title: Cushing's disease

text: Pituitary radiation therapy is another option for treatment of postoperative persisting hypercortisolemia following unsuccessful transsphenoidal surgery. External-beam pituitary RT is more effective treatment for pediatric CD in children with cure rates of 80–88%. Hypopituitarism specifically growth hormone deficiency has been reported as the only most common late morbidity of this treatment; GHD has been reported in 36% and 68% of the patients undergoing post-pituitary RT for Cushing's disease.


title: Cushing's disease

text: Bilateral adrenalectomy is another treatment that provides immediate reduction of cortisol level and control of hypercortisolism. However, it requires education of patients, because lifelong glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy is needed for these patients. One of the major complications of this treatment is progression of Nelson's syndrome which is caused by enhance level of tumor growth and ACTH secretion post adrenalectomy in 8–29% of patients with CD.


title: Cushing's disease

text: During post-surgical recovery, patients collect a 24-hour urine sample and blood sample for detecting the level of cortisol with the purpose of cure test; level of cortisol near the detection limit assay corresponds to cure. Hormonal replacement such as steroid is given to patients because of steroid withdrawal. After the completion of collecting urine and blood samples, patients are asked to switch to glucocorticoid such as prednisone to decrease symptoms associated with adrenal withdrawal. Mitotane is also used


title: Cushing's disease

text: sample of US hospitals between 1993 and 2002 was conducted and revealed the following results: the in-hospital mortality rate was 0.7%; the complication rate was 42.1%. Diabetes insipidus (15%), fluid and electrolyte abnormalities (12.5%), and neurological deficits (5.6%) were the most common complications reported. The analyses of the study show that complications were more likely in patients with pre-operative comorbidities. Patients older than 64 years were more likely to have an adverse outcome and prolonged hospital stay. Women were 0.3 times less likely to have adverse outcomes in comparison to men.


title: Cushing's disease

text: Cases of Cushing's disease are rare, and little epidemiological data is available on the disease. An 18-year study conducted on the population of Vizcaya, Spain reported a 0.004% prevalence of Cushing's disease. The average incidence of newly diagnosed cases was 2.4 cases per million inhabitants per year. The disease is often diagnosed 3–6 years after the onset of illness.


title: Cushing's disease

text: Several studies have shown that Cushing's disease is more prevalent in women than men at a ratio of 3–6:1, respectively. Moreover, most women affected were between the ages of 50 and 60 years.


title: Cushing's disease

text: The prevalence of hypertension, and abnormalities in glucose metabolism are major predictors of mortality and morbidity in untreated cases of the disease. The mortality rate of Cushing's disease was reported to be 10–11%, with the majority of deaths due to vascular disease. Women aged 45–70 years have a significantly higher mortality rate than men.


title: Cushing's disease

text: Moreover, the disease shows a progressive increase with time. Reasons for the trend are unknown, but better diagnostic tools and a higher incidence rate are two possible explanations.


title: Cushing's disease

text: The disease associated with this increased secretion of cortisol was described by the American neurosurgeon Harvey Cushing in 1912 after he was presented with a unique case of the disease in 1910 a 23-year-old woman called Minnie G. whose symptoms included painful obesity, amenorrhea, hypertrichosis (abnormal hair growth), underdevelopment of secondary sexual characteristics, hydrocephalus and cerebral tension. This combination of symptoms was not yet described by any medical disorder at the time. However, Cushing was confident that Minnie's symptoms were due to dysfunction of the pituitary gland and resembled those associated with an adrenal tumor. Given this conviction, and his knowledge of the three anterior pituitary cell types, Cushing hypothesized that if acidophil hyperpituitarism (excess secretion from the acidophil cells) caused acromegaly, then an excess of basophil cells must be involved in another pituitary disorder that involves sexual dysfunction (amenorrhea in females and erectile dysfunction in males) and could explain Minnie's symptoms. Experimental evidence and case reports by Cushing led to his publication in 1932 on pituitary basophilism as the cause of Cushing's disease. In this publication, the clinical symptoms of the disease, named after Cushing, were described. Out of the 12 cases with hypercortisolism described in Cushing's monograph on the pituitary body, 67% died within a few years after symptom presentation, whereas Minnie G. survived for more than 40 years after symptom presentation, despite the fact that she did not receive any treatments for a pituitary tumor. The prolonged survival made Minnie's case unique at the time. The reason behind this survival remains a mystery since an autopsy of Minnie was refused after her death. However, the most likely explanation, proposed by J. Aidan Carney and based on statistical evidence, was that the basophil adenoma Minnie might have harbored underwent partial infarction, leading to symptom regression. The other hypothesis was that Minnie might have had Primary Pigmented Nodular Adrenocortical Disease (PPNAD), which when associated with Cushing's syndrome (Carney complex) can infrequently cause spontaneous symptom regression of the latter.


title: Cushing's disease

text: In 1924, the Soviet neurologist Nikolai Itsenko reported two patients with pituitary adenoma. The resulting excessive adrenocorticotropic hormone secretion led to the production of large amounts of cortisol by the adrenal glands. Considering this impact, the name of Itsenko was added to the title in some East European and Asian countries, and the disease is called Itsenko-Kushing disease.


title: Refractory period (sex)

text: In human sexuality, the refractory period is usually the recovery phase after orgasm during which it is physiologically impossible for a man to have additional orgasms. This phase begins immediately after ejaculation and lasts until the excitement phase of the human sexual response cycle begins anew with low-level response. Although it is generally reported that women do not experience a refractory period and can thus experience an additional orgasm (or multiple orgasms) soon after the first one, some sources state that both men and women experience a refractory period because women may also experience a moment after orgasm in which further sexual stimulation does not produce excitement.


title: Refractory period (sex)

text: Although the refractory period varies widely among individuals, ranging from minutes to days, most men cannot achieve or maintain an erection during this time, and many perceive a psychological feeling of satisfaction and are temporarily uninterested in further sexual activity; the penis may be hypersensitive and further sexual stimulation may feel painful during this time frame.


title: Refractory period (sex)

text: An increased infusion of the hormone oxytocin during ejaculation is believed to be chiefly responsible for the male refractory period, and the amount by which oxytocin is increased may affect the length of each refractory period. Another chemical which is considered to be responsible for the male refractory period is prolactin, which is repressed by dopamine, and is responsible for sexual arousal.


title: Refractory period (sex)

text: It is additionally proposed that the gonadotropin inhibitory hormone (GnIH), which is considered to inhibit the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis and sexual functions causes refractoriness of the post-ejaculatory refractory period. This hypothesis also supports the increase of oxytocin and prolactin after orgasm in accordance with the previous studies.


title: Refractory period (sex)

text: An alternative theory explains the male refractory period in terms of a peripheral autonomic feedback mechanism, rather than through central chemicals like oxytocin, serotonin, and prolactin. Autonomic feedback is already known to regulate other physiologic systems, such as breathing, blood pressure, and gut motility. This theory suggests that after male ejaculation, decreased wall tension in structures such as the seminal vesicles leads to a change in the fine autonomic signals sent from these organs, effectively creating a negative feedback loop. Such a mechanism is similar to decreased gastric and bowel motility once gastric contents have passed through. Once the feedback loop has been created, the refractory period remains until the loop is broken through restoration of the wall tension in the seminal vesicles. As men age, the time to restore tension in the seminal vesicles increases.


title: Refractory period (sex)

text: The female sexual response is more varied than that of men, and women are more capable than men of attaining additional or multiple orgasms through further sexual stimulation. However, many women experience clitoral hypersensitivity after orgasm, which can effectively create a refractory period. These women may be capable of further orgasms, but the pain involved in getting there makes the prospect undesirable.


title: Refractory period (sex)

text: Men may also have a reduced refractory period and may be capable of multiple orgasms. According to some studies, 18-year-old males have a refractory period of about 15 minutes, while those in their 70s take about 20 hours, with the average for all men being approximately half an hour. Although rarer, some males exhibit no refractory period or a refractory period lasting less than 10 seconds. A scientific study attempting to document natural, fully ejaculatory, multiple orgasms in an adult man was conducted at Rutgers University in 1995. During the study, six fully ejaculatory orgasms occurred in 36 minutes, with no apparent refractory period. In 2002, P. Haake et al. reported a single male individual producing multiple orgasms without elevated prolactin response.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Ku Klux Klan (KKK) nomenclature has evolved over the order's nearly 160 years of existence. The titles and designations were first laid out in the original Klan's prescripts of 1867 and 1868, then revamped with William J. Simmons's "Kloran" of 1916. Subsequent Klans have made various modifications.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The sources of the rituals, titles and even the name of KKK may be found in antebellum college fraternities and secret societies such as the Kuklos Adelphon. Logan Eastwood, one of the original members of the group, stated that the Klan rituals were "modeled on and embraced the leading features of the rituals of an order which has long been popular in many colleges and universities under various names" such as the Sons of Confucius or Guiasticutus but always styled Ancient and Honorable and Mirth-Provoking. Walter L. Fleming stated in a footnote to Lester's text that the contemporary (early twentieth century) Southern college fraternity that most nearly mirrored the early Klan was Kuklos Adelphon and the institution of snipe hunting. The original prescript of the Ku Klux Klan was adopted by a convention in Nashville, Tennessee in April 1867. A slightly revised edition appeared the next year.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: In the first prescript each officer is given the power to appoint Deputies to organize Realms, Dominions, Provinces and Dens until the latter can elect their own officers. The Grand Wizard was to be elected by a majority of Grand Dragons, and each lower level was elected by a majority of the next lower level of officers (Dragons were elected by Titans, Titans were elected by Giants etc.), as soon as three units had been formed at each level (three Dominions within a Realm for Grand Dragon, three Provinces within a Dominion for Grand Titan, etc.). In the second prescript each officer appoints the lower officer with the approval of his superior.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The Dens were the basic level of organization for the Reconstruction Klan. In the original prescript, its chief officer was the Grand Cyclops, who appointed two Nighthawks, a Grand Turk, a Grand Sentinel, Grand Magi and a Grand Ensign in addition to his Grand Scribe. The Grand Cyclops, Grand Exchequer, Grand Magi (second officer) and Grand Monk (third officer) were elected by the body politic of the dens, identified as Ghouls. In the second prescript the Grand Ensign is dispensed with, while the Grand Exchequer was appointed by the Grand Cyclops, who was now appointed by the Grand Giant. Only the Grand Magi and Grand Monk were elected by the Ghouls.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The exact function of these officers and the meaning of the titles varied. The two Nighthawks have been identified as couriers. The Grand Sentinel was in charge of the "Grand Guard", an organization which is not otherwise elaborated upon in the prescripts, but apparently served as the Den's security detail. The Grand Turk was the den's "executive officer" and was charged with informing Klansmen of "all informal or irregular meetings" and helping the Grand Cyclops and the Grand Magi maintain the "control and government" of the Den. The Grand Ensign's job was to take care of the Klan's flag.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The organ for initiation into the Klan was called the Investigating Committee, composed of the Grand Cyclops, Grand Magi and Grand Monk. Upon the nomination of a new member by a current member, the committee would investigate the candidate's "antecedents and his past and present standings and connections" and would then pronounce the candidate "competent and worthy" to become a member. The Grand Turk would escort the candidate to an "outpost" where he would question him and administer a preliminary oath. After this the Grand Turk would conduct the candidate to the Den, where the Grand Cyclops would administer the final oath.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The second prescript elaborates that the candidate must have his left hand on the Bible and his right hand toward heaven and includes a ten-point "interrogation" that the candidate must answer satisfactorily in order to proceed with the final oath. The questions asked included: are you now or have ever been a member of the Radical Republican Party, Loyal Leagues or Grand Army of the Republic? Did you fight with the Union Army during the Civil War? Do you believe in Negro equality? among other things.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: A system of "judiciary" organs was created in each prescript. In the first the judiciary was divided into a Grand Council of Yahoos, to try officers of the Klan, and a Grand Council of Centaurs to try regular Ghouls. In Art. IV Sec. 4, the Grand Giant is charged with conducting the Council of Yahoo, but Art. VI Sec. 2 states that the Council will be composed of officers of the equivalent rank as the accused and presided over by an officer of the next higher rank. A trial of the Grand Wizard would be held by a meeting of all the Grand Dragons, the most senior Grand Dragon presiding It is unclear if these tribunals were ever functional.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The second prescript presented an entirely different judiciary, with officers of the first three levels tried by three judges, appointed by the chief officer of the given jurisdiction, and the officers and attaches of the headquarters (presumably the Genii, Squires, and Furies). Trials of Den officers would be conducted at the provincial headquarters and include five judges, and ordinary ghouls to be tried at their dens with seven judges. As before a trial of the Grand Wizard would be conducted by the most senior Grand Dragon, this time with a quorum of seven dragons. All defendants had the right of appeal to the next higher court, and the proceeding was to be governed as "ordinary court martials".


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: In addition to the structure outlined above, there are documented cases of organs of slightly different nomenclature from Reconstruction. For instance, a group of twenty men who were arrested on April 6, 1868, at their "den" at the corners of Beale Street and Hernando street in Memphis, was called the Supreme Cyclopean Council. The constitution that the police captured outlined an organization with a Grand Cyclops, Vice-Grand Cyclops, and Secretary and openly advocated assassination of the "murders and robbers" now ruling the South. Members were bound to participate in the activities of the order, even if it meant leaving the "embraces" of their wife. A Grand Klan, composed of delegates from Spartanburg, York, Union, and Chester counties in South Carolina and a few from North Carolina, met in Spartanburg, South Carolina and declared that no more raids or whippings would be conducted by members of the Klan except by their order and that the penalty for violating this order would be 100 lashes for the first offense and death for the second.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: An attempt was apparently made to make Ghoul titles for other officers in Maury County, Tennessee in 1867 and early 1868, but the result was only confusion. Additionally a "Grand Tycoon" notified Klansmen in Lebanon, Tennessee to cease night riding and the order was apparently effective in restoring calm to Wilson County, Tennessee. In some early reconstruction Klan units there was also a Lictor, whose role as a guard of the den was later subsumed by the Nighthawks.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. which existed from 1915 to 1944, elaborated on the original prescript in its Kloran and in the constitution and by-laws adopted in 1922. Some titles and jurisdictional designations were carried over from the Reconstruction prescripts intact or slightly modified, and others were original with Imperial Wizard Simmons.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The officers at each level above the local Klan unit were designated by a unique prefix: Imperial at the Empire level; Grand at the Realm level; and Great at the Province level. Thus, for instance, an Imperial Kludd would be the chaplain for the whole organization, a Grand Kludd for the Realm, Great Kludd for a Province and simply Kludd for a local Klan.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Not all offices were reproduced at each level. The Kladd, Klarogo, Klexter, and Klokard were not present at the Province level, and the Kladd was not included on the Realm level. The Klazik, second vice-president, and Klonsul, attorney, positions only existed at the Imperial level. The Klazik's duties included being head of the department of Realms and organizing new Realms and Provinces. At the Province level there were three Klaliffs that served as an advisory board. A Klokann of three members, each one named a Klokan, filled this role at the local levels and a Klokann of four members at the Imperial level, in which they served as a "Supreme Board of Auditors and Special Advisers" and was led by a Chief Imperial Klokan.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The Imperial Wizards Genii constituted his Imperial Kloncilium; this was the Imperial Wizards supreme advisory board, as well as the Klans highest administrative organ in between Klonvokations. It met regularly every July, but could also be called when the Imperial Wizard or five Geniis petitioned him to do so. The Kloncilium was also the Supreme Tribunal of Justice of the organization with appellate jurisdiction and the right to finally determine disputes between Realms, Provinces, Klans and members in unorganized states


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Giant was adopted as an emeritus title: Imperial Giant for an ex-Imperial Wizard, Grand Giant for an ex-Grand Dragon, Great Giant for ex-Great Titan, and Klan Giant for an ex-Exalted Cyclops.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Since the dissolution of Knights of the Ku Klux Klan, Inc. in 1944, there have been many Klan groups. Details of the nomenclature have varied, somewhat, among the different groups, but some terms have had more currency than others. Over time, the term klavern replaced klan for local groups. Imperial Wizard and Grand Dragon have still been generally used for the leader of a Klan organization and for state (realm) leaders. Exceptions included cases of one state Klans, such as the Association of Georgia Klans, whose leader Dr. Samuel Green, kept the title Grand Dragon until shortly before his death. The White Knights of the Ku Klux Klan created some innovations in their organization including a bicameral Klongress with an upper house Klonvokation and lower Klanburgess.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: In the late 1970s David Duke's Knights of the Ku Klux Klan dropped the Imperial Wizard title, and the leader was called national director. That organization, now known as the Knights Party, no longer uses most of the traditional Klan titles, and the only fraternal titles used are Page, Squire, and Knight for levels of membership.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Aside from titles and geographical designations, a distinctive vocabulary has grown around the Ku Klux Klan organizations. These include names for rituals, code words, and practices of the various Klans.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Two KKK codes for dates and times have been developed, the Ku Klux Register in the original prescripts and the Kalender developed by William J. Simmons.


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: In the original prescripts the register contained twelve designations, thought to correspond to months:


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: The Kalender developed by W. J. Simmons included codes for days of the week, weeks, months and years. For months:


title: Ku Klux Klan titles and vocabulary

text: Years were reckoned according to reigns and cycles. The Reign of Incarnation and Incantation was all time up to the American Revolutionary War. The First Reign of our Incarnation and Incantation was the period between the Revolution and the establishment of the original Klan, which was reckoned to May 6, 1866 in this scheme. The Reign of our Second Incarnation and Incantation was reckoned between 1866 and Grand Wizard Nathan Bedford Forrest's dissolution of the Klan, which is reckoned to 1872. The Reign of our Third Incarnation and Incantation began in 1915. The Klan year, Anno Klanslar, began in March of each year, and the cycle was reckoned from December of each calendar year.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine is a naturally occurring psychoactive substance found in plants in the family Apocynaceae such as "Tabernanthe iboga", "Voacanga africana", and "Tabernaemontana undulata". It is a psychedelic with dissociative properties.


title: Ibogaine

text: Preliminary research indicates that it may help counter drug addiction. Its use has been associated with serious side effects and death. Between the years 1990 and 2008, a total of 19 fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine were reported, from which six subjects died of acute heart failure or cardiopulmonary arrest. The total number of subjects who have used it without major side effects during this period remains unknown. It is used as an alternative medicine treatment for drug addiction in some countries. Its prohibition in other countries has slowed scientific research. Ibogaine is also used to facilitate psychological introspection and spiritual exploration. Various derivatives of ibogaine designed to lack psychedelic properties (such as 18-MC) are under clinical trials which have shown them to be neither psychedelic nor psychoactive and to have acceptable safety profiles in humans.


title: Ibogaine

text: The psychoactivity of the root bark of the iboga tree ("Tabernanthe iboga"), from which ibogaine is extracted, was first discovered by the Pygmy tribes of Central Africa, who passed the knowledge to the Bwiti tribe of Gabon. French explorers in turn learned of it from the Bwiti tribe and brought ibogaine back to Europe in 1899–1900, where it was subsequently marketed in France as a stimulant under the trade name "Lambarène". Ibogaine-containing preparations are used for medicinal and ritual purposes within the African spiritual traditions of the Bwiti, who claim to have learned it from the Pygmy peoples. Although ibogaine's anti-addictive properties were first widely promoted in 1962 by Howard Lotsof, its Western medical use predates that by at least a century.


title: Ibogaine

text: Additionally, the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) studied the effects of ibogaine in the 1950s.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine is an indole alkaloid that is obtained either by extraction from the iboga plant or by semi-synthesis from the precursor compound voacangine, another plant alkaloid. The total synthesis of ibogaine was described in 1956. Structural elucidation by X-ray crystallography was completed in 1960.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine is derived from the root of the "Tabernanthe iboga", a plant known to exhibit psychedelic effects in its users. The experience of ibogaine occurs in two phases, termed the visionary phase and the introspection phase. The visionary phase has been described as oneirogenic, referring to the dreamlike nature of its psychedelic effects, and lasts for 4 to 6 hours. The second phase, the introspection phase, is responsible for the psychotherapeutic effects. It can allow people to conquer their fears and negative emotions. Ibogaine catalyzes an altered state of consciousness reminiscent of dreaming while fully conscious and aware so that memories, life experiences, and issues of trauma can be processed.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine is not currently approved for any medical uses. There are legal ibogaine rehabilitation facilities in Mexico and Brazil. Clinical studies of ibogaine to treat drug addiction began in the early 1990s, but concerns about cardiotoxicity led to termination of those studies. There is insufficient data to determine whether it is useful in treating addiction.


title: Ibogaine

text: In Bwiti religious ceremonies, the root bark is pulverized and swallowed in large amounts to produce intense psychoactive effects.


title: Ibogaine

text: One of the first noticeable effects of large-dose ibogaine ingestion is ataxia, a difficulty in coordinating muscle motion which makes standing and walking difficult without assistance. Xerostomia (dry mouth), nausea, and vomiting may follow. These symptoms may be long in duration, ranging from 4 to 24 hours in some cases. Ibogaine is sometimes administered "per rectum" to avoid nausea and vomiting. Ibogaine decreases body temperature.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine causes long QT syndrome at higher doses, apparently by blocking hERG potassium channels in the heart.


title: Ibogaine

text: Work in the laboratory of Mark Molliver at Johns Hopkins indicated degeneration of cerebellar Purkinje cells observed in rats given substantially larger dosages of ibogaine than those used to study drug self-administration and withdrawal. However, subsequent research found no evidence of neurotoxicity in a primate or mouse at dosages that produced cerebellar degeneration in the rat, and it has been suggested that cerebellar degeneration might be a phenomenon limited to a single species. The FDA was aware of Molliver's work at the time it approved a phase-1 study in which humans received ibogaine in 1993. Neuropathological examination revealed no evidence of degenerative changes in a woman who had received four separate doses of ibogaine ranging between 10 and 30 mg⁄ kg over a 15-month interval. A published series of fatalities temporally associated with the ingestion of ibogaine found no evidence suggesting a characteristic syndrome of neurotoxicity.


title: Ibogaine

text: Adverse interactions may occur between ibogaine and psychiatric medications. Some studies also suggest the possibility of adverse interaction with heart conditions.


title: Ibogaine

text: Because ibogaine is one of the many drugs that are partly metabolized by the cytochrome P450 complex, caution must be exercised to avoid foods or drugs that interfere with these CYP450 enzymes, in particular foods containing bergamottin or bergamot oil, such as grapefruit juice.


title: Ibogaine

text: Noribogaine is most potent as a serotonin reuptake inhibitor. It acts as a moderate κ-opioid receptor agonist and weak μ-opioid receptor agonist or weak partial agonist. It is possible that the action of ibogaine at the kappa opioid receptor may indeed contribute significantly to the psychoactive effects attributed to ibogaine ingestion; Salvia divinorum, another plant recognized for its strong hallucinogenic properties, contains the chemical salvinorin A, which is a highly selective kappa opioid agonist. Noribogaine is more potent than ibogaine in rat drug discrimination assays when tested for the subjective effects of ibogaine.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine is metabolized in the human body by cytochrome P450 2D6 (CYP2D6) into noribogaine (more correctly, O-desmethylibogaine or 12-hydroxyibogamine). Both ibogaine and noribogaine have a plasma half-life of around two hours in the rat, although the half-life of noribogaine is slightly longer than that of the parent compound. It is proposed that ibogaine is deposited in fat and metabolized into noribogaine as it is released. After ibogaine ingestion in humans, noribogaine shows higher plasma levels than ibogaine and is detected for a longer period of time than ibogaine.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine is a tryptamine. It has two separate chiral centers, meaning that there are four different stereoisomers of ibogaine. These four isomers are difficult to resolve.


title: Ibogaine

text: One recent total synthesis of ibogaine and related drugs starts with 2-iodo-4-methoxyaniline which is reacted with triethyl((4-(triethylsilyl)but-3-yn-1-yl)oxy)silane using palladium acetate in DMF to form 2-(triethylsilyl)-3-(2-((triethylsilyl)oxy)ethyl)-1H-indole. This is converted using N-iodosuccinamide and then fluoride to form 2-(2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethanol. This is treated with iodine, triphenyl phosphine, and imidazole to form 2-iodo-3-(2-iodoethyl)-1H-indole. Then, using 7-ethyl-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene and cesium carbonate in acetonitrile, the ibogaine precursor 7-ethyl-2-(2-(2-iodo-1H-indol-3-yl)ethyl)-2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]oct-5-ene is obtained. Using palladium acetate in DMF, the ibogaine is obtained. If the exo ethyl group on the 2-azabicyclo[2.2.2]octane system in ibogaine is replaced with an endo ethyl, then epiibogaine is formed.


title: Ibogaine

text: Crystalline ibogaine hydrochloride is typically produced by semi-synthesis from voacangine in commercial laboratories. It can be prepared from voacangine through one-step demethoxycarbonylation process too.


title: Ibogaine

text: A synthetic derivative of ibogaine, 18-methoxycoronaridine (18-MC), is a selective α3β4 antagonist that was developed collaboratively by the neurologist Stanley D. Glick (Albany) and the chemist Martin E. Kuehne (Vermont). This discovery was stimulated by earlier studies on other naturally occurring analogues of ibogaine such as coronaridine and voacangine that showed these compounds also have anti-addictive properties. More recently, non- and less- hallucinogenic analogs, tabernanthalog and ibogainalog, were engineered by scientists attempting to produce non-cardiotoxic ibogaine derivatives by removing the lipophilic isoquinuclidine ring. In animal models, both molecules failed to produce cardiac arrhythmias and tabernanthalog failed to produce any head twitch response, suggesting psychedelic effects were absent.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine occurs naturally in iboga root bark. Ibogaine is also available in a total alkaloid extract of the "Tabernanthe iboga" plant, which also contains all the other iboga alkaloids and thus has only about half the potency by weight of standardized ibogaine hydrochloride.


title: Ibogaine

text: The use of iboga in African spiritual ceremonies was first reported by French and Belgian explorers in the 19th century, beginning with the work of French naval physician and explorer of Gabon Marie-Théophile Griffon du Bellay. The first botanical description of the "Tabernanthe iboga" plant was made in 1889. Ibogaine was first isolated from "T. iboga" in 1901 by Dybowski and Landrin and independently by Haller and Heckel in the same year using "T. iboga" samples from Gabon. Complete synthesis of ibogaine was accomplished by G. Büchi in 1966. Since then, several other synthesis methods have been developed.


title: Ibogaine

text: From the 1930s to 1960s, ibogaine was sold in France in the form of Lambarène, an extract of the "Tabernanthe manii" plant, and promoted as a mental and physical stimulant. The drug enjoyed some popularity among post-World War II athletes. Lambarène was withdrawn from the market in 1966 when the sale of ibogaine-containing products became illegal in France.


title: Ibogaine

text: In the late 1960s, the World Health Assembly classified ibogaine as a "substance likely to cause dependency or endanger human health"; the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) assigned it Schedule I classification, and the International Olympic Committee banned it as a potential doping agent.


title: Ibogaine

text: Anecdotal reports concerning ibogaine's effects appeared in the early 1960s. Its anti-addictive properties were discovered accidentally by Howard Lotsof in 1962, at the age of 19, when he and five friends—all heroin addicts—noted subjective reduction of their craving and withdrawal symptoms while taking it. Further anecdotal observation convinced Lotsof of its potential usefulness in treating substance addictions. He contracted with a Belgian company to produce ibogaine in tablet form for clinical trials in the Netherlands, and was awarded a United States patent for the product in 1985. The first objective, placebo-controlled evidence of ibogaine's ability to attenuate opioid withdrawal in rats was published by Dzoljic "et al." in 1988. Diminution of morphine self-administration was reported in preclinical studies by Glick "et al." in 1991. Cappendijk "et al." demonstrated reduction in cocaine self-administration in rats in 1993, and Rezvani reported reduced alcohol dependence in three strains of "alcohol-preferring" rats in 1995.


title: Ibogaine

text: As the use of ibogaine spread, its administration varied widely; some groups administered it systematically using well-developed methods and medical personnel, while others employed haphazard and possibly dangerous methodology. Lotsof and his colleagues, committed to the traditional administration of ibogaine, developed treatment regimens themselves. In 1992, Eric Taub brought ibogaine to an offshore location close to the United States, where he began providing treatments and popularizing its use. In Costa Rica, Lex Kogan, another leading proponent, joined Taub in systematizing its administration. The two men established medically monitored treatment clinics in several countries.


title: Ibogaine

text: In 1981, an unnamed European manufacturer produced 44 kg of iboga extract. The entire stock was purchased by Carl Waltenburg, who distributed it under the name "Indra extract" and used it in 1982 to treat heroin addicts in the community of Christiania. Indra extract was available for sale over the Internet until 2006, when the Indra web presence disappeared. Various products are currently sold in a number of countries as "Indra extract", but it is unclear if any of them are derived from Waltenburg's original stock. Ibogaine and related indole compounds are susceptible to oxidation over time.


title: Ibogaine

text: The National Institute on Drug Abuse (NIDA) began funding clinical studies of ibogaine in the United States in the early 1990s, but terminated the project in 1995. Data demonstrating ibogaine's efficacy in attenuating opioid withdrawal in drug-dependent human subjects was published by Alper "et al." in 1999. A cohort of 33 patients were treated with 6 to 29 mg/kg of ibogaine; 25 displayed resolution of the signs of opioid withdrawal from 24 hours to 72 hours post-treatment, but one 24-year-old female, who received the highest dosage, died. Mash "et al." (2000), using lower oral doses (10–12 mg/kg) in 27 patients, demonstrated significantly lower objective opiate withdrawal scores in heroin addicts 36 hours after treatment, with self-reports of decreased cocaine and opiate craving and alleviated depression symptoms. Many of these effects appeared sustainable over a one-month post-discharge follow-up.


title: Ibogaine

text: The Global Ibogaine Therapy Alliance publishes a map of ibogaine legal status in various countries around the world.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine treatment clinics have emerged in Mexico, Canada, the Netherlands, South Africa, and New Zealand, all operating in what has been described as a "legal gray area". Costa Rica also has treatment centers. Covert, illegal neighborhood clinics are known to exist in the United States, despite active DEA surveillance. While clinical guidelines for ibogaine-assisted detoxification were released by the Global Ibogaine Therapy Alliance in 2015, addiction specialists warn that the treatment of drug dependence with ibogaine in non-medical settings, without expert supervision and unaccompanied by appropriate psychosocial care, can be dangerous — and, in approximately one case in 300, potentially fatal.


title: Ibogaine

text: While in Wisconsin covering the primary campaign for the United States presidential election of 1972, gonzo journalist Hunter S. Thompson submitted a satirical article to "Rolling Stone" accusing Democratic Party candidate Edmund Muskie of being addicted to ibogaine. Many readers, and even other journalists, did not realize that the "Rolling Stone" piece was facetious. The ibogaine assertion, which was completely unfounded, did significant damage to Muskie's reputation, and was cited as a factor in his loss of the nomination to George McGovern. Thompson later said he was surprised that anyone believed it. The article is included in Thompson's post-election anthology, "Fear and Loathing on the Campaign Trail '72" (1973).


title: Ibogaine

text: American author Daniel Pinchbeck wrote about his own experience of ibogaine in his book "Breaking Open the Head" (2002), and in a 2003 article for "The Guardian" titled "Ten years of therapy in one night".


title: Ibogaine

text: The most-studied therapeutic effect of ibogaine is the reduction or elimination of addiction to opioids. An integral effect is the alleviation of symptoms of opioid withdrawal. Research also suggests that ibogaine may be useful in treating dependence on other substances such as alcohol, methamphetamine, and nicotine, and may affect compulsive behavioral patterns not involving substance abuse or chemical dependence. Researchers note that there remains a "need for systematic investigation in a conventional clinical research setting."


title: Ibogaine

text: Many users of ibogaine report experiencing visual phenomena during a waking dream state, such as instructive replays of life events that led to their addiction, while others report therapeutic shamanic visions that help them conquer the fears and negative emotions that might drive their addiction. It is proposed that intensive counseling, therapy, and aftercare during the interruption period following treatment is of significant value. Some individuals require a second or third treatment session with ibogaine over the course of 12 to 18 months. A minority of individuals relapse completely into opiate addiction within days or weeks. A comprehensive article (Lotsof 1995) on the subject of ibogaine therapy detailing the procedure, effects, and aftereffects is found in "Ibogaine in the Treatment of Chemical Dependence Disorders: Clinical Perspectives". Ibogaine has also been reported in multiple small-study cohorts to reduce cravings for methamphetamine.


title: Ibogaine

text: There is also evidence that this type of treatment works with LSD, which has been shown to have a therapeutic effect on alcoholism. Both ibogaine and LSD appear to be effective for encouraging introspection and giving the user occasion to reflect on the sources of their addiction, while also producing an intense, transformative experience that can put established patterns of behavior into perspective; ibogaine has the added benefit of preventing withdrawal effects.


title: Ibogaine

text: In 1957, Jurg Schneider, a pharmacologist at CIBA (now a division of Novartis), found that ibogaine potentiated morphine analgesia. No additional data was ever published by CIBA researchers on ibogaine–opioid interactions. Almost 50 years later, Patrick Kroupa and Hattie Wells released the first treatment protocol for concomitant administration of ibogaine with opioids in human subjects, indicating that ibogaine reduced tolerance to opioid drugs. Their paper in the "Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic Studies" journal demonstrated that administration of low "maintenance" doses of ibogaine HCl with opioids decreases tolerance, but noted that ibogaine's potentiating action could make this a risky procedure.


title: Ibogaine

text: Ibogaine has been used as an adjunct to psychotherapy by Claudio Naranjo, documented in his book "The Healing Journey". He was awarded patent in 1974.


title: Ibogaine

text: Some investigation is being done into the use of psychedelic substances, including Ibogaine, for the treatment of Traumatic brain injury


title: Mario Kart 8

text: On April 28, 2017, Nintendo released "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe", an expanded re-release of "Mario Kart 8" for the Nintendo Switch. "Deluxe" features a revamped battle mode, including five sub-modes. After launch, "Deluxe" received several software updates, including the "Booster Course Pass", a downloadable season pass which features 48 additional courses split into six waves set to be released by the end of 2023. Since its release, "Deluxe" has sold over 48 million units, making it the best-selling Nintendo Switch game and one of the best-selling games of all time. "Deluxe" was critically acclaimed, with many reviewers calling it the best "Mario Kart" game or one of the best racing games, though some criticized the lack of new content.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: "Mario Kart 8" is a kart racing video game; players control characters from the "Mario" universe to race in go-karts around a course. They may hinder their opponents or improve their performance using power-ups found in item boxes throughout the course. It includes four different difficulties, each differing in speed, which may be selected before the race. "Mirror Mode" horizontally inverts all courses. Returning features from previous installments include motorbikes and 12-player racing from "Mario Kart Wii", as well as hang gliders, underwater racing and vehicle customization from "Mario Kart 7". Up to four players can play together on a single system, up to eight can play together through a local wireless connection, and up to twelve can play together via online multiplayer.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: The signature new feature of "Mario Kart 8" is anti-gravity racing, in which certain parts of a course allow racers to drive on walls and ceilings. In these sections, players who collide with other racers or special bumpers will trigger a speed boost. New characters include the Koopalings and Pink Gold Peach. In addition to karts and motorbikes, the game also includes all-terrain vehicles. There are four new items: the Boomerang Flower, which can be thrown to attack players; the Piranha Plant, which attacks nearby racers and obstacles and provides a speed boost; the Crazy Eight, which gives the user eight different items; and the Super Horn, which can be used both to attack nearby opponents and defend against items, including the previously nearly unavoidable Spiny Shell. The game features 32 courses spread across eight cups, with an additional 16 courses later released as downloadable content (DLC) in four additional cups.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" included all downloadable content (DLC) for "Mario Kart 8", including characters, courses, and vehicle components, into a single product for Nintendo Switch. These features are accessible upon first starting the game, without the need to be unlocked. In addition to previous DLC, several new characters are introduced in "Deluxe", including the Inklings from "Splatoon", Bowser Jr., Dry Bones, and King Boo. Other notable changes to the gameplay include being able to be hold two items at once, and accessibility features to assist newer players, such as auto-acceleration or smart steering, which prevents players from veering off course. "Deluxe" also reintroduces the Boo item, which allows the player to steal another opponent's item and then temporarily become invisible. In "Deluxe"'s "Booster Course Pass", several courses have differing layouts in every lap, condensing multiple variations of a course into one.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: The largest addition in "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" is the updated battle mode. "Deluxe" includes five new battle mode-exclusive courses, and three battle courses adapted from previous entries in the "Mario Kart" series. These battle courses are designed specifically for the mode, featuring layouts that allow for easier item play, rather than repurposing standard race courses like "Mario Kart 8". The Feather item, reintroduced from previous entries in the series, is exclusive to this mode and allows the player to get a small boost in height when it is activated. There are five rulesets in battle mode. In Balloon Battle, players use items to destroy each others' balloons. Unlike in previous incarnations, the mode is point-based rather than last-man-standing, meaning that the winner is whoever destroys the most balloons before the match ends. Bob-omb Blast is a variation of Balloon Battle with all the items replaced with bombs. In Shine Thief, players must maintain control of the Shine Sprite for as long as possible; the player or team who possesses it for the longest wins. In Coin Runners, players scavenge coins from around the course and steal them from other players, aiming to have the biggest hoard. The final mode is Renegade Roundup, which involves a team of "renegades" trying to avoid the "authorities" armed with Piranha Plants, which takes inspiration from the children's game "cops and robbers". Renegades may free their captured teammates by driving over switches under the cages controlled by the authorities.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Initially confirmed in a January 2013 Nintendo Direct presentation, "Mario Kart 8" was unveiled at E3 2013. Some members of Bandai Namco Games received special thanks in the credits. The "8" in the logo was designed to resemble a Möbius strip, as was Mario Circuit, one of the courses. Early in development, the idea of using a drill to penetrate the ground was considered but was quickly discarded for not being as interesting as anti-gravity. Courses were designed with anti-gravity in mind, including tracks from older games which were redesigned to take advantage of the new mechanic. Other courses had gliding and underwater sections added as well.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Nintendo's launch promotions of "Mario Kart 8" include a Limited Edition with a Spiny Shell figurine; and special Mario and Luigi themed console bundles, with a hat, strategy guide, Wii Remote Plus controller, Wii Wheel, and GamePad protector. In North America, Europe, and Australia, players who purchased and registered "Mario Kart 8" on Club Nintendo before July 31, 2014, received a free download code for a selected Wii U game. As part of a promotional campaign with Mercedes-Benz, Mario, Luigi, and Peach were featured in a series of Japanese commercials for the Mercedes-Benz GLA, and three karts based on past and present Mercedes-Benz vehicles were added as part of a downloadable update on August 27, 2014. In 2014, fast food company McDonald's released Happy Meal-branded toys based on the characters and karts. A soundtrack album containing 68 tracks from the game was made available as an exclusive reward available to Club Nintendo members shortly preceding the service's discontinuation in 2015.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Game updates added new features and user experience improvements, such as support for Amiibo figurines, a 200cc difficulty setting, player statistics, and additional Mii outfits. Two paid DLC packs added characters, vehicles, and courses to the game. Some characters and courses are based on other Nintendo franchises, including Link ("The Legend of Zelda"), Isabelle and Villager ("Animal Crossing"), Mute City and Big Blue ("F-Zero"), and Excitebike Arena ("Excitebike"), a first for the "Mario Kart" series.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: After initially being teased alongside the Nintendo Switch's announcement in October 2016, "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" was formally revealed at the Nintendo Switch Presentation on January 12, 2017. The trailer showcased mechanics such as Smart Steering and crossover elements from the "Splatoon" series—additional crossovers with "" would be added in an update post-launch. The release date was set for April 28, 2017, shortly after the Switch's March 3 launch. Nintendo also announced a steering wheel accessory for the Switch Joy-Con controller to allow for motion-controlled steering. An overview trailer revealed details about the game's battle mode including several battle mode-exclusive courses, as well as the return of the Shine Thief mode from "". After the release of the trailer, several internet memes circulated surrounding Donkey Kong appearing to perform a celebratory dab.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Shortly after launch, Nintendo released a software update that changed one of the victory gestures done by the Inkling Girl. Prior to the update, the Inkling Girl performed a gesture that consisted of placing her hand on a flexed bicep and pumping her fist into the air. In Japan, the gesture means something similar to "bring it on!", though in European and Latin American countries, it was likened to the bras d'honneur, an offensive gesture that can be interpreted as "up your ass", "fuck you", or similar meanings. After the update, the Inkling Girl no longer clenches her fist around her flexed arm, instead simply performing a "fist pump", though the rest of the gesture was unchanged.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: A series of updates added compatibility with Nintendo Labo, a toys-to-life kit that uses cardboard to create motion-controlled toys with Joy-Con controllers. The first update enabled the Toy-Con Motorbike as a controller for "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe", allowing the player to use the physical throttle, handlebars, and gyroscope present on the Toy-Con Motorbike, while actions like braking, drifting, and item pickups are still performed using the standard controller buttons. A later update added compatibility for the Toy-Con Car, Pedal, and Key to control actions like braking, drifting, and using the horn on the steering wheel to launch items.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: During a February 2022 Nintendo Direct, it was announced that "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" would get a paid downloadable content season pass called the "Booster Course Pass". Courses in the "Booster Course Pass" are largely remastered from their incarnations in previous "Mario Kart" games. The "Booster Course Pass" is set to release in six waves, with each wave containing eight courses split into two cups, totaling to 48 additional tracks to be released by the end of 2023. It can be accessed by purchasing it on the Nintendo Switch's eShop, or by having an active Nintendo Switch Online + Expansion Pack subscription. The first wave of the "Booster Course Pass" was released on March 22, 2022, containing the Golden Dash Cup and the Lucky Cat Cup. Wave 2 of the "Booster Course Pass" released on August 4, 2022, containing the Turnip Cup and the Propeller Cup. Wave 2 also included Sky-High Sundae, an original course not introduced in a previous "Mario Kart" game. Alongside the release of Wave 2, Nintendo released an update to the Wave 1 course Coconut Mall that changed the cars at the end of the course to move in donuts, rather than remain stationary, except for Time Trials. This change was widely praised, especially after many were disappointed that the cars were stationary in the "Booster Course Pass" to begin with. Wave 3 of the "Booster Course Pass" released on December 7, 2022, containing the Rock Cup and the Moon Cup.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: In its first four days on sale, "Mario Kart 8" became the fastest-selling Wii U game, with more than 1.2 million copies sold worldwide. Within a month, it increased to 2.82 million. As of September 2021, more than 8.46 million copies were sold worldwide, making it the best-selling Wii U game. Based on the sales data, more than half of Wii U owners own a copy. In the United Kingdom, shortly after the release of "Mario Kart 8", week-on-week Wii U console sales rose 662%, with "Mario Kart 8" bundles accounting for 82% of consoles sold.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" sold 459,000 copies in the United States on its launch day, making it the fastest-selling entry in the "Mario Kart" series, ahead of 2008's "Mario Kart Wii" by 25,000 units. Roughly one year after launch, "Deluxe" had sold 9.22 million copies. It surpassed "Super Mario Odyssey" as the best-selling game on the Nintendo Switch in 2019, and "Mario Kart Wii" as the best-selling "Mario Kart" game in 2021. Since its release in 2017, "Deluxe" has been a consistent top-selling game on the Nintendo Switch. , "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" has sold 48.41 million units, making it the best-selling Nintendo Switch game, as well as one of the best-selling games of all time.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: "Mario Kart 8" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic, whereas "Deluxe" received "universal acclaim". Overall, reviewers held "Mario Kart 8" in high esteem among racing games, but considered "Deluxe" to be the definitive version of the title. "Deluxe" was further called one of the best games in the "Mario Kart" series or one of the best racing games of all time. Some reviewers considered the game to be an essential purchase for Nintendo Switch owners. Improvements in "Deluxe" made certain features of "Mario Kart 8" feel worse in retrospect. However, many reviewers criticized the lack of new content in "Deluxe" compared to "Mario Kart 8".


title: Mario Kart 8

text: The main racing mode of "Mario Kart 8" was widely praised. "Eurogamer" called it the "most vibrant home console racing game in years". The rubber-banding mechanics present in the game's AI competitors was criticized, though "Game Informer" noted that "fans accepted that pitfall as a series mainstay long ago". Finding the core racing unchanged, they said "Deluxe" is still "the same great title from the Wii U". "GameSpot" and "Nintendo Life" also considered "Deluxe"'s racing to be as strong as the original. Minor mechanical changes, such as the ability to hold two items, were praised, with many liking how it added more strategy to "Deluxe"'s item play. Accessibility options like smart steering and auto-acceleration received mixed feedback. Many felt that the additions made "Deluxe" the most accessible "Mario Kart" game, and others appreciated how they helped less experienced players enjoy the game, despite making the game too easy for veteran players. However, some reviewers disliked how smart steering was enabled by default, and how it could overcorrect or interfere with precision inputs.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: The main criticism levied at "Mario Kart 8" was its battle mode, which was noticeably worse than previous entries. "Easy Allies" called it "abysmal", and "Kotaku" said it was "borderline unplayable". "Giant Bomb" panned the recycling of existing courses for battle mode, which made it difficult to find opponents to engage with, instead of creating new arenas that are more intentionally designed for this mode. By contrast, "Deluxe"'s revamped battle mode received widespread acclaim. "Easy Allies" and "Kotaku" claimed that the new battle mode far outshined the original game, and "Pocket Gamer" said that "Deluxe" returned battle mode to its "original arena-battling glory". "VentureBeat" said that they remedied the issue with the original "Mario Kart 8"'s battle courses. However, "Electronic Gaming Monthly" said that the battle mode was "not so much a point for "Deluxe" that these modes are included as it is a retroactive demerit for the original "Mario Kart 8"". Many critics considered Renegade Roundup to be the best of "Deluxe"'s battle modes, though "GameRevolution" and "USgamer" said it was their least favorite.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Reviewers also focused on the graphics and visual style of the game. "Eurogamer" praised both the vast sense of scale and the "exquisite details" of the courses. "Digital Foundry" deemed it "near perfection" with "phenomenal attention to detail", featuring a "magnificent visual package" and "magical playability". Their technical analysis attributes the smoothness of motion and overall gameplay to the consistent performance of 60 frames per second (FPS), with the split-screen mode's effective 30 FPS nonetheless comparing favorably with industry standard. Reviewers for "Deluxe" echoed this praise, with some saying that the graphics of "Deluxe" were an upgrade from the Wii U original. "GamesTM" praised the "incredible" lighting of "Deluxe", saying that courses like Rainbow Road and Electrodrome stood out as "fantastic showcases for the Nintendo universe and its creative spirit". "IGN" felt that the "great art direction" in "Mario Kart 8" and "Deluxe" was "a major reason" for the game's graphics remaining "gorgeous". "Easy Allies" called the soundtrack "something special", saying that both original and returning songs were "fantastic and downright catchy". "Eurogamer" called the game's soundtrack "outrageously upbeat", and that "Deluxe"'s "defining moment" was the game's live band rendition of "Super Mario Kart"'s main theme.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Upon announcement, the "Booster Course Pass" received mixed reception from fans. Many fans disliked that additional content for a previous game was being prioritized over a new entry in the series, citing how it had been nearly eight years since "Mario Kart 8" first released on the Wii U. The graphics of the courses in the "Booster Course Pass" were also a point of contention, with some saying that they fell short of the standards set by "Deluxe".


title: Mario Kart 8

text: After release, critics were mixed—according to Metacritic, Wave 1 received "mixed or average reviews", and Wave 2 received "generally favorable reviews". Criticism focused on the graphics, which were lower in detail compared to courses from the main game. "Digital Foundry" attributed this to the courses being built upon their versions from "Mario Kart Tour". On the other hand, many reviewers felt that the courses that originated in "Tour" were among the best gameplay-wise, and Ninja Hideaway in particular was praised as a highlight of Wave 1. Some courses in Wave 2 were lauded, with "Nintendo Life" calling Waluigi Pinball's graphics "stunning". Another common disappointment was that many courses did not include "Mario Kart 8"'s signature anti-gravity or underwater features. "GameSpot" lamented how the "Booster Course Pass" only introduced new courses, rather than new characters or customization parts. "Nintendo Life" praised the audio design, calling it "stellar" and "a delight", and "Destructoid" called Sydney Sprint's soundtrack "the best" music of the "Booster Course Pass". The addition of courses that vary every lap was praised by critics, with "Nintendo Life" wishing it would become a "mainstay" feature of the series.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: "Luigi's death stare" is an Internet meme describing the automatic facial expression displayed by Luigi toward other characters upon attacking or passing them during a race, in which he gives them a disapproving glare in passing. It was featured in several viral videos and animated GIFs, and the phenomenon was covered by WNYW in early June 2014. Nintendo referenced the meme in their E3 2014 digital event. "Venture Beat" praised Nintendo's handling of the meme, noting that it was a "slick way" of acknowledging fan culture. The meme was nominated for the Best Gaming Moment at the 32nd Golden Joystick Awards.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Several mods have been created for "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe". In February 2022, a mod was created that added Kirby's Mouthful Mode car transformation (colloquially known as "Carby") from "Kirby and the Forgotten Land" as a selectable kart and character. In June 2022, a mod was published that added Green Hill Zone from the "Sonic the Hedgehog" series as a course.


title: Mario Kart 8

text: Readers and staff of "Eurogamer" voted "Mario Kart 8" their game of the year, and GameSpot gave it the award of "Best Wii U Game". It was nominated for "Best Wii U Exclusive" in GameTrailers' 2014 Game of the Year Awards; for "Best Game" in Giant Bomb's 2014 Game of the Year Awards; and for "Overall Game of the Year" and "Wii U Retail Game of the Year" in "Nintendo Life" Reader Awards 2014, and it won both awards for both categories in their Staff Awards 2014. It won "Game of the Year" by "The Guardian". In IGN's Best of 2014 Awards, it was nominated for "Best Multiplayer" and "Best Racing", and won the award for "Best Wii U Game".


title: Mario Kart 8

text: "Mario Kart 8 Deluxe" also earned recognition at year-end awards in the 2017-2018 season. The game was nominated for "Best Switch Game" and "Best Remake/Remaster" in "IGN"'s Best of 2017 Awards. "Destructoid" nominated the game for its "Best Switch Game" in their Game of the Year Awards in 2017, and the game was awarded "Old Game of the Year" at "Giant Bomb"'s 2017 Game of the Year Awards.


title: IOS 12

text: iOS 12 is the twelfth major release of the iOS mobile operating system developed by Apple Inc. Aesthetically similar to its predecessor, iOS 11, it focuses more on performance than on new features, quality improvements and security updates. Announced at the company's Worldwide Developers Conference on June 4, 2018, iOS 12 was released to the public on September 17, 2018. It was succeeded for the iPhone and iPod Touch by iOS 13 on September 19, 2019 and for the iPad by iPadOS 13 on September 24, 2019. Security updates for iOS 12 have continued for four years following the release of iOS 13 for devices unable to run the newer operating system. The latest update, 12.5.6, was released on August 31, 2022.


title: IOS 12

text: iOS 12 was introduced by Craig Federighi at the Apple Worldwide Developers Conference keynote address on June 4, 2018. The first developer beta version was released after the keynote presentation, with the first public beta released on June 25, 2018. The initial release of version 12.0 was on September 17, 2018.


title: IOS 12

text: Performance optimizations were made in order to speed up common tasks across all supported iOS devices. Tests done by Apple on an iPhone 6 Plus showed apps launching 40% faster, the system keyboard activating 50% faster, and the camera opening 70% faster compared to iOS 11.


title: IOS 12

text: Screen Time is a new feature in iOS 12 that records the amount of time a user spent on the device. The feature also displays the amount of time the user used particular apps, the amount of time the user used particular categories of apps (such as games), and the number of notifications the user received.


title: IOS 12

text: Screen Time also provides blocking features to limit usage of apps (with time limits) or set other restrictions such as on purchases or explicit content. It replaces Restrictions in the iOS Settings app, but can also be used by adults to limit their own usage. These features can be used with or without a passcode. Without setting a passcode, the limits can easily be bypassed but may serve as a useful reminder of usage goals.


title: IOS 12

text: A dedicated application in iOS 12 allows users to set up Shortcuts, automated actions that the user can ask Siri to perform. Using the Shortcuts app, a user can create a phrase and type in the action they want Siri to do for them. Once they tell the phrase to Siri, Siri will automatically do the task they set for it in the Shortcuts app. The Shortcuts app replaces the Workflow app that Apple acquired in March 2017.


title: IOS 12

text: ARKit now allows users to share their view with other iOS 12-supported devices. ARKit 2 additionally allows full 2D image tracking and incorporates the ability to detect 3D objects.


title: IOS 12

text: Control Center is separated from the app switcher on iPad and can be opened with a swipe down on the top right corner. The status bar has been redesigned, and in addition, iPhone X-style gestures are introduced across all iPads running iOS 12.


title: IOS 12

text: In iOS 12, the trackpad mode (which allows the user to freely move the cursor) is enabled by long-pressing the space bar on devices without 3D Touch.


title: IOS 12

text: For devices with gesture navigation and no home button (iPhone X and later), users can now force quit applications by swiping up from the bottom of the screen (without having to press and hold on them when in the app switcher).


title: IOS 12

text: On December 14, 2020, Apple released iOS 12.5, which includes the Exposure Notification API (backported from iOS 13) that provides access to the Apple / Google privacy-preserving contact tracing system that Apple have developed jointly with Google. This is provided to support digital contact tracing which came to light during the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: IOS 12

text: Messages in iOS 12 introduces a new type of customizable Animoji called "Memoji" which allows a user to create a 3D character of themselves. Apple also introduced Koala, Tiger, Ghost, and T-Rex Animojis. In addition, Apple added new text and GIF effects similar to those found on other social media applications.


title: IOS 12

text: FaceTime gains support for Animoji and Memoji, as well as new text and GIF effects similar to those found on other social media applications and in the Messages application.


title: IOS 12

text: iOS 12.1, released on October 30, 2018, adds the ability to include up to 32 people in a FaceTime conversation. This feature is only supported with video by devices with the Apple A8X or Apple A9 chip or later; it is only supported for audio on iPhone 5S, iPhone 6, and iPhone 6 Plus, and is not available at all on iPad Mini 2, iPad Mini 3, and iPad Air. Group FaceTime was disabled on January 28, 2019 due to a software bug that allowed calls to be answered by the caller rather than the recipient, allowing video and audio to be transmitted unless the call was declined. The functionality got restored on February 7, 2019, with the release of iOS 12.1.4. Group FaceTime remains disabled on devices running iOS 12 that are affected by the bug.


title: IOS 12

text: Measure is a native AR application that allows the user to take measurements of real objects. It also works as a level, a feature that was originally packaged as part of the Compass app.


title: IOS 12

text: Apple Photos has been completely redesigned with four new tabs, including "Photos," "For You," "Albums," and "Search." The new "For You" tab replaces the "Memories" tab previously found in iOS 11 and makes sharing recommendations, creates short-length video collages, photo editing suggestions, as well as featured photos from a specific day.


title: IOS 12

text: While the "Photos" and "Albums" tabs received only a few cosmetic changes, the "Search" tab includes new Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning features which show the user photos by place and categories (e.g. animals, cars, objects).


title: IOS 12

text: Notifications are now grouped by application and have a "manage" button to turn off notifications for that app or to deliver them quietly right from the Notification Center without having to go into the Settings application.


title: IOS 12

text: Do Not Disturb gives users more options for automation. Users can hide notifications indefinitely or scheduled like previously, but can also hide notifications for 1 hour, until a time of day, until leaving a location, or until the end of a scheduled event in Calendar.


title: IOS 12

text: Voice Memos and Stocks are supported on iPad, and have a newer design. Stocks was integrated with Apple News to show financial and other related news.


title: IOS 12

text: iBooks was renamed Apple Books, and the app was redesigned, with five new tabs, including "Reading Now," "Library," "Book Store," "Audio Books," and "Search." The new app design is similar to that of Apple Music, and has been praised for its simplicity in allowing users to easily navigate their book library.


title: IOS 12

text: Safari receives an update to Intelligent Tracking Prevention. This includes a feature which allows the user to disable social media "like" and "share" buttons.


title: IOS 12

text: Apple Maps had started to be rebuilt from the ground up by relying on first-party map data instead of using map data provided by third parties. This allows for more accurate directions and predictions on the fastest routes. The new maps were rolled out in sections and the entire US completed by the end of 2019.


title: IOS 12

text: After a rainbow flag emoji with an interdictory sign over it appeared on Twitter, several users accused Apple of encouraging anti-LGBT attitudes. However, Emojipedia has clarified that this occurs when a user tweets the two emojis together and is not an intended feature. This can be used with other emojis as well.


title: IOS 12

text: A FaceTime issue impacting several versions of iOS 12 (versions 12.1–12.1.3) allowed users to call someone via FaceTime and hear the audio coming from their phone before answering the call, before the bug was fixed in iOS 12.1.4.


title: IOS 12

text: Any device that supports iOS 11 can be upgraded to iOS 12. However, devices with an A7 or A8 chip and 1GB of RAM, such as the iPhone 5S, 6, 6 Plus, and the iPod Touch (6th generation), all have limited support.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day is a commemorative date celebrated annually in honor of children, whose date of observance varies by country.


title: Children's Day

text: In 1925, International Children's Day was first proclaimed in Geneva during the World Conference on Child Welfare. Since 1950, it is celebrated on June 1 in most Communist and post-Communist countries. World Children's Day is celebrated on the 20th November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959. In some countries, it is Children's Week and not Children's Day.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day began on the second Sunday of June in 1857 by Reverend Dr. Charles Leonard, pastor of the Universalist Church of the Redeemer in Chelsea, Massachusetts: Leonard held a special service dedicated to, and for the children. Leonard named the day Rose Day, though it was later named Flower Sunday, and then named Children's Day.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day was first officially declared a national holiday by the Republic of Turkey in 1920 with the set date of 23 April. Children's Day has been celebrated nationally since 1920 with the government and the newspapers of the time declaring it a day for the children. However, it was decided that an official confirmation was needed to clarify and justify this celebration and the official declaration was made nationally in 1929 by the founder and the President of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk.


title: Children's Day

text: International Children's Day was first proclaimed in Geneva during the World Conference on Child Welfare in 1925. On 4 November 1949, 1 June was established as the International Day for Protection of Children by the Women's International Democratic Federation in Moscow. Since 1950, 1 June is celebrated as Children's Day in many Communist and posted Communist country.


title: Children's Day

text: On 14 December 1954, a joint resolution by India and Uruguay was passed in the UN General Assembly to encourage all countries to institute a Universal Children's Day, firstly to promote mutual exchange and understanding among children and secondly to initiate action to promote the ideals of the UN Charter and the welfare of the world's children. On 20 November 1959,


title: Children's Day

text: The United Nations adopted the Declaration of the Rights of the Child. World Children's Day is celebrated on 20 November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959.


title: Children's Day

text: In 2000, the Millennium Development Goals outlined by world leaders to stop the spread of HIV/AIDS by 2015. Albeit this applies to all people, the primary objective is concerning children. UNICEF is dedicated to meeting the six of eight goals that apply to the needs of children so that they are all entitled to fundamental rights written in the 1989 international human rights treaty. UNICEF delivers vaccines, works with policymakers for good health care and education and works exclusively to help children and protect their rights.


title: Children's Day

text: In September 2012, the Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon of the United Nations led the initiative for the education of children. He firstly wants every child to be able to attend school, a goal by 2015. Secondly, to improve the skill set acquired in these schools. Finally, implementing policies regarding education to promote peace, respect, and environmental concern.


title: Children's Day

text: Universal Children's Day is not just a day to celebrate children for who they are, but to bring awareness to children around the globe that have experienced violence in forms of abuse, exploitation, and discrimination. Children are used as laborers in some countries, immersed in armed conflict, living on the streets, suffering by differences be it religion, minority issues, or disabilities. Children feeling the effects of war can be displaced because of the armed conflict and may suffer physical and psychological trauma. The following violations are described in the term "children and armed conflict": recruitment and child soldiers, killing/maiming of children, abduction of children, attacks on schools/hospitals and not allowing humanitarian access to children. Currently, there are about 153 million children between the ages of 5 and 14 who are forced into child labor. The International Labour Organization in 1999 adopted the Prohibition and Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labour including slavery, child prostitution, and child pornography.


title: Children's Day

text: A summary of the rights under the convention on the Rights of the Child can be found on the UNICEF website.


title: Children's Day

text: Canada co-chaired the World Summit for children in 1990, and in 2002 the United Nations reaffirmed the commitment to complete the agenda of the 1990 World Summit. This added to the UN Secretary-General's report "We the Children: End-of Decade review of the follow-up to the World Summit for Children".


title: Children's Day

text: The United Nations children's agency released a study referencing the population increase of children will make up 90 percent of the next billion people.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June in former Soviet Union states (including Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan) as well as other former or current communist states (Albania, Angola, Benin, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Cambodia, Croatia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Ethiopia, East Germany, Kosovo, Laos, Mongolia, Montenegro, Mozambique, Mainland China, North Macedonia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Serbia, Slovenia, Tanzania, Vietnam and Yemen, and to the lesser extent in Israel due to the migration of its Soviet Jewish population). This includes 25 countries which regained independence from USSR, seceded from Yugoslavia Federation, as well as Czechoslovakia and Ethiopia after their respective splits.


title: Children's Day

text: World Children's Day is celebrated on 20 November to commemorate the Declaration of the Rights of the Child by the UN General Assembly on 20 November 1959.


title: Children's Day

text: In Congo, Congo DR, Cameroon, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Chad, Central African Republic, Children's Day is celebrated on 25 December to honor all the children there.


title: Children's Day

text: In Egypt, Children's Day is celebrated every 20 November with festivals and games for children, but not in every city like Cairo, Alexandria, etc.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day is celebrated on 27 May in Nigeria. It was established as a holiday in 1964. It is a public holiday for Primary and Secondary school children. Due to the large size of the country, only a few groups of children (schools or other organizations) are selected to march past in a parade.


title: Children's Day

text: The children are usually given treats such as an outing or doing jobs that adults would normally do. In some situations, primary and secondary school children compete in military parades format for a prize which will be given at the end of the competition.


title: Children's Day

text: Many private and public organizations usually put together children's party for privileged and less privileged children in a bid to give them a sense of belonging. It is also a day media organizations analyze the plight of children in the society and efforts government and nongovernment agencies make to better a lot of children.


title: Children's Day

text: This event has been celebrated each year from 2004 until 2009 in Eldorado Park, Johannesburg, South Africa. It was done by an organization called Child Evangelism Fellowship. During this period there was growth in this community and no one knew about children being on drugs. In 2013 the Organization called Articulating Life started celebrating National Children's day with just over 300 children. This number increased to more than 1700 in 2019. After 2009 there was an increase in drug use by children of a young age. Since the National Children's Day has been faithfully celebrated again in this community the use of drugs among children who come to these celebrations has declined.


title: Children's Day

text: Children in Eldorado Park and its surrounding areas like Soweto, Ennerdale, Westbury Slovo Park, Freedom Park, Mandela's Square Squattercamp, and Klipstruit-West are invited each year. They receive a meal of vet cake and mince or a hotdog roll with juice and water. They eat as much as possible. This is a day where the children are reminded that they are valuable and loved by their community and GOD. It is a day that they are reminded that they are children and that they should play and behave like children.


title: Children's Day

text: There are all kinds of activities and games in which the children participate. There are jumping castles, horse riding, face painting, a petting zoo, arts and crafts, a talent show, workshops teaching the children about recycling, human rights, children's rights, and responsibilities, planting and so much more. All this is for free! No one pays for anything and nothing is sold on the day at the event. This is a wonderful day and children are looking forward to it each year.


title: Children's Day

text: The organizers with the help of countless organizations, churches, parents, and pensioners would like to see this event take place in every area of South Africa and around the world!.


title: Children's Day

text: COVID-19 brought about a change in the celebrations of National Children's Day in 2020. The organization with its partners is working on giving out gift vouchers to the value of R200.00 each, to at least 5000 children. This will be done throughout the month of November 2020 as the gift voucher will be delivered to the homes of the children. These vouchers cover Stationery, Toys, Luxuries, Toiletries, and Clothes.


title: Children's Day

text: In South Sudan, Children's Day is celebrated on 23 December, the birthday of South Sudan's "greatest child" according to tribal mythology.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day in Tunisia is celebrated on 11 January every year. It was established as a holiday in 1995. It is a day in which Tunisians observe the rights of children and remind themselves that children are the future builders and developers of the country and the world.


title: Children's Day

text: Since 2009, JAAGO Foundation has been celebrating International Children's Day (বিশ্ব শিশু দিবস) throughout Bangladesh by engaging youth and creating awareness about children's right on 20 November which is the declared Universal Children's Day by the United Nations. After this movement gained a lot of attraction, Bangladesh started celebrating, Children's Day on 17 March on the birthday of the Father of the Nation Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman.


title: Children's Day

text: In the People's Republic of China, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June and is formally known as "the June 1 International Children's Day". When the People's Republic of China was first established in 1949, the State Council (Cabinet) designated a half-day holiday for all primary schools on 1 June, following the lead of the Soviet Union. This was later made into a full day's break in 1956 with "The Announcement by the State Council to make 1 June Children's Day a One-Day Holiday". Schools usually hold activities such as children's performances, camping trips, or free movies on Children's Day or the day before to allow students to have fun. Children of civil servants might also receive small gifts from the government until they are fourteen, and Civil servants who have children sometimes have a half-day holiday on 1 June to spend more time with their children. Investitute and farewell ceremonies of the Young Pioneers of China are usually held on 1 June as well. The entrance of children under 14 into the Forbidden City is free on 1 June, while each accompanying adult gets 50% off.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day is celebrated across India to increase awareness of the rights, care and education of children. It is celebrated on 14 November every year as a tribute to India's first Prime Minister, Jawaharlal Nehru. Fondly known as ""Chacha" (Uncle) Nehru" among children, he advocated for children to have a fulfilling education. On this day, many educational and motivational programs are held across India, by and for children.


title: Children's Day

text: Japan's is celebrated on 5 May, a National Holiday since 1948, to celebrate the happiness of all children and to express gratitude toward mothers. There is a long tradition, from the 8th century, to celebrate children's day twice a year; 3 March for girls and on 5 May for boys. On 3 March, also known as the Doll Festival, Japanese people decorate their households with traditional Heian Period doll sets and plum blossom, and drink Amazake. On 5 May, also known as 端午の節句 (tango-no sekku), they fly carp streamers outside, display Samurai dolls, and eat Kashiwa mochi and chimaki. There were some who argued in 1948 that 3 March should also be a National Holiday.


title: Children's Day

text: The International Children's Day is celebrated annually on 1 June and is established as a national holiday for children. Over 3 million children across Kazakhstan celebrate the holiday with special children's events.


title: Children's Day

text: North Korean Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June as the International Children's Day (국제 아동절). Before 1945, it was celebrated on 1 May. There is also a day called 조선소년단창립절 (Korean Children's Union Day) on 6 June.


title: Children's Day

text: In the Republic of Korea (South Korea), 5 May is officially recognized as Children's Day (어린이날), and one of the public holidays. Parents often give presents to their children, as well as spend time with them. The children are taken on excursions to zoos, museums, and various venues of children-oriented entertainment. Children's Day events are becoming more commercial, becoming important events to increase sales of children's products.


title: Children's Day

text: Children's Day was first conceived by progressive ethnic Korean students, with Korean independence movement leaders against Japanese colonialism. From Jinju, many people gathered to promote and improve the social status of children and encourage adults to teach awareness of their deprived sovereignty. In 1923, the ethnic Korean student group in Tokyo, ″"Saekdong-hoe"″ (색동회), proclaimed the first Children's Day on May Day, later on 7 May. Bang Jeong-hwan, a co-founder of "Saekdong-hoe", first coined the modern Korean word for children, (어린이), replacing the previous slang (애놈) or (애새끼). Celebration of Children's Day in Korea has enlightened people about children's fundamental human rights.


title: Children's Day

text: Since 1939, Government-General of Chosen, viewing Children's Day as one of the nationalist movement by Korean independence activists, had oppressed the Children's Day celebration. Since 1945, Children's Day celebration has been resumed. The children's welfare law written in the constitution officially designated 5 May as Children's Day in 1961. And by 'the law of holiday of government office', Children's day became a holiday in Korea in 1970.


title: Children's Day

text: The holiday is also marks the unofficial beginning of summer in the country, as the solar term of Lixia coincides with it.


title: Children's Day

text: In Laos, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June and on the same day there is also the National Tree Planting Day


title: Children's Day

text: It is held traditionally on 1 October. Nowadays it is also celebrated on 20 November (following International Children's Day).


title: Children's Day

text: In Maldives, Children's Day (Kudakudhinge Dhuvas) is celebrated on 10 May. On this day all the school children go to school to the event to celebrate Children's Day. The schools that are involved would also organize numerous activities for their pupils.


title: Children's Day

text: In Mongolia, the International Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June. It is also known as "Эх үрсийн баяр". On 1 June every child receives presents, gifts and much more. There are also festivals, sales and sweets.


title: Children's Day

text: In 1954, the United Nations established Universal Children's Day dedicated to improving children's welfare worldwide. It is celebrated annually on 20 November. Besides, many countries have their own national holidays to celebrate children. For example, Children's Day in Myanmar (former Burma) is celebrated on 13 February.


title: Children's Day

text: The date of Myanmar's Children's Day coincides with the birthday of Aung San, a Burmese revolutionary, politician and general who is considered the Father of the Nation in present-day Myanmar. He fought for Burma's independence from Japan and the United Kingdom. It was decided to celebrate Aung San's birthday as Children's Day because "he fought for a better future for Burmese children".


title: Children's Day

text: In the late 1980s, a military dictatorship was established in Myanmar. Naturally, the military government didn't encourage the celebration of Aung San's birthday and, by extension, Children's Day.


title: Children's Day

text: The situation began to change after the 2011–2012 democratic reforms. Today, Children's Day is officially celebrated in schools across Myanmar.


title: Children's Day

text: On 13 February, Burmese schools host special events for students. Their main goal is to emphasize the importance of education for the future of Burmese children, as well as to raise awareness of the problems that children and their parents face on a daily basis.


title: Children's Day

text: In Nepal, Children's Day (बाल दिवस) is celebrated on Bhadra 29 according to the Nepali Calendar (August–September) after signing the child rights agreement with the UN. Earlier during the Shah Rule, Nepal used to observe Children's Day on Bhadra 4 on the birthday of H.M. Queen Mother Ratna Rajya Laxmi Devi Shah. It is celebrated by conducting various programs in various institutions around Nepal. It was established as a holiday in 1990.


title: Children's Day

text: After the establishment of the federalism government, Child right is under the Ministry of Women, Children, and Senior Citizens. On the occasion of the 58th National Children's Day Bhadra 29th 2079 Nepali Calendar with the theme of " The Foundation of Child-Friendly Society: Responsible Family, Responsible Government" celebrates Children's Day in the different areas of Nepal.<ref name="https://mowcsc.gov.np/"></ref>


title: Children's Day

text: In Pakistan, the National Assembly on 16 December 2015 passed a unanimous resolution expressing grief and sadness over the martyrdom of more than 150 students and teachers of Army Public School Peshawar on 16 December 2014. The NA recommended that 16 December should be observed as Pakistan Children Day in memory of the martyrs.


title: Children's Day

text: Earlier Children's Day was celebrated on 1 July. In Punjab the Child Rights Cell of Department of Social Welfare Punjab collaborates with UNICEF to celebrate this day. Whereas, The NGO, Voice of Children Islamabad, also celebrates Children's day and arranges activities for children and parents on that day. The EPO and SFB also celebrate Children's day and arrange fun and interactive sessions for children and parents.


title: Children's Day

text: For Children's Day, there are many festivals and events organized by schools and organizations, that focus on having fun and lively activities that kids and their families can enjoy. Most charitable organizations also partake in the festivities, by holding functions or partnering with bigger organizations. Thus, everyone joins in to make this day a memorable event each year in Pakistan.


title: Children's Day

text: On 5 April 1995, at the First Palestinian Child Conference, the late President Yasser Arafat declared his commitment to the International Convention on the Rights of the Child, and declared 5 April a day for the Palestinian child; Since that date, the Palestinian people commemorate this day every year, in all its official institutions, and in partnership with civil and international institutions dealing with childhood in Palestine, by organizing many recreational, cultural, educational, sports and media activities and activities to support the children of Palestine.


title: Children's Day

text: According to a report by the Palestinian Prisoners' Club, Israeli authorities have arrested 745 Palestinians under the age of 18 from the beginning of 2019 to the end of October 2019. The Prisoners Club said in a report on the eve of the International Children's Day 2019, which falls on 20 November each year, that approximately (200) children continue to be detained by the occupation authorities in the detention centers "Megiddo, Ofer and Damon", in addition to a number of other children held in private centers in Jerusalem. The Prisoners' Club pointed to a series of actions carried out by the Israeli occupation authorities against violent youths during their arrest process, which starts from the first moment of their arrest and taken from their homes late at night. They are under pressure and threats, sentencing in absentia, and financial penalties and fines. According to the report, punishments against the violent youths during their detention include depriving them from completing their studies, in addition to depriving some of them from family visits.


title: Children's Day

text: In the Philippines, Republic Act No. 10661 declares the month of November as Children's Month in commemoration of the adoption of the convention on the Rights of the Child by the United Nations General Assembly on 20 November 1989.


title: Children's Day

text: Historically, 1 October was the day which Singapore officially celebrates Children's Day. A similar event celebrated every year is Youth Day, which is celebrated on the first Sunday of July every year, which is a school holiday for primary, secondary and junior college students. In Kindergarten and primary school children in Singapore do not have to attend school on Children's Day. From 2011, Children's Day was celebrated on the first Friday of October. It is usually celebrated by singing a Children's Day song called Semoga Bahagia (May you achieve happiness) in Malay composed by Mr Zubir Said, also composer of their national anthem Majulah Singapura, followed by a performance by their teachers and presents given by their teachers on the day before Children's Day and the day itself is a School Holiday. Secondary school/ middle school students still need to go to school on this day but teachers often organise special events and activities so older children could still celebrate. Children's Day in Singapore is also celebrated not only to celebrate childhood but also to remind them of issues faced by children around the world.


title: Children's Day

text: In Sri Lanka, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 October, which they call in Sinhala as 'Loka Lama Dinaya' In this day many schools and orphanage homes celebrate by giving gifts to children. There are many programmes for children and TV programmes celebrating by broadcasting children's programmes


title: Children's Day

text: Taiwan designated 4 April as Children's Day (Chinese:兒童節; pinyin: Értóng Jié), pursuant to Article 5 of the "Order to Implement Commemoration Days and Holidays". The holiday dates back to 1931 and since then schools often hold special activities to celebrate the occasion. Because of pressure from parents demanding to accompany their children in the celebration, Taiwan celebrated Women's Day together with Children's Day on 4 April 1991. Since then, 4 April has been known as "The Combined Holidays of Women's Day and Children's Day" (). It has been a public holiday of Taiwan since 2011.


title: Children's Day

text: The Executive Yuan stipulated in Article 5 of the "Memorial Day and Festival Implementation Measures" that on 4 April, Children's Day, relevant organs, groups, and schools held celebration activities [2]. A one-day holiday was merged with Women's Day from 1991 to 1997 (formally known as "Women's Day, Children's Day Merger Holiday"). After 1998, the holiday was canceled and it was incorporated into the week of holiday. In 1998, two days before the rest of the week, the children of elementary and junior high school students had a day off. Since 2011, it has returned to the national holiday and the country has a holiday for one day. In 2012, if the law is revised again, if it meets the same day as the Ching Ming Festival, it will be on 3 April of the previous day, and if it is on Thursday, it will be on the following day.


title: Children's Day

text: Thailand National Children's Day () is celebrated on the second Saturday in January. Known as "Wan Dek" in Thailand, Children's Day is celebrated to give children the opportunity to have fun and to create awareness about their significant role in the development of the country. It was established as a holiday in 1955.


title: Children's Day

text: Usually, His Majesty the King gives advice addressing the children while the Supreme Patriarch of Thailand gives moral teaching. The Prime Minister also usually gives each Children's Day a theme and a slogan.


title: Children's Day

text: Many Government offices are open to children and their family; this includes the Government House, the Parliament House Complex and various Military installations. These events may include a guided tour and an exhibition. A notable example is the guided tour at the Government House, where children have an opportunity to view the Prime Minister's office and sit at the bureau. The Royal Thai Air Force usually invites children to go and explore the aircraft and the Bangkok Bank distributes stationeries, such as pens, pencils, and books to every child that enters the bank as a community service. Many organizations from both the government and commercial sectors have celebration activities for children. Children can enter zoos or ride buses for free.


title: Children's Day

text: There is a Thai saying that states, "Children are the future of the nation, if the children are intelligent, the country will be prosperous."


title: Children's Day

text: The Grand National Assembly of Turkey was established on 1920, 23 April, and to commemorate the event, 23 April was proclaimed a national holiday in 1921. Since 1927 it has also become Children's Day (, literally "The Holiday of National Sovereignty and Children"), an official holiday dedicated to the children of Turkey and (from 1979 on) the world.


title: Children's Day

text: In addition to holding many domestic celebratory events such as stadium performances, Turkey also houses TRT International April 23 Children's Festival, where groups of children from other countries are invited to participate in the festivities while staying at Turkish families' homes.


title: Children's Day

text: Qatar marked its first Qatar Children's day on 15 March 2018 & it coincides with the date on which the Wudeema law (Child protection law) was issued.


title: Children's Day

text: In Vietnam, Children's Day is celebrated on 1 June as ICD and on the full moon of the 8th lunar month during the Mid-Autumn Festival.


title: Children's Day

text: In Bulgaria, Children's day (Ден на детето) is celebrated on 1 June. Traditionally kids receive very special attention from their family, including Birthday-like presents. In the past, all drivers were expected to drive with their lights on all day long to demonstrate extra vigilance over children's safety. Now it is compulsory to drive with the lights on every day of the year.