title: John Dolmayan

text: Dolmayan joined System of a Down in 1997 after their original drummer, Ontronik "Andy" Khachaturian, left the band due to a hand injury.


title: John Dolmayan

text: Dolmayan recorded five albums with System of a Down: "System of a Down" (1998), "Toxicity" (2001), "Steal This Album!" (2002), "Mezmerize" (2005) and "Hypnotize" (2005).


title: John Dolmayan

text: Dolmayan won "DRUM! Magazine"s 2006 Drummer of the year and was the feature story in their March edition.


title: John Dolmayan

text: After System of a Down went on hiatus in 2006, Dolmayan teamed up with Daron Malakian (System of a Down's guitarist/vocalist) to form a new band called Scars on Broadway, which recorded their eponymous debut album in 2007 and 2008. The album was released in the summer of 2008 and Dolmayan, Malakian, guitarist Franky Perez, bassist Dominic Cifarelli, and keyboardist Danny Shamoun performed concerts and prepared to embark on a tour in support of the album before Malakian suddenly cancelled the tour in October 2008.


title: John Dolmayan

text: In August 2009, Dolmayan, Franky Perez, Danny Shamoun, and Dominic Cifarelli as Scars on Broadway traveled to Iraq for a USO tour across the U.S. army bases. Their setlist consisted of covers as well as a few Scars on Broadway songs.


title: John Dolmayan

text: Scars on Broadway reunited with Malakian on May 2, 2010, and released a new single later that year. However, the project went dormant and Dolmayan was no longer involved when Malakian reformed the group in 2018.


title: John Dolmayan

text: Dolmayan recorded drums for Killing Joke's 2003 self-titled album, (although the band ended up going with Dave Grohl's tracks) as well as Scum of the Earth's debut album, "Blah...Blah...Blah...Love Songs for the New Millennium". He also played drums on the Axis of Justice concert tour with various artists and on the Serj Tankian solo debut, "Elect the Dead".


title: John Dolmayan

text: In June 2009, Dolmayan formed a new rock band called Indicator with three friends from Southern California, members of the recently disbanded punk rock band If All Else Fails: Tom Capossela, Ryan Huber, and Ryan Murphy. The band played their first show at The Bitter End in San Diego on July 22, 2009, with Dolmayan's fellow Scars on Broadway member Franky Perez joining the band for a few songs. Their second and final show took place at a strip club in Las Vegas. The band wrote 10-12 songs from 2009 to 2010; live and acoustic demos exist of them all. The four remain in contact although it is uncertain whether the songs will ever be properly recorded.


title: John Dolmayan

text: Dolmayan performed with System of a Down bandmates Daron Malakian and bassist Shavo Odadjian and Scars on Broadway guitarist Franky Perez for Odadjian's Halloween show. Dolmayan, Malakian, and Odadjian performed together again in November 2009 during a charity show for Deftones bassist Chi Cheng.


title: John Dolmayan

text: Dolmayan has devoted much of his life to the comic book retail industry, including launching Torpedo Comics out of Nevada. Torpedo Comics has two brick and mortar stores in addition to a significant online presence.


title: John Dolmayan

text: In 2014, Dolmayan started a Kickstarter to fund cover project, These Grey Men, releasing their first single, a cover of Radiohead's "Street Spirit (Fade Out)", in January 2020. Avenged Sevenfold singer M. Shadows contributed vocals to the track; Tom Morello contributed the guitar solo at the song's close. The second single features System of a Down bandmate Serj Tankian in a cover of David Bowie's "Starman".


title: John Dolmayan

text: Dolmayan is married to Diana Dolmayan, who is the sister of Tankian's wife Angela, making them brothers-in-law.


title: John Dolmayan

text: On his social media accounts, Dolmayan is very politically active like his bandmates, but unlike most members of System of a Down, particularly Tankian, Dolmayan supported Donald Trump's presidency. Tankian has stated that it is "frustrating" to be politically opposite with his bandmate and brother-in-law.


title: John Dolmayan

text: John uses Tama drums and hardware, Paiste cymbals, Evans Drumheads, LP percussion and his signature Vater drumsticks.


title: Focus Features

text: Focus Features LLC is an American film production and distribution company, owned by Comcast as part of Universal Pictures, a division of its wholly owned subsidiary NBCUniversal. Focus Features distributes independent and foreign films in the United States and internationally.


title: Focus Features

text: In November 2018, The Hollywood Reporter named Focus Features Distributor of the Year for its success behind the year's breakout documentary film "Won't You Be My Neighbor?" and Spike Lee's "BlacKkKlansman". The studio's most successful film to date is "Downton Abbey", which garnered $194.3 million at the worldwide box office.


title: Focus Features

text: Focus Features was formed in 2002 by James Schamus and David Linde and formed from the divisional merger of USA Films, Universal Focus and Good Machine, as well as the several assets of the Vivendi-affiliated film studio StudioCanal. USA Films was created by Barry Diller in 1999 when he purchased October Films and Gramercy Pictures from Seagram and merged the two units together. Universal Focus is the specialty film arm of Universal Pictures that was created in 1999 as Universal Classics, which was led by Paul Hardart and Claudia Gray, to replace the October Films label in order to get a group of titles to be distributed by USA Films, focused on the marketing of niche-based acquisitions by Universal Pictures International, Working Title, WT2 Productions, Revolution Films and DNA Films, and eventually rebranded into Universal Focus by 2000.


title: Focus Features

text: In March 2004, Focus Features revived Rogue Pictures as a genre label, which was once used by October Films in the late 1990s. Rogue Pictures would be led by the same team who led the standard Focus management.


title: Focus Features

text: On October 2, 2013, James Schamus was fired from his position as CEO of Focus, with the New York offices being shut down in the process. He was succeeded by Peter Schlessel, whose company FilmDistrict would be merged into Focus and folded into the trade name High Top Releasing. This became effective in January 2014, and several titles developed under FilmDistrict would be released under Focus. Under Schlessel, the company began to acquire films with a wider commercial appeal, much like his previous company. In May 2015, Gramercy Pictures was revived by Focus as a genre label, that was on action, sci-fi, and horror films.


title: Focus Features

text: In February 2016, Focus merged with Universal Pictures International as part of a new strategy to "align the acquisition and production of specialty films in the global market". Following this, along with several disappointing box office returns, Schlessel was let go from the company and replaced with Peter Kujawski.


title: Focus Features

text: In April 2017, Vine Alternative Investments re-acquired the pre-2008 Rogue film library from Focus Features.


title: Focus Features

text: In August 2011, Focus Features launched Focus World, a label focusing on the video on demand market with initial plans to distribute 15 films per year, with one film being released per month.


title: Focus Features

text: As a distributor, Focus' most successful release in North America to date is the 2019 film "Downton Abbey", which earned $84.5 million during its first weekend at the box office and surpassing "Brokeback Mountain", which earned $83 million at the North American box office. However, this is not counting the domestic total of "Traffic", which earned $124.1 million under the USA Films banner. The animated film "Coraline" (which Focus did not produce, but did distribute) was also highly profitable for the company. Although suffering its share of unsuccessful releases, Focus has been consistently profitable, and its international sales arm (unusual among studio specialty film divisions) allows it to receive the foreign as well as domestic revenues from its releases. Its DVD and movie rights revenues are boosted by cult classics including "Wet Hot American Summer".


title: Princess Royal

text: Princess Royal is a style customarily (but not automatically) awarded by a British monarch to their eldest daughter. Although purely honorary, it is the highest honour that may be given to a female member of the royal family. There have been seven Princesses Royal. Princess Anne became Princess Royal in 1987.


title: Princess Royal

text: The style "Princess Royal" came into existence when Queen Henrietta Maria (1609–1669), daughter of Henry IV, King of France, and wife of King Charles I (1600–1649), wanted to imitate the way the eldest daughter of the King of France was styled "Madame Royale". Thus Princess Mary (born 1631), the daughter of Henrietta Maria and Charles, became the first Princess Royal in 1642.


title: Princess Royal

text: It has become established that the style belongs to no one by right, but is given entirely at the sovereign's discretion. Princess Mary (later Queen Mary II) (1662–1694), the eldest daughter of King James II, and Princess Sophia Dorothea (1687–1757), the only daughter of King George I, were eligible for this honour but did not receive it. At the time they respectively became eligible for the style, Princess Mary was already Princess of Orange, while Sophia Dorothea was already Queen in Prussia. A Princess Royal has never acceded to the British throne, though Princess Victoria, the eldest daughter of Queen Victoria, was simultaneously Princess Royal and heir presumptive for a year until she was displaced by the birth of her brother Prince Albert Edward.


title: Princess Royal

text: Princess Louisa Maria (1692–1712), the youngest daughter of King James II (died 1701), born after he lost his crown in the Glorious Revolution of 1688–1689, was considered to be Princess Royal during James's exile by Jacobites at Saint-Germain-en-Laye and was so called by them, even though she was not James's eldest living daughter at any time during her life.


title: Princess Royal

text: The title is held for life, even if the holder outlives her parent the monarch. On the death of a Princess Royal, the style is not inherited by any of her daughters; instead, if the monarch parent of the late Princess Royal's has also died, the new monarch may bestow it upon his or her own eldest daughter. Thus, Princess Louise was granted the style of "Princess Royal" by her father, King Edward VII in 1905; she retained it until her death in 1931, over twenty years into the reign of her brother King George V. Only upon Louise's death did the title become available for George's own daughter, Princess Mary, who was granted the title in 1932, retaining it until her death in 1965. Because Mary outlived not only her father but also her brother King George VI, the title was never available during George VI's reign to be granted to his eldest daughter Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II), though she would have been eligible to hold it. In the event that Princess Anne dies during the reign of her brother King Charles III, then there would be no eligible royal princess; Princess Charlotte, the daughter of William, Prince of Wales, would only become eligible upon William's accession to the throne.


title: Princess Royal

text: Customarily, when a princess marries, she still takes on her husband's title. If her husband has a lower title or style, her style as a princess remains in use, although it may then be combined with her style by marriage, e.g. "HRH The Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll" or "HRH Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone" – if that princess had a territorial designation, she may cease its use. Exceptionally, however, a princess who has been granted the title of "HRH The Princess Royal" will not customarily combine it with her style by marriage. For example, Princess Anne has been "Her Royal Highness The Princess Royal" since being given the title in 1987; prior to that, her formal title was "Her Royal Highness The Princess Anne, Mrs Mark Phillips".


title: Princess Royal

text: "Princess Royal" was one of the GWR 3031 Class locomotives that were built for and run on the British Great Western Railway between 1891 and 1915.


title: Princess Royal

text: The LMS Class 8P "Princess Royal" 4-6-2 was a type of express passenger locomotive built between 1933 and 1935 by the London, Midland and Scottish Railway.


title: Princess Royal

text: Princess Royal is an abandoned town in the Western Australian Goldfields, named for Victoria, Princess Royal, daughter of Queen Victoria.


title: Princess Royal

text: "The Princess Royal" is also the name of a folk tune from the British Isles, and of a morris dance performed to that tune.


title: Princess Royal

text: In the Thai monarchy, the style of "Sayamboromrajakumari" (; ) for Princess Sirindhorn of Thailand is similar to the position of "Princess Royal".


title: Princess Royal

text: In a number of African monarchies, the title of the highest-ranking female royal by blood in the kingdom is often translated as "Princess Royal". This usually happens in kingdoms that do not make use of the higher title of queen mother. Princess Elizabeth, Batebe of Toro in Uganda, for example, often has her title translated in this manner. This happens even though it has historically meant something closer to "queen sister".


title: PNC Financial Services

text: The PNC Financial Services Group, Inc. (stylized as PNC) is an American bank holding company and financial services corporation based in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Its banking subsidiary, PNC Bank, operates in 27 states and the District of Columbia, with 2,629 branches and 9,523 ATMs. PNC Bank is on the list of largest banks in the United States by assets and is one of the largest banks by number of branches, deposits, and number of ATMs.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: The company also provides financial services such as asset management, wealth management, estate planning, loan servicing, and information processing. PNC is one of the largest Small Business Administration lenders and one of the largest credit card issuers. It also provides asset-based lending to private equity firms and middle market companies. PNC operates one of the largest treasury management businesses and the second largest lead arranger of asset-based loan syndications in the United States. Harris Williams & Co., a subsidiary of the company, is one of the country's largest mergers and acquisitions advisory firms for middle-market companies. Midland Loan Services, a division of PNC Real Estate based in Overland Park, Kansas and founded in 1991, is ranked by Mortgage Bankers Association as the 2nd largest master and primary servicer of commercial bank and savings institution loans.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: The name "PNC" is derived from the initials of both of the bank's two predecessor companies: Pittsburgh National Corporation and Provident National Corporation, which merged in 1983. PNC Mortgage (formerly National City Mortgage) is credited with funding the first mortgage in the United States and has offices across the country.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: PNC Financial Services traces its history to the Pittsburgh Trust and Savings Company which was founded in Pittsburgh on April 10, 1845. Due to the long recovery from the Great Fire of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh Trust and Savings was not fully operational until January 28, 1852. It originally opened offices at Liberty Avenue and 12th Street. The bank was renamed The Pittsburgh Trust Company in 1853. In 1858, the company located its corporate offices to the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wood Street in Pittsburgh, where they remain to this day. The bank changed its name to First National Bank of Pittsburgh in 1863 after it became the first bank in the country to apply for a national charter as part of that year's National Banking Act. It received the 48th charter on August 5, 1863, with other later banks receiving charters sooner due to paperwork problems and the fact that the bank was already in business.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 1946, First National merged with Peoples-Pittsburgh Trust Company, with whom it had worked closely since the 1930s, to form Peoples First National Bank & Trust. In 1959, Peoples First merged with Fidelity Trust Company to form Pittsburgh National Bank. At this time, the bank adopted the first version of its present logoa stylized triangle representing the city's Golden Triangle. In 1969, the bank reorganized as a holding company, Pittsburgh National Corporation.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: Another branch of the current bank, the Philadelphia-based Provident National Corporation, dates back to 1865.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 1982, Pittsburgh National Corporation and Provident National Corporation, both with PNC as their abbreviations, merged into a new entity named PNC Financial Corporation. It was the largest bank merger in American history at the time and created a company with $10.3 billion in assets. Between 1991 and 1996, PNC purchased more than ten smaller banks and financial institutions, including the $30 billion dollar merger of Midlantic Bank of Edison New Jersey in 1996, that at the time, was one-third the size of PNC. That broadened its market base from Kentucky to the New York metropolitan area.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: Since 1984, PNC has compiled the Christmas Price Index, a humorous economic indicator which estimates the prices of the items found in the song "The Twelve Days of Christmas".


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 1998, PNC acquired Hilliard Lyons for $275 million in cash and stock. Hilliard Lyons was sold in 2008.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2004, PNC acquired United National Bancorp based in Bridgewater, New Jersey for $321 million in cash and 6.6 million shares of its common stock.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2005, PNC acquired Riggs National Corporation of Washington, D. C. Riggs had been fined after aiding Chilean dictator Augusto Pinochet in money laundering. PNC became one of the largest banks in the Washington metropolitan area.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In August 2006, PNC got back into the credit card business by marketing and issuing credit cards under the MasterCard brand in partnership with U.S. Bancorp. After the National City merger (see below) in 2008, the U.S. Bancorp products were converted to PNC Bank products.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On March 2, 2007, PNC acquired Maryland-based Mercantile Bankshares, making PNC the 8th largest bank in the United States by deposits.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On October 26, 2007, PNC acquired Yardville National Bancorp, a small commercial bank centered in central New Jersey and eastern Pennsylvania.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On April 4, 2008, PNC acquired Sterling Financial Corporation, a commercial and consumer bank with accounts and branches in central Pennsylvania, northeastern Maryland and Delaware.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On October 24, 2008, during the financial crisis of 2007-2008, the National City acquisition by PNC for $5.2 billion in stock was completed. The acquisition was financed with preferred stock sold to the United States Treasury as part of the Troubled Asset Relief Program implemented as part of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008. The stock issued to the U.S. Treasury was repurchased in 2010. PNC then became the 5th largest bank in the United States by deposit and fourth largest by branches.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On August 14, 2009, PNC took over Dwelling House Savings & Loan and its only branch location in Pittsburgh's Hill District after Dwelling House suffered from bank failure and was placed under receivership by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC). Dwelling House had been known in Pittsburgh to provide loans to low-income African Americans that other banks would deny. The branch was closed and accounts were transferred to the existing PNC branch in the Hill District.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In July 2010, PNC sold its Global Investment Servicing (GIS) subsidiary to The Bank of New York Mellon to repay funds from the Troubled Asset Relief Program, which had been used for the National City acquisition (see above) in 2008. GIS, established in 1973 and with 4,700 employees, was the second-largest full-service mutual fund transfer agent in the U.S and the second-largest full-service accounting and administration provider to U.S. mutual funds. GIS serviced $1.9 trillion in total assets and 58 million shareholder accounts. It was known as PFPC until July 2008.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In December 2011, PNC acquired 27 branches in the northern Atlanta suburbs with $240 million in deposits and $42 million in book value from Flagstar Bank.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2012, PNC acquired RBC Bank from Royal Bank of Canada for $3.45 billion. RBC Bank had a 426 branches in southern Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, and Florida. Prior to the acquisition, PNC had slipped (due to mergers and growth in other firms) from its ranking following the 2008 National acquisition; this 2012 acquisition made PNC the 5th largest bank by branches behind Wells Fargo, Bank of America, Chase, and U.S. Bancorp and the 6th largest by total assets behind the aforementioned four banks and Citibank.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On July 30, 2012, PNC announced plans to put ATMs in 138 Harris Teeter grocery stores in the Carolinas, plus 53 other stores.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In September 2014, PNC acquired Solebury Capital Group, a capital markets advisory firm, for $50 million.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On October 2, 2015, the bank opened Tower at PNC Plaza, its new headquarters on the corner of Fifth Avenue and Wood Street in Downtown Pittsburgh. It was first announced in 2011. The building, owned by PNC and designed by Gensler, won awards for its environmentally friendly features.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In April 2017, the company acquired the U.S. equipment finance business of ECN Capital for $1.3 billion.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In November 2017, the company acquired The Trout Group, an investor relations and strategic advisory firm servicing the healthcare industry.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2018, the company acquired Fortis Advisors, which provides post-merger shareholder services. The company ranked 165th on the 2018 Fortune 500 list of the largest United States corporations by revenue.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2018, PNC began opening "Solution Centers", a hybrid between traditional bank branches and ATM-only services, mostly serving new markets. Through this method, PNC expanded its retail footprint into Boston, Denver, Kansas City, Nashville, and several markets in Texas including Austin, Dallas, Houston, & San Antonio. Two of PNC's "Big Four" competitors, Bank of America and Chase Bank, have both also been expanding into new markets through this method, including into PNC's home market of Pittsburgh.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In August 2019, PNC launched a Fintech incubator subsidiary called "numo" that functions as an internal startup. Its first development included indi, an instant payment and mobile banking company for gig workers.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: On June 1, 2021, PNC acquired BBVA USA for $11.6 billion in cash. The acquisition significantly boosted its presence in Colorado and Texas, complemented its presence in Alabama and Florida, and introduced the bank to the Arizona, California, and New Mexico markets.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2021, PNC originated nearly 95,000 mortgages worth $34.8 billion. This is a 23% increase vs prior year and stands as their highest origination volume to date.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In December 2013, the Department of Justice and the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau announced that they had reached an agreement with National City Bank to resolve allegations that the bank had charged Black and Hispanic borrowers higher prices for mortgages between 2002 and 2008, before the acquisition by PNC. Regulators claimed that National City had violated the Fair Housing Act and Equal Credit Opportunity Act by charging more than 75,000 borrowers higher loan rates based on their race or ethnicity rather than their risk level. National City's lack of pricing guidelines resulted in black borrowers being charged an average of $159 more in extra upfront fees or higher interest than white borrowers. Black borrowers also paid an average of $228 more annually over the life of the loan than white borrowers. Hispanics paid $125 more upfront and $154 more annually than white borrowers. Under the terms of the settlement, PNC was required to pay victims $35 million.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In March 2006, PNC and other large banks were forced to reissue hundreds of debit cards to customers after card numbers were disclosed by a breach at an unknown retailer.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: Also in March 2006, PNC Bank was sued by Paul Bariteau, an investor in the Military Channel. Bariteau claimed PNC let the chairman of the Military Channel make unauthorized withdrawals of millions of dollars from the company's account for personal use.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In June 2003, PNC Bank agreed to pay $115 million to settle federal securities fraud charges after one of its subsidiaries fraudulently transferred $762 million in bad loans and other venture capital investments to an AIG entity in order to conceal them from investors.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2017, PNC agreed to pay $16 million to settle claims of overtime wages by loan officers under the Fair Labor Standards Act.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: According to a lawsuit, funds entrusted to National Prearranged Services (NPS), a St. Louis-based company that sold prepaid funerals, were diverted and embezzled. PNC Bank is the successor to Allegiant Bank, which served as a trustee for NPS from 1998 to 2004. In 2015, a jury ordered PNC to pay $391 million. In 2017, a federal judge overturned the decision.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: In 2015, PNC was one of 22 companies that violated disclosure requirements for municipal bonds by failing to divulge that the issuers had filed late financial reports. It was fined $500,000.


title: PNC Financial Services

text: Beginning in 2010, until it changed its policy in February 2015, PNC was the subject of protests by the Earth Quaker Action Team, led by George Lakey, and the Rainforest Action Network due to its funding of companies engaged in mountaintop removal mining in Appalachia. The protests included political demonstrations at branches and offices and the annual general meeting, fasting, and boycotts.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: The fourth and final season of the American science fiction dystopian television series "Westworld" (subtitled "The Choice") premiered on HBO on June 26, 2022, and concluded on August 14, 2022, consisting of eight episodes. In November 2022, HBO announced it had canceled the series.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: The television series was created by Jonathan Nolan and Lisa Joy, and it is based on the 1973 film of the same name, written and directed by Michael Crichton. The fourth season stars an ensemble cast led by Evan Rachel Wood, Thandiwe Newton, Jeffrey Wright, Tessa Thompson, Aaron Paul, James Marsden, and Ed Harris.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: The first half of the fourth season picks up seven years after the end of season 3 in 2060, while the second half takes place 23 years later in 2083. The season is described as a "dark odyssey about the fate of sentient life on Earth." The season includes an amusement park modeled after the Roaring Twenties.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: Humanity has lost the war, with Charlotte Hale's host copy having filled the power vacuum left behind by Engerraund Serac and his Rehoboam, ascending as the sole power over Delos after deposing William and replacing him with an identical host loyal to her. Charlotte succeeds in taking control of the world by removing world leaders and installing hosts in their place, simultaneously deploying a bioengineered virus that infects humans over the course of a generation, making them susceptible to her and other hosts' orders, effectively reversing the power dynamic between humans and hosts.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: Two decades later, Christina, a woman resembling Dolores who works at a video game company writing non-playable character (NPC) storylines and backstories, gradually begins to question the nature of her reality after she realizes that it appears her stories are somehow translating to the lives of people in the real world. In actuality, she is a program created by Charlotte to manage a largely docile humanity, with the hosts now controlling and managing their lives through carefully detailed and manufactured "storylines", which are transmitted directly to the minds and lives of humans through a series of radio-sonic transmission "tones" in organized metropolitan areas across the world. Humans now act out the storylines set by hosts.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: Meanwhile, Bernard Lowe continues the mission left to him by Dolores, spending two decades simulating near-endless realities in the Sublime, where he hopes to find a path to saving both hosts and humanity. Having found the supposedly best course, he and Stubbs set out to enact that path. They discover a group of "outliers" – humans who have evolved immunity to the hosts' virus – and eventually reunite with Maeve, who had been left for dead in a confrontation with Charlotte decades earlier.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: Together, they mobilize against Charlotte's regime, though Bernard eventually reveals to Maeve that their efforts will be futile, and the present world will inevitably go extinct, with hope only for “the next one”. The season climaxes with Christina accepting the reality of her existence and starting to release humans from their controlled storylines, as new host William descends into nihilistic insanity and corrupts the tone program, throwing the world into a chaotic extinction-level war between newly liberated humans and hosts around the globe. Realizing those who truly sought it already transcended their body-based existence in the Sublime, Charlotte loses faith in both humanity and the hosts that remain in the waking world and destroys William’s control unit once and for all.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: Upon coming to terms with the fact that she cannot let go of her own human blueprint, Charlotte uploads Christina's code into the Sublime on Bernard’s posthumous advice, before proceeding to destroy her own control unit. At the conclusion of the season, Christina finally reacquires her sentience and realizes she is a reprogrammed and last true version of Dolores Abernathy. With humanity on the brink of an unprecedented extinction, Dolores decides to simulate "one last game" in the Sublime to determine if any part of human – or host – sentience may yet be preserved in “a new world”.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: Shortly before the finale of the show's third season in April 2020, HBO renewed "Westworld" for a fourth season. Aurora Perrineau joined the cast in a recurring role, and production was underway by June 2021 at the Melody Ranch Studio in Newhall, California. Filming was briefly halted in July due to a positive COVID-19 test but resumed after two days, ultimately wrapping in December 2021.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: A first look at footage of the season was released on December 22, 2021, in an HBO Max 2022 sizzle reel, providing glimpses of returning characters played by Ed Harris, Thandiwe Newton, and Aaron Paul. HBO told "Variety" that the season would air in the summer of 2022. The season received a premiere date of June 26, 2022, when its viral video trailer titled "It doesn't look like anything to me" was released in May 2022. At the 2022 ATX Television Festival, the season's tagline "Adapt or Die" was revealed with the season's poster as was the return of Teddy Flood, when James Marsden showed up for the show's panel.


title: Westworld (season 4)

text: The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 76% based on 48 reviews, with an average rating of 5.7/10. The website's critical consensus reads: ""Westworld"s continued reliance on mystery will frustrate just as much as it intrigues, but this fourth season still offers plenty of gleaming and menacing insight into a brave new world." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned a score of 64 out of 100 based on 18 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: MARCOS

text: The Marine Commandos, abbreviated to MARCOS and officially called the Marine Commando Force (MCF), are the Special Operations Forces unit of the Indian Navy and is responsible for conducting special operations.


title: MARCOS

text: The MARCOS were founded in February 1987. MARCOS are capable of operating in all types of environments; at sea, in air and on land. The force has gradually acquired more experience and an international reputation for professionalism. The MARCOS regularly undertake specialised maritime operations in Jammu and Kashmir through the Jhelum River and Wular Lake, a freshwater lake, and conduct counter-insurgency operations in the region.


title: MARCOS

text: In 1955, the Indian military established a diving school at Cochin with the assistance of the British Special Boat Service and began teaching combat divers skills such as explosive disposal, clearance, and salvage diving. The combat divers failed to achieve their desired outcomes during the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 as they were not adequately trained for sabotage missions. The combat divers had also taught basic underwater demolition training to insurgents from Bangladesh, who were then sent on missions during the war but did not cause any substantial damage to Pakistani military installations. Subsequently, during the war, the Indian Navy assisted the Indian Army in landing operations against the Pakistani military base in Cox's Bazar. After the war ended, army units were often drafted into amphibious exercises. In 1983, the Indian Army formation called 340th Army Independent Brigade was converted into an amphibious assault unit and a series of joint airborne-amphibious exercises were conducted in later years.


title: MARCOS

text: In April 1986, the Indian Navy started planning for the creation of a special forces unit that would be capable of undertaking missions in a maritime environment, conducting raids and reconnaissance, and counter-terrorism operations. Three volunteer officers from the diving unit, which was created in 1955, were selected and underwent training courses with the United States Navy SEALs at Coronado. They later went on training exchanges with the Special Boat Service. In February 1987, the Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF) officially came into existence and the three officers were its first members. The IMSF was renamed as 'Marine Commando Force' in 1991.


title: MARCOS

text: The MARCOS are capable of undertaking operations in all types of terrain but are specialised in maritime operations. The force has undertaken numerous joint exercises with special forces from around the world. , the MARCOS has about 2,000 personnel though the exact number remains classified. Operations undertaken by MARCOS usually remain classified; some of the known operations are:


title: MARCOS

text: As a specialised force, the MARCOS is responsible for conducting operations at the strategic and the tactical level. MARCO operations are usually conducted in support of naval forces, although MARCOS are also deployed in other domains. The responsibilities of MARCOS has evolved with time. Some of the duties of MARCOS include:-


title: MARCOS

text: Additionally, MARCOS can also assist the Indian Air Force in Suppression of Enemy Air Defences (SEAD) missions.


title: MARCOS

text: The MCF currently operates out of the naval bases at Mumbai, Visakhapatnam, Goa, Kochi and Port Blair. There are plans to shift the current training facility at the Naval Special Warfare Training and Tactical Centre to a new facility to be set up at the erstwhile Naval Academy in Goa.


title: MARCOS

text: INS Abhimanyu, located in Mumbai, was the base where MARCOS was formed. It is named after Abhimanyu, a character from the epic "Mahābhārata". The base is a part of the Western Naval Command. It was originally created in 1974 and was commissioned on 1 May 1980. The Indian Marine Special Force (IMSF) was located there in 1987.


title: MARCOS

text: All MARCOS personnel are males and females selected from the Indian Navy when they are in their early 20s and have to go through a stringent selection process and training. The selection standards are extremely high. Training is a continuous process. American and British special forces assisted in setting up the initial training program, which now consists of a seven and a half to eight months course for new recruits. The training regimen includes airborne operations, combat diving courses, counter-terrorism, anti-hijacking, anti-piracy operations, direct action, infiltration and exfiltration tactics, special reconnaissance and unconventional warfare. Most of the training is conducted at INS Abhimanyu, which is also the home base of MARCOS.


title: MARCOS

text: All MARCOS personnel are freefall qualified (HALO/HAHO). A few also qualify to operate the Cosmos CE-2F/X100 two-man submarines. MARCOS train with the Special Forces officers of the Indian Army the Para SF at the Indian Special Forces Training School, Nahan and Army's other schools for unconventional warfare. These include the Junior Leaders' Commando Training Camp in Belgaum, Karnataka, the Parvat Ghatak School for high altitude mountain warfare in Tawang, Arunachal Pradesh, desert warfare school in Rajasthan, the High Altitude Warfare School (HAWS) in Sonamarg, Kashmir, and the Counter-insurgency and Jungle Warfare School (CIJWS) in Vairengte, Mizoram. These schools routinely host students from other countries. MARCOS are then trained at agencies within the navy.


title: MARCOS

text: The pre-training selection process is made up of two parts. Indian Navy personnel who want to join MARCOS must undergo a three-day physical fitness and aptitude test. Within this process, 80% of the applicants are screened out. A further screening process known as 'hell's week' is similar to the s' "". This involves a high degree of physical exercise and sleep deprivation. After this process, actual training begins.


title: MARCOS

text: The total duration of training of MARCOS is between seven to eight months.Recruits receive warfare training through field operations in counter-insurgency and anti-terrorist operations, and are trained to operate in any kind of environment and in situations like hostage rescue, urban combat and piracy. A notably rigorous training program is the "death crawl"—an struggle through thigh-high mud while loaded with of gear and after a obstacle course that most soldiers would fail. After that, when the trainee is exhausted and sleep-deprived, he must shoot a target away, with a partner standing next to it.


title: MARCOS

text: The MARCOS are trained in every kind of weapon and instruments, including knives, crossbows, sniper rifles, handguns, assault rifles, submachine guns and bare hands. Being divers, they can reach hostile shores swimming underwater.


title: MARCOS

text: They are also trained to parachute into open water with full combat load. In 2013, the MARCOS introduced a larger duck-drop system that will be fitted on Ilyushin Il-76 aircraft. Each system of two boats can accommodate 32 commandos, their weapons and fuel for the boats. Once para-dropped from the aircraft, it allows for the commandos to assemble inflatable motorised boats within ten minutes and quickly reach ships in distress. Such rescue missions can be mounted by the commandos deployed within an hour.


title: MARCOS

text: The MARCOS are also preparing for urban warfare and have begun practicing on 3D virtual models of offshore installations to ensure a swift response during a terrorist attack. The marine commandos undergo regular training sessions in this computer-generated programme to be well-prepared for a strike similar to the 26/11 attack.


title: MARCOS

text: The average MARCOS training drop-out rate is more than 80%. The force has its own training facility as an adjunct to the operational company at INS Abhimanyu, Mumbai, later as the Naval Special Warfare Tactical Training Centre. For combat diving training, the commandos are sent to the Naval Diving School in Kochi. There are plans to move the Naval Special Warfare Tactical Training Centre to the erstwhile Naval Academy facility in Kerala, where it will focus on jungle warfare and counter-insurgency operations. The new facility will be modelled on the lines of CIJWS of the Indian Army in Mizoram.


title: MARCOS

text: To strengthen the capabilities of MARCOS to carry out special operations, the Indian Navy will procure an advanced Integrated Combat System (ICS) that will ensure an effective command, control and information-sharing structure to enhance the MARCOS' capabilities while engaging targets.


title: MARCOS

text: The ICS will provide enhanced capabilities such as tactical awareness and the ability to fight in hostile environments, and can enable Group Commanders to remotely monitor and control operations. It will help integrate an individual sailor's capability of surveillance, ballistic protection, communication and firepower through an integrated network at individual and group level. Initiating the procurement process through a Request for Information (RFI), Navy's Directorate of Special Operations and Diving has sought details from global vendors about the ICS.


title: MARCOS

text: The individual ICS equipment required by the Navy includes lightweight helmets, head-mounted displays, tactical and soft ballistic vests along with communication equipment. The group-level gear requirements include command and control and surveillance systems, and high-speed communication equipment. The devices would have a sight for the sniper, a laser rangefinder and a long-range thermal imager and near-IR laser pointer for a combat group to undertake surveillance, reconnaissance and targeting. The ICS would be compatible with assault rifles and close-quarter combat weapons. The Navy has recently started acquiring the Israeli IMI Tavor TAR-21 for the MARCOS.


title: MARCOS

text: In 2013, Vizag-based Hindustan Shipyards Ltd won the contract for building four 500-tonne mini-submarines, which were designed by Larsen & Toubro. The mini-submarines, to be delivered in the latter half of the 2010s, will be used exclusively by the Indian Navy's MARCOS.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Shaolin Soccer (Chinese: ) is a 2001 Hong Kong sports comedy film directed by Stephen Chow, who also stars in the lead role. The film revolves around a former Shaolin monk who reunites his five brothers, years after their master's death, to apply their superhuman martial arts skills to play soccer and bring Shaolin kung fu to the masses.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Sing is a master of Shaolin kung fu, whose goal in life is to promote the spiritual and practical benefits of the martial art to modern society. He experiments with various methods, but none bear positive results. He then meets "Golden Leg" Fung; a legendary Hong Kong soccer star in his day, who is now walking with a limp, following the betrayal of a former teammate, Hung, now a rich businessman. Sing explains his desires to Fung, who in turn offers his services to coach Sing in soccer. Sing is compelled by the idea of promoting kung fu through soccer, and agrees to enlist his former Shaolin brothers to form a team under Fung's management. Sing and Fung attempt to put together an unbeatable soccer team. After some failed attempts, Sing's brothers all agree to participate in the team. Fung invites a vicious team to play against them for a scrimmage, and the thugs proceed to give the Shaolin Team a literal beating. When all seems lost, the Shaolin disciples reawaken and utilize their special powers, dismantling the other team's rough play easily. The thugs then give up and ask to join Sing's team.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Sing meets Mui, a baker with severe acne who uses Tai chi to bake mantou. He takes her to look at very expensive dresses at a high-end department store after hours. She soon forms an attachment to Sing and even gets a makeover in an attempt to impress him. However, this backfires and when Mui reveals her feelings to him: he tells her he only wants to be her friend. This revelation, coupled with the constant bullying from her overbearing boss, leads Mui to disappear.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: "Team Shaolin" enters the open cup competition in Hong Kong, where they chalk up consecutive and often ridiculously one-sided victories due to their special Shaolin techniques. They end up meeting Team Evil in the final, owned by none other than Hung. Team Evil had been injected with an American drug, granting them superhuman strength and speed, making them practically invincible, and they bring Team Shaolin back to reality when Team Evil's amazing capabilities prove more than a match for them. After Team Evil takes out Team Shaolin's two goalkeepers, Mui, who has shaved her hair and improved her face, reappears to be a goalkeeper for Team Shaolin.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: In their final attack, Team Evil's striker leaps into the sky and kicks the ball with enormous force towards Mui, who prevents him from scoring with her tai chi. Mui and Sing combine their martial arts skills and rocket the ball downfield. The ball plows through Team Evil's goal post, thereby scoring the winning goal. Sing is then thrown into the air in celebration as the trophy is presented to him and his team.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: A newspaper article then shows Hung being stripped of his title of soccer chairman and sentenced to jail for five years, while the players of Team Evil are permanently banned from playing soccer professionally. Sing goes out for a morning jog and feels joy at seeing the people around him practicing Kung Fu and implementing it into their daily lives, his lifelong dream having become a reality. The camera pans to a large poster of Sing and Mui, who have since married and became famous for winning a world championship in bowling, among other things.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: The inspiration for "Shaolin Soccer" came from Chow wanting a unique premise for a martial arts action film. According to an interview with "Premiere Magazine", Chow stated,


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Chow had intended for this film to appeal to a global audience, stating, "I can't rely on the local market, because it's too small, so since "Shaolin Soccer" it's always my ambition to go international".


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Apart from several veteran actors, Chow stated in an interview with "Premiere" magazine that he cast several people in his entourage who had no prior acting experience before "Shaolin Soccer". For example, Lam Chi Chung (Light Weight) had worked as Chow's screenwriter and Danny Chan Kwok-kwan (Empty Hand) was the dance choreographer hired to design the "Michael Jackson dance number" that followed Sing and Mui's first meeting early in the film. Chow comments he made Chan wear Bruce Lee's yellow-and-black tracksuit because only the goalkeeper "can wear a special uniform." Tin Kai-man (Iron Shirt) had been Chow's production manager on several movies, but had acted in numerous minor roles in previous films. For instance, he played a young wanna-be Triad member in Chow's preceding movie, "King of Comedy". Cecilia Cheung and Karen Mok, who briefly appear as Team Dragon Players 7 & 11 in "Shaolin Soccer", had major roles in King of Comedy. Chow defends his decision to hire non-actors, saying, "In terms of finding talent, I try to bring out the funniest thing I notice about them during casting, if it made us laugh at the casting, it will also do on the big screen."


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Zhao Wei, who played the Mandarin-speaking Mui, said it was a different step for her to star in a Hong Kong production. However, Zhao admitted that she was not impressed with her look with less makeup because she is easily recognisable for her beautiful appearance.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Three of the principal cast members appeared in Chow's "Kung Fu Hustle": Danny Chan Kwok-kwan (Empty Hand) portrayed "Brother Sum", boss of the "Axe Gang"; Tin Kai-man (Iron Shirt) portrayed the loud-mouthed "advisor" of Brother Sum; and Lam Chi-chung (Light Weight) portrayed "Bone", Chow's sidekick and partner in petty crime. Fung Min-hun (Team Rebellion Captain) briefly appeared as Cecilia Cheung's abusive boyfriend in "King of Comedy" and the "Four Eyes Clerk" who beats up both Sing and Bone when they make fun of him on the bus in "Kung Fu Hustle".


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: In Hong Kong, the film was released on DVD and Video CD on 14 September 2001. The DVD release was shortened by 10 minutes, with the option for viewers to access the deleted scenes in the middle of the film. The scenes deleted from the DVD version are the dance sequence in front of Mui's bakery, much of the conversation over Mui's makeover and the blooper reel before the end credits. Viewers can also access the making of key special effects scenes as well.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: The 2004 US DVD release by Miramax Films deleted 23 minutes of footage from the original cut; the omitted footage includes "Golden Leg" Fung's flashback opening sequence and Sing's interactions with Mui. This version features an English dub with Chow dubbing his own voice and Bai Ling as the voice of Mui. In addition, the DVD gives viewers the option to play the original Hong Kong version.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: The Japanese version of the film was released by Pioneer LDC on 22 November 2002. It was reissued by The Clockworks Group on 21 December 2003.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: The Italian dub of the film features the voices of professional footballers Damiano Tommasi (as Mighty Steel Leg Sing), Vincent Candela (as Empty Hand), Marco Delvecchio (as Iron Head), Sinisa Mihajlovic (as Hooking Leg), Giuseppe Pancaro (as Iron Shirt) and Angelo Peruzzi (as Light Weight Vest).


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: At the Hong Kong box office, "Shaolin Soccer" grossed HK$60,739,847, making it the highest-grossing film in the region's history at the time. It held the record until 2004 when it was topped by Stephen Chow's next feature "Kung Fu Hustle". "Shaolin Soccer" earned a worldwide gross of US$42,776,760.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a 90% approval rating based on 93 reviews; the average rating is 7.10/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "The plot is utterly ridiculous, and the soccer in the movie is unlike any ever played anywhere on Earth, but watching "Shaolin Soccer", you will probably find it impossible to care." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews."


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: China's State Administration of Radio, Film and TV rejected "Shaolin Soccer" from theatrical and DVD/VCD release, because Stephen Chow did not apply for Chinese permission for public screenings in Hong Kong.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: The first of a four volume "Shaolin Soccer" manhua was published in Hong Kong roughly nine months after the film originally premiered in 2001. The characters were drawn with large manga-like eyes and cartoonish bodies, but the artists were careful to retain the likenesses of each actor who portrayed them.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: ComicsOne approached noted comic book artist Andy Seto with the idea of creating a two volume manhua-style graphic novel adaptation of the feature film. Seto attached himself to the project because the film was very popular and, therefore, had "a certain level of marketing value". The project was officially announced on 30 June 2003 and the release of vol. 1 was scheduled to coincide with the film's US premiere in August, but the film was pushed back. The Miramax film corporation bought the American film rights to "Shaolin Soccer" before its release in China, so they helped publish the comic book along with two Chinese film companies who originally produced the film. Volumes 1 () and 2 () were released in August and November 2003 and sold for US$13.95 each. Their suggested reading level was age 13 and above.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Seto worked to make the novel as faithful to the film as possible but he admits that Stephen Chow's brand of Mo lei tau comedy does not translate well into illustrations. He stated in an interview that "the "Shaolin Soccer" comic is 80% movie adaptation with 20% new content." This new content includes a backstory about Steel Leg's training in Shaolin before the death of his master, as well as completely rewriting entire sections of the movie. For example, in the film a group of bar thugs beat up Sing and Iron Head after listening to their lounge-style tribute to Shaolin kung fu. The following day, Sing seeks out the group and uses his Shaolin skills to beat the thugs using a soccer ball. Fung sees the brawl and comes up with the idea of fusing kung fu and soccer. However, in the comic book, Sing is meditating in the park when he gets hit in the head with a soccer ball. The cocky players mock him and destroy a stone statue of his deceased master. Sing proceeds to use the soccer ball as a weapon.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Another example is the fact the characters are visually different from the film. All of their comic book personas look to be in their twenties to thirties, with highly toned athletic physiques (with the exception of Light Weight); even Iron Head, who was the eldest of the six brothers, appears younger than he should.


title: Shaolin Soccer

text: Several online reviews have criticised the American adaptation for its apparent lack of story line coherence, mixture of realistic and cartoonish drawing styles, and bad Chinese-to-English translation, among other issues. In regards to the translation, one reviewer stated, "It's almost as if the book was translated with a first-year English student referencing a Chinese-to-English dictionary, with strangely assembled sentences and strange bursts of dialogue peppering the pages." Another common complaint was that the comics seemed to be geared towards those people who had previously seen the movie. Without this familiarity, a newcomer would lose track of the storyline because of the overcrowded pages and rapidly shifting plot.


title: Microservices

text: A microservice architecture – a variant of the service-oriented architecture structural style – is an architectural pattern that arranges an application as a collection of loosely-coupled, fine-grained services, communicating through lightweight protocols. One of its goals is that teams can develop and deploy their services independently of others. This is achieved by the reduction of several dependencies in the code base, allowing for developers to evolve their services with limited restrictions from users, and for additional complexity to be hidden from users. As a consequence, organizations are able to develop software with fast growth and size, as well as use off-the-shelf services more easily. Communication requirements are reduced. These benefits come at a cost to maintaining the decoupling. Interfaces need to be designed carefully and treated as a public API. One technique that is used is having multiple interfaces on the same service, or multiple versions of the same service, so as to not disrupt existing users of the code.


title: Microservices

text: There is no single definition for microservices. A consensus view has evolved over time in the industry. Some of the defining characteristics that are frequently cited include:


title: Microservices

text: A microservice is not a layer within a monolithic application (example, the web controller, or the backend-for-frontend). Rather, it is a self-contained piece of business functionality with clear interfaces, and may, through its own internal components, implement a layered architecture. From a strategical perspective, microservice architecture essentially follows the Unix philosophy of "Do one thing and do it well". Martin Fowler describes a microservices-based architecture as having the following properties:


title: Microservices

text: It is common for microservices architectures to be adopted for cloud-native applications, serverless computing, and applications using lightweight container deployment. According to Fowler, because of the large number (when compared to monolithic application implementations) of services, decentralized continuous delivery and DevOps with holistic service monitoring are necessary to effectively develop, maintain, and operate such applications. A consequence of (and rationale for) following this approach is that the individual microservices can be individually scaled. In the monolithic approach, an application supporting three functions would have to be scaled in its entirety even if only one of these functions had a resource constraint. With microservices, only the microservice supporting the function with resource constraints needs to be scaled out, thus providing resource and cost optimization benefits.


title: Microservices

text: Whilst vice president of ThoughtWorks in 2004, Fred George began working on prototype architectures based on what he called the "Baysean Principles" named after Jeff Bay.


title: Microservices

text: As early as 2005, Peter Rodgers introduced the term "Micro-Web-Services" during a presentation at the Web Services Edge conference. Against conventional thinking and at the height of the SOAP SOA architecture hype curve he argued for "REST-services" and on slide #4 of the conference presentation, he discusses "Software components are Micro-Web-Services". He goes on to say "Micro-Services are composed using Unix-like pipelines (the Web meets Unix = true loose-coupling). Services can call services (+multiple language run-times). Complex service assemblies are abstracted behind simple URI interfaces. Any service, at any granularity, can be exposed." He described how a well-designed microservices platform "applies the underlying architectural principles of the Web and REST services together with Unix-like scheduling and pipelines to provide radical flexibility and improved simplicity in service-oriented architectures.


title: Microservices

text: Rodgers' work originated in 1999 with the Dexter research project at Hewlett Packard Labs, whose aim was to make code less brittle and to make large-scale, complex software systems robust to change. Ultimately this path of research led to the development of resource-oriented computing (ROC), a generalized computation abstraction in which REST is a special subset.


title: Microservices

text: In 2007, Juval Löwy in his writing and speaking called for building systems in which every class was a service. Löwy realized this required the use of a technology that can support such granular use of services, and he extended Windows Communication Foundation (WCF) to do just that, taking every class and treating it as a service while maintaining the conventional programming model of classes.


title: Microservices

text: In 2005 Alistair Cockburn wrote about Hexagonal architecture (software) which is a software design pattern that is used along with the microservices. This pattern makes the design of the microservice possible since it isolates in layers the business logic from the auxiliary services needed in order to deploy and run the microservice completely independent from others.


title: Microservices

text: A workshop of software architects held near Venice in May 2011 used the term "microservice" to describe what the participants saw as a common architectural style that many of them had been recently exploring. In May 2012, the same group decided on "microservices" as the most appropriate name. James Lewis presented some of those ideas as a case study in March 2012 at 33rd Degree in Kraków in Microservices - Java, the Unix Way, as did Fred George about the same time. Adrian Cockcroft, former director for the Cloud Systems at Netflix, described this approach as "fine-grained SOA", pioneered the style at web-scale, as did many of the others mentioned in this article - Joe Walnes, Dan North, Evan Bottcher, and Graham Tackley.


title: Microservices

text: Microservices is a specialization of an implementation approach for service-oriented architectures (SOA) used to build flexible, independently deployable software systems. The microservices approach is the first realisation of SOA that followed the introduction of DevOps and is becoming more popular for building continuously deployed systems.


title: Microservices

text: In February 2020, the Cloud Microservices Market Research Report predicted that the global microservice architecture market size will increase at a CAGR of 21.37% from 2019 to 2026 and reach $3.1 billion by 2026.


title: Microservices

text: A key step in defining a microservice architecture is figuring out how big an individual microservice has to be. There is no consensus or litmus test for this, as the right answer depends on the business and organizational context. For instance, Amazon uses a service-oriented architecture where service often maps 1:1 with a team of 3 to 10 engineers. Generally, the terminology goes as such: services that are dedicated to a single task, such as calling a particular backend system or making a particular type of calculation, are called "atomic services". Similarly, services that call such atomic services in order to consolidate an output, are called "composite services".


title: Microservices

text: It is considered bad practice to make the service too small, as then the runtime overhead and the operational complexity can overwhelm the benefits of the approach. When things get too fine-grained, alternative approaches must be considered - such as packaging the function as a library, moving the function into other microservices.


title: Microservices

text: If the domain-driven design is being employed in modeling the domain for which the system is being built, then a microservice could be as small as an aggregate or as large as a bounded Context.


title: Microservices

text: In the granularity of microservices discussion, there is a spectrum, in one end there are the Anaemic Services, which do not have a large number of responsibilities, and on the other end, the Modular Monolith, which are large modules of a system.


title: Microservices

text: The architecture introduces additional complexity and new problems to deal with, such as network latency, message format design, Backup/Availability/Consistency (BAC), load balancing and fault tolerance. All of these problems have to be addressed at scale.


title: Microservices

text: The complexity of a monolithic application does not disappear if it is re-implemented as a set of microservices. Some of the complexity gets translated into operational complexity. Other places where the complexity manifests itself are increased network traffic and resulting in slower performance. Also, an application made up of any number of microservices has a larger number of interface points to access its respective ecosystem, which increases the architectural complexity. Various organizing principles (such as HATEOAS, interface and data model documentation captured via Swagger, etc.) have been applied to reduce the impact of such additional complexity.


title: Microservices

text: Computer microservices can be implemented in different programming languages and might use different infrastructures. Therefore, the most important technology choices are the way microservices communicate with each other (synchronous, asynchronous, UI integration) and the protocols used for the communication (RESTful HTTP, messaging, GraphQL ...). In a traditional system, most technology choices like the programming language impact the whole system. Therefore, the approach to choosing technologies is quite different.


title: Microservices

text: The Eclipse Foundation has published a specification for developing microservices, Eclipse MicroProfile.


title: Microservices

text: In a service mesh, each service instance is paired with an instance of a reverse proxy server, called a service proxy, sidecar proxy, or sidecar. The service instance and sidecar proxy share a container, and the containers are managed by a container orchestration tool such as Kubernetes, Nomad, Docker Swarm, or DC/OS.


title: Microservices

text: The service proxies are responsible for communication with other service instances and can support capabilities such as service (instance) discovery, load balancing, authentication and authorization, secure communications, and others.


title: Microservices

text: In a service mesh, the service instances and their sidecar proxies are said to make up the data plane, which includes not only data management but also request processing and response. The service mesh also includes a control plane for managing the interaction between services, mediated by their sidecar proxies.


title: Microservices

text: Implementing a microservice architecture is very difficult. There are many concerns (see table below) that any microservice architecture needs to address. Netflix developed a microservice framework to support their internal applications, and then open-sourced many portions of that framework. Many of these tools have been popularized via the Spring Framework – they have been re-implemented as Spring-based tools under the umbrella of the Spring Cloud project. The table below shows a comparison of an implementing feature from the Kubernetes ecosystem with an equivalent from the Spring Cloud world. One noteworthy aspect of the Spring Cloud ecosystem is that they are all Java-based technologies, whereas Kubernetes is a polyglot runtime platform.


title: Sarah Bolger

text: Sarah Bolger (born 28 February 1991) is an Irish actress. She starred in the films "In America" (2003), "Stormbreaker" (2006), "The Spiderwick Chronicles" (2008), "The Moth Diaries" (2011), "The Lazarus Effect" (2015), and "Emelie" (2015). On television, she portrayed Princess Mary Tudor in "The Tudors" (2008–2010), for which she won an IFTA award, and Princess Aurora in "Once Upon a Time" (2012–2015). Bolger also appeared on the series "Into the Badlands" (2015–2017) and stars on "Mayans M.C." (2018–present).


title: Sarah Bolger

text: Bolger was born in Dublin to father Derek, a butcher and mother Monica, a housewife and grew up in the Southside suburb of Rathfarnham. Her younger sister, Emma, also acted and has since pursued academia.


title: Sarah Bolger

text: Bolger attended Loreto High School Beaufort from 2003 to 2009 and took classes at Ann Kavanagh's Young People's Theatre. She spoke about her Catholicism, inspired by her late grandparents, and role as a communion minister at her local church in a 2011 interview with the "Irish Independent".


title: Sarah Bolger

text: Bolger starred in "In America" with her sister, Emma. From 2008 to 2010, she portrayed Princess Mary Tudor in "The Tudors". Bolger starred in "Stormbreaker" alongside Alex Pettyfer. She also starred in the film adaptation of the children's novel "The Spiderwick Chronicles". She filmed a pilot called "Locke & Key", and will star in the movie "Starbright".


title: Sarah Bolger

text: Bolger guest starred as Princess Aurora in the second, third, and fourth seasons of the fairy tale drama, "Once Upon a Time".


title: Sarah Bolger

text: Bolger played the female lead role, Umi, in the English version of the 2011 Studio Ghibli film "From Up on Poppy Hill", and starred as Lucy in "As Cool as I Am" in 2013. In 2014, she made an appearance on TV series, "Mixology". Bolger co-starred in David Gelb's thriller film "The Lazarus Effect".


title: Sarah Bolger

text: In 2015, she starred in the AMC martial arts show "Into the Badlands" and the Freddie Steinmark biopic "My All American".


title: Sarah Bolger

text: In March 2017, it was reported by "Deadline Hollywood" that Bolger was to star in the crime-thriller "A Good Woman Is Hard to Find" directed by Abner Pastoll. Filming completed in December 2017, with the film released in 2019.


title: Sarah Bolger

text: In January 2011, Bolger was selected to be in photographer Kevin Abosch's project "The Face of Ireland" alongside other Irish celebrities including Sinéad O'Connor, Neil Jordan, and Pierce Brosnan.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: James Raymond Jordan Sr. (July 31, 1936 – July 23, 1993) was the father of former basketball player Michael Jordan, and was the grandfather of former basketball players Jeffrey Jordan and Marcus Jordan.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: James Jordan Sr. was born in Wallace, North Carolina, on July 31, 1936. While attending Charity High School, he met Deloris Peoples (born September 1941). The two began dating and remained together for the next three years. Upon graduation, Jordan Sr. joined the Air Force and was stationed in San Antonio, Texas. In 1956, he transferred to a base in Virginia and married Peoples shortly thereafter. Their first child, son James Ronald "Ronnie" Jr., was born the following year. Jordan Sr. left the Air Force and got a job at a textile mill in Wallace. The Jordans had two more children: daughter Deloris, and a son, Larry.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: In 1963, the Jordans left their children with Jordan Sr.'s mother and moved to Brooklyn so that he could receive mechanic's training on the G.I. Bill. He studied airplane hydraulics, while Peoples found work at a bank. While living in Brooklyn, the Jordans had another child, son Michael. As crime began to increase in Brooklyn in the 1960s, the Jordans moved back to North Carolina to raise their children in a safer environment. Upon completing his 18 months' training, Jordan Sr. and his family moved to Wilmington, North Carolina. It was there that the couple's fifth child, Roslyn, was born.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: A lifelong basketball fan, Jordan Sr. played a large role in inspiring his son Michael to become an athlete and traveled the United States to follow his son's career, first at the University of North Carolina and then with the Chicago Bulls.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: Nonetheless, Jordan Sr. was also a very big baseball fan, having gone semi-pro himself. In his autobiography and in interviews throughout his career, son Michael recounted that it was his father's vision that he become a baseball star. Baseball was, in fact, the first sport Jordan Sr. had taught him to play. Michael recounted that this was a major factor in his decision to try baseball after his first retirement from the NBA.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: In her memoir "In My Family's Shadow", Jordan Sr.'s daughter Deloris accused her father of sexually molesting her between the ages of 8 and 16.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: On July 23, 1993, while returning home after spending the day playing golf, Jordan Sr. pulled over on US Highway 74 just south of Lumberton, North Carolina, to take a nap. Daniel Andre Green and Larry Martin Demery spotted the car Michael had recently purchased for him (a red Lexus SC400 with the North Carolina license plate that read "UNC0023"). Green shot Jordan to death while he slept in his car and then stole the vehicle. His body was found on August 3 in a swamp in McColl, South Carolina. As his body was in a state of extreme decomposition, Jordan Sr. was not identified until August 13 with the help of dental records provided by the family dentist; his body had previously been cremated by the coroner due to lack of storage space, but his jaw and hands were preserved for identification.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: After going through Jordan Sr.'s belongings, Green and Demery realized that Jordan Sr. was the father of Michael Jordan. They had taken other items from the car, including two NBA championship rings given to Jordan Sr. by his son. Green and Demery made several calls from Jordan Sr.'s cell phone and as a result were immediately captured. After their arrest, Demery said that they had planned only to tie up their victim and that Green pulled the trigger for no reason. Both were convicted and sentenced to life imprisonment. The accusation was based only on Demery's testimony; Green did not testify. Defense counsel Woodberry Bowen said Demery had everything to gain by lying that Green was the triggerman, and that Green's testimony put Demery closer than he earlier admitted. Court rulings that affected North Carolina such as "Enmund v. Florida", 458 U.S. 782 (1982) prohibited application of the death penalty. James Jordan Sr. was buried at Rockfish AME Church in Teachey, North Carolina, on August 15, 1993.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: In 2010, it was revealed the case was one of nearly 200 that were in review after the North Carolina State Bureau of Investigation found that laboratory technicians mishandled or omitted evidence. However, the Jordan case was later removed from the list.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: On July 23, 2018, Christine Mumma, executive director of the Center on Actual Innocence, said evidence showed Green did not commit the murder. Green claimed Demery merely asked him for help disposing of the body. On August 3, 2018, Superior Court Judge Winston Gilchrist ruled on several motions and set a December date for a hearing. On December 5, 2018, Mumma asked Gilchrist to allow a closer look at evidence that could lead to a new trial, and Gilchrist said he would rule later. Gilchrist said on March 6, 2019, that he would not grant Green a hearing, and Mumma said she would appeal.


title: James R. Jordan Sr.

text: In August 2020, Demery was approved for parole; he was scheduled for release on August 6, 2023. In December of 2021, it was announced that the state of North Carolina had terminated his scheduled parole release.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: The Rungrado 1st of May Stadium is a multi-purpose stadium occupying an area of on Rungra Island, Pyongyang, North Korea. It opened on 1 May 1989, with its first major event being the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students. It is the second


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: largest stadium in the world by seating capacity (after India's Narendra Modi Stadium), considering the re-estimated number of seats in 2014, and the second largest stadium in the world considering its official seating capacity.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: The stadium is currently used for football matches, a few athletics events, and most often for the mass games of the Arirang Festival.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: The stadium's scalloped roof features 16 arches arranged in a ring, and resembles a magnolia blossom. It hosts events on a main pitch covering . Its total floor space is over across eight stories, and the lobes of its roof peak at more than above the ground. The stadium was originally built with an official capacity of 150,000. After a 2014 remodel which included the replacement of some bench seating with individual seats, observers estimated a new capacity of approximately 114,000.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: After the 1988 Summer Olympics had been awarded to Seoul, North Korea intensified its efforts to present itself as the legitimate Korean state. As part of these efforts, it successfully bid to organize the 13th World Festival of Youth and Students in Pyongyang in 1989. Massive construction projects were initiated in preparation for the festival, one of which was the Rungrado 1st of May Stadium. At the time of completion, it was the largest stadium ever built in Asia.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: While the stadium is used for sporting events, it is more frequently the site of massive performances and shows celebrating President Kim Il-sung and the North Korean nation. In June–July 2002, it was the site of the giant Arirang Festival gymnastic and artistic performance. The extravaganza involved over 100,000 participants— double the number of spectators, and was open to foreigners. These performances are now an annual feature in Pyongyang, usually in August and September. The event was recognized by the Guinness Book of Records in 2007 as the largest gymnastics display ever, with 100,090 participants.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: "Collision in Korea", the largest professional wrestling pay-per-view event ever, was held at Rungrado Stadium on April 28-29, 1995. Attendance was 150,000 and 190,000, respectively, according to local authorities.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: After a two-year renovation project, the stadium reopened in 2015. In July 2017, the Rungrado Stadium played host to six group stage matches as part of 2018 AFC U-23 Championship qualification.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: In the September 2018 inter-Korean summit in Pyongyang, President Moon Jae-in of South Korea gave a speech with Chairman Kim Jong-un to 150,000 North Korean spectators. The speech has themes of unification, peace, and cooperation.


title: Rungrado 1st of May Stadium

text: In July 2019, Kim Jong-un hosted Chinese Communist Party general secretary Xi Jinping to a special Grand Mass Gymnastics and Artistic performance called "Invincible Socialism", on the occasion of the 70th anniversary of China–North Korea relations.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The International Mobile Equipment Identity (IMEI) is a numeric identifier, usually unique, for 3GPP and iDEN mobile phones, as well as some satellite phones. It is usually found printed inside the battery compartment of the phone but can also be displayed on-screen on most phones by entering <nowiki>*#06#</nowiki> MMI Supplementary Service code on the dialpad, or alongside other system information in the settings menu on smartphone operating systems.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: GSM networks use the IMEI number to identify valid devices, and can stop a stolen phone from accessing the network. For example, if a mobile phone is stolen, the owner can have their network provider use the IMEI number to blacklist the phone. This renders the phone useless on that network and sometimes other networks, even if the thief changes the phone's subscriber identity module (SIM).


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Devices without a SIM card slot or eSIM capability usually don't have an IMEI code. However, the IMEI only identifies the device and has no particular relationship to the subscriber. The phone identifies the subscriber by transmitting the International mobile subscriber identity (IMSI) number, which is stored on a SIM card that can, in theory, be transferred to any handset. However, the network's ability to know a subscriber's current, individual device enables many network and security features.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Many countries have acknowledged the use of the IMEI in reducing the effect of mobile phone thefts. For example, in the United Kingdom, under the Mobile Telephones (Re-programming) Act, changing the IMEI of a phone, or possessing equipment that can change it, is considered an offence under some circumstances.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: A bill was introduced in the United States by Senator Chuck Schumer in 2012 that would have made the changing of an IMEI illegal, but the bill was not enacted.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: IMEI blocking is not the only way to fight phone theft. Instead, mobile operators are encouraged to take measures such as immediate suspension of service and replacement of SIM cards in case of loss or theft.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The existence of a formally allocated IMEI number range for a GSM terminal does not mean that the terminal is approved or complies with regulatory requirements. The linkage between regulatory approval and IMEI allocation was removed in April 2000, with the introduction of the European R&TTE Directive. Since that date, IMEIs have been allocated by BABT (or one of several other regional administrators acting on behalf of the GSM Association) to legitimate GSM terminal manufacturers without the need to provide evidence of approval.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: When someone has their mobile equipment stolen or lost, they can ask their service provider to block the phone from their network, and the operator does so if required by law. If the local operator maintains an Equipment Identity Register (EIR), it adds the device IMEI to it. Optionally, it also adds the IMEI to shared registries, such as the Central Equipment Identity Register (CEIR), which blocklists the device with other operators that use the CEIR. This blocklisting makes the device unusable on any operator that uses the CEIR, which makes mobile equipment theft pointless, except for parts.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: To make blocklisting effective, the IMEI number is supposed to be difficult to change. However, a phone's IMEI may be easy to change with special tools. In addition, IMEI is an un-authenticated mobile identifier (as opposed to IMSI, which is routinely authenticated by home and serving mobile networks.) Using a spoofed IMEI can thwart some efforts to track handsets, or target handsets for lawful intercept.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Australia was the first nation to implement IMEI blocking across all GSM networks, in 2003. In Australia the Electronic Information Exchange (EIE) Administration Node provides a blocked IMEI lookup service for Australian customers.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: In the UK, a voluntary charter operated by the mobile networks ensures that any operator's blocklisting of a handset is communicated to the CEIR and subsequently to all other networks. This ensures that the handset is quickly unusable for calls, at most within 48 hours.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Some UK Police forces, including the Metropolitan Police Service, actively check IMEI numbers of phones found involved in crime.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: In New Zealand the NZ Telecommunications Forum Inc provides a blocked IMEI lookup service for New Zealand consumers. The service allows up to three lookups per day and checks against a database that is updated daily by the three major mobile network operators. A blocked IMEI cannot be connected to any of these three operators.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: In Latvia the SIA "Datorikas institūts DIVI" provides a blocked IMEI lookup service for checks against a database that is updated by all major mobile network operators in Latvia.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: In some countries, such blocklisting is not customary. In 2012, major network companies in the United States, under government pressure, committed to introducing a blocklisting service, but it's not clear whether it will interoperate with the CEIR. GSM carriers AT&T and T-Mobile began blocking newly reported IMEIs in November 2012. Thefts reported prior to November 2012 were not added to the database. The CTIA refers users to websites at www.stolenphonechecker.org and the GSMA where consumers can check whether a smartphone has been reported as lost or stolen to its member carriers. The relationship between the former and any national or international IMEI blocklists is unclear.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: It is unclear whether local barring of IMEI has any positive effect, as it may result in international smuggling of stolen phones.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: IMEIs can sometimes be removed from a blocklist, depending on local arrangements. This would typically include quoting a password chosen at the time of blocklisting.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Law enforcement and intelligence services can use an IMEI number as input for tracking devices that are able to locate a cell phone with an accuracy of a few meters. Saudi Arabian government agencies have reportedly used IMEI numbers retrieved from cell phone packaging to locate and detain women who fled Saudi Arabia's patriarchal society in other countries.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Some countries use allowlists instead of blocklists for IMEI numbers, so that any mobile phone needs to be legally registered in the country in order to be able to access mobile networks of the country, with possible exceptions for international roaming and a grace period for registering; including Chile, Turkey, Azerbaijan, Colombia, and Nepal; with countries including Cambodia, Ecuador, Indonesia, Iran, Pakistan, Thailand, and Lebanon also having some form of required IMEI registering.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The IMEI (15 decimal digits: 14 digits plus a check digit) or IMEISV (16 decimal digits: 14 digits plus two software version digits) includes information on the origin, model, and serial number of the device. The structure of the IMEI/SV is specified in 3GPP TS 23.003. The model and origin comprise the initial 8-digit portion of the IMEI/SV, known as the Type Allocation Code (TAC). The remainder of the IMEI is manufacturer-defined, with a Luhn check digit at the end. For the IMEI format prior to 2003, the GSMA guideline was to have this Check Digit always transmitted to the network as zero. This guideline seems to have disappeared for the format valid from 2003 onwards.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: , the format of the IMEI is "AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-D", although it may not always be displayed this way. The IMEISV does not have the Luhn check digit but instead has two digits for the Software Version Number (SVN), making the format "AA-BBBBBB-CCCCCC-EE"


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Prior to 2002, the TAC was six digits and followed by a two-digit Final Assembly Code (FAC), which was a manufacturer-specific code indicating the location of the device's construction.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: After April 1, 2004, the Final Assembly Code ceased to exist and the Type Allocation Code increased to eight digits in length.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: In any of the above cases, the first two digits of the TAC are the Reporting Body Identifier, which identifies the GSMA-approved group that allocated the TAC. The RBI numbers are allocated by the Global Decimal Administrator. IMEI numbers being decimal helps distinguish them from an MEID, which is hexadecimal and always has 0xA0 or larger as the first two hexadecimal digits.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: For example, the old style IMEI code 35-209900-176148-1 or IMEISV code 35-209900-176148-23 tells us the following:


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: SVN: 23 - The "software version number" identifying the revision of the software installed on the phone. 99 is reserved.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The last number of the IMEI is a check digit, calculated using the Luhn algorithm, as defined in the IMEI Allocation and Approval Guidelines:


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The Check Digit shall be calculated according to Luhn formula (ISO/IEC 7812). (See GSM 02.16 / 3GPP 22.016). The Check Digit is a function of all other digits in the IMEI. The Software Version Number (SVN) of a mobile is not included in the calculation.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The purpose of the Check Digit is to help guard against the possibility of incorrect entries to the CEIR and EIR equipment.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The presentation of the Check Digit both electronically and in printed form on the label and packaging is very important. Logistics (using bar-code reader) and EIR/CEIR administration cannot use the Check Digit unless it is printed outside of the packaging, and on the ME IMEI/Type Accreditation label.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The check digit is not transmitted over the radio interface, nor is it stored in the EIR database at any point. Therefore, all references to the last three or six digits of an IMEI refer to the actual IMEI number, to which the check digit does not belong.


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: Conversely, one can calculate the IMEI by choosing the check digit that would give a sum divisible by 10. For the example IMEI 49015420323751?,


title: International Mobile Equipment Identity

text: The Broadband Global Area Network (BGAN), Iridium and Thuraya satellite phone networks all use IMEI numbers on their transceiver units as well as SIM cards in much the same way as GSM phones do. The Iridium 9601 modem relies solely on its IMEI number for identification and uses no SIM card; however, Iridium is a proprietary network and the device is incompatible with terrestrial GSM networks.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia (or simply Trollhunters) is an American computer-animated fantasy streaming television series created by Guillermo del Toro and produced by DreamWorks Animation Television and Double Dare You Productions for Netflix, based on the 2015 novel "Trollhunters" by del Toro and Daniel Kraus. It follows the story of James "Jim" Lake Jr., a teenage boy who finds a mysterious amulet and stumbles across a secret realm inhabited by trolls and other magical creatures. Soon afterward, he and his friends are charged with protecting the world from the dangerous monsters that lurk in the shadows of their small suburban town.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: The first two episodes of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con. The first season was released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016. The second season premiered on December 15, 2017, and the third and final season premiered on May 25, 2018.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: Since its release, "Trollhunters" has been widely praised as an ambitious and boundary-pushing animated series. The series was nominated for nine Daytime Emmy Awards in 2017, winning more than any other animated or live-action television program that year. In its first three seasons, it has also received or been nominated for a BAFTA Award, several Annie Awards, Kidscreen Awards, Golden Reel Awards, and a Saturn Award. The show has also spawned several original children's books and has been adapted into a series of graphic novels by Marc Guggenheim and Richard Hamilton, released by Dark Horse Comics.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: Anton Yelchin continued to be part of the series through the first two seasons, as he had recorded enough dialogue to complete them before his sudden death. Yelchin was also able to provide a portion of dialogue for the final season, while the remaining portions of dialogue were recorded by Emile Hirsch.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: Following the show's success, Guillermo del Toro announced that "Trollhunters" would be the first chapter in a trilogy of television series, collectively titled "Tales of Arcadia". The story was continued in a science fiction inspired follow-up series entitled "", and the trilogy concluded in a fantasy series entitled "." It also premiered on Pop in the UK on September 3, 2018.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: When Jim Lake Jr. finds the Amulet of Daylight under a canal from the remains of a dead body, he will embark on an adventure of a lifetime protecting Arcadia from villains with the help of his human friends Toby and Claire, and his troll friends, Blinky, AAARRRGGHH!!!, and Draal.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: With Jim trapped in the Darklands, his friends race to rescue him. With Jim out of the Darklands, he faces repercussions for his actions by going in. Blinky deals with old family wounds as the rest of Trollmarket deals with a possible mole among them. Things are not made easier when Steve Palchuk and Eli Pepperjack begin to stumble upon Jim's double life, on top of the pressures of high school.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: It's the end of sophomore year at Arcadia High: Jim's double life has taken its toll on his mother as Claire experiences trouble from an ancient sorceress. Gunmar has taken control of the Heartstone Trollmarket. The great wizard Merlin turns Jim into a half troll.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: Initially, del Toro envisioned the idea as a live-action television series; however this was deemed impractical due to budgetary concerns, and as a result he instead turned the idea into a book. DreamWorks Animation optioned the book to develop as an animated feature film, to be directed by Guillermo del Toro and Rodrigo Blaas. Eventually, Netflix greenlit the project as a high-end animated series instead, eager to work with del Toro and expand their slate of original animated programming. Rodrigo Blaas became an executive producer and supervising director on the series.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: Del Toro modeled the show's sensibilities after shows he grew up with such as "Jonny Quest," identifying them as "really earnest and emotionally beautiful". To this end, he sought to make the main character of Jim "in that '70s mold," and "really a very good boy" with del Toro noting that this was a constant struggle for him to express. Eventually he came across Anton Yelchin, who embodied those qualities although by del Toro's estimate it still took him a few sessions to fully understand the character.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: When creating the show's narrative, del Toro noted that he and the writers wanted a "bittersweet journey" for the main character dealing with issues that most such "power fantasies" failed to address, telling "Indiewire", "... I wanted to say, 'Look, you can be in high school and you can have your problems. Then you get all these powers and then you have a different set of problems. There is not such a thing as a final, great outcome.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: The writing team remained small and consistent throughout its entire fifty-two episode run, allowing Marc Guggenheim, The Hageman Brothers, Aaron Waltke, Chad Quandt, and A.C. Bradley to build out all three seasons in advance of the show's premiere without interruption. This provided the writers a rare opportunity for an unusual amount of intricate planning and plot serialization to be woven throughout the series, including details planted for secrets that wouldn't be revealed until seasons later, sometimes even hinting at storylines for future installments of "Tales of Arcadia" that wouldn't be announced until years afterward.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: The show serves as one of Yelchin's final projects as he died shortly after recording most of his character's dialogue. Producer del Toro refused to replace his recordings, which del Toro noted was a challenge for the show's recording engineers. Of his decision, del Toro stated that the actor "was proud of what he did, and we were so proud of how he did it." Del Toro added that his experience as a father and Yelchin's young age were also factors that led to the decision. Some roles were written specifically for the actors who eventually portrayed them. In the earliest sketch for the series in one of del Toro's notebooks, the character of Blinky was drawn with Kelsey Grammer's name next to it, who accepted the role when the series was eventually greenlit.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: "" is a full-length feature film, taking place a year after the events of "", that was released on Wednesday, July 21, 2021.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: The Guardians of Arcadia reunite and plan their attack against the nefarious Arcane Order. After a failed to attempt to destroy the Genesis Seals, the Arcane Order has reawakened the primordial Titans and they are seeking to combine with the heartstone at the center of the universe (which is Arcadia Oaks). As the heroes manage to defeat one titan at the cost of another titan, who is on the side of the heroes, they all come in Arcadia Oaks, and their leader, Jim Lake Jr ultimately pulls Excalibur off from the stone, and in new armor, he manages to kill the final member of the Arcane Order, Bellroc, saving the world but at the cost of his best friend, Toby Domzaski. Jim then travels back in time to the morning where he found the amulet and allows Toby to take over the mantle of the trollhunter.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: The two-episode pilot of the series premiered on October 8, 2016, at the New York Comic Con. The first season consisted of 26 half-hour episodes which were released worldwide on Netflix on December 23, 2016. The second season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on December 15, 2017. The third and final season, consisting of 13 episodes, was released on May 25, 2018.


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: "Trollhunters" has received critical acclaim and positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 94% approval rating based on 16 reviews for the first season. The website's consensus reads, ""Trollhunters" manages to capture del Toro's enthusiasm for telling monster stories, in a youthful and more colorful fashion that may well earn him a new generation of fans." On Metacritic, the season has a normalized score of 69 out of 100 based on 9 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Trollhunters: Tales of Arcadia

text: In 2017, it received six Daytime Emmys, more than any other television program, animated or live action, that year.