title: OODA loop

text: When the enemy aircraft comes into radar contact, more direct information about the speed, size, and maneuverability of the enemy plane becomes available; unfolding circumstances take priority over radio chatter. A first decision is made based on the available information so far: The pilot decides to "get into the sun" above his opponent, and acts by applying control inputs to climb. Back to observation—is the attacker reacting to the change of altitude? Then comes orient: Is the enemy reacting characteristically, or perhaps acting like a noncombatant? Is his plane exhibiting better-than-expected performance?


title: OODA loop

text: As the dogfight begins, little time is devoted to orienting unless some new information pertaining to the actual identity or intent of the attacker comes into play. Information cascades in real time, and the pilot does not have time to process it consciously; the pilot reacts as he is trained to, and conscious thought is directed to supervising the flow of action and reaction, continuously repeating the OODA cycle. Simultaneously, the opponent is going through the same cycle.


title: OODA loop

text: One of John Boyd's primary insights in fighter combat was that it is vital to change speed and direction faster than the opponent. This may interfere with an opponent's OODA cycle. It is not necessarily a function of the plane's ability to maneuver, but the pilot must think and act faster than the opponent can think and act. Getting "inside" the cycle, short-circuiting the opponent's thinking processes, produces opportunities for the opponent to react inappropriately.


title: OODA loop

text: Another tactical-level example can be found on the basketball court, where a player takes possession of the ball and must get past an opponent who is taller or faster. A straight dribble or pass is unlikely to succeed. Instead, the player may engage in a rapid and elaborate series of body movements designed to befuddle the opponent and deny him the ability to take advantage of his superior size or speed. At a basic level of play, this may be merely a series of fakes, with the hope that the opponent will make a mistake or an opening will occur, but practice and mental focus may allow one to accelerate tempo, get inside the opponent's OODA loop, and take control of the situation, causing the opponent to move in a particular way and generating an advantage rather than merely reacting to an accident. Taking control of the situation is key. It is not enough to speed through OODA faster, which results in failing.


title: OODA loop

text: The same cycle operates over a longer timescale in a competitive business landscape, and the same logic applies. Decision makers gather information (observe), form hypotheses about customer activity and the intentions of competitors (orient), make decisions, and act on them. The cycle is repeated continuously. The aggressive and conscious application of the process gives a business advantage over a competitor who is merely reacting to conditions as they occur or has poor awareness of the situation. Especially in business, in which teams of people are working the OODA Loop, it often gets stuck at the "D" (see Ullman) and no action is taken allowing the competition to gain the upper hand or resources to be wasted.


title: OODA loop

text: The approach favors agility over raw power in dealing with human opponents in any endeavor. Boyd put the ethos into practice with his work for the United States Air Force. He was an advocate of maneuverable fighter aircraft, in contrast to the heavy, powerful jet fighters (such as the McDonnell Douglas F-4 Phantom II) that were prevalent in the 1960s. Boyd inspired the Lightweight Fighter program (LWF) that produced the successful General Dynamics F-16 Fighting Falcon and McDonnell Douglas F/A-18 Hornet, which are still in use by the United States and several other military powers into the 21st century.


title: OODA loop

text: Boyd went on to advise on strategy for the first Gulf War and it has been suggested that politicians have followed his principles in future conflicts.


title: Julia Davis

text: Julia Charlotte L. Davis (born 25 August 1966) is an English actress, comedian, director and writer. She is known for writing and starring in the BBC Three comedy "Nighty Night" (2004–2005) and the comedies "Hunderby" (2012–2015) and "Camping" (2016), which she also directed. Davis has been noted by critics for creating boundary-pushing black comedy that centres female anti-hero characters.


title: Julia Davis

text: A nine-time BAFTA TV Award nominee, she won Best Comedy Writing for "Hunderby" in 2013 and the 2018 British Academy Television Award for Best Scripted Comedy for "Sally4Ever". She has also received two RTS Awards and three British Comedy Awards. In addition to acting in her own works, she has appeared in a variety of other British television comedies, most notably portraying Dawn Sutcliffe in "Gavin & Stacey" (2007–2009, 2019). Her film roles include "Love Actually" (2003), "Cemetery Junction" (2010), "Four Lions" (2010) and the critically acclaimed "Phantom Thread" (2017).


title: Julia Davis

text: to a secretary mother and a civil servant father, and grew up in Guildford, Surrey before moving at the age of 14 to Bath, Somerset. She was raised in the Church of England. After studying for a degree in English and Drama at the College of Ripon and York St John, she returned to Bath working "dead-end jobs", starting a comedy double-act "The Sisters of Percy" with her friend Jane Roth at a local theatre group. It grew into an improv troupe with Welsh radio DJ Rob Brydon and Ruth Jones.


title: Julia Davis

text: Davis secured her first comedy commission, "Five Squeezy Pieces", from BBC Radio 4 in 1998. The series was an all-female sketch comedy show, with Meera Syal, Arabella Weir,


title: Julia Davis

text: During their radio sketch series, "Five Squeezy Pieces", Arabella Weir introduced Davis to Arthur Mathews and Graham Linehan who cast her as a regular cast member in the television sketch show "Big Train" (1998). Her career gained a further boost in 1998 after she sent a tape of various characters to Steve Coogan, who invited her to write for and participate in his shows during his 1998 national tour. Chris Morris, director of the "Big Train" pilot, cast her for his 1997–1999 radio series "Blue Jam", its successor March–April 2000 TV show "Jam", and "Brass Eye". Davis went on to appear in many comedy television shows including "I'm Alan Partridge", "I Am Not an Animal", "Dr. Terrible's House of Horrible", "Ideal" and "Nathan Barley".


title: Julia Davis

text: In November 2000, "Human Remains", a dark comedy television series, co-written by and co-starring Rob Brydon and Davis, debuted on BBC Two. In the six-part series, Brydon and Davis played six different couples talking to camera about their unusual relationships. The last episode of "The Office" features Davis, who is heard on the phone as the voice of a woman from a dating agency in conversation with David Brent. Davis also appeared in 2003 film and "Love Actually".


title: Julia Davis

text: In 2004 and 2005, Davis wrote and starred in two series of the BBC Three dark comedy "Nighty Night". The show is centred on her character of peroxide "blonde" sociopathic beauty therapist Jill Tyrell.


title: Julia Davis

text: From 2007 to 2009, she played Dawn Sutcliffe in "Gavin & Stacey", a role which she reprised in 2019 for a Christmas special. In 2008, she appeared on "Little Britain Abroad" as a sexy Russian mail-order bride called Ivanka.


title: Julia Davis

text: In 2009 Davis appeared, in the guise of Steve Coogan's personal assistant Debbie Bidwoden, in the TV film "Steve Coogan – The Inside Story".


title: Julia Davis

text: In 2010, she co-wrote and co-starred in "Lizzie and Sarah" with Jessica Hynes. The pilot aired on 20 March 2010 on BBC Two. It was made by Baby Cow Productions, and was considered even darker than Davis's previous work; when the BBC did not commission the remaining episodes of the series, there were online protests.


title: Julia Davis

text: Davis has also starred in productions such as the BBC's "For the Love of God", "The Alan Clark Diaries", "Fear of Fanny", in which she played the original celebrity chef Fanny Cradock, and "Persuasion", an adaptation of the Jane Austen novel. In December 2011, Davis appeared in "Fifteen Million Merits", an episode of the anthology series "Black Mirror", as Judge Charity on the fictional talent show "Hot Shot".


title: Julia Davis

text: On 22 December 2011, she appeared as Anne Yeaman in the Christmas special and finale of the BBC Three comedy "How Not to Live Your Life". Davis appeared in the pilot episode of "Bad Sugar", shown on Channel 4 on 26 August 2012. A full series was set to air in 2013, but was cancelled due to availability of the cast and writers. In 2013 Davis played various characters in BBC sketch show "It's Kevin" and in "Psychobitches" on Sky Arts. She appeared in an episode of "Inside No. 9" as a stage manager. Davis created, wrote and starred in "Hunderby", which aired for two series on Sky Atlantic in 2012 and 2015. For "Hunderby", Davis won the BAFTA TV Craft Award for Writing – Comedy. At the 2013 BAFTA TV Awards, "Hunderby" was nominated for Best Scripted Comedy and Davis was nominated for Best Female Performance in a Comedy Programme. At the 2012 British Comedy Awards, "Hunderby" won the awards for Best New Comedy and Best Sitcom.


title: Julia Davis

text: In 2014, she cowrote and starred in a pilot for Channel 4 called "Morning Has Broken", about a struggling daytime TV host. A full series of "Morning Has Broken" was commissioned but ultimately did not happen. She starred as an eccentric mother in the comedy short film "The Bird".


title: Julia Davis

text: In 2015, Davis and Marc Wootton created and starred in BBC Radio 4 comedy series "Couples", about couples in therapy. It was reported in 2015 that Davis had been commissioned for a new series, "Robin's Test", which was later renamed "Camping".


title: Julia Davis

text: In 2016 Davis wrote, directed and starred as shallow nymphomaniac "Fay" in "Camping" on Sky Atlantic. This was her directorial debut. At the 2017 BAFTA TV Awards, "Camping" was nominated for Best Scripted Comedy. In 2017, Davis was featured in the Paul Thomas Anderson film "Phantom Thread" as Lady Baltimore.


title: Julia Davis

text: In 2018 Davis wrote, directed and starred in the comedy television series "Sally4Ever" on Sky Atlantic and HBO. Davis plays the character of Emma, who is having a lesbian affair with a woman called Sally, who is having a midlife crisis. At the 2019 BAFTA awards it won the award for Best Scripted Comedy and Davis was nominated for Best Female Performance in a Comedy Programme. She also appeared in the film "Fighting with My Family".


title: Julia Davis

text: Davis launched the podcast comedy "Dear Joan And Jericha" with comedian Vicki Pepperdine in 2018. The series has 27 episodes as of November 2021. Davis and Pepperdine published a book on the back of the podcast, "Why He Turns Away: Dos and Don'ts From Dating to Death".


title: Julia Davis

text: Davis played socialite Maureen, Marchioness of Dufferin and Ava, in BBC One historical drama "A Very British Scandal", which premiered on BBC One on Boxing Day 2021.


title: Julia Davis

text: Discussing her influences for the character of Jill in "Nighty Night", Davis told "Guardian" that "Most of Jill is an amalgam of women I've seen or worked with in the West Country."


title: Julia Davis

text: Since 2010 Davis has been in a relationship with comedian Julian Barratt of The Mighty Boosh. The couple are the parents of twins Arthur and Walter.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: On July 22, 2015, five members of the Bever family were murdered in Broken Arrow, Oklahoma. Two members of the family, 2-year-old Autumn and 13-year-old Crystal survived. Daniel Bever, 12, called 911, saving two of his sisters lives by alerting authorities. Crystal, one of the two survivors, identified two of her older brothers, 18-year-old Robert Bever and 16-year-old Michael Bever, as the assailants. The two older Bever brothers were subsequently arrested and charged with five counts of first-degree murder and one count of assault and battery with intent to murder.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: At around 11:30 p.m. on July 22, 2015 police were alerted to 709 Magnolia Court by a 9-1-1 phone call made by 12-year-old Daniel Bever, who stated his brother was attacking the family. Screaming, commotion and a male voice were heard in the background before the line went dead. Dispatchers tracked the address by searching the number. After a failed attempt to call David Bever, the father, they dispatched officers to the scene.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: When the first responding officers arrived, they saw blood around the porch of the house. They knocked on the door, heard a faint voice calling for help, and forced their way into the house, where they immediately found a 13-year-old girl, Crystal Bever, bleeding from multiple stab wounds. After pulling her out of the home, the officers discovered Daniel Bever and the rest of the victims, who were all dead. It was believed that one of the brothers responsible for the killings lured out the victims by pretending he was under attack.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Crystal Bever survived the brutal killings performed by her brothers but was critically injured from her wounds. She identified two of her brothers as the assailants in the familicide, saying that they lured her to a bedroom before slitting her throat and stabbing her in the stomach and arms. She underwent surgery at a nearby hospital and was listed as being in serious but stable condition. The girl was initially reported to be the 9-1-1 caller but, it was her 12 year old brother Daniel James Bever that called 911 for help saving his two sisters that night. Two year-old Autumn Bever was also found alive and unharmed with Crystal inside the house. The surviving children were put in state custody. The parents, as well as three children, were all stabbed to death. Knives, hatchets, and other bladed weapons were found at the scene, along with protective gear. Law enforcement officials said at least some of the weapons found were used in the killings.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Five people were killed in the familicide, and one other person was injured. A medical examiner determined that the common cause of death was "multiple sharp force injuries". Autopsies revealed the victims died between the late hours of July 22 and the early hours of July 23. The victims were identified as:


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Neighbors said the parents home-schooled their children and kept a close eye on them, restricting them from mingling with neighbors or other children. The family's lifestyle was reported to be so inconspicuous that some neighbors found out the full names of the entire family for the first time when the medical examiner released them. Neighbors also noted the strange and unsettling behaviors of Robert and Michael Bever.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Defense attorneys stated that David Bever was physically and verbally abusive toward his children, according to Crystal Bever's testimony. Robert Bever claimed that both of his parents were hateful and abusive to him and all of his siblings. He said his parents would often talk about people they hated and would refer to the biblical Apocalypse as "a retribution thing for everything they hated about the world".


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Robert Bever confessed to committing the familicide. He claimed that he and his brother planned the act for some time and intended to commit a shooting spree outside the family, hoping it would rival and even outdo the 1999 Columbine High School massacre. He later confessed that he and his brother planned to dismember the bodies of their family, place them in storage bins, and hide them in the attic of their home. He also stated that they planned to steal the family car, shoot and kill five random people each at multiple locations, and eventually achieve a body count of at least 50 people. An officer who interviewed Robert Bever stated that Bever admired serial killers, hoped to strike in locations outside of Oklahoma, and wanted to achieve a body count of up to 500 people or more.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: The two suspects fled the scene through the back door of the house when police arrived, and headed into a wooded area behind the property. They were apprehended quickly with the use of a K9 unit, and arrested without incident. The suspects were identified as 18-year-old Robert Bever, the oldest son of David and April Bever, and his 16-year-old brother, Michael Bever. Robert was armed with a knife at the time of his arrest.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: One of the brothers "spontaneously uttered" that plans for the killings were stored on a flash drive inside the home. This flash drive was later retrieved by police when they searched the home for a second time. They also recovered computer equipment and video surveillance cameras, which they believed recorded the familicide as they were located near where three of the victims' bodies were found. It was later determined that the brothers planned to make two videos, one depicting the bodies of their family that would be shown to investigators and prosecutors, the other without the bodies that could be posted online.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Authorities have called the killings the "worst single criminal event in Broken Arrow history". The brothers were charged with five counts of first-degree murder and one count of assault and battery with intent to kill. On July 25, authorities announced that Michael Bever would be charged as an adult.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: A conviction on first-degree murder carries the punishment of life imprisonment or the death penalty. However, the Tulsa County District Attorney stated that Michael Bever would be exempt from a death sentence since he was under the age of 18 at the time of the familicide.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Michael Bever's attorney argued against the constitutionality of the decision to try his client as an adult, stating that his client would die in prison and that it was the same as the death penalty. He argued Michael should be rehabilitated instead of imprisoned if he was physically and emotionally abused at home, although no evidence indicated any abuse occurring in the Bever home.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Investigators looked into a shipment of boxes containing a total of 3,000 rounds of ammunition that was believed to have been delivered on July 23. They also began investigating social media accounts belonging to Robert Bever.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: On July 6, 2016, it was reported that Robert Bever had attempted suicide by hanging with a bed sheet. Tulsa County Sheriff's Office spokeswoman Casey Roebuck said the suicide attempt, occurring earlier that year on June 17, was discovered by a detention officer during a routine security check. Medical staff cut him down and checked him, determining he was uninjured. He was then moved to suicide watch.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: In mid-February 2017, Broken Arrow's city council announced a plan to raise money through the Tulsa Community Foundation for the acquisition of the Bever family home. They hoped that enough money could be raised to purchase the house from the Bevers' mortgage holder and lending company, its then owner. If enough funds were raised, it was planned to tear the house down and, in its place, create a memorial park and garden, titled "The Bever Family-First Responders Memorial Park." The house was destroyed in a fire on March 18, 2017.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: On March 27, 2019, Reflection Park was dedicated in an official ceremony. A path meanders through a knoll of grass where the Bever house once stood.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: The brothers were arraigned in court on August 3. They pleaded not guilty to the charges filed against them. A preliminary hearing was set for October 28. The date was later changed to October 9, and later to January 22, 2016. It was changed again to February 23, 2016.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: On August 5, Tulsa County Judge Bill Musseman ruled that documents concerning the case be made public. They were released the next day, redacted to protect the victims' identities and sensitive information.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Robert Bever eventually pleaded guilty to all counts and was sentenced to life imprisonment without the possibility of parole. Michael Bever's trial began on April 16, 2018, and, on August 9, 2018, he was sentenced to life in prison with the possibility of parole.


title: Broken Arrow killings

text: Robert is currently housed in the Joseph Harp Correctional Center and Michael is in the Lexington Correctional Center (both correctional centers are in Lexington, Oklahoma).


title: Imogen Heap

text: Imogen Jennifer Heap (born 9 December 1977) is a British musician, singer, songwriter and record producer. Her work has been considered pioneering in pop and electropop music.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap classically trained in piano, cello and clarinet starting at a young age. She began writing songs at the age of 13 and, while attending boarding school, taught herself music production. After being discovered by manager Mickey Modern while attending the BRIT School, Heap signed to independent record label Almo Sounds at the age of 18 and later began working with experimental pop band Acacia. She released her debut album, an alternative rock record, "I Megaphone", in 1998. In early 2002, Heap and English record producer Guy Sigsworth formed the electronic duo Frou Frou and released their only album to date, "Details" (2002).


title: Imogen Heap

text: Her second studio album, "Speak for Yourself", was released in 2005 on her own label, Megaphonic Records, and was certified gold in the United States and Canada. The album spawned three singles: "Headlock", "Goodnight and Go", which became her highest-charting single as a lead artist on the UK Singles Chart, and "Hide and Seek", which was certified gold in the United States and gained popularity after being used in the Fox teen drama television series "The O.C.". Heap's third studio album, "Ellipse" (2009), peaked in the top five of the "Billboard" 200 chart and received mostly positive reviews. This was followed by her fourth studio album, "Sparks" (2014). In 2017, she reunited with Sigsworth as part of Frou Frou.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap developed the Mi.Mu Gloves, a line of musical gloves, as well as a blockchain-based music-sharing program, Mycelia. She also composed the music for the West End/Broadway play "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child". Over the course of her career, she has received two Grammy Awards, one Ivor Novello Award, and one Drama Desk Award. In July 2019, Heap was awarded an honorary doctorate from Berklee College of Music.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Imogen Jennifer Heap was born on 9 December 1977 in Havering, Greater London. Her name was inspired by that of British composer Imogen Holst, as her mother wanted Heap to become a cellist like Holst. She played music from an early age, first learning the piano due to "wanting attention" as a middle child and realizing, according to her, that "it was something [she] could make a lot of noise with". She did not enjoy playing the music of classical composers such as Bach and Beethoven, and would instead attempt to play in their style to convince her parents she was practicing their music. As a child, she began recording music by recording herself playing piano on cassette, then recording herself again singing over it. She soon began taking lessons and became classically trained in several instruments including piano, cello and clarinet while attending Friends School, a private, Quaker-run boarding school in Saffron Walden. At around age 10, she began composing Christmas carols for her school's choir.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Due to being placed a year above children her age, Heap claims she did not get along with many people from the school and spent most of her time in the music room practising piano. She stated, "In boarding school...I was mocked about the clothes I wore, the way I looked, whatever. People there really did regard me as some kind of freak from the middle of nowhere. And these things do matter a lot when you are sixteen, seventeen." Heap's mother, an art therapist, and father, a construction rock retailer, separated when she was twelve years old. Also at age twelve, she taught herself how to use Cubase on an Atari computer at Friends School. By the age of thirteen, she had begun writing songs. At age fifteen, she began using reel-to-reel recording to record her music, using a home computer to program the music.


title: Imogen Heap

text: After boarding school, she went on to study at the BRIT School for Performing Arts & Technology in Croydon, South London, where she first began regularly singing and writing songs due to loneliness. It was there that she recorded her first song to feature her vocals, "Missing You", which was released on the BRIT School's "Class of 1994" album and earned her attention from manager Mickey Modern after he saw her performance at a talent showcase. After being introduced to Nik Kershaw by Modern, Heap recorded demos which were taken to Rondor Music. A few months later, Heap signed her first record contract, aged 18, with independent record label Almo Sounds.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In 1996, Heap began working with British experimental pop band Acacia, which featured her future collaborator Guy Sigsworth. While never a full member of the band, Heap was a guest vocalist and contributed to various Acacia singles and album tracks. Heap's first major live solo performance was as part of the line-up for the 1996 Prince's Trust Concert in Hyde Park.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap's debut commercial single, "Getting Scared", was released in 1997. The song became the lead single from her debut album, "I Megaphone", and was included in the soundtrack for the 1998 horror film "I Still Know What You Did Last Summer". She released her debut album, the alternative rock record "I Megaphone", on 16 June 1998 through Almo. The record was made with several producers, including English musician Dave Stewart and Sigsworth, and received some critical praise but was a commercial failure, as Almo did little to promote the album. Soon after Heap released the record, Almo Sounds was acquired by Universal, forcing its artists to either move to other labels or be released. Heap was one of the artists who was dropped from the label, leaving her without a record contract. "I Megaphone" had, however, been licensed from Almo Sounds to Aozora Records in Japan, who eventually re-released and re-promoted the album in January 2002, and included the bonus tracks "Blanket" and "Aeroplane".


title: Imogen Heap

text: During her time as an unsigned artist, Heap appeared on two singles: "Meantime", a track written by her former Acacia colleagues Guy Sigsworth and Alexander Nilere for the soundtrack to the independent British film "", and "Blanket", a 1998 collaboration with British hip hop band Urban Species. "Blanket" was Heap's first charting single, reaching number 56 on the UK Singles Chart. The song would later appear in a 2005 sex tape of Limp Bizkit frontman Fred Durst. Heap appeared as a featured vocalist on two songs"Dirty Mind" and "Rollin' and Tumblin'"on the 2001 album "You Had It Coming" by English guitarist Jeff Beck.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap had kept in contact with Guy Sigsworth (who had co-written and produced "Getting Scared" from "I Megaphone"), and this led to the pair of them establishing the collaborative project Frou Frou.


title: Imogen Heap

text: The initial concept for Frou Frou was Sigsworth's, and the project was to have been an album written and produced by her with each track featuring a different singer, songwriter, poet or rapper. Heap explains that Sigsworth invited her over to his studio to write lyrics to a four-bar motif he had, with one condition – that she include the word "love" somewhere. The first line she came up with was "lung of love, leaves me breathless", and the "Details" album track "Flicks" was written. A week later, Sigsworth called Heap again, and together they wrote and recorded the future single "Breathe In".


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 4 June 2002, they released "Details", their first and only album to date. The album spawned the singles "Breathe In", "It's Good to Be in Love" and "Must Be Dreaming". The song "Let Go" was featured on the soundtrack for the 2004 film "Garden State".


title: Imogen Heap

text: In late 2003, after an extensive promotional tour of the UK, Europe and the US, the duo was told that their record label Island Records would not be picking up the option for a second album.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap and Sigsworth remain firm friends and have worked together since the project, including their temporary re-formation in late 2003, when they covered the Bonnie Tyler classic "Holding Out for a Hero" which was featured during the credits of the movie "Shrek 2" after Jennifer Saunders' version in the film. Frou Frou saw a resurgence in popularity in 2004, when their album track "Let Go" was featured in the film "Garden State", the soundtrack of which won a Grammy award.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In a 2005 interview, Heap said of Frou Frou, "[It] was really like a kind of little holiday from my own work. Guy and I, we have always worked together, and then over the years, it became clear that we wanted to do a whole album together. It was very organic and spontaneous – just one of those wonderful things that happens. But there was never a mention of a second record from either of us, and not uncomfortably. We're just both kind of free spirits. I love to work with a lot of different people, but I was also just gagging to see what I could do on my own. But I'm sure in the future, Guy and I will get back together to do another record, or to record a few songs together."


title: Imogen Heap

text: In December 2003, Heap announced on her website that she was going to write and produce her second solo album, using her site as a blog to publicise progress.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap recorded a rendition of the song "I'm a Lonely Little Petunia (In an Onion Patch)" for the seventh episode of the fourth season of the HBO drama series "Six Feet Under", which premiered in August 2004. Her rendition later appeared as the album closer for the 2005 soundtrack album "".


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap set herself a deadline of one year to make the album, booking a session to master the album one year ahead in December 2004. She re-mortgaged her flat to fund production costs, including renting a studio at Atomic Studios, London (previously inhabited by UK grime artist, Dizzee Rascal), and purchasing instruments.


title: Imogen Heap

text: At the end of 2004, with the album completed, Heap premiered two album tracks online, selling them prior to the album's release – "Just for Now" and "Goodnight and Go".


title: Imogen Heap

text: In May 2005, Heap released the lead single from her forthcoming album, "Hide and Seek". The song earned immense popularity after being used to score the season two finale of the Fox television series "The O.C." on the same day as its release. It peaked in the top-40 of the "Billboard" Digital Songs chart, eventually receiving a gold certification from the RIAA and going on to be sampled in the song "Whatcha Say" by American singer Jason Derulo, which topped the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap released the album on her own label, Megaphonic Records. The album was titled "Speak for Yourself". "Speak for Yourself" was released in the UK on 18 July 2005 on CD and iTunes UK, where it entered the top 10 chart. The initial 10,000 physical copies pressed sold out, distributed through large and independent record stores and Heap's own online shop. In August 2005, Heap announced that she had licensed "Speak for Yourself" to RCA Records for the album's release in the United States, Canada and Mexico. The album was released in November 2005 and débuted at number 144 in the Billboard Top 200 album chart. In concert, Heap performed solo, controlling the sound through her laptop, as well as singing and playing the piano and array mbira. Also that month, Heap appeared on the soundtrack for the 2005 romantic comedy film "Just Like Heaven", performing a cover of the song "Spooky" by American band Classics IV. Heap announced, upon her return to the UK, that she had signed a deal for the album to be released internationally, as well as re-promoted in the UK, with a new imprint of Sony BMG, White Rabbit, run by former Sony BMG UK A&R vice president Nick Raphael.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In November 2005, Heap wrote and recorded the song "Can't Take It In" for the of the fantasy film "", which was released one month later.


title: Imogen Heap

text: "Speak for Yourself" was re-released on the label on 24 April 2006, ahead of a full promotional push on 15 May, a week after the second single, "Goodnight and Go", was commercially released in the UK. Heap recorded an a cappella cover of the Leonard Cohen song "Hallelujah" for the season three finale of "The O.C.", which premiered in May 2006.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In August 2006, Heap performed a set at the V Festival, where it was announced that "Headlock" was to be the third single lifted from the album and released on 16 October 2006 in the UK. Heap wrote and performed the song "Glittering Cloud", which was based on the , as part of an event called the Margate Exodus sponsored by Artangel in November 2006, where ten artists each performed one song based on one of the Plagues of Egypt in Margate. The songs were compiled in the 2006 album "Plague Songs".


title: Imogen Heap

text: In late September and early October, Heap embarked on a tour of the UK, holding a competition on MySpace for different support acts for each venue before touring throughout Canada and the US in November and December. This was her first tour of North America that included a band, incorporating upright bass, percussion, and support acts Kid Beyond and Levi Weaver on beatbox and guitar, respectively. In December 2006, Heap was featured on the front page of "The Green Room" magazine.


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 7 December 2006, Heap received two Grammy nominations for the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, one for Best New Artist and the other for Best Song Written For Motion Picture, Television Or Other Visual Media for "Can't Take It In".


title: Imogen Heap

text: Throughout the creation of her album "Ellipse", Heap posted vlogs or VBlogs as she called them, on YouTube.


title: Imogen Heap

text: These included Heap being asked to perform at the annual event PopTech in October 2008. During the event, she premiered one of her album's songs, "Wait it Out".


title: Imogen Heap

text: In October 2008, Heap gave a musical performance in the anti-human trafficking documentary and rockumentary film "Call + Response", directed by Justin Dillon. She was also featured on two songs on Jeff Beck's live album "Live at Ronnie Scott's" and appeared in the accompanying DVD in April 2009.


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 17 August 2009, Heap made the entire album "Ellipse" available for live streaming via her webpage.


title: Imogen Heap

text: "Ellipse" was released in the United Kingdom on 24 August 2009 and in the United States on 25 August 2009.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap received two nominations for the 49th Annual Grammy Awards, where she won the Grammy Award for Best Engineered Album, Non-Classical for her engineering work on "Ellipse", making her the first female artist to win the award.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In March 2011, Heap began working on her then-unnamed fourth studio album, "Sparks", and revealed that she would be writing and releasing a new single for the album once every three months, beginning with the recording and release of the album's lead single, then released under the working title "Heapsong1" and eventually released commercially as "Lifeline", via Ustream. "Propeller Seeds", the second single, followed in July 2011.


title: Imogen Heap

text: The third single from the album, "Neglected Space", was created as part of Heap's project with charity organization Clear Village to restore a walled garden in Bedfords Park in October 2011. She starred in the debut episode of the MTV India musical reality television series "The Dewarists", where she recorded "Minds Without Fear", her fourth single from "Sparks", with Indian production duo Vishal–Shekhar. Both "Neglected Space" and "Minds Without Fear" were released in October 2011.


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 6 May 2011, Heap tweeted that she and deadmau5 were working on a collaboration. The song was titled "Telemiscommunications" and included in deadmau5's sixth studio album, "Album Title Goes Here".


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 9 September 2012, Heap wrote and released "Someone's Calling" as a ringtone. Also in 2012, she showcased the Mi.Mu gloves on an episode of the BBC television series "Dara Ó Briain's Science Club".


title: Imogen Heap

text: In October 2015, Heap released the single "Tiny Human" using her blockchain-based platform Mycelia. Sales of "Tiny Human" via Ethereum smart contracts as of October 2017 were £30,000. After being contacted by movement director Steven Hoggett, Heap reworked and composed music from her catalogue to be used as the music in "Harry Potter and the Cursed Child", the eighth instalment of the Harry Potter series in the form of a West End play that opened in the summer of 2016. For her work on the play, she received several award nominations, including for the Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album, the Laurence Olivier Award for Outstanding Achievement in Music and the Outer Critics Circle Award for Outstanding New Score (Broadway or Off-Broadway), and won the Drama Desk Award for Outstanding Music in a Play.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap co-wrote and produced the Taylor Swift song "Clean", which appeared as the closer to Swift's fifth studio album "1989" and led to her being part of the production team that won Album of the Year at the 58th Grammy Awards. She was one of the artists featured in an episode of the 2016 PBS docuseries "Soundbreaking" and she narrated and composed music for the 2016 documentary "Crossing Bhutan", which premiered at the Santa Barbara International Film Festival. Also in 2016, she was commissioned by French advertising agency BETC and British company Cow & Gate, in collaboration with researchers from Goldsmiths, University of London, to help write a song which would be proven to "make babies happy", which was eventually titled "The Happy Song". The track was engineered through several months of scientific testing and was released in October 2016.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap wrote, produced and recorded the song "Magic Me" as the score for the 2017 animated short film "Escape", which premiered at the 2017 Tribeca Film Festival in April of that year. Heap also recorded "The Quiet" as the end credits song for the 2017 Square Enix video game "The Quiet Man". She performed "Hide and Seek" at the benefit concert and television special One Love Manchester in Manchester in June 2017. Her performance was praised by critics as "powerful" and "melancholy". The following month, she was featured on the song "We Drift On" by British singer-songwriter Dan Black from his second studio album "Do Not Revenge". She announced in November 2017 that she would be reuniting Frou Frou with Guy Sigsworth and would be embarking on the Mycelia World Tour with him to promote the release of Mycelia's Creative Passport program. In March 2018, she was awarded the Inspiration Award at the 2018 Music Producers Guild Awards.


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 18 September 2018, Heap released "The Music of Harry Potter and the Cursed Child in Four Contemporary Suites", a condensed soundtrack album of the play. An interview with her appeared in the Alex Winter-directed documentary "Trust Machine: The Story of Blockchain" in November 2018. The Mycelia World Tour began in Europe in 2018, while the North American leg began in April 2019, marking her first North American tour in nine years and her first tour as part of Frou Frou since 2003. That same month, she and Sigsworth released "Guitar Song (Live)", their first Frou Frou song in 15 years, through We Are Hear. She gave a lecture at Boston Calling Music Festival in May 2019. In June 2019, she announced that she planned to release an album consisting of collaborations in 2020, the lead single of which would be one of three versions of "The Quiet". She also performed on NPR's Tiny Desk Concerts series that same month.


title: Imogen Heap

text: She hosted the 62nd Annual Grammy Awards Premiere Ceremony in January 2020. In April 2020, she appeared as a main artist on the commercial re-release of the 2009 song "I'm God" by Italian-American record producer Clams Casino, which samples Heap's song "Just for Now", and released the single "Phase and Flow" as part of a collaboration with IBM. The following month, she performed during Royal Albert Hall's Royal Albert Home virtual concert series. Heap gave a livestreamed closing performance for the Virtual Design Festival held by "Dezeen" in July 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic, she launched a self-titled app for fans to view unreleased material and demos and participate in listening parties with her through Discord for a monthly fee, and began work on a project called "Augmented Imogen", meant to be an AI version of herself. She released the single "Last Night of an Empire" in December 2020. In late March 2022, Imogen Heap partnered with Symphonic Distribution to re-release previous material, including a handful of Frou Frou demos, which will compile into the "Off Cuts" release. The first single "A New Kind of Love (Demo)" is slated to release 8 April.


title: Imogen Heap

text: After touring for nearly two years straight for her album "Speak for Yourself", Heap continued her travels, this time with only a laptop and video camera on hand as she began her writing trip for her next album. Nine weeks later she returned to the UK with the beginnings of the award-winning "Ellipse" and footage (as requested by a fan to film the making of the album) from its quiet beginning. Back in Essex, Heap hired Justine Pearsall to document the creation of the album. The film documents the creation of the album and the renovation of Heap's childhood home, including turning her old playroom into her new home studio. "Everything In-Between: The Story of Ellipse" was released in November 2010.


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 5 November 2010 at the Royal Albert Hall, Heap conducted an orchestra including her friends and family as they performed an original piece composed by Heap and orchestrated by Andrew Skeet. Heap also worked with London Contemporary Voices at this time, a scratch choir formed for this concert, which continues as a new choir in its own right. It was the score to the concept film "Love The Earth", for which fans were invited to submit video footage highlighting all the qualities of nature to be selected and edited into a film. This performance was broadcast live worldwide.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In March, for the Birds Eye View Film Festival at the Southbank Centre, Heap, in collaboration with Andrew Skeet, composed an a cappella choral score for the first-ever surrealist film "The Seashell and the Clergyman" (Germaine Dulac, 1927), with the Holst Singers, a programme repeated at the Reverb Festival at the Roundhouse in February 2012 and in the Sage, Gateshead.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In 2014, filmmaker Christopher Ian Smith made "Cumulus", an experimental documentary exploring key elements of Heap's background, personality and music practice. Crafted entirely out of social media content and data created by Heap and her fans, "Cumulus" explores Imogen's digital footprint and identity as well as her relationship with fans. The film is available to view online.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In July 2011, Heap unveiled a pair of in-development, wired musical gloves at the TEDGlobal conference in Edinburgh, Scotland. They were originally developed by Heap with Tom Mitchell, a University of the West of England, Bristol lecturer in music systems, and designed and sewn by Rachel Freire, a costume designer, over the course of the prior two and a half years. They were inspired by another pair of musical gloves developed by engineer Elly Jessop at MIT which Heap had witnessed during a visit to the university's Media Lab. Early versions of Heap's gloves had issues with latency and accuracy. In an interview, Heap stated, "The gloves help me embody those sounds which are hidden inside the computer, for me to physicalize them and bring them out so that I can play them and the audience members will understand what I am doingrather than fiddling around on a keyboard and mouse which is not very clearI could just be doing my emails."


title: Imogen Heap

text: The gloves, which eventually came to be known as the Mi.Mu gloves (a name derived from an abbreviation of "me" and "music"), are made from the material Yulex and consist of a hardware board at the wrist developed by Seb Madgwick with an inertial measurement unit used to determine the speed and orientation of the hands, flex sensors over the knuckles, a haptic motor, a removable battery, open palms and LED lights in between the thumb and forefinger which indicate whether or not the user is recording. Open Sound Control data is sent to a computer, which can perform a number of different actions, including adjusting volume, recording loops and filtering sound. The gloves also come with a custom software called Glover that can be integrated with music production apps such as Ableton Live and Pro Tools, and use 802.11 Wi-Fi.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap recorded the sixth single from "Sparks", "Me the Machine", using an early version of the gloves, debuting the single during a livestream on Earth Day in 2012. Heap began crowdfunding to produce more pairs of the gloves in April 2014 on Kickstarter, with a goal of £200,000, but the campaign failed to meet its target. However, the Mi.Mu project found investors who collaborated with Heap's team to continue to develop the gloves. An early investor and user of the gloves was American singer Ariana Grande, who used the gloves during her second concert tour, The Honeymoon Tour, in 2015. In April 2019, the Mi.Mu gloves became publicly available for pre-order. "Popular Science" included the Mi.Mu gloves on their list of the 100 greatest innovations of 2019.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In October 2015, Heap released the single "Tiny Human" using the blockchain-based platform Mycelia, which she created as a decentralized musical database for artists to share their music on and enforce smart contracts using Ethereum. Mycelia's Creative Passport program is a personalized profile for artists not signed to a major label.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In the late 1990s, Heap's music was largely alternative rock. Her earlier songs, specifically those from her debut album "I Megaphone", were frequently compared in the media to those of fellow singer-songwriters Tori Amos, Kate Bush and Alanis Morissette. However, after forming and subsequently disbanding the electronic duo Frou Frou, whose work on their sole album to date, "Details", was mainly alternative pop and electropop, her music became primarily based in pop, specifically electropop, art pop and synth-pop. She has written, produced and engineered most of her music on her own. She has also stated that she rarely listens to music, but draws inspiration from TED conferences.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap plays a number of instruments, including piano, clarinet, cello, guitar, drums and the array mbira. She extensively uses manipulated electronic sounds as an integral part of her music. She also mixes ambient sound into her music and has commented that "certain sounds give the music a width and a space, and that's important." CNN stated that Heap is known for "her distinctive fusion of soft acoustic sounds, electronica and tech".


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap states that her song lyrics come from personal experience, but are not straightforwardly confessional. She has stated, "Most of the time, the lyrics are kind of like my secret messages to my friends or my boyfriend or my mum or my dad. I would never tell them that these songs are about them or which specific lyric is about somebody. Often, when I sit down to write a lyric, it is in the heat of the moment, and something has just happened."


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap's frog-themed outfit at the 49th Annual Grammy Awards has been included in several lists of the most "outrageous" Grammys outfits of all time.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap has been regarded as influential in pop music, specifically in electropop and for using technology in her music. NPR's Lindsay Kimbell also referred to Heap as a "pioneer of electronic pop" in 2018. "Billboard" called Heap an "electro-pop innovator". In 2018, "Stereogum"s Margaret Farrell referred to Heap as "pop's unsung pioneer" and "an electronic pop mastermind", going on to describe her as "a mystical force that has loomed over pop music for nearly two decades". In 2019, "The New York Times" similarly called Heap a "pop pioneer" whose work "has established her as an innovator in musical technology". For "Paper", Matt Moen called Heap "the Nikola Tesla of pop music" in that "[her] influence in the field of pop has largely gone unappreciated in her own time". Various outlets, including NPR and "New Statesman", have called Heap a "tech pioneer". Patrick Ryan of "USA Today" wrote that Heap "pioneered" the subgenre of folktronica, which combines elements of folk music and electronica.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap has been cited as a musical inspiration by a number of artists and groups, including Ariana Grande, Bebe Rexha, Ellie Goulding, Kacey Musgraves, Pentatonix, Chloe Bailey, Empress Of, Dawn Richard, Jamila Woods, Muna, Mree, Woodes, Ben Hopkins, Matthew Parker, Red Moon, Michelle Chamuel, Chaz Cardigan, Laura Doggett, GoodLuck, Kool Kojak, and Stars and Rabbit. Heap's songs have also been covered by artists including Pentatonix and Kelly Clarkson, and have been sampled by artists including Grande, Jason Derulo, Wiz Khalifa, Mac Miller, Clams Casino, Lil B, Ryan Hemsworth, Deniro Farrar, Suicideboys, ASAP Rocky, MellowHype, Trinidad James, Kendrick Lamar, and Vierre Cloud. The sampling of her songs has been considered influential in the subgenre of cloud rap.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In 2008, Heap participated in an album called "", which is an initiative to support Tibet, Dalai Lama Tenzin Gyatso and to underline the human rights situation in Tibet. The album was released on 5 August via iTunes and on 19 August in music stores around the world. On 12 October 2008, Heap participated in "Run 10k: Cancer Research UK", placing fifth of the women in the actual run and raising over £1000 for the cause with the help of her fans.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In 2010 Heap began performing improvised pieces at shows, asking for donations for charity after the show to download the song.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In 2011, Heap played a benefit concert in Christchurch, New Zealand, to help rebuild the Unlimited Paenga Tawhiti High School following a severe earthquake which destroyed a large portion of the city earlier in the year. The concert was held at the Burnside High Aurora Centre, also featuring performances from Roseanna Gamlen-Greene, and The Harbour Union including The Eastern, Lindon Puffin, Delaney Davidson and The Unfaithful Ways. It was her only New Zealand show for the year.


title: Imogen Heap

text: On 4 June 2017, Heap performed at One Love Manchester, a benefit concert organised by Ariana Grande in response to the bombing after her concert at Manchester Arena two weeks earlier. She performed "Hide and Seek". Other celebrity participants included Katy Perry, Justin Bieber, Niall Horan, Coldplay, Miley Cyrus and Pharrell Williams.


title: Imogen Heap

text: In 2010, Imogen Heap partnered with Thomas Ermacora of Bubbletank to organise a series of online charitable events called "Live 4 X".


title: Imogen Heap

text: The initial event was inspired by the 2010 Pakistan floods. Triggered by monsoon rains, the floods left approximately one-fifth of the country of Pakistan under water, affecting over 14 million people and damaging or destroying over 900,000 homes. Teaming up with Richard Branson's Virgin Unite and Vokle.com, Heap and Ermacora created a webcast/online fundraiser to raise awareness and money for those affected by the floods. Hosted by comedian, creative and Internet personality Ze Frank, the webcast included a series of conversations with Cameron Sinclair of Architecture for Humanity, Gary Slutkin and Anders Wilhelmson (and later Richard Branson and Mary Robinson), with live performances by musicians Ben Folds, Amanda Palmer, Kate Havnevik, KT Tunstall, Josh Groban, Kaki King, Zoe Keating and Mark Isham.


title: Imogen Heap

text: The premise of "Live 4 X" thus established, Heap has since continued to refine the model, organize, host and perform a number of charitable, live-streaming concert events. By integrating live entertainment with educated discussion and technology, "Live 4 X" became an effective charitable outreach tool.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Following the Great East Japan earthquake and tsunami of 2011, Heap told Washington Times Communities journalist and recording artist Jennifer Grassman that she intended to continue organising "Live 4 X" events to benefit various charitable causes.


title: Imogen Heap

text: Heap began dating film director Michael Lebor in 2012. In June 2014, Heap announced in her video blog that she was pregnant with her first child with Lebor. She gave birth to their daughter later that year.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Leon Edward Panetta (born June 28, 1938) is an American Democratic Party politician who has served in several different public office positions, including Secretary of Defense, CIA Director, White House Chief of Staff, Director of the Office of Management and Budget, and as a U.S. Representative from California.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta was a member of the United States House of Representatives from 1977 to 1993. He served under President Bill Clinton as Director of the Office of Management and Budget from 1993 to 1994 and as White House Chief of Staff from 1994 to 1997. He co-founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in 1997 and served as a Distinguished Scholar to Chancellor Charles B. Reed of the California State University System and as a professor of public policy at Santa Clara University.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In January 2009, newly elected President Barack Obama nominated Panetta for the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency. Panetta was confirmed by the Senate in February 2009. As director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the operation that brought down Osama bin Laden. On April 28, 2011, Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as Defense Secretary, to replace the retiring Robert Gates. In June the Senate confirmed Panetta unanimously and he assumed the office on July 1, 2011. David Petraeus took over as CIA Director on September 6, 2011.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Since retiring as Secretary of Defense in 2013, Panetta has served as chairman of The Panetta Institute for Public Policy, located at California State University, Monterey Bay, a campus of the California State University that he helped establish during his tenure as congressman. The institute is dedicated to motivating and preparing people for lives of public service and helping them to become more knowledgeably engaged in the democratic process. He also serves on a number of boards and commissions and frequently writes and lectures on public policy issues.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta was born in Monterey, California, the son of Carmelina Maria (Prochilo) and Carmelo Frank Panetta, Italian immigrants from Siderno in Calabria, Italy. In the 1940s, the Panetta family owned a restaurant in Monterey.


title: Leon Panetta

text: He was raised in the Monterey area, and attended two Catholic grammar schools: San Carlos School (Monterey) and Junípero Serra School (Carmel). He attended Monterey High School, a public school where he became involved in student politics, and was a member of the Junior Statesmen of America. As a junior, he was the vice president of the Student Body, and as a senior, he became its president. In 1956, he entered Santa Clara University, California, and graduated "magna cum laude" in 1960 with a Bachelor of Arts in Political Science. In 1963, he received a Juris Doctor from the Santa Clara University School of Law.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In 1964, he joined the United States Army as a Second Lieutenant, where he served as an officer in Army Military Intelligence, and received the Army Commendation Medal. In 1966, he was discharged as a First Lieutenant.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta started in politics in 1966 as a legislative assistant to Republican Senator Thomas Kuchel, the United States Senate Minority Whip from California, whom Panetta has called "a tremendous role model".


title: Leon Panetta

text: In 1969 he became the assistant to Robert H. Finch, Secretary of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare under the Nixon administration. Soon thereafter he was appointed Director of the Office for Civil Rights.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta chose to enforce civil rights and equal education laws over the objection of President Nixon, who wanted enforcement to move slowly in keeping with his strategy to gain political support among Southern whites. Robert Finch and Assistant Secretary John Veneman supported Panetta and refused to fire him, threatening to resign if forced to do so. Eventually forced out of office in 1970, Panetta left Washington to work as Executive Assistant for John Lindsay, the then-Republican Mayor of New York City (Lindsay would switch parties the following year.) Panetta wrote about his Nixon administration experience in his 1971 book "Bring Us Together".


title: Leon Panetta

text: Like Lindsay, Panetta switched to the Democratic Party in 1971, citing his belief that the Republican Party was moving away from the political center. In 1976, Panetta was elected to the U.S. Congress to represent California's then-16th congressional district, unseating incumbent Republican Burt Talcott with 53% of the vote. He would never face another contest nearly that close, and was reelected eight times. (With a few boundary adjustments, the 16th district became the 17th district after the 1990 census and is the 20th district today. It consists of all of Monterey and San Benito Counties, plus most of Santa Cruz County, including the city of Santa Cruz. At the time of Panetta's first election, it also included the northern part of San Luis Obispo County.)


title: Leon Panetta

text: During his time in Congress, Panetta concentrated mostly on budget issues, civil rights, education, healthcare, agriculture, immigration, and environmental protection, particularly preventing oil drilling off the California coast. He wrote the Hunger Prevention Act (Public Law 100–435) of 1988 and the Fair Employment Practices Resolution. He was the author of legislation establishing the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary, and legislation providing Medicare coverage for hospice care. Working with Chancellor Barry Munitz of CSU, he helped establish CSU Monterey Bay at the former Fort Ord military base.


title: Leon Panetta

text: He also attempted to form the Big Sur National Scenic Area with Senator Alan Cranston. The bill would have created a scenic area administered by the U.S. Forest Service. It budgeted $100 million to buy land from private land owners, up to $30 million for easements and management programs, and created a state plan for a zone about long and wide along the Big Sur coast.


title: Leon Panetta

text: The bill was opposed by California Senator S. I. Hayakawa, development interests, and Big Sur residents. Local residents mocked the plan as 'Panetta's Pave 'n' Save,' and raised a fund of more than $100,000 to lobby against the proposal. The legislation was blocked by Hayakawa in the Energy Committee and did not reach a vote.


title: Leon Panetta

text: A member of the House Committee on the Budget from 1979 to 1989, and its chairman from 1989 to 1993, Panetta played a key role in the 1990 Budget Summit.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Though elected to a ninth term in 1992, Panetta left the House at the beginning of 1993, after President-elect Bill Clinton selected him to serve as Director of the United States Office of Management and Budget. In that role he developed the budget package that would eventually result in the balanced budget of 1998.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In 1994, President Clinton became increasingly concerned about a lack of order and focus in the White House, an issue that stretched from foreign to domestic policy and political matters. President Clinton, who had vowed to run a professional operation, asked Panetta to become his new chief of staff, replacing Mack McLarty. According to author Nigel Hamilton, "Panetta replaced McLarty for the rest of Clinton's first term—and the rest is history. To be a great leader, a modern president must have a great chief of staff—and in Leon Panetta, Clinton got the enforcer he deserved." Panetta was appointed White House Chief of Staff on July 17, 1994, and he held that position until January 20, 1997. He was a key negotiator of the 1996 budget, which was another important step toward bringing the budget into balance.


title: Leon Panetta

text: On January 5, 2009, President-elect Barack Obama announced his intention to nominate Panetta to the post of Director of the Central Intelligence Agency.


title: Leon Panetta

text: At the time of his selection, journalists and politicians raised concerns about Panetta's limited experience in intelligence, aside from his two-year service as a military intelligence officer in the 1960s. California Democratic Senator Dianne Feinstein, the Chairman of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence, expressed concerns that she was not consulted about the Panetta appointment and stated her belief that "the Agency is best-served by having an intelligence professional in charge at this time."


title: Leon Panetta

text: Former CIA officer Ishmael Jones stated that Panetta was a wise choice, because of his close personal connection to the President and lack of exposure to the CIA bureaucracy"." Also", Washington Post" columnist David Ignatius said that Panetta did have exposure to intelligence operations as Director of the OMB and as Chief of Staff for President Bill Clinton, where he "sat in on the daily intelligence briefings as chief of staff, and he reviewed the nation's most secret intelligence-collection and covert-action programs in his previous post as director of the Office of Management and Budget".


title: Leon Panetta

text: On February 19, 2009, Panetta was sworn in as Director of the Central Intelligence Agency by Vice President Joe Biden before an audience of CIA employees. Panetta reportedly received a "rock star welcome" from his new subordinates.


title: Leon Panetta

text: As CIA Director, Panetta traveled extensively to intelligence outposts around the world and worked with international leaders to confront threats of Islamic extremism and Taliban. In 2010, working with the Senate Intelligence Committee, he conducted a secret review of the use of torture by the CIA (euphemistically referred to as "enhanced interrogation techniques") during the administration of George W. Bush. The review, which came to be known by 2014 as the "Panetta Review," yielded a series of memoranda that, according to "The New York Times", "cast a particularly harsh light" on the Bush-era interrogation program. The Times notes "The effort to write the exhaustive history of the C.I.A.’s detention operations was fraught from the beginning. President Obama officially ended the program during his first week in office in 2009. The intelligence committee announced its intention to take a hard look at the program, but there was little appetite inside the [Obama] White House to accede to the committee’s request for all classified C.I.A. cables related to it." The findings of the Panetta Review reportedly aligned with much of what the Senate Intelligence Committee report on CIA torture found in its factual accounting. Both reports were largely seen as an effort in fact-finding and prevention, but not a governmental path towards some possible project of accountability or punishment for past interrogation or torture.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta supported the Obama administration's campaign of U.S. drone strikes in Pakistan, which he identified as the "most effective weapon" against senior al-Qaeda leadership. Drone strikes increased significantly under Panetta, with as many as 50 suspected al-Qaeda militants being killed in May 2009 alone.


title: Leon Panetta

text: As Director of the CIA, Panetta oversaw the hunt for terrorist leader Osama bin Laden, and played a key role in the operation in which bin Laden was killed on May 1, 2011.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Under Panetta, the CIA advanced workplace rights and benefits for LGBT employees; the agency, for the first time, implemented policies extending benefits to same-sex partners of employees.


title: Leon Panetta

text: On April 28, 2011, President Obama announced the nomination of Panetta as United States Secretary of Defense as a replacement for retiring Secretary Robert Gates. On June 21, 2011, the Senate confirmed Panetta in an unusual 100–0 vote. He was sworn in on July 1, 2011.


title: Leon Panetta

text: One of Panetta's first major acts as Defense Secretary was to jointly certify with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff that the military was prepared to repeal "Don't Ask, Don't Tell", which triggered final repeal after 60 days.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In August 2011, Panetta publicly warned that deeper cuts in the defense budget risked hollowing out the military and would hamper Pentagon efforts to deal with rising powers such as China, North Korea, and Iran and he urged Congress not to go beyond the roughly $500 billion in defense cuts required over the next decade under the debt reduction bill signed by President Barack Obama. Working with military and civilian leaders at the Department of Defense, Panetta developed a new defense strategy for the 21st century.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Funding the United States military, in the face of tightening budget constraints, became an ongoing theme of Panetta's tenure. He also warned that future service members may see changes in retirement benefits, and that the military healthcare system may need reforms, to rein in costs, while also ensuring quality care.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Another major issue during Panetta's tenure as Defense Secretary was the Obama administration's diplomatic effort to dissuade Iran from developing nuclear weapons. In January 2012, Panetta stated that nuclear weapons development was a "red line" that Iran would not be allowed to cross—and that the United States was keeping all options, including military ones, open to completely prevent it. He said that Iran would not be allowed to block the Straits of Hormuz.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In January 2013, shortly before his departure from the Defense Secretary post, Panetta announced that women would be allowed to enter all combat jobs in the military, citing an assessment phase in which "each branch of service will examine all its jobs and units not currently integrated and then produce a timetable for integrating them".


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta and his wife Sylvia founded the Panetta Institute for Public Policy in December 1997 and served as co-directors there until 2009, when Panetta was appointed CIA director by President Obama. He has since returned to the institute in the role of chairman, while his wife serves as co-chair and CEO, supervising the institute's day-to-day operations. The institute is located at California State University, Monterey Bay, a campus Panetta was instrumental in creating on the site of the decommissioned Fort Ord Army base when he was a Congressman. Coincidentally, Panetta was stationed at Fort Ord in the 1960s during his service as an Army intelligence officer.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta served on the board of the UC Santa Cruz Foundation, as a Distinguished Scholar to the Chancellor of California State University and as a Presidential Professor at Santa Clara University. He was urged to consider running for Governor of California during the recall election in 2003 but declined in part because of the short time available to raise the necessary campaign funds.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta has long been an advocate for the world's oceans. In addition to introducing legislation and winning passage of ocean protections measures such as the Monterey Bay National Marine Sanctuary during his time in Congress, he was named chairman in 2003 of the Pew Oceans Commission, which in 2005 combined with the U.S. Commission on Ocean Policy to establish the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative. Panetta now co-chairs the Joint Ocean Commission Initiative with Admiral James D. Watkins, U.S. Navy (Ret.) and continues to serve as a Commission member. Panetta also serves as an advocate and information source for other ocean organizations, including the National Marine Sanctuary Foundation and the Monterey Bay Aquarium.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In 2006, Panetta was part of the presidentially-appointed Iraq Study Group, or Baker Commission, which studied potential changes in U.S. policy in Iraq.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In 2014, Panetta published his memoir "Worthy Fights", in which he recounted his long career in public service. While overwhelmingly positive in his assessment of the Obama presidency, Panetta aired some disagreements in the book with the President's policies in Syria and Iraq. Panetta said: "By failing to persuade Iraq's leader to allow a continuing force of US troops, the commander in chief "created a vacuum . . . and it's out of that vacuum that ISIS began to breed."


title: Leon Panetta

text: He regularly obtains fees for speaking engagements, including from the Carlyle Group. He is also a supporter of Booz Allen Hamilton.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta was a speaker on Day 3 of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in which Hillary Clinton was nominated to run as the Democratic candidate in the presidential election that year. Notably, his speech was booed by anti-war supporters of Bernie Sanders who protested his war record.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta told CBS News that Congress releasing the Nunes Memo, which purported to provide intelligence about the open Russia probe, could cause damage to national security.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta compared the Fall of Kabul to the Taliban in August 2021 to the failed Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba in 1961, saying that "President Kennedy took responsibility for what took place. I strongly recommend to President Biden that he take responsibility ... admit the mistakes that were made."


title: Leon Panetta

text: In October 2020, Panetta signed a letter stating the Hunter Biden laptop controversy “has the classic earmarks of a Russian information operation. Panetta joined 50 other former intelligence officials in signing the letter, which stated that the laptop abandoned by Hunter Biden contained "all the classic earmarks of a Russian disinformation operation," because it contained potentially damaging information to the Biden campaign. However, in 2022, several media outlets, including the New York Times and Washington Post, have confirmed the laptop's authenticity.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In October 2022, Panetta joined the Council for Responsible Social Media project launched by Issue One to address the negative mental, civic, and public health impacts of social media in the United States co-chaired by former House Democratic Caucus Leader Dick Gephardt and former Massachusetts Lieutenant Governor Kerry Healey.


title: Leon Panetta

text: In June 2002, the U.S. Conference of Catholic Bishops appointed Panetta to their National Review Board, which was created to look into the Catholic Church's sexual abuse scandal. This created controversy because of Panetta's pro-choice stance on abortion and other views seen as conflicting with those of the Church.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta is also a member of the Partnership for a Secure America's bipartisan Advisory Board. The Partnership is a non-profit organization based in Washington, DC that promotes bipartisan solutions to national security and foreign policy issues.


title: Leon Panetta

text: Panetta is married to Sylvia Marie Varni, who administered his home district offices during his terms in Congress. They live on his family's walnut farm in the Carmel Valley, California. They have three sons and six grandchildren. In 2016, their third son, Jimmy Panetta, a former Monterey County Deputy District Attorney, won election to his father's old congressional seat, now numbered as the .


title: Harry Bosch

text: Detective Hieronymus "Harry" Bosch is a fictional character created by American author Michael Connelly. Bosch debuted as the lead character in the 1992 novel "The Black Echo", the first in a best-selling police procedural series now numbering 24 novels.


title: Harry Bosch

text: The novels are more or less coincident in timeframe with the year in which they were published. Harry, as he is commonly known by his associates, is a veteran police homicide detective with the Los Angeles Police Department. He was named after the 15th-century Dutch artist Hieronymus Bosch.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Titus Welliver portrayed the title character from 2015 to 2021 in "Bosch", a television series adapted from the novels, and from 2022 in its spin-off series "".


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch's mother was a prostitute in Hollywood who was murdered on October 28, 1961, when Bosch was 11 years old. His father, who he met later in life, was Mickey Haller Sr., a prominent defense attorney known for representing mobster Mickey Cohen, among other clients.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch spent his youth in various orphanages and youth halls, and with the occasional foster family. When he learned of his mother's murder, Bosch, then living at a youth hall, dived to the bottom of the pool, screamed until he ran out of air, and then swam back to the surface. This event is referred to in several Bosch novels.


title: Harry Bosch

text: He joined the United States Army at age 17, after getting his foster father to sign the enlistment papers. In Vietnam, Bosch was a "tunnel rat" (nicknamed "Hari Kari Bosch"), with the 1st Infantry Division—a specialized soldier whose job it was to go into the maze of tunnels used as barracks, hospitals, and on some occasions, morgues, by the Vietcong and North Vietnamese Army. While in the enemy tunnels, the Tunnel Rats would kill enemy soldiers they encountered, gather documents for analysis by military intelligence, and then plant C-4 high explosive charges that they would set to detonate after they exited the tunnels. Once, while on R&R leave in Hawaii, Bosch went AWOL, but returned to his unit and served two tours of duty in Vietnam. He was awarded the Distinguished Service Medal (U.S. Army) which can briefly be seen in Bosch (TV series) season four episode 10, kept in a small wooden box alongside his passport and a LAPD Marksmanship Badge.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch has a daughter named Madeline "Maddie" Bosch with his ex-wife Eleanor Wish. Maddie spent most of her time with her mother in Hong Kong, where Eleanor was a professional gambler and star attraction at a Macau casino. Bosch saw his daughter in person only twice a year.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Eleanor had a personal security guard, Sun Yee, who was also her boyfriend. Eleanor was later killed during an attempt to rescue Maddie from Chinese thugs, detailed in "9 Dragons". Subsequently, Maddie lived with her father in Los Angeles.


title: Harry Bosch

text: After his return from Vietnam and an honorable discharge from the Army, Bosch joined the LAPD and rose to the rank of Detective III, a position which entails both investigative and supervisory duties, and is the LAPD equivalent of Detective Sergeant.


title: Harry Bosch

text: While in the LAPD, Bosch worked in the prestigious Robbery Homicide Division (RHD) for five years but was drummed out by an Internal Affairs Division (IAD) investigation involving Bosch's shooting of a suspect (The Dollmaker) who was later linked to nine murders. Following the IAD investigation, which was conducted by Detectives Pierce Lewis and Don Clarke, Bosch was sent to Hollywood Division and assigned to the Homicide desk. (Lewis and Clarke also investigated Bosch in "The Black Echo").


title: Harry Bosch

text: At one point, Bosch left the LAPD and worked as a private investigator for three years. He left retirement and returned to the LAPD at the conclusion of "The Narrows". After his return, Bosch was assigned to RHD's Open-Unsolved Unit, a cold case squad. Bosch transferred out of Open-Unsolved and into Homicide Special during the time between "Echo Park" and "The Overlook".


title: Harry Bosch

text: During his time in the LAPD as covered in the novels, Bosch was in Hollywood Homicide and worked with Frankie Sheehan (Bosch's partner in RHD, who was later murdered in "Angels Flight"), Jerry Edgar (his longest-serving partner), and Kizmin "Kiz" Rider, the other members of Bosch's team in Hollywood Homicide. The 2004 Limited Edition DVD that was available with "The Narrows" included an excerpt of a speech real-life LAPD Chief William Bratton made at the Police Academy, in which he publicly asked Harry Bosch to return from retirement (Connelly was on the stand behind him listening to the speech; see "Blue Neon Night: Michael Connelly's Los Angeles"). In "The Overlook", Connelly gave Bratton an approving endorsement (albeit without using his name) for "raising the morale of the rank and file" and for giving "Bosch his job back" (pp. 145–146 of the Vision paperback edition).


title: Harry Bosch

text: In "The Closers", Bosch was once again partnered with Rider, while Edgar remained in Hollywood Homicide. Bosch remained partnered with Rider until her transfer to the Chief's office after being shot during "Echo Park".


title: Harry Bosch

text: During "The Overlook", Bosch partnered with Detective Ignacio "Iggy" Ferras, a younger detective with whom Bosch had not yet developed a solid rapport. In "The Drop" and "The Black Box" he is partnered with Detective David Chu.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Not a stranger to being second-guessed, Bosch was investigated by the LAPD's IAD multiple times and was always cleared. In "The Burning Room" he is partnered with a young detective named Lucia Soto. Bosch is suspended by their unit's commander for a minor violation of departmental procedure after Soto and he cleared a tough homicide case. Bosch is forced to take retirement even though the disciplinary case against him is eventually dropped.


title: Harry Bosch

text: In "The Crossing" Bosch works as a criminal defense investigator for his half-brother Mickey Haller. Bosch's work helps Haller clear an innocent man who was wrongfully prosecuted for a crime that he did not commit. Although glad to help clear the man's name, Bosch did not enjoy working for the defense during the trial and decides to try something else.


title: Harry Bosch

text: He continues to work as a private investigator in "The Wrong Side of Goodbye". He investigates the matter of locating the heir to the estate of a dying billionaire. He also accepts a position as a reserve officer working for the city of San Fernando, California Police Department. The chief of the San Fernando P.D. hires Bosch to work as a detective to benefit from Bosch's years of experience with the LAPD.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch is partnered with Detective Bella Lourdes, and the pair solves a case involving a series of violent rapes. In "Two Kinds of Truth," Bosch continues to work as a Detective for the SFPD. He helps clear a double homicide case involving the trafficking of illegal prescription painkilling pharmaceuticals. He also clears his name of wrongdoing in an old LAPD homicide case of his.


title: Harry Bosch

text: "Dark Sacred Night" sees Bosch pushed to his personal and professional limits. During the events of "Two Kinds of Truth", he meets an oxycodone addict named Elizabeth Clayton. He takes her into his home to help rehabilitate her, promising to investigate the unsolved murder of her daughter Daisy. He fulfills this promise in "Dark Sacred Night" with the help of LAPD detective Renée Ballard (first introduced in Connelly's 2017 novel "The Late Show"), but Elizabeth relapses and ultimately overdoses—which is implied to be suicide—and Bosch struggles with the knowledge that Elizabeth's sobriety meant that she was constantly reminded of her daughter's death.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Meanwhile, Bosch investigates the cold case murder of a gangster in San Fernando which spirals out of control when a confidential informant is murdered. When the informant's killer is identified, Bosch realises the SFPD detective Oscar Luzon has undisclosed connections to the killer. Bosch engineers an interrogation, but Luzon attempts suicide and winds up comatose. Bosch accepts responsibility to protect Bella Lourdes, knowing that it will cost him a job.


title: Harry Bosch

text: These pressures come to a head when Bosch and Ballard confront Daisy Clayton's killer and coerce a confession out of him. Bosch then tips off the grieving, Mafia-connected father of another victim about the killer's location. He ultimately relents and alerts the LAPD, but once again faces an uncertain future.


title: Harry Bosch

text: In "The Night Fire", Bosch is once again pushed to his limits. He is informed that he has contracted chronic myeloid leukemia from his exposure to radiation in "The Overlook", and has also been working as the investigator for his half brother once again (due to Cisco having to undergo an appendectomy). After Haller gets his client off for murdering a judge, the LAPD detective assigned to the case tells Bosch he has "undone everything he did with the badge". This causes Bosch to investigate other leads in the case to find the true killer, which leads him to a law firm also tied to a case Ballard is currently investigating. Bosch ultimately lets the killer go to save Ballard, but manages to find the killer's exit strategy (though is not present for the arrest).


title: Harry Bosch

text: Meanwhile, after the death of his former partner, who was his mentor when he first became a detective, Bosch is given a murder book by his partner's widow, which he took home after retirement. The murder book details the murder of a drug addicted ex-convict. Upon the widow's request, Bosch investigates the murder with Ballard's help, despite quickly realizing his former partner may not have investigated the case at all. In the end, they solve the case and arrest the killer, but Bosch becomes disillusioned after discovering that his partner took the case not to solve it, but to prevent anyone else from doing so, as he was the father of the victim. In the end, Bosch decides to investigate another murder which his partner had taken records on, and Ballard agrees to help him.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch lived in a house on stilts at 7203 Woodrow Wilson Drive in the Hollywood Hills. The money that financed Bosch's upscale home came from his work as a technical advisor for a TV mini-series, in which actor Dan Lacey portrays Bosch in a serial killer case the detective had worked. Bosch's house was later damaged during the Northridge earthquake, shortly before the book "The Last Coyote". After his house was condemned and demolished, Bosch had a new one built on the same road, still facing out over the valley.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch has an active love life, with usually one love interest per book. He has a daughter, Madeline ("Maddie"), who, as of "9 Dragons", is living with him. She had formerly lived with her mother, Harry's ex-wife Eleanor Wish (a former FBI agent, ex-convict, and professional poker player, who Bosch met in "The Black Echo" and married while on a case in Las Vegas). Wish left Bosch in " Angels Flight" and was killed in Hong Kong in "9 Dragons". Recent stories find Bosch linked in a close relationship with FBI agent Rachel Walling. The liaison formulated in "The Narrows" and heightened romantically during "Echo Park", but Walling broke off the relationship at its conclusion. Walling returned in "The Overlook" on a strictly professional basis, and she has since resumed a relationship with reporter Jack McEvoy. Walling notes in "The Scarecrow" that her relationship with Bosch broke up in part because Bosch was still in love with Eleanor Wish.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch is left handed. He is about and is described as wiry. His muscles are like nylon cords, strength concealed by economy of scale. He has a moustache and brown hair that is graying.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch's eyes are a key aspect of his appearance; they are brown and nearly black, and were mentioned often for this reason in "A Darkness More Than Night". Connelly gives a good clue as to how he visualizes Bosch when, in "The Overlook", Rachel Walling tells Bosch: "You look like House" (actor Hugh Laurie).


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch is always finding himself in conflict with authority, whether with his lieutenant, or a deputy chief of police (specifically Irvin Irving, Bosch's recurring nemesis until Irving was forced to retire at the end of "The Closers" and is now a city councilman), or the FBI. His confrontational side is usually attributed to his strong sense of right and wrong, coupled with little regard for his career. At the end of "The Overlook", Connelly states this trait can be described in a single word: "relentless". He also uses this word in "Lost Light", describing jazz, and implying a self-reference to his own work and personality.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch has a half-brother, Mickey Haller, a Los Angeles attorney who makes his first appearance in the novel "The Lincoln Lawyer", although he briefly appears in a flashback in "The Black Ice" as a boy. Haller is the legitimate son of the attorney who fathered Bosch. In the second Mickey Haller novel, "The Brass Verdict", it is revealed that Harry Bosch has known for years of the relationship, but Haller was unaware of it until the end of the book.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch's namesake, the Dutch painter Hieronymus Bosch, was famous for his religious portrayal of earthly sins (mostly debauchery) and their violent consequences. In several of the books there are parallels suggested between the Hell in the paintings and the events of the fictional Bosch's life. "Hieronymus" is the Latin form of the male name Jerome, but Connelly has written he used the nickname "Harry" for the character rather than "Jerry" as a tribute to "Dirty" Harry Callahan, the police officer played in a series of films by Clint Eastwood.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Besides the Connelly series, Harry Bosch has made cameo appearances in books by Paula Woods, Joe Gores, and Robert Crais. Likewise, during an October 16, 2008 book-signing in San Mateo, California, to promote "The Brass Verdict", Michael Connelly informed the audience that Bosch also appeared in a cameo, without identification, in Connelly's novel "Chasing the Dime".


title: Harry Bosch

text: With two exceptions the Bosch novels are narrated in the third-person, initially focused entirely on Bosch's point of view. Later novels include occasional scenes from the perspective of other characters, but the overall emphasis is on Bosch. "Lost Light" (2003), the first novel in the series in which Bosch works as a private investigator, is narrated in the first-person by Bosch, a nod to private detective novels which are traditionally narrated by the investigator. "The Narrows" (2004), set during Bosch's temporary LAPD retirement, is also narrated by Bosch, but "The Closers" (2005) returns to third-person narration.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch is a jazz enthusiast and frequently plays vinyl records through vintage audio equipment. In several episodes in the series, a McIntosh MX110 tuner/pre-amplifier, McIntosh MC240 power amplifier, Marantz 6300 turntable, and Ohm Walsh 4 speakers can be seen.


title: Harry Bosch

text: Bosch carries a revolver in "The Black Echo" (he has to remove spent cartridges to reload during the S&L shootout). In later books, Bosch uses a "Smith & Wesson" or an "auto pistol", probably a Smith & Wesson Model 5906 9mm which was a popular approved-carry weapon in the LAPD at the time; the weapon was approved for carry as an alternative to the standard-issue Beretta 92FS around 1992–93. In "The Black Ice" he uses a Smith and Wesson .44 as a decoy gun when entering Mexico so that border guards would seize that and not his service weapon, hidden in his tire well. The gun had been a gift from the father of a victim in a previous case, and Bosch never used it because its grips were for right-handed use, while he is left-handed. In "Lost Light", after Bosch retired from Homicide and got his PI license, he kept a Glock 27 .40SW caliber, semi-automatic, subcompact pistol in his closet for personal protection (mistakenly described in the book as a "Glock P7"). After the North Hollywood shootout, the LAPD authorized officers to carry .45 ACP pistols in lieu of the 9mm. In "The Overlook" Bosch has transferred to the RHD Special Section and carries a Kimber Ultra Carry II .45 ACP caliber semiautomatic pistol. In "The Burning Room", Bosch is carrying a Glock 30, .45 ACP caliber, semi-automatic pistol and using the Kimber as his backup gun. In "Dark Sacred Night", Bosch carries a Smith & Wesson Model 15 Combat Masterpiece .38 Special. It is referred to as the revolver he carried as a patrol officer in the past. The S&W Combat Masterpiece was standard issue to LAPD officers from the mid-1970s to 1986, when the Beretta was adopted.


title: Harry Bosch

text: In February 2015, Amazon Prime premiered the series "Bosch", based on the novels. The seven season (68 episodes) series stars Titus Welliver as Harry Bosch, and co-stars Amy Aquino as Bosch's superior officer Lieutenant II Grace Billets and Jamie Hector as his partner Det. Jerry Edgar. Henrik Bastin of Fabrik Entertainment produced, and Jim McKay directed. The series follows Bosch "as he pursues the killer of a 12-year-old boy while standing trial in federal court on accusations that he murdered a suspected serial killer in cold blood." The series was renewed for six additional seasons.


title: Harry Bosch

text: According to Connelly, a number of changes were made "to the world of Harry Bosch ... in making the shift from page to screen". For example, in the television series, Bosch is born nearly 20 years later than in the novels, so that events can happen in the present day time, as they once did in the books. Also in the television series, Harry "is 47 years old and a veteran of the first Gulf War in 1991, where he was part of a Special Forces team that cleared tunnels. He has now been a police officer for twenty years with a one-year exception when he re-upped with the Army after 9/11, as many LAPD officers did. He came back to the force after serving in Afghanistan and again encountering tunnel warfare."


title: Harry Bosch

text: In the TV series, Bosch carries Kimber Custom TLE II .45 ACP caliber semi-automatic pistol as his duty weapon.


title: Neoteny

text: Neoteny (), also called juvenilization, is the delaying or slowing of the physiological, or somatic, development of an organism, typically an animal. Neoteny is found in modern humans compared to other primates. In progenesis or paedogenesis, sexual development is accelerated.


title: Neoteny

text: Both neoteny and progenesis result in paedomorphism (as having the form typical of children) or paedomorphosis (changing towards forms typical of children), a type of heterochrony. It is the retention in adults of traits previously seen only in the young. Such retention is important in evolutionary biology, domestication and evolutionary developmental biology. Some authors define paedomorphism as the retention of larval traits, as seen in salamanders.


title: Neoteny

text: The origins of the concept of neoteny have been traced to the Bible (as argued by Ashley Montagu) and to the poet William Wordsworth's "The Child is the father of the Man" (as argued by Barry Bogin). The term itself was invented in 1885 by Julius Kollmann as he described the axolotl's maturation while remaining in a tadpole-like aquatic stage complete with gills, unlike other adult amphibians like frogs and toads.


title: Neoteny

text: The word "neoteny" is borrowed from the German "Neotenie", the latter constructed by Kollmann from the Greek νέος ("neos", "young") and τείνειν ("teínein", "to stretch, to extend"). The adjective is either "neotenic" or "neotenous". For the opposite of "neotenic", different authorities use either "gerontomorphic" or "peramorphic". Bogin points out that Kollmann had intended the meaning to be "retaining youth", but had evidently confused the Greek "teínein" with the Latin "tenere", which had the meaning he wanted, "to retain", so that the new word would mean "the retaining of youth (into adulthood)".


title: Neoteny

text: In 1926, Louis Bolk described neoteny as the major process in humanization. In his 1977 book "Ontogeny and Phylogeny", Stephen Jay Gould noted that Bolk's account constituted an attempted justification for "scientific" racism and sexism, but acknowledged that Bolk had been right in the core idea that humans differ from other primates in becoming sexually mature in an infantile stage of body development.


title: Neoteny

text: Neoteny in humans is the slowing or delaying of body development, compared to non-human primates, resulting in features such as a large head, a flat face, and relatively short arms. These neotenic changes may have been brought about by sexual selection in human evolution. In turn, they may have permitted the development of human capacities such as emotional communication. However, humans also have relatively large noses and long legs, both peramorphic (not neotenic) traits. Some evolutionary theorists have proposed that neoteny was a key feature in human evolution. J. B. S. Haldane states a "major evolutionary trend in human beings" is "greater prolongation of childhood and retardation of maturity." Delbert D. Thiessen said that "neoteny becomes more apparent as early primates evolved into later forms" and that primates have been "evolving toward flat face." Doug Jones argued that human evolution's trend toward neoteny may have been caused by sexual selection in human evolution for neotenous facial traits in women by men with the resulting neoteny in male faces being a "by-product" of sexual selection for neotenous female faces.


title: Neoteny

text: Neoteny is seen in domesticated animals such as dogs and mice. This is because there are more resources available, less competition for those resources, and with the lowered competition the animals expend less energy obtaining those resources. This allows them to mature and reproduce more quickly than their wild counterparts. The environment that domesticated animals are raised in determines whether or not neoteny is present in those animals. Evolutionary neoteny can arise in a species when those conditions occur, and a species becomes sexually mature ahead of its "normal development". Another explanation for the neoteny in domesticated animals can be the selection for certain behavioral characteristics. Behavior is linked to genetics which therefore means that when a behavioral trait is selected for, a physical trait may also be selected for due to mechanisms like linkage disequilibrium. Often, juvenile behaviors are selected for in order to more easily domesticate a species; aggressiveness in certain species comes with adulthood when there is a need to compete for resources. If there is no need for competition, then there is no need for aggression. Selecting for juvenile behavioral characteristics can lead to neoteny in physical characteristics because, for example, with the reduced need for behaviors like aggression, there is no need for developed traits that would help in that area. Traits that may become neotenized due to decreased aggression may be a shorter muzzle and smaller general size among the domesticated individuals. Some common neotenous physical traits in domesticated animals (mainly dogs, pigs, ferrets, cats, and even foxes) include floppy ears, changes in the reproductive cycle, curly tails, piebald coloration, fewer or shortened vertebra, large eyes, rounded forehead, large ears, and shortened muzzle.


title: Neoteny

text: When the role of dogs expanded from just being working dogs to also being companions, humans started selective breeding dogs for morphological neoteny, and this selective breeding for "neoteny or paedomorphism" "strengthened the human-canine bond." Humans bred dogs to have more "juvenile physical traits" as adults, such as short snouts and wide-set eyes which are associated with puppies because people usually consider these traits to be more attractive. Some breeds of dogs with short snouts and broad heads such as the Komondor, Saint Bernard and Maremma Sheepdog are more morphologically neotenous than other breeds of dogs. Cavalier King Charles spaniels are an example of selection for neoteny because they exhibit large eyes, pendant-shaped ears and compact feet, giving them a morphology similar to puppies as adults.


title: Neoteny

text: In 2004, a study that used 310 wolf skulls and over 700 dog skulls representing 100 breeds concluded that the evolution of dog skulls can generally not be described by heterochronic processes such as neoteny, although some pedomorphic dog breeds have skulls that resemble the skulls of juvenile wolves. By 2011, the findings by the same researcher were simply "Dogs are not paedomorphic wolves."