title: Margaret Keane

text: In 1970, Margaret Keane announced on a radio broadcast she was the real creator of the paintings that had been attributed to her ex-husband Walter Keane. After Margaret Keane revealed the truth, a "paint-off" between Margaret and Walter was staged in San Francisco's Union Square, arranged by Bill Flang, a reporter from the "San Francisco Examiner" and attended by the media and Margaret. Walter did not show up. In 1986, she sued both Walter and "USA Today" in federal court for an article claiming Walter was the real artist. At the trial, the judge famously ordered both Margaret and Walter to each create a big-eyed painting in the courtroom, to determine who was telling the truth. Walter declined, citing a sore shoulder, whereas Margaret completed her painting in 53 minutes. After a three-week trial, the jury awarded her $4 million in damages. After the verdict, Margaret Keane said "I really feel that justice has triumphed. It's been worth it, even if I don't see any of that four million dollars." A federal appeals court upheld the verdict of defamation in 1990, but overturned the $4 million damage award. Keane said she didn't care about the money, and just wanted to establish the fact that she had done the paintings.


title: Margaret Keane

text: The artworks Margaret Keane created while living in the shadow of her husband tended to depict sad-looking children in dark settings. After she left Walter, she moved to Hawaii and became a Jehovah's Witness after years of following astrology, palmistry, handwriting analysis, and transcendental meditation; her work took on a happier, brighter style. "The eyes I draw on my children are an expression of my own deepest feelings. Eyes are windows of the soul," Keane explained. Many galleries now advertise her artworks as having "tears of joy" or "tears of happiness." She described her subjects thus: "These are the paintings of children in paradise. They are what I think the world is going to look like when God's will is done."


title: Margaret Keane

text: Hollywood actors Joan Crawford, Natalie Wood, and Jerry Lewis commissioned Keane to paint their portraits. In the 1990s, Tim Burton, a Keane art collector who would later direct the 2014 biographical film "Big Eyes" about the life of Margaret Keane, commissioned the artist to paint a portrait of his then-girlfriend Lisa Marie. Keane's art was bought and presented to the United Nations Children's Fund in 1961 by the Prescolite Manufacturing Corporation. Keane's big eyes paintings have influenced toy designs, Little Miss No Name and Susie Sad Eyes dolls, and the cartoon "The Powerpuff Girls".


title: Margaret Keane

text: Keane's paintings are recognizable by the oversized, doe-like eyes of her subjects. Keane said she was always interested in the eyes and used to draw them in her school books. She began painting her signature "Keane eyes" when she started painting portraits of children. "Children do have big eyes. When I'm doing a portrait, the eyes are the most expressive part of the face. And they just got bigger and bigger and bigger," Keane said. Keane focused on the eyes, as they show the inner person more. Keane attributed Amedeo Modigliani's work as a major influence on the way she painted women from 1959 on. Other artists who influenced her in terms of color, dimension, and composition include Vincent van Gogh, Gustav Klimt, and Pablo Picasso. Despite her claims to fine art, she was never a critical success; instead she remained "known for her sticky-sweet paintings of doe-eyed waifs that became the middlebrow rage in the late 1950s and 1960s, then kitschy collectibles of ironic style decades later."


title: Margaret Keane

text: Keane's first husband was Frank Richard Ulbrich, with whom she had a daughter. In 1955, she married Walter Keane. She left Walter in 1964, divorcing him a year later, and then relocating from San Francisco to Hawaii.


title: Margaret Keane

text: In Hawaii, Keane became a devout Jehovah's Witnesses, which she remained throughout her life. She credited her faith and reading the Bible for giving the courage to speak the truth about her artwork.


title: Margaret Keane

text: While still in Hawaii, Keane met Honolulu sports writer Dan McGuire and married him in 1970. She credited McGuire with helping her to become less timid and afraid after her divorce from Walter. Keane lived in Hawaii for more than 25 years before returning to California in 1991. She resided in Napa County, California, with her daughter Jane and son-in-law Don Swigert.


title: Margaret Keane

text: In 2017 at the age of 90, Keane began hospice care while still living in her home. The additional care that she received through hospice allowed her to recover enough "to paint more and relax". She died from heart failure at her home in Napa, California, on June 26, 2022, at the age of 94.


title: Tere Naam

text: Tere Naam () is a 2003 Indian Hindi-language romantic tragedy film directed by Satish Kaushik. Written by Bala and Jainendra Jain, the film stars Salman Khan and Bhumika Chawla in her Bollywood film debut. The film is a remake of Bala's own Tamil film "Sethu" (1999) which was starred by Vikram.


title: Tere Naam

text: The film was based on a real-life incident of a friend of Bala's, who had fallen in love, lost his mind and ended up at a mental asylum.


title: Tere Naam

text: "Tere Naam" was released on 15 August 2003. Khan was praised for his portrayal of Radhe Mohan and the role is widely considered to be his best performance. "Tere Naam" was nominated for a total of 24 Awards, winning 7 of them, including 8 Filmfare Award nominations. In 2011, Kaushik announced a sequel to "Tere Naam", but as of 2022 (11 years since the announcement), no such sequel has been materialized.


title: Tere Naam

text: Radhe Mohan is a jobless rowdy, surrounded by a rough circle. He lives with his brother Ajay, his sister-in-law Gayatri, and their child. He is a violent man, but often performs good deeds, such as beating up sexual harassers.


title: Tere Naam

text: Radhe falls in love with Nirjara Bhardwaj, a student at his former college and the daughter of a poor temple priest. Radhe helps her a few times, and she seems to like him. One day, Radhe proposes to her and jokingly remarks that he would beat her father up if he doesn't agree to their marriage. Nirjara is too shocked to say much and utters "Yes" when Radhe asks her if she was listening to him. Radhe interprets this as her acceptance of the proposal. Later, he and his friends intimidate Nirjara's fiancé Rameshwar. The next day, Radhe brings her a gift, but she tells him that she does not love him, and calls him a goon. A heartbroken Radhe subsequently tries to talk to her, but she refuses to engage in a conversation.


title: Tere Naam

text: Radhe's friends suggest that he give up rowdyism and violence to impress Nirjara, but one day, he roughs up a brothel owner who had beaten up one of his friends. As Radhe is about to punch the brothel owner, Nirjara arrives at the scene, and Radhe stops the violence, allowing the brothel owner to escape. Subsequently, Nirjara's elder sister Mamata, who is in need of money, is nearly tricked into prostitution, when she visits the brothel to meet a man who promises her a loan. Radhe, who does not know that she is Nirjara's sister, visits the same brothel to find a man who had harassed a woman. He saves Mamata from being arrested during a police raid. She tells him that her husband Aatmaram has evicted her, and is demanding money to give her the custody of their son. The next day, Radhe beats up Aatmaram, forcing him to take her back and to stop harassing her. Rameshwar sees this and tells Nirjara that Radhe is a good, selfless man, who truly loves her. Unaware of this conversation, Radhe abducts Nirjara (which is extremely ironic to what Rameshwar was telling about him) so that she would listen to him express his feelings for her. Nirjara initially feels intimidated, but ultimately falls in love with him.


title: Tere Naam

text: Subsequently, the brothel owner and his goons attack Radhe to take revenge on him for trying to shut down their business. Radhe suffers from brain damage during the attack and loses his mental balance. His family admits him to a religious institution for mental patients, as Nirjara and his friends pray for him. At one point, Radhe's mental state returns to normal, but the wardens do not understand this and beat him up. Nirjara visits the institution and sees him in a pitiful condition while he is sleeping. Convinced that Radhe is not going to get well, Radhe's brother asks her to forget him and marry Rameshwar. On the day of Nirjara's wedding with Rameshwar, Radhe escapes from the institution, and arrives at her home, only to find that she has committed suicide. Radhe then allows himself to be taken back to the institution despite his family and friends trying to persuade him otherwise. The epilogue shows Radhe, now old and still in the institution, tying peacock feathers in Nirjara's memory.


title: Tere Naam

text: Ameesha Patel was originally considered to play the role of Nirjara, but scheduling conflicts prevented her from accepting. The role was offered to Bhumika Chawla, who made her Bollywood debut in the film.


title: Tere Naam

text: The soundtrack of the film contains 12 songs. The music was composed by Himesh Reshammiya and Sajid–Wajid with lyrics by Sameer and Jalees Sherwani. Upon its release the soundtrack album emerged as a commercial success by selling 3,000,000 units becoming the highest selling Bollywood album of the year.


title: Tere Naam

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama awarded 3/5 stars and wrote, "Salman is exceptional in a role that fits him to the T. He breathes fire in sequences that demand uneasiness. But beneath the tough exterior lies a vulnerable person and this facet in particular comes to the fore in the latter reels. His emotional outbursts are splendid..., Bhoomika Chawla reminds you of Bhagyashree. Her simple, humble, traditionally indian character should go down very well with the viewers. Her performance is first-rate".


title: Tere Naam

text: Planet Bollywood rated 8.0/10 to the film and wrote, "Salman Khan puts his heart and soul into his performance. He is equally at ease in romantic, emotional and even in Mahendra Verma's well conceived action scene. Bhoomika Chawla impresses in her first hindi movie. The supporting cast of Sachin Khedekar, Sarfaraz Khan and Ravi Kishan is reasonably good. The music by Himesh Reshammiya goes well with the movie". Madhureeta Mukherjee of The Times of India said, "Salman has given the great performance in the film. He's given an intense, unconventional performance. Believe this is the best performance of Salman's career so far".


title: Flint

text: Flint, occasionally flintstone, is a sedimentary cryptocrystalline form of the mineral quartz, categorized as the variety of chert that occurs in chalk or marly limestone. Flint was widely used historically to make stone tools and start fires.


title: Flint

text: It occurs chiefly as nodules and masses in sedimentary rocks, such as chalks and limestones. Inside the nodule, flint is usually dark grey, black, green, white or brown in colour, and often has a glassy or waxy appearance. A thin layer on the outside of the nodules is usually different in colour, typically white and rough in texture. The nodules can often be found along streams and beaches.


title: Flint

text: Flint breaks and chips into sharp-edged pieces, making it useful for knife blades and other cutting tools. The use of flint to make stone tools dates back hundreds of thousands of years, and flint's extreme durability has made it possible to accurately date its use over this time. Flint is one of the primary materials used to define the Stone Age.


title: Flint

text: During the Stone Age, access to flint was so important for survival that people would travel or trade to obtain flint. Flint Ridge in Ohio was an important source of flint and Native Americans extracted the flint from hundreds of quarries along the ridge. This "Ohio Flint" was traded across the eastern United States and has been found as far west as the Rocky Mountains and south around the Gulf of Mexico.


title: Flint

text: When struck against steel, flint will produce enough sparks to ignite a fire with the correct tinder, or gunpowder used in weapons, namely the flintlock firing mechanism. Although it has been superseded in these uses by different processes (the percussion cap), or materials (ferrocerium), "flint" has lent its name as generic term for a fire starter.


title: Flint

text: The exact mode of formation of flint is not yet clear, but it is thought that it occurs as a result of chemical changes in compressed sedimentary rock formations during the process of diagenesis. One hypothesis is that a gelatinous material fills cavities in the sediment, such as holes bored by crustaceans or molluscs and that this becomes silicified. This hypothesis would certainly explain the complex shapes of flint nodules that are found. The source of dissolved silica in the porous media could be the spicules of silicious sponges (demosponges). Certain types of flint, such as that from the south coast of England and its counterpart on the French side of the Channel, contain trapped fossilised marine flora. Pieces of coral and vegetation have been found preserved inside the flint similar to insects and plant parts within amber. Thin slices of the stone often reveal this effect.


title: Flint

text: Flint sometimes occurs in large flint fields in Jurassic or Cretaceous beds, for example, in Europe. Puzzling giant flint formations known as paramoudra and flint circles are found around Europe but especially in Norfolk, England on the beaches at Beeston Bump and West Runton.


title: Flint

text: The "Ohio flint" is the official gemstone of Ohio state. It is formed from limey debris that was deposited at the bottom of inland Paleozoic seas hundreds of millions of years ago that hardened into limestone and later became infused with silica. The flint from Flint Ridge is found in many hues like red, green, pink, blue, white and gray, with the color variations caused by minute impurities of iron compounds.


title: Flint

text: Flint was used in the manufacture of tools during the Stone Age as it splits into thin, sharp splinters called flakes or blades (depending on the shape) when struck by another hard object (such as a hammerstone made of another material). This process is referred to as knapping.


title: Flint

text: Flint mining is attested since the Paleolithic, but became more common since the Neolithic (Michelsberg culture, Funnelbeaker culture). In Europe, some of the best toolmaking flint has come from Belgium (Obourg, flint mines of Spiennes), the coastal chalks of the English Channel, the Paris Basin, Thy in Jutland (flint mine at Hov), the Sennonian deposits of Rügen, Grimes Graves in England, the Upper Cretaceous chalk formation of Dobruja and the lower Danube (Balkan flint), the Cenomanian chalky marl formation of the Moldavian Plateau (Miorcani flint) and the Jurassic deposits of the Kraków area and Krzemionki in Poland, as well as of the Lägern (silex) in the Jura Mountains of Switzerland.


title: Flint

text: In 1938, a project of the Ohio Historical Society, under the leadership of H. Holmes Ellis began to study the knapping methods and techniques of Native Americans. Like past studies, this work involved experimenting with actual knapping techniques by creation of stone tools through the use of techniques like direct freehand percussion, freehand pressure and pressure using a rest. Other scholars who have conducted similar experiments and studies include William Henry Holmes, Alonzo W. Pond, Francis H. S. Knowles and Don Crabtree.


title: Flint

text: To combat fragmentation, flint/chert may be heat-treated, being slowly brought up to a temperature of for 24 hours, then slowly cooled to room temperature. This makes the material more homogeneous and thus more knappable and produces tools with a cleaner, sharper cutting edge. Heat treating was known to Stone Age artisans.


title: Flint

text: When struck against steel, a flint edge produces sparks. The hard flint edge shaves off a particle of the steel that exposes iron, which reacts with oxygen from the atmosphere and can ignite the proper tinder.


title: Flint

text: Prior to the wide availability of steel, rocks of pyrite (FeS) would be used along with the flint, in a similar (but more time-consuming) way. These methods remain popular in woodcraft, bushcraft, and amongst people practising traditional fire-starting skills.


title: Flint

text: A later, major use of flint and steel was in the flintlock mechanism, used primarily in flintlock firearms, but also used on dedicated fire-starting tools. A piece of flint held in the jaws of a spring-loaded hammer, when released by a trigger, strikes a hinged piece of steel ("frizzen") at an angle, creating a shower of sparks and exposing a charge of priming powder. The sparks ignite the priming powder and that flame, in turn, ignites the main charge, propelling the ball, bullet, or shot through the barrel. While the military use of the flintlock declined after the adoption of the percussion cap from the 1840s onward, flintlock rifles and shotguns remain in use amongst recreational shooters.


title: Flint

text: Flint and steel used to strike sparks were superseded in the 20th century by ferrocerium (sometimes referred to as "flint", although not true flint, "mischmetal", "hot spark", "metal match", or "fire steel"). This man-made material, when scraped with any hard, sharp edge, produces sparks that are much hotter than obtained with natural flint and steel, allowing use of a wider range of tinders. Because it can produce sparks when wet and can start fires when used correctly, ferrocerium is commonly included in survival kits. Ferrocerium is used in many cigarette lighters, where it is referred to as "a flint".


title: Flint

text: Flint's utility as a fire starter is hampered by its property of uneven expansion under heating, causing it to fracture, sometimes violently, during heating. This tendency is enhanced by the impurities found in most samples of flint that may expand to a greater or lesser degree than the surrounding stone, and is similar to the tendency of glass to shatter when exposed to heat, and can become a drawback when flint is used as a building material.


title: Flint

text: Flint, knapped or unknapped, has been used from antiquity (for example at the Late Roman fort of Burgh Castle in Norfolk) up to the present day as a material for building stone walls, using lime mortar, and often combined with other available stone or brick rubble. It was most common in those parts of southern England where no good building stone was available locally, and where brick-making was not widespread until the later Middle Ages. It is especially associated with East Anglia, but also used in chalky areas stretching through Hampshire, Sussex, Surrey and Kent to Somerset.


title: Flint

text: Flint was used in the construction of many churches, houses, and other buildings, for example, the large stronghold of Framlingham Castle. Many different decorative effects have been achieved by using different types of knapping or arrangement and combinations with stone (flushwork), especially in the 15th and early 16th centuries. Because knapping flints to a relatively flush surface and size is a highly skilled process with a high level of wastage, flint finishes typically indicate high status buildings.


title: Flint

text: During World War I, in the chalky-soil country of France, the British filled sandbags with flint and used these sandbags as breastworks.


title: Flint

text: Flint pebbles are used as the media in ball mills to grind glazes and other raw materials for the ceramics industry. The pebbles are hand-selected based on colour; those having a tint of red, indicating high iron content, are discarded. The remaining blue-grey stones have a low content of chromophoric oxides and so are less deleterious to the colour of the ceramic composition after firing.


title: Flint

text: Until recently flint was also an important raw material in clay-based ceramic bodies produced in the UK. In preparation for use flint pebbles, frequently sourced from the coasts of South-East England or Western France, were calcined to around . This heating process both removed organic impurities and induced certain physical reactions, including converting some of the silica to cristobalite. After calcination the flint pebbles were milled to a fine particle size. However, the use of flint has now been superseded by quartz. Because of the historical use of flint, the word “flint” is used by some potters (especially in the U.S.) to refer generically to siliceous materials used in ceramics that are not flint.


title: Phlebotomy

text: Phlebotomy is the process of making a puncture in a vein, usually in the arm, with a cannula for the purpose of drawing blood. The procedure itself is known as a venipuncture, which is also used for intravenous therapy. A person who performs a phlebotomy is called a "phlebotomist", although most doctors, nurses, and other technicians can also carry out a phlebotomy. In contrast, phlebectomy is the removal of a vein.


title: Phlebotomy

text: Phlebotomies that are carried out in the treatment of some blood disorders are known as "therapeutic phlebotomies". The average volume of whole blood drawn in a therapeutic phlebotomy to an adult is 1 unit (450-500 ml) weekly to once every several months, as needed.


title: Phlebotomy

text: Phlebotomies are carried out by phlebotomists – people trained to draw blood mostly from veins for clinical or medical testing, transfusions, donations, or research. Blood is collected primarily by performing venipunctures, or by using capillary blood sampling with fingersticks or a heel stick in infants for the collection of minute quantities of blood. The duties of a phlebotomist may include interpreting the tests requested, drawing blood into the correct tubes with the proper additives, accurately explaining the procedure to the person and preparing them accordingly, practicing the required forms of asepsis, practicing standard and universal precautions, restoring hemostasis of the puncture site, giving instructions on post-puncture care, affixing tubes with electronically printed labels, and delivering specimens to a laboratory. Some countries, states, or districts require that phlebotomists be licensed or registered.


title: Phlebotomy

text: A therapeutic phlebotomy may be carried out in the treatment of some blood disorders (example: Hemochromatosis, polycythemia vera, porphyria cutanea tarda), and chronic hives (in research).


title: Phlebotomy

text: In Australia, there are a number of courses in phlebotomy offered by educational institutions, but training is typically provided on the job. The minimum primary qualification for phlebotomists in Australia is a Certificate III in Pathology Collection (HLT37215) from an approved educational institution.


title: Phlebotomy

text: In the UK there is no requirement for holding a formal qualification or certification prior to becoming a phlebotomist as training is usually provided on the job. The NHS offers training with formal certification upon completion.


title: Phlebotomy

text: Special state certification in the United States is required only in four states: California, Washington, Nevada, and Louisiana. A phlebotomist can become nationally certified through many different organizations. However, California currently only accepts national certificates from six agencies. These include the American Certification Agency (ACA), American Medical Technologists (AMT), American Society for Clinical Pathology (ASCP), National Center for Competency Testing/Multi-skilled Medical Certification Institute (NCCT/MMCI), National Credentialing Agency (NCA), National Healthcareer Association (NHA), and the National Phlebotomy Certification Examination (NPCE). These and other agencies also certify phlebotomists outside the state of California. To qualify to sit for an examination, candidates must complete a full phlebotomy course and provide documentation of clinical or laboratory experience.


title: Phlebotomy

text: In South Africa learnerships to qualify as a Phlebotomy Technician are offered by many public and private educational institutions as well as by private academies owned up by pathology laboratories (such as Ampath Laboratories, Lancet, PathCare) and healthcare service providers (such as Netcare, South African National Blood Service). Some of the larger retail pharmacy chains offering in-store clinical services (such as Clicks, Dis-Chem) also provide training for aspirant phlebotomists. Certification can be obtained from a number of examination and testing institutions. To work as a phlebotomist in South Africa, registration with the Health Professions Council of South Africa (HPCSA) is required.


title: Phlebotomy

text: Early "phlebotomists" used techniques such as leeches and incision to extract blood from the body. Bloodletting was used as a therapeutic as well as a prophylactic process, thought to remove toxins from the body and to balance the humors. While physicians did perform bloodletting, it was a specialty of barber surgeons, the primary provider of health care to most people in the medieval and early modern eras.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake ("Pseudonaja textilis"), often referred to as the common brown snake, is a species of highly venomous snake in the family Elapidae. The species is native to eastern and central Australia and southern New Guinea. It was first described by André Marie Constant Duméril, Gabriel Bibron, and Auguste Duméril in 1854. The adult eastern brown snake has a slender build and can grow to in length. The colour of its surface ranges from pale brown to black, while its underside is pale cream-yellow, often with orange or grey splotches. The eastern brown snake is found in most habitats except dense forests, often in farmland and on the outskirts of urban areas, as such places are populated by its main prey, the house mouse. The species is oviparous. The International Union for Conservation of Nature classifies the snake as a least-concern species, though its status in New Guinea is unclear.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Considered the world's second-most venomous land snake after the inland taipan ("Oxyuranus microlepidotus"), based on its value (subcutaneous) in mice, it is responsible for about 60% of human snake-bite deaths in Australia. The main effects of its venom are on the circulatory system—coagulopathy, haemorrhage (bleeding), cardiovascular collapse, and cardiac arrest. One of the main components of the venom is the prothrombinase complex pseutarin-C, which breaks down prothrombin.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: John White, the surgeon-general of the First Fleet to New South Wales, wrote, "A Journal of a Voyage to New South Wales" in 1790, which described many Australian animal species for the first time. In it, he reported a snake that fits the description of the eastern brown snake, but did not name it. French zoologists André Marie Constant Duméril, Gabriel Bibron, and Auguste Duméril were the first to describe the species in 1854. They gave it the binomial name "Furina textilis" – (knitted furin) in French – from a specimen collected in October 1846 by Jules Verreaux, remarking that the fine-meshed pattern on the snake's body reminded him of fine stockings, which was the inspiration for the name. Due to differences in appearance, different specimens of the eastern brown snake were categorised as different species in the early 19th century. German herpetologist Johann Gustav Fischer described it as "Pseudoelaps superciliosus" in 1856, from a specimen collected from Sydney. German-British zoologist Albert Günther described the species as "Demansia annulata" in 1858. Italian naturalist Giorgio Jan named "Pseudoelaps sordellii" and "Pseudoelaps kubingii" in 1859.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Gerard Krefft, curator of the Australian Museum, reclassified Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril's species in the genus "Pseudonaia" [sic] in 1862 after collecting multiple specimens and establishing that the markings of young snakes faded as they grew into adult brown snakes. He concluded the original description was based on an immature specimen and sent an adult to Günther, who catalogued it under the new name the same year when cataloguing new species of snakes in the British Museum's collection. After examining all specimens, Günther concluded that "Furina textilis" and "Diemansia annulata" were named for young specimens and "Pseudoelaps superciliosus", "P. sordelli", and "P. kubingii" were named for adults, and all represented the same species, which he called "Diemenia superciliosa". Belgian-British naturalist George Albert Boulenger called it "Diemenia textilis" in 1896, acknowledging Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril's name as having priority. In subsequent literature, it was known as "Demansia textilis" as "Diemenia" was regarded as an alternate spelling of "Demansia".


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The brown snakes were moved from "Diemenia/Demansia" to "Pseudonaja" by Australian naturalist Eric Worrell in 1961 on the basis of skull morphology, and upheld by American herpetologist Samuel Booker McDowell in 1967 on the basis of the muscles of the venom glands. This classification has been followed by subsequent authors. In 2002, Australian herpetologist Richard W. Wells split the genus "Pseudonaja", placing the eastern brown snake in the new genus "Euprepiosoma", though this has not been recognised by other authors, and Wells has been strongly criticised for a lack of rigour in his research.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Within the genus "Pseudonaja", the eastern brown snake has the largest diploid number of chromosomes at 38; those of the other species range from 30 to 36. A 2008 study of mitochondrial DNA across its range showed three broad lineages - a southeastern clade from South Australia, Victoria, and southeastern and coastal New South Wales; a northeastern clade from northern and western New South Wales and Queensland; and a central (and presumably northern) Australian clade from the Northern Territory. The central Australian clade had colonised the region around Merauke in southern West Papua, and the northeastern clade had colonised Milne Bay, Oro, and Central Provinces in eastern Papua New Guinea in the Pleistocene via landbridges between Australia and New Guinea.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: "P. textilis" is monotypic. Raymond Hoser described all New Guinea populations as "Ps. t. pughi" based on a differing maxillary tooth count from Australian populations; this difference was inconsistent, and as no single New Guinea population is genetically distinct, the taxon is not recognised. Wells and C. Ross Wellington described "Pseudonaja ohnoi" in 1985 from a large specimen from Mount Gillen near Alice Springs, distinguishing it on the basis of scale numbers, but it is not regarded as distinct.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The species is commonly called the eastern brown snake or common brown snake. It was known as to the Eora and Darug inhabitants of the Sydney basin. To the Dharawal of the Illawarra, it is . The Dharawal and Awabakal held ceremonies for the eastern brown snake. is the reconstructed name in the Wiradjuri language of southern New South Wales.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake is of slender to average build with no demarcation between its head and neck. Its snout appears rounded when viewed from above. Most specimens have a total length (including tail) up to , with some large individuals reaching . The maximum recorded total length for the species is . Evidence indicates that snakes from the northern populations tend to be larger than those from southern populations. The adult eastern brown snake is variable in colour. Its upper parts range from pale to dark brown, or sometimes shades of orange or russet, with the pigment more richly coloured in the posterior part of the dorsal scales. Eastern brown snakes from Merauke have tan to olive upper parts, while those from eastern Papua New Guinea are very dark grey-brown to blackish.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake's fangs are small compared to those of other Australian venomous snakes, averaging in length or up to in larger specimens, and are apart. The tongue is dark. The iris is blackish with a paler yellow-brown or orange ring around the pupil. The snake's chin and under parts are cream or pale yellow, sometimes fading to brown or grey-brown towards the tail. Often, orange, brown, or dark grey blotches occur on the under parts, more prominent anteriorly. The ventral scales are often edged with dark brown on their posterior edges.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Juveniles can vary in markings, but generally have a black head, with a lighter brown snout and band behind, and a black nuchal band. Their bodies can be uniform brown, or have many black bands, or a reticulated pattern, with all darker markings fading with age. Snake clutches in colder areas tend have a higher proportion of young snakes with banded markings on their bodies.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Its yellowish under parts serve to distinguish it from the dugite ("Pseudonaja affinis") and peninsula brown snake ("P. inframacula"), which are entirely brown or brown with grey under parts. The eastern brown snake has flesh-pink skin inside its mouth, whereas the northern brown snake and western brown snake have black skin. Large eastern brown snakes are often confused with mulga snakes ("Pseudechis australis"), whose habitat they share in many areas, but may be distinguished by their smaller heads. Juvenile eastern brown snakes have head markings similar to red-naped snakes ("Furina diadema"), grey snakes ("Hemiaspis damelii)", Dwyer's snakes ("Suta dwyeri)", and the curl snake ("Suta suta").


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The number and arrangement of scales on a snake's body are a key element of identification to species level. The eastern brown snake has 17 rows of dorsal scales at midbody, 192 to 231 ventral scales, 45 to 75 divided subcaudal scales (occasionally some of the anterior ones are undivided), and a divided anal scale. Its mouth is bordered by six supralabial scales above, and seven (rarely eight) sublabial scales below. Its nasal scale is almost always undivided, and rarely partly divided. Each eye is bordered posteriorly by two or rarely three postocular scales.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake is found along the east coast of Australia, from Malanda in far north Queensland, along the coasts and inland ranges of Queensland, New South Wales, Victoria, and to the Yorke Peninsula in South Australia. Disjunct populations occur on the Barkly Tableland and the MacDonnell Ranges in the Northern Territory. and the far east of the Kimberley in Western Australia, and discontinuously in parts of New Guinea, specifically northern Milne Bay Province and Central Province in Papua New Guinea, and the Merauke region of Papua Province, in the Indonesian part of New Guinea. It is common in southeastern Queensland between Ipswich and Beenleigh.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake occupies a varied range of habitats from dry sclerophyll forests (eucalypt forests) and heaths of coastal ranges, through to savannah woodlands, inner grasslands, and arid scrublands and farmland, as well as drier areas that are intermittently flooded. It is more common in open habitat and also farmland and the outskirts of urban areas. It is not found in alpine regions. Because of its mainly rodent diet, it can often be found near houses and farms. Such areas also provide shelter in the form of rubbish and other cover; the snake can use sheets of corrugated iron or buildings as hiding spots, as well as large rocks, burrows, and cracks in the ground.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake is generally solitary, with females and younger males avoiding adult males. It is active during the day, though it may retire in the heat of hot days to come out again in the late afternoon. It is most active in spring, the males venturing out earlier in the season than females, and is sometimes active on warm winter days. Individuals have been recorded basking on days with temperatures as low as . Occasional nocturnal activity has been reported. At night, it retires to a crack in the soil or burrow that has been used by a house mouse, or (less commonly) skink, rat, or rabbit. Snakes may use the refuge for a few days before moving on, and may remain above ground during hot summer nights. During winter, they hibernate, emerging on warm days to sunbathe. Fieldwork in the Murrumbidgee Irrigation Area found that snakes spent on average 140 days in a burrow over winter, and that most males had entered hibernation by the beginning of May (autumn) while females did not begin till mid-May; the males mostly became active in the first week of September (spring), while the females not until the end of the month. The concrete slabs of houses have been used by eastern brown snakes hibernating in winter, with 13 recorded coiled up together under a slab of a demolished house between Mount Druitt and Rooty Hill in western Sydney, and another 17 (in groups of one to four) under smaller slabs within in late autumn 1972. Groups of up to six hibernating eastern brown snakes have been recorded from under other slabs in the area. In July 1991 in Melton, six eastern brown snakes were uncovered in a nest in long grass.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Eastern brown snakes are very fast-moving; Australian naturalist David Fleay reported that the snake could outpace a person running at full speed. Many people mistake defensive displays for aggression. When confronted, the eastern brown snake reacts with one of two neck displays. During a partial display, the snake raises the front part of its body horizontally just off the ground, flattening its neck and sometimes opening its mouth. In a full display, the snake rises up vertically high off the ground, coiling its neck into an S shape, and opening its mouth. The snake is able to strike more accurately from a full display and more likely to deliver an envenomed bite. Due to the snake's height off the ground in full display, the resulting bites are often on the victim's upper thigh.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: A field study in farmland around Leeton that monitored 455 encounters between eastern brown snakes and people found that the snake withdrew around half the time and tried to hide for almost all remaining encounters. In only 12 encounters did the snake advance. They noted that snakes were more likely to notice dark clothing and move away early, reducing the chance of a close encounter. Close encounters were more likely if a person were walking slowly, but a snake was less likely to be aggressive in this situation. Encountering male snakes on windy days with cloud cover heightened risk, as the snake was less likely to see persons until they were close, hence more likely to be startled. Similarly, walking in undisturbed areas on cool days in September and October (early spring) risked running into courting male snakes that would not notice people until close, as they were preoccupied with mating.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Eastern brown snakes generally mate from early October onwards—during the Southern Hemisphere spring; they are oviparous. Males engage in ritual combat with other males for access to females. The appearance of two males wrestling has been likened to a plaited rope. The most dominant male mates with females in the area. The females produce a clutch of 10 to 35 eggs, with the eggs typically weighing each. The eggs are laid in a sheltered spot, such as a burrow or hollow inside a tree stump or rotting log. Multiple females may even use the same location, such as a rabbit warren. Ambient temperature influences the rate at which eggs develop; eggs incubated at hatch after 95 days, while those at hatch after 36 days. Eastern brown snakes can reach sexual maturity by 31 months of age, and have been reported to live up to 15 years in captivity.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake appears to hunt by sight more than other snakes, and a foraging snake raises its head like a periscope every so often to survey the landscape for prey. It generally finds its prey in their refuges rather than chasing them while they flee. The adult is generally diurnal, while juveniles sometimes hunt at night. The eastern brown snake rarely eats during winter, and females rarely eat while pregnant with eggs. The eastern brown snake has been observed coiling around and constricting prey to immobilise and subdue it, adopting a strategy of envenomating and grappling their prey. Herpetologists Richard Shine and Terry Schwaner proposed that it might be resorting to constriction when attacking skinks, as it might facilitate piercing the skink's thick scales with its small fangs.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake's diet is made up almost wholly of vertebrates, with mammals predominating—particularly the introduced house mouse. Mammals as large as feral rabbits have been eaten. Small birds, eggs, and even other snakes are also consumed. Snakes in areas of natural vegetation or paddocks for stock eat a higher proportion of reptiles, while those in crop fields eat more mice. Small lizards such as skinks are more commonly eaten than frogs, as eastern brown snakes generally forage in areas over distant from water. As snakes grow, they eat proportionately more warm-blooded prey than smaller snakes, which eat more ectothermic animals. Other snakes, such as the common death adder ("Acanthophis antarcticus"), and carpet python ("Morelia spilota"), have also been eaten. Cannibalism has also been recorded in young snakes. The bearded dragon is possibly resistant to the effects of the venom. Although the eastern brown snake is susceptible to cane toad toxins, young individuals avoid eating them, which suggests they have learned to avoid them. Some evidence indicates they are immune to their own venom and that of the mulga snake ("Pseudechis australis"), a potential predator.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake is considered the second-most venomous terrestrial snake in the world, behind only the inland taipan ("Oxyuranus microlepidotus") of central east Australia. Responsible for more deaths from snakebite in Australia than any other species, it is the most commonly encountered dangerous snake in Adelaide, and is also found in Melbourne, Canberra, Sydney, and Brisbane. As a genus, brown snakes were responsible for 41% of identified snakebite victims in Australia between 2005 and 2015, and for 15 of the 19 deaths during this period. Within the genus, the eastern brown snake is the species most commonly implicated. It is classified as a snake of medical importance by the World Health Organization.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Clinically, the venom of the eastern brown snake causes venom-induced consumption coagulopathy; a third of cases develop serious systemic envenoming including hypotension and collapse, thrombotic microangiopathy, severe haemorrhage, and cardiac arrest. Other common systemic symptoms include nausea and vomiting, diaphoresis (sweating), and abdominal pain. Acute kidney injury and seizures can also occur. Onset of symptoms can be rapid, with a headache developing in 15 minutes and clotting abnormalities within 30 minutes; collapse has been recorded as occurring as little as two minutes after being bitten. Death is due to cardiovascular causes such as cardiac arrest or intracranial haemorrhage. Often, little local reaction occurs at the site of the bite. The classical appearance is of two fangmarks around 1 cm apart. Neurotoxicity is rare and generally mild, and myotoxicity (rhabdomyolysis) has not been reported.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake yields an average of under 5 mg of venom per milking, less than other dangerous Australian snakes. The volume of venom produced is largely dependent on the size of the snake, with larger snakes producing more venom; Queensland eastern brown snakes produced over triple the average amount of venom (11 mg vs 3 mg) than those from South Australia. Worrell reported a milking of 41.4 mg from a relatively large 2.1-m (6.9-ft) specimen. The venom has a murine median lethal dose () has been measured at 41 μg/kg—when using 0.1% bovine serum albumin in saline rather than saline alone—to 53 μg/kg when administered subcutaneously. While the lethal dose for humans is just 3 mg. The composition of venom of captive snakes did not differ from that of wild snakes.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake's venom contains coagulation factors VF5a and VF10, which together form the prothrombinase complex pseutarin-C. This cleaves prothrombin at two sites, converting it to thrombin. Pseutarin-C is a procoagulant in the laboratory, but ultimately an anticoagulant in snakebite victims, as the prothrombin is used up and coagulopathy and spontaneous bleeding set in. Another agent, textilinin, is a Kunitz-like serine protease inhibitor that selectively and reversibly inhibits plasmin. A 2006 study comparing the venom components of eastern brown snakes from Queensland with those from South Australia found that the former had a stronger procoagulant effect and greater antiplasmin activity of textilinin.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The venom also contains pre- and postsynaptic neurotoxins; textilotoxin is a presynaptic neurotoxin, at one stage considered the most potent recovered from any land snake. Making up 3% of the crude venom by weight, it is composed of six subunits. Existing in two forms, the venom weighs 83,770 ± 22 daltons (TxI) and about 87,000 daltons (TxII), respectively. Textilotoxin is a type of phospholipase A2, a group of enzymes with diverse effects that are commonly found in snake venoms. At least two further phospholipase A2 enzymes have been found in eastern brown snake venom. Two postsynaptic neurotoxins have been labelled pseudonajatoxin a and pseudonajatoxin b. These are three-finger toxins, a superfamily of proteins found in the venom of many elapid snakes and responsible for neurotoxic effects. Another three-finger toxin was identified in eastern brown snake venom in 2015. Professor Bart Currie coined the term ‘brown snake paradox' in 2000 to query why neurotoxic effects were rare or mild despite the presence of textilotoxin in eastern brown snake venom. This is thought to be due to the low concentration of the toxin in the venom, which is injected in only small amounts compared with other snake species.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Analysis of venom in 2016 found—unlike most other snake species—that the venom of juvenile eastern brown snakes differed from that of adults; prothrombinases (found in adults) were absent and the venom did not affect clotting times. Snakes found with a similar profile generally preyed upon dormant animals such as skinks.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: The eastern brown snake is the second-most commonly reported species responsible for envenoming of dogs in New South Wales. Dogs and cats are much more likely than people to have neurotoxic symptoms such as weakness or paralysis. One dog bitten suffered a massive haemorrhage of the respiratory tract requiring euthanasia. The venom is uniformly toxic to warm-blooded vertebrates, yet reptile species differ markedly in their susceptibility.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Standard first-aid treatment for any suspected bite from a venomous snake is for a pressure bandage to be applied to the bite site. The victims should move as little as possible, and to be conveyed to a hospital or clinic, where they should be monitored for at least 24 hours. Tetanus toxoid is given, though the mainstay of treatment is the administration of the appropriate antivenom. Brown snake antivenom has been available since 1956. Before this, tiger snake antivenom was used, though it was of negligible benefit in brown snake envenoming. The antivenom had been difficult to research and manufacture as the species was hard to catch, and the amount of venom it produced was generally insufficient for horse immunisation, though these challenges were eventually overcome. Dogs and cats can be treated with a caprylic acid-fractionated, bivalent, whole IgG, equine antivenom.


title: Eastern brown snake

text: Eastern brown snakes are readily available in Australia via breeding in captivity. They are regarded as challenging to keep, and due to the snakes' speed and toxicity, suitable for only experienced snake keepers.


title: 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

text: The 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A (officially the Brasileirão Assaí 2022 for sponsorship reasons) was the 66th season of the Campeonato Brasileiro Série A, the top level of professional football in Brazil, and the 19th edition in a double round-robin since its establishment in 2003. The competition began on 9 April and ended on 13 November 2022.


title: 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

text: The top six teams as well as the 2022 Copa do Brasil champions qualified for the Copa Libertadores. The next six best-placed teams not qualified for Copa Libertadores qualified for the Copa Sudamericana and the last four were relegated to Série B for 2023.


title: 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

text: Palmeiras won the competition, securing their eleventh league title with three rounds to go after Internacional's 1–0 defeat to América Mineiro on 2 November. Atlético Mineiro were the defending champions.


title: 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

text: Twenty teams competed in the league – the top sixteen teams from the previous season, as well as four teams promoted from the Série B.


title: 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

text: Botafogo and Coritiba became the first two clubs to be promoted on 15 November 2021, after the former achieved a 2–1 home win against Operário Ferroviário, while the latter defeated Brasil de Pelotas by 2–1 a day before and saw CRB lose their match against Brusque. Goiás achieved promotion seven days later, after a 2–0 away win over fellow promotion contenders Guarani. Avaí was the last team promoted on 28 November, after a 2–1 comeback win over Sampaio Corrêa.


title: 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

text: The clubs can have a maximum of five foreign players in their Campeonato Brasileiro squads per match, but there is no limit of foreigners in the clubs' squads.


title: 2022 Campeonato Brasileiro Série A

text: The table lists the positions of teams after each week of matches.<br>In order to preserve chronological evolvements, any postponed matches are not included to the round at which they were originally scheduled, but added to the full round they were played immediately afterwards.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The Raytheon MIM-23 HAWK ("Homing all the way killer") is an American medium-range surface-to-air missile. It was designed to be a much more mobile counterpart to the MIM-14 Nike Hercules, trading off range and altitude capability for a much smaller size and weight. Its low-level performance was greatly improved over Nike through the adoption of new radars and a continuous wave semi-active radar homing guidance system. It entered service with the US Army in 1959.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: In 1971 it underwent a major improvement program as the Improved Hawk, or I-Hawk, which made several improvements to the missile and replaced all of the radar systems with new models. Improvements continued throughout the next twenty years, adding improved ECCM, a potential home-on-jam feature, and in 1995, a new warhead that made it capable against short-range tactical missiles. "Jane's" reported that the original system's single shot kill probability was 0.56; I-Hawk improved this to 0.85.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Hawk was superseded by the MIM-104 Patriot in US Army service by 1994. The last US user was the US Marine Corps, who used theirs until 2002 when they were replaced with the man-portable short-range FIM-92 Stinger. The missile was also produced outside the US in Western Europe, Japan and Iran. The US never used the Hawk in combat, but it has been employed numerous times by other nations. Approximately 40,000 of the missiles were produced.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Development of the Hawk missile system began in 1952, when the United States Army began studies into a medium-range semi-active radar homing surface-to-air missile. In July 1954 development contracts were awarded to Northrop for the launcher, radars and fire control systems, while Raytheon was awarded the contract for the missile. The first test launch of the missile then designated the XSAM-A-18 happened in June 1956. By July 1957 development was completed, by which time the designation had changed to XM3 and XM3E1. Very early missiles used the Aerojet M22E7 which was not reliable; the problems were resolved with the adoption of the M22E8 engine.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The high complexity of the system, and the quality of tube-based electronics, gave the radars in the early Hawk systems a mean time between failures (MTBF) of only 43 hours. The improved Hawk system increased this to between 130 and 170 hours. Later Hawk versions improved this further to between 300 and 400 hours.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The original Hawk system had problems engaging targets at low altitude—the missile would have problems picking the target out against ground clutter. The US Army began a program to address these issues in 1964 via the Hawk Improvement Program (Hawk/HIP). This involved numerous upgrades to the Hawk system:


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The system entered service during 1972, the first unit reaching operational status by October. All US units were upgraded to I-Hawk standard by 1978.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: In 1973 the US Army started an extensive multi-phase Hawk PIP (Product Improvement Plan), mainly intended to improve and upgrade the numerous items of ground equipment.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The Hawk system consists of a large number of component elements. These elements were typically fitted on wheeled trailers making the system semi-mobile. During the system's 40-year life span, these components were continually upgraded.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The Hawk missile is transported and launched from the M192 towed triple-missile launcher. A self-propelled Hawk launcher, the SP-Hawk, was fielded in 1969, which simply mounted the launcher on a tracked M727 (modified M548), however the project was dropped and all activity terminated in August 1971.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The missile is propelled by a dual thrust motor, with a boost phase and a sustain phase. The MIM-23A missiles were fitted with an M22E8 motor which burns for 25 to 32 seconds. The "MIM-23B" and later missiles are fitted with an M112 motor with a 5-second boost phase and a sustain phase of around 21 seconds. The M112 motor has greater thrust, thus increasing the engagement envelope.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The original MIM-23A missiles used a parabolic reflector, but the antenna directional focus was insufficient, when engaging low flying targets the missile would dive on them, only to lose them in the ground clutter. The MIM-23B I-Hawk missiles and later uses a low side lobe, high-gain plane antenna to reduce sensitivity to ground clutter in addition to an inverted receiver developed in the late 1960s to give the missile enhanced ECCM ability and to increase the Doppler frequency resolution.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The Hawk missile has a slender cylindrical body and four long chord clipped delta-wings, extending from mid-body to the slightly tapered boat-tail. Each wing has a trailing-edge control surface.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The original missile used with the system. The warhead produces approximately 4,000 fragments that move at approximately in an 18 degree arc.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The MIM-23B has a larger blast-fragmentation warhead, a smaller and improved guidance package, and a new M112 rocket motor. The new warhead produces approximately 14,000 fragments that cover a much larger 70 degree arc. The missiles M112 rocket motor has a boost phase of 5 seconds and a sustain phase of 21 seconds. The motors total weight is including of propellant. This new motor improves the engagement envelope to in range at high altitude, and at low altitude, the minimum engagement altitude is . The missile was operational in 1971. All US units had converted to this standard by 1978.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The Hawk and Improved Hawk structure was integrated into one system—AN/TSQ-73 air defense missile control and coordination system, called Missile Minder or Hawk-MM. It consists of the following components: MPQ-50 Pulse Acquisition Radar, MPQ-48 Improved Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar, TSW-8 Battery Control Central, ICC Information Coordination Central, MSW-11 Platoon Command Post, MPQ-46 High Power Illuminator, MPQ-51 Range Only Radar and the M192 Launcher.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Unknown upgrade to the MIM-23C. The C and D missile families remained separate until the missiles' exit from service. It is not clear exactly what the difference between the two missiles - however it seems likely that the D family missiles represent an alternative guidance system, possibly "home on jam" developed in response to Soviet ECM techniques that were used by Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: An upgraded to the MIM-23C/D missiles improved guidance for low level engagements in a high clutter/multi-jamming environment. Introduced in 1990.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Introduced around 1994. Enhanced lethality configuration warhead with 35 gram (540 grain) fragments instead of the I-Hawks 2 gram (30 grain) fragments. MIM-23K Hawk missiles are effective up to 20,000 m altitude and up to 45 km in range. The missile also includes a new fuze to make it effective against ballistic missiles.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The original Hawk system used 4 or in some models 6 radars: to detect (PAR and CWAR), to track (CWAR and HPIR) and to engage (HPIR and ROR) targets. As the system was upgraded the functionality of some of the radars was merged. The final iteration of the system consists of only 2 radars, an enhanced phased array search radar and an engagement radar (HPIR).


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The search radar used with the basic Hawk system, with a radar pulse power of 450 kW and a pulse length of 3 µs, a Pulse Repetition Frequency of 800 and 667 Hz alternately. The radar operates in the 1.25 to 1.35 GHz range. The antenna is a elliptical reflector of open lattice construction, mounted on a small two-wheeled trailer. Rotation rate is 20 rpm, the BCC – Battery Control Central and the CWAR are synchronized by the PAR revolutions and the PAR system trigger.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Introduced with the I-Hawk system, the improved-PAR. The system introduces a digital MTI (Moving Target Indicator) that helps separate targets from ground clutter. It operates in the 500 to 1,000 MHz (C-band) frequency range with radar pulse power of 450 kW.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: A X-Band 3D range-gated doppler radar system used with the Hawk XXI system. It replaces both the CWAR and PAR components of the Hawk system. MPQ-64 "Sentinel" provides coverage out to a range of , rotating at 30 rpm. The system has a mean time between failure of around 600 hours, and can track at least 60 targets at once. It can elevate up to +55 degrees and depress to −10 degrees.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: This X Band Continuous wave system is used to detect targets. The unit comes mounted on its own mobile trailer. The unit acquires targets through 360 degrees of azimuth while providing target radial speed and raw range data.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: MPQ-34 Hawk CW Acquisition radar with a power rating of 200 W and a frequency of 10 GHz (X-Band) Built by Raytheon. Replaced by MPQ-48.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The Improved Hawk version of the CW acquisition radar doubled the output power and improved the detection ranges:


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Hawk Improved Continuous Wave Acquisition Radar or ICWAR. The output power is doubled to 400 W, this increases the detection range to around . The radar operates in the 10–20 GHz (J band). Other features include FM ranging and BITE (Built in test equipment). Frequency modulation is applied to the broadcast on alternate scans of the ICWAR to obtain range information.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Some changes to the signal processing allow the radar to determine the targets' range and speed in a single scan. A digital DSP system is added which allows a lot of the processing work to be done on the radar directly and forwarded directly via a serial digital link to the PCP/BCP.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The early AN/MPQ-46 High Power Illuminator (HPIR) radars had only the two large dish-type antennas side by side, one to transmit and one to receive. The HPIR automatically acquires and tracks designated targets in azimuth, elevation and range. It also serves as an interface unit supplying azimuth and elevation launch angles computed by the Automatic Data Processor (ADP) in the Information Coordination Centre (ICC) to the IBCC or the Improved Platoon Command Post (IPCP) for up to three launchers. The HPIR J-band energy reflected from the target is also received by the Hawk missile. These returns are compared with the missile reference signal being transmitted directly to the missile by the HPIR. Target tracking is continued throughout the missile's flight. After the missile intercepts the target the HPIR Doppler data is used for kill evaluation. The HPIR receives target designations from one or both surveillance radars via the Battery Control Centre (BCC) and automatically searches a given sector for a rapid target lock on. The HPIR incorporates ECCM and BITE.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: This X Band CW System is used to illuminate targets in the Hawk Missile Battery. The unit comes mounted on its own mobile trailer. Unit automatically acquires and tracks designated targets in azimuth elevation and range rate. The system has an output power of around 125 W operating in the 10–10.25 GHz band. MPQ-39 was an upgraded version of the CWIR, Continuous Wave Illumination Radar, MPQ-33.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The radar operates in the 10–20 GHz (J band) region. Many of the electron tube components in earlier radars are replaced with solid-state technology.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The majority of the remaining tube electronics are upgraded to solid state. Also, an electro-optical tracking system, the daytime only OD-179/TVY TAS (Tracking Adjunct System) is added for operation in a high ECM environment. The TAS was developed from the US Air Forces TISEO (Target Identification System, Electro-Optical) by Northrop. It consists of a video camera with a ×10 zoom lens. The I-TAS which was field tested in 1992 added an Infra Red capability for night operation as well as automatic target detection and tracking.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Upgraded with the addition of the LASHE (Low-Altitude Simultaneous Hawk Engagement) system, which allows the Hawk to engage multiple low level targets by employing a fan beam antenna to provide a wide-angle, low-altitude illumination pattern to allow multiple engagements against saturation raids. This antenna is rectangular. This allows up to 12 targets to be engaged at once. There is also TV/IR optic system for passive missile guidance.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Pulse radar that automatically comes into operation if the HPIR radar cannot determine the range, typically because of jamming. The ROR is difficult to jam because it operates only briefly during the engagement, and only in the presence of jamming.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: A Ku Band (Freq: 15.5–17.5 GHz) pulse radar, the power output was 120 kW. Pulse length 0.6 µs at a pulse repetition frequency of 1600 Hz. Antenna: dish.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: FDC (Hawk Phase III and Hawk XXI) – Fire Distribution Center. C4I unit, enabling modern command, control, communications and Force Operation. Color displays with 3D map overlays enhance the situation awareness. Introduces the real-time exchange of air picture and commands between the Hawk units. Make-ready capability for SL-AMRAAM and SHORAD/vSHORAD systems.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: The Israelis have upgraded the Phase 2 standard with the addition of a Super Eye electro-optical TV system for detection of aircraft at 30 to 40 km and identification at 17 to 25 km. They have also modified their system for engagements at altitudes up to 24,000 m.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: A composite system firing AIM-7 Sparrow missiles from a modified 8 round launcher. The system was demonstrated at the China Lake weapons test site in 1985. There are currently no users of the system.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: At "Safe Air 95" AMRAAM missiles were demonstrated being fired from a modified M192 missile launcher. The normal battery radar is used for the engagement, with the missile's own radar used for terminal homing. Raytheon and Kongsberg are offering this system as an upgrade to the existing Hawk system. This proposal is aimed particularly at Hawk operating countries that also have AIM-120 AMRAAM in their inventory. Norway is currently operating this type of system as NASAMS.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: As part of what became known as the Iran–Contra affair, Hawk missiles were some of the weaponry sold to Iran, in violation of an arms embargo, to fund the Contras.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Norway has developed its own Hawk upgrade scheme known as the Norwegian Adapted Hawk (NOAH) which involves the lease of I-Hawk launchers, HPI radars and missile loaders from the United States and their integration with Kongsberg 'Acquisition Radar and Control System' (ARCS) battle management stations and Hughes (now Raytheon) AN/TPQ-36A airspace surveillance radars. The NOAH system became operational in 1988. It was replaced by NASAMS in the period 1995–98, which retains ARCS but replaces the Hawk missiles with AIM-120 AMRAAM launchers.


title: MIM-23 Hawk

text: Future developments were expected to include the introduction of an Agile CW Acquisition Radar (ACWAR), an evolution of the Hawk CW radar technology. It would perform full 3-D target acquisition over a 360° azimuth sector and large elevation angles. The ACWAR programme was initiated to meet increasingly severe tactical air defence requirements and the equipment is being designed for operation of Hawk in the late 1990s and beyond. However, the ACWAR programme was terminated in 1993.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Rory Calhoun (born Francis Timothy McCown, August 8, 1922April 28, 1999) was an American film and television actor. He starred in numerous Westerns in the 1950s and 1960s, and appeared in supporting roles in films such as "How to Marry a Millionaire" (1953).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Francis Timothy McCown was born in Los Angeles, California, the son of Elizabeth Cuthbert and Floyd Conley McCown, a professional gambler. He spent his early years in Santa Cruz, California. He was of Irish ancestry. At age 13, he stole a revolver, for which he was sent to the California Youth Authority's Preston School of Industry reformatory at Ione, California. He escaped while in the adjustment center (jail within the jail).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: After robbing several jewelry stores, he stole a car and drove it across state lines. This made it a federal offense, and, when he was recaptured, he was sentenced to three years in prison. He served his sentence at the United States Medical Center for Federal Prisoners in Springfield, Missouri. He remained there until he was paroled shortly before his 21st birthday.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun worked at a number of odd jobs, including as a mechanic, a logger in California's redwoods, a hard-rock miner in Nevada, a cowboy in Arizona, a fisherman, a truck driver, a crane operator, and a forest firefighter.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: In January 1944, he met actor Alan Ladd while riding horseback in the Hollywood Hills. Impressed with Calhoun's physique, Ladd introduced him to his wife Sue Carol, who was a talent agent. She arranged for him to have a screen test at 20th Century Fox, and he was cast in uncredited roles for "Something for the Boys" (1944), and "Sunday Dinner for a Soldier" (1944). He had a one-line role in a Laurel and Hardy comedy, "The Bullfighters" (1945), credited under the name Frank McCown.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: He also appeared in "Where Do We Go from Here?" (1945), "The Great John L." (1945) (as Gentleman Jim Corbett), and "Nob Hill" (1945).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: "I liked the money it brought in", said Calhoun. "And I felt it would be nice to go back to forestry with a neat bank roll when these fellows found me out. I never had any feeling I'd make good."


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Shortly afterwards, the Ladds hosted a party attended by David O. Selznick employee Henry Willson, an agent who was known for representing young actors. Willson signed McCown to a contract with Selznick's company Vanguard and his name was soon changed to Rory Calhoun. According to Calhoun, Selznick told him his first name should be "Rory... because you're a Leo, Leos are lions and lions roar." Selznick suggested either Donahue, Calhoun or Callahan as a surname, and he picked Calhoun. (In another account of the story, Selznick named him "Rory" because he helped put out roaring fire blazes when a firefighter and "Calhoun" because it sounded Irish.)


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun was under contract with Selznick's company Vanguard, being used to do screen tests and make public appearances. His first public appearance in the film capital was as Lana Turner's escort to the premiere of Alfred Hitchcock's "Spellbound" (1945), a Selznick production. The glamorous blonde and her handsome companion attracted the paparazzi, and photos appeared in newspapers and fan magazines.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun did not appear in a film for a year before being loaned out to producer Sol Lesser for "The Red House" (1947) with Edward G. Robinson. He was then loaned to Paramount to play the lead in "Adventure Island" (1947) with fellow Selznick contractee Rhonda Fleming.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun was announced for a film called "Jet Pilot" with Fleming, Guy Madison and other Selznick contract players but it was not made. Instead, he was third lead in "That Hagen Girl" (1947) with Ronald Reagan and Shirley Temple.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Sam Newfield, who used Calhoun in "Adventure Island", cast him again in "Miraculous Journey" (1948). For Monogram he and Guy Madison were in "Massacre River" (1949). At Fox, Calhoun played a second lead in "Sand" (1949)


title: Rory Calhoun

text: In February 1949 Selznick did a deal with Warners lending them seven of his stars, including Calhoun—they took over half his pictures for the rest of his contract with Selznick. He played the villain in "Return of the Frontiersman" (1950) and was hero of Monogram's "County Fair" (1950).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: In August 1950, Calhoun signed a seven-year contract with 20th Century Fox. He had made no films for Selznick. "I didn't worry about it because it was like a long vacation with pay", he said later.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: During Calhoun's contract with 20th Century Fox, he was in "A Ticket to Tomahawk" (1950) and was second male lead in "I'd Climb the Highest Mountain" (1951) with Susan Hayward, and "Meet Me After the Show" (1951) with Betty Grable.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: He was promoted to co-star for "With a Song in My Heart" (1952) with Hayward and "Way of a Gaucho" (1952) with Gene Tierney, directed by Jacques Tourneur.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun was promoted to star in the Westerns "The Silver Whip" (1953) with Dale Robertson and Robert Wagner, and "Powder River" (1953) with Corinne Calvet. He was in "How to Marry a Millionaire" (1953) as the love interest of Betty Grable, then was back to second male leads in "River of No Return" (1954) as the boyfriend of Marilyn Monroe who loses her to Robert Mitchum. Both films were big hits. Calhoun then left Fox.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun starred in a Western, "The Yellow Tomahawk" (1954). He went to Columbia for "A Bullet Is Waiting" (1954)


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun went to Universal for whom he made a Western, "Four Guns to the Border" (1954). He stayed there to star in the musical "Ain't Misbehavin'" (1955).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: In 1955, Calhoun and Julie Adams co-starred in the film "The Looters", the story of a plane crash in the Rocky Mountains. Part of the picture was filmed about Tarryall Creek in Park County, Colorado in central Colorado. The advertising poster reads: "Five desperate men ... and a girl who didn't care ... trapped on a mountain of gale-lashed rock!"


title: Rory Calhoun

text: He then co-starred with Jeff Chandler in "The Spoilers" (1955). While filming "The Spoilers", Calhoun's conviction history became public when his mugshot appeared on the May 1955 cover of "Confidential" magazine. When the news came out he received an offer to play "The Champion" on "Climax!" and RKO asked him to be in "The Treasure of Pancho Villa" (1955). Ultimately the disclosure had no negative effect on Calhoun's career and only served to solidify his "bad boy" image.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: He wrote the story for the film "Shotgun" (1955) made by Allied Artists and tried to star in it, but Universal would not loan him.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: In late 1956, he arranged to pull out of his contract with Universal and said his fee was $75,000 per film.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: He helped produce and starred in "Flight to Hong Kong" (1956), "The Hired Gun" (1957), "Domino Kid" (1957) and "Apache Territory" (1958).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: He made "Utah Blaine" (1957) for Sam Katzman and "The Big Caper" (1957) for Pine-Thomas. For Kirk Douglas' company he appeared in "Ride Out for Revenge" (1958) and he returned to Universal for "The Saga of Hemp Brown" (1958).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: In 1958, on the recommendation of studio boss Desi Arnaz, Calhoun co-produced and starred in the television series "The Texan", which aired on Monday evenings until 1960. He said in a 1959 article that the only two good films he made were "With a Song in My Heart" and "How to Marry a Millionaire", the rest being "terrible".


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun produced and wrote screenplays throughout his career. "The Texan" could have filmed a third year, but Calhoun wanted to concentrate on films. On March 26, 1959, he appeared as himself in the episode "Rory Calhoun, The Texan" on the sitcom "December Bride", starring Spring Byington.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: After "The Texan" ended, Calhoun starred in "Thunder in Carolina" (1960). He appeared on TV shows such as "Gunsmoke", "Death Valley Days" and "Bonanza".


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun went to Spain for "The Colossus of Rhodes" (1961) directed by Sergio Leone. (He was robbed during filming.) He did "The Treasure of Monte Cristo" (1961) in Britain, then did "Marco Polo" (1962) in Italy.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: He returned to the U.S. to make several films for producer A.C. Lyles, such as "The Young and The Brave" (1963), "Young Fury" (1965) and "Apache Uprising" (1965) as well as other films such as "Face in the Rain" (1963).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun was considered for the lead of James West in the 1965–1969 CBS series "The Wild Wild West", but the producers were not impressed with his screen test and instead chose Robert Conrad.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun continued to appear in both television and film throughout the 1970s and 1980s, including "Thunder in Carolina", "Rawhide", "Gilligan's Island", "Hawaii Five-O", "Alias Smith and Jones" and "Starsky and Hutch".


title: Rory Calhoun

text: In 1982, Calhoun had a regular role on the soap opera "Capitol", having been persuaded to accept the role by his family after his regret over turning down a part on CBS's "Dallas". He stayed with the series until 1987.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun became known to a new generation for several roles in cult films such as "Night of the Lepus" (1972), "Motel Hell" (1980), "Angel" (1984) and its sequel "Avenging Angel" (1985), as well as "Hell Comes to Frogtown" (1987).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: His final role was that of grizzled family patriarch and rancher Ernest Tucker in the film "Pure Country" (1992).


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun was married three times; once to his first wife, and twice to his second wife. He had three daughters with first wife Lita Baron (m. 1948–1970). When Baron sued Calhoun for divorce, she named Betty Grable as one of 79 women with whom he had adulterous relationships. Calhoun replied to her charge: "Heck, she didn't even include half of them". Calhoun had one daughter with actress Vitina Marcus, and one daughter with second wife (m. 1971–1979; 1982–1999, his death), journalist Sue Rhodes.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: Calhoun died on April 28, 1999, at Providence Saint Joseph Medical Center in Burbank, California, of emphysema and diabetes. He was aged 76.


title: Rory Calhoun

text: For his contributions to the film and television industries, Calhoun was inducted into the Hollywood Walk of Fame with two stars in 1960. His motion pictures star is located at 7007 Hollywood Boulevard, and his television star is at 1752 Vine Street.


title: Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 5)

text: The fifth and final season of "Dynasty", an American television series based on the 1980s prime time soap opera of the same name, premiered in the United States on The CW on December 20, 2021. The series was renewed for a fifth season on February 3, 2021. It was announced in May 2022 that the fifth season of "Dynasty" would be its last.


title: Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 5)

text: Season five stars Elizabeth Gillies as Fallon Carrington, Grant Show as her father Blake Carrington, Daniella Alonso as Blake's new wife Cristal, Sam Underwood as Blake's eldest son Adam Carrington, and Eliza Bennett as his youngest daughter Amanda Carrington, with Robert Christopher Riley as former chauffeur Michael Culhane; Sam Adegoke as tech billionaire Jeff Colby; Rafael de la Fuente as Sam Jones, the ex-husband to Fallon's half-brother Steven; Adam Huber as Fallon's husband Liam Ridley; Maddison Brown as Kirby Anders, the daughter of former Carrington majordomo Joseph Anders; Michael Michele as Dominique Deveraux, Blake's half-sister and the mother of Jeff and Monica Colby (Wakeema Hollis); and Elaine Hendrix as Alexis Carrington Colby, Blake's and Jeff's ex-wife and the mother of Adam, Steven, Fallon and Amanda. Notable recurring characters featured in season five include Geovanni Gopradi as Roberto "Beto" Flores, Cristal's brother; Rogelio T. Ramos as Daniel Ruiz, Sam's biological father; Pej Vahdat as Dex Dexter, a suave hedge fund manager who romances Alexis; and Brett Tucker as Ben Carrington, Blake's estranged brother. Alonso also plays the dual recurring role of Rita, a Cristal lookalike employed by Beto.


title: Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 5)

text: Ahead of the season four premiere on The CW, "Dynasty" was renewed for a fifth season on February 3, 2021. The CW President and CEO Mark Pedowitz stated in a press release, "Though we’re just a few weeks into the new season, we wanted to get a strategic head start on next season with these early renewals, which allows our production teams to start laying out story arcs and hiring staff, and at the same time, continues to provide us with a strong, stable schedule to build on for next season."


title: Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 5)

text: Season five will consist of 22 episodes. It was announced in May 2022 that the fifth season of "Dynasty" would be its last.


title: Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 5)

text: In August 2021, Eliza Bennett was cast as Amanda Carrington in a recurring role for season four, to become a series regular in season five. In January 2022, it was reported that Pej Vahdat had been cast as Dex Dexter for season five. In April 2022, "Variety" reported that Grant Show's former "Melrose Place" castmate Daphne Zuniga would appear on "Dynasty" as Sonya Jackson, a college friend of Blake's, debuting in the episode "A Friendly Kiss Between Friends". In May 2022, "TVLine" reported that Charisma Carpenter would guest star in the seventeenth episode as Fallon's former nanny, Heather.


title: Dynasty (2017 TV series, season 5)

text: The fifth season premiered with two episodes on Monday, December 20, 2021, and then returned to Fridays on March 11, 2022.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: A recreational vehicle, often abbreviated as RV, is a motor vehicle or trailer that includes living quarters designed for accommodation. Types of RVs include motorhomes, campervans, coaches, caravans (also known as travel trailers and camper trailers), fifth-wheel trailers, popup campers, and truck campers.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Typical amenities of an RV include a kitchen, a bathroom, and one or more sleeping facilities. RVs can range from utilitarian – containing only sleeping quarters and basic cooking facilities – to luxurious, with features like air conditioning (AC), water heaters, televisions and satellite receivers, and quartz countertops, for example.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: RVs can either be trailers (which are towed behind motor vehicles) or self-propelled vehicles. Most RVs are single-deck; however, double-deck RVs also exist. To allow a more compact size while in transit, larger RVs often have expandable sides (called slide-outs) or canopies that are deployed when stationary.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: The first recreational vehicles were horse-drawn. They evolved during the second half of the nineteenth century as adaptations of vehicles used for other purposes, including public transport caravans (UK, also known as stage wagons), gypsy vardos (Europe), living vans (UK), ambulance wagons (US) and sheep herders wagons (US).


title: Recreational vehicle

text: The first, currently-known, purpose-built RV was the horse-drawn "Wanderer" (UK), commissioned from the Bristol Wagon Works Company by Dr. Gordon Stables in 1884. Stables was a pioneer of the UK's "Gentlemen Gypsy" movement (1885–1914) which promoted the restorative benefits of horse-drawn leisure caravanning and inspired the formation of the world's first RV club, The Caravan Club (UK), in 1907. "The Wanderer" was closely followed by the McMaster Camping Car (US,1889).Camping-vehicle In the 1890s, US RV pioneers self-built timber 'houses on wheels' for health, leisure and hunting purposes. The most widely reported of these were those of Morgan Lasley and his family. Horse-drawn RV use declined after the First World War as many horses were killed during the war and automobiles became cheaper, more powerful and more widely available.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: The first powered RVs were steam-drawn trailers from France including the "Grande Diligence" of Prince Oldenburg (1896) and the De Dion Bouton trailer of Monsieur Rénodier (1898). The first steam-driven motorhome was the "Quo Vadis" (France,1900) and the first gasoline-driven motorhome was the "Passe Partout" (France, 1902). The first recorded powered motorhomes in America were the 'camp cars' of Roy Faye and Freeman Young of 1904–06 (a 1904 Rambler, 1905 Thomas Flyer and 1906 Matheson). Lightweight tent trailers were especially popular in the US from 1911, thanks to improved roads, new national parks and the affordability of tow vehicles such as the Ford Model T. At the other end of the price scale, luxury touring limousines, developed in France by De Dietrich in 1904, were built in small numbers in the US by Welch (1909) and Pierce Arrow (1910). The first US RV club, the Tin Can Tourists, was formed in 1919. The first known, recreational fifth wheeler was the Auto Salon Deluxe built in Belgium for Baron Crawhez by Auto-Mixte Pescatore in 1913.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: In the early twentieth century RV builders in the UK (Navarac, Piggott Bros, Eccles, Bertram Hutchings), the US (Detroit Trailer Company, Welch, Graham Brothers, Pierce-Arrow) and France (De Dietrich, Cadel) experimented with a wide range of RV types including caravans and trailers, motorhomes, touring limousines, tent trailers and fifth wheelers. Early motorhomes ('house cars' in the US) were usually converted goods trucks and were heavy, noisy, inflexible and expensive, restricting their use to the wealthy or self-builders. The 'one box' RV was not seen in large numbers until the small, lightweight Volkswagen Kombi of 1950. During the 1920s and 1930s, caravans (travel trailers) became the dominant form of RV in the UK due to their low cost, weather-resistance and flexibility. There was likewise a travel trailer boom in the US in the 1930s as automobile production-line manufacturing techniques were used in travel trailer manufacturing to meet growing demand from recreational users and those seeking low-cost housing during The Great Depression. Self-built trailers were highly popular in the US during the 1930s and travel trailers featured in a number of Hollywood movies including Mickey's Trailer (1938).


title: Recreational vehicle

text: The 1920s and 1930s, saw some influential, maverick builders construct innovative RVs in small numbers. These included Bertram Hutchings (UK, 1930–39, streamlined caravans), Charles Louvet (France, 1924–34, aircraft-inspired, coach-built motorhomes and trailers), Noel Pemberton Billing (UK, 1927, "Road Yacht" motorhome), Glenn Curtiss (US, 1918–30, Adams Motorbungalo, Curtiss Aerocar, Aero Coupler hitch) and William Hawley Bowlus (US, 1934, aluminum monocoque trailers). Wally Byam's Airstream (US, 1931 onwards) was a successful trailer builder of the period and is the only survivor of over 400 pre-WW2 US RV manufacturers.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Prior to WW2 a number of other countries developed their own small-scale RV manufacturing industries including Germany, Australia, New Zealand and the Netherlands. Germany had a particular focus on small, lightweight caravans towable by low-cost automobiles whilst Australia developed 'pop-top' caravans with good ventilation, ample water storage and high ground clearance. During WW2 RV production was halted in most countries except when required as accommodation for military personnel or essential workers.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Between 1945 and 1960, RVs flourished in many western countries as disposable income and leisure time grew. Dedicated RV parks were established to cater to the needs of both short and long-term RV users. Improvements in RV technology including batteries, fridges, gas cookers, toilets and lightweight construction techniques dramatically improved RV comfort levels. More powerful gasoline and diesel engines allowed RVs to increase in size, weight and speed. Regulations were introduced in many countries to control how RVs were manufactured and used.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Taking an RV on vacation is today one of the most popular leisure activities in Europe, the US and Australasia and increasing in popularity in countries where space and facilities permit.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: In the United States, about 85 percent of recreational vehicles sold are manufactured in Indiana, and roughly two-thirds of that production in Elkhart County, which calls itself "the RV Capital of the World", population 206,000. The industry has US$32.4 billion annual economic impact in Indiana, pays US$3.1 billion in taxes to the state and supports 126,140 jobs and US$7.8 billion in wages, according to the RV Industry Association.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: The recreational vehicle industry around Elkhart is part of a large network of related transport equipment companies, including utility trailer makers and specialty bus manufacturers, who source from the same supply chains. The industry has taken hits from US tariffs on steel and aluminum and other duties on RV parts made in China, from plumbing fixtures to electronic components to vinyl seat covers. Tariff-related price hikes forced manufacturers to pass on some of the increased costs through higher RV prices, which in turn has contributed to slower sales. Shipments of RVs to dealers fell 22% percent in the first five months of 2019, compared to the same period a year earlier, after dropping 4% in 2018.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Some trailer companies are using innovative materials in new ways to make trailers lighter, more durable and more cost efficient. Cortes Campers LLC has filed for multiple new patents and have improved manufacturing techniques to address issues such as frequent repairs, supply chain issues, mold, mildew and catastrophic failures of key components of travel trailers. The new double hulled completely redesigned travel trailer is made of fiberglass and built much in the way airplanes and boats are built


title: Recreational vehicle

text: RVs are most commonly used for living quarters while traveling. People may choose to take a road trip in their RV and use the RV to sleep in, rather than a hotel room. They may even decide to tow their car from the back of the RV so they can use that to travel around more easily when they reach their destination.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Although the most common usage of an RV is as temporary accommodation when traveling, some people use an RV as their main residence. In the United States and Canada, traveling south each winter to a warmer climate is referred to as snowbirding. In Australia, the slang term for a retired person who travels in a recreational vehicle is a "grey nomad".


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Living in an RV has become increasingly popular. In fact, one million Americans live in RVs. While it is legal in all of the United States to live in an RV, there are laws regarding where and for how long RVs can be parked.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: As of 2016, the average age of RV owners in the United States was 45, a three-year decrease since 2015. Per 2020 research reports, more millennials are interested in buying RVs due to their increased demand for camping and outdoor recreational activities, especially in the US.


title: Recreational vehicle

text: Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, sales of RVs in the United States have increased, and as of March 2021, 11.3 million households own an RV, which is a 26 percent increase over the past ten years. In the month of October 2021, 58,000 RVs were manufactured in North America, the most ever in a single month.


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry Lau (; ; born October 11, 1989), often mononymously referred to as Henry, is a Canadian singer, songwriter, musician, record producer, and actor based in South Korea and China. He debuted in 2008 as a member of Super Junior-M and launched his solo career in 2013 with "Trap". His original soundtrack "It's You" released in 2017 became the most streamed Korean OST on Spotify for two consecutive years in 2018 and 2019. In 2018, Henry left SM Entertainment following the expiration of his contract, and subsequently joined Monster Entertainment Group.


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry made his Hollywood debut in 2019 with the film "A Dog's Journey" produced by Amblin Entertainment. In 2020, he starred in the action-fantasy movie "Double World". The film was released on Netflix and the Chinese streaming service iQIYI, becoming the first movie produced in Mainland China to have a simultaneous global release.


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry is also known for his television work in the programs "Real Man" and "I Live Alone", for which he received the Best Newcomer Award (2014) and Excellence Male Award (2017) respectively at the MBC Entertainment Awards.


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry Lau was born on October 11, 1989, in Toronto, Ontario. His father is from Hong Kong with Teochew ancestry and his mother is from Pingtung, Taiwan. He was raised in the neighbourhood of Willowdale located in the district of North York. His father works in real estate while his mother was a stay-at-home mom. He has a younger sister, Whitney (born in 1993), and an older brother, Clinton (born in 1988), who also serves as the CEO of his current label, Monster Entertainment Group. He attended Zion Heights Junior High School, then North Toronto Collegiate Institute for grade 9 and A.Y. Jackson Secondary School for the rest of his high school years. In his last year of high school, Henry was chosen at the 2006 SM Entertainment Global Audition in Toronto; he was one of two out of three thousand applicants who were recruited. He was accepted by the University of Toronto for both music education and violin performance programs, but chose not to attend after accepting SM's offer.


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry started learning how to play the piano from his mother at the age of four, and began taking violin lessons at the age of five. His teacher was Arkady Yanivker, a soloist and former violinist of the Toronto Symphony Orchestra. He later learned to play the electric violin in 2005. He received the Canadian Royal Conservatory of Music (RCM) Regional Gold Medal for Level 10 in violin, and has also achieved Level 10 in piano. In high school, he learned a hip hop dance style called boogaloo popping. He was heads of both the after-school violin club and popping club, where he came up with the idea of simultaneously doing both after the two clubs had conflicting meeting times.


title: Henry Lau

text: He never expected to become a singer and did not know anything about K-pop before his friends suggested him to audition for SM. For his audition, Henry performed a Vivaldi piece on the violin while incorporating popping during the piece's fast passages, as well as a cappella singing; he received an offer from the company the following week. At the time, he applied for colleges for classical music, but ultimately decided to go "down the K-pop road", as he explains, "I'll be dancing and singing, but that doesn't mean I won't be able to play the violin anymore or piano. I decided that I had to go down this road because that was the only way I could do pretty much everything." He initially declined the offer because his father wanted him to go to university. After his mother was impressed during a visit to the company in South Korea, she convinced his father for him to accept the offer.


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry is able to speak four languages. Aside from speaking native English, he is fluent in Mandarin and Korean and can speak conversational Cantonese.


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry appeared as a violinist in South Korean group Super Junior's music video for "Don't Don" in September 2007. The song features a violin part, which is performed by Henry. In October 2007, SM Entertainment announced that he would debut as a member of a Super Junior China sub-group, Super Junior-M, the following year. The announcement caused controversy among Super Junior fans due to rumours that SM wanted to add Henry as the fourteenth member of Super Junior, which led fans to form an "Only 13" campaign. Henry described the situation as "if Backstreet Boys wanted a new Boy," and the backlash led to him "being on the sidelines for years." Super Junior-M debuted by releasing a promotional single "U", a Mandarin remake of Super Junior's 2006 best-selling Korean single on April 8, 2008. They also debuted in China on the same day at the 8th Annual Music Chart Awards. Their debut album, "Me" was released on April 23, 2008"." Together with the Super Junior-M members, Henry made a cameo appearance in the CCTV2 drama "Stage of Youth" in 2009.


title: Henry Lau

text: A year and a half after debut, Super Junior-M made their sophomore release with the mini-album, "Super Girl", on September 23, 2009. The mini-album won many awards and even earned the group a nomination for 'Best Vocal Group' at the 21st Golden Melody Awards, the Chinese equivalent of the Grammy Awards. He featured on the track "Love Me" () from label-mate Zhang Liyin's first single album, "Moving On", which was released on October 29, 2009. He performed on Super Junior's second Asian tour, "Super Show 2", as part of Super Junior-M, and also performed a self-composed English solo song, "Sick of Love", which remains unreleased.


title: Henry Lau

text: In 2010, he took a brief hiatus to study music composition at Berklee College of Music in Boston, Massachusetts, where he learned to sing and produce music. At Berklee, he became friends with fellow student Gen Neo, and convinced him to go to Korea to work with him.


title: Henry Lau

text: He composed a song with Super Junior's leader Leeteuk called "All My Heart" (; Revised Romanization: "Jinsim") for Super Junior's fourth repackaged album, "Bonamana", released on June 28, 2010. He was featured on Jonghyun and Jinho's duet titled "Don't Lie" from SM the Ballad's first album "Miss You", released on November 29, 2010. Henry joined Super Junior on the "Super Show 3 Tour".


title: Henry Lau

text: Henry's solo song "Off My Mind" () was included in Super Junior-M's second EP "Perfection" which was released on February 25, 2011. The lyrics to the song were written with Geo Neo while studying at Berklee. He worked with Leeteuk again on a song called "Andante" (; Revised Romanization: "Andante") for Super Junior's fifth repackaged album, "A-CHa", released on September 19, 2011. He toured with Super Junior as a member of Super Junior-M for their fourth tour, "Super Show 4". Together with fellow Super Junior-M member Zhou Mi, he performed "Santa U Are the One" on SM Town's eighth winter album, "", released on December 13, 2011.