title: Single White Female

text: Roger Ebert gave the film three stars out of four with the comment, "No genre is beyond redemption or beneath contempt, and here the slasher genre is given its due with strong performances and direction." He also questioned why the character Hedra had been given such an unusual name.


title: Single White Female

text: Jennifer Jason Leigh won a MTV Movie Award for Best Villain, and was also nominated for a Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actress.


title: Single White Female

text: The character of Hedy has been cited as an example of borderline personality disorder. She suffers from a markedly disturbed sense of identity, and tries to remedy it by adopting the wholesome attributes of her roommate. It is implied that she feels a deep-seated emptiness, while her fear of abandonment leads to drastic measures.


title: Single White Female

text: The film was followed by a 2005 direct to video sequel, "", starring Kristen Miller, Allison Lange and Brooke Burns.


title: Single White Female

text: "Single White Female" was released on VHS and LaserDisc in January 1993 from Sony Pictures Home Entertainment, and eventually on DVD in February 1998. The film was released on Blu-ray from Scream Factory on November 13, 2018, featuring new interviews with director Barbet Schroeder, actors Steven Weber and Peter Friedman and screenwriter Don Roos, an audio commentary from Schroeder, editor Lee Percy and associate producer Susan Hoffman, and a theatrical trailer.


title: Bell 412

text: The Bell 412 is a utility helicopter of the Huey family manufactured by Bell Helicopter. It is a development of the Bell 212, with the major difference being the composite four-blade main rotor.


title: Bell 412

text: Development began in the late 1970s with two Bell 212s being converted into 412 prototypes. An advanced four-blade main rotor with a smaller diameter replaced the 212's two-blade rotor. A Bell 412 prototype first flew in August 1979. The initial model was certified in January 1981 with deliveries commencing in the same month. The 412 model was followed by the 412SP (Special Performance) version featuring larger fuel capacity, higher takeoff weight and optional seating arrangements. In 1991, the 412HP (High Performance) variant with improved transmission replaced the SP version in production. The current production version, 412EP (Enhanced Performance), is equipped with a dual digital automatic flight control system. In 2013 Bell introduced the 412EPI which includes an electronic (digital) engine control for a PT6T-9 engine upgrade, and a glass cockpit display system similar to the Bell model 429. Also featured is a Garmin touchscreen navigation system, and the BLR Strake and Fast Fin upgrades for improved hover performance.


title: Bell 412

text: The Bell 412 is used by private and commercial operators. It is particularly popular in the oil industries, military, and for law enforcement use.


title: Bell 412

text: On April 4, 1991, a Bell 412 and Piper Aerostar collided in mid-air over a suburb of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. All five people on both aircraft, including United States senator John Heinz, along with two children on the ground, were killed.


title: Bell 412

text: On April 22, 1994, a Bell 412 medical Helicopter AirCare from North Carolina Baptist Hospital crashed into mountainous terrain near Bluefield, West Virginia, killing all four crew members on board.


title: Bell 412

text: On 9 July 2002, a Bell 412 from the El Salvador Air Force crashed after a lightning strike, killing all four crew members and three passengers on board.


title: Bell 412

text: On December 10, 2006, a Bell 412 medical helicopter Mercy Air 2 crashed in mountainous terrain near Hesperia, California. All three crew members on board died.


title: Everest base camps

text: There are two base camps on Mount Everest, on opposite sides of the mountains: South Base Camp is in Nepal at an altitude of (), while North Base Camp is in Tibet, China at ().


title: Everest base camps

text: The base camps are rudimentary campsites at the base of Mount Everest that are used by mountain climbers during their ascent and descent; they are also visited by hikers. South Base Camp is used when climbing via the southeast ridge, while North Base Camp is used when climbing via the northeast ridge.


title: Everest base camps

text: Supplies are shipped to the South Base Camp by porters, and with the help of animals, usually yaks. The North Base Camp is accessed by a paved road that branches from China National Highway 318. Climbers typically rest at base camp for several days for acclimatization, to reduce the risk of altitude sickness.


title: Everest base camps

text: The Everest Base Camp trek on the south side, at an elevation of , is one of the most popular trekking routes in the Himalayas and about 40,000 people per year make the trek there from Lukla Airport (). Trekkers usually fly from Kathmandu to Lukla to save time and energy before beginning the trek to the base camp. However, trekking to Lukla is possible. There are no roads from Kathmandu to Lukla and as a result, the only method of transporting large and heavy goods is by plane.


title: Everest base camps

text: From Lukla, climbers trek upward to the Sherpa capital of Namche Bazaar, , following the valley of the Dudh Kosi river. It takes about two days to reach the village, which is the central hub of the area. Typically at this point, climbers allow a day of rest for acclimatization. They then trek for another two days to Dingboche, before resting for another day for further acclimatization. Most trekkers use the traditional trail via Tengboche monastery, but recently the high trail via Mong La and Phortse has gained popularity due to the impressive views it offers. Another two days takes them to Everest Base Camp via Gorakshep, the flat field below Kala Patthar, and Mt. Pumori.


title: Everest base camps

text: On 25 April 2015, an earthquake measuring 7.8 on the moment magnitude scale, struck Nepal and triggered an avalanche on Pumori that swept through the South Base Camp. At least 19 people were said to have been killed as a result. Just over two weeks later, on 12 May, a second quake struck measuring 7.3 on the M. Some of the trails leading to Everest Base Camp were damaged by these earthquakes and needed repairs.


title: Everest base camps

text: On 17 June 2022, it was announced that the camp will be moved 200-400m lower, since the Khumbu glacier, on which the campsite is located, is rapidly melting and thinning out, which makes it unsafe for the trekkers.


title: Everest base camps

text: A visit to the North Base Camp requires a permit from the Chinese government, on top of the permit required to visit Tibet itself. Access to the North Base Camp has been closed to tourists since February 2019. Earlier, such permits could be arranged via travel companies in Lhasa as part of a package tour that included hiring a vehicle, driver, and guide. The North Base Camp is accessed by vehicle through a 100 km (62 mile) road branching to the South from the Friendship Highway near Shelkar, at the southern foot of the high Gyatso La pass. The road leads to Rongbuk Monastery with dramatic views of the north face of Mount Everest. From the Rombuk guest house, all tourists were required to take the horse-drawn carriages or small buses managed by the government to limit the traffic in the last stretch of gravel road to a marked hill at 5,200 metres above sea level just before the climbers' camp. It was also possible to trek up from the tourist camp, but only when properly acclimatized. The "tourist Base Camp" is located about halfway between Rongbuk Monastery; the actual climbers' Base Camp is at the foot of Rongbuk glacier.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Cameron Isaiah Norrie (; born 23 August 1995) is a South African-born British professional tennis player, having previously represented New Zealand. He has reached career-high rankings of world No. 8 in singles (on 12 September 2022) and No. 117 in doubles (on 13 June 2022). He has four ATP Tour singles titles (including a Masters 1000 title at the 2021 Indian Wells Masters) and one doubles title. Norrie has been the British No. 1 in men's singles since 18 October 2021.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie was born in 1995 in Johannesburg, South Africa, to British microbiologist parents: his father David is from Glasgow and his mother Helen is from Cardiff.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In 1998, when Norrie was three, he and his family moved to Auckland, New Zealand, after being victims of a burglary in South Africa. Norrie said: "I don't remember too much about it, but my mum told me it got a little bit too dangerous so we moved to New Zealand." His parents still live in New Zealand.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In 2011, at age 16, he moved to his parents' native United Kingdom, where he lived in London for three years before attending Texas Christian University in Fort Worth from 2014 to 2017.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In June 2017, he ended his studies at TCU to turn professional during the grass court season of the 2017 ATP Tour.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Since turning professional he has been based in Putney, southwest London (close to Wimbledon). When the Indian Wells Masters was cancelled in March 2020 at the beginning of the pandemic lockdowns, Norrie decided to fly to New Zealand to live with his parents for the rest of the year.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Cameron Norrie is a supporter of South Sydney Rabbitohs (Australian rugby league club), the New Zealand All Blacks national rugby union team, and Newcastle United Football Club.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie represented New Zealand as a junior, becoming No. 10 in the world, but received only a few thousand dollars from Tennis NZ, so his parents had to finance his overseas travel. At fifteen, he toured Europe for five months.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In April 2013, Norrie switched his allegiance at 17 to Great Britain, the nationality of both his parents, partly due to available funding, spending three years in London by himself. He lived and trained at the National Tennis Centre, later residing with a host family for two years while he continued his training. In 2013, he competed in all the Junior Grand Slams; the Australian Open for New Zealand, then for Great Britain at the French Open, Wimbledon and US Open, but only won one match, in Australia.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie had difficulty on the European tennis circuit, so he considered training at an American university (Intercollegiate Tennis Association).


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie studied sociology on a sports scholarship at Texas Christian University (TCU) and joined the Horned Frogs university team, where he became the top-ranked male college tennis player in the US, being the first time that TCU had such an honour. In addition, Norrie was ranked All-American three times.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In the 2016–17 season, Norrie was the only player to win every Big 12 match he participated in, with a 10–0 record in singles and doubles. In spite of being seeded No 1, Norrie missed the end of season NCAA Championships and put a hold on his studies, so that he could turn professional.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In 2018, Norrie won his debut Davis Cup match in Spain against world No. 23 Roberto Bautista Agut, despite only turning professional eight months previously, and last playing on clay in 2013. Norrie, ranked No. 114, came from two sets down, in what former Davis Cup captain John Lloyd said was "one of the most impressive debuts of all time".


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In January 2013, Norrie played his first senior tournament at the ATP Auckland Open, winning the first qualifying round. Norrie played three clay-court events in 2013; the Great Britain Futures F9 second round and F11 quarterfinals, followed by the Boy's French Open first round. He didn't play another match on clay until the 2018 Davis Cup against Spain.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Turning 18, Norrie was ranked No. 1348 in August 2013, but a semifinal showing at the Canada Futures F6 improved his ranking to No. 973, rising to No. 637 by June 2014. Whilst studying at university, he played only sporadically on the tour, falling to No. 1114 in October 2015. On 11 October 2015, Norrie won the USA Futures F29 at Mansfield, Texas, and became ranked 706.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Back-to-back titles at the USA Futures F21 and USA Futures F23 pushed him to No. 422 in July. A month later, at the all-British final of the Aptos Challenger, Norrie was beaten by Dan Evans and rose to No. 298.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie played three events in January, reaching the semifinal of the Maui Challenger to become world No 238. For the Davis Cup World Group match against France, Norrie joined the British team as a hitting partner. After completing three years of his four-year university course, Norrie turned professional in June, competing at the Surbiton and Nottingham Challengers, but still had a training base at TCU in Fort Worth.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie made his ATP main-draw debut at the Aegon Championships, after receiving a wild card into the singles main draw, where he was defeated by Sam Querrey in the first round. Norrie earned his first ATP main-draw victory by beating Horacio Zeballos at Eastbourne, which was his first win over a top-50 player.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Awarded a wildcard for the Wimbledon, Norrie was beaten by Jo-Wilfried Tsonga, the 12th seed, in the opening round. In July, Norrie won his first Challenger title at Binghamton, which had previously been won by Kyle Edmund in 2015, and Andy Murray in 2005.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: The Cary Challenger final, followed by successive Challenger titles in Tiburon and Stockton, pushed Norrie to world No. 111 in October. In December, his Argentine coach Facundo Lugones arranged a four-week training camp in Buenos Aires, where Norrie hit with Juan Martin Del Potro and Diego Schwartzman.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie was seeded sixth in the qualifying draw for the Australian Open, but failed to advance into the main draw, losing to world No. 221 John-Patrick Smith. The following week, seeded fifth, he lost in the first round of the Newport Beach challenger event, losing to Michael Mmoh. In February, Norrie was selected for the Davis Cup team for the first time for Great Britain's World Group first round match against Spain. He recorded the biggest win of his career in his first match, coming from two sets down to defeat world No. 23 Roberto Bautista-Agut in five sets.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie made his ATP main-draw debut at Delray Beach as a lucky loser. He lost in the first round to Hyeon Chung. He qualified for Acapulco, losing to world No. 6 Dominic Thiem in the first round in three tight sets.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: He qualified for his ATP World Tour Masters 1000 main-draw debut at the Indian Wells Masters in March 2018, but lost in the first round to Taro Daniel. He qualified for his second successive ATP World Tour Masters 1000 at the 2018 Miami Open, but lost to Nicolás Jarry in the first round.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: His next main draw event was the Estoril Open. He lost in the second round to Roberto Carballés Baena. He teamed up with fellow Brit Kyle Edmund in doubles and won his maiden ATP Title, beating Wesley Koolhof and Artem Sitak. The pair did not drop a set the whole tournament. Norrie failed to qualify for the Italian Open, losing in the first round of the qualification draw to Federico Delbonis. At Lyon, he beat his first top 10 opponent, John Isner, and reached his first ATP Semifinal.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: At the 2018 French Open Norrie was a direct entrant into a grand slam for the first time. He played Peter Gojowczyk in the opening round, and won after Gojowczyk retired through injury. In the second round he faced Frenchman Lucas Pouille on the Phillipe Chatrier court. Norrie eventually lost to the French number one in 5 sets, after darkness interrupted play at the end of the 4th set.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Cameron lost in the first round of the Nottingham challenger, Queens Club and Wimbledon. However, he did reach the quarter finals at Eastbourne, despite self-admittedly not being a big fan of the grass surface. After the early exit in 2018 Wimbledon, he succeeded to reach his second ATP Semifinal in 2018 BB&T Atlanta Open after beating Malek Jaziri, no.6 seed Jérémy Chardy and no.2 seed Nick Kyrgios. He then lost to Ryan Harrison in three sets, despite winning the first set. A week later he continued his good form on hard courts, by reaching the quarterfinal of 2018 Los Cabos Open.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie received a wildcard into the main draw of the 2019 Auckland Open, in which he beat Benoît Paire, João Sousa, Taylor Fritz and Jan-Lennard Struff to reach his debut ATP final. He lost to Tennys Sandgren in straight sets. In the first round of the 2019 Australian Open, Norrie lost to Taylor Fritz in straight sets. Norrie then entered Acapulco, in which he beat Yoshihito Nishioka, fourth seed Diego Schwartzman and Mackenzie McDonald in order to reach his first ATP 500 semifinal. He lost to second seed Alexander Zverev in straight sets. As a result, he reached the top 50 for the first time in his career.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: He reached the 3rd round of an ATP Masters 1000 event for the first time in his career at the 2019 Monte-Carlo Masters singles, where he beat Adrian Mannarino and Márton Fucsovics before he lost to qualifier Lorenzo Sonego. In the first round of the 2019 French Open men's singles, Norrie lost to qualifier Elliot Benchetrit in straight sets. At Wimbledon, Norrie reached the second round, losing to eighth seed Kei Nishikori in straight sets. He again reached the semifinals in Atlanta, again losing to Fritz, but this time in three sets.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie lost to qualifier Grégoire Barrère in a five-set thriller at the US Open, losing in a tiebreaker in the fifth set. He reached the second round of the 2019 Zhuhai Championships, losing to Gaël Monfils in three sets. As the fourth seeded qualifier, Norrie beat He Yecong and Damir Džumhur to qualify. He reached the second round after Cristian Garín retired trailing one set and 1–0. He lost to Andy Murray in the second round in a highly competitive three-set match, losing 6–1 in the third.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie qualified for the Shanghai Masters after beating Brayden Schnur and Thomas Fabbiano, and beat Gilles Simon to reach the second round, where he lost to third seed Daniil Medvedev in straight sets. At the 2019 European Open, Norrie lost to Feliciano López in straight sets. Norrie qualified for the Paris Masters, but lost to Milos Raonic in straight sets in the first round.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In the opening round of the 2020 US Open, Norrie upset the fifth seed Diego Schwartzman in a five set marathon. He then defeated Federico Coria before falling in the third round to Alejandro Davidovich Fokina, marking his best career result at a major. He matched this performance by reaching the same round at the 2021 Australian Open, where he was defeated by the world No. 2 Rafael Nadal.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie reached his second ATP Tour singles final at the Estoril Open, defeating second seed Christian Garín and sixth seed Marin Čilić before losing to Albert Ramos Viñolas in the final. In May 2021, he achieved his biggest career win by beating world No. 4 Dominic Thiem at the Lyon Open. He continued by reaching the final after defeating eighth seed Karen Khachanov, where he was beaten by second seed Stefanos Tsitsipas. Norrie reached the third round of a major once again at the French Open, where he lost to Rafael Nadal in straight sets. At the Queen's Club Championships, he defeated world No. 24 Aslan Karatsev and Denis Shapovalov to reach the final, where he fell to Matteo Berrettini. With this run, he reached the top 40 in rankings for the first time, becoming the world No. 34. At Wimbledon, Norrie reached the third round of a major yet again, where he was defeated by the sixth seed Roger Federer in four sets.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie won his first ATP title at the Los Cabos Open, beating Brandon Nakashima in the final. As a result, he entered the top 30 in rankings, at world No. 29 on 26 July 2021. In the Atlanta Open, Norrie defeated Nick Kyrgios in the first round before losing in straight sets to Emil Ruusuvuori. Norrie also paired with Taylor Fritz in the doubles, but lost in the first round to Matthew Ebden and John-Patrick Smith. At the 2021 Citi Open, he also entered the singles and doubles tournaments with Luke Saville, where he reached the round of 16 and the quarterfinals respectively.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: At the US Open, Norrie was defeated in straight sets in the opening round by Carlos Alcaraz. In September, he was called as an alternate for the 2021 Laver Cup, but did not play. Norrie won his 40th match win of the season at the San Diego Open, defeating world No. 13 Denis Shapovalov. In the semifinals, Norrie came from a set down to defeat world No. 5 and top seed Andrey Rublev and reach his fifth final of the season. There, he was decisively defeated by Casper Ruud.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: In October, Norrie reached his first Masters 1000 final at Indian Wells. Seeded 21st, he beat Tennys Sandgren, Roberto Bautista Agut and Tommy Paul. He then decisively defeated Diego Schwartzman to advance to the semifinals and surpass Dan Evans as the British No. 1 in men's singles. He beat Grigor Dimitrov in straight sets to advance to the final, where he came from a set and a break down to beat Nikoloz Basilashvili and win the title. Norrie entered the top 20 in rankings after the tournament.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: At the Paris Masters, Norrie defeated Federico Delbonis for his 100th career win. He next defeated Reilly Opelka before falling to Taylor Fritz in the third round. Norrie's performance during the season earned him the second alternate spot at the ATP Finals. He entered the tournament as an alternate for Stefanos Tsitsipas after both Matteo Berrettini and Tsitsipas withdrew due to injuries. He played Casper Ruud and Novak Djokovic as part of the Green Group, but was defeated in both matches. Norrie ended the season as the world No. 12.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: At the Delray Beach Open, Norrie dropped just one set en route to his third career singles title, defeating Reilly Opelka in the final.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie reached his 9th ATP final in Acapulco, beating Daniel Altmaier, John Isner, Peter Gojowczyk and world No. 4 Stefanos Tsitsipas en route. He lost to current world No. 5 Rafael Nadal 6–4 6–4 in the final.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie then entered Indian Wells as the defending champion. He defeated Nikoloz Basilashvili in the third round in a rematch of the previous year's final, and then eliminated Jenson Brooksby to reach the quarterfinals. There, he lost to 18 year-old Carlos Alcaraz in straight sets.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: The following week at the Miami Open, Norrie lost in the fourth round to eventual finalist Casper Ruud. Following the tournament, Norrie ascended into the top 10 of the rankings for the first time on 4 April 2022.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie won his fourth title in Lyon, beating Francisco Cerúndolo in straight sets, then Sebastián Báez, Holger Rune and Alex Molčan in three sets becoming the fifth player to win multiple tour-level titles in 2022. At the French Open, Norrie lost in the third round to Karen Khachanov in four sets.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: At Wimbledon he reached the fourth round in a Grand Slam for the first time in his career, by beating Steve Johnson in three sets. Another three set win, over Tommy Paul, saw him through to the quarterfinals, after which he secured a place in the semifinals by defeating David Goffin in five sets. He lost to the top seed and eventual champion Novak Djokovic in four sets in the semifinals after being a set up.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: On his way to US Open, Norrie played at the Canadian Open and  Western & Southern Open. He lost in the third round to Felix Auger Aliassime at the Canadian Open. At the Western & Southern Open he lost in the semifinals to Borna Coric. At the US Open, Norrie lost in the fourth round to Andrey Rublev in straight sets.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: With unorthodox but consistent groundstrokes, Norrie is a modern counter-puncher. The vast difference in style between his groundstroke swings is unique – his heavy topspin forehand with a long back-swing in contrast with the short take-back on his flat backhand. Norrie's strength lies in his shot tolerance and ability to neutralise pace and spin with good court positioning and speed. He lacks the raw power of many contemporary players, but excels at constructing points and frustrating opponents with consistent retrieval and injections of pace midway through rallies. Additionally, he possesses a solid net game and occasionally serve-and-volleys.


title: Cameron Norrie

text: Norrie has had several different coaches. David Roditi (2014–2017), Devin Bowen (2014–2017), and since 2017 both James Trotman and Facundo Lugones.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Jack Berndhard Hermansson (born 10 June 1988) is a Swedish and Norwegian professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the middleweight division of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). He is the former middleweight champion in Cage Warriors and Warrior Fight Series. As of 6 December 2022, he is #9 in the UFC middleweight rankings.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was born and raised in Uddevalla, Sweden, on 10 June 1988, with six siblings. He started his martial arts career as a Greco-Roman wrestler in 1997, at age of 9. Later after training some Muay Thai and other disciplines, he transitioned to mixed martial arts in 2008. Hermasson is half German.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson turned professional in 2010 and racked up a 5–0 record, all stoppages (4 KO's, 1 submission), in a little over a year. In his first fight, he won the title in the East Coast Fight Factory organization by a one-punch knockout in the third round. Two of the other victories, both by knockout, came in British top promotion Cage Warriors.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson made his promotional debut against Daniel Vizcaya on 14 December 2012, at Bellator 84. He lost the back-and-forth fight by split decision.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson next fought Jason Butcher on 21 March 2013, at Bellator 93. He lost the fight by submission due to a triangle choke.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson's first outing came against Enoc Solves Torres on 22 March 2014, at Cage Warriors 66. He won the fight by TKO in the third round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Less than a month later Hermansson took on Ion Pascu on 18 April 2014, at Cage Warriors: Fight Night 11. He won by unanimous decision, the first decision victory of his career.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson challenged for the promotional title against veteran and fellow former Bellator fighter Norman Paraisy on 7 June 2014, at Cage Warriors 69. He became the champion after he defeated Paraisy by submission due to a rear-naked choke at the end of round 4.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson defended his title against Deyan Topalski on 22 August 2014, at Cage Warriors 71. He won the fight by TKO in the first round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: In February 2015, the Cage Warriors promotion would become inactive after changing the leading staff. When and if the organization would return to make new events were unclear.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson returned in a title fight in British promotion Warrior Fight Series against UFC veteran Karlos Vemola on 1 August 2015, at Warrior Fight Series 4. He won the fight by submission due to an armbar in the first round to become the WFS champion.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was scheduled to face Kévin Del on 29 November 2015, at Lion FC 6 for the promotional championship. However, Del would later withdraw from the contest citing an injury, and the bout was scrapped altogether.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Next Hermansson instead fought undefeated polish fighter Maciej Rozanski on 12 December 2015, at Venator FC 2. Hermansson won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was supposed to defend his WFS title on 13 February 2016, at Warrior Fight Series 5. No opponent was set, and later it was announced by the promotion that the title defense would not materialize at that event.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: On 11 February 2016, after almost one and a half year of inactivity, Cage Warriors announced their return. Hermansson defended his CWFC title against Alan Carlos on the first event after the promotion's return on 15 April 2016, at Cage Warriors 75. He won the fight by knockout in the ending sequences of round three.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson faced Ireneusz Cholewa on 21 May 2016, at Venator FC 3. Hermansson won the fight via TKO in round 3.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: On 31 May 2016, it was announced that Hermansson had signed with the UFC. He made his promotional debut against Scott Askham on 3 September 2016, at UFC Fight Night 93. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson next faced Cezar Ferreira on 19 November 2016, at UFC Fight Night 100. He lost the fight via submission in the second round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Next Hermansson faced Alex Nicholson on 28 May 2017, at UFC Fight Night 109. This was the first time in his professional career that Hermansson fought in his native Sweden. He won the fight by TKO in the first round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson next fought Brad Scott on 5 August 2017, at UFC Fight Night 114. He won the fight by TKO in the first round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson faced Thiago Santos on 28 October 2017, at UFC Fight Night 119.<ref name="Santos/Hermansson"></ref> He lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson faced Thales Leites on 12 May 2018, at UFC 224. Hermansson suffered a serious rib injury (costochondral separation) after being taken down in the first round. However, despite being in severe pain, he survived several submission attempts in the first and second round, and was able to rally back and win the fight via TKO in the third round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson faced Gerald Meerschaert on 15 December 2018, at UFC on Fox 31. He won the fight by a guillotine choke submission in the first round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson next faced David Branch on 30 March 2019, at He won the fight via submission due to a guillotine choke, 49 seconds into the first round. This win earned him the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson had a quick turnaround as he replaced an injured Yoel Romero to face former Strikeforce middleweight champion Ronaldo Souza on 27 April 2019, in the main event at UFC Fight Night 150. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson faced Jared Cannonier on 28 September 2019, in the main event of UFC Fight Night 160. He lost the fight via TKO in the second round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was expected to face Chris Weidman on 2 May 2020, at . However, on 9 April, Dana White, the president of UFC announced that the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Instead he faced Kelvin Gastelum on 19 July 2020, at UFC Fight Night 172. Hermansson won the fight by submission due to a heel hook in the first round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was scheduled to face Darren Till on 5 December 2020, at UFC on ESPN 19. However, Till was forced out of the bout on 6 November due to injury. Hermansson was then scheduled to face Kevin Holland at the event instead. The fight with Holland fell through on 28 November when it was revealed that Holland tested positive for COVID-19. Hermansson faced Marvin Vettori at the event instead. He lost the fight via unanimous decision. This fight earned him the "Fight of the Night" award.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was scheduled to face Edmen Shahbazyan on 15 May 2021, at UFC 262. However, due to Hermansson contracting COVID-19 the bout was postponed and took place at on 22 May 2021. He won the fight via unanimous decision after taking over with his grappling in rounds two and three.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson faced Sean Strickland on 5 February 2022, at UFC Fight Night 200. He lost the fight via split decision.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was scheduled to face Darren Till on 23 July 2022, at UFC Fight Night 208. Till was forced to pull out from the match due to an undisclosed injury and Hermansson instead faced Chris Curtis. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was scheduled to face Derek Brunson on 3 December 2022, at UFC on ESPN 42. However, Brunson withdrew due to an undisclosed injury and was replaced by Roman Dolidze. Hermansson lost the bout via ground and pound TKO in the second round.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson was raised in Uddevalla, Sweden with his five siblings before moving to Norway when he was 19 years old to find work. He settled in Oslo, where he also started training in MMA. He has said that he identifies as both Swedish and Norwegian, and when he fights, he represents both Sweden and Norway. Before focusing full-time on his fighting career he had various jobs, including working in a pet store, being a bartender and as a substitute teacher.


title: Jack Hermansson

text: Hermansson competed against fellow UFC contender Khamzat Chimaev in a freestyle wrestling match on 19 November 2021, at Sweden-based Bulldog Fight Night 9, losing 8-0 on points.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge, the first Tacoma Narrows Bridge, was a suspension bridge in the U.S. state of Washington that spanned the Tacoma Narrows strait of Puget Sound between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula. It opened to traffic on July 1, 1940, and dramatically collapsed into Puget Sound on November 7 of the same year. The bridge's collapse has been described as "spectacular" and in subsequent decades "has attracted the attention of engineers, physicists, and mathematicians". Throughout its short existence, it was the world's third-longest suspension bridge by main span, behind the Golden Gate Bridge and the George Washington Bridge.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Construction began in September 1938. From the time the deck was built, it began to move vertically in windy conditions, so construction workers nicknamed the bridge Galloping Gertie. The motion continued after the bridge opened to the public, despite several damping measures. The bridge's main span finally collapsed in winds on the morning of November 7, 1940, as the deck oscillated in an alternating twisting motion that gradually increased in amplitude until the deck tore apart.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The portions of the bridge still standing after the collapse, including the towers and cables, were dismantled and sold as scrap metal. Efforts to replace the bridge were delayed by the United States' entry into World War II, but in 1950, a new Tacoma Narrows Bridge opened in the same location, using the original bridge's tower pedestals and cable anchorages. The portion of the bridge that fell into the water now serves as an artificial reef.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The bridge's collapse had a lasting effect on science and engineering. In many physics textbooks, the event is presented as an example of elementary forced mechanical resonance, but it was more complicated in reality; the bridge collapsed because moderate winds produced aeroelastic flutter that was self-exciting and unbounded: For any constant sustained wind speed above about , the amplitude of the (torsional) flutter oscillation would continuously increase, with a negative damping factor, i.e., a reinforcing effect, opposite to damping. The collapse boosted research into bridge aerodynamics-aeroelastics, which has influenced the designs of all later long-span bridges.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Proposals for a bridge between Tacoma and the Kitsap Peninsula date at least to the Northern Pacific Railway's 1889 trestle proposal, but concerted efforts began in the mid-1920s. The Tacoma Chamber of Commerce began campaigning and funding studies in 1923. Several noted bridge engineers were consulted, including Joseph B. Strauss, who went on to be chief engineer of the Golden Gate Bridge, and David B. Steinman, later the designer of the Mackinac Bridge. Steinman made several Chamber-funded visits and presented a preliminary proposal in 1929, but by 1931 the Chamber had canceled the agreement on the grounds that Steinman was not working hard enough to obtain financing. At the 1938 meeting of the structural division of the American Society of Civil Engineers, during construction of the bridge, with its designer in the audience, Steinman predicted its failure.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: In 1937, the Washington State legislature created the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority and appropriated $5,000 (equivalent to $ today) to study the request by Tacoma and Pierce County for a bridge over the Narrows.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: From the start, financing of the bridge was a problem: Revenue from the proposed tolls would not be enough to cover construction costs; another expense was buying out the ferry contract from a private firm running services on the Narrows at the time. Nonetheless, there was strong support for the bridge from the United States Navy, which operated the Puget Sound Naval Shipyard in Bremerton, and from the United States Army, which ran McChord Field and Fort Lewis near Tacoma.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Washington State engineer Clark Eldridge produced a preliminary tried-and-true conventional suspension bridge design, and the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority requested $11 million (equivalent to $ million today) from the federal Public Works Administration (PWA). Preliminary construction plans by the Washington Department of Highways had called for a set of trusses to sit beneath the roadway and stiffen it.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: However, "Eastern consulting engineers" — by which Eldridge meant Leon Moisseiff, the noted New York bridge engineer who served as designer and consultant engineer for the Golden Gate Bridge — petitioned the PWA and the Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC) to build the bridge for less. Moisseiff and Frederick Lienhard, the latter an engineer with what was then known in New York as the Port Authority, had published a paper that was probably the most important theoretical advance in the bridge engineering field of the decade. Their theory of elastic distribution extended the deflection theory that was originally devised by the Austrian engineer Josef Melan to horizontal bending under static wind load. They showed that the stiffness of the main cables (via the suspenders) would absorb up to one-half of the static wind pressure pushing a suspended structure laterally. This energy would then be transmitted to the anchorages and towers. Using this theory, Moisseiff argued for stiffening the bridge with a set of plate girders rather than the trusses proposed by the Washington State Toll Bridge Authority. This approach meant a slimmer, more elegant design, and also reduced the construction costs as compared with the Highway Department's design proposed by Eldridge. Moisseiff's design won out, inasmuch as the other proposal was considered to be too expensive. On June 23, 1938, the PWA approved nearly $6 million (equivalent to $ million today) for the Tacoma Narrows Bridge. Another $1.6 million ($ million today) was to be collected from tolls to cover the estimated total $8 million cost ($ million today).


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Following Moisseiff's design, bridge construction began on September 27, 1938. Construction took only nineteen months, at a cost of $6.4 million ($ million today), which was financed by the grant from the PWA and a loan from the RFC.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The Tacoma Narrows Bridge, with a main span of , was the third-longest suspension bridge in the world at that time, following the George Washington Bridge between New Jersey and New York City, and the Golden Gate Bridge, connecting San Francisco with Marin County to its north.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Because planners expected fairly light traffic volumes, the bridge was designed with two lanes, and it was just wide. This was quite narrow, especially in comparison with its length. With only the plate girders providing additional depth, the bridge's roadway section was also shallow.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The decision to use such shallow and narrow girders proved the bridge's undoing. With such minimal girders, the deck of the bridge was insufficiently rigid and was easily moved about by winds; from the start, the bridge became infamous for its movement. A mild to moderate wind could cause alternate halves of the center span to visibly rise and fall several feet over four- to five-second intervals. This flexibility was experienced by the builders and workmen during construction, which led some of the workers to christen the bridge "Galloping Gertie". The nickname soon stuck, and even the public (when the toll-paid traffic started) felt these motions on the day that the bridge opened on July 1, 1940.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Since the structure experienced considerable vertical oscillations while it was still under construction, several strategies were used to reduce the motion of the bridge. They included


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The Washington State Toll Bridge Authority hired Professor Frederick Burt Farquharson, an engineering professor at the University of Washington, to make wind tunnel tests and recommend solutions in order to reduce the oscillations of the bridge. Professor Farquharson and his students built a 1:200-scale model of the bridge and a 1:20-scale model of a section of the deck. The first studies concluded on November 2, 1940—five days before the bridge collapse on November 7. He proposed two solutions:


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The first option was not favored, because of its irreversible nature. The second option was the chosen one, but it was not carried out, because the bridge collapsed five days after the studies were concluded.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Leonard Coatsworth, an editor at "The News Tribune" in Tacoma, was the last person to drive on the bridge:


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Tubby, Coatsworth's Cocker Spaniel, was the only fatality of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge disaster; he was lost along with Coatsworth's car. Professor Farquharson and a news photographer attempted to rescue Tubby during a lull, but the dog was too terrified to leave the car and bit one of the rescuers. Tubby died when the bridge fell and neither his body nor the car was ever recovered. Coatsworth had been driving Tubby back to his daughter, who owned the dog. Coatsworth received $450.00 for his car (equivalent to $ today) and $364.40 ($ today) in reimbursement for the contents of his car, including Tubby.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Theodore von Kármán, the director of the Guggenheim Aeronautical Laboratory and a world-renowned aerodynamicist, was a member of the board of inquiry into the collapse. He reported that the State of Washington was unable to collect on one of the insurance policies for the bridge because its insurance agent had fraudulently pocketed the insurance premiums. The agent, Hallett R. French, who represented the Merchant's Fire Assurance Company, was charged and tried for grand larceny for withholding the premiums for $800,000 worth of insurance (equivalent to $ million today). The bridge was insured by many other policies that covered 80% of the $5.2 million structure's value (equivalent to $ million today). Most of these were collected without incident.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: On November 28, 1940, the U.S. Navy's Hydrographic Office reported that the remains of the bridge were located at geographical coordinates , at a depth of 180 feet (55 meters).


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: At least four people captured the collapse of the bridge. The collapse of the bridge was recorded on film separately by Barney Elliott and by Harbine Monroe, owners of The Camera Shop in Tacoma. The film shows Leonard Coatsworth attempting to rescue his dog — without success — and then leaving the bridge. The film was subsequently sold to Paramount Studios, which duplicated it for newsreels in black-and-white and distributed it worldwide to movie theaters. Castle Films also received distribution rights for 8 mm home video. In 1998, "The Tacoma Narrows Bridge Collapse" was selected for preservation in the United States National Film Registry by the Library of Congress as being culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant. This footage is still shown to engineering, architecture, and physics students as a cautionary tale.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Elliott and Monroe's films of the construction and collapse were shot on 16 mm Kodachrome film, but most copies in circulation are in black and white because newsreels of the day copied the film onto 35 mm black-and-white stock. There were also film-speed discrepancies between Monroe's and Elliot's footage, with Monroe filming at 24 frames per second and Elliott at 16 frames per second. As a result, most copies in circulation also show the bridge oscillating approximately 50% faster than real time, due to an assumption during conversion that the film was shot at 24 frames per second rather than the actual 16 fps.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: A second reel of film emerged in February 2019, taken by Arthur Leach from the Gig Harbor (westward) side of the bridge, and one of the few known images of the collapse from that side. Leach was a civil engineer who served as toll collector for the bridge, and is believed to have been the last person to cross the bridge to the west before its collapse, trying to prevent further crossings from the west as the bridge started to collapse. Leach's footage (originally on film but then recorded to video cassette by filming the projection) also includes Leach's commentary at the time of the collapse.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: A commission formed by the Federal Works Agency studied the collapse of the bridge. It included Othmar Ammann and Theodore von Kármán. Without drawing any definitive conclusions, the commission explored three possible failure causes:


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The original Tacoma Narrows Bridge was the first to be built with girders of carbon steel anchored in concrete blocks; preceding designs typically had open lattice beam trusses underneath the roadbed. This bridge was the first of its type to employ plate girders (pairs of deep I-beams) to support the roadbed. With the earlier designs, any wind would simply pass through the truss, but in the new design the wind would be diverted above and below the structure. Shortly after construction finished at the end of June (opened to traffic on July 1, 1940), it was discovered that the bridge would sway and buckle dangerously in relatively mild windy conditions that are common for the area, and worse during severe winds. This vibration was transverse, one-half of the central span rising while the other lowered. Drivers would see cars approaching from the other direction rise and fall, riding the violent energy wave through the bridge. However, at that time the mass of the bridge was considered sufficient to keep it structurally sound.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The failure of the bridge occurred when a never-before-seen twisting mode occurred, from winds at . This is a so-called torsional vibration mode (which is different from the transversal or longitudinal vibration mode), whereby when the left side of the roadway went down, the right side would rise, and vice versa, i.e., the two halves of the bridge twisted in opposite directions, with the center line of the road remaining still (motionless). This vibration was caused by aeroelastic fluttering.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The bridge's spectacular destruction is often used as an object lesson in the necessity to consider both aerodynamics and resonance effects in civil and structural engineering. Billah and Scanlan (1991) reported that, in fact, many physics textbooks (for example Resnick et al. and Tipler et al.) wrongly explain that the cause of the failure of the Tacoma Narrows bridge was externally forced mechanical resonance. Resonance is the tendency of a system to oscillate at larger amplitudes at certain frequencies, known as the system's natural frequencies. At these frequencies, even relatively small periodic driving forces can produce large amplitude vibrations, because the system stores energy. For example, a child using a swing realizes that if the pushes are properly timed, the swing can move with a very large amplitude. The driving force, in this case the child pushing the swing, exactly replenishes the energy that the system loses if its frequency equals the natural frequency of the system.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Usually, the approach taken by those physics textbooks is to introduce a first order forced oscillator, defined by the second-order differential equation


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: where , and stand for the mass, damping coefficient and stiffness of the linear system and and represent the amplitude and the angular frequency of the exciting force. The solution of such ordinary differential equation as a function of time represents the displacement response of the system (given appropriate initial conditions). In the above system resonance happens when is approximately formula_1, i.e., formula_2 is the natural (resonant) frequency of the system. The actual vibration analysis of a more complicated mechanical system — such as an airplane, a building or a bridge — is based on the linearization of the equation of motion for the system, which is a multidimensional version of equation (). The analysis requires eigenvalue analysis and thereafter the natural frequencies of the structure are found, together with the so-called "fundamental modes" of the system, which are a set of independent displacements and/or rotations that specify completely the displaced or deformed position and orientation of the body or system, i.e., the bridge moves as a (linear) combination of those basic deformed positions.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Each structure has natural frequencies. For resonance to occur, it is necessary to have also periodicity in the excitation force. The most tempting candidate of the periodicity in the wind force was assumed to be the so-called vortex shedding. This is because bluff (non-streamlined) bodies — like bridge decks — in a fluid stream produce (or "shed") wakes, whose characteristics depend on the size and shape of the body and the properties of the fluid. These wakes are accompanied by alternating low-pressure vortices on the downwind side of the body, the so-called Kármán vortex street or von Kármán vortex street. The body will in consequence try to move toward the low-pressure zone, in an oscillating movement called vortex-induced vibration. Eventually, if the frequency of vortex shedding matches the natural frequency of the structure, the structure will begin to resonate and the structure's movement can become self-sustaining.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The frequency of the vortices in the von Kármán vortex street is called the Strouhal frequency formula_3, and is given by


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Here, stands for the flow velocity, is a characteristic length of the bluff body and is the dimensionless Strouhal number, which depends on the body in question. For Reynolds numbers greater than 1000, the Strouhal number is approximately equal to 0.21. In the case of the Tacoma Narrows,  was approximately and was 0.20.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: It was thought that the Strouhal frequency was close enough to one of the natural vibration frequencies of the bridge, i.e., formula_4, to cause resonance and therefore vortex-induced vibration.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: In the case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, this appears not to have been the cause of the catastrophic damage. According to Professor Frederick Burt Farquharson, an engineering professor at the University of Washington and one of the main researchers into the cause of the bridge collapse, the wind was steady at and the frequency of the destructive mode was 12 cycles/minute (0.2 Hz). This frequency was neither a natural mode of the isolated structure nor the frequency of blunt-body vortex shedding of the bridge at that wind speed, which was approximately 1 Hz. It can be concluded therefore that the vortex shedding was not the cause of the bridge collapse. The event can be understood only while considering the coupled aerodynamic and structural system that requires rigorous mathematical analysis to reveal all the degrees of freedom of the particular structure and the set of design loads imposed.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Vortex-induced vibration is a far more complex process that involves both the external wind-initiated forces and internal self-excited forces that lock on to the motion of the structure. During lock-on, the wind forces drive the structure at or near one of its natural frequencies, but as the amplitude increases this has the effect of changing the local fluid boundary conditions, so that this induces compensating, self-limiting forces, which restrict the motion to relatively benign amplitudes. This is clearly not a linear resonance phenomenon, even if the bluff body has linear behaviour, since the exciting force amplitude is a nonlinear force of the structural response.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Billah and Scanlan state that Lee Edson in his biography of Theodore von Kármán is a source of misinformation: "The culprit in the Tacoma disaster was the Karman vortex street."


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: However, the Federal Works Administration report of the investigation, of which von Kármán was part, concluded that


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: A group of physicists cited "wind-driven amplification of the torsional oscillation" as distinct from resonance:


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: To some degree the debate is due to the lack of a commonly accepted precise definition of resonance. Billah and Scanlan provide the following definition of resonance "In general, whenever a system capable of oscillation is acted on by a periodic series of impulses having a frequency equal to or nearly equal to one of the natural frequencies of the oscillation of the system, the system is set into oscillation with a relatively large amplitude." They then state later in their paper "Could this be called a resonant phenomenon? It would appear not to contradict the qualitative definition of resonance quoted earlier, if we now identify the source of the periodic impulses as "self-induced", the wind supplying the power, and the motion supplying the power-tapping mechanism. If one wishes to argue, however, that it was a case of "externally forced linear resonance", the mathematical distinction ... is quite clear, self-exciting systems differing strongly enough from ordinary linear resonant ones."


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The weather system that caused the bridge collapse went on to cause the 1940 Armistice Day Blizzard that killed 145 people in the Midwestern United States:


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Efforts to salvage the bridge began almost immediately after its collapse and continued into May 1943. Two review boards, one appointed by the federal government and one appointed by the state of Washington, concluded that repair of the bridge was impossible, and the entire bridge would have to be dismantled and an entirely new bridge superstructure built. With steel being a valuable commodity because of the involvement of the United States in World War II, steel from the bridge cables and the suspension span was sold as scrap metal to be melted down. The salvage operation cost the state more than was returned from the sale of the material, a net loss of over $350,000 (equivalent to $ million today).


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The cable anchorages, tower pedestals and most of the remaining substructure were relatively undamaged in the collapse, and were reused during construction of the replacement span that opened in 1950. The towers, which supported the main cables and road deck, suffered major damage at their bases from being deflected towards shore as a result of the collapse of the mainspan and the sagging of the sidespans. They were dismantled, and the steel sent to recyclers.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The underwater remains of the highway deck of the old suspension bridge act as a large artificial reef, and these are listed on the National Register of Historic Places with reference number 92001068.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The Harbor History Museum has a display in its main gallery regarding the 1940 bridge, its collapse, and the subsequent two bridges.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Othmar Ammann, a leading bridge designer and member of the Federal Works Agency Commission investigating the collapse of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge, wrote:


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Following the incident, engineers took extra caution to incorporate aerodynamics into their designs, and wind tunnel testing of designs was eventually made mandatory.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: The Bronx–Whitestone Bridge, which is of similar design to the 1940 Tacoma Narrows Bridge, was reinforced shortly after the collapse. Fourteen-foot-high (4.3 m) steel trusses were installed on both sides of the deck in 1943 to weigh down and stiffen the bridge in an effort to reduce oscillation. In 2003, the stiffening trusses were removed and aerodynamic fiberglass fairings were installed along both sides of the road deck.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: A key consequence was that suspension bridges reverted to a deeper and heavier truss design, including the replacement Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1950), until the development in the 1960s of box girder bridges with an airfoil shape such as the Severn Bridge, which gave the necessary stiffness together with reduced torsional forces.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Because of shortages in materials and labor as a result of the involvement of the United States in World War II, it took 10 years before a replacement bridge was opened to traffic. This replacement bridge was opened to traffic on October 14, 1950, and is long, longer than the original bridge. The replacement bridge also has more lanes than the original bridge, which only had two traffic lanes, plus shoulders on both sides.


title: Tacoma Narrows Bridge (1940)

text: Half a century later, the replacement bridge exceeded its traffic capacity, and a second, parallel, suspension bridge was constructed to carry eastbound traffic. The suspension bridge that was completed in 1950 was reconfigured to carry only westbound traffic. The new parallel bridge opened to traffic in July 2007.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Derek Brunson (born January 4, 1984) is an American professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Middleweight division for the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of September 5, 2022, he is #5 in the UFC middleweight rankings.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was a competitive cheerleader and also wrestled at John T. Hoggard High School in Wilmington, North Carolina, under coach Dan Willis. Brunson had scholarships for both cheerleading and wrestling, but chose to wrestle in college. He was a three-time NCAA Division II All-American wrestler for the University of North Carolina at Pembroke. When he finished college, he immediately turned his attention to mixed martial arts.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson made his professional MMA debut in May 2010 against John Bryant where he won by a rear-naked choke in under a minute. He then won his next five fights with none of them making it past 2:30 of the first round.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson made his Strikeforce debut on June 24, 2011, at Strikeforce Challengers: Fodor vs. Terry against undefeated Jeremy Hamilton. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Derek Brunson

text: In a quick turnaround, Brunson fought his second fight for Strikeforce just over one month after his debut. He faced Lumumba Sayers on the undercard of on July 30, 2011. He won the fight via submission in the first round.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson's next fight was on November 18, 2011, at Strikeforce Challengers: Britt vs. Sayers against Nate James. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Derek Brunson

text: He was scheduled to face Ronaldo Souza on March 3, 2012, at . However, the Ohio State Athletic Commission denied his fight license based on an eye exam he had submitted. Brunson fought wearing contacts in all of his bouts, but Ohio has a rule against this. He immediately scheduled a Lasik procedure and missed about six weeks. He later faced Souza on August 18, 2012, at and was defeated by KO at :41 of the 1st round.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was accepted to compete in , but on the first day of filming he was pulled from the competition due to Showtime having yet to release him from his contract.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson made his UFC debut replacing an injured Karlos Vemola against Chris Leben on December 29, 2012, at UFC 155. Despite being a late replacement and heavy underdog, Brunson utilized his superior wrestling to defeat Leben via unanimous decision.


title: Derek Brunson

text: He was expected to face Ronny Markes on June 8, 2013, at . However, the bout was scrapped on the day of the weigh in as Markes was involved in a traffic accident. While Markes was not seriously injured, the incident prevented him from competing.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was expected to face Yoel Romero on August 31, 2013, at UFC 164 but was eventually forced off the card with an injury.


title: Derek Brunson

text: He was expected to face Antonio Braga Neto on November 6, 2013, at UFC Fight Night 31. However, Neto pulled out of the bout citing an injury and was replaced by Brian Houston. Brunson won the fight in impressive fashion early, connecting with a head kick on Houston and then securing a rear-naked choke submission.


title: Derek Brunson

text: The bout with Romero was rescheduled for January 15, 2014, at UFC Fight Night 35. After winning the first two rounds, Brunson was dropped by a left hook and lost the fight via TKO due to elbows on the ground in the third round. Both fighters earned a $50,000 "Fight of the Night" bonus award.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was expected to face Lorenz Larkin on August 2, 2014, at UFC 176. After UFC 176 was cancelled, Larkin/Brunson was rescheduled and eventually took place on August 30, 2014, at UFC 177. Brunson won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was expected to face Ed Herman on December 13, 2014, at UFC on Fox 13. However, the bout was scrapped just hours before the fight, as Brunson was stricken with a stomach ailment. Subsequently, the bout with Herman was rescheduled and took place on January 31, 2015, at UFC 183. Brunson won the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was expected to face Krzysztof Jotko on June 20, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 69. However, Brunson pulled out of the fight on June 9 citing a rib injury and was briefly replaced by Uriah Hall. Three days after the booking, Hall was removed due to an alleged visa issue. In turn, Jotko was removed from the card entirely.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Sam Alvey on August 8, 2015, at UFC Fight Night 73. He won the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson next faced Roan Carneiro on February 21, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 83. He won the fight via TKO, earning his third consecutive TKO stoppage in the first round.


title: Derek Brunson

text: He was scheduled to face Gegard Mousasi on July 9, 2016, at UFC 200. However, he later was forced to pull out of the bout.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Uriah Hall on September 17, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 94. Brunson won the fight via TKO in the first round after dropping Hall with a left hook and finishing him with a flurry of ground and pound.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Robert Whittaker on November 27, 2016, at UFC Fight Night 101. He lost the back and forth fight via first-round TKO. Both participants were awarded a "Fight of the Night" bonus.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Anderson Silva on February 11, 2017, at UFC 208. He lost the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson fought Dan Kelly on June 11, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 110. He won by knockout in the first round after dropping Kelly with a straight left and finishing him off with a barrage of ground and pound.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Lyoto Machida on October 28, 2017, at UFC Fight Night 119. He won the fight via knockout in the first round. This win also earned him a "Performance of the Night" bonus award.


title: Derek Brunson

text: A rematch with Ronaldo Souza took place on January 27, 2018, in the main event at UFC on Fox 27. Brunson lost the fight via TKO in the first round.


title: Derek Brunson

text: He was expected to face Antônio Carlos Júnior on August 4, 2018, at UFC 227. However, Brunson pulled out of the fight in early July citing an eye injury.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Israel Adesanya on November 3, 2018, at UFC 230. He lost the fight via technical knockout in round one.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Elias Theodorou on May 4, 2019, at UFC Fight Night 151. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Derek Brunson

text: In December 2019, Brunson announced on his social media that he had signed a new, six-fight contract with the UFC.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was expected to face Edmen Shahbazyan on March 7, 2020 at UFC 248. However it was announced on February 20 that the bout had been rescheduled and would take place on April 11, 2020 at . Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the event was eventually postponed. The bout eventually was scheduled on August 1, 2020 at . He won the fight via technical knockout in round three.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Kevin Holland on March 20, 2021 at UFC on ESPN 21. He won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson faced Darren Till on September 4, 2021, at . He won the fight via rear-naked choke submission in round three.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was scheduled to face Jared Cannonier on January 22, 2022 at UFC 270. However, for undisclosed reasons the bout was moved to UFC 271 on February 12, 2022. He lost the fight via knockout in round two. Brunson stated that his next fight will be his final fight in mixed martial arts.


title: Derek Brunson

text: Brunson was scheduled to face Jack Hermansson on December 3, 2022, at UFC on ESPN 42. However, Brunson withdrew due to an undisclosed injury and was replaced by Roman Dolidze.


title: Western Conference (NBA)

text: The Western Conference is one of two conferences that make up the National Basketball Association (NBA), the other being the Eastern Conference. Both conferences consist of 15 teams organized into three divisions.


title: Western Conference (NBA)

text: The current divisional alignment was adopted at the start of the 2004–05 season, when the now Charlotte Hornets began play as the NBA's 30th franchise. This necessitated the move of the New Orleans Pelicans from the Eastern Conference's Central Division to the newly created Southwest Division of the Western Conference.


title: Western Conference (NBA)

text: The NBA first started awarding a Western Conference championship trophy during the 2000–01 season, renaming it after Hall of Famer Oscar Robertson in the 2021–22 season. Also in 2021–22, the league began awarding the Earvin "Magic" Johnson Trophy to the Western Conference Finals Most Valuable Player, named after Hall of Famer Magic Johnson.


title: She Was Pretty

text: She Was Pretty () is a 2015 South Korean television series starring Hwang Jung-eum, Park Seo-joon, Go Joon-hee and Choi Si-won. It aired on MBC from September 16 to November 11, 2015, on Wednesdays and Thursdays at 22:00.


title: She Was Pretty

text: The series was both a hit domestically, with a peak rating of 18.4% and internationally, especially in China.


title: She Was Pretty

text: A romantic comedy, based on a true story, about two past acquaintances who meet again after they've gone through a reversal of fortunes and appearances, set against the backdrop of a fashion magazine's publishing office.


title: She Was Pretty

text: Kim Hye-jin was a beautiful girl from a rich family, the Chas. After her family's publishing company went bankrupt, she experienced hardships then lost her beauty too. Ji Sung-joon was an unattractive boy with low self-esteem, but grows up to be a handsome and successful editor.


title: She Was Pretty

text: The two decided to meet again as adults, but Sung-joon was unable to recognize Hye-jin. Ashamed to meet her first love and ruin his perception of her, Hye-jin asks her attractive best friend, Ha-ri, to appear in her place. Things, however, soon get complicated as Hye-jin was assigned to work at "The Most" magazine publishing office where Sung-joon is the deputy chief editor. He openly mistreats and belittles her for her clumsy nature, not knowing that she was his real childhood friend. Ha-ri also continues to meet Sung-joon, and soon develops feelings for him. On the other hand, Hye-jin finds a good friend in her workplace, Shin-hyuk, who slowly falls in love with her.


title: She Was Pretty

text: The drama reunited Hwang Jung-eum with Park Seo-joon, who previously starred together in "Kill Me, Heal Me"; and Hwang Jung-eum with Go Joon-hee, who previously starred together in "Can You Hear My Heart".


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: Standard temperature and pressure (STP) are standard sets of conditions for experimental measurements to be established to allow comparisons to be made between different sets of data. The most used standards are those of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC) and the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), although these are not universally accepted standards. Other organizations have established a variety of alternative definitions for their standard reference conditions.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: STP should not be confused with the standard state commonly used in thermodynamic evaluations of the Gibbs energy of a reaction.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: NIST uses a temperature of 20 °C (293.15 K, 68 °F) and an absolute pressure of 1 atm (14.696 psi, 101.325 kPa). This standard is also called normal temperature and pressure (abbreviated as NTP). However, a common temperature and pressure in use by NIST for thermodynamic experiments is 298.15 K (25°C, 77°F) and 1 bar (14.5038 psi, 100 kPa). NIST also uses "15 °C (60 °F)" for the temperature compensation of refined petroleum products, despite noting that these two values are not exactly consistent with each other.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: In industry and commerce, standard conditions for temperature and pressure are often necessary to define the standard reference conditions to express the volumes of gases and liquids and related quantities such as the rate of volumetric flow (the volumes of gases vary significantly with temperature and pressure): standard cubic meters per second (Sm/s), and normal cubic meters per second (Nm/s).


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: However, many technical publications (books, journals, advertisements for equipment and machinery) simply state "standard conditions" without specifying them; often substituting the term with older "normal conditions", or "NC". In special cases this can lead to confusion and errors. Good practice always incorporates the reference conditions of temperature and pressure. If not stated, some room environment conditions are supposed, close to 1 atm pressure, 293 K (20 °C), and 0% humidity.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: Before 1918, many professionals and scientists using the metric system of units defined the standard reference conditions of temperature and pressure for expressing gas volumes as being and . During those same years, the most commonly used standard reference conditions for people using the imperial or U.S. customary systems was and 14.696 psi (1 atm) because it was almost universally used by the oil and gas industries worldwide. The above definitions are no longer the most commonly used in either system of units.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: Many different definitions of standard reference conditions are currently being used by organizations all over the world. The table below lists a few of them, but there are more. Some of these organizations used other standards in the past. For example, IUPAC has, since 1982, defined standard reference conditions as being 0 °C and 100 kPa (1 bar), in contrast to its old standard of 0 °C and 101.325 kPa (1 atm). The new value is the mean atmospheric pressure at an altitude of about 112 metres, which is closer to the worldwide median altitude of human habitation (194 m).


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: Natural gas companies in Europe, Australia, and South America have adopted 15 °C (59 °F) and 101.325 kPa (14.696 psi) as their standard gas volume reference conditions, used as the base values for defining the standard cubic meter. Also, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) each have more than one definition of standard reference conditions in their various standards and regulations.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: In aeronautics and fluid dynamics the "International Standard Atmosphere" (ISA) is a specification of pressure, temperature, density, and speed of sound at each altitude. The International Standard Atmosphere is representative of atmospheric conditions at mid latitudes. In the USA this information is specified the U.S. Standard Atmosphere which is identical to the "International Standard Atmosphere" at all altitudes up to 65,000 feet above sea level.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: Because many definitions of standard temperature and pressure differ in temperature significantly from standard laboratory temperatures (e.g. 0 °C vs. ~25 °C), reference is often made to "standard laboratory conditions" (a term deliberately chosen to be different from the term "standard conditions for temperature and pressure", despite its semantic near identity when interpreted literally). However, what is a "standard" laboratory temperature and pressure is inevitably geography-bound, given that different parts of the world differ in climate, altitude and the degree of use of heat/cooling in the workplace. For example, schools in New South Wales, Australia use 25 °C at 100 kPa for standard laboratory conditions.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: ASTM International has published Standard ASTM E41- Terminology Relating to Conditioning and hundreds of special conditions for particular materials and test methods. Other standards organizations also have specialized standard test conditions.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: It is equally as important to indicate the applicable reference conditions of temperature and pressure when stating the molar volume of a gas as it is when expressing a gas volume or volumetric flow rate. Stating the molar volume of a gas without indicating the reference conditions of temperature and pressure has very little meaning and can cause confusion.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: The molar volume of gases around STP and at atmospheric pressure can be calculated with an accuracy that is usually sufficient by using the ideal gas law. The molar volume of any ideal gas may be calculated at various standard reference conditions as shown below:


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: Technical literature can be confusing because many authors fail to explain whether they are using the ideal gas constant "R", or the specific gas constant "R". The relationship between the two constants is "R" = "R" / "m", where "m" is the molecular mass of the gas.


title: Standard temperature and pressure

text: The US Standard Atmosphere (USSA) uses 8.31432 m·Pa/(mol·K) as the value of "R". However, the USSA,1976 does recognize that this value is not consistent with the values of the Avogadro constant and the Boltzmann constant.


title: Compaq

text: Compaq Computer Corporation (sometimes abbreviated to CQ prior to a 2007 rebranding) was an American information technology company founded in 1982 that developed, sold, and supported computers and related products and services. Compaq produced some of the first IBM PC compatible computers, being the second company after Columbia Data Products to legally reverse engineer the IBM Personal Computer. It rose to become the largest supplier of PC systems during the 1990s before being overtaken by Dell in 2001. Struggling to keep up in the price wars against Dell, as well as with a risky acquisition of DEC, Compaq was acquired for US$25 billion by HP in 2002. The Compaq brand remained in use by HP for lower-end systems until 2013 when it was discontinued. Since 2013, the brand is currently licensed to third parties for use on electronics in Brazil and India.


title: Compaq

text: The company was formed by Rod Canion, Jim Harris, and Bill Murto, all of whom were former Texas Instruments senior managers. Murto (SVP of sales) departed Compaq in 1987, while Canion (president and CEO) and Harris (SVP of engineering) left under a shakeup in 1991, which saw Eckhard Pfeiffer appointed president and CEO. Pfeiffer served through the 1990s. Ben Rosen provided the venture capital financing for the fledgling company and served as chairman of the board for 17 years from 1983 until September 28, 2000, when he retired and was succeeded by Michael Capellas, who served as the last chairman and CEO until its merger with HP.


title: Compaq

text: Prior to its merger, the company was headquartered in northwest unincorporated Harris County, Texas, which now continues as HP's largest United States facility.


title: Compaq

text: Compaq was founded in February 1982 by Rod Canion, Jim Harris, and Bill Murto, three senior managers from semiconductor manufacturer Texas Instruments. The three of them had left due to lack of faith and loss of confidence in TI's management, and initially considered but ultimately decided against starting a chain of Mexican restaurants. Each invested $1,000 to form the company, which was founded with the temporary name Gateway Technology. The name "COMPAQ" was said to be derived from "Compatibility and Quality" but this explanation was an afterthought. The name was chosen from many suggested by Ogilvy & Mather, it being the name least rejected. The first Compaq PC was sketched out on a placemat by Ted Papajohn while dining with the founders in a pie shop, (named House of Pies in Houston). Their first venture capital came from Benjamin M. Rosen and Sevin Rosen Funds, who helped the fledgling company secure to produce their initial computer. Overall, the founders managed to raise $25 million from venture capitalists, as this gave stability to the new company as well as providing assurances to the dealers or middlemen.


title: Compaq

text: Unlike many startups, Compaq differentiated its offerings from the many other IBM PC clones by not focusing mainly on price, but instead concentrating on new features, such as portability and better graphics displays as well as performance—and all at prices comparable to those of IBM's PCs. In contrast to Dell and Gateway 2000, Compaq hired veteran engineers with an average of 15 years experience, which lent credibility to Compaq's reputation of reliability among customers. Due to its partnership with Intel, Compaq was able to maintain a technological lead in the market place as it was the first one to come out with computers containing the next generation of each Intel processor.


title: Compaq

text: Under Canion's direction, Compaq sold computers only through dealers to avoid potential competition that a direct sales channel would foster, which helped foster loyalty among resellers. By giving dealers considerable leeway in pricing Compaq's offerings, either a significant markup for more profits or discount for more sales, dealers had a major incentive to advertise Compaq.


title: Compaq

text: During its first year of sales (second year of operation), the company sold 53,000 PCs for sales of , the first start-up to hit the mark that fast. Compaq went public in 1983 on the NYSE and raised . In 1986, it enjoyed record sales of from 150,000 PCs, and became the youngest-ever firm to make the Fortune 500. In 1987, Compaq hit the revenue mark, taking the least amount of time to reach that milestone. By 1991, Compaq held the fifth place spot in the PC market with in sales that year. In 1985, sales reached $504 million.


title: Compaq

text: Two key marketing executives in Compaq's early years, Jim D'Arezzo and Sparky Sparks, had come from IBM's PC Group. Other key executives responsible for the company's meteoric growth in the late 1980s and early 1990s were Ross A. Cooley, another former IBM associate, who served for many years as SVP of GM North America; Michael Swavely, who was the company's chief marketing officer in the early years, and eventually ran the North America organization, later passing along that responsibility to Cooley when Swavely retired. In the United States, Brendan A. "Mac" McLoughlin (another long time IBM executive) led the company's field sales organization after starting up the Western U.S. Area of Operations. These executives, along with other key contributors, including Kevin Ellington, Douglas Johns, Steven Flannigan, and Gary Stimac, helped the company compete against the IBM Corporation in all personal computer sales categories, after many predicted that none could compete with the behemoth.


title: Compaq

text: The soft-spoken Canion was popular with employees and the culture that he built helped Compaq to attract the best talent. Instead of headquartering the company in a downtown Houston skyscraper, Canion chose a West Coast-style campus surrounded by forests, where every employee had similar offices and no-one (not even the CEO) had a reserved parking spot. At semi-annual meetings, turnout was high as any employee could ask questions to senior managers.


title: Compaq

text: In 1987, company co-founder Bill Murto resigned to study at a religious education program at the University of St. Thomas. Murto had helped to organize the company's marketing and authorized-dealer distribution strategy, and held the post of senior vice president of sales since June 1985. Murto was succeeded by Ross A. Cooley, director of corporate sales. Cooley would report to Michael S. Swavely, vice president for marketing, who was given increased responsibility and the title of vice president for sales and marketing.


title: Compaq

text: In November 1982, Compaq announced their first product, the Compaq Portable, a portable IBM PC compatible personal computer. It was released in March 1983 at . The Compaq Portable was one of the progenitors of today's laptop; some called it a "suitcase computer" for its size and the look of its case. It was the second IBM PC compatible, being capable of running all software that would run on an IBM PC. It was a commercial success, selling 53,000 units in its first year and generating in sales revenue. The Compaq Portable was the first in the range of the Compaq Portable series. Compaq was able to market a legal IBM clone because IBM mostly used "off the shelf" parts for their PC. Furthermore, Microsoft had kept the right to license MS-DOS, the most popular and de facto standard operating system for the IBM PC, to other computer manufacturers. The only part which had to be duplicated was the BIOS, which Compaq did legally by using clean room design at a cost of .


title: Compaq

text: Unlike other companies, Compaq did not bundle application software with its computers. Vice President of Sales and Service H. L. Sparks said in early 1984:


title: Compaq

text: Compaq instead emphasized PC compatibility, of which Future Computing in May 1983 ranked Compaq as among the "Best" examples. "Many industry observers think [Compaq] is poised for meteoric growth", "The New York Times" reported in March of that year. By October, when the company announced the Compaq Plus with a hard drive, "PC Magazine" wrote of "the reputation for compatibility it built with its highly regarded floppy disk portable". Compaq computers remained the most compatible PC clones into 1984, and maintained its reputation for compatibility for years, even as clone BIOSes became available from Phoenix Technologies and other companies that also reverse engineered IBM's design, then sold their version to clone manufacturers.


title: Compaq

text: On June 28, 1984, Compaq released the Compaq Deskpro, a 16-bit desktop computer using an Intel 8086 microprocessor running at . It was considerably faster than an IBM PC and was, like the original Compaq Portable, also capable of running IBM software. It was Compaq's first non-portable computer and began the Deskpro line of computers.


title: Compaq

text: Compaq introduced the first PC based on Intel's new 80386 microprocessor, the Compaq Deskpro 386, in 1986. Bill Gates of Microsoft later said


title: Compaq

text: The Compaq 386 computer marked the first CPU change to the PC platform that was not initiated by IBM. An IBM-made 386 machine reached the market almost a year later, but by that time Compaq was the 386 supplier of choice and IBM had lost some of its prestige.


title: Compaq

text: For the first three months after announcement, the Deskpro 386 shipped with Windows/386. This was a version of Windows 2.1 adapted for the 80386 processor. Support for the virtual 8086 mode was added by Compaq engineers. (Windows, running on top of the MS-DOS operating system, would not become a popular "operating environment" until at least the release of Windows 3.0 in 1990.)


title: Compaq

text: Compaq's technical leadership and the rivalry with IBM was emphasized when the SystemPro server was launched in late 1989 – this was a true server product with standard support for a second CPU and RAID, but also the first product to feature the EISA bus, designed in reaction to IBM's MCA (MicroChannel Architecture) which was incompatible with the original AT bus.


title: Compaq

text: Although Compaq had become successful by being 100 percent IBM-compatible, it decided to continue with the original AT bus—which it renamed ISA—instead of licensing IBM's MCA. Prior to developing EISA Compaq had invested significant resources into reverse engineering MCA, but its executives correctly calculated that the $80 billion already spent by corporations on IBM-compatible technology would make it difficult for even IBM to force manufacturers to adopt the new MCA design. Instead of cloning MCA, Compaq formed an alliance with Hewlett Packard and seven other major manufacturers, known collectively as the "Gang of Nine", to develop EISA.


title: Compaq

text: By 1989, "The New York Times" wrote that being the first to release a 80386-based personal computer made Compaq the leader of the industry and "hurt no company more - in prestige as well as dollars - than" IBM. The company was so influential that observers and its executives spoke of "Compaq compatible". "InfoWorld" reported that "In the [ISA market] Compaq is already IBM's equal in being seen as a safe bet", quoting a sell-side analyst describing it as "now "the" safe choice in personal computers". Even rival Tandy Corporation acknowledged Compaq's leadership, stating that within the Gang of Nine "when you have 10 people sit down before a table to write a letter to the president, someone has to write the letter. Compaq is sitting down at the typewriter".


title: Compaq

text: Michael S. Swavely, president of Compaq's North American division since May 1989, took a six-month sabbatical in January 1991 (which would eventually become retirement effective on July 12, 1991). Eckhard Pfeiffer, then president of Compaq International, was named to succeed him. Pfeiffer also received the title of chief operating officer, with responsibility for the company's operations on a worldwide basis, so that Canion could devote more time to strategy. Swavely's abrupt departure in January led to rumors of turmoil in Compaq's executive suite, including friction between Canion and Swavely, likely as Swavely's rival Pfeiffer had received the number two leadership position. Swavely's U.S. marketing organization was losing ground with only 4% growth for Compaq versus 7% in the market, likely due to short supplies of the LTE 386s from component shortages, rivals that undercut Compaq's prices by as much as 35%, and large customers who did not like Compaq's dealer-only policy. Pfeiffer became president and CEO of Compaq later that year, as a result of a boardroom coup led by board chairman Ben Rosen that forced co-founder Rod Canion to resign as president and CEO.


title: Compaq

text: Pfeiffer had joined Compaq from Texas Instruments, and established operations from scratch in both Europe and Asia. Pfeiffer was given US$20,000 to start up Compaq Europe He started up Compaq's first overseas office in Munich in 1984. By 1990, Compaq Europe was a $2 billion business and number two behind IBM in that region, and foreign sales contributed 54 percent of Compaq's revenues. Pfeiffer, while transplanting Compaq's U.S. strategy of dealer-only distribution to Europe, was more selective in signing up dealers than Compaq had been in the U. S. such that European dealers were more qualified to handle its increasingly complex products.


title: Compaq

text: During the 1980s, under Canion's direction Compaq had focused on engineering, research, and quality control, producing high-end, high-performance machines with high profit margins that allowed Compaq to continue investing in engineering and next-generation technology. This strategy was successful as Compaq was considered a trusted brand, while many other IBM clones were untrusted due to being plagued by poor reliability. However, by the end of the eighties many manufacturers had improved their quality and were able to produce inexpensive PCs with off-the-shelf components, incurring none of the R&D costs which allowed them to undercut Compaq's expensive computers. Faced with lower-cost rivals such as Dell Computer, AST Research, and Gateway 2000, Compaq suffered a $71 million loss for that quarter, their first loss as a company, while the stock had dropped by over two-thirds. An analyst stated that "Compaq has made a lot of tactical errors in the last year and a half. They were trend-setters, now they are lagging". Canion initially believed that the 1990s recession was responsible for Compaq's declining sales but insisted that they would recover once the economy improved, however Pfeiffer's observation of the European market noted that it was competition as rivals could match Compaq at a fraction of the cost. Under pressure from Compaq's board to control costs as staff was ballooning at their Houston headquarters despite falling U.S. sales, while the number of non-U.S. employees had stayed constant, Compaq made its first-ever layoffs (1400 employees which was 12% of its workforce) while Pfeiffer was promoted to EVP and COO.


title: Compaq

text: Rosen and Canion had disagreed about how to counter the cheaper Asian PC imports, as Canion wanted Compaq to build lower cost PCs with components developed in-house in order to preserve Compaq's reputation for engineering and quality, while Rosen believed that Compaq needed to buy standard components from suppliers and reach the market faster. While Canion developed an 18-month plan to create a line of low-priced computers, Rosen sent his own Compaq engineering team to Comdex without Canion's knowledge and discovered that a low-priced PC could be made in half the time and at lower cost than Canion's initiative. It was also believed that Canion's consensus-style management slowed the company's ability to react in the market, whereas Pfeiffer's autocratic style would be suited to price and product competition.


title: Compaq

text: Rosen initiated a 14-hour board meeting, and the directors also interviewed Pfeiffer for several hours without informing Canion. At the conclusion, the board was unanimous in picking Pfeiffer over Canion. As Canion was popular with company workers, 150 employees staged an impromptu protest with signs stating "We love you, Rod." and taking out a newspaper ad saying "Rod, you are the wind beneath our wings. We love you." Canion declined an offer to remain on Compaq's board and was bitter about his ouster as he didn't speak to Rosen for years, although their relationship became cordial again. In 1999, Canion admitted that his ouster was justified, saying "I was burned out. I needed to leave. He [Rosen] felt I didn't have a strong sense of urgency". Two weeks after Canion's ouster, five other senior executives resigned, including remaining company founder James Harris as SVP of Engineering. These departures were motivated by an enhanced severance or early retirement, as well as an imminent demotion as their functions were to be shifted to vice presidents.


title: Compaq

text: Under Pfeiffer's tenure as chief executive, Compaq entered the retail computer market with the Compaq Presario as one of the first manufacturers in the mid-1990s to market a sub-$1000 PC. In order to maintain the prices it wanted, Compaq became the first first-tier computer manufacturer to utilize CPUs from AMD and Cyrix. The two price wars resulting from Compaq's actions ultimately drove numerous competitors from the market, such as Packard Bell and AST Research. From third place in 1993, Compaq had overtaken Apple Computer and even surpassed IBM as the top PC manufacturer in 1994, as both IBM and Apple were struggling considerably during that time. Compaq's inventory and gross margins were better than that of its rivals which enabled it to wage the price wars.


title: Compaq

text: Compaq had decided to make a foray into printers in 1989, and the first models were released to positive reviews in 1992. However, Pfeiffer saw that the prospects of taking on market leader Hewlett Packard (who had 60% market share) was tough, as that would force Compaq to devote more funds and people to that project than originally budgeted. Compaq ended up selling the printer business to Xerox and took a charge of $50 million.


title: Compaq

text: On June 26, 1995, Compaq reached an agreement with Cisco Systems Inc. in order to get into networking, including digital modems, routers, and switches favored by small businesses and corporate departments, which was now a $4 billion business and the fastest-growing part of the computer hardware market. Compaq also built up a network engineering and marketing staff.


title: Compaq

text: In 1996, despite record sales and profits at Compaq, Pfeiffer initiated a major management shakeup in the senior ranks. John T. Rose, who previously ran Compaq's desktop PC division, took over the corporate server business from SVP Gary Stimac who had resigned. Rose had joined Compaq in 1993 from Digital Equipment Corporation where he oversaw the personal computer division and worldwide engineering, while Stimac had been with Compaq since 1982 and was one of the longest-serving executives. Senior Vice-president for North America Ross Cooley announced his resignation effective at the end of 1996. CFO Daryl J. White, who joined the company in January, 1983 resigned in May, 1996 after 8 years as CFO. Michael Winkler, who joined Compaq in 1995 to run its portable computer division, was promoted to general manager of the new PC products group. Earl Mason, hired from Inland Steel effective in May 1996, immediately made an impact as the new CFO. Under Mason's guidance, Compaq utilized its assets more efficiently instead of focusing just on income and profits, which increased Compaq's cash from to nearly in one year. Additionally, Compaq's return on invested capital (after-tax operating profit divided by operating assets) doubled to 50 percent from 25 percent in that period.


title: Compaq

text: Compaq had been producing the PC chassis at its plant in Shenzhen, China to cut costs. In 1996, instead of expanding its own plant, Compaq asked a Taiwanese supplier to set up a new factory nearby to produce the mechanicals, with the Taiwanese supplier owning the inventory until it reached Compaq in Houston. Pfeiffer also introduced a new distribution strategy, to build PCs made-to-order which would eliminate the stockpile of computers in warehouses and cut the components inventory down to two weeks, with the supply chain from supplier to dealer linked by complex software.