title: Guys and Dolls

text: The original Broadway production of "Guys and Dolls" opened to unanimously positive reviews, which was a relief to the cast, who had had a 41-performance pre-Broadway tryout in Philadelphia in which each of the 41 performances was different. Critics praised the musical's faithfulness to Damon Runyon's style and characterizations. Richard Watts of the "New York Post" wrote ""Guys and Dolls" is just what it should be to celebrate the Runyon spirit...filled with the salty characters and richly original language sacred to the memory of the late Master". William Hawkins of the "New York World-Telegram & Sun" stated "It recaptures what [Runyon] knew about Broadway, that its wickedness is tinhorn, but its gallantry is as pure and young as Little Eva". Robert Coleman of the "New York Daily Mirror" wrote "We think Damon would have relished it as much as we did".


title: Guys and Dolls

text: The book and score were greatly praised as well; John Chapman, then Chief Theatre Critic, of the "New York Daily News" wrote "The book is a work of easy and delightful humor. Its music and lyrics, by Frank Loesser, are so right for the show and so completely lacking in banality, that they amount to an artistic triumph". Coleman stated "Frank Loesser has written a score that will get a big play on the juke boxes, over the radio, and in bistros throughout the land. His lyrics are especially notable in that they help Burrows's topical gags to further the plot". In "The New York Times", Brooks Atkinson wrote "Mr. Loesser's lyrics and songs have the same affectionate appreciation of the material as the book, which is funny without being self-conscious or mechanical".


title: Guys and Dolls

text: Multiple critics asserted that the work was of great significance to musical theatre. John McClain of the "New York Journal American" proclaimed "it is the best and most exciting thing of its kind since "Pal Joey". It is a triumph and a delight." Atkinson stated, "we might as well admit that "Guys and Dolls" is a work of art. It is spontaneous and has form, style, and spirit." Chapman asserted, "In all departments, "Guys and Dolls" is a perfect musical comedy".


title: Guys and Dolls

text: On November 3, 1955 the film version of the musical was released, starring Marlon Brando as Sky, Frank Sinatra as Nathan Detroit, and Jean Simmons as Sarah, with Vivian Blaine reprising her role as Adelaide. The film was directed by Joseph L. Mankiewicz and produced by Samuel Goldwyn.


title: Guys and Dolls

text: Levene lost the film role of Nathan Detroit to Frank Sinatra. "You can't have a Jew playing a Jew, it wouldn't work on screen", producer Samuel Goldwyn argued, when explaining that he wanted Sinatra, rather than Levene, who had originated the role, even though "Guys and Dolls" film director Joseph L. Mankiewicz wanted Levene, the original Broadway star. Frank Loesser felt Sinatra played the part like a "dapper Italian swinger". Mankiewicz said "if there could be one person in the world more miscast as Nathan Detroit than Frank Sinatra that would be Laurence Olivier and I am one of his greatest fans; the role had been written for Sam Levene who was divine in it". Sinatra did his best to give Nathan Detroit a few stereotyped Jewish gestures and inflections, but Frank Loesser hated "how Sinatra turned the rumpled Nathan Detroit into a smoothie. Sam Levene's husky untrained voice added to the song's charm, not to mention its believability". Frank Loesser died in 1969, still refusing to watch the film version released in 1955.


title: Guys and Dolls

text: Around the time of the film's release, American composer and lyricist Stephen Sondheim wrote film reviews for "Films in Review". Sondheim (then aged 25) reviewed the film version of "Guys and Dolls", and observed: "Sinatra ambles through his role as Nathan Detroit as though he were about to laugh at the jokes in the script. He has none of the sob in the voice, and the incipient ulcer in the stomach, that the part requires and Sam Levene supplied so hilariously on the stage. Sinatra sings on pitch, but colorlessly; Levene sang off pitch, but acted while he sang. Sinatra's lackadaisical performance, his careless and left handed attempt at characterization not only harm the picture immeasurably but indicate an alarming lack of professionality."


title: Guys and Dolls

text: Three new songs, written by Frank Loesser, were added to the film: "Pet Me Poppa"; "A Woman in Love"; and "Adelaide", which was written specifically for Sinatra. Five songs from the stage musical were omitted from the movie: "A Bushel and a Peck", "My Time of Day", "I've Never Been In Love Before", "More I Cannot Wish You", and "Marry the Man Today", although "A Bushel and a Peck" was later restored to the video release version.


title: Guys and Dolls

text: 20th Century Fox acquired the film rights to the musical in early 2013, and was said to be planning a remake. In March 2019, TriStar Pictures acquired the remake rights, with Bill Condon hired as director two years later.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice is a telephone service that provides a U.S. phone number to Google Account customers in the U.S. and Google Workspace (G Suite by October 2020) customers in Canada, Denmark, France, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland and the United Kingdom. It is used for call forwarding and voicemail services, voice and text messaging, as well as U.S. and international calls. Calls are forwarded to the phone number that each user must configure in the account web portal. Users can answer and receive calls on any of the phones configured to ring in the web portal. While answering a call, the user can switch between the configured phones. Subscribers in the United States can make outgoing calls to domestic and international destinations. The service is configured and maintained by users in a web-based application, similar in style to Google's email service Gmail, or Android and iOS applications on smartphones or tablets.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice provides free PC-to-phone calling within the United States and Canada, and PC-to-PC voice and video calling worldwide between users of the Google+ Hangouts browser plugin (available for Windows, Intel-based Mac OS X, and Linux). Almost all domestic and outbound calls to the United States (including Alaska and Hawaii) and Canada are free from the U.S. and Canada, and $0.01 per minute from everywhere else. International calls are billed according to a schedule posted on the Google Voice website.


title: Google Voice

text: Many other Google Voice services—such as voicemail, free text messaging, call history, call screening, blocking of unwanted calls, and voice transcription to text of voicemail messages—are also available to . Voicemails, missed call notifications, and/or text messages can optionally be forwarded to an email account of the user's choice. Additionally, text messages can be sent and received via the familiar email or IM interface by reading and writing text messages in numbers in Google Talk respectively (PC-to-Phone texting).


title: Google Voice

text: Google provides free PC-to-PC voice calling worldwide. As described above, Google Voice users in many countries may make low-cost calls to international phone numbers, and may also make free PC-to-phone calls within the United States and Canada. Vincent Paquet, a co-founder of GrandCentral who became a senior product manager at Google after the company had acquired the service in 2009, said that he expected Google Voice domestic service to remain free because the cost of operation is so low and, "We can generate enough revenue from international calling to support the service." As of 2021, the service remains free of charge.


title: Google Voice

text: A Google Voice local phone number for incoming calls is available only for users in the United States. Users may select a single U.S. phone number from various area codes, free of charge to each account. Incoming calls to the number may ring simultaneously any of the user's configured phones or the account's Google Talk feature. Based on the calling number, or contact group (e.g., Family, Friends, Work), or on time of day (e.g., disabling a home phone during business hours and routing calls to mobile or business number), individual numbers may be configured to ring. Multiple destinations may be specified that ring simultaneously for incoming calls. Service setup/initiation requires a non-VOIP USA telephone number for verification and identification purposes. Calls may be initiated from any of the configured telephones, as well as from a mobile device app, or from the account portal. As of August 2011, users in many other countries also may place outbound calls from the web-based application to domestic and international phone numbers.


title: Google Voice

text: The service also features voicemail with indexable automated voicemail transcription, accessible via a web browser, e-mail, or by phone. Google Voice provides automatic blocking of known numbers, e.g., telemarketers, the ability to switch lines in mid-call, differentiated voice mail greetings based on caller, Short Message Service (SMS) forwarding, and call recording.


title: Google Voice

text: Previously, customers of Gizmo5, a Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) service vendor acquired by Google, were allowed to forward calls to their Gizmo service which may be answered using a free computer application, or a web application, or SIP-based telephone hardware. Google discontinued Gizmo5 service on April 3, 2011.


title: Google Voice

text: There are several competing virtual number services, such as eVoice. Personal numbering services have been available in the United Kingdom since 1993, similar to the AT&T True Connections 500 service offered in the 1990s in the United States. AT&T's service required the direct involvement of AT&T to change the phone number list, while the Google service is user-configurable on the web application.


title: Google Voice

text: The original voice of GrandCentral and Google Voice belonged to actress and voice-over artist, Laurie Burke, but has been replaced with recordings by Kiki Baessell, a Googler who had no experience in professional voice-overs, but was chosen because of her pleasant, familiar voice.


title: Google Voice

text: Late in 2009, Google Voice had approximately 1.4 million users, of which 570,000 used the service 7 days a week. This number rose markedly after Google made the transition of its Google Voice service from "invitation only" to be available to all Gmail subscribers in the United States.


title: Google Voice

text: GrandCentral, founded in 2005 by Craig Walker and Vincent Paquet with funding by Minor Ventures, was acquired by Google on July 2, 2007, for US$95 million in a transaction led by Wesley Chan. Although GrandCentral users were able to continue to use the service after the purchase, new users were not accepted, and Google made no public statements about their plans for the service. On March 11, 2009, the management of the service revealed that the team had been working on it throughout that period, apparently in secret, and that it was being rebranded "Google Voice". It was to keep most of the functionality originally offered in GrandCentral and add new features. Google hired a telecom design consultant, Peter Bouchard; he was brought on to make modifications and help relaunch the service.The service was launched by Google on March 11, 2009. A Wired blog post quoted a figure of 3.5 million users in 2013.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice was launched on March 11, 2009, based on GrandCentral, with new features, including voicemail transcriptions and SMS managing. However, GrandCentral's Ringback Tone feature was not transitioned over to Google Voice. Google transitioned former GrandCentral accounts to Google Voice and announced that the service would start accepting new members "within weeks" of the announcement. On June 25, 2009, NBC's "Today Show" stated that Google Voice would be available nationwide on that day. Google confirmed this in a Twitter message stating: "Google Voice on NBC Today Show. Invites to people on reservations list starting to go out today." The expansion was at first limited to users queued on the invitation list. Users with paid-in balances also received a limited number of invitation opportunities.


title: Google Voice

text: On July 1, 2009, Google Voice provided the option for users to change their service phone number for a U.S. $10 fee.


title: Google Voice

text: On September 15, 2009, GrandCentral calling services were discontinued. Subscribers who used the website could still log into the site to retrieve old messages and data. After termination of GrandCentral phone services, users who haven't moved over to Google Voice were still advised to upgrade their account to Google Voice.


title: Google Voice

text: On November 12, 2009, Google announced that it had acquired Gizmo5 for a reported U.S. $30 million in cash. A major effect of this announcement was that Gizmo5 suspended new signups pending re-launch by Google. Google was reported to be working on a desktop application, though rumors also circulated that the project had been scrapped in favor of a browser-based solution. On August 26, 2010 Gmail accounts with Google Voice were given a function to make and receive calls. Google Voice product manager, Vincent Paquet, confirmed that this function was added through the help of the technology received after the Gizmo5 acquisition. In 2011, the Gizmo5 site closed service to its registered members. As of January 2012, the website is no longer available.


title: Google Voice

text: On June 22, 2010 Google Voice dropped the requirement for invitations to become a subscriber, and the service became available to anyone in the US with a Google account.


title: Google Voice

text: On July 27, 2009, Apple Inc. rejected a Google Voice app that had been submitted by Google six weeks earlier. Other apps created for use with Google Voice, such as GVdialer, GV Mobile and VoiceCentral, were removed from the App Store. Apple states that the reason for the rejection and removals is that these apps replaced certain iPhone functions and features.


title: Google Voice

text: We work hard to bring Google applications to a number of mobile platforms, including the iPhone. Apple Inc. did not approve the Google Voice application we submitted six weeks ago to the Apple App Store. We will continue to work to bring our services to iPhone users – for example, by taking advantage of advances in mobile browsers.


title: Google Voice

text: The Federal Communications Commission (FCC) opened an inquiry regarding the rejection of Google Voice for the iPhone. "The FCC asked why Apple rejected the Google Voice application for the iPhone and removed related 'third-party applications' from its store." The FCC has also requested Google to submit a letter describing the application of Google Voice. "The request is part of a broader-ranging inquiry by the commission on exclusive deals between cell phone carriers and handset manufacturers for hot phones."


title: Google Voice

text: In their response to the FCC, Google stated that the Google Voice application uses the carrier's voice network to place phone calls, dispelling misconceptions that it is a Voice over Internet Protocol application. AT&T stated that they had no role in approval or rejection of the Google Voice application. Apple stated that they had not rejected the application but were continuing to examine it. One argument against allowing the Google Voice app on the iPhone is that they are concerned that it replaces the iPhone user interface with its own; however many other dialers and messaging apps are available from the app store.


title: Google Voice

text: As a result of rejection from the Apple Store, Google released its Google Voice iPhone application as a web app in January 2010, and certain apps like GV Mobile are available through Cydia on jailbroken iPhones.


title: Google Voice

text: In September 2010, Sean Kovacs, creator of the app "GV Mobile +", announced on his Twitter that Apple had re-accepted the application, and it has since been available for purchase on the Apple App Store. This is the second Google Voice service app available in the Apple's official application store for a year and a half, released just a day after "GV Connect" had been available.


title: Google Voice

text: In November 2010, the official Google Voice iPhone application became available in the App Store in the United States, but was still not available in other countries.


title: Google Voice

text: In September 2014, certain Google Voice features were integrated into the Google Hangouts application, an instant messaging client, which is a replacement for Google Talk. In early 2021, Google removed Google Voice support from the Hangouts mobile and desktop apps.


title: Google Voice

text: In January 2017, Google made the first significant updates to Google Voice in approximately five years for Android, iOS, and the Web. The user interface was overhauled with Material Design. Group and photo MMS became natively supported in Voice, not depending on Hangouts integration. Voicemail transcription for Spanish was introduced, and Google promised to provide new updates and features.


title: Google Voice

text: On July 25, 2018, Google announced the launch of a beta version of Google Voice for business customers at their Cloud NEXT event in San Francisco, California. On April 10, 2019, Google announced the general availability release for Google Voice for existing G Suite (now Google Workspace) customers in select countries.


title: Google Voice

text: While many customers in countries beside the United States have been grandfathered into Google Voice services, the features are reduced and customers are often charged for calls to their own countries. Google Voice PC-to-phone calling works only for calls into the United States and Canada or for domestic or international calls from the United States and Canada; Google plans to implement this for other countries, but a time frame has not been released. A U.S. telephone number is required to obtain a Google Voice phone number for redirecting incoming calls.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice uses the caller's Google Voice number as the CLID on outgoing calls when the user places a call by calling the user's own Google Voice number and using the service's menu choices, or when the web-based account portal is used to place a call.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice applications for Android and iOS can automatically place outgoing calls and texts via the user's Google Voice service.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice does not officially support SMS to phone numbers outside of the United States. Google had purposely blocked international texts, with the intention of reintroducing the service once billing systems are in place.


title: Google Voice

text: When Google Voice was offered during beta testing, Gmail Labs offered an add-on so users could listen to voicemail messages in their Gmail inbox. Since August 26, 2010, U.S. Gmail users may place calls to the U.S., Canada, and international destinations from within Gmail. Calls to U.S. and Canadian phone numbers are free, while the cost of calls to international destinations starts at 1 cents per minute. This is possible with the help of a voice and video chat plugin for web browsers to connect to cameras, microphones, and speakers installed in the computer.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice refers to itself as an "enhanced call management application" and as such "is not capable of placing or receiving emergency services calls." Attempting to dial 911 in the U.S. indicates that the number is not valid.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice supports sending text messages to phone numbers in the U.S. and Canada, but users can receive text messages from anywhere in the world.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice permits Voice Over IP (VoIP) as a beta from both the web and Android clients. It formerly supported XMPP signaling but no longer does. However, it has been reported that at one time some users could receive calls with their Google Voice accounts via the Session Initiation Protocol (SIP).


title: Google Voice

text: Hardware manufacturers such as Obihai Technology have created devices that enable the home user to use conventional wired telephone(s) to place and receive calls over their broadband connection through Google Voice, as well as other service providers.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice terminated support for some XMPP services in May 2014, disrupting service for 3rd party apps. Affected vendors included Talkatone, GrooveIP and Obihai. Obihai initially recommended its users to switch to rival providers but returned with official Google Voice support for its hardware analog telephone adapters on September 11, 2014.


title: Google Voice

text: Software manufacturers offer applications, such as PCPhoneSoft.com's "GVJack" App that converts magicJack dongles to use Google Voice. The GVJackApp for magicJack and the GVMate Phone Adapter are signalling independent and continued to work (using Google Hangouts) after support for XMPP was terminated.


title: Google Voice

text: If the telephone to which a call is forwarded does not connect within 25 seconds, then calls are routed to Google Voice's voicemail. Users who want calls to be picked up by their home, work, or mobile phone voicemail systems or answering machines must turn off call screening in Google Voice and make sure that their phone's voicemail systems or answering machines pick up within 25 seconds.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice's partners that provide phone numbers, call-termination, call-routing, and other infrastructure include:


title: Google Voice

text: In 2009, Google reserved 1 million telephone numbers with Level 3 Communications which were presumed to be for Google Voice.


title: Google Voice

text: AT&T petitioned the U.S. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to require Google (as it requires POTS providers) to allow calls to high-cost destinations, typically rural independent telephone companies with wholesale prices up to ten times above the national average. Google responded that it is not obligated to allow these calls.


title: Google Voice

text: Google Voice requires an existing "real" [non-VOIP] phone number and a generated PIN to register. However, many users simply employ one of numerous text verification websites to supply temporary "real" numbers.


title: Google Voice

text: Scammers wanting multiple anonymous unauthorized Google Voice numbers have tricked strangers into registering Google Voice numbers to their personal phone numbers.


title: Malik Willis

text: Malik Antonio Willis ( ; born May 25, 1999) is an American football quarterback for the Tennessee Titans of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Auburn before transferring to Liberty, where he won the 2020 Dudley Award. Willis was drafted by the Titans in the third round of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis attended Westlake High School in Atlanta before transferring to Roswell High School in Roswell, Georgia, for his senior year. As a senior, he passed for 2,562 yards and rushed for 1,033 yards with 37 total touchdowns. He committed to Auburn University to play college football.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis spent 2017 and 2018 at Auburn and played in 15 games. During the two years, he completed 11 of 14 passes for 69 yards with a touchdown and rushed for 309 yards and two touchdowns.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis transferred to Liberty University in 2019 following a quarterback competition with Bo Nix and sat out the season due to transfer rules. In 2020, he was named the team's starting quarterback. Against Southern Mississippi, he threw for six touchdowns and rushed for another.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis was named the winner of the 2020 Dudley Award, given to the best college football player in the state of Virginia, and was the recipient of the 2021 Bobby Bowden Award, awarded to the best college football player who epitomizes being a Christian student-athlete. He was named MVP of the 2020 Cure Bowl and the 2021 LendingTree Bowl.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis was drafted in the third round (86th overall) of the 2022 NFL Draft by the Tennessee Titans. He was considered a surprise fall in the draft as he was projected by some to be selected as high as second overall. He signed his four-year rookie contract on July 23, 2022.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis made his NFL debut in Week 2 against the Buffalo Bills in the third quarter after the Titans benched Ryan Tannehill. He completed one of his four passing attempts while throwing for six yards and rushed for 16 yards in the 41–7 loss.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis was named as a starter in Week 8 against the Texans, relieving Ryan Tannehill due to illness. In his first start, Willis completed 6 of 10 pass attempts for 55 yards and one interception in a 17-10 victory.


title: Malik Willis

text: Willis started in place of an injured Tannehill for a second consecutive week in Week 9 against the Chiefs. He completed 5 of his 16 passing attempts for 80 yards in the 20-17 overtime loss.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: During the course of the game, he teams up with civilian survivor Claire Redfield, rescues the young Sherry Birkin, and is aided by the mysterious Ada Wong. Six years later, in "Resident Evil 4" (2005), Leon returns as a D.S.O agent for the U.S. federal government, part of a special anti-Umbrella Corporation task force, assigned to rescue the president's daughter, Ashley Graham, from a sinister cult. In "Resident Evil 6" (2012), he continues to work for the U.S. government and reunites with Ada and an adult Sherry.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon is the protagonist of several "Resident Evil" games and novelizations. Leon also appears in the CG animated films and in the animated miniseries "" (2021). In later games, such as the "Resident Evil 2" remake (2019) and the "Resident Evil 4" remake (2023), his features were based on Romanian model Eduard Badaluta. In the live-action films, Leon has been portrayed by actors Johann Urb and Avan Jogia. Video game publications list Leon among the most popular and iconic video game characters, and he ranks consistently as a fan favorite character of the franchise.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon was created by Hideki Kamiya as a contrast to Chris Redfield from the original "Resident Evil", who he felt was the "blunt, tough-guy type". Though Kamiya admitted that while he was a fan of characters like Chris, as it had already been done, he opted to take Leon's development in a different direction. Leon was created for "Resident Evil 2" as the staff wanted to use a character who had no experience with terrifying situations in contrast to using returning protagonists. While he was originally designed as a veteran police officer, he was changed to a rookie after the original version of "Resident Evil 2" (popularly known as ""Resident Evil 1.5"") had been scrapped. Leon's design was inspired by Capcom artist Isao Ohishi. While Kamiya created Leon alongside Claire, he was aided by novelist Noboru Sugimura in order to make the writing more appealing. Sugimura often revised the "Resident Evil 2" scenario such as the multiple interactions the two player characters have and what weapon should each acquire.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Elements from Leon's backstory from the "Resident Evil 2" manual indicating having had a split with a woman were based on Kamiya's own life. Kamiya further commented that the relationship Leon has with Ada Wong is manipulative by the latter. Speaking about the relationship between Leon and Ada, Urb said: "It's kind of like Mulder and Scully and an "X-Files" type of deal, where you're waiting for it to happen, but it never does. Maybe in the next one, I'm hoping." Though director Makoto Kamiya initially wanted the film "" to follow the dysfunctional romance between Leon and Ada, such idea was scrapped. Writer Shotaro Suga further elaborated on the romance was briefly explored in "Resident Evil 4" and since both never met in "Resident Evil 5", there might have been a time when the two met as suggested by an interaction in the film.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Kamiya was surprised at how popular Leon had become, praising his later evolution into a laid back character for "Resident Evil 4" and adding that he "fell in love all over again". Leon was announced as "Resident Evil 4"s protagonist in November 2002. As the game was developed, it was intended that Leon would be infected with the Progenitor virus. This concept was expanded upon in 2004, when Leon was meant to contract a bizarre disease in his fight against the game's enemies. In a documentary explaining the conception of the game's characters, it was stated that Leon was intended to "look tougher, but also cool". His face was modeled after the game's animation department director Christian Duerre. Masaki Yamanaka explains the change to Leon from "Resident Evil 2" as being due to the experience he has gained since that game. He was buffed up accordingly, but Yamanaka did not want him "too buffed out".


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: During the development of "", producer Hiroyuki Kobayashi stated that Leon and Claire returned as protagonists due to their relationship and role in "Resident Evil 2" and the recent release of "Resident Evil 4". Leon was also added too because of his experience, especially with how he work with the new character Angela. The producer said in 2009 would like to make another game starring Leon as the main character. "Resident Evil 5"s producer Jun Takeuchi said that the series' fans "would really love" a video game featuring both Leon and Chris as the protagonists due to their popularity, and at the same time, it would be "pretty dramatic" if the two characters never met before the series would end. "Resident Evil 6"s producer Kobayashi took a liking to Leon and decided to include him in the game since "he is central to the story". His eventual inclusion led to make his story be more horror-based than the rest of the cast and give a sense of incomplete as players would need to choose the other protagonists to understand it. His initial design is meant to be that of a civilian as well as giving the idea of being easy to fight. For his China design, the clothing is meant to give an air of stylishness that contrasts Chris' military equipment. His key color was blue. The initial jacket is also meant to fit a civilian look.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: To meet modern expectations for the 2019 "Resident Evil 2" remake, the team decided to alter some character designs to better match the more photorealistic setting; for example, Leon no longer wears large shoulder pads, which were added to distinguish his original, low-polygon model. The remake of "Resident Evil 4" was worked with Leon having more abilities to overcome even the most difficult of situations, being envisioned as a more realistic person rather than as a superhero.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: In the film "", Kobayashi aimed Leon to be properly portrayed as a main character though other staff members wanted Chris to be the lead. With Rebbeca's addition, the team decided to use this addition in order to generate another contrast with "Resident Evil 6". The chase scene between Leon and dogs were nearly removed from the movie. Although "Vendetta" takes place after "Resident Evil 6", director Eiichirō Hasumi made the mini-series "" to be set before the game events in order to have more freedom with the younger incarnations of Leon and Claire. as he noted they were too popular and thus they wanted to be careful wiith their characterizations. The new character named Jason is meant to mirror Leon's sense of justice because of their similar backgrounds and ideas about how to deal with partners. The director was warned to remember the mini-series "was animation" during the interactions between Leon and Jason as he had to maintain tension.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon is voiced by Paul Haddad in "Resident Evil 2". Paul Mercier takes the role in "Resident Evil 4", "Resident Evil: Degeneration" and "". Mercier remembers being happy with the localizer, Shinsaku Ohara, and the team in the making of the game ever since its early demo. Despite initial issues in the making of "Resident Evil 4", Mercier was relieved his work as Leon was not removed and also felt joy when having the opportunity to work with director Ginny Mcswain. Nevertheless, Capcom requested Mercier to rerecord some lines because they felt Leon sounded too old for his age. While Leon acts sarcastic in "Resident Evil 4", he behaves colder in the first CGI film; Mercier believes Capcom wanted a different take on Leon when developing the film. Nevertheless, the actor expressed joy in making the film. For the prequel "Darkside Chronicles", Mercier expressed difficulties in voicing the younger Leon while still understanding how different he was in this title due to hardships he faces.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Mercier was replaced by Matthew Mercer in "Resident Evil 6", "Resident Evil: Damnation", "" and "Resident Evil: Vendetta". Mercer described himself as a fan and friend of Mercier and said that he felt honored to take over as the voice of Leon In an interview, he also detailed his interpretation of Leon and talked about the changes being made to the character. Mercer elaborates the Leon from "Damnation" is far more "younger, cockier" character, and "actually follows his transition" in contrast to the "broken, downtrodden Leon that "Resident Evil 6" begins with". Thanks to discussions with the director, Mercer was able to give his character more personality, linking him to the superhero Spider-Man who also has a tendency to perform oneliners. However, Mercer claims that since some of Leon's enemies are silent, there is little area to perform more jokes. Due to the dark narrative of "6" and "Damnation", Mercer believes that Leon in "Vendetta" is a more terrified character who no longer trusts in his own skills. In the "Resident Evil 2" commercial directed by George A. Romero, Leon was portrayed by Brad Renfro.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: About Johann Urb's casting in "", the film's producer and director Paul W. S. Anderson said, "You have no idea how difficult it is to find someone with Leon Kennedy's hair [who] has to be manly and has to have these long bangs," adding that "if you put photographs of them side-by-side, it's almost like he was manufactured by Capcom." Anderson said that the decision to include Leon and other game characters in the film was "fan-driven". Urb mentioned that he learned the video game Leon's mannerisms from watching clips posted on YouTube, commenting that "he doesn't have a high-pitched voice. I feel like he talks how I naturally talk, which is kind of slower."


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: In "", Christian Lanz voiced Leon. Nick Apostolides is the voice and motion capture of Leon in the remake of "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil 4", including in the film "Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness". Apostolides stated that thanks to the "Resident Evil 2" remake he was able to have more exposure in his career. The actor was shocked when he was cast for the role as he recalls being a fan of the franchise and noted that director needed a new voice for Leon due to the remake's younger persona. He also provided the motion capture for such work. He went to describe the character as a good nature young adult who stumbles into one of the biggest mayhems ever as a result of the outbreak in Racoon City. He was also curious about the character's relationship with Ada Wong, believing the former had feelings for the latter but found this unhealhty due to how the franchise expands these two's connection. His facial features on the remake of "Resident Evil 2" were based on model Eduard Badaluta.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon's Japanese actor Toshiyuki Morikawa said Leon has an unwavering sense of justice and the strength of his convictions, so he tries to make sure that everyone who enjoys the work can easily enter the world. He further said he enjoyed his character, while being a life-sized young man that people can find anywhere, he grows up by getting involved in big incidents and fully demonstrates his various skills, resulting in him growing confidence and security enough to be a hero. However, he had the hardest time in the "Resident Evil 2" remake where he acted when he was younger. Morikawa was able to enter the world smoothly this time by playing the role of Leon, who has become more splendid after that.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon debuted in "Resident Evil 2" (1998), as one of the game's two protagonists alongside Claire Redfield. In the story, he is a police officer on his first day who arrives in the Midwestern United States town of Raccoon City just after a viral outbreak begins. He meets Claire by chance as she is chased by zombies created by the T-virus. Together, they flee towards the Raccoon City Police Department building but soon get separated and go on their own ways. They eventually meet again at the Umbrella Corporation underground research complex responsible for the viral outbreak. Along the way, Leon teams-up with Ada, a mysterious and charming woman eventually revealed as a spy seeking a sample of the even more powerful G-virus. During the final confrontation against the seemingly unstoppable T-103 Tyrant that constantly pursues the characters, Ada tosses Leon (or Claire, depending on the scenario) a rocket launcher to destroy the creature. In the end, Leon faces and kills the grotesquely mutated Umbrella scientist William Birkin, and escapes from the self-destructing facility along with Claire and Birkin's young daughter Sherry.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: An epilogue obtained after completing "" (1999) reveals that Leon later joined the U.S. federal government. In "" (2000), Claire contacts Leon to relay information to her brother Chris while stuck on Rockfort Island. "Resident Evil: The Darkside Chronicles" (2009) features re-imaginings of "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil - Code Veronica"; it also contains a new scenario set in 2002 that involves Leon and the soldier Jack Krauser on a mission to search for Javier Hidalgo, an ex-drug lord who had been reported to do business with Umbrella.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon is the protagonist of "Resident Evil 4" (2005). In 2004, he is a special agent assigned to rescue the U.S. president's daughter Ashley Graham who is being held somewhere in Europe. Her kidnappers turn out to be part of an evil cult known as Los Illuminados, which has taken control of local villagers using parasites known as Las Plagas. As Leon searches for Ashley, he is captured and injected with the parasite. With help from Ada Wong and the Illuminados researcher Luis Sera, Leon is able to remove Las Plagas from his body and to rescue Ashley while confronting the cult. At the climax of the game, Leon kills the cult leader Osmund Saddler, but is forced to give a Plagas sample to Ada, who escapes in a helicopter, leaving Leon and Ashley to escape on a watercraft. Leon is also one of the protagonists in "Resident Evil 6" (2012), alongside Chris Redfield, Jake Muller and Ada Wong.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Capcom announced a reimagining of "Resident Evil 2" at E3 2018 in June, and Leon was shown shooting a zombie and returning in "Resident Evil 2" (2019). In June 2022, Leon is also set to appear in the remake of "Resident Evil 4" (2023).


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon also appears in several non-canonical games in the series. He stars alongside Barry Burton in the Game Boy Color-only "Resident Evil Gaiden" (2001). Along with Claire, Leon is one of two playable characters in the browser and mobile game "Resident Evil: Zombie Busters". In the third-person shooter "Resident Evil: Operation Raccoon City" (2012) revisiting the Raccoon City incident, the players control Umbrella operatives sent to kill any survivors, and certain actions can lead to Leon's death. He is also a player character in the "Heroes" mode of this game and is portrayed by the computer-animated film Leon face model, Jamisin Matthews. Leon, along with Claire's costume, appears in "" (2020).


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon teams up with Claire Redfield in the 2008 computer-animated film "Resident Evil: Degeneration" in order to stop another outbreak of the T-virus on American soil. He returns in the sequel "Resident Evil: Damnation", where he is sent to investigate the use of the Las Plagas during a civil war in Eastern Europe. Starting with "Resident Evil: Degeneration", Capcom modeled the computer-animated Leon Kennedy after Jamisin Matthews. Unlike the live-action film series, the animated films are canonically set in the same universe as the game series, serving as the prequels to "Resident Evil 5" and "Resident Evil 6", respectively. A third computer-animated film "Resident Evil: Vendetta" (2017) starring Chris Redfield, Leon Kennedy and Rebecca Chambers. A guilty-ridden Leon joins Chris on rescue operation and decrypt Glenn Arias's plan of a large-scale attack on New York City. Leon also appears in the Netflix series "Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness" (2021). He encounters zombies when the White House is targeted in a mysterious attack. He later meets Claire Redfield, who has been investigating a strange drawing made by a child refugee while working on a TerraSave-led mission to oversee construction of a welfare facility


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: In an interview, director Paul W. S. Anderson said that, if "" succeeds, he would do a fifth film and would like Leon to make an appearance in it. Leon also appeared as a major character in "Resident Evil: Retribution" (2012), "poised to rumble with Bad Rain and the defected Jill Valentine". The live-action version of Leon is leader of a mercenary group working for Albert Wesker who teams up with the film's version of Ada to fight Umbrella, save Alice and rescue Jill. At the end of the film, he is one of the characters to survive. In the reboot film "" (2021), Leon was played by Avan Jogia and teams up with Claire and Brad Irons to escape the city


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon is featured in the 1998-1999 manhua "Shēnghuà Wēijī 2" ("Biological Crisis 2"). A romantic comedy retelling of the story of "Resident Evil 2", centered on Leon, Claire and Ada, was released in the Taiwanese two-issue comic "Èlíng Gǔbǎo II" in 1999. Leon also appeared as a character in the Image Comics comic book "Resident Evil", including the novels "Resident Evil: City of the Dead" and "Resident Evil: Underworld" by S. D. Perry. On Halloween Horror Nights 2013 held at Universal Orlando, Leon was featured as one of two main characters in a haunted house called "Resident Evil: Escape from Raccoon City", based on "Resident Evil 2" and "Resident Evil 3: Nemesis".


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Outside the "Resident Evil" franchise, Leon appears as a costume for the character Chris Redfield in the fighting game "Ultimate Marvel vs. Capcom 3". He appears as a solo unit playable character in "Project X Zone 2". He makes a special guest appearance as a spirit in the Nintendo's crossover video game "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate". Leon and multiple other "Resident Evil" characters appear as playable characters in "Dead by Daylight". His Persistent Investigator and Impervious Agent skins were also included. Leon has also appeared in an online multiplayer battle royale game "Knives Out" at July 29 to August 12, 2021. In August 2021, the character Lion from "Rainbow Six Siege" received Leon Kennedy's skin. In February 2022, both Leon and Chris appeared as an easter egg in "Dying Light 2".


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Since his appearance in "Resident Evil 2", Leon has had a positive reception. In 2010, "Nintendo Power" listed him as their 14th favorite Nintendo gaming hero, stating that he went from a "glorified meter maid with a bad haircut" to a tough guy. In 2009, "GameSpot" chose him as one of the 64 characters to compete in their poll for the title "All Time Greatest Game Hero". In a 2010 "Famitsu" poll, Leon was voted by readers as the 31st most popular video game character in Japan. In the "Guinness World Records Gamer's Edition" from 2011, he was voted as the 36th best video game character. In 2012, "GamesRadar" ranked him as the 11th most "influential and badass" hero in video games. "Empire" also included Leon on their list of the 50 greatest video game characters, ranking him 44th. "IGN" ranked Leon as the best playable "Resident Evil" character, writing Leon "quickly became one of the most capable characters in the series, matching Chris in hand-to-hand combat and being referred to as a genius by Ada." In 2015, "Logo TV" ranked Leon as the eighth on their list of the sexiest male video game characters. Tristan Jurkovich of "TheGamer" has claimed that Leon Kennedy was second of the best "Resident Evil" character of all time, and stated that "Leon is a part of the two best regarded games in the franchise by fans. For the more classic style game, Resident Evil 2 is where it's at." In 2021, Rachel Weber of "GamesRadar" ranked Leon as 24th of their "50 iconic video game characters."


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: "IGN" also repeatedly named him a character they wished to see in the crossover fighting series "Super Smash Bros.", describing him an "intimidating hero", a "unique breed of ass kicker" and one of the best things to happen to the "Resident Evil" series, along with "GamingBolt" and "Screen Rant". In 2010, "Game Informer" chose Leon as one of the 20 Capcom characters they would like to see in a rumored crossover fighting game titled "Namco Vs Capcom", his Namco equivalent being Nightmare from the "Soul" series: "The only man with enough experience and courage to take out this mutated menace is none other than Leon S. Kennedy. We bet this fight ends with a rocket launcher." In 2011, Ryan Woo of "Complex" ranked Leon among the fourth most stylish video game character, opining he is the best dressed person in the "Resident Evil" series, and "Jill just looks goofy in comparison."


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: According to "PlayStation Universe"'s Mike Harradence, "we've seen Kennedy transition from a likeable, wet-behind-the-ears, love-sick puppy to a wise-cracking, super smooth government agent." The character was one of the childhood crushes of Kendra Beltran from "MTV", who in 2013 wrote: "I still can't forget the rate my heart raced when my eyes set on Leon. I'm sure you felt and continue to feel the same." In 2014, "La Nueva España" included the "intelligent, quick-drawing and strong" Leon among the top ten sexiest video game characters of both genders, describing him as a "reinforced concrete wall with a porcelain face." In 2017, Rexly Peñaflorida of "Tom's Hardware" included Leon among the best protagonist characters in video games.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Leon and Claire were praised for their debut in "Resident Evil 2" as well as their different scenarios and how the remake was faithful to them. In the book "Immersion, Narrative, and Gender Crisis in Survival Horror Video Games", Andrei Nae described Leon's "Resident Evil 4" persona as a hypermasculine persona similar to Ethan Tomas from "" due to how skilled they are showned. "GamesRadar" described Leon's "Resident Evil 4" design as "David Bowie piloting the "Memphis Belle"", stating that, while it was appealing, the hairstyle required modifications for encounters in the games. However,"Complex" said "his sarcastic and moody attitude in "RE4"", adding that, while Leon "stepped it up in the series by maturing and becoming a true hero", they "enjoyed the game more when Leon didn't speak." Leon's continuous journey to save Ashley in "Resident Evil 4" have often been the subject of criticism due frustation given to the players.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Together with Ada Wong, Leon often seen as one of the most popular couples in gaming even if their relationship is dysfunctional. Before the release of "Resident Evil 6", Aylon Herbet of "Gameplanet" wrote that if both Leon and Chris would share starring roles in a "Resident Evil" game it would be "awesome". while "IGN" has featured Leon on the list of things they would like to see in "Resident Evil 6", calling him one of the two main characters of the series along with Chris Redfield. Cass Marshall of "Polygon" described Leon as a "sexy side of its star" in the remake of "Resident Evil 2", while Ravi Sinha of "GamingBolt" considered the character's design among the worst in video games, noting that the developers should have kept his original design.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: There was also commentary on Leon's film persona. Blu-ray.com found Leon's "Damnation" to be faithful video game adaptations especially thanks to the characters' dynamics. Other other critics enjoyed the dynamics between Leon and Ada for being faithful to their original video game personas. Leon's action sequences from "Vendetta" were also the subject of positive response even if they were ridiculous upon first seen. In his analysis of "Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness", Daniel Quesada of "HobbyConsolas" has praised Leon's design, particularly his hair, and said it was "perfect, as we like it." Both IGN and NerdReactor felt that the narrative focused more one Leon's mind to the point that Claire felt like a minor character in comparison, while Paste Magazine had mixed opinions about his characterization and arc. In retrospective, "Escapist" said that Leon's best film was "Damnation" as both "Degeneration" and "Vendetta" made him driven by angst.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: IGN lamented the lack of screentime Leon has in the live-action film, while CalebMasters and GHBL panned his portrayal. Reviewing the film reboot, CNET found the new Leon to be secondary to the Redfields siblings who are more prominent in the narrative. Avan Jogia received criticism from fans as they insisted that the character looks inconsistent. Among voice actors, Paul Mercier's performance in "Resident Evil 4" was praised for making him well produced, giving him the film "Degeneration" the nostalgia factor for reprising his work. Mercer's portrayal of the character was noted to be popular within fans as sites noted fans were disappointed once the actor claimed he would no reprise his role for the remakes.


title: Leon S. Kennedy

text: Various types of merchandising have been released based on Leon. In 2004, Capcom announced a series of outfits based on Leon's clothing, called "Leon's Collection". In 2020, a statue and figurine of Leon was also made, alongside Claire. Capcom has released the 10 ml styled perfume of Leon in Japan, which are now on sale for ¥6380. In 2021, Capcom and Kadoya collaborated to produce an official reproduction of Leon's jacket from "Resident Evil: Infinite Darkness". Capcom has also collaborated with Darkside Collectibles to develop a quarter-size Leon figurine based on his appearance in "Resident Evil 4". In 2022, a $1500 Leon's jacket from the remake of "Resident Evil 4" has been released. NAUTS and DAMTOYS have also released a 1/6 figurine of Leon from the remake of "Resident Evil 2".


title: Tyler1

text: Tyler Steinkamp (born March 7, 1995), better known as tyler1, is an American internet personality and streamer on Twitch. He is one of the most popular "League of Legends" online personalities with more than 5 million followers on Twitch. Steinkamp was banned from playing "League of Legends" from April 2016 to January 2018 for disruptive behavior towards other players, earning him the nickname of "The Most Toxic Player in North America". His first "League of Legends" stream after reinstatement peaked at over 382,000 viewers on Twitch, a figure that was noted as the website's largest non-tournament concurrent viewership at the time. In October 2020, he was signed by the South Korean esports team T1 as a content creator.


title: Tyler1

text: Steinkamp ranked 14th on the North American "League of Legends" ladder in 2014, but his stream had a modest following until 2016. Steinkamp originally became known in the "League of Legends" community for toxic behavior shown on his stream, which included personally attacking others and intentionally losing the game to the detriment of his teammates. This behavior eventually led to permanent bans on 22 unique accounts over several years.


title: Tyler1

text: Steinkamp's stream rapidly grew in popularity in April 2016, when he publicly announced that he had "reformed." His Twitch channel reportedly increased from around 5,700 followers before the announcement to over 92,000 followers by the end of the month. His improved behavior quickly lapsed but his following continued to grow, prompting several high profile and professional players to condemn his behavior. Those opposed to Steinkamp's behavior believed his popularity would encourage and normalize player toxicity, and criticized developer Riot Games for not taking action to prevent this behavior.


title: Tyler1

text: On April 30, 2016, Riot Games employee "Riot Socrates" announced that due to "a well-documented history of account bans for verbal abuse" and player harassment, Steinkamp would no longer be allowed to own a League of Legends account, saying "we want you to know when the rare player comes along who's a genuine jerk, we've still got your back." Under a Riot Games practice known as ID Banning, accounts Steinkamp played publicly on stream would be immediately banned, even if rules had yet to be broken on the account. To date, this type of ban has only happened a few times in "League of Legends" history.


title: Tyler1

text: After becoming banned, Steinkamp was forced to branch out from playing "League of Legends", continuing to grow his fan base as his stream became more eccentric. His stream gained media attention when he acted out a 45-minute action parody of his life in front of a green screen for April Fools' Day in 2018 called "A Day in the Life of Tyler1". He also continued to stream other games like PlayerUnknown's Battlegrounds.


title: Tyler1

text: In October 2017, Riot Games employee Aaron "Sanjuro" Rutledge made insulting remarks about Steinkamp in the official "r/LeagueOfLegends" Subreddit's Discord server, saying he looked like a "homunculus" and that he would die "from a coke overdose or testicular cancer from all the steroids." The company responded saying "what was said is NOT okay, and we take it extremely seriously", apologizing to Steinkamp and to the "League of Legends" community. Steinkamp responded to the incident saying, "It really sucks that some people still hold a grudge... and refuse to acknowledge I've changed." A few days later, investigative esports journalist Richard Lewis reported that Rutledge no longer worked at Riot Games.


title: Tyler1

text: In late 2017, Steinkamp announced on stream that he received an email from Riot Games that his ban would be lifted at the end of the year if the accounts he played in the last month were "clean" of abusive behavior. In January 2018, Steinkamp announced that he had been unbanned, which was later confirmed with Riot Games by Kotaku. Tyler's first stream after he became unbanned in January 2018 peaked at over 382,000 viewers, breaking the record for the most concurrent viewers for an individual streamer on Twitch set by Faker in 2017. This record was broken a month later by Dr Disrespect's first stream after returning from a 2-month hiatus, although due to conflicting media reporting and technical issues with Twitch, sources disagree whether the record was actually broken.


title: Tyler1

text: During an angry rant about recent changes to the game, Steinkamp admitted he was addicted to "League of Legends", prompting other members of the community to share their addiction stories and share advice from Riot Games employees. In October 2020, South Korean esports team T1 designated Steinkamp as a content creator.


title: Tyler1

text: In late 2021, Steinkamp had achieved the highest rank in 4 out of the 5 roles in League of Legends. He announced a goal to hit the highest rank in all roles in 2022, which he accomplished as of February 19th, 2022. This achievement led to him being awarded 5 "Challenger" medals by Riot Games themselves and tweets acknowledging it on their official "League of Legends" twitter page.


title: Tyler1

text: In November 2017, Steinkamp hosted an online "League of Legends" tournament called the Tyler1 Championship Series (TCS). A parody of the "League of Legends" Championship Series (LCS), Steinkamp streamed in front of a green screen to images of LCS stadiums and a commentators' desk. The tournament peaked at over 200,000 concurrent viewers on Twitch and was viewed by professional players and LCS casters. The winning team was awarded $10,000, funded from Steinkamp directly and without any sponsors.


title: Tyler1

text: In November 2018, the Tyler1 Championship Series made its return, this time with an increased prize pool of $50,000, funded again by Steinkamp directly. Rift Herald particularly praised its improvement in quality compared to the previous tournament, stating "What started out as a meme... has morphed into something resembling a real online third-party tournament. There are impressive graphics, sleek and seamless replays and a parade of community talent that's been brought in to help host and cast the event."


title: Tyler1

text: Steinkamp studied computer science at Central Methodist University before dropping out to focus on his streaming career. While at Central Methodist University, he played as a running back for the university's football team.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Greenhouse gas emissions from human activities strengthen the greenhouse effect, contributing to climate change. Most is carbon dioxide from burning fossil fuels: coal, oil, and natural gas. The largest emitters include coal in China and large oil and gas companies, many state-owned by OPEC and Russia. Human-caused emissions have increased atmospheric carbon dioxide by about 50% over pre-industrial levels. The growing levels of emissions have varied, but it was consistent among all greenhouse gases (GHG). Emissions in the 2010s averaged 56 billion tons a year, higher than ever before.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Electricity generation and transport are major emitters; the largest single source, according to the United States Environmental Protection Agency, is transportation, accounting for 27% of all USA greenhouse gas emissions. Deforestation and other changes in land use also emit carbon dioxide and methane. The largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely followed by gas venting and fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. The largest agricultural methane source is livestock. Agricultural soils emit nitrous oxide partly due to fertilizers. Similarly, fluorinated gases from refrigerants play an outsized role in total human emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: At current emission rates averaging six and a half tonnes per person per year, before 2030 temperatures may have increased by an average of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial levels, which is the limit for the G7 countries and aspirational limit of the Paris Agreement.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Global greenhouse gas emissions are about 50 Gt per year (6.6t per person) and for 2019 have been estimated at 57 Gt eq including 5 Gt due to land use change. In 2019, approximately 34% [20 Gt-eq] of total net anthropogenic GHG emissions came from the energy supply sector, 24% [14 Gt-eq] from industry, 22% [13 Gt-eq]from agriculture, forestry and other land use (AFOLU), 15% [8.7 Gt-eq] from transport and 6% [3.3 Gt-eq] from buildings.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Carbon dioxide (), nitrous oxide (), methane, three groups of fluorinated gases (sulfur hexafluoride (), hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) and perfluorocarbons (PFCs)) are the major anthropogenic greenhouse gases, and are regulated under the Paris Agreement.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Although CFCs are greenhouse gases, they are regulated by the Montreal Protocol, which was motivated by CFCs' contribution to ozone depletion rather than by their contribution to global warming. Note that ozone depletion has only a minor role in greenhouse warming, though the two processes are sometimes confused in the media. In 2016, negotiators from over 170 nations meeting at the summit of the United Nations Environment Programme reached a legally binding accord to phase out hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs) in the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: There are several ways of measuring greenhouse gas emissions. Some variables that have been reported include:


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: These measures are sometimes used by countries to assert various policy/ethical positions on climate change.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The use of different measures leads to a lack of comparability, which is problematic when monitoring progress towards targets. There are arguments for the adoption of a common measurement tool, or at least the development of communication between different tools.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Emissions may be tracked over long time periods, known as historical or cumulative emissions measurements. Cumulative emissions provide some indicators of what is responsible for greenhouse gas atmospheric concentration build-up.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The national accounts balance tracks emissions based on the difference between a country's exports and imports. For many richer nations, the balance is negative because more goods are imported than they are exported. This result is mostly due to the fact that it is cheaper to produce goods outside of developed countries, leading developed countries to become increasingly dependent on services and not goods. A positive account balance would mean that more production was occurring within a country, so more operational factories would increase carbon emission levels.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Emissions may also be measured across shorter time periods. Emissions changes may, for example, be measured against the base year of 1990. 1990 was used in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) as the base year for emissions, and is also used in the Kyoto Protocol (some gases are also measured from the year 1995). A country's emissions may also be reported as a proportion of global emissions for a particular year.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Another measurement is of per capita emissions. This divides a country's total annual emissions by its mid-year population. Per capita emissions may be based on historical or annual emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: While cities are sometimes considered to be disproportionate contributors to emissions, per-capita emissions tend to be lower for cities than the averages in their countries.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: At current emission rates, before 2030 temperatures may have increased by 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) over pre-industrial levels, which is the limit for the G7 countries and aspirational limit of the Paris Agreement.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Since about 1750, human activity has increased the concentration of carbon dioxide and other greenhouse gases. As of 2021, measured atmospheric concentrations of carbon dioxide were almost 50% higher than pre-industrial levels. Natural sources of carbon dioxide are more than 20 times greater than sources due to human activity, but over periods longer than a few years natural sources are closely balanced by natural sinks, mainly photosynthesis of carbon compounds by plants and marine plankton. Absorption of terrestrial infrared radiation by longwave absorbing gases makes Earth a less efficient emitter. Therefore, in order for Earth to emit as much energy as is absorbed, global temperatures must increase.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Burning fossil fuels is estimated to have emitted 62% of 2015 human GhG. The largest single source is coal-fired power stations, with 20% of GHG as of 2021.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The largest source of anthropogenic methane emissions is agriculture, closely followed by gas venting and fugitive emissions from the fossil-fuel industry. The largest agricultural methane source is livestock. Cattle (raised for both beef and milk, as well as for inedible outputs like manure and draft power) are the animal species responsible for the most emissions, representing about 65% of the livestock sector’s emissions. Agricultural soils emit nitrous oxide partly due to fertilizers.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: A 2017 survey of corporations responsible for global emissions found that 100 companies were responsible for 71% of global direct and indirect emissions, and that state-owned companies were responsible for 59% of their emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: One liter of gasoline, when used as a fuel, produces (about 1300 liters or 1.3 cubic meters) of carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas. One US gallon produces 19.4 lb (1,291.5 gallons or 172.65 cubic feet).


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The mass of carbon dioxide that is released when one MJ of energy is released from fuel can be estimated to a good approximation. For the chemical formula of diesel we use as an approximation . Note that diesel is a mixture of different molecules. As carbon has a molar mass of 12 g/mol and hydrogen (atomic!) has a molar mass of about 1 g/mol, so the fraction by weight of carbon in diesel is roughly 12/14. The reaction of diesel combustion is given by:


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Carbon dioxide has a molar mass of 44g/mol as it consists of 2 atoms of oxygen (16 g/mol) and 1 atom of carbon (12 g/mol). So 12 g of carbon yield 44 g of Carbon dioxide. Diesel has an energy content of 42.6 MJ per kg or 23.47 gram of Diesel contain 1 MJ of energy. Putting everything together the mass of carbon dioxide that is produced by releasing 1MJ of energy from diesel fuel can be calculated as:


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: For gasoline, with 22 g/MJ and a ratio of carbon to hydrogen atoms of about 6 to 14, the estimated value of carbon emission for 1MJ of energy is:


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Carbon dioxide () is the dominant emitted greenhouse gas, while methane () emissions almost have the same short-term impact. Nitrous oxide (NO) and fluorinated gases (F-Gases) play a minor role.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: GHG emissions are measured in equivalents determined by their global warming potential (GWP), which depends on their lifetime in the atmosphere. Estimations largely depend on the ability of oceans and land sinks to absorb these gases. Short-lived climate pollutants (SLCPs) including methane, hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs), tropospheric ozone and black carbon persist in the atmosphere for a period ranging from days to 15 years; whereas carbon dioxide can remain in the atmosphere for millennia. Reducing SLCP emissions can cut the ongoing rate of global warming by almost half and reduce the projected Arctic warming by two-thirds.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: GHG emissions in 2019 were estimated at 57.4 Gte, while emissions alone made up 42.5 Gt including land-use change (LUC).


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: While mitigation measures for decarbonization are essential on the longer-term, they could result in weak near-term warming because sources of carbon emissions often also co-emit air pollution. Hence, pairing measures that target carbon dioxide with measures targeting non- pollutants – short-lived climate pollutants, which have faster effects on the climate, is essential for climate goals.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Methane has a high immediate impact with a 5-year global warming potential of up to 100. Given this, the current 389 Mt of methane emissions has about the same short-term global warming effect as emissions, with a risk to trigger irreversible changes in climate and ecosystems. For methane, a reduction of about 30% below current emission levels would lead to a stabilization in its atmospheric concentration.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: NO has a high GWP and significant Ozone Depleting Potential. It is estimated that the global warming potential of NO over 100 years is 265 times greater than CO. For NO, a reduction of more than 50% would be required for a stabilization.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Fluorinated gases include hydrofluorocarbons (HFC), perfluorocarbons (PFC), sulfur hexafluoride (SF), and nitrogen trifluoride (NF). They are used by switchgear in the power sector, semiconductor manufacture, aluminium production and a large unknown source of SF. Continued phase down of manufacture and use of HFCs under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol will help reduce HFC emissions and concurrently improve the energy efficiency of appliances that use HFCs like air conditioners, freezers and other refrigeration devices.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Black carbon is formed through the incomplete combustion of fossil fuels, biofuel, and biomass. It is not a greenhouse gas but a climate forcing agent. Black carbon can absorb sunlight and reduce albedo when deposited on snow and ice. Indirect heating can be caused by the interaction with clouds. Black carbon stays in the atmosphere for only several days to weeks. Emissions may be mitigated by upgrading coke ovens, installing particulate filters on diesel-based engines, reducing routine flaring, and minimizing open burning of biomass.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Global greenhouse gas emissions can be attributed to different sectors of the economy. This provides a picture of the varying contributions of different types of economic activity to climate change, and helps in understanding the changes required to mitigate climate change.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Manmade greenhouse gas emissions can be divided into those that arise from the combustion of fuels to produce energy, and those generated by other processes. Around two thirds of greenhouse gas emissions arise from the combustion of fuels.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Energy may be produced at the point of consumption, or by a generator for consumption by others. Thus emissions arising from energy production may be categorized according to where they are emitted, or where the resulting energy is consumed. If emissions are attributed at the point of production, then electricity generators contribute about 25% of global greenhouse gas emissions. If these emissions are attributed to the final consumer then 24% of total emissions arise from manufacturing and construction, 17% from transportation, 11% from domestic consumers, and 7% from commercial consumers. Around 4% of emissions arise from the energy consumed by the energy and fuel industry itself.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The remaining third of emissions arise from processes other than energy production. 12% of total emissions arise from agriculture, 7% from land use change and forestry, 6% from industrial processes, and 3% from waste.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Coal-fired power stations are the single largest emitter, with over 20% of global GhG in 2018. Although much less polluting than coal plants, natural gas-fired power plants are also major emitters, taking electricity generation as a whole over 25% in 2018. Notably, just 5% of the world's power plants account for almost three-quarters of carbon emissions from electricity generation, based on an inventory of more than 29,000 fossil-fuel power plants across 221 countries. In the 2022 IPCC report, it is noted that providing modern energy services universally would only increase greenhouse gas emissions by a few percent at most. This slight increase means that the additional energy demand that comes from supporting decent living standards for all would be far lower than current average energy consumption.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Deforestation is a major source of greenhouse gas emissions. A study shows annual carbon emissions (or carbon loss) from tropical deforestation have doubled during the last two decades and continue to increase. (0.97 ±0.16 PgC per year in 2001–2005 to 1.99 ±0.13 PgC per year in 2015–2019)


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Land-use change, e.g., the clearing of forests for agricultural use, can affect the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere by altering how much carbon flows out of the atmosphere into carbon sinks. Accounting for land-use change can be understood as an attempt to measure "net" emissions, i.e., gross emissions from all sources minus the removal of emissions from the atmosphere by carbon sinks.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: There are substantial uncertainties in the measurement of net carbon emissions. Additionally, there is controversy over how carbon sinks should be allocated between different regions and over time. For instance, concentrating on more recent changes in carbon sinks is likely to favour those regions that have deforested earlier, e.g., Europe.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: In 1997, human-caused Indonesian peat fires were estimated to have released between 13% and 40% of the average annual global carbon emissions caused by the burning of fossil fuels.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Approximately 3.5% of the overall human impacts on climate are from the aviation sector. The impact of the sector on climate in the late 20 years had doubled, but the part of the contribution of the sector in comparison to other sectors did not change because other sectors grew as well.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Over a quarter of global transport emissions are from road freight, so many countries are further restricting truck emissions to help limit climate change.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: In 2018, manufacturing construction materials and maintaining buildings accounted for 39% of carbon dioxide emissions from energy and process-related emissions. Manufacture of glass, cement, and steel accounted for 11% of energy and process-related emissions. Because building construction is a significant investment, more than two-thirds of buildings in existence will still exist in 2050. Retrofitting existing buildings to become more efficient will be necessary to meet the targets of the Paris Agreement; it will be insufficient to only apply low-emission standards to new construction. Buildings that produce as much energy as they consume are called zero-energy buildings, while buildings that produce more than they consume are energy-plus. Low-energy buildings are designed to be highly efficient with low total energy consumption and carbon emissions—a popular type is the passive house.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The global design and construction industry is responsible for approximately 39 percent of greenhouse gas emissions. Green building practices that avoid emissions or capture the carbon already present in the environment, allow for reduced footprint of the construction industry, for example, use of hempcrete, cellulose fiber insulation, and landscaping.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: In 2019, the building sector was responsible for 12 Gt-eq emissions. More than 95% of these emissions were carbon, and the remaining 5% were and halocarbon.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Around 6% of emissions are fugitive emissions, which are waste gases released by the extraction of fossil fuels.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Steel and aluminum are key economic sectors for the carbon capture and storage. According to a 2013 study, "in 2004, the steel industry along emits about 590M tons of , which accounts for 5.2% of the global anthropogenic GHG emissions. emitted from steel production primarily comes from energy consumption of fossil fuel as well as the use of limestone to purify iron oxides."


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Plastics are produced mainly from fossil fuels. It was estimated that between 3% and 4% of global GHG emissions are associated with plastics' life cycles. The EPA estimates as many as five mass units of carbon dioxide are emitted for each mass unit of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produced—the type of plastic most commonly used for beverage bottles, the transportation produce greenhouse gases also. Plastic waste emits carbon dioxide when it degrades. In 2018 research claimed that some of the most common plastics in the environment release the greenhouse gases methane and ethylene when exposed to sunlight in an amount that can affect the earth climate.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Due to the lightness of plastic versus glass or metal, plastic may reduce energy consumption. For example, packaging beverages in PET plastic rather than glass or metal is estimated to save 52% in transportation energy, if the glass or metal package is single-use, of course.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: In 2019 a new report "Plastic and Climate" was published. According to the report, the production and incineration of plastics will contribute in the equivalent of 850 million tonnes of carbon dioxide () to the atmosphere in 2019. With the current trend, annual life cycle greenhouse gas emissions of plastics will grow to 1.34 billion tonnes by 2030. By 2050, the life cycle emissions of plastics could reach 56 billion tonnes, as much as 14 percent of the Earth's remaining carbon budget. The report says that only solutions which involve a reduction in consumption can solve the problem, while others like biodegradable plastic, ocean cleanup, using renewable energy in plastic industry can do little, and in some cases may even worsen it.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The global print and paper industry accounts for about 1% of global carbon dioxide emissions. Greenhouse gas emissions from the pulp and paper industry are generated from the combustion of fossil fuels required for raw material production and transportation, wastewater treatment facilities, purchased power, paper transportation, printed product transportation, disposal and recycling.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: In 2020 data centers (excluding cryptocurrency mining) and data transmission each used about 1% of world electricity. The digital sector produces between 2% and 4% of global GHG emissions, a large part of which is from chipmaking. However the sector reduces emissions from other sectors which have a larger global share, such as transport of people, and possibly buildings and industry.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Mining for proof-of-work cryptocurrencies requires enormous amounts of electricity and consequently comes with a large carbon footprint. Proof-of-work blockchains such as Bitcoin, Ethereum, Litecoin, and Monero were estimated to have added between 3 million and 15 million tonnes of carbon dioxide () to the atmosphere in the period from 1 January 2016 to 30 June 2017. By the end of 2021, Bitcoin was estimated to produce 65.4 million tonnes of , as much as Greece, and consume between 91 and 177 terawatt-hours annually. Bitcoin is the least energy-efficient cryptocurrency, using 707.6 kilowatt-hours of electricity per transaction.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: According to UNEP, global tourism is a significant contributor to the increasing concentrations of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The responsibility for anthropogenic climate change differs substantially among individuals, e.g. between groups or cohorts.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Researchers report that, on average, played "a leading role in driving up GHG emissions in the past decade and are on the way to becoming the largest contributor" due to factors such as demographic transition, and high expenditures on carbon-intensive products like energy which is used i.a. for heating rooms and private transport. They are less affected by climate change impacts, but have e.g. the same vote-weights for the available electoral options.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Fueled by the consumptive lifestyle of wealthy people, the wealthiest 5% of the global population has been responsible for 37% of the absolute increase in greenhouse gas emissions worldwide. Almost half of the increase in absolute global emissions has been caused by the richest 10% of the population. In the newest report from the IPCC 2022, it states that the lifestyle consumptions of the poor and middle class in emerging economies produce approximately 5–50 times less the amount that the high class in already developed high-income countries. Variations in regional, and national per capita emissions partly reflect different development stages, but they also vary widely at similar income levels. The 10% of households with the highest per capita emissions contribute a disproportionately large share of global household GHG emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Studies find that the most affluent citizens of the world are responsible for most environmental impacts, and robust action by them is necessary for prospects of moving towards safer environmental conditions.<ref name="10.1038/s41467-020-16941-y"></ref>


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: According to a 2020 report by Oxfam and the Stockholm Environment Institute, the richest 1% of the global population have caused twice as much carbon emissions as the poorest 50% over the 25 years from 1990 to 2015. This was, respectively, during that period, 15% of cumulative emissions compared to 7%. The bottom half of the population is directly-responsible for less than 20% of energy footprints and consume less than the top 5% in terms of trade-corrected energy. The largest disproportionality was identified to be in the domain of transport, where e.g. the top 10% consume 56% of vehicle fuel and conduct 70% of vehicle purchases. However, wealthy individuals are also often shareholders and typically have more influence and, especially in the case of billionaires, may also direct lobbying efforts, direct financial decisions, and/or control companies:


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Greenhouse gas intensity is a ratio between greenhouse gas emissions and another metric, e.g., gross domestic product (GDP) or energy use. The terms "carbon intensity" and "emissions intensity" are also sometimes used. Emission intensities may be calculated using market exchange rates (MER) or purchasing power parity (PPP). Calculations based on MER show large differences in intensities between developed and developing countries, whereas calculations based on PPP show smaller differences. According to a study discussing the relationship between urbanization and carbon emissions, urbanization is becoming a huge player in the global carbon cycle. Depending on total carbon emissions done by a city that hasn't invested in carbon efficiency or improved resource management, the global carbon cycle is projected to reach 75% of the world population by 2030.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Cumulative anthropogenic (i.e., human-emitted) emissions of from fossil fuel use are a major cause of global warming, and give some indication of which countries have contributed most to human-induced climate change. In particular, stays in the atmosphere for at least 150 years, whilst methane and nitrous oxides generally disappear within a decade or so. The graph gives some indication of which regions have contributed most to human-induced climate change.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Non-OECD countries accounted for 42% of cumulative energy-related emissions between 1890 and 2007. Over this time period, the US accounted for 28% of emissions; the EU, 23%; Japan, 4%; other OECD countries 5%; Russia, 11%; China, 9%; India, 3%; and the rest of the world, 18%.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Overall, developed countries accounted for 83.8% of industrial emissions over this time period, and 67.8% of total emissions. Developing countries accounted for industrial emissions of 16.2% over this time period, and 32.2% of total emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: In comparison, humans have emitted more greenhouse gases than the Chicxulub meteorite impact event which caused the extinction of the dinosaurs.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Transport, together with electricity generation, is the major source of greenhouse gas emissions in the EU. Greenhouse gas emissions from the transportation sector continue to rise, in contrast to power generation and nearly all other sectors. Since 1990, transportation emissions have increased by 30%. The transportation sector accounts for around 70% of these emissions. The majority of these emissions are caused by passenger vehicles and vans. Road travel is the first major source of greenhouse gas emissions from transportation, followed by aircraft and maritime. Waterborne transportation is still the least carbon-intensive mode of transportation on average, and it is an essential link in sustainable multimodal freight supply chains.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Buildings, like industry, are directly responsible for around one-fifth of greenhouse gas emissions, primarily from space heating and hot water consumption. When combined with power consumption within buildings, this figure climbs to more than one-third.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Within the EU, the agricultural sector presently accounts for roughly 10% of total greenhouse gas emissions, with methane from livestock accounting for slightly more than half of 10%.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Estimates of total emissions do include biotic carbon emissions, mainly from deforestation. Including biotic emissions brings about the same controversy mentioned earlier regarding carbon sinks and land-use change. The actual calculation of net emissions is very complex, and is affected by how carbon sinks are allocated between regions and the dynamics of the climate system.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The graphic shows the logarithm of 1850–2019 fossil fuel emissions; natural log on left, actual value of Gigatons per year on right. Although emissions increased during the 170-year period by about 3% per year overall, intervals of distinctly different growth rates (broken at 1913, 1945, and 1973) can be detected. The regression lines suggest that emissions can rapidly shift from one growth regime to another and then persist for long periods of time. The most recent drop in emissions growth - by almost 3 percentage points - was at about the time of the 1970s energy crisis. Percent changes per year were estimated by piecewise linear regression on the log data and are shown on the plot; the data are from The Integrated Carbon Observation system.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The sharp acceleration in emissions since 2000 to more than a 3% increase per year (more than 2 ppm per year) from 1.1% per year during the 1990s is attributable to the lapse of formerly declining trends in carbon intensity of both developing and developed nations. China was responsible for most of global growth in emissions during this period. Localised plummeting emissions associated with the collapse of the Soviet Union have been followed by slow emissions growth in this region due to more efficient energy use, made necessary by the increasing proportion of it that is exported. In comparison, methane has not increased appreciably, and by 0.25% y.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Using different base years for measuring emissions has an effect on estimates of national contributions to global warming. This can be calculated by dividing a country's highest contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year, by that country's minimum contribution to global warming starting from a particular base year. Choosing between base years of 1750, 1900, 1950, and 1990 has a significant effect for most countries. Within the G8 group of countries, it is most significant for the UK, France and Germany. These countries have a long history of emissions (see the section on Cumulative and historical emissions).


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: One way of attributing greenhouse gas emissions is to measure the embedded emissions (also referred to as "embodied emissions") of goods that are being consumed. Emissions are usually measured according to production, rather than consumption. For example, in the main international treaty on climate change (the UNFCCC), countries report on emissions produced within their borders, e.g., the emissions produced from burning fossil fuels. Under a production-based accounting of emissions, embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the exporting, rather than the importing, country. Under a consumption-based accounting of emissions, embedded emissions on imported goods are attributed to the importing country, rather than the exporting, country.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Davis and Caldeira (2010) found that a substantial proportion of emissions are traded internationally. The net effect of trade was to export emissions from China and other emerging markets to consumers in the US, Japan, and Western Europe.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The Integrated Carbon Observation System (ICOS) continuously releases data about emissions, budget and concentration at individual observation stations.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Annual per capita emissions in the industrialized countries are typically as much as ten times the average in developing countries. Due to China's fast economic development, its annual per capita emissions are quickly approaching the levels of those in the Annex I group of the Kyoto Protocol (i.e., the developed countries excluding the US). Other countries with fast growing emissions are South Korea, Iran, and Australia (which apart from the oil rich Persian Gulf states, now has the highest per capita emission rate in the world). On the other hand, annual per capita emissions of the EU-15 and the US are gradually decreasing over time. Emissions in Russia and Ukraine have decreased fastest since 1990 due to economic restructuring in these countries.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Energy statistics for fast-growing economies are less accurate than those for industrialized countries.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: The greenhouse gas footprint refers to the emissions resulting from the creation of products or services. It is more comprehensive than the commonly used carbon footprint, which measures only carbon dioxide, one of many greenhouse gases.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: 2015 was the first year to see both total global economic growth and a reduction of carbon emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: In 2019, China, the United States, India, the EU27+UK, Russia, and Japan - the world's largest emitters - together accounted for 51% of the population, 62.5% of global gross domestic product, 62% of total global fossil fuel consumption and emitted 67% of total global fossil . Emissions from these five countries and the EU28 show different changes in 2019 compared to 2018: the largest relative increase is found for China (+3.4%), followed by India (+1.6%). On the contrary, the EU27+UK (-3.8%), the United States (-2.6%), Japan (-2.1%) and Russia (-0.8%) reduced their fossil emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: As carbon oxides are one important source of greenhouse gas, having means to reduce it is important. One suggestion, is to consider some means in relation to fiscal decentralisation. Previous research found that the linear term of fiscal decentralization promotes carbon emissions, while the non-linear term mitigates it. It verified the inverted U-shaped curve between fiscal decentralization and carbon emissions. Besides, increasing energy prices for non-renewable energy decrease carbon emission due to a substitution effect. Among other explanatory variables, improvement in the quality of institutions decreases carbon emissions, while the gross domestic product increases it. Strengthening fiscal decentralization, lowering non-renewable energy prices, and improving institutional quality to check the deteriorating environmental quality in the study sample and other worldwide regions can reduce carbon emissions.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Governments have taken action to reduce greenhouse gas emissions to mitigate climate change. Assessments of policy effectiveness have included work by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, International Energy Agency, and United Nations Environment Programme. Policies implemented by governments have included national and regional targets to reduce emissions, promoting energy efficiency, and support for a renewable energy transition, such as Solar energy, as an effective use of renewable energy because solar uses energy from the sun and does not release pollutants into the air.


title: Greenhouse gas emissions

text: Countries and regions listed in Annex I of the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (i.e., the OECD and former planned economies of the Soviet Union) are required to submit periodic assessments to the UNFCCC of actions they are taking to address climate change.


title: OODA loop

text: The OODA loop is the cycle "observe–orient–decide–act", developed by military strategist and United States Air Force Colonel John Boyd. Boyd applied the concept to the combat operations process, often at the operational level during military campaigns. It is now also often applied to understand commercial operations and learning processes. The approach explains how agility can overcome raw power in dealing with human opponents. It is especially applicable to cyber security and cyberwarfare.


title: OODA loop

text: The OODA loop has become an important concept in litigation, business, law enforcement, management education, and military strategy. According to Boyd, decision-making occurs in a recurring cycle of observe–orient–decide–act. An entity (whether an individual or an organization) that can process this cycle quickly, observing and reacting to unfolding events more rapidly than an opponent, can thereby "get inside" the opponent's decision cycle and gain the advantage.


title: OODA loop

text: Boyd developed the concept to explain how to direct one's energies to defeat an adversary and survive. Boyd emphasized that "the loop" is actually a set of interacting loops that are to be kept in continuous operation during combat. He also indicated that the phase of the battle has an important bearing on the ideal allocation of one's energies.


title: OODA loop

text: Boyd's diagram shows that all decisions are based on observations of the evolving situation tempered with implicit filtering of the problem being addressed. The observations are the raw information on which decisions and actions are based. The observed information must be processed to orient it for decision making. In notes from his talk "Organic Design for Command and Control", Boyd said:


title: OODA loop

text: The second O, orientation—as the repository of our genetic heritage, cultural tradition, and previous experiences—is the most important part of the O-O-D-A loop since it shapes the way we observe, the way we decide, the way we act.


title: OODA loop

text: As stated by Boyd and shown in the "Orient" box, there is much filtering of the information through our culture, genetics, ability to analyze and synthesize, and previous experience. The OODA loop was designed to describe a single decision maker; the situation is usually much more complex than shown, as most business and technical decisions have a team of people observing and orienting, each bringing their own cultural traditions, genetics, experience and other information. It is here that decisions often get stuck, which does not lead to winning, because:


title: OODA loop

text: In order to win, we should operate at a faster tempo or rhythm than our adversaries—or, better yet, get inside [the] adversary's Observation-Orientation-Decision-Action time cycle or loop ... Such activity will make us appear ambiguous (unpredictable) thereby generate confusion and disorder among our adversaries—since our adversaries will be unable to generate mental images or pictures that agree with the menacing, as well as faster transient rhythm or patterns, they are competing against.


title: OODA loop

text: The OODA loop, which focuses on strategic military requirements, was adapted for business and public sector operational continuity planning. Compare it to the "plan–do–check–act" (PDCA) cycle or Shewhart cycle.


title: OODA loop

text: The key is to obscure your intentions and make them unpredictable to your opponent while you simultaneously clarify his intentions. That is, operate at a faster tempo to generate rapidly changing conditions that inhibit your opponent from adapting or reacting to those changes and that suppress or destroy his awareness. Thus, a hodgepodge of confusion and disorder occur to cause him to over- or under-react to conditions or activities that appear to be uncertain, ambiguous, or incomprehensible.


title: OODA loop

text: The OODA loop also serves to explain the nature of surprise and shaping operations in a way that unifies Gestalt psychology, cognitive science and game theory in a comprehensive theory of strategy. Utility theory (the basis of game theory) describes how decisions are made based on the perceived value of taking an action. The OODA loop shows that prior to making a decision (the "decide" phase), the person will first have to get information ("observe") and determine what it means to him and what he can do about it ("orient"). In this way, the utility sought at the "decide" phase can be altered by affecting the information the opponent receives and the cognitive model he applies when orienting upon it.


title: OODA loop

text: ... the proper mindset is to let go a little, to allow some of the chaos to become part of his mental system, and to use it to his advantage by simply creating more chaos and confusion for the opponent. He funnels the inevitable chaos of the battlefield in the direction of the enemy.


title: OODA loop

text: Before the enemy airplane is even within visual range, the pilot will consider any available information about the likely identity of the enemy pilot—the nationality, level of training, and cultural traditions that may come into play.