title: Liguria

text: After a short period of independence in 1814, the Congress of Vienna (1815) decided that Liguria should be annexed to the Kingdom of Sardinia. The Genoese uprising against the House of Savoy in 1821, which was put down with great bloodshed, aroused the population's national sentiments. Some of the most prestigious figures of "Risorgimento" were born in Liguria (Giuseppe Mazzini, Mameli, Nino Bixio). Italian patriot and general Giuseppe Garibaldi, who was born in the neighbouring Nice (then part of the Sardinian state), started his Expedition of the Thousand on the evening of 5 May 1860 from a rock in Quarto, a quarter of Genoa.


title: Liguria

text: In late 19th and early 20th century, the region's economic growth was remarkable: steel mills and ship yards flourished along the coast from Imperia to La Spezia, while the port of Genoa became the main commercial hub of industrializing Northern Italy. During the tragic period of the Second World War, Liguria experienced heavy bombings, hunger and two years of occupation by the German troops, against whom a liberation struggle was led—among the most effective in Italy. When Allied troops eventually entered Genoa, they were welcomed by Italian partisans who, in a successful insurrection, had freed the city and accepted the surrender of the local German command. For this feat, the city has been awarded the gold medal for military valour.


title: Liguria

text: The population density of Liguria is much higher than the national average (300 inhabitants per km, or 770 per mi), being only less than Campania's, Lombardy's and Lazio's. In the Metropolitan City of Genoa, it reaches almost 500 inhabitants per km, whereas in the provinces of Imperia and Savona it is less than 200 inhabitants per km. The Spanish traveller Pedro Tafur, noting it from sea in 1436, remarked "To one who does not know it, the whole coast from Savona to Genoa looks like one continuous city, so well inhabited is it, and so thickly studded with houses," and today over 80% of the regional population still lives permanently near to the coast, where all the four major cities above 50,000 are located: Genoa (pop. 610,000), La Spezia (pop. 95,000), Savona (pop. 62,000) and Sanremo (pop. 56,000).


title: Liguria

text: The population of Liguria has been declining from 1971 to 2001, most markedly in the cities of Genoa, Savona and La Spezia. The age pyramid now looks more like a 'mushroom' resting on a fragile base. The negative trend has been partially interrupted only in the last decade when, after a successful economic recovery, the region has attracted consistent fluxes of immigrants. , the Italian national institute of statistics, ISTAT, estimated that 90,881 foreign-born immigrants live in Liguria, equal to 5.8% of the total regional population.


title: Liguria

text: Ligurian agriculture has increased its specialisation pattern in high-quality products (flowers, wine, olive oil) and has thus managed to maintain the gross value-added per worker at a level much higher than the national average (the difference was about 42% in 1999). The value of flower production represents over 75% of the agriculture sector turnover, followed by animal farming (11.2%) and vegetable growing (6.4%).


title: Liguria

text: Steel, once a major industry during the booming 1950s and 1960s, phased out after the late 1980s crisis, as Italy moved away from the heavy industry to pursue more technologically advanced and less polluting production. So the Ligurian industry has turned towards a widely diversified range of high-quality and high-tech products (food, shipbuilding, electrical engineering and electronics, petrochemicals, aerospace etc.). Nonetheless, the region still maintains a flourishing shipbuilding sector (yacht construction and maintenance, cruise liner building, military shipyards).


title: Liguria

text: In the services sector, the gross value-added per worker in Liguria is 4% above the national average. This is due to the increasing diffusion of modern technologies, particularly in commerce and tourism.


title: Liguria

text: A good motorways network ( in 2000) makes communications with the border regions relatively easy. The main motorway is located along the coastline, connecting the main ports of Nice (in France), Savona, Genoa and La Spezia. The number of passenger cars per 1000 inhabitants (524 in 2001) is below the national average (584).


title: Liguria

text: In average, about 17 million tonnes of cargo are shipped from the main ports of the region and about 57 million tonnes enter the region. The Port of Genoa, with a trade volume of 58.6 million tonnes it is the first port of Italy, the second in terms of twenty-foot equivalent units after the port of transshipment of Gioia Tauro, with a trade volume of 1.86 million TEUs. The main destinations for the cargo-passenger traffic are Sicily, Sardinia, Corsica, Barcelona and Canary Islands.


title: Liguria

text: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the region was 49.9 billion euros in 2018, accounting for 2.8% of Italy's economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 32,000 euros or 106% of the EU27 average in the same year.


title: Liguria

text: The politics of Liguria takes place in a framework of a presidential representative democracy, whereby the President of Regional Government is the head of government, and of a pluriform multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the Regional Government. Legislative power is vested in both the government and the Regional Council.


title: Liguria

text: The Regional Government is presided by the Governor, who is elected for a five-year term, and is composed by the President and the Ministers, who are currently 11, including a vice president.


title: Liguria

text: The Regional Council of is composed of 40 members and it is elected for a five-year term, but, if the President suffers a vote of no confidence, resigns or dies, under the "simul stabunt vel simul cadent" clause (introduced in 1999), also the council will be dissolved and there will be a fresh election.


title: Liguria

text: In the last regional election, which took place on 31 May 2015, Giovanni Toti (Forza Italia) defeated Raffaella Paita (Democratic Party), after 10 years of regional left-wing government by Claudio Burlando (Democratic Party).


title: Liguria

text: At both national and local level, Liguria is considered a swing region, where no one of the two political blocs is dominant, with the two eastern provinces leaning left, and the two western provinces right.


title: Liguria

text: Liguria is the original source of pesto, one of the most popular sauces in Italian cuisine, made with fresh basil, pine kernels, olive oil, garlic and Parmesan cheese.


title: Liguria

text: Seafood is a major staple of Mediterranean cuisine, the Ligurian variety being no exception, as the sea has been part of the region's culture since its beginning. "Ciuppin" soup is made from fish leftovers and stale bread, flavoured with white wine, onion, and garlic.


title: Liguria

text: Vegetables, especially beans, are important in Ligurian cooking. "Mesciua" soup is made from beans, olive oil and farro (old kinds of wheat including emmer). The Badalucco, Conio and Pigna Beans are a Slow Food Presidium.


title: Liguria

text: The two main men's football clubs are Genoa C.F.C. and U.C. Sampdoria, which have played for decades in Serie A. They share the Stadio Luigi Ferraris, and face each other in the Derby della Lanterna. The third most successful club is Spezia Calcio, which debuted in Serie A in 2020.


title: Liguria

text: Pro Recco is a men's water polo club that has a record 33 Serie A1 titles and 9 LEN Champions League titles.


title: Benzino

text: Raymond Leon Scott (born July 18, 1965), better known by his stage name Ray Benzino, is an American urban media proprietor, television personality, rapper, and record producer. He produced records (as part of the production team Hangmen 3) and co-owned the magazine "The Source."


title: Benzino

text: Benzino has said one of the primary inspirations to enter the genre of rap stems from his fondness of the film "Wild Style."


title: Benzino

text: Benzino was a founding member of rap groups the Almighty RSO and Made Men. He has appeared on the reality television show "", since 2012.


title: Benzino

text: Benzino is known for being involved since 2003 in a widely publicized feud with rapper Eminem; the feud began after his "The Source" magazine rated "The Eminem Show" as four mics out of five. Eminem blamed the magazine and its co-founder Benzino for what he considered an unfair rating. Benzino even refused to help promote his movie "8 Mile" during his performance in Puerto Rico. Benzino later released diss tracks towards Eminem, titled "Pull Your Skirt Up" (calling him "2003 Vanilla Ice") and "Die Another Day", while Eminem released "The Sauce" and "Nail in the Coffin". As a continuation of this animosity between the two, Benzino released the diss mixtape "Benzino Presents: Die Another Day: Flawless Victory", further disparaging Eminem.


title: Benzino

text: Scott considered Edward DeJesus to be his father figure, especially in the duration of DeJesus's incarceration. Scott's sister Maureen is a medical doctor, and his other sister, Anita Scott-Wilson, has a doctorate degree in veterinary medicine from the Tuskegee Institute. Coi Leray is Scott's daughter.


title: Benzino

text: He has dated Karlie Redd and Althea Heart. Scott and Heart had a son together in November 2015, but they broke off their engagement shortly thereafter. They appeared together on Season 6 of the television show "Marriage Boot Camp" chronicling their broken relationship.


title: Benzino

text: On March 29, 2014, Scott was shot after attending his mother's funeral in Duxbury, Massachusetts. He suffered non-life-threatening injuries when the bullets hit his shoulder and back. His 36-year-old nephew Gai Scott was later arrested for the shooting.


title: Benzino

text: On April 16, 2019, Scott was stopped in Brookhaven, Georgia and cited for driving an uninsured vehicle. He was not the policy holder responsible for insuring the vehicle.


title: Benzino

text: On June 22, 2019, Scott was arrested for a bench warrant in DeKalb County, Georgia. Scott was taken to police headquarters for booking and was later jailed. As he was being transported there, he launched a racist tirade against a police officer arresting him, who was of Vietnamese descent. The tirade involved multiple racial slurs and maternal insults.


title: Benzino

text: On July 31, 2020, Scott was arrested and charged with criminal damage to property. He was accused of damaging the Chevrolet Silverado pickup truck of a man who was in the company of Scott's ex-fiancé Althea Heart.


title: Benzino

text: On February 3, 2022, Scott was arrested and charged with one count of second degree criminal damage to property, a felony.


title: Spathiphyllum

text: Spathiphyllum is a genus of about 47 species of monocotyledonous flowering plants in the family Araceae, native to tropical regions of the Americas and southeastern Asia. Certain species of "Spathiphyllum" are commonly known as spath or peace lilies.


title: Spathiphyllum

text: They are evergreen herbaceous perennial plants with large leaves 12–65 cm long and 3–25 cm broad. The flowers are produced in a spadix, surrounded by a 10–30 cm long, white, yellowish, or greenish spathe. The plant does not need large amounts of light or water to survive.


title: Spathiphyllum

text: Schott's description of the genus refers to ', where ' is a spathe, and ' is an adjective modifying spathe, meaning relating to a leaf, and ' means continuing or persisting. "" also means a leaf. The more common name of peace lily derives from the plants symbolism for peace, purity, and healing, and has also been associated with the white flag, which is a signal for truce.


title: Spathiphyllum

text: Several species are popular indoor houseplants. It lives best in shade and needs little sunlight to thrive, and is watered approximately once a week. The soil is best left moist but only needs watering if the soil is dry. The NASA Clean Air Study found that "Spathiphyllum" cleans certain gaseous environmental contaminants, including benzene and formaldehyde. However, subsequent tests have shown this cleaning effect is far too small to be practical.


title: Spathiphyllum

text: Although it is called a "lily", the peace lily is not a true lily from the family Liliaceae. True lilies are highly toxic (poisonous) to cats and dogs, but the peace lily, "spathiphyllum" is only mildly toxic to humans and other animals when ingested. It contains calcium oxalate crystals, which can cause skin irritation, a burning sensation in the mouth, difficulty swallowing, and nausea, but it does "not" contain the toxins found in true lilies, which could cause acute kidney failure in cats and some other animals.


title: 65 (film)

text: 65 is an upcoming American science fiction thriller film written and directed by Scott Beck and Bryan Woods, and starring Adam Driver, Ariana Greenblatt and Chloe Coleman. It is a co-production between Columbia Pictures, Bron Creative, Raimi Productions, and Beck/Woods.


title: 65 (film)

text: "After a catastrophic crash on an unknown planet, pilot Mills quickly discovers he's stranded on Earth... 65 million years ago. Now, with only one chance at rescue, Mills and the only other survivor, Koa, must make their way across an unknown terrain riddled with dangerous prehistoric creatures (including dinosaurs) in an epic fight to survive."


title: 65 (film)

text: In September 2020, Adam Driver signed on to star in the film, to be produced, written and directed by Scott Beck and Bryan Woods; Sam Raimi would co-produce with Zainab Azizi and Debbie Liebling. Two months later, Ariana Greenblatt joined the cast. In December 2020, Chloe Coleman joined the cast.


title: 65 (film)

text: Filming commenced on November 16, 2020, in New Orleans. Filming also occurred in the Kisatchie National Forest in Vernon Parish, Louisiana in January 2021.


title: 65 (film)

text: In February 2021, it was announced that Danny Elfman was composing the score for the film, having previously collaborated with Raimi on his directorial projects.


title: 65 (film)

text: "65" is scheduled to be theatrically released in the United States on March 10, 2023, by Sony Pictures Releasing. The film was previously scheduled to be released on May 13, 2022, April 29, 2022, April 14, 2023, and April 28, 2023.


title: Sara Arjun

text: Sara Arjun (born ) is an Indian child actress who mainly appears in Tamil and Hindi films and commercials. Sara had appeared in a series of commercials and a short Hindi film before the age of six. In 2010, she was signed on to portray a lead role in A. L. Vijay's Tamil drama film "Deiva Thirumagal", portraying the role of a six-year-old whose father was a mentally challenged adult with the mental capability of a six-year-old. The film opened to critical and commercial acclaim, with Sara's performance receiving praise from film critics. She has since worked in many Indian films, mainly in Tamil and Hindi as well as Telugu and Malayalam, winning positive reviews for her portrayals, particularly for her role in Vijay's "Saivam" (2014).


title: Sara Arjun

text: Sara was four years old when she shot for her first commercial after she was spotted at a mall with her parents and subsequently, Sara has appeared in a hundred ad films for brands including McDonald's. Sara did a commercial for director Vijay when she was two but he then lost touch with Sara's family, before he met them and cast Sara in his drama film, "Deiva Thirumagal", following a visit to Mumbai. Her parents helped Sara learn the Tamil dialogues for the film by asking their Tamil friend, Maheswari, to assist them. The film's crew later remarked that Sara had also learned Vikram's dialogues in the film and tried to help him during the shoot. Upon release, the film became a critical and commercial success with Sara's performance of Nila becoming unanimously praised by film critics. The critic from Behindwoods.com claimed that it was Sara "who steals the show next only to Vikram in her angelic looks and performance" and added that "there is a serene look about her which warrants accolades". Similarly another critic cites that "Sara as Nila almost steals the show as Vikram's daughter", whilst the reviewers from CNN-IBN mentioned that Sara is "charm personified and she handles her role in an amazing manner". Her father claimed that Sara was unfazed by the publicity and once in her hotel room, she returned to her daily routine of "asking for her eraser, sharpener and colour pencils". During the period, she also completed a part in Tomorrow directed by Amjad Khan, in which her father also starred, but the film did not get a theatrical release.


title: Sara Arjun

text: Sara then worked on Kannan Iyer's supernatural Hindi film "Ek Thi Daayan" (2013) produced by Ekta Kapoor and portrayed the role of Misha, the little sister of the film's lead character. The film opened to positive reviews but did not perform well commercially, with Sara's performance being described as "irresistibly cute" by the reviewer from Rediff. She then featured in a lead role in R. Sundarrajan's "Chithirayil Nilachoru", though the film opened with little publicity and garnered negative reviews. Sara then worked on Vijay's "Saivam", a family drama, in which she played a lead character of a young girl named Thamizhselvi. Featuring in an ensemble cast, she won rave reviews for her performance with a critic noting "the film wouldn't be half the film without the abundant charm and screen presence of Sara who plays Tamil".


title: Sara Arjun

text: Sara's father Raj Arjun is an actor and has appeared in several Hindi language films like "Secret Superstar", "Thalaivii" ,


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Shaktikanta Das (born 26 February 1957) is serving as the current & 25th governor of the Reserve Bank of India (RBI). He was earlier a member of the FifteenthFinance Commission and India's Sherpa to the G20. Das is a retired 1980batch Indian Administrative Service (IAS) officer of Tamil Nadu cadre.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: During his career as an IAS officer, Das served in various capacities for Indian and Tamil Nadu governments, including as Economic Affairs Secretary, Revenue Secretary, Fertilizers Secretary. He has also served as India’s Alternate Governor in the World Bank, ADB, NDB & AIIB. He has represented India in various international forums like the IMF, G20, BRICS, SAARC, etc.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Born in Bhubaneswar, Das was schooled at the Demonstration Multipurpose School, Bhubaneswar, and then obtained bachelor's (BA) and master's degrees (MA) in history from the St. Stephen's College at the University of Delhi. He was awarded D.Litt. by Utkal University in 2021.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Das served in various positions for both the Government of India and the Government of Tamil Nadu, like as Principal Secretary (Industries), Special Commissioner (Revenue), Secretary (Revenue), Secretary Commercial Taxes, the project director of Tamil Nadu State AIDS Control Society and as the district magistrate and collector of Dindigul and Kancheepuram districts in the Tamil Nadu government; and as Union Economic Affairs Secretary, Union Revenue Secretary, Union Fertilizers Secretary, Special secretary in the Department of Economic Affairs of the Ministry of Finance and as a joint secretary in the Department of Expenditure of the Ministry of Finance in the Indian government.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Das also had a stint with Mahindra Industrial Park Ltd (Mahindra World City), on deputation to a private sector company under Rule6(2)(ii) of the Indian Administrative Service (Cadre) Rules, 1954.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Das was appointed Union Revenue Secretary by the prime minister-led-Appointments Committee of the Cabinet (ACC) in June 2014, he assumed the office of Secretary on 16 June 2014, and demitted it on 31 August 2015.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Das was appointed Union Economic Affairs Secretary by the ACC in August 2014, he assumed the office of Secretary on 31 August 2015, and admitted it and simultaneously superannuated from service on 28 May 2017, after being given a three-monthextension by the government.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: During his tenure as Union Economic Affairs Secretary, Das was widely regarded as one of the most powerful civil servants in India.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Post his retirement from the IAS, Das was appointed a member of the FifteenthFinance Commission by the ACC. In addition, he was appointed as India's Sherpa to the G20 by the ACC. In December 2018, on his appointment as the governor of the Reserve Bank of India, Das resigned from his position in the FifteenthFinance Commission.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Das was appointed Governor of the Reserve Bank of India by the ACC on 11 December 2018 for a period of threeyears, replacing Urjit Patel who had resigned the day before.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Das' appointment as RBI governor received mostly positive responses, with DBS Bank's head of markets for India at Singapore, Ashish Vaidya, saying that previous governors of the RBI with an IAS background, such as Y. Venugopal Reddy and Duvvuri Subbarao, had been successful and that Das' "cordial relations with the government [...] [would] likely help policy negotiations." S. S. Mundra, a former deputy governor of the RBI, said Das was a "good and balanced choice" for RBI governorship and had "a good understanding of the whole of the financial sector both from the ministry and also in his interactions with the RBI." A former Governor of the Reserve Bank of India C. Rangarajan, said Das had "experience in economic affairs" and would "make a good governor". Gaurav Shah, a senior vice president at Geojit Financial Services, said "a name like Shaktikanta Das carries track record, experience, credentials, credibility and respect along with him."


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: On the other hand, Nobel laureate and professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Abhijit Banerjee, said Das' appointment posed a lot of "frightening" questions on governance of autonomous public institutions. Subramanian Swamy, a member of the Bharatiya Janata Party, the largest party of the ruling National Democratic Alliance coalition, and a nominated member of the Rajya Sabha (Council of the States), criticised Das, calling him a "corrupt person" at an event at the Indian School of Business in Hyderabad.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: Das assumed charge as RBI governor on 12 December 2018. Reactions of the markets to Das' appointment was positive, with BSE SENSEX gaining 629points and NIFTY 50 increasing by 188points.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: As RBI governor, Das serves as the "ex-officio" chairperson of the Monetary Policy Committee of the central bank.


title: Shaktikanta Das

text: He was conferred the 'Central Banker of the Year, Asia-Pacific 2020' award by the London based magazine-The Banker for his efforts to make the banking system more robust.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Final Fantasy XIV was a 2010 massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) for Microsoft Windows, developed and published by Square Enix. It was the original version of the fourteenth entry in the main "Final Fantasy" series and the second MMORPG in the series after "Final Fantasy XI". Set in the fantasy realm of Eorzea, players took control of a customized avatar as they explore the land and were caught up in both an invasion by the hostile Garlean Empire and the threat of the primals, the deities of the land's beastmen tribes. Eventually, they were embroiled in a plot by a Garlean Legatus to destroy the primals by bringing one of the planet's moons down on Eorzea.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The game had been in development since 2005 under the codename "Rapture", and was announced in 2009 for Windows and the PlayStation 3 video game console. It ran on Square Enix's Crystal Tools middleware engine, which was adjusted to suit the game's specifications. During development, the team carried over multiple aesthetic elements from "Final Fantasy XI" while attempting to create something that stood on its own. Due to several factors, the development was beset by problems that would later have drastic effects on the game. Attempts to bring the game to Xbox 360 consoles fell through due to disagreements with Microsoft about the use of Xbox Live.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: After its alpha test and a delayed beta test, the game went live on , remaining active until its servers were closed on . At launch, the game was met with a negative response: while the graphics and music were praised, other aspects were unanimously panned, including the gameplay, interface, and the general impression of the game being unfinished. Critic and fan backlash caused Square Enix to suspend subscription fees, indefinitely postpone the PlayStation 3 version, and replace the development team leadership, with Naoki Yoshida as producer and director. Yoshida decided to make marginal improvements before the game's shutdown, ultimately replacing it with a new version initially subtitled "A Realm Reborn", which met with a favorable reception upon its release.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: "Final Fantasy XIV" was a massively multiplayer online role-playing game (MMORPG) in which the player controlled a customized Adventurer avatar from one of the five playable races. Each race had two tribes, and all but two allowed for the selection of male or female characters. The avatar could have their eye and hair color, facial features, and skin tone customized, and features such as birthmarks and scars were able to be added. Their chosen tribe, along with their chosen patron deity, affected their stats and elemental attributes. The game's opening varied depending on which starting location was chosen. Two different types of quests were available for players: story quests, which were unlocked as characters accumulated experience points (EXP) and raised their experience level while unlocking new abilities, and Levequests (leves), side quests accessed through the Adventurers' Guilds. Leves were broken down into multiple types, focusing on gathering or combat. Levequests were associated with particular non-playable characters (NPCs). As the player completed leves, they gained favor with three different factions and unlocked new abilities, with rewards only coming from the NPCs within the factions who issued the quest. Gaining favor also unlocked a new type of level called Faction leves, which depleted a character's favor when completed.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Compared to "Final Fantasy XI", where party-based gameplay is forefront at all times, the gameplay in "XIV" was adjusted so that players could go for longer periods without joining a party. There was no auto-attack option, with each action needing a manual input while an enemy was targeted. Each action used up a stamina bar. Through defeating monsters, crafting items, and completing quests, players accumulated EXP which, when a certain threshold was reached, automatically incremented the player's level. The player's level affected attributes such as HP (health/hit points), MP (magic/mana points), and the number of abilities available to them.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Under the Armory System, a character's equipped weapon or crafting tool determined the player's character class, allowing them to switch roles at will. Some classes were associated with a particular starting point. Classes were divided into four disciplines: Disciples of War, masters of physical combat; Disciples of Magic, practitioners of the magical arts; Disciples of the Hand, crafters and handymen who synthesized and repaired items; and Disciples of the Land, gatherers who collected resources from the environment. Certain abilities learned under one class could be equipped and used by other classes. The Job System (a post-launch addition) built upon the Armoury System for Disciples of War and Magic. In exchange for restricting the range of equippable abilities from other classes, players gained access to powerful skills, magic, weapons, and armor exclusive to the Job corresponding to that class. These Jobs, based on the classic "Final Fantasy" character jobs, were more suited to party-based combat.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The story of "Final Fantasy XIV" takes place in a high fantasy setting. The main location is Eorzea, a continent on the larger planet Hydaelyn: this contrasts "Final Fantasy XI" which uses one name to refer to the entire world and its regions. Eorzea is broken up into three main powers: the forest nation of Gridania; the desert-based Ul'dah sultanate; and the thalassocracy of Limsa Lominsa, Eorzea's dominant maritime power. Other important locations include the scholarly city-state of Sharlayan and the Garlean Empire, a hostile northern power with highly developed technology. Five years prior to the start of the game, the Garlean Empire invaded the land of Ala Mhigo, but was prevented from conquering Eorzea by the attacks of the ancient dragon Midgardsomr and his dragon hordes. In response to the Empire's threat, the three nations of Eorzea reformed the Grand Companies, comprehensive centers of command which combine the cities' military and economic assets. The Grand Companies attracted people from all walks of life, who take up the mantle of Adventurers.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The player character is a customizable Adventurer avatar taken from the five main races of Eorzea. The playable races are the human-like , the elf-like , the physically-imposing , the diminutive , and the feline . Playable Roegadyn and Miqo'te are gender-locked to male and female respectively. Aside from these races are the beastmen, tribes who worship ancient gods called the primals, which require aether-rich crystals and whose presence damages the planet.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Beginning in one of Eorzea's three main states, the player character awakens to the Echo, a power granting them the ability to see the past. The Adventurers are initially involved in both conflicts within the nations provoked by the Garlean presence, led by the Garlean Legatus Gaius van Baelsar, and the beastmen's attempts to hoard crystals and summon their primals. Eventually, a greater threat is brought to the attention of the nations by the Sharlayan scholar Louisoix Leveilleur: another Garlean Legatus named Nael van Darnus is using arcane magic and technology to summon Dalamud, the planet's second moon, down on Eorzea to purge the beastmen and primals whom the Garleans hate as violent pagans. With the aid of Garlean defector Cid nan Garlond, the Adventurers discover that Nael has set up a beacon for summoning Dalamud in the new fortress of Castrum Novum. While each nation makes individual attempts to storm the fortress, they are repelled. Faced with this, their leaders form a pact and unite the nations under the banner of the Eorzean Alliance.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Now united, the nations, aided by Adventurers, successfully storm Castrum Novum and destroy the beacon. Nael, insanely committed to her plan, makes herself into a second beacon. Though she is defeated by the Adventurers, Dalamud has descended too far for it to return into orbit, so Louisoix proposes a final desperate plan: to summon the Twelve, Eorzea's guardian deities, and return Dalamud into orbit. The Adventurers pray to altars dedicated to the Twelve across the land, then rally with the armies of the Eorzean Alliance to fight Nael's legion on the Carteneau Flats, the predicted impact site of Dalamud. In the midst of the battle, Dalamud disintegrates and reveals itself to have been a prison for the elder primal Bahamut. Enraged after his imprisonment, Bahamut begins laying waste to Eorzea. After the attempt to summon the Twelve fails, Louisoix uses the last of his power to send the Adventurers into a time rift, separating them from the flow of time so they can return when Eorzea has recovered.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Planning for "Final Fantasy XIV" began in 2005, four years prior to its official announcement. At the time, it was codenamed . While it had been decided within the company that MMORPGs would be mainline entries rather than spin-offs, the team was worried that the final product would be too radical for the main numbered series. The main staff included multiple developers who had worked on previous entries in the "Final Fantasy" series: producer Hiromichi Tanaka had acted as the original producer for "Final Fantasy XI" and been involved in multiple early "Final Fantasy" games, director Nobuaki Komoto was a director for "XI" and had been among the staff of "Final Fantasy IX", writer Yaeko Sato had been the main scenario writer for "XI", and Akihiko Yoshida had previously also been art director for "Vagrant Story" and "Final Fantasy XII". The game's logo and some other artwork was designed by Yoshitaka Amano.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The game's story, primarily written by Sato, was based on a central narrative complemented by side stories. The setting and gameplay were decided upon before Sato was brought on board, with the result that she needed to consult the rest of the team when she wished to use one of Eorzea's main locations in a certain way. The story's main conflict was to be among the five main races of Eorzea and the beastmen, with the Garlean Empire acting as a third force. The placement of the Garlean Empire to the northeast of Eorzea was not meant to simulate a real-world location but naturally ended up there as the map of Hydaelyn was being created. The game's logo, designed by Amano, was designed around the importance of weapons and the concept of a wheel: the "wheel" in question was a wheel of adventurers, arranged so their backs were exposed and they needed to rely on their comrades and friends for support.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: For his work as art director, Yoshida needed to adjust from working on a single static project to creating artwork assets for a game that would be updated and expanded. While the game world was created around a high fantasy aesthetic, it was meant to be realistic and encourage exploration. At the beginning of development, the team created a detailed profile of Hydaelyn, including its relationship with other planets, ecosystems, climate, and geography. This was done to promote a sense of realism. Alongside creating a seamless travel experience for players, careful work was put into the topography and varied lighting of environments so they would not seem repetitive. After the environment was created, the architectural, cultural, and religious elements of the world were incorporated into the environment. City and machine designs mixed metallic and natural materials to create a combined sense of wonder and familiarity for players. The game's five playable races were directly based on the five initial races from "Final Fantasy XI", with design adjustments to reflect the new setting. The developers also created two different tribes, as opposed to the single tribe set-up present in "XI". Characters' movements were primarily developed using motion capture, though the recorded movements were then adjusted so they would be sharp and distinctive. Much work was invested in creating emotes and character movements chosen by the player to represent a specific mood or emotion previously used in "XI". To create realistic expressions, a character artist manually adjusted the faces for each expression. For the monsters, advances in hardware enabled the team to create more realistic and detailed character models, including detailed skin textures and carefully placed hair follicles.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The game's cutscenes were first drafted using a storyboard, then when the sequence of events had been finalized, motion capture was used to create the scene in a digitized format. Lighting and environmental effects were then put in place. One of the most challenging sequences to create was the opening real-time cutscene for the Limsa Lominsa story route: the giant sea serpent's fins were each individually animated. The game's opening cinematic was produced by Visual Works, Square Enix's in-house CGI development company. All the in-game models were first created in high-resolution form using a 3D sculpturing program, then readjusted so they could appear in the game with a lower polygon count but equivalent graphical quality. Another large part of creating the characters was their accessories: to help with this, the team developed a multi-layered development system. A technique dubbed "polygon shaving" was used so two sets of equipment could be designed to look different while using the same model data. Another function dubbed "reshaping" was used to adjust the shapes of equipment and accessories. The third element, dubbed "SSD-file", enabled the adjustment of the "materials" equipment was made of, so its color and texture could be changed. Rather than relying on a single design image, which would have been impractical for the hardware, the team took basic art and used Photoshop to add subtle changes to each. It was then passed down to the modeling team, who used the same sculpting process as was used for the game's monsters to create high-detail models while keeping the polygon count low.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The game's engine was Crystal Tools, a specially-created middleware engine that was also used in "Final Fantasy XIII". So that it would be compatible with the game's specifications, the team customized the engine to suit their needs. In the end, the game's chosen engine proved unsuitable to the needs of the game, rendering its internal structure "broken". The game's development ended up being beset with multiple problems. According to a later postmortem, the team developing the game had an unhealthy obsession with graphical quality over gameplay content that led to other parts of the game being neglected, reinforced by the company's then-outdated development methods. A cited example of the focus on graphics was a flowerpot, which had as many polygons and lines of shader code as a player character. This high graphical quality meant that compromises needed to be made; for example, the number of players present on-screen at any one time needed to be limited to twenty, undermining the large-scale communal appeal of MMORPGs. This issue also impacted the game's environments; to save on memory space while preserving seamless travel, the team needed to reuse environmental features and textures on a regular basis. Another problem was that the team lacked experience in developing MMORPGs, a problem that had also beset "Final Fantasy XI", but had been successfully overcome. With this in mind, the team were still using the development mindset used during the sixth console generation, which could not hold up under the increased staff and resource needs for seventh generation development. A third major reason was the company's belief that the game's problems could be patched after the initial launch, compounded by the lack of an overall plan for how to deal with them.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The music for "Final Fantasy XIV" was composed by Nobuo Uematsu, a regular contributor to the music of the "Final Fantasy" series. Originally contracted to create the ending theme for "XIII", Uematsu accepted the request by the "XIV" team to work on the game, leaving "XIII"s theme song to be composed by Masashi Hamauzu. Having only contributed a few tunes to "Final Fantasy XI", "XIV" was Uematsu's first full-time work on an MMORPG. Despite this, he was treated as he would be on any other project and had considerable creative freedom as the team's vision for the game had not been finalized. For the battle themes, he used a mix of orchestral and rock pieces. He worked on "XIV" at the same time as working on "The Last Story", a video game from original "Final Fantasy" creator Hironobu Sakaguchi. During the time "XIV" was active after the initial release, other composers including Masayoshi Soken, Naoshi Mizuta, Tsuyoshi Sekito and Ryo Yamazaki contributed to the score. Soken acted as the game's sound director and would take over as the main composer for its relaunch. The game's theme song, "Answers", was composed by Uematsu and sung by Susan Calloway, who was specially chosen by Uematsu after hearing her rendition of previous "Final Fantasy" theme songs.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Multiple albums featuring music from "XIV" have been released. Two mini-albums, "Final Fantasy XIV: Battle Tracks" and "Final Fantasy XIV: Field Tracks", were released on September 29, 2010. A full album, "Final Fantasy XIV - Eorzean Frontiers", was released on September 1, 2012 as both a single album and three mini-albums. A Blu-ray album featuring all music from the original version of "XIV", "Before Meteor: Final Fantasy XIV Original Soundtrack", was released on August 14, 2013, two weeks prior to its relaunch.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: "XIV" was first hinted at the 2005 Electronic Entertainment Expo (E3) when Square Enix announced that they were developing a new MMORPG, showing it off using a tech demo. The demo included aesthetic elements similar to "XI", such as races from Vana'diel. In 2006, rumors emerged that Square Enix was developing a direct sequel to "Final Fantasy XI", but further details remained unknown. During the next few years, contradictory reports were issued as to what platforms the game was being developed for: the platforms listed varied from the game being an Xbox 360 exclusive, to being for PlayStation platforms, to being for Xbox 360, PlayStation 3 (PS3) and Windows platforms. "XIV" was officially announced at E3 2009 for PS3, then for Windows. After its official announcement for those platforms, it was stated that a port to Microsoft hardware was under consideration. Despite negotiation with Microsoft concerning an Xbox 360 version of the game, the two companies were unable to agree upon the use of Xbox Live, as Square Enix wanted a shared server across all platforms and Microsoft would not give them the full access necessary to implement this. Because of this disagreement and the consequent extra manpower needed to develop a version separate from the other two platforms, development on the Xbox 360 version was stopped.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: According to Yoichi Wada, then-CEO of Square Enix, "XIV" was being planned as a serious rival to the successful western MMORPG "World of Warcraft". The game was developed primarily for Windows and was then planned to be ported across to PS3. "XIV" was originally scheduled for simultaneous release on Windows and PS3 in 2010, but the PS3 version was delayed. This was explained as due to it taking longer than expected to make the adjustments needed so the game could fit within the console's limited memory. The game did not use the PlayOnline service used for "XI". This was explained as being due to the marked decrease of content on the service. Instead, they would migrate to a new service that still allowed cross-platform gameplay, including the use of a universal Square Enix ID that would allow players to play from wherever they left off. In October 2009, the game's Beta release was announced as being only for Windows. First print runs of the PS3 version of "Final Fantasy XIII" contained a bonus code for the PS3 version of "XIV" for a special in-game item.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Due to earlier recurring issues with mistranslations related to news updates, the team decided not to implement forums in the original release, instead hearing player feedback through fan sites and unofficial forums. Also because of mistranslation fears, dedicated teams in each of the game's release regions would gather feedback and transmit it to the development team. The game's first closed Alpha test began on March 11, 2010. It was available only to veteran players from "XI". During alpha testing, the team used player feedback to find out key problems with the game, such as limitations on graphical adjustments making the game run at a slow frame rate. The open Beta test was originally scheduled to begin on August 31 but was indefinitely postponed due to the discovery of critical bugs in the game. The Beta test eventually went live on September 2, running until the game's release later that month. It was later stated that more time should have been given to fixing bugs during the Beta period. The game was released on September 30, 2010, six months prior to the PS3 version's original projected release date of March 2011. A Collector's Edition was released on September 22, allowing owners to log into the game from that date. The Collector's Edition, which was decorated with artwork from Amano and Yoshida, came with bonus items including a DVD featuring a behind-the-scenes documentary, a security token, a case for the game's box, and a decorated tumbler. The game was released with text in Japanese, English, French, and German, while the spoken dialogue in cutscenes was English in all versions.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: During its debut week in Japan, the Collector's Edition reached #2 in the PC games charts behind "Civilization 5" and ahead of "". In the UK charts, the game debuted at #10 behind multiple other games including "F1 2010" (#1), "" (#2), "Civilization 5" (#4) and "" (#7). By November 2010, the game had sold 603,000 copies worldwide.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The game received generally unfavorable reviews at release, garnering a score 49/100 by aggregate site Metacritic. "Computer and Video Games" said "Eorzea is a beautiful world with huge potential for vast adventures, but it's just a shame that this first voyage into it is such a mis-step". 1UP.com said that "playing ["Final Fantasy XIV"] is like playing with a toy stuck in a plastic bag: it can be fun for a while and you can get the general idea, but you can't appreciate the full experience", stating that future updates would likely rectify this issue. IGN said that "Much of the promise of the combat system and depth of the crafting mechanics are drowned, unfortunately, under a sea of interface and performance issues that hinder the experience at nearly every step", further stating that while patches might improve the experience, its state at the time of the review made it "not a world worth visiting". GameSpot, in addition to warning players away from the game, said that ""Final Fantasy XIV" is a notable entry to the genre but only for what it lacks".


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: GameTrailers was particularly critical, saying that it had been "released before it was finished", calling it "[a] broken, incomplete mess". "PC Gamer" called the game "a shallow, slow, grind-heavy MMO crippled by a horrible interface and nonsensical player limitations". GameSpy was again highly critical, saying that "barring a complete overhaul of the user interface, the combat, the player interaction mechanics, the progress system, and of the layout of the world itself, ["Final Fantasy XIV"] is unlikely to ever be "fun"." Eurogamer said that while the game would appeal to some players, they advised them to "wait another six months before even thinking about "Final Fantasy XIV", because Square Enix hasn't yet got its head around its own players".


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: Critics agreed that the game's graphics were good and enjoyed Uematsu's score, with several praising the concepts behind the Job and leveling systems. Alongside this, unanimous criticism was laid against the gameplay pace, its convoluted interface, bugs and glitches, and the slow pace of the story. It was generally seen as a great disappointment both as an MMORPG and a mainline entry in the "Final Fantasy" series. Later, as part of an interview concerning the game's later development, 1UP.com commented that subsequent patches and overhauls had turned the game into something more playable.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The release of the game sparked an immediate player backlash in addition to its negative critical reception. Some of the controversies were produced by the use of gameplay features unusual for the genre. The main complaint by players was the user interface, followed by problems with the performance and aspects of gameplay. The initial 30-day free trial was extended twice in order to allow players to experience the new development team's updates before committing to the game. In December 2010, it was announced that Tanaka and Komoto had been removed from their posts as producer and director, with Tanaka taking full responsibility for the game's problems. The PS3 version was indefinitely delayed from its original March 2011 release date, with Square Enix saying that it would not release the game for that platform until it fully met the quality standards suitable for the "Final Fantasy" series. Subscriptions for the Windows version were also suspended indefinitely.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The position of producer and director was taken over by Naoki Yoshida, a staff member at Square Enix who had previously worked on the "Dragon Quest" series. Among these were other staff changes: Komoto was reassigned to become lead game designer, Akihiko Yoshida became lead scenario concept artist, Hiroshi Takai was appointed as lead artist, and Akihiko Matsui became lead combat system designer. Yoshida's main priority was to make the game a playable experience after the poor launch and subsequent reaction. Through subsequent patches to the game, multiple graphical and gameplay improvements were made: among the most notable being the addition of a job system, personal chocobos, a revamped battle system, greater customization options for gear, and multiple new dungeons and bosses. Yoshida also introduced the official "Final Fantasy XIV" forums in order to obtain player feedback and suggestions, and stated that interacting with and growing closer to the community would be a high priority. During this period, "XIV" and "XI" were taken offline to help with energy conservation in the aftermath of the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami. They went back online one week later as other means were found to reduce their energy usage that did not involve their online services. The developers also received messages from Japanese players that they were using the game to communicate with their friends and relatives while landline and cell service were still unavailable. Due to the earthquake, a planned and partially-developed boss battle with the primal Titan was cut and replaced by another battle: the team felt that players might be offended by the primal and associate beast tribe's links with the power of earth in this context. They created a fight against Good King Moggle Mog instead by repurposing existing character models for moogles and modifying a moogle theme song that Uematsu had already composed.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The team could not fully mend the game in its existing form as its engine and server structure were already critically flawed. This meant that in order to save "XIV", the entire game needed to be rebuilt from the ground up. The decision to launch a new version as a reboot instead of a whole new title was driven by the need to regain player trust, which was felt would not be done by just scrapping "XIV". The original story planned for "XIV" was changed to build up towards the end of the original game's life, with new boss battles being introduced leading up to the final storyline. The "Seventh Umbral Era" storyline was used as a story-based reason for the radical changes coming to the game and its landscape. Yoshida came up with the idea to use a world-ending event after seeing a television program about the 2012 doomsday prophecy, attributed to the Mayan calendar. In the run-up to this, reduced subscription fees were reintroduced with special bonuses included for the eventual reboot of the game, and major server merges were carried out to ease the transition between versions of the game, a move which initially provoked a negative reaction from players. The final revision of the game was put out on November 1, 2012. After a final in-game battle where all "XIV" players were invited, the servers were closed down on November 11.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: The flawed release and poor reception of the game had a heavy impact on Square Enix: citing "XIV" among other reasons, the company reduced its projected income for the year by 90%. At the 2011 Tokyo Game Show, Wada issued an official apology for the quality of the game, saying that "the "Final Fantasy" brand [had] been greatly damaged". The company and development team eventually decided to scrap the current version of "XIV", rebuilding it from the ground up. This rebooted version, initially titled "Final Fantasy XIV 2.0", began development in April 2011. The rebooted version was released in 2013 with the subtitle "A Realm Reborn", and has been positively received by critics and players, reaching a registered player base of more than 22 million players by April 2021. Yoshida, commenting in a later interview, stated that "A Realm Reborn" was just the first part of regaining player trust after the release of "XIV", predicting that the process would take a long time.


title: Final Fantasy XIV (2010 video game)

text: In a 2019 interview with Easy Allies, Yoshida joked that the idea of a legacy "XIV" 1.0 server (in the vein of "World of Warcraft Classic") would be a "nightmare".


title: Alyvia Alyn Lind

text: Lind made her feature film debut in 2013 in the film "Dark Skies". From 2011 to early 2021 she played Faith Newman in the television daytime soap opera " The Young and the Restless." She has had recurring roles in the television series "Revenge" as young Amanda Clarke, as well as in "Transparent" as Grace. She guest starred on such series as "NCIS" and "Masters of Sex". In 2014, she appeared in the feature movie "Blended".


title: Alyvia Alyn Lind

text: In 2016, Lind starred in the Amazon Studios special "", playing the role of American Girl character Maryellen Larkin.


title: Alyvia Alyn Lind

text: Lind is the youngest daughter of actress Barbara Alyn Woods and producer John Lind. She has two older sisters, Natalie Alyn Lind and Emily Alyn Lind, who are also actresses.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The Lone Ranger is a fictional masked former Texas Ranger who fought outlaws in the American Old West with his Native American friend Tonto. The character has been called an enduring icon of American culture.


title: Lone Ranger

text: He first appeared in 1933 in a radio show on WXYZ (Detroit), conceived either by station owner George W. Trendle or by Fran Striker, the show's writer. Test episodes aired earlier on radio station WEBR in Buffalo. The radio series proved to be a hit, and spawned a series of books (largely written by Striker), an equally popular television show that ran from 1949 to 1957, comic books, and several films. The title character was played on the radio show by Earle Graser for some 1,300 episodes, but two others preceded him, according to "The New York Times": "a man named Deeds, who lasted only a few weeks; a George Stenius [actually George Seaton according to the "Los Angeles Times"]. After Graser's death in 1941, Brace Beemer assumed the role after serving as the narrator of the program.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Clayton Moore portrayed the Lone Ranger on television, although during a contract dispute Moore was replaced for a season by John Hart, who wore a different style of mask. On the radio, Tonto was played by among others John Todd and Roland Parker. In the television series, Jay Silverheels, who was a Mohawk from the Six Nations Indian Reserve in Ontario, Canada, was cast in the role.


title: Lone Ranger

text: While details differ, the basic story of the Lone Ranger's origin is consistent in most versions of the franchise. The Lone Ranger is the sole survivor of a group of six ambushed Texas Rangers. A posse of six members of the Texas Ranger Division, led by Captain Dan Reid, pursued a band of outlaws led by Bartholomew "Butch" Cavendish, but are betrayed by a civilian guide named Collins, who was secretly working with Cavendish, and led the unsuspecting rangers into an ambush at a canyon known as Bryant's Gap. Later, a Native American named Tonto stumbles onto the grisly scene. He discovers one of the rangers, Captain Reid's younger brother, barely alive, and he nurses the man to health. In some versions, Tonto recognizes the lone survivor as the man who had saved his life when they both were children. According to the television series, Tonto gave John a ring and the name Kemo Sabe, which he said means "trusty scout". John Reid then tells Tonto that he intends to hunt down Cavendish and his men and to bring them to justice. To conceal his identity and honor his fallen brother, John fashions a black domino mask using cloth from his late brother's vest. To aid in the deception, Tonto digs a sixth grave and places at its head a cross bearing John Reid's name so that Cavendish and his gang will believe that all the Rangers had been killed.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In many versions, Reid continues fighting for justice as the Lone Ranger even after the Cavendish gang is captured.


title: Lone Ranger

text: As generally depicted, the Lone Ranger conducts himself by a strict moral code based on that put in place by Striker at the inception of the character. It read:


title: Lone Ranger

text: In addition, Fran Striker and George W. Trendle drew up the following guidelines that embody who and what the Lone Ranger is:


title: Lone Ranger

text: Although the Lone Ranger's last name in the radio shows was given as Reid, his first name was never specified in any of the radio or television shows. Various radio reference books, beginning with "Radio's Golden Age" (Eastern Valley Press, 1966), give the Lone Ranger's first name as John. Some cite the 20th-anniversary radio program in 1953 as the source of the name, but the Lone Ranger's first name is never mentioned in that episode.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In the final chapter of the 1938 Republic "The Lone Ranger" movie serial, he is revealed to be Texas Ranger Allen King. In the second serial, "The Lone Ranger Rides Again", he identifies himself as Bill Andrews.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The Lone Ranger's first name is also thought to have not been mentioned in contemporary Lone Ranger newspaper comics, comic books, and tie-in premiums, though some have stated that the name John Reid was used in an illustration of the grave marker made by Tonto, which appeared in either a comic-book version of the character's origin story or in a children's record set.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The name John Reid is used in the 1981 film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger". The Lone Ranger is also John Reid in Dynamite Entertainment's licensed Lone Ranger comic-book series that began in 2006, and in the 2013 Disney film "The Lone Ranger".


title: Lone Ranger

text: The character made his initial appearance in the 11th episode of the radio show. Fran Striker told his son that Tonto was added so the Lone Ranger would have someone to talk to. He was named by James Jewell, who also came up with the term "Kemosabe" based on the name of a summer camp owned by his father-in-law in upstate Michigan. In the local Native American language, "Tonto" meant "wild one".


title: Lone Ranger

text: Because means "stupid" or "ignorant" in Spanish, the character is renamed "" (Spanish for "bull") or "" in Spanish-speaking countries.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The name of Captain Reid's son, the Lone Ranger's nephew, a character introduced in the radio series in 1942, who became a juvenile sidekick to the Masked Man, is Dan Reid. When Trendle and Striker later created "The Green Hornet" in 1936, they made this Dan Reid the father of Britt Reid, alias the Green Hornet, thereby making the Lone Ranger the Green Hornet's great-uncle. In "The Lone Ranger" radio series, Dan was played by Ernest Winstanley, Bob Martin, Clarence Weitzel, James Lipton, and Dick Beals.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The Lone Ranger's nephew made his first appearance in "Heading North" (December 14, 1942) under the name Dan Frisby, the grandson of Grandma Frisby. The two lived in an area described as "the high border country of the northwest" near the town of Martinsville close to the Canada–US border. This and the following four episodes ("Design for Murder", December 16, 1942; "Rope's End", December 18, 1942; "Law of the Apex", December 21, 1942; and "Dan's Strange Behavior", December 23, 1942) centered on a plot to steal the valuable Martin Copper Mine and Dan's being fooled by a Lone Ranger impostor into helping him steal it. The Lone Ranger and the Mounties foil the plot and capture the impostor and his gang.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In the final episode of the arc, "A Nephew Is Found" (December 25, 1942), dying Grandma Frisby reveals to the Lone Ranger Dan's true identity and how he came to be with her. Fifteen years previously, Grandma Frisby had been part of a wagon train travelling to Fort Laramie. Also on that wagon train had been Linda Reid, wife of Texas Ranger Captain Dan Reid, and her six-month-old son, Dan Jr., who were travelling from their home in Virginia to join her husband. Before the wagon train could reach Fort Laramie, Indians attacked it and Linda Reid was among those killed. Grandma Frisby took charge and care of Dan Jr., but upon reaching Fort Laramie, found two messages waiting, one that Captain Reid (voiced in this story by Al Hodge) had been killed in an ambush at Bryant's Gap and the other that her own husband had been killed in an explosion. Taking Dan and certain items concerning his identity (including a small gold locket containing a picture of Dan's parents and a picture of Captain Reid's brother), Grandma Frisby travelled to Martinsville and raised Dan as her grandson.


title: Lone Ranger

text: On hearing this story, the Lone Ranger reveals his true identity and his own story to Grandma Frisby, and promises that he will care for Dan like his own son. Before Grandma Frisby dies, the Lone Ranger removes his mask and lets her see his face. Her last words are, "Ride on, Lone Ranger ... ride on forever ... with Danny at your side." The Lone Ranger takes the grieving Dan outside the cabin, gives him the locket, and reveals their true relationship. Dan Reid Jr. went on to be a recurring character throughout the remainder of the series, riding with the Lone Ranger and Tonto on his own horse Victor.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Eventually, Dan Reid Jr. was sent East to gain an education, making infrequent appearances on the series whenever Fran Striker wanted to remind the audience of the family connection, and later became part of "The Green Hornet" radio series, first appearing on October 22, 1936, establishing the connection between the Lone Ranger and the Green Hornet in the episode "Too Hot to Handle" (November 11, 1947) and being played throughout the series by John Todd, who played Tonto on "The Lone Ranger" radio series.


title: Lone Ranger

text: According to the episode "The Legend of Silver" (September 30, 1938), before acquiring Silver, the Lone Ranger rode a chestnut mare called Dusty. The Lone Ranger saves Silver's life from an enraged buffalo, and in gratitude, Silver chooses to give up his wild life to carry him.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The origin of Tonto's horse, Scout, is less clear. For a long time, Tonto rides a white horse called White Feller. In "Four Day Ride" (August 5, 1938), Tonto is given a paint horse by his friend Chief Thundercloud, who then takes White Feller. Tonto rides this horse and refers to him simply as "Paint Horse" for several episodes. The horse is finally named Scout in "Border Dope Smuggling" (September 2, 1938). In another episode, however, the Lone Ranger, in a surge of conscience, releases Silver back to the wild. The episode ends with Silver returning, bringing along a companion that becomes Tonto's horse Scout.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In an echo of the Lone Ranger's line, Tonto frequently says, "Git-um up, Scout!" (The phrase became so well embedded in the Lone Ranger mythos that International Harvester used it as an advertising line to promote their Scout utility vehicle in the 1970s.) In the Format Films animated cartoon, which ran from 1966 to 1968, Tonto also had an eagle he called Taka, and installments that focused exclusively on him or had him team up with the Lone Ranger ended with his saying, "Fly, Taka! On, Scout!" (Those where he teamed with the Lone Ranger had the Ranger following this up with the customary "Hi-yo, Silver! Away!")


title: Lone Ranger

text: The creators of the character were George Trendle (manager of WXYZ radio station) and writer Fran Striker.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The first of 2,956 radio episodes of "The Lone Ranger" premiered on WXYZ, a radio station serving Detroit, Michigan, on January 31, 1933. As Dunning writes in "On the Air: The Encyclopedia of Old-Time Radio:"


title: Lone Ranger

text: The show was an immediate success. Though it was aimed at children, adults made up at least half the audience. It became so popular, it was picked up by the Mutual Broadcasting System and, on May 2, 1942, by NBC's Blue Network, which in time became ABC.


title: Lone Ranger

text: By 1939, some 20 million Americans were listening to the program. It also had numerous listeners in other countries.


title: Lone Ranger

text: An announcer introduced each episode with the following, which was sometimes changed to reflect the storyline of the episode:


title: Lone Ranger

text: In the early days of the western United States, a masked man and an Indian rode the plains, searching for truth and justice. Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear, when from out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again!


title: Lone Ranger

text: By the time it was on ABC at 7:30 pm Eastern, the introduction, voiced by Fred Foy, had become "Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear", followed by, "From out of the west with the speed of light and a hearty 'Hi-yo, Silver! The intro was later changed to:


title: Lone Ranger

text: A fiery horse with the speed of light, a cloud of dust and a hearty Hi-Yo Silver! The Lone Ranger! ... With his faithful Indian companion Tonto, the daring and resourceful masked rider of the plains led the fight for law and order in the early western United States! Nowhere in the pages of history can one find a greater champion of justice! Return with us now to those thrilling days of yesteryear! From out of the past come the thundering hoofbeats of the great horse Silver! The Lone Ranger rides again!


title: Lone Ranger

text: This was followed by Brace Beemer's voice, declaring, "Come on, Silver! Let's go, big fellow! Hi-yo, Silver! Away!"


title: Lone Ranger

text: Tonto was played throughout the run by actor John Todd (although in a few isolated occasions, he was replaced by Roland Parker, better known as Kato for much of the run of sister series "The Green Hornet"). Other supporting players were selected from Detroit area actors and studio staff. These included Jay Michael (who also played the lead on "Challenge of the Yukon", or "Sgt. Preston of the Yukon"), Bill Saunders (as various villains, including Butch Cavendish), Paul Hughes (as the Ranger's friend Thunder Martin and as various army colonels and badmen), future movie star John Hodiak, Janka Fasciszewska (under the name Jane Fae), and Rube Weiss and Liz Weiss (later a married couple, both actors in several radio and television programs in Detroit, Rube usually taking on villain roles on the "Ranger", and Liz playing damsels in distress). The part of nephew Dan Reid was played by various child actors, including Bob Martin, James Lipton, and Dick Beals.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The theme music was primarily taken from the "March of the Swiss Soldiers" finale of Gioachino Rossini's "William Tell" Overture, which thus came to be inseparably associated with the series. The theme was conducted by Daniel Pérez Castañeda, with the softer parts excerpted from "Die Moldau", composed by Bedřich Smetana.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Many other classical selections were used as incidental music, including Wagner's "Flying Dutchman Overture", Bizet's Symphony in C, Mendelssohn's "Fingal's Cave" Overture, Emil von Řezníček's "Donna Diana" Overture, Liszt's "Les préludes", Tchaikovsky's "1812" Overture and music by Schubert. Classical music was originally used because it was in the public domain, thus allowing production costs to be kept low while providing a wide range of music as needed without the cost of a composer.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In the late 1930s, Trendle acquired the rights to use incidental music from Republic Pictures motion picture serials as part of a deal for Republic to produce a serial based (loosely) on the Lone Ranger. This music was then modified by NBC radio arranger Ben Bonnell and recorded in Mexico to avoid American union rules. This music was used in both the radio and later television shows.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The radio series inspired a spinoff called "The Green Hornet," which depicts the son of the Lone Ranger's nephew Dan, Britt Reid, originally played by Al Hodge, who in contemporary times, fights crime with a similar secret identity and a sidekick, Kato. One major difference between the two characters is that everyone considers the Green Hornet to be a bad guy. Reid embraces this persona, thus enabling him to infiltrate real crime syndicates, while secretly aiding the police.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In the Green Hornet comic book series published by NOW Comics, the Lone Ranger makes a cameo appearance by being in a portrait in the Reid home. Contrary to most visual media depictions, and acknowledged by developer/original script writer Ron Fortier to be the result of legal complications, his mask covers all of his face, as it did in the two serials from Republic Pictures (see below). However, rights to The Lone Ranger and The Green Hornet have been acquired by separate owners and the familial link has been ignored in the Western character's various incarnations. The Lone Ranger – Green Hornet connection is part of Philip José Farmer's Wold Newton Universe, which connects disparate fictional characters.


title: Lone Ranger

text: At the beginning of each episode, the magnificent white stallion, Silver, would rear up with the Lone Ranger on his back, then they would dash off, the Ranger encouragingly shouting, "Hi-Yo, Silver!" Tonto could occasionally be heard to urge on his mount by calling out, "Get-um up, Scout!" At the end of each episode, mission completed, one of the characters would always ask the sheriff or other authority, "Who was that masked man?" When it was explained, "Oh, he's the Lone Ranger!", the Ranger and Tonto would be seen galloping off with the cry, "Hi-Yo, Silver! Away!" catching the attention of one of the townspeople crossing the street.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Tonto usually referred to the Lone Ranger as "Kemo sabe", described as meaning either "faithful friend," or "trusty scout". It is more likely the word derives from the Anishinaabe language. Gimoozaabi is said to mean "he looks out in secret." These catchphrases, the Ranger's trademark silver bullets, and the theme music from the "William Tell" Overture have become tropes of popular culture.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Republic Pictures released two serials starring the Lone Ranger. The first, released in 1938, utilized several actors playing different Texas Rangers, one of whom was also the masked hero, like Don Diego de la Vega was also Zorro. Unlike Vega/Zorro, however, the Lone Ranger's true identity remained unknown to the audience until the conclusion. The character played by Lee Powell is ultimately revealed to be the Lone Ranger.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The second serial, "The Lone Ranger Rides Again", was released in 1939 and starred Robert Livingston.


title: Lone Ranger

text: A feature version of the first serial, with added footage, was released by Republic in 1940 as "Hi-Yo Silver".


title: Lone Ranger

text: "The Lone Ranger" is a TV show that aired for eight seasons, from 1949 to 1957, and starred Clayton Moore as the Lone Ranger and Jay Silverheels as Tonto. Only five of the eight seasons had new episodes. It was the ABC television network's first big hit of the early 1950s. Moore's tenure as the Ranger is probably the best-known treatment of the franchise. Moore was replaced in the third season by John Hart, but he returned for the final two seasons. The fifth and final season were shot in color. A total of 221 episodes were made.


title: Lone Ranger

text: After the series ended, Moore continued to make public appearances as the Lone Ranger. In 1979, Jack Wrather, then owner of the rights to the character, obtained a restraining order against Moore, enjoining Moore from appearing in public in his mask. The actor began wearing oversized wraparound Foster Grant sunglasses, as a substitute for the mask. Moore later won a countersuit, allowing him to resume his costume.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 1961 CBS produced "Return of the Lone Ranger", starring Tex Hill, as the pilot episode for a proposed TV series.


title: Lone Ranger

text: An animated series of "The Lone Ranger" ran from 1966 to 1968 on CBS. It was produced by Herbert Klynn and Jules Engel of Format Films, Hollywood, and designed and animated at the Halas and Batchelor Cartoon Film studios in London, England. The show lasted thirty episodes; however, these were invariably split into three separate shorts, with the middle segment being a solo adventure for Tonto, so that there were actually 90 installments in all. The last episode aired on March 9, 1968.


title: Lone Ranger

text: These Lone Ranger adventures were similar in tone and nature to CBS's science fiction Western, "The Wild Wild West," in that the plots were bizarre and had elements of science-fiction and steampunk technology thrown in. Even the Lone Ranger's greatest enemy in the animated series was a dwarf, similar to James T. West's greatest enemy, Dr. Miguelito Loveless. He was called Tiny Tom, and was voiced by Dick Beals. This animated cartoon was credited as being a Jack Wrather production, and it provided the first exposure many 1960s children had to the characters.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The Lone Ranger's voice was provided by Michael Rye, who had portrayed "Jack Armstrong, the All-American Boy" on radio. Shepard Menken played Tonto. The narrator in the opening title was Marvin Miller. Other "guest voices" were provided by Paul Winchell, Agnes Moorehead and Hans Conried.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The Lone Ranger was featured, along with Zorro and Tarzan, in "Adventure Hour" cartoon shorts in the early 1980s, produced by Filmation. These episodes featured William Conrad as the voice of the Masked Man, although he was listed in the credits as "J. Darnoc" (Conrad spelled backwards). This series took a more realistic tone with a heavily historical context to include an educational element to the stories, even though there were several episodes that did feature elements of science fiction (much like the earlier cartoons from the 1960s). There were 14 episodes, combining two adventures in each episode, for a total of 28 stories. Though Conrad was the main voice featured, other noted voice actors in the Filmation series include an uncredited Lou Scheimer, Frank Welker, and Michael Bell.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 2003, the WB network aired a two-hour Lone Ranger TV movie, starring Chad Michael Murray as the Lone Ranger. The TV movie served as the pilot for a possible new series. However, the movie was greeted unenthusiastically; the name of the secret identity of the Lone Ranger was changed from "John Reid" to "Luke Hartman", and while an empty grave was still alongside those of the five dead Rangers, its supposed occupant was unidentified, and the hero maintained his unmasked identity, as well, becoming a cowboy version of Zorro, as in the first film serial. Ultimately, the project was shelved, with the pilot aired in telefilm form during the summer season due to Murray's popularity with the target audience of the network.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Clayton Moore appeared in character in an episode of "Lassie" in 1958. John Hart appeared in an episode of "Happy Days".


title: Lone Ranger

text: An episode of "The Greatest American Hero", titled, "My Heroes Have Always Been Cowboys," had a special appearance by John Hart as The Lone Ranger. In the story, superhero Ralph Hinkley is despondent over his failures, and considers giving up, until he is encouraged by Hart's retelling of the Lone Ranger's exploits.


title: Lone Ranger

text: After the end of the television series, Clayton Moore and Jay Silverheels starred in two feature films, "The Lone Ranger" in 1956 and "The Lone Ranger and the Lost City of Gold" in 1958.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 1958 the Lone Ranger appeared in the eight-minute-long documentary, "The Lone Ranger and the Peace Patrol". Presented and narrated by Clayton Moore, it revolves around purchasing U.S. Savings Stamps, a child's version of Savings Bonds. The main focus is to get children to invest in the stamps. The narrated segment culminates with the inaugural ceremonies on the grounds of the Washington Memorial before a crowd of thousands of children and their parents.


title: Lone Ranger

text: At the time of the 1981 release of the film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger", the company owning the rights to the character, Wrather Corp., filed a lawsuit and obtained a court injunction to prevent Clayton Moore from appearing as the Lone Ranger, and then gave a cameo to his TV replacement, John Hart. The film itself was a critical and commercial failure. It starred Klinton Spilsbury in his only motion picture appearance. His lines were overdubbed by James Keach. The part of Tonto was played by Michael Horse.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Moore, who never appeared publicly without his mask, was enjoined in the lawsuit from wearing it and, in protest, he began wearing oversized sunglasses that were the approximate size and shape of the mask. In a sequence in the movie, John Reid, a newly graduated attorney, is travelling west in a stagecoach to meet his brother. Another passenger announces his intent to make his fortune from his invention of sunglasses. The stage is robbed and the inventor killed. As John Reid lays the dead man on the floor with the broken dark glasses, yet another passenger says, "So much for American opportunity."


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 2013, Walt Disney Pictures and Jerry Bruckheimer Films released "The Lone Ranger", starring Armie Hammer as the Lone Ranger and Johnny Depp as Tonto. Directed by Gore Verbinski, the film is an origin story of the two characters and explores the duo's efforts to subdue the immoral actions of the corrupt, and to bring them to justice, in the American Old West. The film, produced with an estimated budget of $225 million, was received negatively by American critics and performed poorly at the box office.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The first Lone Ranger novel appeared in 1936, and eventually 18 volumes were published, as listed below. The first book was written by Gaylord Dubois, but the others were written by the character's primary developer, Fran Striker. Striker also re-edited and rewrote parts of later editions of the first novel. First published between 1936 and 1956 in hardback by Grosset and Dunlap, these stories were reprinted in 1978 by Pinnacle Books.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In, 1993, Perennial published the anthology "The Lone Ranger and Tonto Fistfight in Heaven", a collection of short stories by Sherman Alexie.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 2012, Moonstone Books published the anthology "The Lone Ranger Chronicles", edited by Matthew Baugh Starr with stories by Johnny. D Boggs, James Reasoner, Mel Odom, Bill Crider, Matthew Baugh, Tim Lasiuta, Joe Gentile, Paul Kupperberg, Dennis O'Neil, Kent Conwell, David McDonald, Thom Brannon, Troy D. Smith, Chuck Dixon, and Richard Dean Starr, stories incorporating famous characters of the western, such as Cisco Kid, Wyatt Earp and Doc Holliday.


title: Lone Ranger

text: King Features Syndicate distributed a newspaper strip of the Lone Ranger from September 1938 to December 1971. Fran Striker himself initially scripted the feature, but time constraints soon required him to quit, replaced by Bob Green, later followed by Paul S. Newman and others. The original artist was Ed Kressy, but he was replaced in 1939 by Charles Flanders who drew the strip until its conclusion.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 1981, the New York Times Syndicate launched a second Lone Ranger strip, written by Cary Bates with art by Russ Heath. It ran until 1984. In 1993 Pure Imagination Publishing collected two of the storylines and put them in a comic book.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Western Publishing, with its publishing partner Dell Comics, originally published some stand-alone "Lone Ranger" stories in 4 of Dell's "Large Feature Comics" (1939-1941) and in 7 issues of Dell's "Four Color Comics" series (1945-1947). ("Lone Ranger" stories also appeared in miscellaneous issues of "Ace Comics", "March of Comics", "Future Comics", "King Comics" and "Magic Comics", all anthology-type comic book titles.)


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 1948, Dell launched an actual "Lone Ranger" comic book title which began with #1 and lasted for 145 issues. This series originally consisted of reprints from the newspaper strips (as had all previous comic book appearances of the character in various titles from David McKay Publications and from Dell). However, new stories by writer Paul S. Newman and artist Tom Gill began with issue #38 (August 1951). Some original content was presented as early as #7 (January 1949), but these were non-Lone Ranger fillers. Newman and Gill produced the series until its final issue, #145 (July 1962).


title: Lone Ranger

text: Tonto got his own spin-off title in 1951, which lasted 31 issues. Such was the Ranger's popularity at the time that even his horse Silver had a comic book, "The Lone Ranger's Famous Horse Hi-Yo Silver", starting in 1952 and running 34 issues; writer Gaylord DuBois wrote and developed Silver as a hero in his own right. In addition, Dell also published three big "Lone Ranger" annuals, as well as an adaptation of the 1956 theatrical film.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The Dell series came to an end in 1962. Later that same year, Western Publishing ended its publishing partnership with Dell Comics and started its own comic book imprint, Gold Key Comics. The new imprint launched its own "Lone Ranger" title in 1964. Initially reprinting material from the Dell run, original content did not begin until issue #22 in 1975, and the magazine itself folded with #28 in 1977. Additionally the same year, AB published a three-part Swedish Lone Ranger story in "Hemmets Journal".


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 1994, Topps Comics produced a four-issue miniseries, "The Lone Ranger and Tonto", written by Joe R. Lansdale and drawn by Timothy Truman. One of the major changes in this series was the characterization of Tonto, who was now shown to be a very witty, outspoken, and sarcastic character, even willing to punch the Lone Ranger during a heated argument, and commenting on his past pop-culture depictions with the words, "Of course, "quimo sabe". Maybe when we talk I should use that 'me Tonto' stuff, the way they write about me in the dime novels. You'd like that, wouldn't you?".


title: Lone Ranger

text: The first issue of a new Lone Ranger series from Dynamite Entertainment by Brett Matthews and Sergio Cariello shipped on September 6, 2006. It was started as a six-issue miniseries; but due to its success, it has become an ongoing series by the same team. On September 15, 2006, Dynamite Entertainment announced that "The Lone Ranger" #1 had sold out its first printing. A second printing of the first issue was announced; a first for the company. The series has received an Eisner Awards nomination for best new series in 2007. "True West" magazine awarded the publication the "Best Western Comic Book of the Year" in their 2009 "Best of The West Source Book!" And in 2010 Dynamite released "The Lone Ranger Avenges the Death of Zorro".


title: Lone Ranger

text: The second volume of the series by Dynamite was issued in January 2012. Written by Ande Parks and drawn by Esteve Polls, it ran for a total of 25 numbers, with the last issue being released in June 2014.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Apart from the ongoing series, Dynamite released several miniseries starring the Lone Ranger, such as "The Lone Ranger and Tonto" (4 issues, written by Brett Matthews; John Abrams with art by Mario Guevara) in 2008; "Snake of Iron", a 5-part by Chuck Dixon and Steve Polls published in 2012, and "Vindicated", 4 issues by Justin Gray and Rey Villegas in 2014.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 2016, The Lone Ranger teamed-up with the Green Hornet in a 5-part miniseries written by Michael Uslan with art by Giovani Timpano.


title: Lone Ranger

text: A Dynamite "Lone Ranger" third volume, written by Mark Russell and drawn by Bob Q, was released in October 2018 and ran 5 issues.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In 1937, eight issues of "The Lone Ranger Magazine" (pulps) were published by Trojan Publishing, with stories written by Fran Striker. The series was recently reprinted as facsimiles by Adventure House Publishing.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In late 1930s Roy Meredith produced the first-known animated film based on Lone Ranger, in this silent film The Lone Ranger and Tonto capture a band of cattle rustlers and save the life of the rancher.


title: Lone Ranger

text: This cartoon was produced by "Pathegrams" on 16mm film and sold to the home market and libraries, which often showed cartoons as a prelude to the feature films they would play for children, much as they do videos now. It was a silent film, like most films produced for the home market in those days, and had dialog written on title cards, just as films of the silent era.


title: Lone Ranger

text: A video game version of "The Lone Ranger" was released by Konami for the Nintendo Entertainment System in North America in 1991. It is an action adventure game featuring three different perspectives: side-scrolling, overhead, and first-person exploration. The game loosely follows the plot of the 1981 film "The Legend of the Lone Ranger," with the ultimate goal being the rescue of the President of the United States, whom the Lone Ranger's nemesis, "Butch" Cavendish, has kidnapped.


title: Lone Ranger

text: "The Lone Ranger" program offered many radio premiums, including the Lone Ranger Six-Shooter Ring and the Lone Ranger Deputy Badge. Some used a silver bullet motif. One ring had a miniature of one of his six-guns atop it, with a flint and striking wheel, as used in cigarette lighters, so that "fanning" the miniature pistol would produce a shower of sparks. During World War II, the premiums adapted to the times. In 1942, the program offered the Kix Blackout Kit.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Some premiums were rather anachronistic for a 19th-century hero. In 1947, the program offered the Kix Atomic Bomb Ring, also known to collectors as the Lone Ranger Atom Bomb Ring. This ring was a miniature spinthariscope that actually had a small amount of polonium-210 in it, which emitted alpha particles to produce scintillations on the zinc sulfide outer part of the ring. With its tailfin piece removed, though, the "bomb" body looked like a silver bullet.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The sponsor was General Mills, with its breakfast-cereal products: Cheerios, Wheaties, and Kix. In 1947, Cheerios produced a line of Frontier Town cereal boxes with the Lone Ranger likeness on the front of the box. Different versions of the boxes would have Frontier Town buildings on their backs to cut out. One could also send in ten cents and a box-top to get each of the four map sections of the town. These, as well as nine different boxes, were needed to complete the cardboard Frontier Town.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Besides the premiums offered in connection with the radio series, there have been many Lone Ranger commercial toys released over the years. One of the most successful was a line of 10-inch action figures and accessories released by Gabriel Toys in 1973. Board games were released by Parker Brothers: The Lone Ranger Game, in 1938, and The New Lone Ranger Game, in 1956.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In the 1939 Looney Tunes "The Lone Stranger and Porky", supervised by Bob Clampett, the masked man comes to the rescue of stagecoach driver in distress, Porky Pig.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Jay Silverheels appeared as Tonto on "The Tonight Show" starring Johnny Carson in a comedy sketch in which Carson is interviewing Tonto for employment. The audio portion of this sketch was included in the LP "", released by Casablanca Records in 1974.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Both Clayton Moore and Silverheels appeared as the Lone Ranger and Tonto in a commercial for Jeno's Pizza Rolls produced by ad man/satirist Stan Freberg. The commercial was a spoof of a then-current commercial for Lark cigarettes which also used the "William Tell" overture theme music.


title: Lone Ranger

text: A recorded routine by comic Lenny Bruce formed the basis for the 1971 animated cartoon, "Thank You Mask Man", produced by John Magnuson Associates. This was an adult humor routine, comically implying a gay relationship between the Ranger and Tonto.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Parody versions of The Lone Ranger (called Lonely Rider) and Tonto appear as main characters in 1971 Finnish western comedy "The Unhanged" ("Hirttämättömät"). They were played by Vesa-Matti Loiri and Simo Salminen.


title: Lone Ranger

text: "The Top Ranger" is a parody produced by Disney starring Mickey Mouse (Top Ranger) and Goofy (Tonto-lone), with the script and drawing by Marco Gervasio and published in an Italian comic book, "Topolino" #3005 (July 2, 2013).


title: Lone Ranger

text: "The Provolone Ranger", an episode of the "Super Mario Bros. Super Show", featured Mario donning a mask to fight outlaws alongside of a speedy companion named Pronto. In a spoof of the Lone Ranger's habit of leaving before those whom he has helped can thank him, the episode ends with Mario returning to collect a reward of pasta.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In "Wild West Rangers", a two-part episode of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers", Pink Ranger Kimberly Hart (Amy Jo Johnson) falls backwards through time to the Old West, where she meets look-alike ancestors of her fellow Power Rangers and other characters in the show. A hero called the White Stranger, a mask-less duplicate of Kimberly's boyfriend Tommy Oliver, the White Ranger (played by Jason David Frank) rides to the rescue on more than one occasion when danger threatens.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In "Who Was That Mashed Man", a 1987 episode from the fifth season of "Night Court", an old actor who had played a Lone Ranger-esque character named the Red Ranger was being sued to prevent his appearing in public in costume by a movie company seeking to release a new movie based on the Red Ranger.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In "" (1998), the sixth film in "The Land Before Time franchise", Littlefoot's grandfather tells the children, the legend about "The Lone Dinosaur", a legendary Longneck who protected the Great Valley from the most ferocious Sharptooth to ever live. During the fight, the Sharptooth was killed and the Lone Dinosaur suffered a scar across his right eye. Soon after the battle, a huge monolith resembling a sauropod with life-sized Sharptooth teeth arranged around his neck came out of the ground during an earthquake. In the series Doc returns in the first episode of the second series, in search of his lady friend, Dara.


title: Lone Ranger

text: In "VeggieTales", there is an episode that is a retelling of the story of Moses leading the Hebrews out of Book of Exodus from the Bible and a sequel to the Ballad of Little Joe and a parody of the Lone Ranger called "Moe and the Big Exit" with Larry the Cucumber as the Lone Stranger who is the parody of the Lone Ranger and is the episodes equivalent to the Bible's Moses in the episode.


title: Lone Ranger

text: From its inception, George W. Trendle had legal ownership of the Lone Ranger and characters associated with the Lone Ranger through his company, The Lone Ranger, Inc. Trendle sold The Lone Ranger, Inc. to oil man and film producer Jack Wrather in 1954 for $3 million. After Wrather died in 1984, his widow, Bonita Granville, sold the Wrather Productions properties to Southbrook International Television Co. in 1985 for $10 million. Broadway Video acquired the rights in 1988. Classic Media acquired the rights in 2000. DreamWorks Animation acquired Classic Media in 2012 and renamed the division DreamWorks Classics, which was acquired by NBCUniversal in 2016 for $3.8 billion. Its Universal Pictures unit currently has the rights to the Lone Ranger.


title: Lone Ranger

text: The character was originally believed to be inspired by Texas Ranger Captain John R. Hughes, to whom the book "The Lone Star Ranger" by Zane Grey was dedicated in 1915. John R. Hughes was born on February 11, 1855, in Henry County, Illinois. At 14 years old, he made his way into Indian Territory and lived among the Choctaw, Osage, and Comanche. In 1886, at 31 years old, Hughes killed a number of men for stealing his and a neighbor's horses, and for a number of months, trailed the ones whom he did not kill. This would mark his first time actively participating in bounty hunter-like activities. Not long after that in 1887, Hughes assisted Texas Ranger Ira Aten in tracking and killing an escaped murderer. A month after, he was persuaded to join the ranks of the Rangers and served along the southwest borders of Texas, and at 38 years old, Hughes became the captain of Company D. Frontier Battalion. He went on to retire in 1915, after serving 28 years as a Ranger. He was dying and chose to end his own life at 92 years old on June 3, 1947, and was buried in Austin, Texas.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Many could relate John Hughes to being the Lone Ranger due to his career as an actual Texas Ranger, and because he actually lived in Texas, unlike others who have been cited as possibilities. He learned the languages of the Native American tribes that he lived among for some time, which could make him a more competent ranger when traveling familiar territory to track down criminals and give him the ability to communicate with other native people. He went on to capture and kill many criminals without ever being injured in his 28 years as a Ranger.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Some have suggested a possible historical inspiration was Bass Reeves, the first Black deputy U.S. Marshal west of the Mississippi River, although he was never a Ranger nor did he ever live in Texas. Reeves was born into slavery in Grayson County, Texas in 1838. Taken by his owner, George Reeves, to join the Civil War. The details surrounding his escape are unclear. Some accounts claim he brutally beat George Reeves during his escape. Bass Reeves spent the remainder of the war in Indian Territory, in what would become Oklahoma.


title: Lone Ranger

text: After the Civil War, Reeves was appointed as a U.S. Marshal in Indian Territory. This was uncommon for freedmen, especially in the South due to the Jim Crow laws of the Reconstruction Era. Despite this, Reeves worked as a Marshal for 32 years before he took a job in the Muskogee Police Department in 1907. This did not last long, however, as Reeves was diagnosed with Bright's disease, which eventually took his life in 1910. Bass Reeves is buried in Union Agency Cemetery in Muskogee, Oklahoma.


title: Lone Ranger

text: Speculation of Reeves' inspiration for the Lone Ranger originated in a 2006 Reeves biography by historian Art T. Burton, "Black Gun, Silver Star." Burton wrote, "Bass Reeves is the closest real person to resemble the Lone Ranger." Burton documents that Reeves' career as a lawman was widely known and celebrated in his time and cites many similarities between Reeves and the Lone Ranger. Among those were: wearing disguises, having a Native American partner, riding a white or grey horse, giving out silver keepsakes, and possessing legendary marksmanship and horsemanship skills. This theory is disputed for a number of reasons. Among them was the common practice of U.S. Marshals working in Indian territories to have Indian assistants. Another widespread practice of that era was using silver dollars as payments or tributes. Critics of the Bass theory also point out that it was common for pulp fiction writers to portray heroes as masked individuals. Other suggested inspirations were Zorro and Robin Hood.


title: Gremlins 2: The New Batch

text: Gremlins 2: The New Batch is a 1990 American black comedy horror film, and the sequel to the 1984 film "Gremlins". It was directed by Joe Dante and written by Charles S. Haas, with creature designs by Rick Baker. Zach Galligan, Phoebe Cates, Dick Miller, Jackie Joseph, and Keye Luke reprise their roles from the first film. New cast members include John Glover, Robert Prosky, Haviland Morris, Robert Picardo, and Christopher Lee; additionally, the film features Tony Randall providing the voice for one of the gremlins. The story continues the adventures of the creature Gizmo (once again voiced by Howie Mandel), who spawns numerous small monsters when wet. In the first film, Gizmo's offspring rampaged through a small fictional town. In "Gremlins 2: The New Batch", Gizmo multiplies within a skyscraper in New York City after his owner died. The new creatures thus pose a serious threat to the city should they be able to leave the building, and the story revolves around the human characters' efforts to prevent this disaster.