title: Grayson Allen

text: On June 21, 2018, Allen was selected with the 21st overall pick by the Utah Jazz in the 2018 NBA draft. On July 2, Allen signed a four-year rookie scale contract with the Jazz. He made his NBA debut on October 22, against the Memphis Grizzlies, scoring 7 points in 11 minutes off the bench. On April 10, 2019, Allen scored a career-high 40 points with seven rebounds, four assists, a steal and a block in a 137–143 overtime loss to the Los Angeles Clippers.


title: Grayson Allen

text: On July 6, 2019, Allen was traded, alongside Jae Crowder, Kyle Korver, the draft rights to Darius Bazley and a future first-round pick, to the Memphis Grizzlies in exchange for Mike Conley. On July 11, he was ejected from an NBA Summer League game between the Grizzlies and the Boston Celtics after committing back-to-back flagrant fouls that were described by commentators as "cheap shots". On October 23, he made his debut for the Grizzlies, logging five points, two assists and one rebound in a 101–120 loss to the Miami Heat. On October 29, Allen recorded a season-high two steals in a 91–120 loss to the Los Angeles Lakers. On December 4, he grabbed a season-high seven rebounds in a 99–106 loss to the Chicago Bulls. On August 5, 2020, Allen scored a season-high 20 points and logged a career-high six 3-pointers along with two rebounds and one assist in 26 minutes of action in a 115–124 loss to the Utah Jazz. He matched this point total on August 9, where he also grabbed four rebounds and one assist in a 99–108 loss to the Toronto Raptors.


title: Grayson Allen

text: On December 16, 2020, Memphis announced that they had exercised their team option on Allen for the 2021–22 season. On December 23, he made his season debut for the Grizzlies, logging six points, two rebounds and five assists in a 119–131 loss to the San Antonio Spurs. On March 27, 2021, Allen recorded a career-high four steals in a 110–126 loss to the Utah Jazz. On April 7, he recorded a season-high 30 points, along with four rebounds and three assists, in a 131–113 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On May 5, he suffered an abdominal injury in a 139–135 win over the Minnesota Timberwolves. He missed the Grizzlies' last seven regular season games, but returned in time for the playoffs. On May 29, against his former team the Jazz, Allen recorded a playoff career-high 17 points in 29 minutes. This was his only double-digit scoring performance in the playoffs. The Grizzlies would eventually lose the series in five games.


title: Grayson Allen

text: On August 7, 2021, Allen was traded by the Grizzlies to the Milwaukee Bucks for Sam Merrill and two future second-round draft picks. Bucks general manager Jon Horst commented, "Grayson is a talented guard... His three-point shooting, energy, toughness and basketball IQ make him a great addition, and we're excited to welcome him to Milwaukee." On October 18, Allen signed a reported 2-year, $20 million rookie scale extension with the Bucks. The next day, he made his debut for the team, recording 10 points, 6 assists, and 4 rebounds in a win over the Brooklyn Nets.


title: Grayson Allen

text: On January 21, 2022, during a game against the Chicago Bulls, Allen fouled opposing guard Alex Caruso and was ejected from the game after he received a flagrant 2 foul. Bulls coach Billy Donovan publicly condemned Allen after the game, citing Allen's history of dangerous plays and stating that he "could've ended [Caruso's] career." Caruso suffered a fractured right wrist and was ruled out for 6 to 8 weeks. On January 23, Grayson was suspended for one game by the NBA. On the incident, Allen said, "It was unfortunate how it played out. I jumped to block it with my left, and as I'm spinning went to grab the ball with my right hand, not throw him down. It was a really hard fall and I'm glad he's okay. If I could do the play over again knowing he'd fall like that I wouldn't make the play."


title: Grayson Allen

text: On April 22, 2022, during Game 3 of the first round of the playoffs, Allen scored a then-playoff career-high 22 points in a 111–81 win over the Chicago Bulls. Two days later, he bested this total with 27 points alongside three steals in a 119–95 Game 4 win.


title: Grayson Allen

text: Allen began dating Morgan Reid while both were students at Duke. Reid was a player on the Duke women's soccer team, and has since turned professional. The couple got engaged in February of 2022 and married on July 23, 2022.


title: Volume

text: Volume is a measure of occupied three-dimensional space. It is often quantified numerically using SI derived units (such as the cubic metre and litre) or by various imperial or US customary units (such as the gallon, quart, cubic inch). The definition of length (cubed) is interrelated with volume. The volume of a container is generally understood to be the capacity of the container; i.e., the amount of fluid (gas or liquid) that the container could hold, rather than the amount of space the container itself displaces.


title: Volume

text: In ancient times, volume is measured using similar-shaped natural containers and later on, standardized containers. Some simple three-dimensional shapes can have its volume easily calculated using arithmetic formulas. Volumes of more complicated shapes can be calculated with integral calculus if a formula exists for the shape's boundary. Zero-, one- and two-dimensional objects have no volume; in fourth and higher dimensions, an analogous concept to the normal volume is the hypervolume.


title: Volume

text: The precision of volume measurements in the ancient period usually ranges between . The earliest evidence of volume calculation came from ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia as mathematical problems, approximating volume of simple shapes such as cuboids, cylinders, frustum and cones. These math problems have been written in the Moscow Mathematical Papyrus (c. 1820 BCE). In the Reisner Papyrus, ancient Egyptians have written concrete units of volume for grain and liquids, as well as a table of length, width, depth, and volume for blocks of material. The Egyptians use their units of length (the cubit, palm, digit) to devise their units of volume, such as the volume cubit or deny (1 cubit × 1 cubit × 1 cubit), volume palm (1 cubit × 1 cubit × 1 palm), and volume digit (1 cubit × 1 cubit × 1 digit).


title: Volume

text: The last three books of Euclid's "Elements", written in around 300 BCE, detailed the exact formulas for calculating the volume of parallelepipeds, cones, pyramids, cylinders, and spheres. The formula were determined by prior mathematicians by using a primitive form of integration, by breaking the shapes into smaller and simpler pieces. A century later, Archimedes () devised approximate volume formula of several shapes used the method of exhaustion approach, meaning to derive solutions from previous known formulas from similar shapes. Primitive integration of shapes was also discovered independently by Liu Hui in the 3rd century CE, Zu Chongzhi in the 5th century CE, the Middle East and India.


title: Volume

text: Archimedes also devised a way to calculate the volume of an irregular object, by submerging it underwater and measure the difference between the initial and final water volume. The water volume difference is the volume of the object. Though highly popularized, Archimedes probably does not submerge the golden crown to find its volume, and thus its density and purity, due to the extreme precision involved. Instead, he likely have devised a primitive form of a hydrostatic balance. Here, the crown and a chunk of pure gold with a similar weight are put on both ends of a weighing scale submerged underwater, which will tip accordingly due to the Archimedes' principle.


title: Volume

text: In the Middle Ages, many units for measuring volume were made, such as the sester, amber, coomb, and seam. The sheer quantity of such units motivated British kings to standardize them, culminated in the Assize of Bread and Ale statute in 1258 by Henry III of England. The statute standardized weight, length and volume as well as introduced the peny, ounce, pound, gallon and bushel. In 1618, the "London Pharmacopoeia" (medicine compound catalog) adopted the Roman gallon or "congius" as a basic unit of volume and gave a conversion table to the apothecaries' units of weight. Around this time, volume measurements are becoming more precise and the uncertainty is narrowed to between .


title: Volume

text: Around the early 17th century, Bonaventura Cavalieri applied the philosophy of modern integral calculus to calculate the volume of any object. He devised the Cavalieri's principle, which said that using thinner and thinner slices of the shape would make the resulting volume more and more accurate. This idea would then be later expanded by Pierre de Fermat, John Wallis, Isaac Barrow, James Gregory, Isaac Newton, Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and Maria Gaetana Agnesi in the 17th and 18th centuries to form the modern integral calculus that is still being used in the 21st century.


title: Volume

text: On 7 April 1795, the metric system was formally defined in French law using six units. Three of these are related to volume: the "stère" (1 m) for volume of firewood; the "litre" (1 dm) for volumes of liquid; and the "gramme", for mass—defined as the mass of one cubic centimetre of water at maximum density, at about . Thirty years later in 1824, the imperial gallon was defined to be the volume occupied by ten pounds of water at . This definition was further refined until the United Kingdom's Weights and Measures Act 1985, which makes 1 imperial gallon precisely equal to 4.54609 litres with no use of water.


title: Volume

text: The 1960 redefinition of the metre from the International Prototype Metre to the orange-red emission line of krypton-86 atoms unbounded the metre, cubic metre, and litre from physical objects. This also make the metre and metre-derived units of volume resilient to changes to the International Prototype Metre. The definition of the metre was redefined again in 1983 to use the speed of light and second (which is derived from the caesium standard) and reworded for clarity in 2019.


title: Volume

text: The oldest way to roughly measure a volume of an object is using the human body, such as using hand size and pinches. However, the human body's variations make it extremely unreliable. A better way to measure volume is to use roughly consistent and durable containers found in nature, such as gourds, sheep or pig stomachs, and bladders. Later on, as metallurgy and glass production improved, small volumes nowadays are usually measured using standardized human-made containers. This method is common for measuring small volume of fluids or granular materials, by using a multiple or fraction of the container. For granular materials, the container is shaken or leveled off to form a roughly flat surface. This method is not the most accurate way to measure volume but is often used to measure cooking ingredients.


title: Volume

text: Air displacement pipette is used in biology and biochemistry to measure volume of fluids at the microscopic scale. Calibrated measuring cups and spoons are adequate for cooking and daily life applications, however, they are not precise enough for laboratories. There, volume of liquids is measured using graduated cylinders, pipettes and volumetric flasks. The largest of such calibrated containers are petroleum storage tanks, some can hold up to of fluids. Even at this scale, by knowing petroleum's density and temperature, very precise volume measurement in these tanks can still be made.


title: Volume

text: For even larger volumes such as in a reservoir, the container's volume is modeled by shapes and calculated using mathematics. The task of numerically computing the volume of objects is studied in the field of computational geometry in computer science, investigating efficient algorithms to perform this computation, approximately or exactly, for various types of objects. For instance, the convex volume approximation technique shows how to approximate the volume of any convex body using a membership oracle.


title: Volume

text: The general form of a unit of volume is the cube ("x") of a unit of length. For instance, if the metre (m) is chosen as a unit of length, the corresponding unit of volume is the cubic metre (m). Thus, volume is a SI derived unit and its unit dimension is L. The metric units of volume uses metric prefixes, strictly in powers of ten. When applying prefixes to units of volume, which are expressed in units of length cubed, the cube operators are applied to the unit of length including the prefix. An example of converting cubic centimetre to cubic metre is: 2.3 cm = 2.3 (cm) = 2.3 (0.01 m) = 0.0000023 m (five zeros).


title: Volume

text: Commonly used prefixes for cubed length units are the cubic millimetre (mm), cubic centimetre (cm), cubic decimetre (dm), cubic metre (m) and the cubic kilometre (km). The conversion between the prefix units are as follows: 1000 mm = 1 cm, 1000 cm = 1 dm, and 1000 dm = 1 m. The metric system also includes the litre (L) as a unit of volume, where 1 L = 1 dm = 1000 cm = 0.001 m. For the litre unit, the commonly used prefixes are the millilitre (mL), centilitre (cL), and the litre (L), with 1000 mL = 1 L, 10 mL = 1 cL, 10 cL = 1 dL, and 10 dL = 1 L.


title: Volume

text: Litres are most commonly used for items (such as fluids and solids that can be poured) which are measured by the capacity or size of their container, whereas cubic metres (and derived units) are most commonly used for items measured either by their dimensions or their displacements.


title: Volume

text: The smallest volume known to be occupied by matter is probably the proton, with its radius is known to be smaller than 1 femtometre. This means its volume must be smaller than , though the exact value is still under debate as of 2019 as the proton radius puzzle. The van der Waals volume of a hydrogen atom is far larger, which ranges from to as a sphere with a radius between 100 and 120 picometres. At the other end of the scale, the Earth has a volume of around . The largest possible volume in the observable universe is the observable universe itself, at by a sphere of in radius.


title: Volume

text: Capacity is the maximum amount of material that a container can hold, measured in volume or weight. However, the contained volume does not need to fill towards the container's capacity, or vice versa. Containers can only hold a specific amount of physical volume, not weight (excluding practical concerns). For example, a tank that can hold of fuel oil will not be able to contain the same of naphtha, due to naphtha's lower density and thus larger volume.


title: Volume

text: The calculation of volume is a vital part of integral calculus. One of which is calculating the volume of solids of revolution, by rotating a plane curve around a line on the same plane. The washer or disc integration method is used when integrating by an axis parallel to the axis of rotation. The general equation can be written as:formula_34where formula_35 and formula_36 are the plane curve boundaries. The shell integration method is used when integrating by an axis perpendicular to the axis of rotation. The equation can be written as:formula_37 The volume of a region "D" in three-dimensional space is given by the triple or volume integral of the constant function formula_38 over the region. It is usually written as:


title: Volume

text: In spherical coordinates (using the convention for angles with formula_41 as the azimuth and formula_42 measured from the polar axis; see more on conventions), the volume integral is


title: Volume

text: A polygon mesh is a representation of the object's surface, using polygons. The volume mesh explicitly define its volume and surface properties.


title: Volume

text: In differential geometry, a branch of mathematics, a volume form on a differentiable manifold is a differential form of top degree (i.e., whose degree is equal to the dimension of the manifold) that is nowhere equal to zero. A manifold has a volume form if and only if it is orientable. An orientable manifold has infinitely many volume forms, since multiplying a volume form by a non-vanishing function yields another volume form. On non-orientable manifolds, one may instead define the weaker notion of a density. Integrating the volume form gives the volume of the manifold according to that form.


title: Volume

text: An oriented pseudo-Riemannian manifold has a natural volume form. In local coordinates, it can be expressed as


title: Volume

text: where the formula_45 are 1-forms that form a positively oriented basis for the cotangent bundle of the manifold, and formula_46 is the determinant of the matrix representation of the metric tensor on the manifold in terms of the same basis.


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: The discography of Canadian singer Justin Bieber consists of six studio albums, three remix albums, three compilation albums, two extended plays, 72 singles (including 20 as a featured artist), and 10 promotional singles. Bieber has attained eight number-one hits on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and eight number-one albums on the US "Billboard" 200 charts. As of June 2019, Bieber has sold an estimated 150 million records worldwide, making him one of the best-selling music artists of all time. According to the Recording Industry Association of America (RIAA), he has sold 21.5 million albums and 110 million digital singles units as a lead artist, in the United States. Bieber was named the "Greatest Pop Star of 2016" by "Billboard". He was also named the "Billboard" Year-End Top Male Artist for 2016 and placed number seven on the magazine's Decade-End Top Artists Chart for the 2010s.


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: At the age of 13, Bieber was discovered by his record executive and talent manager, Scooter Braun, on YouTube and was eventually signed by American singer-songwriter Usher to RBMG Records. Bieber's debut single, "One Time", peaked at number 12 in Canada and reached the top 20 in several other countries globally. Bieber released his debut seven-track extended play (EP), "My World" on November 17, 2009. It debuted at number one in Canada and reached the top 5 in several other countries, including the United Kingdom and the United States. The EP also produced the follow-up single "One Less Lonely Girl", as well as the promotional singles "Favorite Girl" and "Love Me", all of which charted within the top 40 of the US "Billboard" Hot 100. As a result, he became the first solo artist to have four singles chart in the top 40 of the US "Billboard" Hot 100 before the release of a debut album. Following the release of "My World", Bieber became the first artist to have seven songs from a debut album chart on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: Bieber released his debut studio album, "My World 2.0", on March 19, 2010. The album was a commercial success, topping charts in various countries including Australia, Canada, and the United States. The album debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" 200, making Bieber the youngest solo male artist to top the chart since Stevie Wonder in 1963. "My World 2.0" received multi-Platinum certifications from Music Canada (MC) and the RIAA. The album was preceded by the release of its lead single, "Baby", which features Ludacris. The song became an international hit, and is one of the highest-certified digital single of all time. It reached the top 10 in 15 countries, including a number five peak on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. It was followed by the singles "Somebody to Love" and "U Smile", which became US top-40 hits. On February 14, 2011, Bieber released his second remix album "", which topped the charts in Canada and the United States. Its lead single, "Never Say Never", reached number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: Bieber released his second studio album, "Under the Mistletoe", on November 1, 2011. It topped charts in Canada and the US. It became the first Christmas album by a male artist to debut at number one on the US "Billboard" 200. The lead single, "Mistletoe", reached the top 10 in various countries, including Canada and Denmark, and topped the US "Billboard" Holiday 100 Chart. Bieber released a collaboration with Mariah Carey, "All I Want for Christmas Is You (SuperFestive!)", as the second single from the album.


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: Bieber released his third studio album, "Believe", on June 15, 2012. It topped the charts in 16 countries and is certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA. The album's lead single, "Boyfriend", reached number one in Canada and peaked at number two in the US. "Believe" also produced the US top-10 singles "As Long as You Love Me" and "Beauty and a Beat", with all three singles achieving global success. On January 29, 2013, he released his third remix album, "Believe Acoustic", which became his fifth number-one album in Canada and the US. Bieber became the first artist in history to have five US number-one albums at age 18. On December 23, 2013, Bieber released his second compilation album, "Journals".


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: After a two-year music hiatus, Bieber released a collaboration with Jack Ü, "Where Are Ü Now". It reached number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and earned Bieber his first Grammy Award. It was included as a promotional single on his fourth studio album, "Purpose", which was released on November 13, 2015. The album debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200 with his career-best first-week sales, selling 522,000 copies and moving a total of 649,000 equivalent album units. Bieber released "What Do You Mean?" as the lead single from "Purpose", which topped charts in 20 countries, including the United States. On September 19, 2015, Bieber became the youngest male soloist to debut at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. He released "Sorry" and "Love Yourself" as the second and third singles from the album, which became international hits and topped charts in countries around the world. He became the first artist in history to occupy the entire top 3 of the UK Singles Chart. "Love Yourself" topped "Billboard"s Year-End Hot 100 Chart in 2016, followed by "Sorry" at number two, and made Bieber only the third artist in history to hold the top 2 positions of the "Billboard" Year-End Hot 100, after the Beatles in 1964 and Usher in 2004. "Company" was released as the fourth single from "Purpose" in March 2016.


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: Bieber diversified on numerous collaborations between 2016 and 2019, each achieving profound international success. He was co-featured on Major Lazer's single, "Cold Water", which debuted and peaked at number two on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. He was also featured on DJ Snake's single, "Let Me Love You", which peaked at number four on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. In 2017, Bieber joined Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee on the remix to their single, "Despacito". The "Despacito" remix helped propel the popularity of the original version of the song (which does not feature Bieber) worldwide. It tied the then-record for the most weeks at number one in US "Billboard" Hot 100 history, and earned Bieber his career-first Latin Grammy Award. He was co-featured on DJ Khaled's single, "I'm the One", which also topped charts globally. It debuted at number one on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, and was replaced at the summit by "Despacito" a week later. Hence, Bieber became the first artist in history to chart new number-one singles in consecutive weeks. He appeared on David Guetta's single, "2U" and with BloodPop on "Friends", both reaching the top 10 in numerous countries and peaking at top 20 in the US. In 2018, Bieber reunited with DJ Khaled on the latter's single, "No Brainer", which peaked at number five in the US. In 2019, he released a collaboration with Ed Sheeran, "I Don't Care", which topped charts in 28 countries, and peaked at number two in the US. The same year, he released a collaboration with Dan + Shay, "10,000 Hours", which reached number four in the US and earned Bieber his second Grammy Award.


title: Justin Bieber discography

text: Bieber released his fifth studio album, "Changes", on February 14, 2020. It debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200, selling 126,000 pure copies and moving a total of 231,000 equivalent album units. He became the youngest solo artist to achieve seven number-one albums in the US, breaking a 59-year-old record set by Elvis Presley. The album produced two top-5 singles: "Yummy", and "Intentions". The same year, Bieber released a collaboration with Ariana Grande, "Stuck with U", which debuted atop the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Later that year, he released a collaboration with Shawn Mendes, "Monster", which debuted at number eight on the US "Billboard" Hot 100. Bieber released his sixth studio album, "Justice", on March 19, 2021. It debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200, moving a total of 154,000 album-equivalent units. Thus, he became the youngest soloist to have eight US number-one albums, breaking yet another chart record held by Elvis Presley since 1965. The album's fifth single "Peaches" debuted at number one in the US, making Bieber the first male soloist in history to simultaneously debut a single and an album at number one in the US. The album also includes the top-10 singles "Holy", "Anyone", and "Ghost". It also produced successful top-20 singles "Lonely" and "Hold On". Later that year, Bieber released a collaboration with the Kid Laroi, "Stay", which topped charts in 24 countries, including the US where it became his eighth number-one single. Bieber joined Wizkid on a remix of the latter's single, "Essence", which peaked at number nine on the US "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: Hololive Production

text: The name "Hololive" was initially used for Cover's 3D stream distribution app, launched in December 2017, and later its female VTuber agency, whose first generation debuted from May to June 2018. In December 2019, Hololive was merged with Cover's male Holostars agency and INoNaKa music label under the unified "Hololive Production" brand.


title: Hololive Production

text: was founded on 13 June 2016 by an entrepreneur who had developed video game characters in collaboration with Sanrio at the content company Imagineer and founded various startup companies. Cover at first focused on augmented (AR) and virtual reality (VR) software, and received funding from incubator firms Tokyo VR Startups and Recruit.


title: Hololive Production

text: At the end of March 2017, the company showcased a tech demo for a program enabling real-time avatar motion capture and interactive, two-way live streaming. According to Tanigo, the idea for a "virtual idol" agency was inspired by other virtual characters, such as Hatsune Miku. Kizuna AI, who began the virtual YouTuber trend in 2016, was another likely inspiration.


title: Hololive Production

text: Cover debuted , the first VTuber using the company's avatar capture software, on 7 September 2017. On 21 December, the company released "hololive", a smartphone app for iOS and Android enabling users to view virtual character live streams using AR camera technology. On 5 April 2018, Cover removed the application's AR features and changed it into a tool for mapping a user's facial movements onto animated avatars in real-time. This update enabled at-home auditions using the iPhone X. The first generation of Hololive VTubers debuted from May to June 2018, and a second generation followed in August and September. Hololive Gamers, a group specializing in let's plays, debuted in December 2018 and April 2019.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 8 January 2019, Hololive announced that it had signed a contract with the Chinese video platform Bilibili, under which it would open 15 channels on the platform and simultaneously stream there and on YouTube. It would also begin collaborating with Chinese-speaking volunteers to translate Hololive videos, and start releasing original content for the Chinese market. On 17 May, Cover opened permanent talent auditions in China and Japan.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 19 May, Cover formed an in-house music label, INoNaKa (INNK) Music, from AZKi and former independent VTuber Hoshimachi Suisei. The 1st generation of Holostars, a new all-male VTuber agency, began debuting in June 2019, followed by more in September and October of the same year. A 2nd generation of Holostars talents debuted in December 2019, and a 3rd generation would later debut in May 2020. A 3rd generation of Hololive, "Hololive Fantasy", debuted from July to August 2019. A 1st generation of Hololive China, a Chinese-speaking branch active on Bilibili, debuted from September 2019 to January 2020. A 2nd generation of Hololive China later debuted in April 2020.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 2 December 2019, Cover consolidated its Hololive, INNK Music, and Holostars agencies under a unified brand named Hololive Production; the three entities continued to operate under their respective management teams. On the same day, Hoshimachi Suisei transferred to Hololive from INNK, leaving AZKi as the label's only member. A 4th generation of the original Hololive branch debuted late December 2019 and early January 2020.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 24 January 2020, Cover held "hololive 1st fes. Nonstop Story", a concert at the Toyosu Pit in Kōtō, Tokyo, with AZKi and all 22 pre–4th generation Hololive members. "Nonstop Story" was attended by 3000 people on site with "tens of thousands" more tuning in via livestream. On 21 and 22 December 2020, Cover held "hololive 2nd fes. Beyond the Stage", a two-day pay-per-view livestream follow-up to "Nonstop Story", featuring the same cast as well as the 4th generation members as an opening act, as a collaboration with the Japanese entertainment company Bushiroad. At the concert's end, Cover announced Hololive's first original-only concert, titled "Hololive Idol Project 1st Live 'Bloom,'", which was held on 17 February 2021 at Tokyo Garden Theatre (in-person viewing was later cancelled).


title: Hololive Production

text: At the end of the concert, Cover announced a multimedia project entitled Hololive Alternative, releasing a promotional video. On 8 August 2021, Hololive announced its horror project titled "Hololive ERROR" with a live-action teaser featuring Tokino Sora. The project was revealed to be a horror game featuring Hololive members playing as in-game NPCs. The game was released for free on 7 January 2022 in Japanese.


title: Hololive Production

text: A new branch of Hololive composed of Indonesian-speaking VTubers, named Hololive Indonesia, debuted its first generation in April 2020; a 2nd generation of the branch later debuted in December 2020; A 3rd generation of the branch debuted in March 2022. A 5th generation of the main Hololive branch debuted in August 2020. A new English-language Hololive branch, Hololive English, debuted in September 2020. IRyS, an English-language "VSinger", debuted as part of "Project: Hope" on 11 July 2021. Hololive Council, a 2nd English-language Vtubers, debuted on 22 August 2021. The 6th generation of the main Hololive branch debuted in late November 2021.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 29 December 2021, Cover announced the transfer of AZKi from INNK into the main Hololive branch. As part of the transfer process, INNK would be dissolved and its founder Tsuranimizu would step down from the position of AZKi's manager. The process was completed in April 2022.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 24 February 2022, Cover Corporation announced the termination of their contract with Hololive Generation 3's Uruha Rushia, citing violations of her contract that "caused the company to take reputational damage". At the moment of her termination, Uruha Rushia was the highest superchat earner on YouTube and within Hololive Production, the second to hold these titles after Kiryu Coco who retired in 2021.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 12 July 2022, Cover announced that Hololive English member Tsukumo Sana would graduate at the end of the month.


title: Hololive Production

text: On 18 July 2022, Cover revealed their first English-speaking male group, Holostars English Tempus, who were set to debut at the end of the same week.


title: Hololive Production

text: In September 2020, Kiryu Coco and Akai Haato each mentioned Taiwan on-stream while discussing YouTube channel analytics, which then listed Taiwan as a country in the Japanese interface. Their comments sparked outrage among viewers in mainland China, and were followed by a statement from Cover in Japanese, English, and Chinese on 27 September. In it, the company faulted the talents for "making statements insensitive to certain nationalities" and for "divulging confidential YouTube channel analytics information". Each received a three-week suspension from all activities.


title: Hololive Production

text: In a separate Chinese-only statement posted earlier on Bilibili, Cover had stated that Coco and Haato's comments did not reflect its policy on China, and reaffirmed its support for the One-China policy and its commitment to doing business in the country. Three days later, the company released another statement addressing the discrepancies between the messages, stating that the Bilibili statement was released "due to the desire to adapt it to the needs of the audience". Cover apologized for confusion it had caused, and announced changes in its procedure for releasing regional statements and the formation of a committee to prevent similar incidents. On 19 October, both resumed their streaming activities, as scheduled.


title: Hololive Production

text: After a "rush of harassment, reports, and apparent boycotting on Bilibili", all six members of Hololive China retired on different dates in late 2020.


title: Hololive Production

text: Along with its major competitor Nijisanji, a VTuber agency owned by Anycolor, Inc., Hololive Production dominates the corporate VTuber market as of 2022. By "harness[ing] the entertainment value of both streaming and J-pop idol groups", Cover operates at a scale not possible for independent VTubers, and has used its funding to create merchandise, produce music, and host live 3D events. As of 2021, Cover has held three major funding rounds:


title: Hololive Production

text: Many Hololive streamers work full-time, while others stream as a side job. According to data collection site Playboard, the all-time top Super Chat earners in history are channels run by Hololive talents: Uruha Rushia, Kiryu Coco, Usada Pekora and Houshou Marine. Other talents featured in the all-time top 10 include Minato Aqua, Amane Kanata and Yukihana Lamy.


title: Hololive Production

text: By September 2020, Hololive channels had more than 10 million combined subscribers on YouTube, and 10 million additional combined subscribers on Chinese platform Bilibili. , the agency has accumulated over 50 million subscribers across its 50+ channels on YouTube. On 22 October, English VTuber Gawr Gura became the first Hololive member to reach 1 million YouTube subscribers; on 17 January 2021, she became the first Hololive member to reach 2 million subscribers on the platform and the second VTuber to do so, after Kizuna AI. Gawr Gura became the first VTuber to reach 3 million subscribers on YouTube on 4 July 2021, having surpassed Kizuna AI at 2.97 million on 30 June.


title: Hololive Production

text: According to Tanigo, Hololive's primary audience are mostly males in their mid-teens to mid-thirties, with Japanese fans being mostly those who are interested in video games while overseas viewers are more likely to be anime fans specifically. Hololive's overseas audiences are primarily from North America and Asia, especially South East Asia.


title: Hololive Production

text: CEO Motoaki Tanigo was selected as one of the Japan's Top 20 Entrepreneurs by Forbes Japan in its January 2022 issue.


title: Hololive Production

text: Below are all active and former talents of Hololive. The agency also includes two VTubers who do not have their own personal channels but act as part of Hololive's "staff" instead, participating in streams on the company's official channel: (also known as A-chan) and .


title: Hololive Production

text: All group releases to date have been performed by "Hololive Idol Project", a group that consists of different talents for each release.


title: Thistle

text: Thistle is the common name of a group of flowering plants characterised by leaves with sharp prickles on the margins, mostly in the family Asteraceae. Prickles can also occur all over the planton the stem and on the flat parts of the leaves. These prickles are an adaptation that protects the plant from being eaten by herbivores. Typically, an involucre with a clasping shape similar to a cup or urn subtends each of a thistle's flower heads.


title: Thistle

text: The comparative amount of spininess varies dramatically by species. For example, "Cirsium heterophyllum" has minimal spininess while "Cirsium spinosissimum" is the opposite. Typically, species adapted to dry environments have greater spininess.


title: Thistle

text: The term thistle is sometimes taken to mean precisely those plants in the tribe Cardueae (synonym: Cynareae), especially the genera "Carduus", "Cirsium", and "Onopordum". However, plants outside this tribe are sometimes called thistles.


title: Thistle

text: Biennial thistles are particularly noteworthy for their high wildlife value, producing such things as copious floral resources for pollinators, nourishing seeds for birds like the goldfinch, foliage for butterfly larvae, and down for the lining of birds' nests.


title: Thistle

text: A thistle is the floral emblem of Scotland and Lorraine, as well as the emblem of the "Encyclopædia Britannica".


title: Thistle

text: Thistle flowers are the favourite nectar sources of the pearl-bordered fritillary, small pearl-bordered fritillary, high brown fritillary, and dark green fritillary butterflies.


title: Thistle

text: Thistles (and thistle-seed feeders) also provide important sustenance for goldfinches and are strongly favored by many butterflies besides fritillaries such as the monarch, skippers, and the various types of tiger swallowtail. Additionally, hummingbirds will feed on the flowers of the biennial species (which feature large flowers, as compared with the perennial Canada thistle).


title: Thistle

text: Some thistles (for example "Cirsium vulgare", native to Eurasia), have been widely introduced outside their native range. Control measures include "Trichosirocalus" weevils, but a problem with this approach, at least in North America, is that the introduced weevils may affect native thistles at least as much as the desired targets.


title: Thistle

text: Thistles have been said to be very important nectar sources for pollinators. Some ecological organizations, such as the Xerces Society, have attempted to raise awareness of their benefits, to counteract the general agricultural and home garden labeling of thistles as unwanted weeds. The monarch butterfly, "Danaus plexippus" for instance, was highlighted as traditionally relying upon taller large-flowered thistle species such as Tall thistle, "Cirsium altissimum", for its migration. Although such organizations focus on the benefits of native thistles, certain non-native thistles, such as "Cirsium vulgare" in North America, may provide similar benefits to wildlife. Some prairie and wildflower seed production companies supply bulk seed for native North American thistle species, for wildlife habitat restoration, although availability tends to be low. Thistles are particularly valued by bumblebees for their high nectar production. "Cirsium vulgare" ranked in the top 10 for nectar production in a UK plants survey conducted by the AgriLand project which is supported by the UK Insect Pollinators Initiative. Bull thistle was also a top producer of nectar sugar in another study in Britain, ranked third with a production per floral unit of (2323 ± 418μg).


title: Thistle

text: Maud Grieve recorded that Pliny and medieval writers had thought it could return hair to bald heads and that in the early modern period it had been believed to be a remedy for headaches, plague, cancer sores, vertigo, and jaundice.


title: Thistle

text: In Portugal's Beira region, thistle flowers are used in cheese making, as a source of enzymes to coagulate the milk. "Serra da Estrela" is not only the name of a mountain chain in this country, "Serra da Estrela" is also the name of one of the most appreciated cheeses made from sheep's milk.


title: Thistle

text: Thistles, even if one restricts the term to members of the Asteraceae, are too varied a group for generalisation; many are troublesome weeds, including some invasive species of "Cirsium", "Carduus", "Silybum" and "Onopordum". Typical adverse effects are competition with crops and interference with grazing in pastures, where dense growths of spiny vegetation suppress forage plants and repel grazing animals from eating either the thistle plants or neighbouring forage. Some species, although not intensely poisonous, do affect the health of animals that swallow more than small amounts of the material.


title: Thistle

text: Conversely however, the genus "Cynara" includes commercially important species of artichoke and some species regarded as major weeds are commercial sources of vegetable rennet used in commercial cheese making. Similarly, some species of "Silybum" that occur as weeds also are cultivated for seeds that yield vegetable oil and pharmaceutical compounds such as Silibinin.


title: Thistle

text: Other thistles that nominally are weeds are important honey plants, both as bee fodder in general, and as sources of luxury monofloral honey products.


title: Thistle

text: According to legend, an invading Norse army was attempting to sneak up at night upon a Scottish army's encampment. During this operation one barefoot Norseman had the misfortune to step upon a thistle, causing him to cry out in pain, thus alerting Scots to the presence of the Norse invaders. Some sources suggest the specific occasion was the 1263 Battle of Largs, which marked the beginning of the departure of King Haakon IV (Haakon the Elder) of Norway who, having control of the Northern Isles and Hebrides, had harried the coast of the Kingdom of Scotland for some years.


title: Thistle

text: The thistle has been the national emblem of Scotland since the reign of King Alexander III (1249–1286). It is found in many Scottish symbols and was used on silver coins issued by King James III in 1474, the first coins to feature a thistle. In 1536, the bawbee, a sixpence in the pound Scots, was issued for the first time under King James V; it showed a crowned thistle. Thistles continued to appear regularly on Scottish and later British coinage until 2008, when a 5p coin design showing ""The Badge of Scotland, a thistle royally crowned"" ceased to be minted, though it remains in circulation. The Most Ancient and Most Noble Order of the Thistle, the highest and oldest chivalric order of Scotland, has thistles on its insignia and a chapel in St Giles's Kirk, Edinburgh, dubbed the Thistle Chapel. The thistle is the main charge of the regimental badge of the Scots Guards, the oldest regiment in the British Army.


title: Thistle

text: Both the Order of the Thistle and the Scots Guards use the motto "Nemo me impune lacessit", the motto of the House of Stuart and referring to the thistle's prickly nature. Pound coins with this motto and a thistle were minted in 1984, 1989, and 2014. The combination of thistle and motto first appeared on the bawbee issued by King Charles II. In 1826, the grant of arms to the new National Bank of Scotland stipulates that the shield be surrounded by thistles and "thistle" is used as the name of several Scottish football clubs. Since 1960, a stylised thistle (also representing the Scottish Saltire) has been the logo of the Scottish National Party. Since 2013, a different stylised thistle, crowned with the Scottish crown, has been the emblem of Police Scotland, and had long featured in the arms of seven of the eight pre-2013 Scottish police services and constabularies, the sole exception being the Northern Constabulary. As part of the arms of the University of Edinburgh, the thistle appears together with a saltire on one of the escutcheons of the Mercat Cross in Edinburgh. The coat of arms and crest of Nova Scotia (""New Scotland""), briefly Scotland's colony, have since the 17th century featured thistles.


title: Thistle

text: Following his ascent to the English throne, King James VI of Scotland & I of England used a badge consisting of a Tudor rose "dimidiated" with a Scottish thistle and surmounted by a royal crown. As the floral emblem of Scotland it appears in the Royal Arms of the United Kingdom thereafter, and was included in the heraldry of various British institutions, such as the Badge of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom alongside the Tudor rose, Northern Irish flax, and Welsh leek. This floral combination appears on the present issues of the one pound coin. Beside the Tudor rose and Irish shamrock the thistle appears on the badge of the Yeomen of the Guard and the arms of the Canada Company. Issues of the historical florin showed the same flora, later including a leek. The thistle is also used to symbolise connection with Scotland overseas. For example, in Canada, it is one of the four floral emblems on the flag of Montreal; in the US, Carnegie Mellon University features the thistle in its crest in honour of the Scottish heritage of its founder, Andrew Carnegie, and Annapolis, Maryland features the thistle in its flag and seal. The thistle is also the emblem of the "Encyclopædia Britannica" (which originated in Edinburgh, Scotland) and Jardine Matheson Holdings Limited (as the company was founded by two Scots).


title: Thistle

text: Which species of thistle is referred to in the original legend is disputed. Popular modern usage favours cotton thistle ("Onopordum acanthium"), perhaps because of its more imposing appearance, though it is not native and unlikely to have occurred in Scotland in mediaeval times. The spear thistle ("Cirsium vulgare"), an abundant native species in Scotland, is a more likely candidate. Other species, including dwarf thistle ("Cirsium acaule"), musk thistle ("Carduus nutans"), and melancholy thistle ("Cirsium heterophyllum") have also been suggested.


title: Thistle

text: The thistle, and more precisely "Onopordum acanthium", is one of the symbols of Lorraine, together with its coat of arms which displays three avalerions, and the Cross of Lorraine.


title: Thistle

text: Lorraine is a region located in northeastern France, along the border with Luxembourg and Germany. Before the French Revolution, a large part of the region formed the Duchy of Lorraine. In the Middle Ages, the thistle was an emblem of the Virgin Mary because its white sap would bring to mind the milk falling from the breast of the Mother of God. It was later adopted as a personal symbol by René of Anjou, together with the Cross of Lorraine, then known as the Cross of Anjou. It seems through his book "Livre du cuer d'amours espris" that the Duke chose the thistle as his emblem not only because it was a Christian symbol, but also because he associated it with physical love.


title: Thistle

text: The thistle and the cross were used again by his grandson, René II, Duke of Lorraine, who introduced them in the region. The two symbols became hugely popular among the local people during the Battle of Nancy in 1477, during which the Lorrain army defeated Burgundy. The Duke's motto was ""Qui s'y frotte s'y pique"", meaning "who touches it, pricks oneself", with a similar idea to the Scottish motto ""Nemo me impune lacessit"". Nowadays the thistle is still the official symbol of the city of Nancy, as well as the emblem of the AS Nancy football team, and the Lorraine Regional Natural Park.


title: Thistle

text: "Carduus" is the Latin term for a thistle (hence cardoon, "chardon" in French), and "Cardonnacum" is a Late Latin word for a place with thistles. This is believed to be the origin of name of the Burgundy village of Chardonnay, Saône-et-Loire, which in turn is thought to be the home of the famous Chardonnay grape variety.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Bicentennial Man is a 1999 American science fiction comedy-drama film starring Robin Williams, Sam Neill, Embeth Davidtz (in a dual role), Wendy Crewson, and Oliver Platt. Based on the 1992 novel "The Positronic Man" by Isaac Asimov and Robert Silverberg (which is itself based on Asimov's original 1976 novelette "The Bicentennial Man"), the plot explores issues of humanity, slavery, prejudice, maturity, intellectual freedom, conformity, sex, love, mortality, and eternal life. The film, a co-production between Touchstone Pictures and Columbia Pictures, was directed by Chris Columbus. The title comes from the main character existing to the age of two hundred years.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: "Bicentennial Man" was released by Buena Vista Pictures in the United States on December 17, 1999 and received mixed reviews from critics. The film was also a box office bomb, grossing only $87.4 million against a $90–100 million budget.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Makeup artist Greg Cannom was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Makeup at the 72nd Academy Awards. The theme song of the film, "Then You Look at Me", was written by James Horner and Will Jennings and sung by Celine Dion.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: On April 3, 2005, the NDR series robot "Andrew" is introduced into the Martin family home to perform housekeeping and maintenance duties and introduces himself by showing a presentation of the Three Laws of Robotics. The eldest daughter Grace despises Andrew, but her younger sister Amanda is sympathetic to him, and Andrew discovers he feels emotions, and is drawn to spend more time with his "Little Miss". He accidentally breaks one of her glass figurines and is able to carve a new one out of wood, which surprises her father Richard. He takes Andrew to NorthAm Robotics to inquire if Andrew's creativity was part of his programming. NorthAm's CEO Dennis Mansky claims this is a problem and offers to scrap Andrew, but instead Richard takes Andrew back home and encourages him to continue his creativity and explore other humanities. Andrew becomes a clockmaker and earns a sizable fortune managed by Richard after they find that robots have no rights under current laws.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Time passes, and Richard encourages Dennis to give Andrew the ability to present facial expressions to match his emotions. About two decades after being awoken, Andrew presents Richard with all the money he has made to ask for his freedom. Wounded by this, Richard refuses to accept it but does grant Andrew his independence, on the condition he may no longer reside at the Martin home. Andrew builds his own home by the beach. In 2048, Richard is on his death bed, and apologizes to Andrew for banishing him before he dies.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Following Richard's death, Andrew goes on a quest to find other NDR robots that are like him, frequently communicating back to Amanda, who has since married and divorced, and has a son Lloyd and granddaughter Portia. In 2068, during his quest, Andrew discovers Galatea, an NDR robot that has been modified with female personality and traits. Andrew becomes interested in how Galatea was modified by Rupert Burns, the son of the original NDR designer, and finds he has a number of potential ideas to help make robots appear more human-like. Andrew agrees to fund Rupert's work and to be a test subject and is soon given a human-like appearance. Andrew finally returns to the Martin home in 2088 and finds that Amanda has grown old while Portia looks much like her grandmother at her age. Portia is initially cautious of Andrew, but soon accepts him as part of the Martin family.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: When Amanda dies, Andrew realises that all those he cares for will also pass on. He presents ideas to Rupert to create artificial organs that not only can be used in humans to prolong their lives but also to replace Andrew's mechanical workings. Andrew gains the ability to eat, feel emotions and sensations, and even have sexual relationships, resulting in him and Portia falling in love. Andrew petitions the World Congress to recognize him as a human as to allow him to marry Portia, but the body expresses concern that an immortal human will cause jealousy from others. Andrew returns to Rupert for one last operation: to change the artificial fluids driving his body into a blood equivalent. Rupert cautions him that the blood will not last forever, causing his body to age and will die eventually, a fate Andrew accepts. Several decades afterwards, Andrew again approaches the World Congress, with Portia as support, to appeal their past decision, wanting to be able to die with dignity.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: In 2205, with Andrew's body deteriorating, he and Portia are both under life support monitored by Galatea, now with a human appearance. They hold hands and watch the World Congress as they recognize Andrew as a human being, the world's oldest at 200 years, and giving all rights confirmed by that, including validating his marriage to Portia. Andrew dies during the broadcast, which is confirmed by Galatea while Portia asserts that Andrew already knew the answer. After ordering Galatea to turn off her life support, Portia soon dies, hand-in-hand with Andrew as she whispers to him "See you soon."


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Walt Disney Studios was concerned about the cost of the film, estimated to be over $100 million, and even though pre-production was underway and sets were already being built they pulled the plug and halted production. Disney chairman Joe Roth came to an agreement with Sony Pictures Entertainment Chairman John Calley, to co-finance the film and agreed to split distribution responsibilities for the film between Touchstone Pictures in North America and Columbia Pictures internationally.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Williams confirmed in a "Las Vegas Sun" interview that his character was not played by a body double and that he had actually worn the robot costume.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Various scenes were shot inside San Francisco City Hall, including the ball scene. The city charged Disney from $5000 to $20000 per day, depending on the particular location used for filming. The heat from two 10,000-watt spotlights triggered the fire sprinkler system and which resulted in flooding which caused water damage. Renovations had only recently been completed after a previous flooding incident. Filming was only interrupted for a few hours, but water damage to the ceilings, carpets, and limestone was significant.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 36% based on 97 reviews, with an average rating of 4.78/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Bicentennial Man" is ruined by a bad script and ends up being dull and mawkish." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 42 out of 100, based on reviews from 31 critics, indicating "mixed reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Roger Ebert gave it two out of four stars: ""Bicentennial Man" begins with promise, proceeds in fits and starts, and finally sinks into a cornball drone of greeting-card sentiment. Robin Williams spends the first half of the film encased in a metallic robot suit, and when he emerges, the script turns robotic instead. What a letdown."


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: William Arnold of the "Seattle Post-Intelligencer" said: "[The film] becomes a somber, sentimental and rather profound romantic fantasy that is more true to the spirit of the Golden Age of science-fiction writing than possibly any other movie of the '90s."


title: Bicentennial Man (film)

text: Todd McCarthy of "Variety" summed it up as "an ambitious tale handled in a dawdling, sentimental way."


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: Vyjayanthimala (born 13 August 1936) is a former Indian actress, dancer and parliamentarian. She is the recipient of several accolades, including two BFJA Awards and five Filmfare Awards. She made her screen debut at the age of thirteen with the Tamil film "Vaazhkai" (1949), and followed this with a role in the Telugu film "Jeevitham" (1950). Her first work in Hindi cinema was the social guidance film "Bahar" (1951), which she headlined, and achieved her breakthrough with the romantic film "Nagin" (1954). She is currently 86 years old.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: She garnered a lot of critical acclaim for her role in the period drama film "Devdas" (1955), where she played Chandramukhi, the Tawaif with a heart of gold. The film and her acting was praised, later considered to be her magnum opus. For "Devdas", she won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress which she refused, stating that she played a leading role equal to that of Suchitra Sen, her co-star, and so she could not accept the award for a supporting role. She went on to star in series of commercial successes, which include the romance film "New Delhi" (1956), the drama film "Naya Daur" (1957) and the comedy film "Aasha" (1957). Her roles in the social film "Sadhna" (1958) and the paranormal film "Madhumati" (1958) each earned her a nomination for the Filmfare Awards for Best Actress, winning for her work in "Sadhna".


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In the 1960s, the crime drama film "Ganga Jumna" (1961) saw Vyjayanthimala playing a rustic village belle, Dhanno, a role which won her the Filmfare Award for Best Actress. She won the award again for the romance film "Sangam" (1964). She went on reinvent her image, earning a mixed reception after notably appearing in a one-piece swimsuit in a film role. She later achieved acclaim for her performance in the historical drama "Amrapali" (1966) which was based on the life of "Nagarvadhu", royal courtesan of Vaishali, Amrapali. Her notable successes following were the swashbuckler film "Suraj" (1966), the heist film "Jewel Thief" (1967), the art film "Hatey Bazarey" (1967), the film "Sunghursh" (1968) and the epic film "Prince" (1969).


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In 1968, she was awarded the Padma Shri by the Government of India, the fourth-highest civilian honor. After a starring role in the film "Ganwaar" (1970), Vyjayanthimala retired from the acting industry. She has since gained popularity for her dancing, particularly for her work in Bharata Natyam, a form of Indian classical dance, and was later given the Sangeet Natak Akademi Award, the highest Indian recognition given to practising artists.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: She was born in Triplicane near Parthasarathy Temple in a Tamil Iyengar Brahmin family to Mandyam Dhati Raman and Vasundhara Devi. She was raised primarily by her grandmother, Yadugiri Devi. Her ancestors were from Mysore. Her mother was a leading actress in Tamil Cinema in the 1940s where her "Mangama Sabatham" was the first Tamil film to be declared a "colossal" hit at the box office.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: At the age of seven, Vyjayanthimala was chosen to perform a classical Indian dance for Pope Pius XII while her mother was an audience in 1940 at Vatican City. Vyjayanthi attended Sacred Heart Higher Secondary School, Presentation Convent, Church Park, Chennai. She learned Bharata Natyam from Guru Vazhuvoor Ramiah Pillai and Carnatic music from Manakkal Sivaraja Iyer. She had her arangetram at the age of 13 and started performing in Tamil Nadu later. Her maternal uncle is Y. G. Parthasarathy. In 1938, her grandfather, Mandyam Dhati Gopalacharya, started a nursing home on Narayan Shastri Road, Mysore.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In her heyday, Vyjayanthimala was the subject of many controversies, particularly for her misconstrued relationships with her co-stars. In the late 1950s, Vyjayanthimala was linked by gossip magazines with Dilip Kumar, who has acted with her the most compared to any other actress, which resulted in great on-screen chemistry between them. While working for his home production "Gunga Jumna" (1961), Kumar reportedly handpicked the shade of sari that Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene. In the early 1960s, actor Raj Kapoor had commenced the filming of "Sangam" with Vyjayanthimala playing the female lead along with Rajendra Kumar and Kapoor himself as the male lead. The filming took four years to finish. During this time Vyjayanthimala is said to have been romantically involved with Kapoor and almost married him. Initially, she was vexed with him and kept him at a distance. However, Kapoor did not give up over her attitude. However, Vyjayanthimala in her autobiography mentioned that it was a publicity stunt by newspapers in North India to link her with Raj Kapoor and that she was never in any relationship with him.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: Vyjayanthimala married the already married Chamanlal Bali, a Punjabi Hindu Arya Samaji from Delhi but lived in Anna Salai, Chennai in 1968. After marriage, she gave up her acting career and moved to Chennai. However, between 1968 and 1970, she shot for those films which she had signed before her marriage, such as "Pyar Hi Pyar", "Prince" and "Ganwaar". They have a son, Suchindra Bali. In 2007, she published her autobiography, titled "Bonding", with Jyoti Sabarwal as a co-writer.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: Vyjayanthimala is a devout Vaishnava Hindu and a vegetarian. She grew up listening to holy chants and devotional songs. She is an admirer of Aandaal, one of the 12 Alvar saints of Hinduism. She prays to Goddess Saraswati before any public performance to gain her blessing.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: When director M. V. Raman was looking for a new face to cast in AVM Productions's "Vazhkai", he saw Vyjayanthimala performing Bharata Natyam in Chennai's Gokhale Hall. He tried to convince her grandmother, who was apprehensive about Vyjayanthimala joining films as she felt her grand daughter was too young to act in the films and also it would come in the way of her education and dance. Vyjayanthimala played a college girl named Mohana Shivashankaralingam and acted along with senior actors S. V. Sahasranamam, M. S. Draupadi, T. R. Ramachandran and K. Sankarapani. The movie was a big success and was remade in Telugu after one year as "Jeevitham" with a slightly different cast, namely C. H. Narayana Rao, S. Varalakshmi and C. S. R. Anjaneyulu. This film enjoyed great success upon release. For the Telugu version, Vyjayanthimala did her own voice dubbing with a little assistance from her father who knew Telugu well and coached her during the filming process. Vyjayanthimala also did a guest appearance in the 1950 film "Vijayakumari" which had actress T. R. Rajakumari in a dual role. She danced for the song "laalu...laalu...laalu" which was choreographed by Vedantam Raghavayya. Though the film was not a commercial success, her western-style of dance became popular and was considered one of the major highlights of the film.The success of her Tamil film "Vazhkai" in South India inspired AVM Productions to remake it in Hindi as "Bahar" in 1951. In their first Hindi venture, they decided to cast Vyjayanthimala again in the lead role with Karan Dewan, Om Prakash and Pandari Bai (who was credited as Padmini in the film). She learned Hindi at the Hindi Prachar Sabha to dub her own voice for her character in the film. Upperstall.com in their review, wrote that "She does bring the film to life with her dances though, something which was new then for the North Indian audience". The film became sixth highest-grossing film of 1951 with a verdict of box office hit. After the success of her debut films in all three languages, Vyjayanthimala again acted in a multilingual film which was produced by Avichi Meiyappa Chettiar of AVM Productions. The first version was in Tamil as "Penn" where she co-starred with actor Gemini Ganesan, S. Balachander and Anjali Devi. "Kalyanam...venum" sung by J. P. Chandrababu for Balachander became an instant hit. The second version was in Telugu titled "Sangham" which was released in the same year with N. T. Rama Rao, Vyjayanthimala, S. Balachandran and Anjali Devi in the lead. The Tamil and the Telugu films were big successes across South India. The film was once again remade in Hindi as "Ladki" starring Kishore Kumar and Bharat Bhushan, while Vyjayanthimala, along with Anjali Devi, reprised her role from the original film. Her performance was described by Upperstall.com as, "Vyjayanthimala's dances are the film's saving grace although it is unintentionally funny now to see how deliberate and obviously tacky the sequences are which lead into her dances... Ladki too makes no real demands on "feminist" tomboy Vyjayanthimala histrionically". The movie became second highest-grossing film of 1953.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In 1954, Vyjayanthimala acted in the film "Nagin" with Pradeep Kumar. The film got favourable responses from the audience and became the highest-grossing movie of 1954 where it was labelled as a blockbuster. Her performance as the Nagi tribe's chief got Mala favourable reviews from the critics, as in 1955, a critic from Filmfare magazine had said that "Vyjayanthimala in the title role puts over a commendable performance besides looking ravishingly beautiful as the belle of the hills. Her dancing, too, is very graceful, specially in those eye-filling colour sequences and delightful ballets towards the finish", while in The Hindu review Vijay Lokapally similarly praised her portrayal: "The ethereal Vyjayanthimala, barely 18, illuminates the screen with her stunning beauty, moving around daintily from one song to the other... The close-up shots of Vyjayanthimala highlight her ability to convey so much with so little effort... Nagin was a precursor to her rise in Hindi cinema as an iconic actor, who combined her talents, performing and dancing, to rule the screen on her terms... biggest recall values of Nagin are Vyjayanthimala". Post "Nagin" Vyjayanthimala had established herself as one of the leading actresses in Hindi films because of the film's nationwide success. Hemant Kumar's music and her dance on the song, "Man Dole, Mera tan dole", rendered by Lata Mangeshkar was one of the highlights of the film. In the same year she acted in "Miss Mala" with Kishore Kumar, which was a box office success. Vyjayanthimala debuted in Kannada cinema through a film called "Asha Nirasha" which was produced by G. D. Venkatram. The film had Lata Mangeshkar, Asha Bhosle and Mohammed Rafi as the playback singers, but the movie was unreleased, though the producer's son Srikant Venkatram claimed that the film was released and flopped miserably at box office which made the film obscure.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In 1955, Vyjayanthimala acted in five Hindi films. The first one was director Abdur Rashid Kardar's "Yasmin" alongside actor Suresh, which won the Filmfare Best Cinematographer for Dwarka Divecha. Besides that, she also starred in three other films, namely "Pehli Jhalak" with Kishore Kumar, "Sitara" with Pradeep Kumar and "Jashan" with Karan Dewan. Eventually all her four films released in 1955 failed at the box office. The same year, Bimal Roy cast her as Chandramukhi opposite Dilip Kumar in the critically acclaimed "Devdas", which was the adaptation of the novel with same title by Sharat Chandra Chatterji. The industry initially was not in favour of this choice when they heard about Vyjayanthimala being cast in Bimal Roy's film, the response being: "Why don't you take comedian Kishore Kumar as Devdas?". Initially Nargis was selected for Chandramukhi's role, but she refused to accept the role. The role was later offered to Bina Rai and Suraiya but they too turned it down as they wanted to essay the lead role of Paro, which was earlier offered to Meena Kumari. Subsequently, the film unit suffered with financial crisis and at this point Vyjayanthimala offered to do the role of Chandramukhi, where she said to Bimal Roy, "I am ready if you think I can do it". On the other hand, Nabendu Ghosh, the script writer of Devdas, said that, "I did not approve of Vyjayanthimala [as Chandramukhi], but we had no option – no one wanted to play Chandramukhi, and we were committed to our distributors... She was, of course, a very good actress, but she was too young for Chandramukhi, as envisioned by Saratbabu". On her performance, Rediff wrote: "Vyjayanthimala imbues Chandramukhi with true sympathy. Who better than Chandramukhi would know the pain of a hopeless love?... Vyjayanthimala, a star after the blockbuster Nagin, still had to establish her acting credentials when Roy went against the tide and cast her in the role of Chandramukhi". Subsequently, she won the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress but refused to accept it, stating that her role was a leading one and in equal importance to the role played by Suchitra Sen and not supporting. In 2006, a poll conducted by Rediff ranked her role of Chandramukhi as one of the best Tawaif characters in Hindi films. Subsequently, the same role was listed in The Times of India's "10 Celluloid Hookers You Loved" at number six by Nikhat Kazmi. Though the film was critically successful, it did not garner much support at the box office and ended up as 10th highest-grossing movie of 1955 with an average verdict .


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: After being recognised as a capable actress with "Devdas", Vyjayanthimala acted in successful movies in 1956, namely "Taj", "Patrani" and "Anjaan: Somewhere in Dehli" – all three films with Pradeep Kumar as the hero and "Kismet Ka Khel" with Sunil Dutt. In the same year, she also acted in swashbuckler film "Devta", which was a remake of the hugely successful Tamil film "Kanavaney Kankanda Deivam". Surprisingly though, she accepted a supporting role as a vamp which was originally done by Lalitha in the Tamil version. However, according to Upperstall.com, her role was very crucial in the film and her portrayal as the Naag Rani accompanied by her dance is the main attraction of the film. Also starring in the movie, reprising their lead roles from the original, were Gemini Ganesan and Anjali Devi. Meanwhile, she was signed by Sohrab Modi for his film "Rajhath" opposite Pradeep Kumar. However, due to her scheduling problems she was replaced by Madhubala.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: Vyjayanthimala then acted with Kishore Kumar again in the comedy film "New Delhi", which became the fifth highest-grossing film of 1956 a box office hit. The film showcases a love that sprouts between a Punjabi boy, played Kishore Kumar, and Tamil girl, played by Vyjayanthimala. Her performance was applauded by fans and critics alike; a review on Upperstall.com regarding her performance in this movie states that: "Vyjayanthimala proves to be the perfect foil for Kishore Kumar...has always had the mandatory dance sequence in practically every film of hers evoking "classical art" associations. She excels in the two main dances in New Delhi — the solo Bharatnatayam Aliruppu number and the Bhangra folk dance in her Punjabi avatar and she is absolutely brilliant in the Bhangra folk dance...in her second avatar. Even Vyjayanthimala played a Punjabi girl and most successfully too". Subsequently, she did a Tamil film called "Marma Veeran", along with Sriram, Rajasulochana, M. N. Rajam, J. P. Chandrababu and V. Nagayya. The film had some of the South Indian established actors such as N. T. Rama Rao, Sivaji Ganesan and Gemini Ganesan in a guest appearance.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In 1957, director B. R. Chopra planned to make "Naya Daur", with Ashok Kumar in the lead. However, the actor refused to accept this role and it later went to Dilip Kumar. For the female lead, the first choice of the director was the biggest star-actress of those days, Madhubala. But, as fate would have it, after 15 days of initial shooting at Mumbai, the director wanted the unit to travel to Bhopal for an extended outdoor shooting. However, Ataullah Khan, the father of Madhubala, objected to this and the role went to Vyjayanthimala. Chopra later sued Madhubala for the cash advance she received from him for the film, saying that she accepted the sum and now had no intention of completing it. Vyjyanthimala had previously acted with Dilip Kumar in Devdas and the duo shared an easy chemistry on-screen. The new film, "Naya Daur", had a theme of "Man vs. machine", and Vyjanthi's portrayal of village belle Rajni received positive reviews from critics. A review from Rediff says that: "Vyjayanthimala too is not your average petulant "gaon ki gori". She ably projects a hands-on worker who comes up with ideas on how to ford a stream and risks her life to save the bridge... wonderful scene between two stars whose chemistry is undeniable" while reviewer Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama mentions that: "Commendable performances come in from Vyjayantimala [natural]...The relationships [Dilip Kumar-Vyjayantimala] are so human and believable". At the end of its theatrical run, the film had collected around , thus becoming the second highest-grossing film of 1957, second only to the critically acclaimed "Mother India", which became the highest grossing Hindi language film ever at the time. Following that, Vyjayanthimala almost signed for the lead role in Filmistan's "Tumsa Nahin Dekha" opposite Dev Anand in 1957, but due to the producer Sashadhar Mukherjee's promise to actor Shammi Kapoor, he replaced Dev Anand with Shammi Kapoor. However, the director Nasir Hussain was in a quandary as he had already read the script to Dev Anand and Vyjayanthimala, but Mukerji prevailed and he also replaced Vyjayanthimala with Ameeta, who was the protégée of Filmistan Studios owner Tolaram Jalan. Vyjayanthimala's next release was "Kathputli", in which she co-starred with actor Balraj Sahni for the first time. This film was about a young girl named Pushpa who, on account of being a good dancer and singer, assists puppeteer Shivraj in his puppet show. This film was director Amiya Chakravarty's last film. He died during the filming of "Kathputli" and the remaining project was completed by director Nitin Bose. "Kathputli" remains one of the memorable films of Vyjayanthimala which has an offbeat theme with a Pygmalion touch. Vyjayanthimala then acted in "Ek Jhalak" with Rajendra Kumar and Pradeep Kumar, which was produced by the latter with his home production company "Deep & Pradeep Productions". She returned to the screen again with Kishore Kumar in the 1957 partially colour-made film "Aasha" which became a hit at the box office. The story revolves around the central character Kishore, played by Kishore Kumar, who, despite being a Zamindar, believes in helping the needy. Vyjayanthimala, as Nirmala, plays the lover of Kishore. The story suddenly goes from being light-hearted and humorous to a court-drama when Kishore is falsely accused of murder. The rest of the movie sees both the protagonists trying to prove Kishore's innocence. The movie is best known for its song "Eena Meena Dekha" sung by Kishore Kumar and Asha Bhosle, in two different versions. "Aasha" also introduced actress Asha Parekh to the silver screen, in a song alongside Vyjayanthimala, whom Parekh described as her matinee idol.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: The following year proved to be very successful for Vyjayanthimala, since she signed opposite Dilip Kumar in Bimal Roy's "Madhumati" in the title role. Originally supposed to essay four roles, the director finally scaled it down to three, Madhumati, Madhavi and Radha. The film was launched in front of the Karlovy Vary International Film Festival Theatre in Czechoslovakia. During the filming in the hills of Nainital, Vyjayanthimala was required to dance barefoot where she tripped on a stone and fell, hurting herself badly and causing damage to her fibre tissues in the sole of her foot. Roy, who was terrified and in a quandary over the incident as the shooting could not be stopped insisted on her wearing sandals which made it difficult for her during running sequences. Even after the completion of Madhumati, she still encountered the pain from the injury which always reminded her of Madhumati's shooting experience. Written by Ritwik Ghatak, the film is about Devendra, played by Dilip Kumar, who takes shelter during a storm in an abandoned house. Here he discovers a painting of the owner of the house Raja Ugranarayan, painted by him in his previous life when he was Anand, also played by Dilip Kumar, and worked as a foreman on a plantation of Raja Ugranarayan. Devendra had been in love with Madhumati, played by Vyjayanthimala. She had committed suicide while trying to save herself from Ugranarayan's advances. Madhumati's ghost finally takes revenge on Ugranarayan. The film was well received by critics and audience, and it became highest grossing Hindi language film of 1958 and was labelled as a blockbuster at the box office and ended up as the fifth highest-grossing film of the decade with its net adjusted to inflation to about 586.4 million. Her performance as Madhavi, Radha and the ghost Madhumati earned her accolades from critics. Shahid Khan from Planetbollywood.com said: "Vyjayantimala has never been one of my most favourite actresses but this is one of the few performances where I am completely bowled over by her. Her expressions while playing both the main characters are perfect. With Madhumati, she brings the wonder, surprise and innocence needed in the person. With Madhavi, she brings the poise, the curiosity and pity for the grief that Anand is going through", and Karan Bali from Upperstall.com wrote that: "For Vyjayanthimala, the film showcases both her acting as well as dancing abilities and the dizzying success of "Madhumati" took Vyjayanthimala to the highest rungs of stardom...to cap off an extremely successful year for her. Both, as an actress of considerable dramatic merit and as a star". "Madhumati" came to be known as the first film which dealt with the theme of reincarnation and had a gothic noir feel to it. The film later inspired films such as "Milan" (1967), "The Reincarnation of Peter Proud" (1975), "Mehbooba" (1976), "Kudrat" (1980), "Karz" (1980), "Karan Arjun" (1995) and particularly "Om Shanti Om" (2007) which had also lifted the film's climax which led to Rinki Bhattacharya, the late Roy's daughter accusing the film of plagiarism and threatening legal action against its producers.The same month she had another release, B. R. Chopra's "Sadhna" alongside Sunil Dutt. Vyjayanthimala was the second choice for the role of Champabai, the prostitute, after actress Nimmi who hesitated to play the role of a prostitute, which arguably led to her career decline. The Filmfare award-winning story by Mukhram Sharma revolves around Rajini, enacted by Vyjayanthimala, a prostitute's love affair with a professor, played by Sunil Dutt. Chopra, who previously directed Vyjayanthimala in "Naya Daur", had adapted the theme on the rehabilitation of prostitutes which was then a controversial topic in India. Along with the film, her performance received universal acclaim, as told by Vijay Lokapally from The Hindu: "Among the great movies made on the subject of helpless women versus society, Sadhna holds its own for its realistic portrayal and treatment of a subject, so aesthetically documented by Chopra and Vyjayanthimala" and praised the latter "gorgeous when she entertains the clients at her kotha...stunningly restrained when she assumes the character of a prospective wife". Similarly, Rediff's critic Dinesh Raheja has commented that: "But finally, the show belongs to Vyjayanthimala. Fetchingly frivolous in the first half, she is suitably serious in the second. She makes her need for acceptance palpable; her eyes emit twin lasers of anger and condemnation at those that exploit women". "Sadhna" also performed well at the box office where it became fifth highest-grossing film of 1958 with trade pundits declaring the film a box office hit. Subsequently, Vyjayanthimala received two Filmfare nominations in Best actress category for "Madhumati" and "Sadhna", where she won her first ever Filmfare trophy for the latter, after refusing to accept the Best Supporting Actress Award trophy for "Devdas" (1955) earlier. Her next release was "Amar Deep", where she was paired against Dev Anand for the first time. A production of Sivaji Ganesan's Sivaji Productions, the film was a remake of 1956 Tamil film "Amara Deepam", which had Ganesan himself in the lead. Along with Padmini, who reprised her role from the original, Vyjayanthimala plays the role of Aruna which was originally performed by actress Savitri in Tamil. Her other releases of 1958 "Sitaroan Ke Aage" and "Piya Milan" became average successes.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In 2011, in conjunction with actor Dev Anand's death, Vyjayanthimala recollected her memories during the filming in Madras, where she remembers the actor calling her "Papa", the Tamil termed that was used by her family and friends, and he would search for her throughout the sets while yelling "where is Papa, where is my heroine". According to Subhash Chheda, when "Amar Deep" was released, the long-awaited airing of Vyjayanthimala and Dev Anand was compared to the Madhubala and Dev Anand pair, where the public gave the verdict that: "If Madhubala brooks no equality, Vyjayanthimala admits no superiority". Unfortunately, the film failed to turn the Vyjayanthimala and Dev Anand team into a hit pair. The same year Vyjayanthimala was booked by M. G. Ramachandran for his second directorial venture "Ponniyin Selvan". One of the first screen adaptations of Kalki Krishnamurthy's "Ponniyin Selvan", the film had a huge ensemble cast consisting of Savitri, Gemini Ganesan, Padmini, Saroja Devi, M. N. Rajam and Nagesh along with Ramachandran and Vyjayanthimala. In the film, she was given the role of Kundavai, the elder sister of Raja Raja Chola I, played by Ganesan and the wife of Vallavaraiyan Vandiyadevan, played by Ramachandran. However, in mid-1958 the film was shelved for unknown reasons. The same year she did another Tamil film Gemini Pictures's Magnum opus "Vanjikottai Valiban" along with Gemini Ganesan and Padmini. Written by Gemini Story Department which was headed by Kothamangalam Subbu, the Black-and-white epic film was produced and directed by S. S. Vasan. She played the role of Princess Mandakini, the beautiful princess of Ratna Island Kingdom. As a stubborn princess, she always wanted to achieve her ambition in any deed which led to her ultimate death and formed the climax. The film had a great theatrical run where the film completed 100 days run at cinemas and was labelled as a blockbuster at the box office. The film is still remembered for the dance of Vyjayanthimala and Padmini in the "Kannum Kannum Kalanthu" song which was choreographed by Hiralal, and was well received by critics and audience alike, wherein the popularity of the song surpassed the popularity garnered by the film. The song is still regarded as one of the best dance sequences in Indian cinema. "Vanjikottai Valiban" was followed by its Hindi version titled "Raj Tilak". Screenplay of the film was by Ramanand Sagar. The film was directed by S. S. Vasan with Ganesan, Vyjayanthimala and Padmini in the lead. Within a week, the film sank at the box office and was unable to achieve the same box office success made by the Tamil version. By the end of the year, The Indian Express named Vyjayanthimala as the most successful female star of 1958. Similarly, Boxofficeindia.com ranked Vyjayanthimala at the top spot in their list of "Top Three Successful Box Office Actress of 1958". In 1959, Vyjayanthimala reunited with Dilip Kumar for the fourth time in the bilingual "Paigham". Produced and directed by S. S. Vasan, the film featured the lead actors along with Raaj Kumar, B. Saroja Devi, Pandari Bai and Motilal. Besides them, Vyjayanthimala's real-life mother Vasunthara Devi also acted in a small role where she played the role of mother to her own daughter who died in vain. Upon release "Paigham" became second highest-grossing film of 1959 with the verdict of a box office hit. The same year she did a Tamil film "Athisaya Penn", where she co-starred with Telugu actor Akkineni Nageswara Rao for the first time. "Athisaya Penn" was a remake of "Aasha", which again was directed by M. V. Raman. She acted opposite Pradeep Kumar in the romantic film "Jawani Ki Hawa" in 1959.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In 1960, Vyjayanthimala mostly concentrated on Tamil films to keep in touch with the industry. Her first release in 1960 was S. S. Vasan's "Irumbu Thirai", the Tamil version of "Paigham". She starred opposite Sivaji Ganesan for the second time after the latter's cameo appearance in "Marma Veeran" (1956). Along with Vyjayanthimala, all the female cast including B. Saroja Devi, Pandari Bai and Vasunthara Devi reprised their roles from the original with S. V. Ranga Rao in Motilal's role and K. A. Thangavelu in Raaj Kumar's character. The film was followed by "Raja Bakthi", again with Sivaji Ganesan. "Raja Bakthi" had huge ensemble cast featuring P. Bhanumathi, Padmini, T. S. Balaiah and E. V. Saroja. Her subsequent release was D. Yoganand's magnum opus Parthiban Kanavu. Co-starring Gemini Ganesan for the third time and B. Saroja Devi for the second time, the film was based on Kalki Krishnamurthy's 1942 novel with the same name. Apart from Tamil, the film was produced in Telugu and Sinhala languages. Upon release the film met with positive response from the critics and was awarded the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Tamil at the 8th National Film Awards. However, the film did not fare well at the box office, but Vyjayanthimala's performance was appreciated by critics. She also acted opposite M. G. Ramachandran for the first time in "Baghdad Thirudan". Meanwhile, she did a Hindi film titled "College Girl" opposite Shammi Kapoor, which fared average at the box office and was declared as the eighteenth highest-grossing film of the year.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: Following successful re-entry in Tamil cinema, Vyjayanthimala then signed Dilip Kumar's home production film "Gunga Jumna". Having been inspired by the 1934 "Manhattan Melodrama", the film was one of the first Hindi films to deal with the theme based on two brothers on opposite sides of law. Directed by Nitin Bose, she co-starred with Kumar for the fifth time after "Devdas", "Naya Daur", "Madhumati" and "Paigham". In this dacoit drama, she enacted the role of Dhanno, a washerwoman who falls for childhood friend Gunga, played by Kumar and eventually killed during a gun fight. To prepare herself for that role, Vyjayanthimala had to learn the Bhojpuri, a Hindi language dialect spoken by people in East India region. She was assisted by Kumar, who chose the shade of saree that Vyjayanthimala would wear in every scene. Upon release, the film opened to widespread critical acclaim from the critics. Her performance earned her rave reviews. Dinesh Raheja from "Rediff" said that: "Ganga Jamuna deployed several crowd-pleasing elements...most of all, an enchanting relationship between Dilip Kumar and Vyjayanthimala... Their characterisation ran so deep, which helped Dilip Kumar and Vyjayanthimala give magnetic performances. Dilip is of course a thespian, but Vyjayanthimala is a revelation"; while K. K. Rai from "Stardust" applauded her performance by adding "Vyjayanthimala played the village woman with such simplicity and grace; you’d forget she was one of the most glamorous stars of her time. She also spoke the Bhojpuri dialect like a native". Critics praised Vyjayanthimala for her ability to master the Bhojpuri dialect despite her South Indian upbringing. Subsequently, the film enjoyed huge success at the box office across India. At the end of its theatrical run, the film grossed around with a net gross of and a verdict of a blockbuster. The film was the Highest-grossing film of 1961, and was the third highest grossing Hindi film of the decade behind "Mughal-e-Azam" and "Sangam", another Kumar and Vyjayanthimala starrer respectively. The film was ranked second by Boxofficeindia.co.in behind "Mughal-e-Azam" in their list of "Top 50 Film of Last 50 Years", which features all-time highest grossing Hindi films by using the relative price of gold in different years to arrive at a hypothetical current value of box office collections of past films for its adjustment to inflation rate. . For her performance, Vyjayanthimala was awarded with the Filmfare Award for Best Actress trophy at the 9th Filmfare Awards. In addition to that, she also won her first ever Bengal Film Journalists' Association Awards in the Best Actress category.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: In the same year, she starred in C. V. Sridhar's "Nazrana". In this remake of the highly successful 1959 Tamil film "Kalyana Parisu", again directed by Sridhar, she acted alongside Raj Kapoor for the first time. She played the role of Vasanthi, wherein she replaced actress B. Saroja Devi who did not reprise her role from "Kadhal Parisu" and its Telugu remake "Pelli Kanuka". The triangular love story received an average run at cinemas and ended up as the twelfth highest-grossing film of that year. The same year she did another film with Sridhar. Being the first Tamil film to be shot in Jammu and Kashmir, she acted alongside Gemini Ganesan after a long gap after "Then Nilavu". The film and the soundtrack were widely appreciated by the audience, where it was a huge success. The film was followed by J. Om Prakash's "Aas Ka Panchhi" with Rajendra Kumar. For her portrayal, Vyjayanthimala got some negative feedback from the critics; "The Hindu" review said that: "Even the otherwise powerhouse of talent, Vyjayantimala, with many a sterling performance under her belt, barely passes muster, despite the usual dance and song sequence to showcase her formidable prowess as an accomplished dancer thrown in". Despite some mixed reviews, the film was labelled as a hit at the box office and was declared the fourth highest-grossing film of 1961 where it had a silver jubilee run at the theatres. Her career then struggled again with some box office duds in the following year. In 1962, she co-starred with Manoj Kumar in "Dr. Vidya", which performed average at the box office. "Dr. Vidya" was followed by two more box office disappointments, "Rungoli" with Kishore Kumar and "Jhoola" with Sunil Dutt. In 1963, she co-starred with Sivaji Ganesan in the Historical fiction "Chittoor Rani Padmini". Written by C. V. Sridhar and directed by Chitrapu Narayana Rao, the film proved to be a box office failure, however, her performance was critically acclaimed. The same year Bimal Roy who earlier worked with her in "Devdas" and "Madhumati" offered her the lead role in "Bandini" opposite Ashok Kumar and Dharmendra. However, Vyjayanthimala could not accept the role due to her busy schedule. Boxofficeindia.com ranked Vyjayanthimala at the top spot in their list of "Top Three Successful Box Office Actress" of 1962 and 1963 respectively, despite her box office failures.


title: Vyjayanthimala

text: Following two years sabbatical, Vyjayanthimala re-attained her success in Hindi films through Raj Kapoor's first technicolor film "Sangam". Termed as Kapoor's magnum opus, the film was produced with a lavish budget by his production company R. K. Films. Earlier in the 1940s, Kapoor planned to launch "Sangam" in the title of "Gharonda" with Dilip Kumar and Nargis and himself in the lead, however the film was delayed several times until 1962. Following Kumar and Dev Anand's refusal to be a part of the film, Kapoor then fixed Rajendra Kumar and himself as the male leads. "Sangam" was the first Indian film shot in Europe and outside of Asia. It was the longest running film in India when it was released at 238 minutes. The film also created a record by being the first film to have two cinema intervals. With cinematography by Radhu Kamarkar, the European filming locations include Venice, Paris, Switzerland and London, while the Indian locations include Ooty and Kashmir Valley. Upon release the film was well received by critics and was considered as Hindi cinema's greatest love triangle. Vyjayanthimala's performance too was praised by critics. Dinesh Raheja of "Rediff" said that: "to put it simply, radiant...the maturity with which she tackles her character, the insouciance as well as the agony" and called it "one of commercial cinema's most unforgettable performances". Similarly, the film was commercially successful throughout India and other countries as well. On its overall theatrical run, Boxofficeindia.com reported that the film had grossed 8,00,00,000 and netted around with its adjusted to inflation net gross about . Subsequently, the film was labelled as a blockbuster, where it was ranked as highest-grossing film of 1964 and the second highest-grossing film of the decade. The film was ranked at fourth by Boxofficeindia.co.in in their list of "Top 50 Film of Last 50 Years" which feature all-time highest grossing Hindi film with its adjusted to inflation gross about . "Sangam" also had a great box office run outside of India where it was well received in countries such as China, Malaysia and Russia. For her role of Radha, who was caught between her husband and her former lover, Vyjayanthimala was awarded with the Filmfare Best Actress trophy. She then co-starred with Dilip Kumar for the sixth time in Ram Mukherjee's "Leader". The film was a comeback film for Kumar, whose last film was "Gunga Jumna", also with Vyjayanthimala. Like most of Vyjayanthimala and Kumar's films, their on-screen chemistry received praise from the critics, where Deepak Mahan from "The Hindu" said: "What made the film even more enjoyable was the equally spirited response of doe-eyed Vyjayantimala, oozing oodles of impish charm in every frame. The pair carried the film on their shoulders, giving abundant joy and mirth to audiences with their outstanding histrionics. Their interactions make the film worth going miles to watch and it is certain that without their resolute shoulders". However, the film "Leader" did not fare well at the box office, where it was labelled as below average. During the making of "Leader", "Rediff" describes Vyjayanthimala as "recalcitrant" which annoyed Kumar. The film was followed by Gemini Film's "Zindagi", directed by Ramanand Sagar. A female-centric film, it features Vyjayanthimala alongside Rajendra Kumar, Raaj Kumar and Prithviraj Kapoor. "Zindagi" became a success at the box office, where it celebrated a silver jubilee theatrical run and was the fourth highest-grossing film of that year with a verdict of "hit". Soon she signed for Anjali Pictures' "Phoolon Ki Sej", with Ashok Kumar and Manoj Kumar, and this became her third consecutive hit of the year. Her last release in 1964 was "Ishaara", in which she co-starred with actor Joy Mukherjee for the first time, and her performance ensured that the film was a box office success.