title: July Monarchy

text: Louis XVIII, for the most part, accepted that much had changed. However, he was pushed on his right by the Ultra-royalists, led by the , who condemned the ' attempt to reconcile the Revolution with the monarchy through a constitutional monarchy. Instead, the , elected in 1815, first banished all who had voted for Louis XVI's death and then passed similar reactionary laws. Louis XVIII was forced to dissolve this Chamber, dominated by the Ultras, in 1816, fearing a popular uprising. The liberals thus governed until the 1820 assassination of the , nephew of the king and known supporter of the Ultras, which brought 's Ultras back to power (vote of the Anti-Sacrilege Act in 1825, and of the , 'Act on the émigrés' billions'). His brother Charles X, however, took a far more conservative approach. He attempted to compensate the aristocrats for what they had lost in the revolution, curbed the freedom of the press, and reasserted the power of the Church. In 1830 the discontent caused by these changes and Charles' authoritarian nomination of the Ultra as minister culminated in an uprising in the streets of Paris, known as the 1830 July Revolution. Charles was forced to flee and , a member of the branch of the family, and son of who had voted the death of his cousin Louis XVI, ascended the throne. Louis-Philippe ruled, not as "King of France" but as "King of the French" (an evocative difference for contemporaries).


title: July Monarchy

text: On 7 August 1830, the 1814 Charter was revised. The preamble reviving the was suppressed, and the King of France became the "King of the French", (also known as the "Citizen King") establishing the principle of national sovereignty over the principle of the divine right. The new Charter was a compromise between the opposition to Charles X and the Republicans. Laws enforcing Catholicism and censorship were repealed and the revolutionary tricolor flag re-established.


title: July Monarchy

text: Louis-Philippe pledged his oath to the 1830 Charter on 9 August setting up the beginnings of the July Monarchy. Two days later, the first cabinet was formed, gathering the Constitutionalist opposition to Charles X, including , the banker , Count Molé, the duke of Broglie, , etc. The new government's first aim was to restore public order, while at the same time appearing to acclaim the revolutionary forces which had just triumphed. Assisted by the people of Paris in overthrowing the Legitimists, the Orleanist bourgeoisie had to establish its new order.


title: July Monarchy

text: Louis-Philippe decided on 13 August 1830 to adopt the arms of the House of Orléans as state symbols. Reviewing a parade of the Parisian National Guard on 29 August which acclaimed the adoption, he exclaimed to its leader, Lafayette: "This is worth more to me than coronation at Reims!". The new regime then decided on 11 October that all people injured during the revolution (500 orphans, 500 widows and 3,850 people injured) would be given financial compensation and presented a draft law indemnifying them in the amount of 7 million francs, also creating a commemorative medal for the July Revolutionaries.


title: July Monarchy

text: Ministers lost their honorifics of and and became simply . The new king's older son, , was given the title of duke of Orléans and Prince Royal, while his daughters and his sister, , were named princesses of Orléans – and not of France, since there was no longer any "King of France" nor "House of France."


title: July Monarchy

text: Unpopular laws passed during the Restoration were repealed, including the 1816 amnesty law which had banished the regicides – with the exception of article 4, concerning the Bonaparte family. The Church of was once again returned to its functions as a secular building, named the . Various budget restrictions were imposed on the Catholic Church, while the 1825 Anti-Sacrilege Act which envisioned death penalties for sacrilege was repealed.


title: July Monarchy

text: Civil unrest continued for three months, supported by the left-wing press. 's government was not able to put an end to it, mostly because the National Guard was headed by one of the Republican leaders, the marquis de La Fayette, who advocated a "popular throne surrounded by Republican institutions." The Republicans then gathered themselves in popular clubs, in the tradition established by the 1789 Revolution. Some of those were fronts for secret societies (for example, the Blanquist ), which sought political and social reforms, or the execution of Charles X's ministers (, , the and the ). Strikes and demonstrations were permanent.


title: July Monarchy

text: In order to stabilize the economy and finally secure public order, in the autumn of 1830 the government had the Assembly vote a credit of 5 million francs to subsidize public works, mostly roads. Then, to prevent bankruptcies and the increase of unemployment, especially in Paris, the government issued a guarantee for firms encountering difficulties, granting them 60 million francs. These subsidies mainly went into the pockets of big entrepreneurs aligned with the new regime, such as the printer .


title: July Monarchy

text: The death of the Prince of on 27 August 1830, who was found hanged, caused the first scandal of the July Monarchy. Without proof, the Legitimists quickly accused and the Queen of having assassinated the ultra-royalist Prince, with the alleged motive of allowing their son, the , to get his hands on his fortune. It is however commonly accepted that the Prince died as a result of sex games with his mistress, the baroness.


title: July Monarchy

text: Meanwhile, the government expelled from the administration all Legitimist supporters who refused to pledge allegiance to the new regime, leading to the return to political affairs of most of the personnel of the First Empire, who had themselves been expelled during the Second Restoration. This renewal of political and administrative staff was humorously illustrated by a of . The Minister of the Interior, , re-appointed the entire prefectoral administration and the mayors of large cities. The Minister of Justice, , assisted by his secretary general, , dismissed most of the public prosecutors. In the Army, the , a follower of Charles X who was commanding the invasion of Algeria, was replaced by . Generals, ambassadors, plenipotentiary ministers and half of the were replaced. In the Chamber of Deputies, a quarter of the seats (119) were submitted to a new election in October, leading to the defeat of the Legitimists.


title: July Monarchy

text: In sociological terms, however, this renewal of political figures did not mark any great change of elites. The old land-owners, civil servants and liberal professions continued to dominate the state of affairs, leading the historian David H. Pinkney to deny any claim of a "new regime of a ".


title: July Monarchy

text: Although some voices began to push for the closure of the Republican clubs, which fomented revolutionary agitation, the Minister of Justice, , and the Parisian public prosecutor, Bernard, both Republicans, refused to prosecute revolutionary associations (the French law prohibited meetings of more than 20 persons).


title: July Monarchy

text: However, on 25 September 1830, the Minister of Interior responded to a deputy's question on the subject by stigmatizing the "revolutionary state", which he conflated with chaos, to which he opposed the "Glorious Revolution" in England in 1688.


title: July Monarchy

text: Two political currents thereafter made their appearance, and would structure political life under the July Monarchy: the Movement Party and the Resistance Party. The first was reformist and in favor of support to the nationalists who were trying, all over of Europe, to shake the grip of the various Empires in order to create nation-states. Its mouthpiece was . The second was conservative and supported peace with European monarchs, and had as mouthpiece .


title: July Monarchy

text: The trial of Charles X's ministers, arrested in August 1830 while they were fleeing, became the major political issue. The left demanded their heads, but this was opposed by , who feared a spiral of violence and the renewal of revolutionary Terror. Thus, on 27 September 1830 the Chamber of Deputies passed a resolution charging the former ministers, but at the same time, in an address to king on 8 October, invited him to present a draft law repealing the death penalty, at least for political crimes. This in turn provoked popular discontent on 17 and 18 October, with the masses marching on the Fort of Vincennes where the ministers were detained.


title: July Monarchy

text: Following these riots, Interior Minister Guizot requested the resignation of the prefect of the Seine, , who had criticized the parliamentarians' address to the king. Supported by , Guizot considered that an important civil servant could not criticize an act of the Chamber of Deputies, particularly when it had been approved by the King and his government. took 's side, threatening to resign if the King disavowed him. The banker , one of the main figures of the , thereupon put himself forward to coordinate the ministers with the title of "President of the Council". This immediately led Broglie and Guizot, of the , to resign, followed by , , the Count Molé and . Confronted to the 's defeat, decided to put to trial, hoping that the exercise of power would discredit him. He thus called him to form a new government on 2 November 1830.


title: July Monarchy

text: Although Louis-Philippe strongly disagreed with the banker and secretly pledged to the duke of Broglie that he would not support him at all, the new President of the Council was tricked into trusting his king.


title: July Monarchy

text: The trial of Charles X's former ministers took place from 15 to 21 December 1830 before the Chamber of Peers, surrounded by rioters demanding their death. They were finally sentenced to life detention, accompanied by civil death for . 's National Guard maintained public order in Paris, affirming itself as the bourgeois watchdog of the new regime, while the new Interior Minister, , kept the ministers safe by detaining them in the fort of Vincennes.


title: July Monarchy

text: But by demonstrating the National Guard's importance, had made his position delicate, and he was quickly forced to resign. This led to the Minister of Justice 's resignation. In order to avoid exclusive dependence on the National Guard, the "Citizen King" charged , the new Minister of War, with reorganizing the Army. In February 1831, presented his project, aiming to increase the military's effectiveness. Among other reforms, the project included the 9 March 1831 law creating the Foreign Legion.


title: July Monarchy

text: In the meantime, the government enacted various reforms demanded by the , which had been set out in the Charter (art. 69). The 21 March 1831 law on municipal councils reestablished the principle of election and enlarged the electorate (founded on census suffrage) which was thus increased tenfold in comparison with the legislative elections (approximately 2 to 3 million electors from a total population of 32,6 million). The 22 March 1831 law re-organized the National Guard; the 19 April 1831 law, voted after two months of debate in Parliament and promulgated after 's downfall, decreased the electoral income level from 300 to 200 francs and the level for eligibility from 1,000 to 500 francs. The number of voters thereby increased from less than 100,000 to 166,000: one Frenchman in 170 possessed the right to vote, and the number of constituencies rose from 430 to 459.


title: July Monarchy

text: Despite these reforms, which targeted the bourgeoisie rather than the people, Paris was once again rocked by riots on 14 and 15 February 1831, leading to 's downfall. The immediate cause of the riots was a funeral service organized by the Legitimists at Church in memory of the ultra-royalist duke of Berry, assassinated in 1820. The commemoration turned into a political demonstration in favor of the count of Chambord, Legitimist pretender to the throne. Seeing in this celebration an intolerable provocation, the Republican rioters ransacked the church two days in a row, before turning on other churches. The revolutionary movement spread to other cities.


title: July Monarchy

text: Confronted with renewed unrest, the government abstained from any strong repression. The prefect of the Seine , the prefect of police , and the new commandant of the National Guard, General , remained passive, triggering 's indignation, as well as the Republican 's criticisms against the demagogy of the government. Far from suppressing the crowds, the government had the Archbishop of Paris arrested, as well as charging the friar of and other priests, along with some other monarchists, with having provoked the masses.


title: July Monarchy

text: In a gesture of appeasement, , supported by the Prince Royal , duke of , proposed to the king that he remove the , symbol of the , from the state seal. With obvious displeasure, finally signed the 16 February 1831 ordinance substituting for the arms of the House of Orléans a shield with an open book, on which could be read "". The , was also removed from public buildings, etc. This new defeat of the king sealed 's fate.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 19 February 1831, verbally attacked in the Chamber of Deputies, daring him to dissolve the Chamber and present himself before the electors. accepted, but the king, who was the only one entitled to dissolve the Chamber, preferred to wait a few days more. In the meanwhile, the prefect of the Seine was replaced by at 's request, and the prefect of police by . To make matters worse, in this insurrectionary climate, the economic situation was fairly bad.


title: July Monarchy

text: Having succeeded in outdoing the , the "Citizen King" called to power the . However, was not really much more comfortable with one side than with the other, being closer to the center. Furthermore, he felt no sympathy for its leader, the banker , who replaced on 13 March 1831 as head of the government. His aim was more to re-establish order in the country, letting the assume responsibility for unpopular measures.


title: July Monarchy

text: , however, managed to impose his conditions on the king, including the pre-eminence of the President of the Council over other ministers, and his right to call cabinet councils outside of the actual presence of the king. Furthermore, secured agreement that the liberal Prince Royal, , would cease to participate to the Council of Ministers. Despite this, valued the king's prestige, calling on him, on 21 September 1831, to move from his family residence, the , to the royal palace, the .


title: July Monarchy

text: The banker established the new government's principles on 18 March 1831: ministerial solidarity and the authority of the government over the administration: "the principle of the July Revolution... is not insurrection... it is resistance to the aggression the power" and, internationally, "a pacific attitude and the respect of the non-intervention principle." The vast majority of the Chamber applauded the new government and granted him a comfortable majority. harnessed the support of the cabinet through oaths of solidarity and strict discipline for dissenters. He excluded reformers from official discourse, and abandoned the regime's unofficial policy of mediating in labor disputes in favor of a strict laissez-faire policy that favored employers.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 14 March 1831, on the initiative of a patriotic society created by the mayor of Metz, , the opposition's press launched a campaign to gather funds to create a national association aimed at struggling against any Bourbon Restoration and the risks of foreign invasion. All the major figures of the Republican Left (, , , , etc.) supported it. Local committees were created all over France, leading the new president of the Council, , to issue a circular prohibiting civil servants from membership of this association, which he accused of challenging the state itself by implicitly accusing it of not fulfilling its proper duties.


title: July Monarchy

text: In the beginning of April 1831, the government took some unpopular measures, forcing several important personalities to resign: was dismissed from the Council of State, General 's military command suppressed, and the forced to resign. When on 15 April 1831 the acquitted several young Republicans (, and 's son), mostly officers of the National Guard who had been arrested during the December 1830 troubles following the trial of Charles X's ministers, new riots acclaimed the news on 15–16 April. But , implementing the 10 April 1831 law outlawing public meetings, used the military as well as the National Guard to dissolve the crowds. In May, the government used fire hoses as crowd control techniques for the first time.


title: July Monarchy

text: Another riot, started on the on 14 June 1831, degenerated into an open battle against the National Guard, assisted by the Dragoons and the infantry. The riots continued on 15 and 16 June.


title: July Monarchy

text: The major unrest, however, took place in Lyon with the Canuts Revolt, started on 21 November 1831, and during which parts of the National Guard took the demonstrators' side. In two days, the Canuts took control of the city and expelled and the mayor . On 25 November announced to the Chamber of Deputies that , assisted by the Prince Royal, would immediately march on Lyon with 20,000 men. They entered the city on 3 December re-establishing order without any bloodshed.


title: July Monarchy

text: Civil unrest, however, continued, and not only in Paris. On 11 March 1832, sedition exploded in Grenoble during the carnival. The prefect had canceled the festivities after a grotesque mask of had been displayed, leading to popular demonstrations. The prefect then tried to have the National Guard disperse the crowd, but the latter refused to go, forcing him to call on the army. The 35th regiment of infantry () obeyed the orders, but this in turn led the population to demand their expulsion from the city. This was done on 15 March and the 35th regiment was replaced by the 6th regiment, from Lyon. When learnt the news, he dissolved the National Guard of Grenoble and immediately recalled the 35th regiment to the city.


title: July Monarchy

text: Beside this continuing unrest, in every province, , Picardy, in , , etc., various Republican conspiracies threatened the government (conspiracy of the in January 1832, of the in February 1832, etc.) Even the trials of suspects were seized on by the Republicans as an opportunity to address the people: at the trial of the Blanquist in January 1832, harshly criticized the king while gave free vein to his socialist ideas. All of the accused denounced the government's tyranny, the incredibly high cost of Louis-Philippe's civil list, police persecutions, etc. The omnipresence of the French police, organized during the French First Empire by , was depicted by the Legitimist writer in . The strength of the opposition led the Prince Royal to shift his view somewhat further to the right.


title: July Monarchy

text: In the second half of May 1831, , accompanied by Marshal Soult, started an official visit to Normandy and Picardy, where he was well received. From 6 June to 1 July 1831, he traveled in the east, where there was stronger Republican and Bonapartist activity, along with his two elder sons, the Prince Royal and the duke of Nemours, as well as with the . The king stopped in , , (renamed in 1998), , and . There, in the name of the municipal council, the mayor made a very political speech in which he expressed the wish to have peerages abolished, adding that France should intervene in Poland to assist the November Uprising against Russia. Louis-Philippe flatly rejected all of these aspirations, stating that the municipal councils and the National Guard had no standing in such matters. The king continued his visit to , , , , , and , and his visits were, on the whole, occasions to re-affirm his authority.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 23 July 1831, the king set out 's program in the speech from the Throne: strict application of the Charter at home and strict defense of the interests of France and its independence abroad.


title: July Monarchy

text: The deputies in the chamber then voted for their President, electing , the government's candidate, on the second round. He gained 181 votes to the banker 's 176. But gained the first vice presidency with 182 voices out of a total of 344, defeating the government's candidate, , who had only 153 votes. , who considered that his parliamentary majority was not strong enough, decided to resign.


title: July Monarchy

text: During the parliamentary debates concerning France's imminent intervention in Belgium, several deputies, led by , unsuccessfully requested similar intervention to support Polish independence. However, at the domestic level, decided to back down before the dominant opposition, and satisfied an old demand of the Left by abolishing hereditary peerages. Finally, the 2 March 1832 law on 's civil list fixed it at 12 million francs a year, and one million for the Prince Royal, the duke of . The 28 April 1832 law, named after the Justice Minister , reformed the 1810 Penal Code and the .


title: July Monarchy

text: The cholera pandemic that originated in India in 1815 reached Paris around 20 March 1832 and killed more than 13,000 people in April. The pandemic would last until September 1832, killing in total 100,000 in France, with 20,000 in Paris alone. The disease, the origins of which were unknown at the time, provoked a popular panic. The people of Paris suspected poisoners, while scavengers and beggars revolted against the authoritarian measures of public health.


title: July Monarchy

text: According to the 20th-century historian and philosopher , the cholera outbreak was first fought by what he called "social medicine", which focused on flux, circulation of air, location of cemeteries, etc. All of these concerns, born of the miasma theory of disease, were thus concerned with urbanist concerns of the management of populations.


title: July Monarchy

text: Cholera also struck the royal princess , as well as and . , who on 1 April 1832 visited the patients at the with the Prince Royal, contracted the disease. He resigned his ministerial activities before dying of cholera on 16 May 1832.


title: July Monarchy

text: did not regret the departure of from the political scene, as he complained that took all the credit for the government's policy successes, while he himself had to assume all the criticism for its failures. The "Citizen King" was therefore not in any hurry to find a new President of the Council, all the more since the Parliament was in recess and that the troubled situation demanded swift and energetic measures.


title: July Monarchy

text: Indeed, the regime was being attacked on all sides. The Legitimist duchess of Berry attempted an in and , a stronghold of the ultra-royalists, while the Republicans headed an insurrection in Paris on 5 June 1832, on the occasion of the funeral of one of their leaders, , also struck dead by the cholera. General Mouton crushed the rebellion. (Victor Hugo later described the scene in his 1862 novel "Les Misérables".)


title: July Monarchy

text: This double victory, over both the Carlist (pro-Charles X) Legitimists and the Republicans, was a success for the July Monarchy regime. Furthermore, the death of the duke of Reichstadt (Napoléon II) on 22 July 1832, in Vienna, marked another setback for the Bonapartist opposition.


title: July Monarchy

text: Finally, married his elder daughter, , to the newly-appointed king of the Belgians, Leopold I, on the anniversary of the establishment of the July Monarchy (9 August). Since the archbishop of Paris, (a Legitimist), refused to celebrate this mixed marriage between a Catholic and a Lutheran, the wedding took place in the . This royal alliance strengthened 's position abroad.


title: July Monarchy

text: Louis-Philippe called a trusted man, Marshal Soult, to the Presidency of the Council in October 1832. was supported by a triumvirate composed of the main politicians of that time: Adolphe Thiers, the and . The conservative spoke of a "coalition of all talents", while the King of the French would eventually speak, with obvious disappointment, of a " in three persons". In a circular addressed to the high civil-servants and military officers, the new President of the Council, , stated that he would explicitly follow the policies of ("order at home", "peace abroad") and denounced both the Legitimist right-wing opposition and the Republican left-wing opposition.


title: July Monarchy

text: The new Minister of Interior, , had his first success on 7 November 1832 with the arrest in of the rebellious duchess of Berry, who was detained in the citadel of . The duchess was then expelled to Palermo in the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies on 8 June 1833.


title: July Monarchy

text: The opening of the parliamentary session on 19 November 1832, was a success for the regime. The governmental candidate, , was easily elected on the first round as President of the Chamber, with 234 votes against 136 for the candidate of the opposition, .


title: July Monarchy

text: In Belgium, Marshal assisted the young Belgian monarchy with 70,000 men, taking back the citadel of Antwerp, which capitulated on 23 December 1832.


title: July Monarchy

text: Strengthened by these recent successes, initiated two visits to the provinces, first into the north to meet with the victorious Marshal and his men, and then into Normandy, where Legitimist troubles continued, from August to September 1833. In order to conciliate public opinion, the members of the new government took some popular measures, such as a program of public works, leading to the completion of the in Paris, and the re-establishment, on 21 June 1833, of Napoleon I's statue on the . The Minister of Public Instruction and Cults, , had the famous law on primary education passed in June 1833, leading to the creation of an elementary school in each commune.


title: July Monarchy

text: Finally, a ministerial change was enacted after the duke 's resignation on 1 April 1834. had found himself in a minority in the Chamber concerning the ratification of a treaty signed with the United States in 1831. This was a source of satisfaction for the king, as it removed from the triumvirate the individual he disliked the most.


title: July Monarchy

text: The ministerial change coincided with the return of violent unrest in various cities of France. At the end of February 1834, a new law that subjected the activities of town criers to public authorization led to several days of confrontations with the police. Furthermore, the 10 April 1834 law, primarily aimed against the Republican Society of the Rights of Man (), envisioned a crack-down on non-authorized associations. On 9 April 1834, when the Chamber of Peers was to vote on the law, the Second Canut Revolt exploded in Lyon. The Minister of the Interior, , decided to abandon the city to the insurgents, taking it back on 13 April with casualties of 100 to 200 dead on both sides.


title: July Monarchy

text: The Republicans attempted to spread the insurrection to other cities, but failed in , , and . More serious Republican threats developed in and especially in on 11 April, but finally public order was restored. The greater danger to the regime was, as often, in Paris. Expecting trouble, had concentrated 40,000 men there, who were visited by the king on 10 April. Furthermore, had made "preventive arrests" of 150 principal leaders of the Society of the Rights of Man and outlawed its mouthpiece, . Despite these measures, barricades were set up in the evening of 13 April 1834, leading to harsh repression, including a massacre of all the inhabitants (men, women, children and old people) of a house from where a shot had been fired. This incident was immortalized in a lithograph by .


title: July Monarchy

text: To express their support for the monarchy, both Chambers gathered in the Palace of the Tuileries on 14 April. In a gesture of appeasement, canceled his feast-day celebration on 1 May, and publicly announced that the sums that were to have been used for these festivities would be dedicated to the orphans, widows and injured. In the same time, he ordered Marshal to publicize these events widely across France (the provinces being more conservative than Paris), to convince them of the "necessary increase in the Army".


title: July Monarchy

text: More than 2,000 arrests were made following the riots, in particular in Paris and Lyon. The cases were referred to the Chamber of Peers, which, in accordance with art. 28 of the Charter of 1830, dealt with cases of conspiracy against state security (). The Republican movement was decapitated, so much that even the funeral of (died 20 May 1834), passed with little incident. As early as 13 May the Chamber of Deputies voted a credit of 14 million in order to increase the army to 360,000 men. Two days later, they also adopted a very repressive law on detention and use of military weapons.


title: July Monarchy

text: Louis-Philippe decided to seize the opportunity of dissolving the Chamber and organizing new elections, which were held on 21 June 1834. However, the results were not as favorable to him as expected: although the Republicans were almost eliminated, the Opposition retained around 150 seats (approximately 30 Legitimists, the rest being followers of , who was an supporter of the regime, but headed the ). Furthermore, in the ranks of the majority itself, composed of about 300 deputies, a new faction, the , led by , could on some occasions defect from the majority and give its votes to the Left. On 31 July the new Chamber re-elected as President of the Chamber with 247 votes against 33 for and 24 for . Furthermore, a large majority (256 against 39) voted an ambiguous address to the king which, although polite, did not abstain from criticizing him. The latter immediately decided, on 16 August 1834, to prorogue Parliament until the end of the year.


title: July Monarchy

text: and , who dominated the triumvirate, decided to get rid of Marshal, who was appreciated by the king for his compliant attitude. Seizing the opportunity of an incident concerning the French possessions in Algeria, they pushed to resign on 18 July 1834. He was replaced by Marshal, with the other ministers remaining in place. however, was forced to resign in turn, on 29 October 1834, over the question of an amnesty for the 2,000 prisoners detained in April. , the (including and ) and the core of the government opposed the amnesty, but the managed to convince to announce it, underscoring the logistical difficulties in organizing such a large trial before the Chamber of Peers.


title: July Monarchy

text: 's resignation opened up a four-month ministerial crisis, until finally assembled a government entirely from the . However, after 's refusal to assume its presidency, the king made the mistake of calling, on 10 November 1834, a figure from the First Empire, the , to head his government. The latter, crippled with debts, became the object of public ridicule after his creditors decided to seize his ministerial salary. Alarmed, all the ministers decided to resign, three days later, without even advising , whose government became known as the "Three Days Ministry". On 18 November 1834, called Marshal, duke of , to the Presidency, and the latter formed exactly the same government as . This crisis made the ridiculous while the triumphed.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 1 December 1834, 's government decided to submit a motion of confidence to the Parliament, obtaining a clear majority (184 votes to 117). Despite this, had to resign two months later, on 20 February 1835, officially for health reasons. The opposition had denounced a government without a leader, accusing of being 's puppet. The same phrase that had spoken in opposition to Charles X, "the king reigns but does not rule" (), was now addressed to the "Citizen King".


title: July Monarchy

text: The polemics which led to Marshal's resignation, fueled by monarchists such as Baron and the Count of, all turned around the question of parliamentary prerogative. On the one hand, wanted to be able to follow his own policy, in particular in "reserved domains" such as military affairs or diplomacy. As the head of state, he also wanted to be able to lead the government, if need be by bypassing the President of the Council. On the other hand, a number of the deputies stated that the ministers needed a leader commanding a parliamentary majority, and thus wanted to continue the evolution towards parliamentarism which had only been sketched out in the Charter of 1830. The Charter did not include any mechanism for the political accountability of ministers towards the Chamber (confidence motions or for censorship motions). Furthermore, the function of the President of the Council itself was not even set out in the Charter.


title: July Monarchy

text: In this context, the deputies decided to support as head of the government, mainly because he was the king's least preferred choice, as disliked both his anglophilia and his independence. After a three-week ministerial crisis, during which the "Citizen King" successively called on count, , Marshal, General and , he was finally forced to rely on the and to accept his conditions, which were close to those imposed before by .


title: July Monarchy

text: As in the first government, the new cabinet rested on the triumvirate of (Foreign affairs), (Public instruction), and (Interior). 's first act was to take a personal revenge on the Chamber by having it ratify (by 289 votes against 137) the 4 July 1831 treaty with the United States, something which the deputies had refused him in 1834. He also obtained a large majority on the debate the secret funds, which worked as an unofficial motion of confidence (256 voices against 129).


title: July Monarchy

text: 's most important task was the trial of the April insurgents, which began on 5 May 1835 before the Chamber of Peers. The Peers finally convicted only 164 detainees on the 2,000 prisoners, of whom 43 were judged . Those defendants who were present for their trial introduced a great many procedural delays, and attempted by all means to transform the trial into a platform for Republicanism. On 12 July 1835, some of them, including the main leaders of the Parisian insurrection, escaped from the Prison of through a tunnel. The Court of Peers delivered its sentence on the insurgents of Lyon on 13 August 1835, and on the other defendants in December 1835 and January 1836. The sentences were rather mild: a few condemnations to deportation, many short prison sentences and some acquittals.


title: July Monarchy

text: Against their hopes, the trial finally turned to the Republicans' disadvantage, by giving them a radical image which reminded the public opinion of the excesses of Jacobinism and frightened the bourgeois. The of July 1835, which took place on Paris during a review of the National Guard by for the commemorations of the July Revolution, further scared the notables.


title: July Monarchy

text: On the , near the , a volley gun composed of 25 gun barrels mounted on a wooden frame was fired on the king from the upstairs window of a house. The King was only slightly injured, while his sons, , and , escaped unharmed. However, Marshal Mortier and ten other persons were killed, while tens were injured (among which seven died in the following days).


title: July Monarchy

text: The conspirators, the adventurer and two Republicans ( and ) members of the Society of Human Rights, were arrested in September 1835. Judged before the Court of Peers, they were sentenced to death and guillotined on 19 February 1836.


title: July Monarchy

text: The shocked the bourgeoisie and most of France, which was generally more conservative than the people of Paris. The Republicans were discredited in the country, and public opinion was ready for strong measures against them.


title: July Monarchy

text: The first law reinforced the powers of the president of the and of the public prosecutor against those accused of rebellion, possession of prohibited weapons or attempted insurrection. It was adopted on 13 August 1835, by 212 votes to 72.


title: July Monarchy

text: The second law reformed the procedure before the juries of the Assizes. The existing 4 March 1831 law confined the determination of guilt or innocence to the juries, excluding the professional magistrates belonging to the , and required a 2/3 majority (8 votes to 4) for a guilty verdict. The new law changed that to a simple majority (7 against 5), and was adopted on 20 August 1835 by 224 votes to 149.


title: July Monarchy

text: The third law restricted freedom of press, and provoked passionate debates. It aimed at outlawing discussions concerning the king, the dynasty and constitutional monarchy, as it was alleged that these had prepared the ground for the . Despite a strong opposition to the draft, the law was approved on 29 August 1835 by 226 votes to 153.


title: July Monarchy

text: These three laws were simultaneously promulgated on 9 September 1835, and marked the final success of the policy of pursued against the Republicans since . The July Monarchy was thereafter sure of its ground, with discussions concerning its legitimacy being completely outlawed. The Opposition could now only discuss the interpretation of the Charter and advocate an evolution towards parliamentarianism. Demands for the enlargement of the electoral base became more frequent, however, in 1840, leading to the re-appearance of Republican Opposition through the claim to universal suffrage.


title: July Monarchy

text: The ministry, however, finally fell on a question concerning the public debt. The Minister of Finance, , announced on 14 January 1836 his intention to reduce the interest on government bonds in order to lighten the public debt, a very unpopular measure among the supporters of the regime, since bond interest was a fundamental component of the bourgeoisie's wealth. Therefore, the Council of Ministers immediately disavowed , while the Duke explained to the Chamber that his proposal was not supported by the government. However, his tone was judged insulting by the deputies, and one of them, the banker , immediately proposed a draft law concerning bonds himself. On 5 February 1836, a narrow majority of deputies (194 against 192) decided to continue the examination of the draft, thus disavowing 's cabinet. The government immediately resigned: for the first time, a cabinet had fallen after having been put in a minority before the Chamber of Deputies, a sure victory of parliamentarianism.


title: July Monarchy

text: Louis-Philippe then decided to pretend to play the parliamentary card, with the secret intention of neutralizing it. He took advantage of the ministerial crisis to get rid of the ( and ), invited some politicians to give an illusion of an opening to the Left, and finally called on on 22 February 1836, in an attempt to convince him to distances himself from the liberal Doctrinaires, and also to use up his legitimacy in government, until the time came to call on Count, whom the king had decided a long time before to make his President of the Council. thus separated the center-right from the center-left, strategically attempting to dissolve the , a dangerous game since this could also lead to the dissolving of the parliamentary majority itself and create endless ministerial crises. Furthermore, as the himself warned him, when was eventually pushed out, he would shift decisively to the Left and transform himself in a particularly dangerous opponent.


title: July Monarchy

text: In the Chamber, the debate on the secret funds, marked by a notable speech by and an evasive response by the Justice Minister, , was concluded with a favorable vote for the government (251 votes to 99). On the other hand, the draft proposal on government bonds was easily postponed by the deputies on 22 March 1836, another sign that it had been only a pretext.


title: July Monarchy

text: Thiers' motivations for accepting the position of head of the government and taking the Ministry of Foreign Affairs as well were to enable him to negotiate the 's wedding with an Austrian archduchess. Since the , 's wedding (he had just reached 25) had become an obsession of the king, and wanted to effect a spectacular reversion of alliances in Europe, as had done before him. But Metternich and the archduchess Sophie of Bavaria, who dominated the court in Vienna, rejected an alliance with the House of Orléans, which they deemed too unstable.


title: July Monarchy

text: Another against , by on 25 June 1836, justified their fears. These two setbacks upset . On 29 July 1836, the inauguration of the , intended to be the scene of a ceremony of national concord, during which the July Monarchy would harness the glory of the Revolution and of the Empire, finally took place, quietly and unceremoniously, at seven in the morning and without the king being present.


title: July Monarchy

text: To re-establish his popularity and in order to take his revenge on Austria, was considering a military intervention in Spain, requested by the Queen Regent who was confronted by the Carlist rebellion. But , advised by and , strongly opposed the intervention, which led to Thiers's resignation. This new event, in which the government had fallen not because of parliament but because of a disagreement with the king on foreign policy, demonstrated that the evolution towards parliamentarianism was far from being assured.


title: July Monarchy

text: Count formed a new government on 6 September 1836, including the , and . This new cabinet did not include any veterans of the July Revolution, something the press immediately highlighted. immediately took some humane measures in order to assure his popularity: the general adoption of small prison cells to avoid "mutual teaching of crime", abolition of chain gangs exposed to the public, and a royal pardon for 52 political prisoners (Legitimists and Republicans), in particular for Charles X' former ministers. On 25 October 1836, the inauguration of the Obelisk of Luxor (a gift from the viceroy of Egypt, Mehemet Ali) on the was the scene of a public ovation for the King.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 30 October 1836, attempted an uprising in Strasbourg, which was quickly put down and the Bonapartist prince and his accomplices were arrested on the same day. The king, wanting to avoid a public trial, and without legal proceedings, ordered that be taken to where he was put on board the frigate , which sailed for the United States on 21 November. The other conspirators were brought before the of Strasbourg, which acquitted them on 18 January 1837.


title: July Monarchy

text: Thereafter, on 24 January 1837, the Minister of War, General, proposed a draft law – – aimed, in case of insurrection, at separating civilians, who would be judged by the , and non-civilians, who would be judged by a war council. The opposition adamantly rejected the proposal, and surprisingly managed to have the whole Chamber reject it, on 7 March 1837, by a very slim majority of 211 votes to 209.


title: July Monarchy

text: However, decided to go against public expectation, and the logic of parliamentarianism, by maintaining the government in place. But the government was deprived of any solid parliamentary majority, and thus paralyzed. For a month and a half, the king tried various ministerial combinations before forming a new government which included , who was close to him, but which excluded , who had more and more difficulty working with , who was once again confirmed as head of the government.


title: July Monarchy

text: This new government was almost a provocation for the Chamber: not only was Molé retained, but , who had been in charge of the , and , in charge of a draft law concerning the Belgian Queen's dowry – both having been rejected by the deputies – were also members of the new cabinet. The press spoke of a "Cabinet of the castle" or "Cabinet of lackeys", and all expected it to be short-lived.


title: July Monarchy

text: However, in his first speech, on 18 April 1837, cut short his critics with the announcement of the future wedding of Ferdinand Philippe, Duke of Orléans (styled as the ) with the Duchess Helene of Mecklenburg-Schwerin. Taken by surprise, the deputies voted for the increase of the dowry of both the Duke of Orléans, which had been previously rejected, and the Queen of the Belgians.


title: July Monarchy

text: After this promising beginning, in May 's government managed to secure Parliament's confidence during the debate on the secret funds, despite 's attacks (250 votes to 112). An 8 May 1837 ordinance granted general amnesty to all political prisoners, while crucifixes were re-established in the courts, and the Church of, closed since 1831, was authorized to renew religious activities. To demonstrate that public order had been restored, the king passed reviewed the National Guard on the . On 30 May 1837, the Duke of Orléans' wedding was celebrated at the .


title: July Monarchy

text: A few days later, on 10 June inaugurated the , the restoration of which, begun in 1833, was intended to establish a Museum of the History of France, dedicated to "all the glories of France". The king had closely followed and personally financed the project entrusted to the architect . In a symbol of national reconciliation, the military glories of the Revolution and of the Empire, even those of the Restoration, were to sit side by side with those of the .


title: July Monarchy

text: 's government seemed stable, helped by the return of economic prosperity. Therefore, the king and decided, against the 's advice, that the moment was auspicious for the dissolving of the Chamber, which was done on 3 October 1837. In order to influence the forthcoming elections, decided on the Constantine expedition in Algeria, a military success of General and the , second son of , who took on 13 October.


title: July Monarchy

text: However, the 4 November 1837 elections did not deliver 's hopes. Of a total of 459 deputies, only a plurality of 220 were supporters of the regime. About 20 Legitimists had been elected, and 30 Republicans. The center-right had approximately 30 deputies, the center-left about twice that many, and the dynastic opposition () 65. The had only about 15 deputies, and 30 more were undecided. Such a Chamber carried the risk of the formation of a heterogeneous coalition against the government.


title: July Monarchy

text: As early as January 1838, the government was under great pressure, in particular from , over deputies who were also civil servants. On 9 January he accused the government of electoral manipulation in order to have loyal civil servants elected. Where there had been 178 in the preceding Chamber, there were now 191. and his allies also defied the government, concerning Spanish affairs. However, with the help of the , obtained a favorable vote for the address to the king on 13 January 1838, with 216 votes to 116.


title: July Monarchy

text: 's cabinet appeared to be taken hostage by the , at the exact moment when was distancing himself from the President of the Council. All of 's efforts would be thereafter focused on pushing the away from the ministerial majority. During the vote on the secret funds, both , in the Chamber of Deputies, and the , in the Chamber of Peers, criticized the cabinet, although both ultimately voted with the government.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 10 May 1838, the deputies rejected the government's plan for railway development, after having finally agreed, a week earlier, the proposals on government bonds opposed by . The Peers, however, supported and rejected the initiative. On 20 June 1838, succeeded in having the Assembly pass the 1839 budget before the parliamentary recess.


title: July Monarchy

text: On the opening of the parliamentary session in December 1838, was elected by a very slim majority (183 votes for 178 for , the center-left candidate and adamant opponent of the "Castle cabinet") as President of the Chamber. A coalition, including , , and , had formed during summer, but it did not prevent the vote of a favorable address to the King (221 votes against 208).


title: July Monarchy

text: Confronted to such a slight and uncertain majority, presented his resignation to the king on 22 January 1839. first attempted to refuse it, and then, approaching Marshal, who was not initially persuaded, offered him the lead. finally accepted after the funeral of the king's daughter, the , on the condition of moving promptly to new elections. During the electoral campaign, the left-wing opposition denounced what they termed a constitutional coup, comparing the 1837 and 1839 dissolutions to the consecutive dissolutions of Charles X in 1830. compared to , one of Charles X's ministers.


title: July Monarchy

text: The 2 March 1839 elections were a disappointment for the king, who lost two loyal deputies, while the coalition mustered 240 members, against only 199 for the government. presented his resignation to the king on 8 March, which was forced to accept.


title: July Monarchy

text: After 's fall, immediately called upon Marshal , who attempted, without success, to form a government including the three leaders of the coalition who had brought down : , and . Confronted with the ' refusal, he then tried to form a center-left cabinet, which also foundered upon 's intransigence concerning Spanish affairs. These successive setbacks forced the king to postpone to 4 April 1839 the opening of the parliamentary session. Thiers also refused to be associated with the and . The king then attempted to keep him at bay by offering him an embassy, which provoked the outcries of 's friends. Finally, resigned himself to composing, on 31 March 1839, a transitional and neutral government.


title: July Monarchy

text: The parliamentary session opened on 4 April in a quasi-insurrectionary atmosphere. A large mob had gathered around the , seat of the Assembly, singing and rioting. The left-wing press accused the government of provocations. Thiers supported as President of the Chamber, but his attitude during the negotiations for the formation of a new cabinet had disappointed some of his friends. A part of the center-left thus decided to present against . The latter won with 227 votes against 193, supported by the ministerial deputies and the . This vote demonstrated that the coalition had imploded, and that a right-wing majority could be formed to oppose any left-wing initiative.


title: July Monarchy

text: Despite this, the negotiations for the formation of a new cabinet still were unsuccessful, with Thiers making his friends promise to request his authorization before accepting any governmental function. The situation seemed at an impasse, when on 12 May 1839, the , a secret Republican society, headed by , and , organized an insurrection in the and the in Paris. The League of the Just, founded in 1836, participated in this uprising. However, not only was it a failure, and the conspirators arrested, but this allowed to form a new government on the same day, presided over by Marshal who had assured him of his loyal support.


title: July Monarchy

text: At the end of May, the vote on the secret funds gave a large majority to the new government, which also had the budget passed without any problems. The parliamentary recess was decreed on 6 August 1838, and the new session opened on 23 December, during which the Chamber voted a rather favorable address to the government by 212 votes to 43. 's cabinet, however, fell on 20 February 1839, 226 deputies having voted against proposed dowry of the (only 200 votes for), who was to marry de.


title: July Monarchy

text: 's fall compelled the king to call on the main left-wing figure, . , one of the only remaining right-wing alternatives, had just been named ambassador to London and left France. 's aim was to definitively establish parliamentary government, with a "king who reigns but does not rule", and a cabinet drawn from the parliamentary majority and answerable to it. Henceforth, he clearly opposed 's concept of government.


title: July Monarchy

text: Relations with the king were immediately difficult. embarrassed by suggesting that he nominate his friend as Marshal, which would expose him to the same criticisms he had previously suffered over political favoritism and the abuse of governmental power. thus decided to postpone 's advancement.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 15 June 1838, obtained the postponement of a proposal made by the conservative deputy who, equipping himself with an old demand of the Left, sought to outlaw the nomination of deputies to salaried public offices during their elective mandate. As Thiers had previously supported this proposition, he was acutely criticized by the Left.


title: July Monarchy

text: Since the end of August 1838, social problems related to the economic crisis which started in 1839 caused strikes and riots in the textile, clothing and construction sectors. On 7 September 1839, the cabinet-makers of the started to put up barricades. responded by sending out the National Guard and invoking the laws prohibiting public meetings.


title: July Monarchy

text: While favored the conservative bourgeoisie, he also made sure to satisfy the Left's thirst for glory. On 12 May 1840, the Minister of the Interior, , announced to the deputies that the king had decided that the remains of would be transferred to the . With the British government's agreement, the sailed to Saint Helena on the frigate to retrieve them.


title: July Monarchy

text: This announcement immediately struck a chord with public opinion, which was swept along with patriotic fervor. Thiers saw in this act the successful completion of the rehabilitation of the Revolution and of the Empire, which he had attempted in his and his , while , who was reluctant, aimed at capturing for himself a touch of the imperial glory, just as he had appropriated the legitimist monarchy's glory in the . The decided to seize the opportunity to land in on 6 August 1840, with the aim of rallying the 42nd infantry regiment () along with some accomplices including one of 's comrades in Saint Helena, the General. Although was in reality a double agent used by the French government to spy, in London, on , deceived by letting him think that the operation would take place in Metz. However, Bonaparte's operation was a complete failure, and he was detained with his men in the Fort of Ham, Picardy.


title: July Monarchy

text: Their trial took place before the Chamber of Peers from 28 September 1840 to 6 October 1840, to general indifference. The public's attention was concentrated on the trial of , before the of , the defendant being accused of having poisoned her husband. Defended by the famous Legitimist lawyer , Bonaparte was sentenced to life detention, by 152 votes (against 160 abstentions, out of a total of 312 Peers). "We do not kill insane people, all right! but we do confine them, declared the , in this period of intense discussions concerning parricides, mental disease and reform of the penal code.


title: July Monarchy

text: The conquest of Algeria, initiated in the last days of the Bourbon Restoration, was now confronted by 's raids, punishing Marshal and the 's expedition to the in autumn 1839, which had violated the terms of the 1837 Treaty of Tafna between General and . pushed in favor of colonizing of the interior of the country, up to the edges of the desert. He convinced the king, who saw in Algeria an ideal theater for his son to cover the House of with glory, and persuaded him to send General as first governor general of Algeria. , who would lead harsh repression against the natives, was officially nominated on 29 December 1840, a few days after 's fall.


title: July Monarchy

text: supported Mehemet Ali, the viceroy of Egypt, in his ambition to constitute a vast Arabian Empire from Egypt to Syria. He tried to intercede in order to have him sign an agreement with the Ottoman Empire, unbeknownst to the four other European powers (Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia). However, informed of these negotiations, the British Minister of Foreign Affairs, Lord Palmerston, quickly negotiated a treaty between the four powers to sort out the "Eastern Question". When revealed, the London Convention of 15 July 1840 provoked an explosion of patriotic fury: France had been ousted from a zone where it traditionally exercised its influence, while Prussia, which had no interest in it, was associated with the treaty. Although pretended to join the general protestations, he knew that he could take advantage of the situation to get rid of .


title: July Monarchy

text: The latter pandered to patriotic feelings by decreeing, on 29 July 1840, a partial mobilization, and by starting, on 13 September 1840, the works on the fortifications of Paris. But France remained passive when, on 2 October 1840, the Royal Navy mobilized along the Lebanese coastline. Mehemet Ali was then immediately dismissed as viceroy by the Sultan.


title: July Monarchy

text: Following long negotiations between the king and , a compromise was found on 7 October 1840: France would renounce its support for Mehemet Ali's pretensions in Syria but would declare to the European powers that Egypt should remain at all costs independent. Britain thereafter recognized Mehmet Ali's hereditary rule on Egypt: France had obtained a return to the situation of 1832. Despite this, the rupture between and was now definitive. On 29 October 1840, when presented to the Council of Ministers the draft of the speech of the throne, prepared by , found it too aggressive. After a short discussion, and his associates collectively presented their resignations to the king, who accepted them. On the following day, sent for Marshal and so they could return to Paris as soon as possible.


title: July Monarchy

text: When called to power and the , representatives of the center-right, after the center-left , he surely imagined that this would be only temporary, and that he would soon be able to call back . But the new cabinet formed by would remain closely knit, and finally win the king's trust, with becoming his favorite president of the Council.


title: July Monarchy

text: On 26 October 1840, arrived to Paris from London. He took for himself the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and let Soult assume the nominal presidency. This satisfied the king and the royal family, while himself was sure of his ability to manipulate the old Marshal as he wished. As the center-left had refused to remain in the government, 's cabinet included only conservatives, ranging from the ministerial center to the center-right .


title: July Monarchy

text: The July Column was erected in honor of the 1830 Revolution. The Middle East Question was settled by the London Straits Convention of 1841, which permitted the first reconciliation between France and Britain. This in turn increased public favor towards the colonization of Algeria.


title: July Monarchy

text: Both the government and the Chamber were Orleanists. They were divided into 's Dynastic Left (), which demanded the extension of the franchise to the petty bourgeoisie and had as its mouthpiece ; the center-left, headed by Adolphe Thiers, which aimed at restricting royal prerogatives and influence, and which had as its mouthpiece ; the conservatives, headed by Guizot and Count Molé, who wanted to preserve the regime and defended their ideas in and .


title: July Monarchy

text: Guizot refused any reforms, rejecting a broader franchise. According to him, the monarchy should favor the "middle classes", defined by land ownership, a "moral" tied to money, work and savings. ("Get rich through work and savings and then you will be electors!") was his famous statement. was helped in his aims by a comfortable rate of economic growth, averaging about 3.5% a year from 1840 to 1846. The transport network was quickly enlarged. An 1842 law organized the national railway network, which grew from 600 to 1,850 km, a sure sign that the Industrial Revolution had fully reached France.


title: July Monarchy

text: This period of Industrial Revolution was characterized by the appearance of a new social phenomenon, known as pauperism. Related to industrialization and the rural exodus, the working poor became an increasingly large segment of the population. Furthermore, the former network of workings men's associations of the had disappeared. Workers had a 14-hour working day, daily wages of 20 centimes, and no possibility of organizing themselves in trade unions. 250,000 beggars were registered, and 3 million citizens registered with charity offices. State assistance was nonexistent. The only social law of the July Monarchy was to outlaw, in 1841, labor of children under eight years of age, and night labor for those of less than 13 years. The law, however, was almost never implemented.


title: July Monarchy

text: Christians imagined a "charitable economy", while the ideas of Socialism, in particular Utopian Socialism (, , etc.) continued to spread. theorized about Socialist , while the socialist and anarchist thinker theorized about mutualism. On the other hand, Liberals, inspired by Adam Smith, imagined a solution and the end of tariffs, which the United Kingdom, the dominant European power, had started in 1846 with the repeal of the Corn Laws.


title: July Monarchy

text: The 1846 harvest was poor, in France as elsewhere (especially Ireland, but also Galicia and Bohemia). A rise in the price of wheat, the dietary staple of the common people, provoked a food shortage, while purchasing power decreased. The resulting fall in domestic consumption led to a crisis of industrial overproduction. This in turn immediately led to massive lay-offs, and thus to a large withdrawal of savings, leading to a banking crisis. Bankruptcies multiplied, and stock prices on the stock exchanges collapsed. The government reacted by importing Russian wheat, which created a negative balance of trade. The program of public works therefore stopped, including attempts to improve France's coastal defenses.


title: July Monarchy

text: Robert Peel's government in Britain collapsed in 1846 after disputes over the Corn Laws, bringing the Liberals back into government led by Lord Russell and Lord Palmerston. The appointment of Lord Palmerston was regarded as a threat to France. Guizot's effort to bring about rapprochement with Britain in the early 1840s was virtually undone by the Affair of the Spanish Marriages, which broke out that year after Palmerston attempted to wed the Spanish queen to a member of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha rather than to a member of the House of Bourbon, as and his British counterparts had agreed to earlier in the 1840s.


title: July Monarchy

text: Henceforth, there was an increase in workers' demonstrations, with riots in the in 1847. In , a city in the industrial north, 60% of the workers were unemployed. At the same time, the regime was marred by several political scandals ( corruption scandal, revealed in May 1847, or 's suicide after having murdered his wife, daughter of ).


title: July Monarchy

text: Since the right of association was strictly restricted, and public meetings prohibited after 1835, the Opposition was paralyzed. In order to sidestep this law, political dissidents used civil funerals of their comrades as occasions of public demonstrations. Family celebrations and banquets also served as pretexts for gatherings. At the end of the regime, the took place in all of the big cities of France. firmly reacted to this threat, and prohibited the final banquet, which was to be held on 14 January 1848. Postponed to 22 February, this banquet would provoke the February 1848 Revolution.


title: July Monarchy

text: After some unrest, the king replaced by who advocated repression. Greeted with hostility by the troops in the , in front of the Tuileries Palace, the king finally decided to abdicate in favor of his grandson, , entrusting the regency to his daughter-in-law, . His gesture was in vain as the Second Republic was proclaimed on 26 February 1848, on the , before the July Column.


title: July Monarchy

text: , who claimed to be the "Citizen King" linked to the country by a popular sovereignty contract on which he founded his legitimacy, did not see that the French people were advocating an enlargement of the electorate, either by a decrease of the electoral tax threshold, or by the establishment of universal suffrage .


title: July Monarchy

text: Although the end of the July Monarchy brought France to the brink of civil war, the period was also characterized by an effervescence of artistic and intellectual creation.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time is a 2003 action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Montreal and published by Ubisoft. Revealed in March 2003, it was released on the Game Boy Advance, PlayStation 2, GameCube, Xbox and Microsoft Windows in November 2003. "The Sands of Time" is a reboot of the "Prince of Persia" series created by Jordan Mechner. Mechner served as creative consultant, designer, and scenario writer for "The Sands of Time".


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The game follows an unnamed Prince whose father sacks an ancient city at the instigation of a traitorous Vizier. During the attack, the Prince obtains an artifact called the Dagger of Time, while his father's army captures an hourglass containing the mysterious Sands of Time. Visiting the palace of the Sultan of Azad to present the Sands as a gift, the Vizier tricks the Prince into releasing the Sands, transforming the people of Azad into savage monsters under his control. Together with Farah, a young Princess who knows the power of the Sands, the Prince works to correct his mistake and foil the Vizier's evil plans. The gameplay revolves around the Prince's platforming abilities, broken up by fights with the creatures created by the Sands. A key mechanic in the game is using the Dagger to rewind time if the Prince makes a mistake while platforming and use it to kill and freeze enemies.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Concept work began in spring of 2001, after Ubisoft acquired the "Prince of Persia" catalog. After Mechner was brought on board, production began in June of that year. After the initial story draft was scrapped as it was too complex, the team began with four guiding concepts, including the ability to rewind time: this idea grew into the Dagger, the Sands, and the various powers related to them. Mechner's script drew inspiration from the "Shahnameh", with the main focus on creating a simple narrative that worked with the pace of gameplay. The game used Ubisoft's Jade engine, originally designed for "Beyond Good & Evil", another game published by the company. Production was troubled, with the team facing problems with the engine structure and delays with environment assets, while also managing to create an effective tester network to seek out the game's bugs. In 2004, a version for mobile phones was developed and published in North America by Gameloft.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Upon release, it received critical acclaim, being nominated for and winning numerous awards and has been recognized by many as one of the greatest video games of all time. Sales of the title were initially slow, but it eventually became a commercial success. Its success prompted the development of a sequel, "", which was released in November 2004. Further games set in the "Sands of Time" continuity have been developed, and it is generally cited as the reason for the "Prince of Persia" series' return to fame. , the game has sold over 14million copies worldwide, across all platforms. A remake of the game was announced at Ubisoft Forward 2020, and was scheduled to release for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4 and Xbox One in 2023. However, the remake is still in development and has since been delayed until further notice.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time" is an action-adventure puzzle-platformer. The player controls the main protagonist, an unnamed Prince from a kingdom in Persia. Environments are seen through a controllable third-person view. The camera's view changes to different positions triggered by entering certain areas or performing actions. The Prince can be moved in all directions, and he is able to manipulate large objects such as blocks and levers connected to mechanisms. His health and power meter are represented in the top left-hand corner of the screen. The Prince restores health by drinking water from pools and fountains. Collecting Sands increases the Prince's power, and drinking from hidden magic fountains increases the Prince's maximum health. During several points in the game, the Prince is assisted by his companion Farah, controlled by artificial intelligence, who fires a bow at enemies, though her arrows can also hit the Prince if he strays into her line of fire. Monsters will attack her, and if she is killed, the game ends.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: During exploration, the Prince navigates areas filled with traps: these traps include spike pits, arrow traps, wall-mounted blades and saws, and spinning spiked stakes. The Prince's main contextual move is wall-running, an action where he runs up onto and along a wall for a set distance, either to land on or jump off to a platform. The Prince's other acrobatic abilities include climbing along and across ledges, walking along beams, swinging on and jumping from poles, jumping onto and between pillars, and swinging on ropes. Large environmental puzzles are encountered during the Prince's journey, extending across multiple areas in large rooms. Many puzzles are cooperative, requiring Farah's help to complete them. In combat, the Prince fights monsters created by the Sands infecting the Palace's inhabitants with dual wielded melee weapons, his sword and Dagger of Time, each controlled by a single button. With the sword, a single command contextually triggers different moves depending on position and directional movement, while other special moves such as a somersault attack and bouncing off walls into enemies require additional commands. After being damaged by the sword, enemies can only be killed by stabbing them with the Dagger of Time, which gathers up the Sands inside them.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The Sands the Prince collects from enemies and the environment are tied to his magical abilities, themselves connected with the Dagger. The most basic power is Rewind, the ability for the Prince to rewind time by up to ten seconds to reverse fatal game-ending mistakes such as missteps in platforming, getting overwhelmed by enemies or losing Farah. In combat, the Prince can also slow time immediately around him, freeze time for a single enemy, and freeze time completely so the Prince can attack his enemies at great speed while they are unable to move. Each use of power uses up one Sand Tank, and when empty, all powers become inaccessible until more Sand is collected. More powerful abilities, such as freezing time, are powered by Power Tanks. Increasing their number unlocks new Sand-based powers. Starting out with a small amount of Sand available to him, its capacity can be increased by collecting Sand from enemies, along with Sand Clouds scattered around the palace. Large columns of Sand within the Palace grant visions of future areas and act as save points.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The Game Boy Advance version shares basic elements with its console counterparts. Displayed from a side-scrolling view, the Prince navigates the palace of Azad using his acrobatic skills. The Rewind ability is still present to save the Prince's life, and is also involved in solving some puzzles and fighting bosses. New moves and abilities are gained by the Prince by performing moves and solving puzzles. Farah is featured as a second playable character in some sections, with switching between the two being key to some puzzles. The mobile version is similarly a side-scroller, featuring simple puzzles and traps. The powers linked to the Sands are absent, but enemies must still be killed by stabbing them with the Dagger. There are three enemy types: archers, flying enemies, and foot soldiers.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The game is set in Persia during the 9th century AD, and begins with the Prince narrating to an unseen listener about his adventures. The Prince and the army of his father Shahraman are passing through India to visit the Sultan of Azad. The Vizier of a local Maharaja, wanting to prevent his death using a substance known as the Sands of Time, entices them into attacking the Maharaja's palace, where the Sands are stored. During the fight, the Prince loots an artefact called the Dagger of Time, and the Maharaja's daughter Farah is taken as a gift for the Sultan of Azad. Visiting Azad, the Vizier tricks the Prince into releasing the Sands, turning everyone but the Prince, the Vizier and Farah (protected by the Dagger, a staff and a medallion respectively) into monsters. The Vizier attempts to seize the Dagger from the Prince, but he escapes and eventually allies with Farah to undo the damage he has caused and prevent the Sands from covering the world, even though he has doubts about her loyalties and motives.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Despite mistrusting each other, the Prince and Farah gradually fall in love. After navigating the palace of Azad and reaching the hourglass of the Sands in the Tower of Dawn, the Prince hesitates when following Farah's instructions on containing the Sands, unsure of whether to trust her as he has reoccurring visions of her stealing the Dagger from him. The Vizier ambushes them and they barely escape with the Dagger, ending up in a tomb beneath the city. As they try to find their way out of the tomb, Farah recounts a childhood story to the Prince that she has never told anyone else. Eventually finding shelter in a mysterious bathhouse, Farah seduces the Prince into the bath and they spend the night together. When the Prince wakes back in the palace, he realizes that Farah stole the Dagger while he was asleep and left the Prince her medallion to protect himself. He follows her and only just manages to catch her as she is driven over a ledge above the hourglass by monsters. To save the Prince, Farah allows herself to fall to her death. As the Prince mourns over her, the Vizier offers him eternal life in exchange for the Dagger. The Prince refuses and stabs the hourglass with the Dagger.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Time rewinds to before the attack on the Maharaja's palace, and the Prince, still in possession of the Dagger and his memories, runs ahead to warn Farah of the Vizier's treachery. It is now revealed that the Prince has been recounting his tale to Farah, and as he finishes, the Vizier enters to kill him. The Prince kills the Vizier and returns the Dagger to Farah, who believes his narrative was just a story. The Prince passionately kisses Farah but she rebukes him because she no longer has any memory of ever having fallen in love with him. The Prince promptly rewinds time to undo his kiss. In parting, the Prince mentions a private word Farah told him during their time in the tomb, leaving her amazed and proving to her that what he had told her was indeed real.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The development of the initial concept work for "The Sands of Time" began in the second quarter of 2001, after Ubisoft had bought the "Prince of Persia" license. While Ubisoft held the "Prince of Persia" catalog, the actual IP still belonged to the series original creator Jordan Mechner, but he was initially unwilling to return to the series after poor experiences with "Prince of Persia 3D". The game was developed by Ubisoft Montreal, which was also a year into developing "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell". After some mock assets had been created, Ubisoft asked Mechner to come and help develop the game, showing them their concepts and the assets as AVIs. Mechner was impressed by Ubisoft's work and came on board as a creative consultant. He soon became more involved with the project, becoming the game's designer and writer. Full production began in June 2001, and at its peak was worked on by a staff of 65 people, internally known as "PoP Team". Development ran parallel to that of "Splinter Cell", and as part of their research, the development team read "One Thousand and One Nights", a collection of stories originating from the Middle East that Mechner had previously used as inspiration when designing the original "Prince of Persia". Over the course of production, the team ran through over 150 different versions before the retail version.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: "The Sands of Time" was announced in March 2003. It was released for the PlayStation 2, Xbox, GameCube, Game Boy Advance and Microsoft Windows. The versions were released gradually between October and November 2003. The various versions had multiple differences in both graphics and control options. The GameCube and Xbox versions included a documentary about the making of the game. The PC port came with support for EAX, EAX2, and EAX3 Advanced HD. Gameloft developed a version of the game for mobile phones, which released in April 2004. Two versions were developed for higher and lower-spec mobile phones. Connecting the GameCube and Game Boy Advance versions of the game gave access to a port of the original "Prince of Persia" with the GameCube version, along with the ability for the Prince to automatically regenerate health. The PS2 version was released in Japan in September 2004. The game was published in the region by Sony Computer Entertainment Japan, who were impressed by both the quality and the praise it earned in the west.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The game's title was thought up by the production team, but the original story built around the title proved impossible to work. The original draft had nine characters (including the Prince, two love interests, two villains, and two helper characters) representing different political factions, and the setting of the Prince's own palace home instead of in another kingdom. This storyline ultimately impeded other aspects of development, and so was scrapped. In starting over, the team returned to ""The Sands of Time"" title and concept. They decided upon four key elements for the game: "Unity of time and place", with the game taking place over twenty-four hours within the palace of Azad; "Acrobatics", referring to the gameplay and how the setting was constructed around this concept; "Combat", with the palace being filled with monsters to give the game and story a fast-paced feeling; and "Rewind", the ability to turn back and manipulate time. One of the early decisions made by the production team was not to refer to "Prince of Persia 3D" in any degree in designing the gameplay, instead looking to the 1989 original for reference. They intended to capture the original feeling of platforming an adventure in a 3D environment. The Rewind mechanic began as a gameplay wish for the title, surviving the initial rewrite of the story and becoming key to both story and gameplay. The Dagger of Time and the Sands were both born from the need to explain this mechanic in-game. The initial concept was simply using the Dagger to rewind time and dispatch enemies, but its powers were gradually expanded into its current roster. The main character's acrobatics were designed to be novel to the video game medium, inspired by similar stunts performed in "Crouching Tiger, Hidden Dragon" and "The Matrix". A video game which provided inspiration for the acrobatic feats of the Prince was "Tony Hawk's Pro Skater". Elements such as using ladders as part of combat, and riding on a magic carpet or a horse were axed early in development. The Rewind function was suggested by the game's director Patrice Désilets based on experiences playing "", where he had wished to rewind after making a mistake rather than restarting the entire level.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The game design was also influenced by "Ico". According to Désilets, they "spent an entire day going through ["Ico"], the entire team together sitting down, looking at it, playing it, discussing it, brainstorming," and they particularly liked "how the castle in Ico seems real and you always know where you are, so we tried to have this a little bit also in the second palace." It also influenced the interaction between the player and the lead female character, but with some changes. According to Désilets, Farah "has some behaviors to help you out, but we didn't want for her to become a key just like in "Ico", a key to a door all the time."


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Pre-production was originally estimated at ten months, but ultimately extended to fourteen months. Each time a new movement or ability was created for the Prince, it required adjustments to multiple other systems, as leaving them alone would have damaged the game. They also needed to make adjustments to the enemy and partner artificial intelligence, and they did not have time to polish those systems. All this meant that the debugging started much later than originally scheduled. The Prince had over 780 scripted movements, far more than any other character in the game. This caused problems with creating the movements for other characters. To make the character movements realistic, the team used motion capture to animate their movements. Art director Raphael Lacoste did not join the team until July 2002, well into the game's production, resulting in multiple delays in creating the game's environments. This issue was compounded by the need to produce a demo for the 2003 Electronic Entertainment Expo, then to deliver an entire game at the same if not a higher quality than the demo. Each environment needed to work for the Prince's set of movements and abilities: the work needed involved checking each rewind sequence, and each of the Prince's movement in and effect on the environment worked. These issues were compounded by the late delivery of environmental maps. In hindsight, producer Yannis Mallat lamented the fact that they did not have enough time to work out the problems caused by these issues. Despite these problems, other parts of production including play-testing, management of creative tools, and the integrated testing system worked smoothly. A cited example was the team discovering a tester that was good at finding severe bugs, so they included her in one of their testing groups, giving her a development kit she could use to sort out those bugs. This was replicated, and managed to greatly increase the amount of bugs that could be found and fixed. The development team's enthusiasm was also high, which enabled the problems during development to be overcome. During the aftermath of E3, the team considered release "The Sands of Time" as two games so they could include all the desired content, but the idea was dropped. Another element that needed to be cut after the demo was a griffin boss that would appear three times during the Prince's journey.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The game used an updated version of the company's Jade engine, designed for "Beyond Good & Evil". When the team saw the capacities of the Jade engine, they decided to use it for "The Sands of Time". For "The Sands of Time", the team made improvements to the engine by adding additional walking and running animations, enabling smoother character movement. They also made custom animations for the character. The engine made editing and fine-tuning the game very easy due to its easy-to-use tools. Using this as a base, they were able to focus on rapid integration of new elements into the game, and were also able to do quick testing and adjustments. The team developed "substance" and "glow" systems, which respectively enabled natural movements of cloth and gave the lightning effects a "magical" feel. The way the engine was structured, with all assets in a single accessible folder, proved problematic when alterations needed to be made or new features added, as the team size meant too many people were accessing the engine and were causing data to be overwritten, files to be corrupted, and the whole system to crash. They attempted to solve the problem using a "data monkey" solution which would allow for simultaneous access, but it came late in development and they did not risk making such a radical change to the system. Instead, they set up a file server to manage check-in times, which could allow for management of access and prioritisation of critical work.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Mechner created the scenario and wrote the game's script. While doing his research for the script, Mechner read a translation of the "Shahnameh", an epic poem written by Ferdowsi between the 10th and 11th century. Reading it through helped Mechner visualise the new Prince as a more mature character than the original. Despite this, Mechner felt that the character could not fully shed the "happy-go-lucky" elements of "One Thousand and One Nights". In retrospect, Mechner also felt that this inability to resolve this inherent conflict gave the character his charm. Mechner also included specific references in the Prince's dialogue to stories from the "Shahnameh". The story and the Prince were created for newcomers to the series. The main scenario was based around second chances, while an unstated anti-war theme was also included by Mechner and showcased in the game's opening level. Mechner created the Dagger of Time as a combined gameplay and narrative device within the four core concepts created by the team. Its acquisition by the Prince was directly inspired by the opening of "Raiders of the Lost Ark", which had previously inspired his portrayal of the Prince in the original "Prince of Persia". The palace of Azad was crafted to be the Prince's "playground", while some scenes which developed the Prince's portrayal (the opening attack on the Maharaja's palace, activating Azad's traps on the instructions of a deranged guard) were deliberately meant to be morally dubious to the player while increasing empathy with the character.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: Mechner's main preoccupation for this new storyline was keeping the narrative simple and engaging, using his preferred writing style of keeping cutscenes short and working as much of the story as possible into the gameplay. He also aimed to mix narrative and gameplay genres that might normally clash with one-another. The three main characters he created were the hero (the Prince), the villain (the Vizier) and the love interest and sidekick (Farah). Two non-playable authority figures (the Prince's father Shahraman and the Sultan of Azad) were included to add weight to the Prince's burden as they were transformed into monsters by the Sands. The three artefacts each character used (the Dagger, Farah's medallion and the Vizier's staff) were created to explain their survival of the Sands' release, with the Dagger also becoming integral to gameplay. The Prince's narration was both difficult and satisfying for Mechner. It needed to be written to work on two levels: first to be understandable for first-time players, and to gain greater significance upon future playthroughs. The narration also served to give gentle hints to the player, and expand upon the setting and add depth to the experience. Among his cited reference points for the narration were the 1940s version of "The Thief of Bagdad", the works of Edgar Allan Poe, and films such as "Double Indemnity" and "Sunset Boulevard". The Prince's interactions with Farah were also an important factor. As part of the character interaction, Farah was deliberately designed not to be a perfect archer, sometimes hitting the Prince if he strayed into her line of fire. Despite this, unspecified features planned for her needed to be cut.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The music for "The Sands of Time" was composed by Stuart Chatwood of the Canadian rock band The Tea Party. Chatwood was chosen for the role as Ubisoft wanted music that had Persian elements in it to fit the setting, while not being pure Persian music. When he was approached, Chatwood expanded his music library as part of his research. To achieve the desired effect, rock elements were mixed with Middle Eastern music and melodies, along with Indian elements. Chatwood used different instruments, including an Indian tabla and strings, along with vocal tracks by Cindy Gomez and Maryem Tollar. A soundtrack album for the game, "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time Original Soundtrack", was released in Japan on 20 October 2004 by Scitron Digital Content. Tracks from the game were included in an album featuring music from both "The Sands of Time" and its two sequels "" and "". The album was released on 1 December 2005 as a pre-order bonus for the PS2 and Xbox versions of "The Two Thrones". A larger compilation album featuring music from the three games was released digitally by Ubisoft on January 3, 2011.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: For the sound effects, the team worked with sound company Dane Tracks to create most of the game's sound effects, with the rest being done by Ubisoft Montreal. To make the enemies in the game stand out, the sound team mixed "organic and evil" sound effects with whispering sounds, rather than using sound effects associated with the undead. Mechner supervised the game's voice recording. The recorded took place at L. A. Vox and Ubisoft Montreal's sound studios. One of the unconventional choices made by the team was not to halt gameplay during in-game dialogue, meaning players could miss large portions of character interaction. In addition to story-based dialogue and banter, context-specific dialogue was written for certain situations. Over one thousand lines of dialogue were written, though over half of them were cut. To help with voice recording, the recording team created a graph to help the actors playing the Prince and Farah time their exchanges correctly. Aside from some exceptions which played in sequence, all comments made by Farah when the Prince did a specific thing were stand-alone responses.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The actors were chosen for their roles based on how well their matched the characters. The Prince was voiced by Yuri Lowenthal, whose performance was proven popular and would return to voice the character in future games set after "The Sands of Time". Speaking in a 2008 interview, Lowenthal felt "that [he] in a way originated that role". Farah was voiced by Joanna Wasick. Lowenthal and Wasick recorded their dialogue in separate studios.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: By the end of 2003, sales of "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time" had reached 2 million copies, and Ubisoft highlighted the game's success in Europe in a quarterly business report. Europe accounted for 1.1 million sales by February 2004; worldwide sales rose to 2.4 million units by the end of March. During its North American debut, the game suffered from poor sales: by December, the PS2 version had sold 218,000 copies, the Xbox version 128,000 copies, and the GameCube version 85,000 copies. Its combined sales since release at that time totaled 272,000 (PS2), 172,000 (Xbox), and 100,000 copies (GameCube). It was speculated that its sales were negatively affected by the concurrent release of "Beyond Good & Evil", alongside other prominent releases at the time. In response to this, Ubisoft offered copies of their other games free with purchases of "The Sands of Time", providing a boost to sales. By July 2006, the game's PlayStation 2 version alone had sold 700,000 copies in North America, bringing an estimated revenue of $24 million. During its week of release in Japan, the game reached seventh place in the charts, selling 14,000 copies. This was noted as being high for a western game released in Japan. By the end of 2004, it had sold 26,116 copies. It received a "Gold" sales award from the Entertainment and Leisure Software Publishers Association (ELSPA), indicating sales of at least 200,000 copies in the United Kingdom. , the game has sold over 14million copies worldwide, across all platforms.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: "The Sands of Time" received critical acclaim upon launch. "Edge" said that, despite difficulty spikes caused by respawning enemies, "the game cannot be commended highly enough". IGN's Matt Casamassina found the entire experience enjoyable, saying that "Whether you're a diehard "Prince of Persia" fan or somebody with a mild interest in action-adventures, "The Sands of Time" is a must own -- a soon-to-be-classic worthy of a permanent place in your collection". 1UP.com, while pointing out the camera control as "tricky", said that the game "will make your chest explode if you've got a heart condition (in a good way, of course)". GameSpot's Greg Kasavin called it "a game that can be recommended wholeheartedly", and the publication named it the best game of November 2003 for GameCube, PlayStation 2 and Xbox. Both Eurogamer and "Official PlayStation Magazine" positively compared the game's aesthetics and presentation to "Ico". Francesca Reyes of "Official Xbox Magazine" gave the game a good review, praising the story and general gameplay, but finding the combat difficult at times and lack of new skills. In closing, she praised the game's lasting appeal: "When the whole thing is over, it's perfectly timed to leave you wanting more. It's a stunning and rare achievement that makes you feel happy to be a gamer." Japanese gaming magazine "Famitsu" gave the PS2 version a good review, saying that the action was smooth and challenging, bearing similarities to the original "Prince of Persia", and one reviewer found the Prince "colourful".


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The PC version shared much of the console version's praise, but the controls and responsiveness of the camera caused criticism. The Game Boy Advance version garnered lower scores than the console and PC versions due to its scaled-down gameplay and presentation, but was still generally praised as a competent port of the game. "Nintendo Power" said that "Acrobatic moves and inventive traps have never been as free-flowing as they are in ["The Sands of Time"]". Reviewing the mobile version, IGN reviewer Levi Buchanan was impressed by the company's adaptation of the console game's basic actions and atmosphere, giving it a score of 9.5 out of 10. 1UP reviewer Corey Padnos was pleased with the Prince's acrobatic performance and the game's general performance, while lamenting the lack of the time-based mechanics of the main games and the lack of plot.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: At E3 2003, "The Sands of Time" was named as "Game of the Year". The game was named as Editor's Choice by GameSpot and IGN. At the 2003 Game Critics Awards, the game was awarded as "Best Action/Adventure Game". The Academy of Interactive Arts & Sciences, at its meeting in 2004, recognised the game as "Console Game of the Year", "Console Platform Action Adventure Game of the Year", and "Computer Action/Adventure Game of the Year". It was also awarded for "Outstanding Innovation in Computer Gaming", "Outstanding Achievement in Game Design", "Outstanding Achievement in Visual Engineering", "Outstanding Achievement in Animation", and "Outstanding Achievement in Game Play Engineering". At the 2004 Game Developers Choice Awards, the game won the "Excellence in Game Design" and "Excellence in Programming" awards. It was also nominated in the "Game of the Year" and "Excellence in Visual Arts" categories.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: In 2009, "Official Nintendo Magazine" ranked it the 86th best game available on Nintendo platforms. The staff praised the developer's successful transition from 2D to 3D. IGN and "Edge" both named it among their 100 greatest games of all time in 2005 and 2007 respectively. "Computer and Video Games" placed it in its 2007 list of the 101 best PC games ever. In 2010, "GamePro" chose it as the 13th best PS2 game of all time.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The year after the game's release, the game was featured in an episode of "How It's Made", in a segment dedicated to video game production. The game has been cited as the reason why the "Prince of Persia" series, formerly ignored after "Prince of Persia 3D", returned to prominence in the gaming world. In 2004, Mechner began work on a , produced by Jerry Bruckheimer. The film was eventually released in 2010. The success of the game prompted immediate development on a sequel. Titled "", the game was made aesthetically darker by the team. It released in November 2004. Several further sequels set in the continuity of "The Sands of Time" followed. Aspects of its design, such as the relationship between the Prince and Farah, later provided inspiration for the 2008 series reboot.


title: Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time

text: The "Assassin's Creed" series originated out of ideas for a sequel for "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time". Its critical and financial success led Ubisoft to request Ubisoft Montreal to develop a sequel, aiming for the next console generation. The Ubisoft Montreal team decided on taking the gameplay from "The Sands of Time" into an open world approach, taking advantage of the improved processing power to render larger spaces and crowds. Narratively, the team wanted to move away from the Prince simply being someone next in line for the throne but to have to work for it; combined with research into secret societies led them to focus on the Assassins, heavily borrowing from the novel "Alamut". They developed a narrative where the player would control an Assassin that served as a bodyguard for a non-playable Prince, leading them to call this game "Prince of Persia: Assassin". The "Animus" device allowed them to explain certain facets of gameplay, such as accounting when the player fails a mission, in the same way they had done in "The Sands of Time".