Laroi and Justin Bieber, making it the second song to do so in the chart's history, only after Olivia Rodrigo's "Drivers License", which earned triple the chart points of the runner-up song. "Easy on Me" debuted atop the "Billboard" Global 200 Excl. U.S. chart, tallying 62,700 downloads and 125.6 million streams, after having earned 2,000 downloads and 4.6 million streams within its first five hours. It was Adele's first chart-topper on both listings.


title: Easy on Me

text: In the United States, "Easy on Me" debuted on the "Billboard" Hot 100 at number 68 with only five hours of availability in the country. In that timeframe, the song garnered 3.1 million streams, 3.1 million radio audience impressions, and 14,800 digital copies sold; it marked Adele's 14th career entry on the Hot 100. The following week, it leaped to number one on the Hot 100, becoming Adele's fifth chart-topping single and her first since "Hello" in 2015. With its rise from number 68 to the top spot, "Easy on Me" marked the largest jump to number one since Taylor Swift's "Look What You Made Me Do" (2017). "Easy on Me" garnered 74,000 downloads, 53.9 million streams, and 65 million radio audience impressions in the second week. It debuted at number one on the Digital Song Sales and Streaming Songs charts, and at number four on the Radio Songs chart, breaking the record for the highest debut on the latter chart, surpassing Lady Gaga's "Born This Way" (2011), which debuted at number six. The song broke the record for the most played song in the U.S. radio history during a song's first week on the air and became the first song to be the most-added at five different formats (pop, adult contemporary, adult pop, adult album alternative and R&B) in a single week. "Billboard" named the song one of the biggest number one singles "of the last 30 years".


title: Easy on Me

text: The song spent ten nonconsecutive weeks atop the Hot 100. It reached number one on the "Billboard" Adult Contemporary airplay chart, becoming Adele's sixth leader on the list and the quickest coronation for a non-holiday song since "Hello". In its fifth week on chart, "Easy on Me" was unseated from the top by Swift's "All Too Well (Taylor's Version)". Bolstered by the release of "30", "Easy on Me" rebounded atop the Hot 100 the following week. It became the first song to lead streaming units, sales, and radio impressions simultaneously since Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee's "Despacito" in 2017. With the debut of "Oh My God" at number five the same week, Adele achieved simultaneous top-five entries for a second time in her career, after "Set Fire to the Rain" and "Rolling in the Deep" in 2012. "Easy on Me" is also Adele's third song to have at least seven weeks at number one on the Adult Contemporary chart, after "Rolling in the Deep" (seven weeks) and "Hello" (10); she became the first act to top the AC chart for seven weeks with the lead singles of three consecutive albums. In its fourteenth week, "Easy on Me" became the first song to surpass 100 million in radio reach in over a year and a half, since the 115 million tally of the Weeknd's "Blinding Lights" (2019). The following week, "Easy on Me" stayed at number one for a tenth week, tying with "Hello" as Adele's longest-running number one hit on the Hot 100; she became the seventh act to have at least two number ones top the Hot 100 for 10 or more weeks, joining Boyz II Men, Drake (three number-ones each); Black Eyed Peas, Mariah Carey, Santana, and Pharrell Williams (two each).


title: Easy on Me

text: In the United Kingdom, "Easy on Me" broke the record for the most streamed song in a day, with over 3.2 million streams earned. The song debuted at number one on the Official Singles Chart on the week ending 28 October 2021, moving 217,300 units in its first week. It marked the highest first week sales week for a song since Ed Sheeran's "Shape of You" (2017). "Easy on Me" accumulated 24 million streams in the UK in its first week, breaking the record for the most streamed song in a single week previously held by Ariana Grande's "7 Rings" (2019), while also earning the biggest week of digital download sales of 2021, with 23,500. "Easy on Me" logged 103,000 chart sales including 11 million streams in its second week. When it topped the chart for a fifth week, it tied with 2011's "Someone Like You" as her longest-running chart-topper in the UK. The following week, with the release of "30", "Easy on Me" scored a sixth consecutive week at number one on the Official Singles Chart making it her longest-running number one single in the UK. In its twelfth week, the song returned to number one for an eighth nonconsecutive week.


title: Easy on Me

text: "Easy on Me" debuted atop Australia's ARIA Singles Chart, becoming her third song to reach the top position. It spent a total of four weeks atop the chart. In Canada, "Easy on Me" debuted at number one on the Canadian Hot 100 and spent a total of eight weeks at number one. In Germany, "Easy on Me" went straight to number one on Offizielle Deutschen Singles Charts, scoring her fourth chart-topper within Germany. In Italy, "Easy on Me" debuted at number one on the FIMI Singles Chart, becoming her fifth chart-topper in the country. It also debuted at number one in Ireland, where it spent eight nonconsecutive weeks at the top.


title: Easy on Me

text: The accompanying music video for "Easy on Me" was filmed on 15–16 September 2021 in Quebec, and directed by Canadian filmmaker Xavier Dolan who had previously worked with Adele on the music video for her 2015 single "Hello". Filming took place at the Chemin Jordan and the Domaine Dumont Chapelle Ste-Agnès in Sutton, a town in southwestern Quebec, including the same house used for "Hello". The music video opens in black and white and shifts to colour halfway through, as the track's beat becomes more prominent. Adele vacates the house and drives off in a furniture-filled truck, past a "Sold" sign board planted by the property. Numerous pages of sheet music fly out the car's back windows and scatter all over a road as she drives away. A video of bloopers from the production of the music video was released on 4 November 2021.


title: Easy on Me

text: Adele performed "Easy on Me" live during her CBS special "Adele One Night Only" (2021). She performed the song for the first time in Europe on 20 November 2021 during a live television broadcast of the 23rd NRJ Music Awards in Cannes. Adele reprised "Easy on Me" for her ITV special "An Audience with Adele" (2021). She sang it during her British Summer Time concerts on 1 and 2 July 2022.


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: A multirole combat aircraft (MRCA) is a combat aircraft intended to perform different roles in combat. These roles can include air to air combat, air support,


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: The term "multirole" was originally reserved for aircraft designed with the aim of using a common airframe for multiple tasks where the same basic airframe is adapted to a number of differing roles. The main motivation for developing multirole aircraft is cost reduction in using a common airframe.


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: More roles can be added, such as aerial reconnaissance, forward air control, and electronic-warfare aircraft. Attack missions include the subtypes air interdiction, suppression of enemy air defense (SEAD), and close air support (CAS).


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: Multirole has also been applied to one aircraft with both major roles, a primary air-to-air combat role, and a secondary role like air-to-surface attack. However, those designed with an emphasis on aerial combat are usually regarded as air superiority fighters and usually deployed solely in that role, even though they are theoretically capable of ground attack. The Eurofighter Typhoon and Dassault Rafale are classified as multirole fighters; however the Typhoon is frequently considered an air superiority fighter due to its higher dogfighting prowess while its built-in strike capability has a lighter bomb load compared to contemporaries like the Rafale, which sacrifices air-to-air ability for a heavier payload.


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: Some aircraft, like the Saab JAS 39 Gripen, are called "swing-role", to emphasize the ability of a quick role change, either at short notice, or even within the same mission. According to the Military Dictionary: "the ability to employ a multi-role aircraft for multiple purposes during the same mission."


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: According to BAE Systems, "an aircraft that can accomplish both air-to-air and air-to-surface roles on the same mission and swing between these roles instantly offers true flexibility. This reduces cost, increases effectiveness and enhances interoperability with allied air forces".


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: "[Swing-role] capability also offers considerable cost-of-ownership benefits to operational commanders."


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: Although the term "multirole aircraft" may be relatively novel, certain airframes in history have proven versatile to multiple roles. In particular, the Junkers Ju 88 was renowned in Germany for being a "jack-of-all-trades", capable of performing as a bomber, dive bomber, night fighter, and so on, much as the British de Havilland Mosquito did as a fast bomber/strike aircraft, reconnaissance, and night fighter. The Hawker Hart was also quite 'multirole' in its numerous variants, being designed as a light bomber but serving as an army cooperation aircraft, a two-seat fighter, a fleet spotter, a fighter-bomber (in fact it was probably the first) and a trainer.


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: The US joint forces F-4 Phantom II built by McDonnell-Douglas also fits the definition of a multi-role aircraft in its various configurations of the basic airframe design. The various F-4 Phantom II configurations were used in air-to-air, fighter bomber, reconnaissance, and suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) mission roles to name a few.


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: The first use of the term was by the multinational European project named Multi-Role Combat Aircraft, which was formed in 1968 to produce an aircraft capable of tactical strike, aerial reconnaissance, air defense, and maritime roles. The design was aimed to replace a multitude of different types in the cooperating air forces. The project produced the Panavia Tornado, which used the same basic design to undertake a variety of roles, the Tornado IDS (Interdictor/Strike) variant and later the Panavia Tornado ADV (Air Defence Variant). By contrast, the F-15 Eagle which was another fighter aircraft of that era was designed for air superiority and interception, with the mantra "not a pound, air to ground", although the F-15C did have a rarely used secondary ground attack capability. That program eventually evolved into the F-15E Strike Eagle interdictor/strike derivative which retained the air-to-air combat lethality of earlier F-15s.


title: Multirole combat aircraft

text: The newest fighter jet that fits the definition of 'multi-role' is the Lockheed Martin F-35 Lightning II/Joint Strike Fighter, designed to perform stealth-based ground/naval strike, fighter, reconnaissance and electronic warfare roles. Like a modern-day F-4, 3 variants of this aircraft fulfill the various strike and air defense roles among its joint service requirements: the standard variant is intended to eventually replace the F-16 and A-10 in the USAF and other Western air forces, a STOVL version intended to replace the Harrier in US Marine Corps, British Royal Air Force and Royal Navy service, and a carrier variant intended to eventually replace the older F/A-18C/D for the US Navy and other F/A-18 operators. The F-35's design goal can be compared to its larger and more air superiority-focused cousin, the F-22 Raptor.


title: Pashupatinath Temple

text: Pashupatinath Temple () is a Hindu temple dedicated to Lord Shiva, and is located in Kathmandu, Nepal.