title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: According to the Ukrainian lawyer living in Russia and disgraced former First Deputy Prosecutor General of Ukraine Renat Kuzmin, the court ordered National Anti-Corruption Bureau of Ukraine to initiate the criminal proceedings against Turchynov for theft and withdrawal of $800 million to offshore companies. The NSDC press service said that Kuzmin's publication contains false information that "Russian secret services are replicating in order to discredit the Secretary of the Turchynov Council." Turchynov later appealed to the State Financial Monitoring Service of Ukraine and the National Anti-Corruption Bureau with a request to conduct a check of the statements of the former members of the Yanukovych team hiding out in Russia that he withdrew $800 million from the state budget to the offshore.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: In 2004 Turchynov published a book "Illusion of Fear". In 2005 he also wrote a script to the same name movie that is based on the book. The movie was released in Ukraine in September 2008 and was the 2008 Ukrainian submissions for the Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: According to an electronic declaration, in 2019, Turchynov received ₴410,690 (US$15,210) as salary. He received interest of ₴1.319 million (US$48,852) from bank deposits. Another ₴250,000 formed an income from other sources. In bank accounts, Turchynov had ₴236,000, US$1,052,000, and about €10,000. He also declared US$675,000, €3,000, and ₴57,000 in cash.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: Turchynov has a collection of ancient Bibles, paintings, as well as copyrights to books and films. His spouse has declared ₴446,000 of income. Oleksandr Turchynov also declared a 2018 TOYOTA LC 150 Prado car and a 2015 LEXUS LX570 car.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: On 31 October 2014, at the ceremony of rewarding the participants of the War in Donbas, the head of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Arsen Avakov awarded Turchynov a compact self-loading pistol PSM-05 for services to the ministry. The Minister expressed the hope that he will assist the Ministry in the future.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: Turchynov also has three more award weapons - a revolver of "Alfa 3541" caliber .357 Magnum (30 April 2014), a pistol machine gun "Fort-226" (30 March 2015), and a semi-automatic pistol "Mauser C96" with 105 bullets.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: In May 2016, Minister of Internal Affairs of Ukraine Arsen Avakov confirmed that Turchynov was awarded the Maxim's machine gun model 1910 (PM M1910).


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: On 2 May 2018, by the decree of the President of Ukraine, he was awarded the Order of Prince Yaroslav the Wise of the Fifth Class.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: Oleksandr Turchynov's wife, Hanna Turchynova (born 1970) works as dean of the faculty of natural geography and ecology at National Pedagogical Dragomanov University. They have one son, Kyrylo (born 1994), who finished his master's degree thesis in 2014.


title: Oleksandr Turchynov

text: Turchynov is known to abstain from tobacco and alcohol. He belongs to the 1.9% of Ukraine's population that identify as Protestant. Although some in the media have labelled him a pastor, the Associated Baptist Press and the European Baptist Federation report that he is an elder and occasional lay preacher at his Kyiv church, the Word of Life Center, which is a member of the Evangelical Baptist Union of Ukraine. Social networks have nicknamed him the "Bloody Pastor" (). He responds to this nickname with irony: "I think this nickname is much better than what the Ukrainians gave to Putin". Some media occasionally regard Turchynov as the "Consigliere of Yulia Tymoshenko".


title: Supreme Allied Commander Europe

text: The Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) is the commander of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization's (NATO) Allied Command Operations (ACO) and head of ACO's headquarters, Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE). The commander is based at SHAPE in Casteau, Belgium. SACEUR is the second-highest military position within NATO, below only the Chair of the NATO Military Committee in terms of precedence.


title: Supreme Allied Commander Europe

text: SACEUR has always been held by a U.S. military officer, and the position is dual-hatted with that of Commander of United States European Command.


title: Supreme Allied Commander Europe

text: Since 2003 the Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) has also served as the head of Allied Command Europe and the head of Allied Command Operations.


title: Supreme Allied Commander Europe

text: The position of Deputy Supreme Allied Command Europe (DSACEUR) has been known as Deputy Head of Allied Command Operations since 2003. From January 1978 until June 1993 there were two DSACEURs, one British and one German, but from July 1993 this reverted to a single DSACEUR. With a small number of exceptions who were German military officers, DSACEUR is normally a British military officer. The officeholders have been as follows:


title: Ekstraklasa

text: Poland Ekstraklasa (), meaning "Extra Class" in Polish, named PKO Ekstraklasa since the 2019–20 season due to its sponsorship by PKO Bank Polski, is the top Polish professional league for men's association football teams.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: Contested by 18 clubs, operating a system of promotion and relegation with the I liga, seasons start in July, and end in May or June the following year. Teams play a total of 34 games each. Games are played on Fridays, Saturdays, Sundays and Mondays. The winner of the Ekstraklasa qualifies for the Polish SuperCup. The league is now operated by the Ekstraklasa Spółka Akcyjna.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: The Ekstraklasa (former I liga) was officially formed as Liga Polska on 4–5 December 1926 in Warsaw, since 1 March 1927 as Liga Piłki Nożnej (), but the Polish Football Association (Polish: Polski Związek Piłki Nożnej, PZPN) had been in existence since 20 December 1919, a year after the independence of Poland in 1918. The first games of the freshly created league took place on 3 April 1927, while first national non-league football championship took place in 1920.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: A total of 82 teams have played in the top division of Polish football since the founding of the league, of which 17 clubs have won the title. The current champions are Lech Poznań, who won their 8th title in 2021–22 season.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: On 4–5 December 1926 in Warsaw, representatives from several Polish clubs met for the purpose of discussing the creation of a league. It is unknown where the idea of a Polish league originated from, however a national league was thought to be a much more practical solution than hitherto practiced two-stage system of regional matches followed by a national match.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: To dismay of clubs' officials, the PZPN was not receptive to the idea of a national league and therefore sought to thwart it. However, it turned out that virtually all but one of the Polish clubs supported the idea. The decision to create it was made regardless what PZPN's representatives thought of it. In late February 1927, at the PZPN's meeting in Warsaw, its officials openly opposed the formation of a league, but the clubs, allegedly egged on by some generals from the Polish Army (which, after May Coup of 1926, played a key role in all aspects of public life), proceeded anyway. The creation of the League was announced on 1 March 1927.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: The only opponent of the league's formation was Cracovia – a very influential and strong organization in Polish football of the 1920s. Cracovia's boycott was because its chairman, Dr. Edward Cetnarowski, at the same time held the post of the director of the PZPN. Cetnarowski was a personality known not only in Poland, but also in other countries. It was due to his efforts that in September 1923, Cracovia toured Spain, drawing 1–1 with Barcelona and losing 0–1 to Real Madrid. In October, also thanks to Cetnarowski, Sevilla travelled to Kraków, losing 2–3 to Cracovia.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: Games of the first championships started on 3 April 1927. All major teams (except for Cracovia) took part in it. This is the list of the teams (in the order they finished in November 1927):


title: Ekstraklasa

text: In this first season of the league, fight for championship was decided between two powerful teams – Wisła Kraków and 1.FC Katowice. This rivalry was treated very seriously, not only by the two sides involved, but also by the whole nation. 1.FC was regarded as the team supported by German minority, while Wisła, at the end of this historic season, represented ambitions of all Poles.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: Some time in the fall of 1927 in Katowice, an ill-fated game between 1.FC and Wisła took place. Stakes were very high – the winner would become the champion. Kraków's side won 2–0 and became the champion. 1.FC finished second, third was Warta Poznań.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: In 1928 Cracovia finally decided to enter the league, which was gladly accepted by all fans of football. However, championships were once again won by Wisła, with such excellent players as Henryk Reyman, Mieczysław Balcer and Jan Kotlarczyk. Warta Poznań was second and Legia Warsaw third. This was also the last year of 1.FC's glory. The team finished fifth, to be relegated forever at the end of 1929 season.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: In 1929 yet another team (after Cracovia, Pogon Lwów and Wisła) was added to the list of champions of Poland. This time it was Warta Poznań, which finished one point ahead of Garbarnia Kraków.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: However, after the last game, on 1 December 1929, it was Garbarnia Kraków that was celebrating the championship. Two weeks later, in mid-December, PZPN's officials changed the result of the Warta – Klub Turystow Łódź game. Originally, Warta lost 1–2, but due to walkover (it was decided that one of Łódź's players did not have all necessary documents), this was changed to 3–0 in favor of Poznań's side. As a result of the decision, Warta (with 33 points) became the champion, Garbarnia finished second with 32 points and Klub Turystow was relegated.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: In 1930, Cracovia regained the championship, (to repeat this success in 1932) and a year later another Kraków's side, Garbarnia, won the league. It is clear that the 1927–1932 period was marked by dominance of teams from Kraków. During this time, only once (Warta Poznań, 1929) the championship was won by a side from a different city. The 1931 champion, Garbarnia, was unique as this was the first time that the league had been won by a side whose all players had been bought from other teams.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: As has been said, the early 1930s marked a decline of the dominance of Kraków and Lwów as centers of Polish football. The point of gravity slowly moved towards west – to Polish part of Upper Silesia, which had belonged to Poland since 1921 (see: Silesian Uprisings). In 1932 the champion was Cracovia, but starting in 1933, Ruch Chorzów (then: Ruch Wielkie Hajduki) completely dominated the league, being the champion for four times in a row.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: Ruch, with such excellent players as Teodor Peterek, Ernest Wilimowski and Gerard Wodarz was by far the best team in those years. For example, in 1934 it finished seven points ahead of second Cracovia. Other important teams of these years were: Cracovia, Wisła Kraków, Pogoń Lwów and Warta Poznań.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: In 1933 and 1934 there were 12 teams in the League. In 1935 this number was cut to 11 and in 1936 – to 10. Football officials did it on purpose – with fewer teams, the competition was supposed to be harder, which would attract fans to the stadiums. However, supporters' turnout was not impressive, with Ruch Chorzów as the most popular team, both at home and away.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: In late 1935 (the league held its games in the spring-summer-fall system) fans were shocked to find that Cracovia, the legend of this sport, was relegated to the A-class. Kraków's side absence lasted for a year – it returned in 1937, to become the champion.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: Ruch Chorzów was still the dominant team, winning the Championships in 1936 and 1938. In 1937 Ruch's streak of four consecutive champions was broken by Cracovia, and in 1939 the championships were not finished. By 31 August 1939, after some 12 games, Ruch was the leader of the 10-team League. Last games of this summer occurred on 20 August. Then, a break was planned, because the National Team was going to play a few international friendlies. Games were to be re-introduced on 10 September.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: This is the list of the ten teams that participated in last, historic games for championships of interwar Poland. Teams are presented according to their position on the table, as of 31 August 1939:


title: Ekstraklasa

text: As a result of the Second World War, the borders of Poland changed significantly. Lwów, one of the centers of Polish football (with such teams as Pogoń Lwów, Czarni Lwów and Lechia Lwów) was annexed by Soviet Union and all these teams ceased to exist. Lwów's football officials and players moved westwards, creating such clubs as Polonia Bytom, Odra Opole and Pogoń Szczecin (see: Recovered Territories). Another important center, Wilno (with the team Śmigły Wilno), was also annexed by the Soviets (see: Polish areas annexed by the Soviet Union). In exchange, Poland gained a large swath of formerly German territory in particular in Silesia, with its capital Wrocław (home of double champion Śląsk Wrocław) and towns such as Zabrze (home of 14-times champion Górnik Zabrze), Bytom (home of champions Polonia Bytom and Szombierki Bytom) and Lubin (home of double champion Zagłębie Lubin). 18 teams played in the league between seasons of 1992 and 1998.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: There are 18 clubs in the Ekstraklasa. During the course of the season each club plays the others twice, once at their home stadium and once at that of their opponents, for a total of 34 games. From the 2013–14 till the 2019–20 season, after the 30th round the table was divided into 'champion' (top eight teams) and 'relegation' (bottom eight teams) groups. Each team played seven more games (teams ranked 1–4 and 9–12 would host four games at home). The 2016–17 season was the last when teams started an extra round with half the points (rounded up) achieved during the first phase of 30 matches. The changes extended the season to a total of 296 matches played. The 2021–22 season started with 18 teams, instead of 16.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: °°"In 1951, the Polish Football Association decided to give the Champion of Poland title to the winner of the Polish Cup, in order to increase the importance of the re-activated cup competition. Ruch Chorzów was 6th in the league, but won the cup, beating 2-0 Wisła Kraków in the final game. Wisła Kraków was announced the league champion."


title: Ekstraklasa

text: The following table lists the league champions by the Polish voivodeship regions (current, valid since 1999).


title: Ekstraklasa

text: After 10 Polish Championship titles a representative golden star is placed above the team's badge to indicate 10 Polish Championship titles.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: The all-time league table consists of all the teams that once participated in the Ekstraklasa. Data from the 1927 – 2018–19 seasons.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: 1. An equal number of points on the basis of their goal difference, then greater number of goals scored.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: 2. In seasons 1927 – 1994–95 for a win awarded 2 points and 1 point for a draw. In seasons 1986–87 – 1989–90 for win at least three goals difference additionally awarded 1 point, while a losses at least 3 goals difference subtracted one point. Since the season 1995–96 for win gives 3 points and 1 point for a draw.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: 3. Included additional qualification games between both teams and league championship and remain in the league (including 11 games in 1948, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89) and was not included in the table play-off for the right to play in the league between teams of different class divisions.


title: Ekstraklasa

text: All matches from the 2011–12 are telecast live nationally by Canal+ Poland. From 2019–20 Telewizja Polska has the rights to air live 1 game per week on a non-scrambled channel.


title: Scott Carson

text: Scott Paul Carson (born 3 September 1985) is an English professional footballer who plays as a goalkeeper for Premier League club Manchester City.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson joined the Leeds United academy in 2002, making his full first-team debut for Leeds against Manchester United in February 2004. In January 2005, he moved to Liverpool for a £750,000 fee and was called up for the England senior team later that year. He made nine appearances for Liverpool, including the UEFA Champions League quarter-final victory over Juventus in April 2005, before going on loan to Sheffield Wednesday, Charlton Athletic and Aston Villa in successive seasons to gain experience. After his return to Liverpool from his loan spell at Aston Villa at the end of the 2007–08 season, he joined West Bromwich Albion for a £3.25 million fee in July 2008. In 2011, he moved to Bursaspor of Turkey. After two years in Turkey, he moved back to England with Wigan Athletic, where he remained until 2015 when he signed for Derby County. Carson joined reigning Premier League champions Manchester City on loan in August 2019 to provide cover for Ederson and Claudio Bravo. He signed permanently for Manchester City in 2021.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson made his first appearance for the England under-21 team in February 2004 and later set a record of 29 caps for the under-21 team. Following the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, Carson made his full debut for the England senior team against Austria in November 2007.


title: Scott Carson

text: Born on 3 September 1985 in Whitehaven, Cumbria, Carson grew up in Cleator Moor, where he attended Ehenside School. Although a promising rugby league player as a youth, he instead chose to concentrate on football, playing in goal for his school team from the age of "about 11 or 12". He quickly rose through the youth teams at local team Cleator Moor Celtic to play for the men's team when he was 15. He joined the Leeds United football academy in July 2002 after impressing former Leeds defender Peter Hampton while playing for non-league Workington in the FA Youth Cup. He spent less than a year in the academy and half a season with the reserves before making his first-team debut in January 2004, coming on as a late substitute after Paul Robinson was sent off against Middlesbrough. Two weeks later, he made his full debut, starting against Manchester United in a 1–1 draw at Old Trafford, and made one further appearance in the 2003–04 season against Chelsea in May 2004. Robinson left Leeds in May 2004 and Leeds signed Scottish international goalkeeper Neil Sullivan two months later to compete with Carson for a first-team place, and to help Carson develop and improve. Carson's contract was due to expire at the end of the 2004–05 season but Leeds were keen to retain him and in December 2004 offered him a new long-term contract. However, he chose to join Liverpool, who paid Leeds a £750,000 fee for him, in January 2005.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson joined Liverpool on a four-and-a-half-year contract and was to provide competition for Jerzy Dudek for a first-team place. He made his first team debut for Liverpool in March 2005 in a defeat to Newcastle United, and made three consecutive appearances in April, including the home leg of the UEFA Champions League quarter-final victory over Juventus. He was an unused substitute when Liverpool were victorious in the 2005 UEFA Champions League Final and 2005 UEFA Super Cup.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson made only four appearances in the 2005–06 season, all in cup competitions, and in March 2006, was allowed to move to Sheffield Wednesday on loan. Wednesday sought his services to help solve their goalkeeping crisis, while Carson was looking to gain more first team experience and to challenge for a place in the England 2006 FIFA World Cup squad. He kept five clean sheets in nine appearances for Wednesday, whose assistant manager Kevin Summerfield hailed his contribution as a key factor in helping the club escape relegation. He returned to Liverpool at the end of the season and in July 2006, extended his contract with Liverpool until 2011.


title: Scott Carson

text: In August 2006, Carson joined Charlton Athletic on loan for the 2006–07 season, after Charlton failed in a bid for Norwich City goalkeeper Robert Green. Carson explained that "Liverpool want me to get some experience and then hopefully I can go back next season and be challenging Pepe [Reina] for the number one spot. There were a couple of Championship clubs interested but I need to be playing Premiership football because Robert Green, Ben Foster and Chris Kirkland are going to be playing week in, week out so I need to be performing." He played in 36 of 38 Premier League matches, missing only the two matches against Liverpool due to the terms of his loan deal. Although he was unable to prevent Charlton from being relegated at the end of 2006–07, his outstanding form led him to be named as the Charlton Athletic Player of the Year, the first loan player ever to receive the award.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson returned to Liverpool at the end of the season and in June 2007, Liverpool manager Rafael Benítez confirmed that he would be part of the first-team squad for the 2007–08 season, saying "He must fight with Pepe Reina now for a starting place." Carson remained second choice to Reina, however, and faced further competition following the signing of Charles Itandje in August 2007; as a result, Carson was loaned out again, this time to Aston Villa at a cost to Villa of £2 million. Benitez said of the deal, "We do not want to sell him, we are very happy with Scott. But he needs to play to keep up his England place." Aston Villa manager Martin O'Neill preferred Carson to Thomas Sørensen and Stuart Taylor, and Carson played in all but three of Villa's 38 league matches, missing the two matches against Liverpool as he was ineligible to play, and kept 11 clean sheets during the 2007–08 season. He received the first red card of his career when he fouled Carlos Tevez in Villa's 4–1 Premier League defeat to Manchester United.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson returned to Liverpool at the end of the 2007–08 season but in July 2008 joined West Bromwich Albion on a four-year contract for a £3.25 million fee, possibly rising to £3.75 million, with an option for the club to extend the contract by another year. Carson, who had played for five different clubs since making his debut for Leeds in 2004, explained that he wanted to get settled at one club, saying "I've been like a nomad for three or four years. It'll be good to get some roots and hopefully settle. I can see myself here for four or five years, even longer." He made his debut in a 1–0 defeat to Arsenal in the opening match of the 2008–09 Premier League season. Despite relegation to the Championship, Carson kept his first team place and after the departure of captain Jonathan Greening he was given the captaincy. West Bromwich Albion won promotion back to the Premier League, finishing second, 12 points clear of third place Nottingham Forest with Carson keeping 15 clean sheets out of 43 matches. He had been playing regular football for the Midlands club, but in the 2010–11 season, his form seemed to dip and in January 2011, Carson was briefly dropped to the bench for Welsh goalkeeper Boaz Myhill. After the appointment of Roy Hodgson as West Bromwich Albion head coach, he swiftly found himself back in favour at The Hawthorns.


title: Scott Carson

text: On 1 July 2011, Carson completed a move to Turkish Süper Lig club Bursaspor for a £2 million fee. Carson enjoyed a good first season with Bursaspor. He was an ever-present as they finished eighth, conceding 35 goals in 34 matches, the fifth-lowest in the 2011–12 Süper Lig season. He also received a runner-up medal for the 2011–12 Turkish Cup.


title: Scott Carson

text: In his second season in Turkey, he played twenty-nine league matches and conceded thirty-three goals, helping his team concede the sixth-fewest goals in the 2012–13 Süper Lig season. Bursaspor finished fourth and qualified for the 2013–14 UEFA Europa League.


title: Scott Carson

text: After Wigan's relegation to League One, Carson signed a two-year deal with Championship club Derby County with an option for a third year. The fee was undisclosed.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson signed for reigning Premier League champions Manchester City on 8 August 2019 on loan for the 2019–20 season, as the third-choice goalkeeper behind Ederson and Claudio Bravo. He extended his loan for the 2020–21 season. On 14 May 2021, he made his first Premier League appearance in almost a decade in a 4–3 away win over Newcastle United. During the match, Carson saved a Joe Willock penalty but let in the rebound after the ball fell kindly back to Willock.


title: Scott Carson

text: On 14 June 2021, it was announced that he would leave Derby at the end of the season, following the expiry of his contract. He joined Manchester City permanently. On 9 March 2022, in the second leg of the round of 16 of the UEFA Champions League, against Portuguese side Sporting CP, Carson came off the bench with twenty minutes to go to play his first European match in seventeen years. Carson went on to preserve a clean sheet in a 0–0 draw, since City had beat Sporting 5–0 in the first leg; the English side moved on to the next stage.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson would extend his stay with City for a fourth season on 14 June 2022, by signing a new one-year contract.


title: Scott Carson

text: Carson was first called up to the England under-21 squad in October 2003, a month after his 18th birthday, for the 2004 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifier against Turkey. At the time he was yet to make his competitive debut for Leeds United's first team, and had previously played only four matches for England at other levels. He made his under-21 debut in a 3–2 win for England against the Netherlands in February 2004. He was selected in the squad for the 2007 UEFA European Under-21 Championship, and in the third match against Serbia, he earned his 28th under-21 cap, eclipsing the record held by Gareth Barry and Jamie Carragher. His 29th and final cap came against the hosts, the Netherlands, in the semi-final, which finished level at 1–1 after extra-time. In the resultant penalty shoot-out, he saved one of the 16 penalties he faced and also scored one himself, but England lost 13–12. Carson has since been overtaken by James Milner as the England Under-21 team's most-capped player.


title: Scott Carson

text: In May 2005, while still a member of the under-21 team, Carson was called up to the England senior team squad for the team's tour of the United States later that month. A year later, he came on as substitute for Robert Green, who had suffered a serious injury, in the England B international friendly against Belarus in May 2006. The injury to Green, who had been named in the England squad for the 2006 FIFA World Cup, led to Carson, who was on standby, being promoted to the England squad for the tournament, although he did not make any appearances. Carson continued to be selected for the England senior team squad, and in May 2007, made his second appearance for the England B team in a 3–1 win over Albania. Following the 2007 UEFA Under-21 Championships, he made his full England debut in a friendly against Austria in November 2007 when he kept a clean sheet. A week later, he made his competitive debut replacing Paul Robinson in a crucial match against Croatia, which England lost 3–2, resulting in their failure to qualify for UEFA Euro 2008. Carson was held particularly culpable for the first goal, when Niko Kranjčar cut inside and his dipping speculative shot from 30 yards dipped and bounced in front of him, with Carson only succeeding in parrying the ball into the net as it squirmed through him. England coach Steve McClaren was dismissed the next day, as commentators criticised McClaren for selecting an inexperienced goalkeeper for the match.


title: Scott Carson

text: New manager Fabio Capello named Carson in his first England squad for the friendly match against Switzerland in February 2008, but the goalkeeper did not make the final squad for the match against France the following month due to injury. After failing to make Capello's squads for the next five internationals, Carson was recalled to the England squad in October 2008 for the 2010 FIFA World Cup qualifiers against Kazakhstan and Belarus. He won his third England cap in November 2008, in a friendly against Germany in Berlin when he came on for the second half. In doing so he became the first West Bromwich Albion player to play for England for 24 years. He won his fourth cap as a second-half substitute against Sweden on 15 November 2011, becoming the first-ever Bursaspor player to play for England in the club's history.


title: Panipuri

text: Panipuri (originally known as Jalapatra from Mahabharata times) (), phuchka (), gupchup, golgappa, or pani ke patashe is a type of snack originating in the Indian Subcontinent, where it is an extremely common street food.


title: Panipuri

text: Panipuri consists of a round hollow puri (a deep-fried crisp flatbread), filled with a mixture of flavored water (known as "imli pani"), tamarind chutney, chili powder, chaat masala, potato mash, onion, or chickpeas.


title: Panipuri

text: "Fuchka" (or "fuska" or "puska") differs from panipuri in content and taste. It uses spiced mashed potatoes as the filling. It is tangy rather than sweetish while the water is sour and spicy.


title: Panipuri

text: Panipuri's name varies depending on the region. In Maharashtra, it is known as "Pani Puri"; Haryana it is known as "paani patashi"; in Madhya Pradesh "fulki"; in Uttar Pradesh "pani ke batashe/padake" ; in Assam "phuska/puska"; "Pakodi" in parts of Gujarat, "Gup-chup" in Odisha, Andhra Pradesh, South Jharkhand, Chhattisgarh "Phuchka" in Bengal, Bihar and Nepal. It is popular by the name of "Gol Gappa" (/goːl.gapːaː/) in some parts of Northern India (particularly Delhi and Punjab) and Pakistan.


title: Panipuri

text: Chaat is considered the predecessor of pani puri/ gol gappa. According to the culinary anthropologist Kurush Dalal, chaat originated in Northern Indian region of what is now Uttar Pradesh. Gol gappa originated In Indian subcontinent. He also noted that it possibly originated from Raj-Kachori: an accidentally-made smaller puri giving birth to pani puri. Pani puri spread to the rest of India mainly due to migration of people from one part of the country to another in the 20th century.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: In mathematics, the polar coordinate system is a two-dimensional coordinate system in which each point on a plane is determined by a distance from a reference point and an angle from a reference direction. The reference point (analogous to the origin of a Cartesian coordinate system) is called the "pole", and the ray from the pole in the reference direction is the "polar axis". The distance from the pole is called the "radial coordinate", "radial distance" or simply "radius", and the angle is called the "angular coordinate", "polar angle", or "azimuth". Angles in polar notation are generally expressed in either degrees or radians (2 rad being equal to 360°).


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Grégoire de Saint-Vincent and Bonaventura Cavalieri independently introduced the concepts in the mid-17th century, though the actual term "polar coordinates" has been attributed to Gregorio Fontana in the 18th century. The initial motivation for the introduction of the polar system was the study of circular and orbital motion.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Polar coordinates are most appropriate in any context where the phenomenon being considered is inherently tied to direction and length from a center point in a plane, such as spirals. Planar physical systems with bodies moving around a central point, or phenomena originating from a central point, are often simpler and more intuitive to model using polar coordinates.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The polar coordinate system is extended to three dimensions in two ways: the cylindrical and spherical coordinate systems.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The concepts of angle and radius were already used by ancient peoples of the first millennium BC. The Greek astronomer and astrologer Hipparchus (190–120 BC) created a table of chord functions giving the length of the chord for each angle, and there are references to his using polar coordinates in establishing stellar positions. In "On Spirals", Archimedes describes the Archimedean spiral, a function whose radius depends on the angle. The Greek work, however, did not extend to a full coordinate system.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: From the 8th century AD onward, astronomers developed methods for approximating and calculating the direction to Mecca (qibla)—and its distance—from any location on the Earth. From the 9th century onward they were using spherical trigonometry and map projection methods to determine these quantities accurately. The calculation is essentially the conversion of the equatorial polar coordinates of Mecca (i.e. its longitude and latitude) to its polar coordinates (i.e. its qibla and distance) relative to a system whose reference meridian is the great circle through the given location and the Earth's poles and whose polar axis is the line through the location and its antipodal point.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: There are various accounts of the introduction of polar coordinates as part of a formal coordinate system. The full history of the subject is described in Harvard professor Julian Lowell Coolidge's "Origin of Polar Coordinates." Grégoire de Saint-Vincent and Bonaventura Cavalieri independently introduced the concepts in the mid-seventeenth century. Saint-Vincent wrote about them privately in 1625 and published his work in 1647, while Cavalieri published his in 1635 with a corrected version appearing in 1653. Cavalieri first used polar coordinates to solve a problem relating to the area within an Archimedean spiral. Blaise Pascal subsequently used polar coordinates to calculate the length of parabolic arcs.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: In "Method of Fluxions" (written 1671, published 1736), Sir Isaac Newton examined the transformations between polar coordinates, which he referred to as the "Seventh Manner; For Spirals", and nine other coordinate systems. In the journal "Acta Eruditorum" (1691), Jacob Bernoulli used a system with a point on a line, called the "pole" and "polar axis" respectively. Coordinates were specified by the distance from the pole and the angle from the "polar axis". Bernoulli's work extended to finding the radius of curvature of curves expressed in these coordinates.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The actual term "polar coordinates" has been attributed to Gregorio Fontana and was used by 18th-century Italian writers. The term appeared in English in George Peacock's 1816 translation of Lacroix's "Differential and Integral Calculus". Alexis Clairaut was the first to think of polar coordinates in three dimensions, and Leonhard Euler was the first to actually develop them.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The radial coordinate is often denoted by "r" or "ρ", and the angular coordinate by "φ", "θ", or "t". The angular coordinate is specified as "φ" by ISO standard 31-11. However, in mathematical literature the angle is often denoted by θ instead.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Angles in polar notation are generally expressed in either degrees or radians (2 rad being equal to 360°). Degrees are traditionally used in navigation, surveying, and many applied disciplines, while radians are more common in mathematics and mathematical physics.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The angle "φ" is defined to start at 0° from a "reference direction", and to increase for rotations in either clockwise (cw) or counterclockwise (ccw) orientation. For example, in mathematics, the reference direction is usually drawn as a ray from the pole horizontally to the right, and the polar angle increases to positive angles for ccw rotations, whereas in navigation (bearing, heading) the 0°-heading is drawn vertically upwards and the angle increases for cw rotations. The polar angles decrease towards negative values for rotations in the respectively opposite orientations.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Adding any number of full turns (360°) to the angular coordinate does not change the corresponding direction. Similarly, any polar coordinate is identical to the coordinate with the negative radial component and the opposite direction (adding 180° to the polar angle). Therefore, the same point ("r", "φ") can be expressed with an infinite number of different polar coordinates and , where "n" is an arbitrary integer. Moreover, the pole itself can be expressed as (0, "φ") for any angle "φ".


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Where a unique representation is needed for any point besides the pole, it is usual to limit "r" to positive numbers () and "φ" to either the interval or the interval , which in radians are or . Another convention, in reference to the usual codomain of the arctan function, is to allow for arbitrary nonzero real values of the radial component and restrict the polar angle to . In all cases a unique azimuth for the pole ("r" = 0) must be chosen, e.g., "φ" = 0.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The polar coordinates "r" and "φ" can be converted to the Cartesian coordinates "x" and "y" by using the trigonometric functions sine and cosine:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The Cartesian coordinates "x" and "y" can be converted to polar coordinates "r" and "φ" with "r" ≥ 0 and "φ" in the interval (−, ] by:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: where hypot is the Pythagorean sum and atan2 is a common variation on the arctangent function defined as


title: Polar coordinate system

text: If "r" is calculated first as above, then this formula for "φ" may be stated more simply using the arccosine function:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Every complex number can be represented as a point in the complex plane, and can therefore be expressed by specifying either the point's Cartesian coordinates (called rectangular or Cartesian form) or the point's polar coordinates (called polar form). The complex number "z" can be represented in rectangular form as


title: Polar coordinate system

text: where "e" is Euler's number, and "φ", expressed in radians, is the principal value of the complex number function arg applied to "x" + "iy". To convert between the rectangular and polar forms of a complex number, the conversion formulae given above can be used. Equivalent are the and angle notations:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: For the operations of multiplication, division, exponentiation, and root extraction of complex numbers, it is generally much simpler to work with complex numbers expressed in polar form rather than rectangular form. From the laws of exponentiation:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The equation defining an algebraic curve expressed in polar coordinates is known as a "polar equation". In many cases, such an equation can simply be specified by defining "r" as a function of "φ". The resulting curve then consists of points of the form ("r"("φ"), "φ") and can be regarded as the graph of the polar function "r". Note that, in contrast to Cartesian coordinates, the independent variable "φ" is the "second" entry in the ordered pair.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Because of the circular nature of the polar coordinate system, many curves can be described by a rather simple polar equation, whereas their Cartesian form is much more intricate. Among the best known of these curves are the polar rose, Archimedean spiral, lemniscate, limaçon, and cardioid.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: For the circle, line, and polar rose below, it is understood that there are no restrictions on the domain and range of the curve.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: where formula_19 is the angle of elevation of the line; that is, formula_20, where formula_21 is the slope of the line in the Cartesian coordinate system. The non-radial line that crosses the radial line formula_22 perpendicularly at the point formula_13 has the equation


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Otherwise stated formula_13 is the point in which the tangent intersects the imaginary circle of radius formula_26


title: Polar coordinate system

text: A polar rose is a mathematical curve that looks like a petaled flower, and that can be expressed as a simple polar equation,


title: Polar coordinate system

text: for any constant γ (including 0). If "k" is an integer, these equations will produce a "k"-petaled rose if "k" is odd, or a 2"k"-petaled rose if "k" is even. If "k" is rational, but not an integer, a rose-like shape may form but with overlapping petals. Note that these equations never define a rose with 2, 6, 10, 14, etc. petals. The variable "a" directly represents the length or amplitude of the petals of the rose, while "k" relates to their spatial frequency. The constant γ can be regarded as a phase angle.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The Archimedean spiral is a spiral discovered by Archimedes which can also be expressed as a simple polar equation. It is represented by the equation


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Changing the parameter "a" will turn the spiral, while "b" controls the distance between the arms, which for a given spiral is always constant. The Archimedean spiral has two arms, one for and one for . The two arms are smoothly connected at the pole. If , taking the mirror image of one arm across the 90°/270° line will yield the other arm. This curve is notable as one of the first curves, after the conic sections, to be described in a mathematical treatise, and as a prime example of a curve best defined by a polar equation.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: A conic section with one focus on the pole and the other somewhere on the 0° ray (so that the conic's major axis lies along the polar axis) is given by:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: where "e" is the eccentricity and formula_30 is the semi-latus rectum (the perpendicular distance at a focus from the major axis to the curve). If , this equation defines a hyperbola; if , it defines a parabola; and if , it defines an ellipse. The special case of the latter results in a circle of the radius formula_30.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The graphs of two polar functions formula_32 and formula_33 have possible intersections of three types:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The angular coordinate "φ" is expressed in radians throughout this section, which is the conventional choice when doing calculus.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Using and , one can derive a relationship between derivatives in Cartesian and polar coordinates. For a given function, "u"("x","y"), it follows that (by computing its total derivatives)


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Using the inverse coordinates transformation, an analogous reciprocal relationship can be derived between the derivatives. Given a function "u"("r","φ"), it follows that


title: Polar coordinate system

text: To find the Cartesian slope of the tangent line to a polar curve "r"("φ") at any given point, the curve is first expressed as a system of parametric equations.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Dividing the second equation by the first yields the Cartesian slope of the tangent line to the curve at the point :


title: Polar coordinate system

text: For other useful formulas including divergence, gradient, and Laplacian in polar coordinates, see curvilinear coordinates.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The arc length (length of a line segment) defined by a polar function is found by the integration over the curve "r"("φ"). Let "L" denote this length along the curve starting from points "A" through to point "B", where these points correspond to "φ" = "a" and "φ" = "b" such that . The length of "L" is given by the following integral


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Let "R" denote the region enclosed by a curve "r"("φ") and the rays "φ" = "a" and "φ" = "b", where . Then, the area of "R" is


title: Polar coordinate system

text: This result can be found as follows. First, the interval is divided into "n" subintervals, where "n" is some positive integer. Thus Δ"φ", the angle measure of each subinterval, is equal to (the total angle measure of the interval), divided by "n", the number of subintervals. For each subinterval "i" = 1, 2, ..., "n", let "φ" be the midpoint of the subinterval, and construct a sector with the center at the pole, radius "r"("φ"), central angle Δ"φ" and arc length "r"("φ")Δ"φ". The area of each constructed sector is therefore equal to


title: Polar coordinate system

text: As the number of subintervals "n" is increased, the approximation of the area improves. Taking , the sum becomes the Riemann sum for the above integral.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: A mechanical device that computes area integrals is the planimeter, which measures the area of plane figures by tracing them out: this replicates integration in polar coordinates by adding a joint so that the 2-element linkage effects Green's theorem, converting the quadratic polar integral to a linear integral.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Using Cartesian coordinates, an infinitesimal area element can be calculated as "dA" = "dx" "dy". The substitution rule for multiple integrals states that, when using other coordinates, the Jacobian determinant of the coordinate conversion formula has to be considered:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Here, "R" is the same region as above, namely, the region enclosed by a curve "r"("φ") and the rays "φ" = "a" and "φ" = "b". The formula for the area of "R" is retrieved by taking "f" identically equal to 1.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Vector calculus can also be applied to polar coordinates. For a planar motion, let formula_60 be the position vector , with "r" and "φ" depending on time "t".


title: Polar coordinate system

text: in the plane of the motion perpendicular to the radial direction, where formula_64 is a unit vector normal to the plane of the motion.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: This equation can be obtain by taking derivative of the function and derivatives of the unit basis vectors.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The term formula_68 is sometimes referred to as the "centripetal acceleration", and the term formula_69 as the "Coriolis acceleration". For example, see Shankar.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Note: these terms, that appear when acceleration is expressed in polar coordinates, are a mathematical consequence of differentiation; they appear whenever polar coordinates are used. In planar particle dynamics these accelerations appear when setting up Newton's second law of motion in a rotating frame of reference. Here these extra terms are often called fictitious forces; fictitious because they are simply a result of a change in coordinate frame. That does not mean they do not exist, rather they exist only in the rotating frame.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: For a particle in planar motion, one approach to attaching physical significance to these terms is based on the concept of an instantaneous "co-rotating frame of reference". To define a co-rotating frame, first an origin is selected from which the distance "r"("t") to the particle is defined. An axis of rotation is set up that is perpendicular to the plane of motion of the particle, and passing through this origin. Then, at the selected moment "t", the rate of rotation of the co-rotating frame Ω is made to match the rate of rotation of the particle about this axis, "dφ"/"dt". Next, the terms in the acceleration in the inertial frame are related to those in the co-rotating frame. Let the location of the particle in the inertial frame be ("r"("t"), "φ"("t")), and in the co-rotating frame be ("r"′(t), "φ"′(t)"). Because the co-rotating frame rotates at the same rate as the particle, "dφ"′/"dt" = 0. The fictitious centrifugal force in the co-rotating frame is "mr"Ω, radially outward. The velocity of the particle in the co-rotating frame also is radially outward, because "dφ"′/"dt" = 0. The "fictitious Coriolis force" therefore has a value −2"m"("dr"/"dt")Ω, pointed in the direction of increasing "φ" only. Thus, using these forces in Newton's second law we find:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: where over dots represent time differentiations, and F is the net real force (as opposed to the fictitious forces). In terms of components, this vector equation becomes:


title: Polar coordinate system

text: This comparison, plus the recognition that by the definition of the co-rotating frame at time "t" it has a rate of rotation Ω = "dφ"/"dt", shows that we can interpret the terms in the acceleration (multiplied by the mass of the particle) as found in the inertial frame as the negative of the centrifugal and Coriolis forces that would be seen in the instantaneous, non-inertial co-rotating frame.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: For general motion of a particle (as opposed to simple circular motion), the centrifugal and Coriolis forces in a particle's frame of reference commonly are referred to the instantaneous osculating circle of its motion, not to a fixed center of polar coordinates. For more detail, see centripetal force.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: In the modern terminology of differential geometry, polar coordinates provide coordinate charts for the differentiable manifold , the plane minus the origin. In these coordinates, the Euclidean metric tensor is given byformula_73This can be seen via the change of variables formula for the metric tensor, or by computing the differential forms "dx", "dy" via the exterior derivative of the 0-forms , and substituting them in the Euclidean metric tensor . An orthonormal frame with respect to this metric is given byformula_74with dual coframeformula_75The connection form relative to this frame and the Levi-Civita connection is given by the skew-symmetric matrix of 1-formsformula_76and hence the curvature form vanishes. Therefore, as expected, the punctured plane is a flat manifold.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: The polar coordinate system is extended into three dimensions with two different coordinate systems, the cylindrical and spherical coordinate system.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Polar coordinates are two-dimensional and thus they can be used only where point positions lie on a single two-dimensional plane. They are most appropriate in any context where the phenomenon being considered is inherently tied to direction and length from a center point. For instance, the examples above show how elementary polar equations suffice to define curves—such as the Archimedean spiral—whose equation in the Cartesian coordinate system would be much more intricate. Moreover, many physical systems—such as those concerned with bodies moving around a central point or with phenomena originating from a central point—are simpler and more intuitive to model using polar coordinates. The initial motivation for the introduction of the polar system was the study of circular and orbital motion.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Polar coordinates are used often in navigation as the destination or direction of travel can be given as an angle and distance from the object being considered. For instance, aircraft use a slightly modified version of the polar coordinates for navigation. In this system, the one generally used for any sort of navigation, the 0° ray is generally called heading 360, and the angles continue in a clockwise direction, rather than counterclockwise, as in the mathematical system. Heading 360 corresponds to magnetic north, while headings 90, 180, and 270 correspond to magnetic east, south, and west, respectively. Thus, an aircraft traveling 5 nautical miles due east will be traveling 5 units at heading 90 (read zero-niner-zero by air traffic control).


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Systems displaying radial symmetry provide natural settings for the polar coordinate system, with the central point acting as the pole. A prime example of this usage is the groundwater flow equation when applied to radially symmetric wells. Systems with a radial force are also good candidates for the use of the polar coordinate system. These systems include gravitational fields, which obey the inverse-square law, as well as systems with point sources, such as radio antennas.


title: Polar coordinate system

text: Radially asymmetric systems may also be modeled with polar coordinates. For example, a microphone's pickup pattern illustrates its proportional response to an incoming sound from a given direction, and these patterns can be represented as polar curves. The curve for a standard cardioid microphone, the most common unidirectional microphone, can be represented as at its target design frequency. The pattern shifts toward omnidirectionality at lower frequencies.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: Alison Ann Sweeney (born September 19, 1976) is an American actress, reality show host, director and author. Sweeney is best known for her portrayal of Samantha "Sami" Brady on the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives", a role she played under contract with the show from January 6, 1993 to October 30, 2014. In this role, she earned a Daytime Emmy Award nomination, four Soap Opera Digest Awards and a Fan Voted Daytime Emmy Award. After making sporadic appearances since then, she returned as a series regular in 2021. In 2007, she became the host of "The Biggest Loser" in its fourth season, and left the series at the end of the 16th season in 2015.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: Sweeney is of Irish descent and has two brothers. She studied economics at UCLA but left due to her commitment to "Days of Our Lives". On July 8, 2000, Sweeney married David Sanov, after dating for nearly three years. The couple have two children: a son born on February 25, 2005, and a daughter born on January 12, 2009. The family currently lives in Los Angeles.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: Sweeney's television debut was at age five in a Kodak advertisement. A few years later, she was in the episode "I Can't Help Saying Goodbye" of the horror series "Tales from the Darkside", playing a young girl who could sense when others were going to die shortly before their deaths. In 1988, she appeared on the short-lived ABC sitcom "Family Man", and the following year, was cast as Christy McCray on "Brand New Life", a miniseries from future "X-Files" creator Chris Carter that aired within NBC's "Magical World of Disney" in October 1989. The miniseries, which co-starred Barbara Eden as Sweeney's mother and Don Murray as her new stepfather, was considered for pick-up as a stand-alone series beyond its "Disney" tryout, but the regular series never materialized.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: On January 6, 1993, then 16-year-old Sweeney first appeared in the role of Samantha "Sami" Brady in the NBC soap opera "Days of Our Lives"—a show of which she was a fan.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: In the 1990s, cultural society continued to have very problematic views on weight. Sweeney was a US dress size 12 (UK dress size 16), not obese by medical standards, but still larger than her television peers, so it became an issue. She documented all the tabloid talk and personal anguish in her 2004 memoir, "All The Days of My Life (So Far)".


title: Alison Sweeney

text: In 2002, she appeared on a celebrity episode of the NBC reality game show "Fear Factor". She has appeared in other NBC shows such as "Friends", where she played an actress on "Days of Our Lives", and "Las Vegas". In 2007, she joined the "Jerry Lewis MDA Telethon" as a co-host for the live television broadcast. She returned to her co-hosting duties for the 2008, 2009, and 2010 telethons.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: In 2007, Sweeney took over hosting duties on "The Biggest Loser", replacing Caroline Rhea since the fourth season. She was surprised but happy to be offered the role, where she is able to cheer on contestants and share their victories.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: Sweeney has written three books: "The Star Attraction" (released in May 2013), "Scared Scriptless: A Novel" (released in June 2014) and "Opportunity Knocks" (released in April 2016).


title: Alison Sweeney

text: In July 2013, Sweeney appeared in "Second Chances", a Hallmark Original Movie, alongside "Days" co-star Greg Vaughan. The movie was filmed before Sweeney and Vaughn became siblings on "Days of Our Lives".


title: Alison Sweeney

text: On January 20, 2014, Sweeney announced on "The Ellen DeGeneres Show" that after 21 years of being on the air on "Days of Our Lives", she was leaving the show, to focus on spending more time with her family, and to work on her other show, "The Biggest Loser". She stated in the interview that she would be on the show throughout 2014, and that she would like her character on the show to have a happy ending with a "Breaking Bad" twist.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: On July 9, 2014, it was announced that Sweeney would be joining "General Hospital" behind the scenes as a director, starting later that month. On April 26, 2015, Sweeney announced that she will be returning to "Days of Our Lives" to be part of the show's 50th anniversary celebrations.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: From 2015 to 2017, Sweeney has appeared in the Hallmark Movies & Mysteries film series "Murder, She Baked", based on Joanne Fluke's books.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: Beginning on October 13, 2017, Sweeney reprised her long-term role as Sami Brady on "Days of Our Lives", over 24 years after her first appearance as a teenaged Sami Brady.


title: Alison Sweeney

text: She was most recently seen playing podcast host Alex McPherson in Hallmark Movies & Mysteries film series "Chronicle Mysteries", which started in 2019, with a fifth movie in 2021.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: Sanjeev Kumar (born Harihar Jethalal Jariwala; 9 July 1938 – 6 November 1985) was an Indian actor. He is well remembered for his versatility and genuine portrayal of his characters. He acted in genres ranging from romantic dramas to thrillers, and was voted the seventh greatest actor of Indian cinema of all time in a poll conducted by Rediff.com. His double role in the film "Angoor" was listed among the 25 best acting performances of Indian cinema by Forbes India on the occasion of celebrating 100 years of Indian Cinema.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: He won several major awards, including two National Film Awards for Best Actor for his performances in the movies "Dastak" (1970) and "Koshish" (1972). Kumar did not mind playing roles that were non-glamorous, such as characters well beyond his age. Movies such as iconic character "Thakur" in "Sholay" (1975) "Arjun Pandit" (1976) and "Trishul" (1978), along with the remakes of Tamil films into Hindi such as "Khilona" (1970), "Naya Din Nai Raat" (1974), "Yehi Hai Zindagi" (1977), "Devata" (1978) and "Ram Tere Kitne Naam" (1985) exemplify his versatility. He also did suspense-thriller films such as "Shikar" (1968), "Uljhan" (1975) and "Trishna" (1978) and "Qatl" (1986), Kumar also proved himself to do comedy in films such as "Manchali" (1973), "Pati Patni Aur Woh" (1978), "Biwi-O-Biwi" (1981) "Angoor" (1982) and "Hero" (1983).


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: Sanjeev Kumar was born as Harihar Jethalal Jariwala (also referred to as Haribhai) on 9 July 1938 in Surat to a Gujarati Leuva Patidar (Leva Patel) family, he came to Mumbai when he was very young. A stunt in a film school led him to Bollywood, where he eventually became an accomplished actor. He is widely acclaimed by the critics and general public alike to be one of the all-time greatest actors that Indian Cinema has ever produced.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: Kumar started his acting career as a stage actor, starting with IPTA in Bombay and later joining the Indian National Theatre. Even as a stage actor, he had a penchant for playing older roles; at age 22, he played an old man in an adaptation of Arthur Miller's "All My Sons". In the following year, in the play "Damru" directed by AK Hangal, he again played the role of a 60-year-old with six children.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: He made his film debut with a small role in "Hum Hindustani" in 1960. His first film as a protagonist was in Nishan (1965). In 1968, he acted alongside the famous actor of that time, Dilip Kumar, in Sangharsh. He also starred opposite Shammi Kapoor and Sadhana in the superhit film Sachaai (1969).


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: He starred in the 1966 Gujarati film "Kalapi", which was based on the poet Kalapi's life, with him playing the titular role, Padmarani playing the role of his wife, Rama, and Aruna Irani as the love interest. The film was directed by Manhar Raskapur. Later Aruna Irani was paired opposite Sanjeev in another Gujarati film, "Mare Javun Pele Par" (1968).


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: In 1970, the movie "Khilona", which was the remake of Gujarati film mare javu pele paar 1968, brought Kumar national recognition. In 1972, he played in an Indo-Iranian film, "Subah aur Shaam". This was when the director Gulzar first spotted him. Later he cast Kumar in the roles of older men in 4 films "Parichay" (1972), "Koshish" (1973), "Aandhi" (1975) and "Mausam" (1975). Gulzar cast Kumar in role of young man in the films "Angoor" (1981) and "Namkeen" (1982). Kumar won the BFJA Awards for Best Actor (Hindi) for his exemplary portrayal of a deaf and mute person in "Koshish", in which the female lead was played by Jaya Bhaduri, who acted as his deaf and mute wife and was herself nominated for Best Actor award by Filmfare for the same role. He went on to star in the box office hits "Seeta Aur Geeta" (1972), "Manchali" (1973) and "Aap Ki Kasam" (1974). In 1973, he made a guest appearance during a song in a Tamil movie, "Bharatha Vilas" (1973). He performed in nine movies directed by Gulzar. Hrishikesh Mukherjee directed him in "Arjun Pandit", for which he won the Filmfare Best Actor Award.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: He did three films opposite famous Tamil actress L. Vijayalakshmi, including "Husn Aur Ishq" and "Badal" which became hits. Their first film was "Alibaba Aur 40 Chor" which was unsuccessful. His "Raja Aur Runk", released in 1968, was a great success. He did "Kangan", "Rivaaz", "Zindagi", "Beraham", "Archana" and "Do Ladkiyan" opposite Mala Sinha. He did "Priya", "Anubhav", "Gustaaki Maaf", "Bachpan" and "Khud-Daar" with Tanuja. He was paired with Rakhee in "Angaare", "Paras", "Trishna", "Shriman Shrimati" and "Hamare Tumhare". His hits with Leena Chandavarkar included "Apne Rang Hazar", "Manchali" and "Anhonee". He was paired regularly with Sulakshana Pandit in films such as "Uljhan" and "Waqt Ki Deewar" and with Moushmi Chatterjee in "Itni Si Baat" and "Daasi".


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: The producers and directors of the South wanted to remake their Tamil and Telugu films in Hindi with either Kumar or Rajesh Khanna in lead. It was these Hindi film remakes which elevated him to a great actor. The film "Khilona" and its Tamil version "Engirundho Vandhaal" were made simultaneously. "Navarathri" was remade as "Naya Din Nai Raat". Kumar reprised the role played by Thengai Srinivasan in "Yehi Hai Zindagi" which was a remake of "Kaliyuga Kannan". He starred as the lead in the film "Shaandaar" in 1974 which was a remake of "Kasturi Nivasa" which had Kannada actor Dr. Rajkumar in the lead. He enacted the role played by AVM Rajan in "Anadhai Aanandhan", in its Hindi version "Chanda Aur Bijli" in 1970. "Gnana Oli" was remade as "Devata" in 1976 with he reprising the role originally paid by Sivaji Ganesan. He also acted in the Telugu remake of "Swargam Narakam", as "Swarg Narak" (1978). Though the film Suraag was a hit, during the mid-1980s, Northern Indian producers and directors cast Sanjeev Kumar primarily in supporting roles in films like Khudaar, Sawaal, Zabardast, Hero, and Silsila. However southern Indian directors cast him in lead roles even in the period 1980 to 1985. He played the role which N.T. Rama Rao did originally in "Devina Chesina Manushulu", in its Hindi version Takkar in 1980. "Tayaramma Bangarayya" was remade as "Shriman Shrimati" in 1982, "Raman Ethanai Ramanadi" was remade as "Raam Kitne Tere Naam" in 1985. Kumar reprised the role played by R.Muthuraman in "Alukuoru Aasai" in its Hindi remake "Itni Si Baat" in 1981. Sivaji Ganesan gave Kumar a role in his own home production "Gauri" (1968), which was a remake of "Shanti" (1965). The role played by S.S. Rajendran in "Shanti" was re-enacted by Kumar in "Gauri."


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: Sanjeev Kumar's excellent comic timing entertained audiences in films such as "Seeta Aur Geeta", "Biwi O Biwi" (1981), "Pati, Patni Aur Woh", "Angoor" (1982) and "Hero" (1983).


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: His performances in films such as "Charitraheen", "Angaare", "Grihapravesh", "Chehre Pe Chehra", "Sawaal" and "Yaadgaar", though they became-box office flops, were appreciated by critics and during their subsequent screening on television. Kumar always demonstrated a willingness to take on unconventional roles that challenged him as an actor. His role as Mirza Sajjad Ali, a chess-obsessed Lucknowi (citizen of Lucknow), in Satyajit Ray's classic "Shatranj Ke Khilari" (1977) exemplified that aspect. Perhaps his best-remembered roles were in the blockbuster films "Sholay" (1975) and "Trishul" (1978). His portrayal of the character Thakur, from "Sholay", released in August 1975, was one of his stellar performances. In "Naya Din Nayi Raat" (1974), Sanjeev Kumar reprised the nine-role epic performance by Sivaji Ganesan in "Navarathri" (Tamil; 1964), which was also previously reprised by Akkineni Nageswara Rao in "Navarathri" (Telugu; 1966). This film enhanced his status and reputation as a serious player in Bollywood. He stood his ground against leading superstars such as Rajesh Khanna in "Bandhan" and "Aap Ki Kasam"; Amitabh Bachchan and Shashi Kapoor in the Yash Chopra multi-star cast film "Trishul" (1978) and Dilip kumar in the film 'Sangharsh' and "Vidhaata" (1982).


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: He has done many regional films in different languages including Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu, Sindhi and his mother tongue Gujarati. In 1980, he starred in the Punjabi movie "Fauji Chacha".He made guest appearances in two Tamil films, "Bharata Vilas" and "Uyarndhavargal" (a remake of "Koshish").


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: Kumar remained single all his life. He had proposed to Hema Malini in 1973 and they remained in touch even after he suffered his first heart attack in 1976. Sulakshana Pandit later recounted having been in love with him and having had proposed marriage to him which he politely declined. It is speculated as a result of this rejection, Sulakshana Pandit chose to remain unmarried.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: His closest friends from the film industry were Sunil Dutt, Shammi Kapoor, Rajesh Khanna, Hema Malini, Shashi Kapoor, Amitabh Bachchan, Shatrughan Sinha, Sharmila Tagore, Tanuja, Deven Varma, Sivaji Ganesan and B. Nagi Reddy. Among his juniors he was a very good friend of actor, producer and director Sachin Pilgaonkar and actress Sarika.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: After his first heart attack, he underwent a bypass in the US. However, on 6 November 1985, at the age of 47, he suffered a massive heart attack, which resulted in his death. His younger brother Nikul died before him, while his other brother Kishore died six months later. Although he was an actor who had played many elderly roles, he died before he reached 50 years of age.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: More than ten movies starring Sanjeev Kumar were released after his death, with the last one, "Professor Ki Padosan", released in 1993. At the time of his death, only about three-fourths of this movie was complete, and it was eventually decided to alter the story line in the second half to explain the absence of Kumar's character.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: A road has been named after him in Surat, Gujarat as Sanjeev Kumar Marg, which was inaugurated by Sunil Dutt.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: A school has been named after him in his home town Surat, Gujarat, and was inaugurated by the then Mayor Kadir K. Pirzada.


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: An auditorium, named Sanjeev Kumar Auditorium built by the Surat Municipal Corporation at the cost of 108cr, was opened in his home town Surat. It was inaugurated on 14 February 2014 by Shri Narendra Modiji. https://www.narendramodi.in/sanjeev-kumar-auditorium-in-surat


title: Sanjeev Kumar

text: The Sanjeev Kumar Foundation is a national level development organisation (NGO) directly benefiting children and their families every year, mainly focusing on education, healthcare, environment, culture and nutrition. From 2015 onwards the foundation has also been the sponsor of the annual Sanjeev Kumar Drama Competition held by the Surat Municipal Corporation. The awards and cash prizes are given in memory of Sanjeev Kumar to the best actor, actress, director and backstage technician every year.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The Hunt for Red October is the debut novel by American author Tom Clancy, first published on October 1, 1984, by the Naval Institute Press. It depicts Soviet submarine captain Marko Ramius as he seemingly goes rogue with his country's cutting-edge ballistic missile submarine "Red October", and marks the first appearance of Clancy's most popular fictional character, Jack Ryan, an analyst working for the Central Intelligence Agency, as he must prove his theory that Ramius had intended to defect to the United States.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: "The Hunt for Red October" launched Clancy's successful career as a novelist, especially after then-U.S. President Ronald Reagan remarked that he had enjoyed reading the book. A film adaptation was released on March 2, 1990, and several computer and video games based on the book have been developed. The book was instrumental in bringing the book genre of techno-thriller into the mainstream.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: During the Cold War, Marko Ramius, a Soviet Navy submarine commander, plans to defect to the United States with the ballistic missile submarine "Red October". It is equipped with a cutting-edge silent propulsion system, known as the "caterpillar drive", that makes audio detection by passive sonar extremely difficult and enables the submarine to sneak its way into American territorial waters and launch nuclear missiles with little to no warning. As the sub leaves the shipyard at Polyarny, Ramius kills his political officer, Ivan Putin, to ensure that he will not interfere. Ramius was ordered to conduct military exercises with Soviet attack submarine "V. K. Konovalov", commanded by his former student Viktor Tupolev, in order to test the effectiveness of the caterpillar drive. Instead, he plots a course for the North American coast, falsely informing the crew that they will be proceeding undetected all the way to Cuba. Before sailing, Ramius sends a letter to Admiral Yuri Padorin brazenly stating his intention to defect; the Soviet Northern Fleet then sails out to sink "Red October" under the pretext of a search and rescue mission.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: Coincidentally, "Red October" passes near , a under the command of Bart Mancuso, which is patrolling the entrance of a route used by Soviet submarines in the Reykjanes Ridge off Iceland. "Dallas"'s sonar operator hears the sound of the stealth drive but does not immediately identify it as a submarine. As tensions rise between the U.S. and Soviet fleets due to the unannounced incursion of the Soviet Northern Fleet into Atlantic waters, the crew of "Dallas" analyzes tapes of "Red October"′s acoustic signature and realizes that it is the sound of a new propulsion system. Meanwhile, CIA analyst Jack Ryan finds out that the submarine's new construction variations house its stealth drive.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: Later putting information about Ramius's letter together with the subsequent launch of the entire Northern Fleet, Ryan deduces Ramius's plans to defect. The U.S. military reluctantly agrees to assist, while planning for contingencies in case the Soviet fleet has intentions other than those inferred. After it is revealed that Ramius has informed Moscow of his plan for him and his officers to defect, Ryan becomes responsible for shepherding Ramius and his submarine away from the pursuing Soviet fleet and meets with Royal Navy acquaintance Admiral John White, commanding a task force from the aircraft carrier .


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: After Ramius fakes a reactor accident, the U.S. Navy evacuates "Red October"'s crew using a DSRV rescue submarine. Ramius and his officers stay behind, claiming that they plan to scuttle the submarine to prevent it getting into the hands of the Americans. In order to convince the Soviets that "Red October" has in fact been destroyed, a decommissioned U.S. ballistic missile submarine, , is blown up underwater as a deception. A depth gauge taken from the main instrument panel of "Red October" is made to appear as if it had been salvaged from "Ethan Allen"′s wreckage. Meanwhile, Ryan, Mancuso, some of "Dallas" crew, and Owen Williams board "Red October" and meet Ramius face-to-face.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The deception succeeds in convincing Soviet observers that "Red October" has been lost and the Soviet forces withdraw, but Tupolev stays behind. Unbeknownst to anyone, Igor Loginov, a cook on "Red October" who is actually an undercover GRU intelligence officer, has remained aboard after the other crewmen evacuated. He attempts to destroy "Red October" by manually launching one of the submarine's missiles in its silo. Loginov is discovered and fatally shoots Captain Lieutenant Kamarov and seriously wounds Ramius and Williams. Ryan tries to reason with the GRU agent, who refuses to listen and is eventually killed in a firefight in the submarine's missile compartment.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: Later, "V.K. Konovalov" happens upon what is initially believed to be an submarine, being escorted by two other submarines. Based on its acoustical signature, Tupolev realizes that it is in fact "Red October," and proceeds to engage it. The two U.S. submarines escorting "Red October" are prohibited from firing on "Konovalov" by rules of engagement, and "Red October" has no torpedomen on board. After a tense battle, Ramius manages to sink "Konovalov" by ramming it, killing Tupolev and his crew.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The Americans escort "Red October" safely into dry dock in Norfolk, Virginia, where it is analyzed by U.S. military intelligence. Ramius and his crew are taken to a CIA safehouse where they are given new identities, beginning their settlement into American life. Ryan is commended and debriefed by his superiors; he later flies back to his posting in London.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: "The Hunt for Red October" introduced Tom Clancy's writing style, which included technical details about weaponry, submarines, espionage, and the military. The accurate nature of Clancy's writing was well known among the American military such that Clancy remarked in a 1986 interview: "When I met Navy Secretary John Lehman last year, the first thing he asked me about the book was, 'Who the hell cleared it?


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The novel shares elements with James Clavell's works, particularly "Shōgun" (1975) and "Noble House" (1981), where political power is used instead of physical confrontation with an enemy. Clancy portrays the Soviets, especially Captain Ramius, sympathetically, and most characters are understandable in their actions and fears, while at the same time comparing and contrasting their philosophies and values against their American counterparts, who in turn are shown as more competent in their profession, this being explained by the US Navy being better equipped and trained than the Soviet sailors who are mostly conscripts.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: In the novel, the US and its service personnel are unmistakably the "good guys". The central theme of the US being flawed, but ultimately a force for good and hope in the world is something the author would explore more in his later novels. However, unlike "The Hunt For Red October", these later novels often include negative American characters, motivated by power or greed.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: In addition, "The Hunt for Red October" is considered a coming-of-age story regarding the main character Jack Ryan. However, instead of running away from responsibilities, a theme common in contemporary American literature, Clancy subverts the convention by having Ryan rushing toward the burdens of the adult world. Moreover, the book introduced Jack Ryan as a new archetype of the American hero — an everyman who uses his prior knowledge instead of physical power in solving a particular crisis.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: From a young age, Clancy was an avid reader of naval history and sea exploration. However, he was later rejected from serving in the military because of his poor eyesight. Since graduating from high school and eventually earning an English major, he always wanted to write a novel. He eventually worked as an insurance agent for a small business owned by his then-wife's family.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: In his spare time, Clancy started working on "The Hunt for Red October" on November 11, 1982, and finished it four months later on February 23, 1983. Contrary to popular belief that Clancy had access to top-secret intelligence in researching for the novel, he consulted technical manuals, discussions with former submariners and books like Norman Polmar’s "Guide to the Soviet Navy" and "Combat Fleets of the World" in order to maintain accuracy in describing Soviet submarines.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: He then submitted the first draft of the novel to the Naval Institute Press, where he previously wrote an article on the MX missile for their magazine "Proceedings of the U.S. Naval Institute". Three weeks later, the publication company returned his manuscript, along with a request to cut about a hundred pages’ worth of numerous technical details. After fixing his work, Clancy then sold "The Hunt for Red October" to the Naval Institute Press for a modest sum of $5,000.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: Having recently decided to publish fiction, the publication company made Clancy's work their first published novel. Editor Deborah Grosvenor later recalled convincing the publishers: “I think we have a potential best-seller here, and if we don’t grab this thing, somebody else would." She believed Clancy had an "innate storytelling ability, and his characters had this very witty dialogue".


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The book received critical acclaim, especially from the American government. U.S. President Ronald Reagan had pronounced the book, which was given to him as a Christmas gift, as “the perfect yarn” and “unputdownable”; his endorsement eventually boosted the novel's sales and solidified Clancy's reputation as a bestselling author. Regarding the reception, Clancy remarked: “I was thunderstruck, dumbfounded, bowled over, amazed. But I wasn't surprised." Many members of the White House were fans of the book.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: "The Hunt for Red October" was also popular among the military. On a 1985 visit to the , Clancy discovered 26 copies of the novel among the crew. "The Washington Post", in its original review, praised the novel as "the most satisfactory novel of a sea chase since C.S. Forester perfected the form."


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: Due to an extensive marketing campaign by the Naval Institute Press for their first published work of fiction, which was initially aimed at the military, the book sold 45,000 copies by March 1985. Clancy said in a 1991 interview: “I thought we’d sell maybe five thousand or ten thousand hardcovers and that would be the end of it. I never really thought about making money.”


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: After Reagan's endorsement, "The Hunt for Red October" topped the national bestseller lists, particularly "The New York Times". It eventually sold more than 365,000 copies in hardcover. After securing the paperback rights to Berkley Books for $49,500, the novel sold another 4.3 million copies.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The novel was adapted as a feature film, which was released in the United States on March 2, 1990, months after the Cold War ended. Captain Marko Ramius was played by Sean Connery, while Alec Baldwin played Jack Ryan. It serves as the first entry in the Jack Ryan film series, which would later follow a chronological order differing from the novels. The movie is a nearly faithful depiction of the novel even though there are many deviations, including "Red October" traveling up the Penobscot River in Maine to dry dock, the omission of the Royal Navy task force including Ryan's time aboard , and the "caterpillar drive" being described as a magnetohydrodynamic drive system, essentially, "a jet engine for the water", rather than a drive powered by a series of mechanical impellers inside flow tunnels. Although in both the novel and movie, the caterpillar drive was supposed to be undetectably silent.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The film received mainly positive reviews from critics, holding an 88% rating from Rotten Tomatoes based on 74 reviews. It was the sixth top-grossing film of the year, generating $122 million in North America and more than $200 million worldwide in box office. In a 1991 interview, Clancy remarked of the film's success: "It was reasonably true to the spirit of the book, although the movie had a lot of technical errors in it and some changes in the story which I do not think is necessary. But you have to remember that the printed word and visual representation on the screen are two different art forms and they have very different roles."


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The novel also became the basis for three computer, video, and console games. One version, a combination of a submarine simulator and strategy game, was released in 1987 and received positive reviews. Another game based on the movie was released in 1990. The console game was released in 1991 for the Nintendo Entertainment System and later for the Game Boy and Super Nintendo Entertainment System. In addition, a board game "The Hunt for Red October", published in 1988 by TSR, Inc. became one of the all time bestselling wargames.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: In late 2015, River Horse announced it had acquired the rights and intended to crowdfund another game based on the intellectual property.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: "The Hunt for Red October" popularized the book genre of techno-thriller into the mainstream. “Tom Clancy defined an era, not just of thrillers but of pop culture in general," said Jon Land, an author and marketing chair for the International Thriller Writers. "No one encapsulated the mindset and mentality of the Reagan era more, as the Cold War was heating up for the last time and we were entering a new age of modern warfare. Clancy's books tapped into our fears and helped define our psyches, even as he reinvigorated the thriller genre by bringing millions of new readers into the fold.”


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The book was instrumental in restoring confidence in the American military and government, which had endured a bitter defeat in the Vietnam War and foreign policy failures during the late 1970s.


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: On April 20, 2018, "The Hunt for Red October" was included in the list of 100 most-loved books in the U.S., compiled by PBS as part of their new series and multi-platform initiative "The Great American Read".


title: The Hunt for Red October

text: The book appeared in a fake commercial ad serving as a teaser trailer for the third season of the Netflix web television series "Stranger Things", which was released on July 16, 2018.


title: Online marketplace

text: An online marketplace (or online e-commerce marketplace) is a type of e-commerce website where product or service information is provided by multiple third parties. Online marketplaces are the primary type of multichannel ecommerce and can be a way to streamline the production process.


title: Online marketplace

text: In an online marketplace, consumer transactions are processed by the marketplace operator and then delivered and fulfilled by the participating retailers or wholesalers. These type of websites allow users to register and sell single items to many items for a "post-selling" fee.


title: Online marketplace

text: In general, because marketplaces aggregate products from a wide array of providers, selection is usually more wide, and availability is higher than in vendor-specific online retail stores. Since 2014 online marketplaces have become abundant. Some online marketplaces have a wide variety of general interest products that cater to almost all the needs of the consumers, others are consumer specific and cater to a particular segment.


title: Online marketplace

text: Some of the earliest online marketplaces were for business-to-business (B2B) trading. Early examples of online platforms that enabled e-commerce between businesses include VerticalNet, Commerce One, and Covisint. Contemporary B2B online marketplaces focus on a limited range of specific products or service, such as EC21, Elance and eBay Business, and have not achieved the dominance online marketplaces have obtained in B2C retail. B2B purchasing requires that online marketplaces facilitate complex transactions,


title: Online marketplace

text: Online marketplaces are information technology companies that act as intermediaries by connecting buyers and sellers. Examples of prevalent online marketplaces for retailing consumer goods and services are Amazon, Taobao and eBay. On the website of the online marketplace sellers can publish their product offering with a price and information about the product's features and qualities. Potential customers can search and browse goods, compare price and quality, and then purchase the goods directly from the seller. The inventory is held by the sellers, not the company running the online marketplace. Online marketplaces are characterized by a low setup cost for sellers, because they do not have to run a retail store. While in the past Amazon Marketplace has served as a role model for online marketplaces, the expansion of the Alibaba Group into related business such as logistics, e-commerce payment systems and mobile commerce is now trailed by other marketplace operators such as Flipkart.


title: Online marketplace

text: For consumers, online marketplaces reduce the search cost, but insufficient information on the quality of goods and an overloaded goods offering can make it more difficult for consumers to make purchasing decisions. Consumers' ability to make a purchasing decision is also hampered by the fact that an online marketplace only allows them to examine the quality of a product based on its description, a picture and customer reviews. Another characteristic of online marketplaces is that the same product can be offered by several merchants. In this case, consumers can often make the selection of a merchant with the support of reviews of that merchant, for example. Despite many conceivable factors influencing merchant selection, customers choose primarily on the basis of the lowest price for a particular product.


title: Online marketplace

text: There are marketplaces for the online outsourcing of professional services like IT services, search engine optimization, marketing, and skilled crafts & trades work. Microlabor online marketplaces such as Upwork and Amazon Mechanical Turk allow freelancers to perform tasks which only require a computer and internet access. According to Amazon, its Mechanical Turk marketplace focuses on "human intelligence tasks" that are difficult to automate computationally. This includes content labelling and content moderation.


title: Online marketplace

text: Microlabor online marketplaces allow workers globally, without a formal employment status, to perform digital piece work, such as for example rate an image according to content moderation guidelines. Gig workers are paid for each task, for example U.S.$0.01 for each moderated image, and accumulate payment on the microlabor platform.


title: Online marketplace

text: In 2004 Yochai Benkler noted that online platforms, alongside free software and wireless networks, allowed households to share idle or underused resources. As the sharing economy inspires itself largely from the open source philosophy, open source projects dedicated to launching a peer to peer marketplace include Cocorico and Sharetribe. In 2010 CouchSurfing was constituted as for-profit corporation and by 2014 online marketplaces that consider themselves part of the sharing economy, such as Uber and Airbnb, organized in the trade association "Peers.org". In 2015 Alex Stephany, the founder of online marketplace JustPark, defined the sharing economy as the economic value arising from making underutilized assets available online.


title: Online marketplace

text: A 2014 study of oDesk, an early global online marketplace for freelance contractors, found that the service outsourcing of microwork increased opportunities for freelancers regardless of their geographic location, but the financial gains for most contractors were limited as experience and skills did not translate into higher payment.


title: Online marketplace

text: A general criticism is that the laws and regulations surrounding online marketplaces are quite underdeveloped. As of consequence, there is a discrepancy between the responsibility, accountability and liability of the marketplace and third parties. In recent years online marketplaces and platforms have faced much criticism for their lack of consumer protections.


title: Online marketplace

text: In 1997 Yannis Bakos studied online marketplaces and came to regard them as a special type of electronic marketplaces. He argued that they reduce economic inefficiencies, by lowering the cost of acquiring information about the sellers' products. The operators of online marketplaces are able to adapt their business model because of the data they hold on the platform users. Online marketplace operators have a unique ability to obtain and use in their economic decision making personal data and transaction data, but also social data and location data. Therefore academics have described online marketplaces as new economic actor, or even as a new type of market economy. In 2010 Christian Fuchs argued that online marketplaces operated "informational capitalism". The inherent feedback loop allows the operators of online marketplaces to grow their effectiveness as economic intermediaries. In 2016 Nick Srnicek argued that online marketplaces give rise to platform capitalism. In 2016 and 2018 respectively, Frank Pasquale and Shoshana Zuboff cautioned, that the data collection of online marketplace operators result in surveillance capitalism.


title: Gilead

text: Gilead or Gilad (; "Gīləʿāḏ", , Ǧalʻād, Jalaad) is the ancient, historic, biblical name of the mountainous northern part of the region of Transjordan. The region is bounded in the west by the Jordan River, in the north by the deep ravine of the river Yarmouk and the region of Bashan, and in the southwest by what were known during antiquity as the “plains of Moab”, with no definite boundary to the east. In some cases, “Gilead” is used in the Bible to refer to all the region east of the Jordan River. Gilead is situated in modern-day Jordan, corresponding roughly to the Irbid, Ajloun, Jerash and Balqa Governorates.


title: Gilead

text: Gilead is also the name of three people in the Hebrew Bible, and a common given name for males in modern-day Israel.


title: Gilead

text: Gilead is explained in the Hebrew Bible as derived from the Hebrew words , which in turn comes from ('heap, mound, hill') and ('witness, testimony'). If that is the case, Gilead means 'heap [of stones] of testimony'. There is also an alternative theory that it means 'rocky region'.


title: Gilead

text: From its mountainous character, it is called the Mount of Gilead (; ). It is called also the Land of Gilead (, ) in many translations, and sometimes simply Gilead (; ; ), also mentioned in .


title: Gilead

text: The name Gilead first appears in the biblical account of the last meeting of Jacob and Laban (). In Book of Genesis, Gilead was also referred to by the Aramaic name Yegar-Sahadutha, which carries the same meaning as the Hebrew Gilead, namely "heap [of stones] of testimony" ().


title: Gilead

text: According to the biblical narrative, during the Exodus, "half Gilead" was possessed by Sihon, and the other half, separated from it by the river Jabbok, by Og, king of Bashan. After the two kings were defeated, the region of Gilead was allotted by Moses to the tribes of Gad, Reuben, and the eastern half of Manasseh (; ).


title: Gilead

text: In the Book of Judges, the thirty sons of the biblical judge Jair controlled the thirty towns of Gilead (), and in the First Book of Chronicles, Segub controlled twenty-three towns in Gilead (). It was bounded on the north by Bashan, and on the south by Moab and Ammon (; ).


title: Gilead

text: "Gilead" mentioned in the Book of Hosea may refer to the cities of Ramoth-Gilead, Jabesh-Gilead, or the whole Gilead region; "Gilead is a city of those who work iniquity; it is stained with blood" ().


title: Gilead

text: The kingdoms Ammon and Moab sometimes expanded to include southern Gilead. King David fled to Mahanaim in Gilead during the rebellion of Absalom. Gilead is later mentioned as the homeplace of the prophet Elijah.


title: Gilead

text: Gilead (, Ǧalʻād or Jalaad) is an Arabic term used to refer to the mountainous land extending north and south of Jabbok. It was used more generally for the entire region east of the Jordan River. It corresponds today to the northwestern part of the Kingdom of Jordan.


title: Gilead

text: In Hebrew, (transcribed Gilad or Ghil'ad) is used as a male given name and is often analyzed as deriving from ("gil") "happiness, joy" and ("ad") "eternity, forever"; i.e. "eternal happiness".


title: Fear Street Part Three: 1666

text: Fear Street Part Three: 1666 (titled onscreen as Fear Street 1666 for its first half and Fear Street 1994: Part 2 for its second half) is a 2021 American supernatural horror film directed by Leigh Janiak, who co-wrote the screenplay with Phil Graziadei and Kate Trefry. Based on the book series of the same name by R. L. Stine, it is the third and final installment of the "Fear Street" trilogy after "" and "" and stars Kiana Madeira, Ashley Zukerman, Gillian Jacobs, Olivia Scott Welch, Benjamin Flores Jr., and Darrell Britt-Gibson. The film follows the origins of Shadyside's curse in the mid-17th century and the survivors in 1994 who try to put an end to it.


title: Fear Street Part Three: 1666

text: Produced by Chernin Entertainment, a film adaptation of "Fear Street" began development at 20th Century Fox in 2015, with Janiak hired in 2017. Filming for the trilogy took place back-to-back from March to September 2019 in Georgia, with the intention of a theatrical release in June 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic and the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney, Chernin Entertainment ended their distribution deal with 20th Century Studios and sold rights to Netflix in August 2020.


title: Fear Street Part Three: 1666

text: "Fear Street Part Three: 1666" premiered at the Los Angeles State Historic Park on July 14, 2021 and was released by Netflix on July 16, 2021. It received generally positive reviews from critics, who described the film as an effective conclusion to the trilogy.


title: Fear Street Part Three: 1666

text: After reuniting the severed hand of Sarah Fier with the rest of her corpse, Deena has a vision showing the events of 1666 from the perspective of Sarah Fier. She lives with her father George and brother Henry in Union, the original settlement before it was divided into Sunnyvale and Shadyside.


title: Fear Street Part Three: 1666

text: One night, Sarah and her friends Hannah Miller, Lizzie, Issac, Abigail and Abigail's sister, Constance meet a reclusive widow to gather potent berries for a party, where Sarah stumbles on a book of black magic. The group arrives at the party and Sarah and Hannah are harassed by Caleb. The two run off and start kissing, unknowingly seen by Mad Thomas. The next day, Pastor Cyrus Miller begins to act strange, as the town's food and water supply are poisoned. Sarah confides in Solomon Goode and wonders if she is responsible for the town's bad luck. The town then discovers that Pastor Miller has murdered twelve children in the chapel, including Henry and Constance. Sarah is attacked by Pastor Miller before he is killed by Solomon. That night, a town meeting is held at which the townspeople decide that witchcraft is the cause of the events, and Caleb claims that Sarah and Hannah are the witches responsible. Hannah is captured while Sarah escapes and the town declares that Hannah will be executed at dawn.