title: Charles Spurgeon

text: A controversy among the Baptists flared in 1887 with Spurgeon's first "Down-grade" article, published in "The Sword & the Trowel". In the ensuing "Downgrade Controversy," the Metropolitan Tabernacle disaffiliated from the Baptist Union, effectuating Spurgeon's congregation as the world's largest self-standing church. Spurgeon framed the controversy in this way:


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: The Controversy took its name from Spurgeon's use of the term "Downgrade" to describe certain other Baptists' outlook toward the Bible ("i.e.", they had "downgraded" the Bible and the principle of "sola scriptura"). Spurgeon alleged that an incremental creeping of the Graf-Wellhausen hypothesis, Charles Darwin's theory of evolution, and other concepts were weakening the Baptist Union. Spurgeon emphatically decried the doctrine that resulted:


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: The standoff caused division amongst the Baptists and other non-conformists, and is regarded by many as an important paradigm.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Spurgeon strongly opposed the owning of slaves. He lost support from the Southern Baptists, sales of his sermons dropped, and he received scores of threatening and insulting letters as a consequence.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Like other Baptists of his time, despite opposing Dispensationalism, Spurgeon anticipated the restoration of the Jews to inhabit the Promised Land.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Spurgeon had a long history of poor health. He was already being reported as having gout when he was 33.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: His favourite place to go to rest was Menton in the South of France. He was often there in the winter months. He was there often enough to have visitors, with George Müller visiting in 1879 and members of the Baptist Union in 1887, attempting to get him to rejoin the Union.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: When he was on the improve in Menton he would preach in the local church, or write, such as in 1890 when he wrote a commentary on Matthew while ‘resting’.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: He became increasingly unwell and in May 1891 he was forced 'to rest'. In 1891 he went to rest in Menton, and remained there three months. During this period he wrote 180 pages of commentary.<ref name="The Times 11/2/1892">The Times 11/2/1892</ref> However, he did not recover and died aged 57, while still in Menton, from gout and congestion of the kidneys. From May 1891 until his death in February 1892 he received 10,000 letters of 'condolence, resolutions of sympathy, telegrams of enquiry'.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: After returning the body to England it lay in state in the Metropolitan Tabernacle.<ref name="Western Mail 12/2/1892">Western Mail 12/2/1892</ref>


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Two days prior to the funeral, four memorial services where held at the Metropolitan Tabernacle. The first service at 11am was for those with current communion cards, the second at 3pm was for ministers and student pastors, the third at 7pm was for Christians who hadn't gotten in yet and the final service at 11pm included the Stockwell Orphans. Police controlled the crowds waiting to get in during the day, and to help with order, at the end of services people left through a back door.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: On the day of the funeral eight hundred extra police were on duty along the route the cortège took, from the Metropolitan Tabernacle, past the Stockwell Orphanage and to the Norwood Cemetery. Accounts vary about the number of carriages in the cortege. One account puts it as:


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Extra trains were put on to cater for the crowd, along with extra omnibuses and cabs. Except for a few tobacco shops and taverns, the businesses along the funeral route were shut, with some houses displaying black and white material. An estimated total of 100,000 people either passed by Spurgeon as he lay in state or attended the funeral services. An unknown number lined the streets for the cortége. As the cortége passed the Stockwell Orphanage it stopped briefly while the children sang a verse of one of his favourite hymns “For ever with the Lord,” with the refrain “Nearer home.”. Along the route some flags were at half staff.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Spurgeon was survived by his wife and sons. His remains were buried at West Norwood Cemetery in London, where the tomb is still visited by admirers. His son Tom became the pastor of the Metropolitan Tabernacle after his father died.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: William Jewell College in Liberty, Missouri purchased Spurgeon's 5,103-volume library collection for £500 ($2500) in 1906. The collection was purchased by Midwestern Baptist Theological Seminary in Kansas City, Missouri in 2006 for $400,000 and can be seen on display at the Spurgeon Center on the campus of Midwestern Seminary. A special collection of Spurgeon's handwritten sermon notes and galley proofs from 1879 to 1891 resides at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama. Spurgeon's College in London also has a small number of notes and proofs.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Spurgeon's personal Bible, with his handwritten notes is on display in the library of the Southern Baptist Theological Seminary in Louisville, KY.


title: Charles Spurgeon

text: Spurgeon's works have been translated into many languages and Moon's and Braille type for the blind. He also wrote many volumes of commentaries and other types of literature.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: Anirudh Ravichander (born 16 October 1990), also known mononymously as Anirudh, is an Indian music composer and singer who primarily works in Tamil films. He is the son of actor Ravi Raghavendra. He has won two Filmfare Awards, nine SIIMA Awards, six Edison Awards and five Vijay Awards. His debut song "Why This Kolaveri Di", composed for the 2012 film "3", went viral across the globe and has achieved over 300 million views on YouTube. In 2017, he was described by "Times of India" as the Most Desirable Man in Chennai. In 2018, he again bagged the title, becoming the first musician to achieve this title two times in a row.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: A.R. Murugadoss signed him to compose music for "Kaththi" (2014) starring Vijay, which included the viral hit "Selfie Pulla". The soundtrack for the film became Anirudh's highest profile soundtrack until he was signed to compose music for Rajinikanth's "Petta" in 2019.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: In 2016, he signed a record deal with Sony Music, which publishes his independent albums and live concerts. In the same year, he featured with Diplo on the remix of Major Lazer's hit single "Cold Water".


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: Anirudh Ravichander is the son of actor Ravi Raghavendra and classical dancer Lakshmi Ravichander and nephew of Latha Rajinikanth. Thus, making Aishwarya, Soundarya and Hrishikesh his cousins. His maternal grandfather S. V. Ramanan has made documentaries, commercials and music. Anirudh's great-grandfather was director Krishnaswami Subrahmanyam, a filmmaker in the 1930s. His great-grandmother Meenakshi was the first female music composer in Kollywood. He was part of a band in school called Zinx. At the age of 10, he started composing music and landed his first break with '3' at the age of 21.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: He was the School Pupil Leader (SPL) at Padma Seshadri Bala Bhavan, K.K. Nagar, Chennai. He graduated from the Loyola College, Chennai in 2011, which according to him was just a backup in case his music career did not take off. Anirudh learnt piano from Trinity College of Music, London and did his sound engineering diploma from soundtech-media (Chennai). He also was part of a fusion band. In his school days, Anirudh had entered a TV show that was judged by A. R. Rahman, and his band was one of the winners along with 5 other bands. Anirudh was awarded the Best Instrumentalist by his idol.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: Anirudh Ravichander made his debut as a music composer in his cousin Aishwarya R. Dhanush's directorial debut "3", starring Dhanush. While pursuing his degree at Loyola College, he had done background scores for the short films made by Aishwaryaa and his work on short films convinced her to have him work on her first commercial venture. In early November 2011, a leaked version of a song from the film "Why This Kolaveri Di!", circulated online and the film's team decided to subsequently release it officially on 16 November 2011. It instantly became popular on social networking sites for its quirky "Tanglish" (portmanteau word of Tamil and English) and foot-tapping kuthu beats. Soon, the song became the most searched YouTube video in India and internet phenomenon across Asia. Within a few weeks, YouTube honoured the video with a "Recently Most Popular" "Gold Medal" award and "Trending" "silver medal" award for receiving a large number of hits in a short time. The song was built around a South Indian folk rhythm. Its instrumentation consists of nadaswaram, shehnai, saxophone, urumee and thavil drums, acoustic guitar and keyboards mixed with electronic synths and scratches. The vocals utilize the singing style of Tamil folk culture. Lyrically, the song revolves around the film's main actor being dumped by his girlfriend; the song is sung by the character in a drunken state, with many of the lines nonsensical. According to the composer, "3"s director Aishwarya R. Dhanush wanted a light-hearted song about failed love. Ravichander quickly composed the tune in about 10 minutes.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: The remaining songs of the album were released in December 2011 and also won very positive reviews from critics. A reviewer from Behindwoods.com noted: "Anirudh Ravichander has delivered so much variety in his very first album. Such a promising debut by a composer hasn't been seen in recent Tamil cinema history", while Rediff.com's reviewer noted that "all the songs in "3" are good and come with appealing instrumental arrangements", concluding that it was "an intriguing collection." Anirudh also received praise for his background score in the film. He consequently went on to gain recognition for the film through accolades, notably the Vijay Award for Best Find of the Year as well as nominations at the South Indian International Movie Awards and the 60th Filmfare Awards South. He also worked on the Telugu dubbed version of the film. Anirudh teamed up with Dhanush soon after to produce a Kolaveri-inspired track titled "Sachin anthem" commemorating Sachin Tendulkar in association with the health drink, Boost.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: Next, he sang and composed a single for "David" – a multi-starrer directed by Bejoy Nambiar; "Kanave Kanave" in Tamil and "Yu Hi Re" in Hindi. The album also opened to very positive reviews, with a critic noting: Anirudh's song was "the pick of the album". His next album was "Ethir Neechal", which won positive reviews. Behindwoods.com noted "the album does well to consolidate Anirudh's sensational debut". Anirudh introduced rappers Yo Yo Honey Singh and Adhi of Hiphop Tamizha into Tamil film music. Similarly, the background music of the film was praised with a reviewer noting that Anirudh "certainly proved his mettle yet again with his exceptional music." Moreover, Sony Music India released the complete background score of "Ethir Neechal" via YouTube owing to its popularity. His next soundtrack, "Vanakkam Chennai" released in July 2013, and reached top spot in iTunes India Top Album category within a few days of its release. Prior to release, Anirudh had revealed that it was his "best work til date", and the composer featured as a vocalist in six of the seven songs in the film. For the song "Oh Penne", he roped in Vishal Dadlani for the first time in Tamil music, while a promotional international version was also recorded featuring British singer Arjun. Another promotional song, "Chennai City Gangster", saw him collaborate again with Adhi of Hiphop Tamizha and British Indian rapper Hard Kaur, with the trio also featuring in a music video for the film. A critic from Behindwoods noted: "Anirudh exploded onto the Tamil music scene with a hat-trick". His background music for the film was well received by reviewers. In September 2013, he was signed on to compose the background score for Selvaraghavan's fantasy film "Irandam Ulagam", after Harris Jayaraj had opted out. Anirudh noted his happiness at working with Selvaraghavan early in his career, despite being called up as a replacement and subsequently recorded for the film in Budapest. The film opened to mixed reviews and became a box office disaster, but Anirudh's work received a positive response.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: Anirudh's next release "Velaiyilla Pattathari", featured veteran singer S. Janaki, Dhanush and Anirudh, and won positive reviews upon release in February 2014. while adding "in all, the album is soulful, lively and truly Anirudh". The film subsequently became a blockbuster at the box office, with Anirudh's work in re-recording also receiving critical acclaim and won the Filmfare award for best music director; Rediff.com stated he "has created magic once again", while Behindwoods.com noted his "BGM lifts all manner of scenes".


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: His next film was "Maan Karate", starring one of his close friends, Sivakarthikeyan. This album topped the iTunes chart within a few days of release. This album is a perfect mix of different genres, be it a lovely breezy ‘Un Vizhigalil’ song or ‘Royapuram Peter Kuthu’ vibe, its truly a treat. "Maan Karate"s soundtrack released shortly after and also won favourable reviews from critics. The film opened to mixed reviews, but became a box office success, with a critic from Rediff.com praising that "Anirudh has proved once again that he understands the pulse of the youngsters. In fact, the BGM and sound tracks in the film, make the film appear more exciting than it actually is."


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: A.R. Murugadoss then signed him on to compose music for "Kaththi", starring Vijay, becoming Anirudh's highest profile album until he was signed to compose music for Superstar Rajinikanth's Petta in 2018. He composed the film's theme music within four days of signing, and also went on to collaborate again on songs with Adhi of Hip Hop Tamizha and Vishal Dadlani. Moreover, Anirudh recorded songs with veteran singers K. J. Yesudas and Vijay for the first time in his career, while he also created a "love kuthu" song "Selfie Pulla" to be sung by the film's lead actor Vijay and Sunidhi Chauhan, which became a big hit. The album received positive reviews from critics and topped the iTunes India Charts. Durgesh Haridas of "The Indian Express" stated: "The OST is arguably the best for a Vijay movie in recent times and Anirudh's variety and experimentation is helping him establishing himself as one of Kollywood's top music makers.", and labelled "Selfie Pulla" as "a number that even kids will be humming." adding that the song "doesn't disappoint". His work for re-recording also won acclaim, with a critic noting: "Anirudh's music and BGM reaches a new level", while the film went on to become one of the highest grossers in Tamil films history and he won several accolades for his work in the album Kaththi.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: For the third time, Anirudh collaborated with his close friend Sivakarthikeyan for the film "Kaaki Sattai", produced by "Dhanush" under his production company. The album received mostly positive reviews and boosted the streak of Anirudh. In early 2013, it was announced that Anirudh would make his acting debut in Vignesh Shivan's "Naanum Rowdydhaan", after selecting it from twenty other scripts he had heard. However, production work stalled, with Anirudh noting that he will give priority to a career in music composing and agreed to work on the soundtrack for the film, now featuring Vijay Sethupathi. Furthermore, he signed on to compose music for a film made by and featuring newcomers; "Aakko", with initial publicity posters for the film featuring solely on Anirudh's status as the movie's composer. Anirudh scored music for "Maari", which was another project with Dhanush. The music received positive reviews, with the song "Don'u Don'u Don'u" becoming exceptionally popular. He also received critical acclaim for his work in the Vijay Sethupathi starrer "Naanum Rowdydhaan", leading him to receive many accolades for his achievement in the film. He released a single from the movie "Aakko" on Valentine's Day in 2015 of the name "Ennakenna Yaarum Illaiye". He also scored his first Ajith Kumar film in Vedalam, directed by Siva. Anirudh's music received mixed reviews, however, the song "Aaluma Doluma", which uses North Madras slang, became very popular Anirudh concluded the year with "Thangamagan", starring Dhanush which also received positive reviews for his music.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: On Valentine's eve in 2016, he released a single dedicated to lovers, a song titled "Avalukena", under the banner of Sony Music. After a short break, Anirudh released a single from "Rum" in April 2016; "Hola Amigo". In May 2016, Anirudh signed a deal with Sony Music India. As per the deal, from here on, the independent albums and live concerts of Anirudh will be published and promoted by the global giant. Music giant Sony music presented a multi-platinum disc plaque for his successful collaborations with Sony Anirudh again teamed up with Sivakarthikeyan For "Remo". The album featured 8 tracks, with "Behindwoods" and "Indiaglitz" crediting "Remo's music is definitely a cupid's arrow from Anirudh" and "Some beats, a little melody, and a whole lot of fun, Remo is soulful jukebox", it became one of his album topping the iTunes charts. Then, on 12 November 2016, he launched the audio of his cousin Hrishikesh's horror flick "Rum". In late 2017, for the film Vivegam, Anirudh launched the first single "Surviva" and became fastest Tamil song to get 1 million streams, this track saw the comeback of Yogi B back to the Tamil music. Anirudh launched the next single, "Thalai Viduthalai". It was written by director Siva and sung by Anirudh and Harish Swaminathan. Anirudh used the "Death Metal" first time in kollywood for this track. This song was also considered a tribute to the ultimate star Ajith Kumar, who had completed 25 years in the Tamil film industry. After a HipHop and Death Metal, the third single was a romantic classical fusion; "Kadhalaada", featuring Pradeep Kumar and Sasha Tripathi. Anirudh launched the complete album with 4 other tracks. The English song "Never Give Up" featuring Raja Kumari. The album was topping iTunes, Saavn and other digital platforms, its completely an international album. He again teamed up with Sivakarthikeyan for Velaikkaaran, it was their 5th collaboration. He has experimented with genre and given variety in the album. It has a kuthu vibe Karuthavanlaam Galeejam expressing about colour and caste, sung by Anirudh himself. A romantic melody track Iraiva which features Anirudh and Jonita Gandhi, the track breaks into two genres it starts as a soft melody expressing love, then suddenly enter into a metal genre. Another melody Idhayane by Neeti Mohan and Anirudh. Vaa Velaikkara song sung by Shakthishree Gopalan, Bjorn Surrao is offbeat, and an introduction to trance-psychedelic music. It has a motivational track Ezhu Velaikkara sung by Siddharth Mahadevan. It's overall a catchy emotional album'


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: A Hindi pop music video Bewajah, composed by Anirudh and sung by Anirudh, Irene and Srinidhi Venkatesh, which is also India's first ever vertical video was released by Sony Music India. The video features a love-torn duo whose romance is narrated through animated movie posters. The song became an instant hit etching several million views.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: In 2018, he made his Telugu debut with "Agnyaathavaasi", which has 6 tracks, a fast-paced massy introductory track Dhaga Dhagamaney sung by Anirudh himself, a sweet melody Baitikochi Chuste song ruled by the guitar chords and enchanting flute, It was an instant hit among youngsters with its quirky lyrics and a catchy foot-tapping tune, Gaali Vaaluga sung by Anirudh was also instant hit among music lovers. Niranjana Raman has sung a beautiful classical number, Swagatham Krishna, the inclusion of the guitars and synths gives an enchanting experience throughout the track. Nakash Aziz has crooned peppy number AB Yevaro Nee Baby and Pawan Kalyan has sung a folk number Kodakaa Koteswar Rao. The whole album has been received well. His BGM received praises for his fresh sound. Next, he composed for Suriya's "Thaanaa Serndha Koottam", which was a remake of "Special 26". The song "Sodakku" was an instant hit among the masses. After that, he composed for Nayanthara's "Kolamavu Kokila", which was well received and was praised for being unique. The song "Gun Kadhal" became popular among Anirudh fans. The first single of "Petta" titled "Marana Mass" was an instant hit. On 10 December, the full album for Rajinikanth's "Petta" was released by Anirudh. His next project was Nani's Telugu film "Jersey", which is directed by Gowtam Tinnanuri. He later appeared in "Gang Leader" which was directed by Vikram K Kumar. This marked his second collaboration with Nani. After that he appeared in "Darbar", which was directed by AR Murugadoss. The song "Chumma Kizhi" sung by legendary singer SPB was a hit, and rapper Yogi B was roped in for "Thani Vazhi". He then composed one of the songs of the soundtrack for "Dharala Prabhu", the title track, which garnered success. In 2020, he collaborated with Vijay for the 2nd time in "Master", directed by Lokesh Kanagaraj. The first single, "Kutti Story", sung by Vijay himself, received great praise and became popular around the world for its Tanglish lyrics. The second single sung by Gana Balachander, "Vaathi Coming", became an instant viral hit universally, with the kuthu song collecting 400 million views on YouTube, breaking many records rapidly from the get-go. This is the second most viewed song composed by Anirudh. He also came to work on the soundtrack of "Doctor", directed by Nelson Dilipkumar. The first single "Chellamma" was a hit among the youth with the fun and romantic lyrics, collecting over 100 million views on YouTube. In 2021, he worked with Vijay for the 3rd time in "Beast" directed by Nelson, whom he also worked with for the 3rd consecutive time. The first single "Arabic Kuthu", is a fusion featuring Arabic phrases and rhyming verses in Tamil. The song set the record for the most-viewed and liked South Indian song within 24 hours, and is currently his most-viewed single with over 490 million views.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: In 2022, Anirudh scored hits with films like, "Beast" and "Vikram", with the latter marking his first release with Kamal Haasan, although the duo collaborated for "Indian 2" first which is yet to be released. The first single of "Vikram" titled "Pathala Pathala" received several million views from Kamal Haasan’s fans and was the most viewed song on YouTube.


title: Anirudh (composer)

text: The song also received praise for Kamal Haasan’s dance performances which went viral. Despite facing controversies from the song, it became an instant hit. He also scored hits from films like "Don" and "Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal". The songs from the "Don" received several million views and was an instant hit. The first single of "Kaathuvaakula Rendu Kaadhal" titled "Two Two Two" was also a hit on YouTube. He is also composing music for Dhanush starrer "Thiruchitrambalam" which marks his fifth collaboration with the actor after "3", "Velaiyilla Pattathari, Maari" and "Thanga Magan". The first single of "Thiruchitrambalam" titled "Thaai Kelavi" was released on 24 June 2022 and received several million views which also became very viral and also became a huge hit. Although the song faced some controversies. A social activist has lodged a complaint against the makers of the film asking them to change the lyrics of the song, as the lyrics of the song are shown to be disrespectful to the elders. The second single titled "Megham Karukkatha", was released on July 15, 2022 which also received positive reviews. The third and the fourth singles of "Thiruchitrambalam" titled "Life of Pazham" and "Thenmozhi" which was sung by Anirudh himself for the former song and Santhosh Narayanan for the latter were released on 27 July 2022 and 30 July 2022 respectively. The entire soundtrack of "Thiruchitrambalam" was released on 31 July 2022. While Academy Award-winner A. R. Rahman was reportedly approached by Atlee to compose for his Bollywood film with Shah Rukh Khan, Rahman subsequently turned down the offer and Anirudh was chosen to compose for the film titled "Jawan". An announcement teaser featuring Anirudh's score was released in June 2022. His previous Hindi films were "David" and "Jersey", the former featuring just a single song by him "Yun Hi Re" and the latter featuring film score by him, mostly reused from his score for "the original Telugu film" on which the 2022 film Jersey was based upon. Thus "Jawan" marks the first full-fledged debut for Anirudh in Bollywood as a song and score composer. He is also set to compose music for Rajinikanth’s 169 th film titled "Jailer" which will be directed by Nelson. The film will also mark Anirudh’s third collaboration with Rajini after "Petta" and "Darbar" and also with Nelson after "Kolamaavu Kokila", "Doctor" and "Beast". He is also set to collaborate with Ajith for his 62nd film tentatively titled "AK62" directed by Vignesh Shivan which marks his third collaboration with Ajith after "Vedalam" and "Vivegam". He is also set to compose music for Jr.NTR’s untitled 30 th Telugu film tentatively titled "NTR30" which is directed by Koratala Siva. He has been roped to compose for the film 'royce'


title: L-DOPA

text: -DOPA, also known as levodopa and -3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine, is an amino acid that is made and used as part of the normal biology of some plants and animals, including humans. Humans, as well as a portion of the other animals that utilize -DOPA, make it via biosynthesis from the amino acid -tyrosine. -DOPA is the precursor to the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline), which are collectively known as catecholamines. Furthermore, -DOPA itself mediates neurotrophic factor release by the brain and CNS. -DOPA can be manufactured and in its pure form is sold as a psychoactive drug with the INN levodopa; trade names include Sinemet, Pharmacopa, Atamet, and Stalevo. As a drug, it is used in the clinical treatment of Parkinson's disease and dopamine-responsive dystonia.


title: L-DOPA

text: -DOPA has a counterpart with opposite , -DOPA. As is true for many molecules, the human body produces only one of these isomers (the -DOPA form). The enantiomeric purity of -DOPA may be analyzed by determination of the optical rotation or by chiral thin-layer chromatography.


title: L-DOPA

text: -DOPA crosses the protective blood–brain barrier, whereas dopamine itself cannot. Thus, -DOPA is used to increase dopamine concentrations in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, Parkinsonism, dopamine-responsive dystonia and Parkinson-plus syndrome. The therapeutic efficacy is different for different kinds of symptoms. Bradykinesia and rigidity are the most responsive symptoms while tremors are less responsive to levodopa therapy. Speech, swallowing disorders, postural instability and freezing gait are the least responsive symptoms.


title: L-DOPA

text: Once -DOPA has entered the central nervous system, it is converted into dopamine by the enzyme aromatic -amino acid decarboxylase, also known as DOPA decarboxylase. Pyridoxal phosphate (vitamin B) is a required cofactor in this reaction, and may occasionally be administered along with -DOPA, usually in the form of pyridoxine. Because levodopa bypasses the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase, the rate-limiting step in dopamine synthesis, it is much more readily converted to dopamine than tyrosine, which is normally the natural precursor for dopamine production.


title: L-DOPA

text: In humans, conversion of -DOPA to dopamine does not only occur within the central nervous system. Cells in the peripheral nervous system perform the same task. Thus administering -DOPA alone will lead to increased dopamine signaling in the periphery as well. Excessive peripheral dopamine signaling is undesirable as it causes many of the adverse side effects seen with sole -DOPA administration. To bypass these effects, it is standard clinical practice to coadminister (with -DOPA) a peripheral DOPA decarboxylase inhibitor (DDCI) such as carbidopa (medicines containing carbidopa, either alone or in combination with -DOPA, are branded as Lodosyn (Aton Pharma) Sinemet (Merck Sharp & Dohme Limited), Pharmacopa (Jazz Pharmaceuticals), Atamet (UCB), Syndopa and Stalevo (Orion Corporation) or with a benserazide (combination medicines are branded Madopar or Prolopa), to prevent the peripheral synthesis of dopamine from -DOPA).


title: L-DOPA

text: Inbrija (previously known as CVT-301) is an inhaled powder formulation of levodopa indicated for the intermittent treatment of "off episodes" in patients with Parkinson's disease currently taking carbidopa/levodopa. It was approved by the United States Food and Drug Administration on December 21, 2018, and is marketed by Acorda Therapeutics.


title: L-DOPA

text: Coadministration of pyridoxine without a DDCI accelerates the peripheral decarboxylation of -DOPA to such an extent that it negates the effects of -DOPA administration, a phenomenon that historically caused great confusion.


title: L-DOPA

text: In addition, -DOPA, co-administered with a peripheral DDCI, is efficacious for the short-term treatment of restless leg syndrome.


title: L-DOPA

text: -DOPA is produced from the amino acid -tyrosine by the enzyme tyrosine hydroxylase. -DOPA can act as an -tyrosine mimetic and be incorporated into proteins by mammalian cells in place of L-tyrosine, generating protease-resistant and aggregate-prone proteins "in vitro" and may contribute to neurotoxicity with chronic -DOPA administration.


title: L-DOPA

text: It is also the precursor for the monoamine or catecholamine neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine (noradrenaline), and epinephrine (adrenaline). Dopamine is formed by the decarboxylation of -DOPA by aromatic -amino acid decarboxylase (AADC).


title: L-DOPA

text: -DOPA can be directly metabolized by catechol-"O"-methyl transferase to 3-"O"-methyldopa, and then further to vanillactic acid. This metabolic pathway is nonexistent in the healthy body, but becomes important after peripheral -DOPA administration in patients with Parkinson's disease or in the rare cases of patients with AADC enzyme deficiency.


title: L-DOPA

text: -Phenylalanine, -tyrosine, and -DOPA are all precursors to the biological pigment melanin. The enzyme tyrosinase catalyzes the oxidation of -DOPA to the reactive intermediate dopaquinone, which reacts further, eventually leading to melanin oligomers. In addition, tyrosinase can convert tyrosine directly to -DOPA in the presence of a reducing agent such as ascorbic acid.


title: L-DOPA

text: -DOPA is a key compound in the formation of marine adhesive proteins, such as those found in mussels. It is believed to be responsible for the water-resistance and rapid curing abilities of these proteins. -DOPA may also be used to prevent surfaces from fouling by bonding antifouling polymers to a susceptible substrate. The versatile chemistry of L-DOPA can be exploited in nanotechnology. For example, DOPA-containing self-assembling peptides were found to form functional nanostructures, adhesives and gels.


title: L-DOPA

text: Although many adverse effects are associated with -DOPA, in particular psychiatric ones, it has fewer than other antiparkinsonian agents, such as anticholinergics and dopamine receptor agonists.


title: L-DOPA

text: More serious are the effects of chronic -DOPA administration in the treatment of Parkinson's disease, which include:


title: L-DOPA

text: Clinicians try to avoid these side effects and adverse reactions by limiting -DOPA doses as much as possible until absolutely necessary.


title: L-DOPA

text: The long term use of L-Dopa increases oxidative stress through monoamine oxidase led enzymatic degradation of synthesized dopamine causing neuronal damage and cytotoxicity. The oxidative stress is caused by the formation of reactive oxygen species (HO) during the monoamine oxidase led metabolism of dopamine. It is further perpetuated by the richness of Fe ions in striatum via the Fenton reaction and intracellular autooxidation. The increased oxidation can potentially cause mutations in DNA due to the formation of 8-oxoguanine, which is capable of pairing with adenosine during mitosis.


title: L-DOPA

text: In work that earned him a Nobel Prize in 2000, Swedish scientist Arvid Carlsson first showed in the 1950s that administering -DOPA to animals with drug-induced (reserpine) Parkinsonian symptoms caused a reduction in the intensity of the animals' symptoms. In 1960/61 Oleh Hornykiewicz, after discovering greatly reduced levels of dopamine in autopsied brains of patients with Parkinson's disease, published together with the neurologist Walther Birkmayer dramatic therapeutic antiparkinson effects of intravenously administered -DOPA in patients. This treatment was later extended to manganese poisoning and later Parkinsonism by George Cotzias and his coworkers, who used greatly increased oral doses, for which they won the 1969 Lasker Prize. The neurologist Oliver Sacks describes this treatment in human patients with encephalitis lethargica in his 1973 book "Awakenings", upon which the 1990 movie of the same name is based. The first study reporting improvements in patients with Parkinson's disease resulting from treatment with L-dopa was published in 1968.


title: L-DOPA

text: The 2001 Nobel Prize in Chemistry was also related to -DOPA: the Nobel Committee awarded one-quarter of the prize to William S. Knowles for his work on chirally catalysed hydrogenation reactions, the most noted example of which was used for the synthesis of -DOPA.


title: L-DOPA

text: In 2015, a retrospective analysis comparing the incidence of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) between patients taking versus not taking -DOPA found that the drug delayed onset of AMD by around 8 years. The authors state that significant effects were obtained for both dry and wet AMD.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Hel (Old Norse: ) is a female being in Norse mythology who is said to preside over an underworld realm of the same name, where she receives a portion of the dead. Hel is attested in the "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, and the "Prose Edda", written in the 13th century. In addition, she is mentioned in poems recorded in "Heimskringla" and "Egils saga" that date from the 9th and 10th centuries, respectively. An episode in the Latin work "Gesta Danorum", written in the 12th century by Saxo Grammaticus, is generally considered to refer to Hel, and Hel may appear on various Migration Period bracteates.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In the "Poetic Edda", "Prose Edda", and "Heimskringla", Hel is referred to as a daughter of Loki. In the "Prose Edda" book "Gylfaginning", Hel is described as having been appointed by the god Odin as ruler of a realm of the same name, located in Niflheim. In the same source, her appearance is described as half blue and half flesh-coloured and further as having a gloomy, downcast appearance. The "Prose Edda" details that Hel rules over vast mansions with many servants in her underworld realm and plays a key role in the attempted resurrection of the god Baldr.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Scholarly theories have been proposed about Hel's potential connections to figures appearing in the 11th-century "Old English Gospel of Nicodemus" and Old Norse "Bartholomeus saga postola", that she may have been considered a goddess with potential Indo-European parallels in Bhavani, Kali, and Mahakali or that Hel may have become a being only as a late personification of the location of the same name.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: The Old Norse divine name "Hel" is identical to the name of the location over which she rules. It stems from the Proto-Germanic feminine noun "*haljō-" 'concealed place, the underworld' (compare with Gothic "halja", Old English "hel" or "hell", Old Frisian "helle", Old Saxon "hellia", Old High German "hella"), itself a derivative of "*helan-" 'to cover > conceal, hide' (compare with OE "helan", OF "hela", OS "helan", OHG "helan"). It derives, ultimately, from the Proto-Indo-European verbal root "*ḱel-" 'to conceal, cover, protect' (compare with Latin "cēlō", Old Irish "ceilid", Greek "kalúptō"). The Old Irish masculine noun "cel" 'dissolution, extinction, death' is also related.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Other related early Germanic terms and concepts include the compounds "*halja-rūnō(n)" and *"halja-wītjan".' The feminine noun "*halja-rūnō(n)" is formed with "*haljō-" 'hell' attached to "*rūno" 'mystery, secret' > runes. It has descendant cognates in the Old English "helle-rúne" 'possessed woman, sorceress, diviner', the Old High German "helli-rūna" 'magic', and perhaps in the Latinized Gothic form "haliurunnae",' although its second element may derive instead from "rinnan" 'to run, go', leading to Gothic "*haljurunna" as the 'one who travels to the netherworld'. The neutral noun *"halja-wītjan" is composed of the same root "*haljō-" attached to *"wītjan" (compare with Goth. "un-witi" 'foolishness, understanding', OE "witt" 'right mind, wits', OHG "wizzi" 'understanding'), with descendant cognates in Old Norse "hel-víti" 'hell', Old English "helle-wíte" 'hell-torment, hell', Old Saxon helli-wīti 'hell', or Middle High German "helle-wīzi" 'hell'.""


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: "Hel" is also etymologically related—although distantly in this case—to the Old Norse word "Valhöll" 'Valhalla', literally 'hall of the slain', and to the English word "hall", both likewise deriving from Proto-Indo-European "*ḱel-" via the Proto-Germanic root *"hallō-" 'covered place, hall'.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: The "Poetic Edda", compiled in the 13th century from earlier traditional sources, features various poems that mention Hel. In the "Poetic Edda" poem "Völuspá", Hel's realm is referred to as the "Halls of Hel." In stanza 31 of "Grímnismál", Hel is listed as living beneath one of three roots growing from the world tree Yggdrasil. In "Fáfnismál", the hero Sigurd stands before the mortally wounded body of the dragon Fáfnir, and states that Fáfnir lies in pieces, where "Hel can take" him. In "Atlamál", the phrases "Hel has half of us" and "sent off to Hel" are used in reference to death, though it could be a reference to the location and not the being, if not both. In stanza 4 of "Baldrs draumar", Odin rides towards the "high hall of Hel."


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Hel may also be alluded to in "Hamðismál". Death is periphrased as "joy of the troll-woman" (or "ogress") and ostensibly it is Hel being referred to as the troll-woman or the ogre ("flagð"), although it may otherwise be some unspecified "dís".


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Hel receives notable mention in the "Prose Edda". In chapter 34 of the book "Gylfaginning", Hel is listed by High as one of the three children of Loki and Angrboða; the wolf Fenrir, the serpent Jörmungandr, and Hel. High continues that, once the gods found that these three children are being brought up in the land of Jötunheimr, and when the gods "traced prophecies that from these siblings great mischief and disaster would arise for them" then the gods expected a lot of trouble from the three children, partially due to the nature of the mother of the children, yet worse so due to the nature of their father.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: High says that Odin sent the gods to gather the children and bring them to him. Upon their arrival, Odin threw Jörmungandr into "that deep sea that lies round all lands," Odin threw Hel into Niflheim, and bestowed upon her authority over nine worlds, in that she must "administer board and lodging to those sent to her, and that is those who die of sickness or old age." High details that in this realm Hel has "great Mansions" with extremely high walls and immense gates, a hall called Éljúðnir, a dish called "Hunger," a knife called "Famine," the servant Ganglati (Old Norse "lazy walker"), the serving-maid Ganglöt (also "lazy walker"), the entrance threshold "Stumbling-block," the bed "Sick-bed," and the curtains "Gleaming-bale." High describes Hel as "half black and half flesh-coloured," adding that this makes her easily recognizable, and furthermore that Hel is "rather downcast and fierce-looking."


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In chapter 49, High describes the events surrounding the death of the god Baldr. The goddess Frigg asks who among the Æsir will earn "all her love and favour" by riding to Hel, the location, to try to find Baldr, and offer Hel herself a ransom. The god Hermóðr volunteers and sets off upon the eight-legged horse Sleipnir to Hel. Hermóðr arrives in Hel's hall, finds his brother Baldr there, and stays the night. The next morning, Hermóðr begs Hel to allow Baldr to ride home with him, and tells her about the great weeping the Æsir have done upon Baldr's death. Hel says the love people have for Baldr that Hermóðr has claimed must be tested, stating:


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: If all things in the world, alive or dead, weep for him, then he will be allowed to return to the Æsir. If anyone speaks against him or refuses to cry, then he will remain with Hel.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Later in the chapter, after the female jötunn Þökk refuses to weep for the dead Baldr, she responds in verse, ending with "let Hel hold what she has." In chapter 51, High describes the events of Ragnarök, and details that when Loki arrives at the field Vígríðr "all of Hel's people" will arrive with him.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In chapter 5 of the "Prose Edda" book "Skáldskaparmál", Hel is mentioned in a kenning for Baldr ("Hel's companion"). In chapter 16, "Hel's [...] relative or father" is given as a kenning for Loki. In chapter 50, Hel is referenced ("to join the company of the quite monstrous wolf's sister") in the skaldic poem "Ragnarsdrápa".


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In the "Heimskringla" book "Ynglinga saga", written in the 13th century by Snorri Sturluson, Hel is referred to, though never by name. In chapter 17, the king Dyggvi dies of sickness. A poem from the 9th-century "Ynglingatal" that forms the basis of "Ynglinga saga" is then quoted that describes Hel's taking of Dyggvi:


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In chapter 45, a section from "Ynglingatal" is given which refers to Hel as "howes'-warder" (meaning "guardian of the graves") and as taking King Halfdan Hvitbeinn from life. In chapter 46, King Eystein Halfdansson dies by being knocked overboard by a sail yard. A section from "Ynglingatal" follows, describing that Eystein "fared to" Hel (referred to as "Býleistr's-brother's-daughter"). In chapter 47, the deceased Eystein's son King Halfdan dies of an illness, and the excerpt provided in the chapter describes his fate thereafter, a portion of which references Hel:


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In a stanza from "Ynglingatal" recorded in chapter 72 of the "Heimskringla" book "Saga of Harald Sigurdsson", "given to Hel" is again used as a phrase to referring to death.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: The Icelanders' saga "Egils saga" contains the poem "Sonatorrek". The saga attributes the poem to 10th-century skald Egill Skallagrímsson, and writes that it was composed by Egill after the death of his son Gunnar. The final stanza of the poem contains a mention of Hel, though not by name:


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In the account of Baldr's death in Saxo Grammaticus' early 13th century work "Gesta Danorum", the dying Baldr has a dream visitation from Proserpina (here translated as "the goddess of death"):


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: The following night the goddess of death appeared to him in a dream standing at his side, and declared that in three days time she would clasp him in her arms. It was no idle vision, for after three days the acute pain of his injury brought his end.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: It has been suggested that several imitation medallions and bracteates of the Migration Period (ca. first centuries AD) feature depictions of Hel. In particular the bracteates IK 14 and IK 124 depict a rider traveling down a slope and coming upon a female being holding a scepter or a staff. The downward slope may indicate that the rider is traveling towards the realm of the dead and the woman with the scepter may be a female ruler of that realm, corresponding to Hel.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Some B-class bracteates showing three godly figures have been interpreted as depicting Baldr's death, the best known of these is the Fakse bracteate. Two of the figures are understood to be Baldr and Odin while both Loki and Hel have been proposed as candidates for the third figure. If it is Hel she is presumably greeting the dying Baldr as he comes to her realm.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: The "Old English Gospel of Nicodemus", preserved in two manuscripts from the 11th century, contains a female figure referred to as "Seo hell" who engages in flyting with Satan and tells him to leave her dwelling (Old English "ut of mynre onwununge"). Regarding Seo Hell in the "Old English Gospel of Nicodemus", Michael Bell states that "her vivid personification in a dramatically excellent scene suggests that her gender is more than grammatical, and invites comparison with the Old Norse underworld goddess Hel and the Frau Holle of German folklore, to say nothing of underworld goddesses in other cultures" yet adds that "the possibility that these genders "are" merely grammatical is strengthened by the fact that an Old Norse version of Nicodemus, possibly translated under English influence, personifies Hell in the neutral (Old Norse "þat helvíti")."


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: The Old Norse "Bartholomeus saga postola", an account of the life of Saint Bartholomew dating from the 13th century, mentions a "Queen Hel." In the story, a devil is hiding within a pagan idol, and bound by Bartholomew's spiritual powers to acknowledge himself and confess, the devil refers to Jesus as the one which "made war on Hel our queen" (Old Norse "heriaði a Hel drottning vara"). "Queen Hel" is not mentioned elsewhere in the saga.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Michael Bell says that while Hel "might at first appear to be identical with the well-known pagan goddess of the Norse underworld" as described in chapter 34 of "Gylfaginning", "in the combined light of the Old English and Old Norse versions of "Nicodemus" she casts quite a different a shadow," and that in "Bartholomeus saga postola" "she is clearly the queen of the Christian, not pagan, underworld."


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Jacob Grimm described Hel as an example of a "half-goddess": "one who cannot be shown to be either wife or daughter of a god, and who stands in a dependent relation to higher divinities", and argued that "half-goddesses" stand higher than "half-gods" in Germanic mythology. Grimm regarded Hel (whom he refers to here as "Halja", the theorized Proto-Germanic form of the term) as essentially an "image of a greedy, unrestoring, female deity" and theorized that "the higher we are allowed to penetrate into our antiquities, the less hellish and more godlike may "Halja" appear". He compared her role, her black color, and her name to "the Indian Bhavani, who travels about and bathes like Nerthus and Holda, but is likewise called "Kali" or "Mahakali", the great "black" goddess" and concluded that ""Halja" is one of the oldest and commonest conceptions of our heathenism". He theorized that the Helhest, a three-legged horse that in Danish folklore roams the countryside "as a harbinger of plague and pestilence", was originally the steed of the goddess Hel, and that on this steed Hel roamed the land "picking up the dead that were her due". He also says that a wagon was once ascribed to Hel.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In her 1948 work on death in Norse mythology and religion, "The Road to Hel", Hilda Ellis Davidson argued that the description of Hel as a goddess in surviving sources appeared to be literary personification, the word "hel" generally being "used simply to signify death or the grave", which she states "naturally lends itself to personification by poets". While noting that "whether this personification has originally been based on a belief in a goddess of death called Hel [was] another question", she stated that she did not believe the surviving sources gave any reason to believe so, while they included various other examples of "supernatural women" who "seem to have been closely connected with the world of death, and were pictured as welcoming dead warriors". She suggested that the depiction of Hel "as a goddess" in "Gylfaginning" "might well owe something to these".


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In a later work (1998), Davidson wrote that the description of Hel found in chapter 33 of "Gylfaginning" "hardly suggests a goddess", but that "in the account of Hermod's ride to Hel later in "Gylfaginning" (49)", Hel "[speaks] with authority as ruler of the underworld" and that from her realm "gifts are sent back to Frigg and Fulla by Balder's wife Nanna as from a friendly kingdom". She posited that Snorri may have "earlier turned the goddess of death into an allegorical figure, just as he made Hel, the underworld of shades, a place 'where wicked men go,' like the Christian Hell ("Gylfaginning" 3)". She then, like Grimm, compared Hel to Kali:


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: On the other hand, a goddess of death who represents the horrors of slaughter and decay is something well known elsewhere; the figure of Kali in India is an outstanding example. Like Snorri's Hel, she is terrifying to in appearance, black or dark in colour, usually naked, adorned with severed heads or arms or the corpses of children, her lips smeared with blood. She haunts the battlefield or cremation ground and squats on corpses. Yet for all this she is "the recipient of ardent devotion from countless devotees who approach her as their mother" [...].


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Davidson further compared Hel to early attestations of the Irish goddesses Badb (described in "The Destruction of Da Choca's Hostel" as dark in color, with a large mouth, wearing a dusky mantle, and with gray hair falling over her shoulders, or, alternatively, "as a red figure on the edge of the ford, washing the chariot of a king doomed to die") and the Morrígan. She concluded that, in these examples, "here we have the fierce destructive side of death, with a strong emphasis on its physical horrors, so perhaps we should not assume that the gruesome figure of Hel is wholly Snorri's literary invention."


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: John Lindow stated that most details about Hel, as a figure, are not found outside of Snorri's writing in "Gylfaginning", and that when older skaldic poetry "says that people are 'in' rather than 'with' Hel, we are clearly dealing with a place rather than a person, and this is assumed to be the older conception". He theorizes that the noun and place "Hel" likely originally simply meant "grave", and that "the personification came later". Lindow also drew a parallel between the personified Hel's banishment to the underworld and the binding of Fenrir as part of a recurring theme of the bound monster, where an enemy of the gods is bound but destined to break free at Ragnarok. Rudolf Simek similarly stated that the figure of Hel is "probably a very late personification of the underworld Hel", that "on the whole nothing speaks in favour of there being a belief in Hel in pre-Christian times", and noted that "the first scriptures using the goddess Hel are found at the end of the 10th and in the 11th centuries". He characterized the allegorical description of Hel's house in "Gylfaginning" as "clearly ... in the Christian tradition". However, elsewhere in the same work, Simek cites an argument made by that one of three figures appearing together on Migration Period B-bracteates is to be interpreted as Hel.


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: In January 2017, the Icelandic Naming Committee ruled that parents could not name their child "Hel" "on the grounds that the name would cause the child significant distress and trouble as it grows up".


title: Hel (mythological being)

text: Hel is one of the playable gods in the third-person multiplayer online battle arena game "Smite" and was one of the original 17 gods. Hel is also featured in Ensemble Studios' 2002 real-time strategy game "Age of Mythology", where she is one of 12 gods Norse players can choose to worship. She is also the primary antagonist in Marvel’s , the final movie in the MCU's Thor trilogy.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Hyundai Accent (), or Hyundai Verna (현대 베르나) is a subcompact car produced by Hyundai. In Australia, the first generation models carried over the Hyundai Excel name used by the Accent's predecessor. The Accent was replaced in 2000 by the Hyundai Verna in South Korea, although most international markets, including the US, retained the "Accent" name. The "Accent" name is an abbreviation of "Advanced Compact Car of Epoch-making New Technology".


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Accent is produced for the Chinese market by Beijing Hyundai Co., a joint venture with Beijing Automotive Industry Corp. For the Russian market it was assembled by the TagAZ plant in Taganrog until 2011, and since 2011 it is assembled by the HMMR plant in Saint Petersburg and sold under the new name Hyundai Solaris. In Mexico, the Accent was marketed until 2014 by Chrysler as the Dodge Attitude, previously known as the Verna by Dodge. In Venezuela, Chrysler marketed these models as the Dodge Brisa until 2006. The Brisa was assembled by Mitsubishi Motors at its plant in Barcelona, Venezuela. Since 2002, the Accent had been the longest-running small family car sold in North America. In Puerto Rico, it was sold as the Hyundai Brio.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Hyundai Accent "(X3)" was introduced as a replacement for the Excel in 1994 for the 1995 model year. It continued to be called Dodge Brisa in Venezuela or Hyundai Excel in some markets, such as the Netherlands, Belgium, Indonesia and Australia. In France, it was called the Hyundai Pony, in Indonesia, the pre-facelift model was called as Bimantara Cakra and in China, it was called the Kia Qianlima.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Australian cars were released in November 1994 available in Sprint and GX trims (three-door hatchback) or LX and GLX trims (four-door sedan and five-door hatchback). The upper-specification models (GX and GLX) had full cloth interior (as opposed to vinyl seat backings), height and lumbar support adjustments on the driver's seat, four-speaker sound system (instead of two), passenger vanity mirror, a tachometer, and power antenna as standard. GX three-doors also had a standard rear spoiler, while power steering was standard on all but the Sprint. There were also some special editions—the Classique sedan in 1995 and 1996 with anti-lock brakes and the Sportz in 1999 and 2000 with alloy wheels and a rear spoiler. The overwhelming majority sold were the Sprint three-door, enticing buyers with free air-conditioning, driveaway pricing and from late 1998, standard power steering.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The facelift arrived in Australia in April 1997 with accompanying trim changes. The engine was a 1.5-liter "G4EK" SOHC unit with . From November 1997 onwards, this was upgraded to a twin cam (DOHC) "G4FK" version with at 6000 rpm and torque of at 4000 rpm. A double overhead cam (DOHC) engine was also available in America in the Accent GT but made a more-powerful at 6000 rpm instead. X3s with the DOHC engine are badged "Twin Cam".


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Australia, the X3 proved so popular (due to its reliability and low price) that it was the third best-selling vehicle in the country in both 1996 and 1998. In the latter year, it achieved more than 44,000 sales (a 5.5% share of the total market), a record figure at the time, for an imported car. Between 1994 and 2000, some 200,000 X3s were sold in Australia, making it arguably the most successful imported vehicle in the country's history.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In 1998, Hyundai created a joint venture with Romanian manufacturer Dacia to produce the Accent in Romania, at Dacia's Mioveni plant. Unfortunately, the deal failed and Dacia was bought by Renault.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Accent was sold in saloon (sedan), hatchback, and coupé form in the UK, with a choice of three engines for each: a 1.3 12v (85


title: Hyundai Accent

text: hp), 1.5 12v (92 hp) and a 1.5 16v (105 hp) petrol. There was no diesel option. A GSi spec car was the top-specification Accent. The MVi-spec coupé version won particular praise for its handling agility in the UK. Although the Accent was cheap to buy and insure, its engines were quite thirsty; the 1.5-litre returned average according to list figures.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In the US, although manuals exist for Accents before and after 1999, a manual for 1999 Hyundai Accent has not been published. Additionally, owners of the 1999 model were informed by their dealers that the power output of the 1.5-liter engine was in fact rated at . Only the 3-door hatchback and 4-door sedan were offered.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Indonesia, the Accent was assembled locally and marketed as the Bimantara Cakra from 1996 to 1998(alongside the Bimantara Nenggala/Hyundai Elantra) and only available as 4-door sedan with a fuel injected 1.5-liter 12-valve engine and 5-speed manual transmission. After the 1997 Asian financial crisis that affected Indonesia in 1998, Bimantara went bankrupt and the production facilities was taken over by Hyundai (also the first time Hyundai started selling their cars with their own brand in Indonesia) and reintroduced the Cakra as Accent, still with the 1.5-liter 12-valve engine but with the facelifted model and additional 4-speed automatic transmission variant from 1998 to 2001. From 2001 to 2006, this generation was still on sale side by side with the second generation Accent (sold as Hyundai Verna) but as Hyundai Excel, specially for taxi fleets.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In China, the Hyundai Excel was branded as the Kia Qianlima under Dongfeng Yueda Kia. It came with either a 1.3-liter SOHC engine or a 1.6-liter engine DOHC engine. Production ran from December 2002 until November 2006. It had similar styling to the regular Hyundai Excel until it was given a facelift in 2005 featuring a new grille and foglamps. Trim levels included the 1.3 DLX, 1.3L GL (Manual), 1.3L GL (Automatic), 1.6 GLS (Manual) and the 1.6 GLS (Automatic). The only body style available was the 4-door sedan.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The 1998 Hyundai Accent was crash-tested by the European New Car Assessment Programme and showed rather poor performance, scoring only 4 points out of 16 for frontal impact, and receiving 2 stars for adult occupants and 2 stars for pedestrians. The passenger compartment became unstable in the crash test. It was determined that there was an unacceptably high risk of chest injury during side impact crash, as a result, the car would not meet the minimum legal requirement in 1999. The Swedish insurance company, Folksam, rates the 1st-gen Accent as one of the safest cars in its weight class.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The redesigned 1999 Accent "(LC)" sported a more angular body and increased dimensions. It received a minor facelift in 2003, and was given the model code "LC2". When the Accent sedan underwent a 2006 redesign, the hatchback continued on sale during 2006 only in Canada, since the hatchback skipped the 2006 model year for the United States. But for Korea, it was the first model with the new nameplate: Verna.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Accent got revised 1.3 and 1.5-litre engines, featuring various improvements to lower noise, vibration, and harshness. A 1.6-litre DOHC 16-valve replaced the 1.5-litre from 2001, with the 1.5 continuing to be available in some markets. This Accent was also the first to get a diesel version, with a 1.5-litre three-cylinder direct injection turbodiesel, which was badged CRDi.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Trim levels were GSi, CDX and MVi: this was standard on most export versions, although some European markets had their own designations with names like Dynamic=Version etc. Some markets used LS and GLS.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In North America, the Accent was available in GL, GLS and GT trim levels only, with the 1.5-litre engine at first, then the 1.6-litre engine from 2002. The GT version was similar to the MVi version marketed in Europe and Oceania, although the body kit was not as overtly hot hatch styled.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: It was sold in Russia until 2011 as the Hyundai Accent side-by-side with the 3rd generation model which is sold as the Hyundai Verna.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: It was launched in India in October 1999 as the "Accent" and was still in production after some minor facelifts; the car was phased out in 2013 for local market. A new variant of the India-made Hyundai Accent. The Accent GLS variant, which now adopts front airbags and ABS to meet the regulations on safety equipment on new vehicles, implies that the Accent could live on until 2017.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Indonesia, it was sold from 2001 to 2012 and marketed in 3 different names. At first it was marketed in a 4-door body style as "Accent Verna" (2001-2007), available with three trim levels, G, GL and GLS. In 2005, a facelifted version based from G trim was sold for taxi fleet as "Excel II". Later from 2007, both Accent Verna and Excel II 4-door sedan was replaced with a 5-door liftback body style, sold as "Avega" until 2012.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: A pre-2003 model (a three-door hatchback) was crash tested by Australian Australasian New Car Assessment Program (ANCAP) under the rules as adopted by Euro NCAP. It scored 10.76 out of 16 points for frontal offset impact and 10.96 out of 16 in the side impact test.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The same un-restyled model, a four-door sedan had been crash tested by Russian magazine Autoreview in 2005. Test was carried out to the Euro NCAP regulations. Despite the lack of airbags (which are not available in the cheapest version of Accent on the Russian market) it scored 9.9 of 16 for frontal impact.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The 2003 restyled model was tested by ANCAP as well. The three-door hatchback scored 9.19 of 16 points for frontal impact and 9.76 out of 16 in the side impact crash test.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Hyundai introduced a new-generation Accent "(MC)" at the 2005 New York International Auto Show. A new exterior, larger interior, and CVVT engine are the notable features.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: A single trim level, GLS, is available in the US for the sedan. This sedan includes 6 airbags, air conditioning, power steering with tilt, with optional four-wheel disc antilock brakes with electronic brake-force distribution, and a 6-speaker CD stereo. A premium sport package includes air conditioning, 15-inch alloy wheels, power windows and heated mirrors, and remote power door locks. An automatic transmission is also available.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Hyundai began selling the 3-door hatchback in the United States during the spring 2006 as a 2007 model year vehicle. The 3-door is available in two trims – GS and SE. The GS is equipped much like the GLS sedan, with some equipment deleted for a base price of US$10,415. The GS also has a retuned steering rack versus the comfort biased GLS sedan. The SE replaces the former Accent GT, offering a sport-tuned suspension (such as "24 percent stiffer front spring rate, an 11 percent stiffer rear spring rate, a larger stabilizer bar (24 mm) and unique strut valving"), B&M manual shifter as standard, 16 in. alloy wheels, and other sporting features, along with available dealer-installed performance parts such as a cold-air intake and suspension stress bar. The SE is sold as the Verna Sport in Korea. The Hyundai Accent SR is exclusive to Canada and only 500 have been made, this version is like the Accent SE, but in addition has the fender flares, front lip, rear lip, and exhaust tip. Also included with the SR version is the Clarion sound system with, 4channel Amplifier with 400 Watts, 7 speaker Audio System, with Subwoofer in a custom made box. Dash also has a Carbon Fiber Trim Kit added to it. For the 2010 model year a "Blue" trim level has been introduced for the Accent with a base price of only US$9,970. The Accent Blue is only available as a 3-door hatchback with a manual transmission or Auto, the sole option being air-conditioning which adds $1,000 to the price.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Accent is presently the third-bestselling subcompact car in the United States, trailing after its rivals the Chevrolet Aveo and Toyota Yaris. In 2010, Forbes named the Accent amongst the ten worst cars for depreciation.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Europe, this model was heavily promoted by the motoring press, and even Hyundai themselves, as a "stopgap" model – that it was intended merely to plug the gap in Hyundai's range until a brand new small family car was launched in 2007. The new car, the Hyundai i30, replaced both the Accent and the larger Hyundai Elantra. The name change helped to distance the new model from the budget reputation of the Accent, and also to highlight that the new car can truly compete in the small family hatchback sector – something the Accent was slightly too small to do, and the Elantra too large. The Accent continued to be sold in the U.S. in 2008 with an instrument panel overhaul and standard rear cupholders in the SE model.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Mexico, this is marketed as the Dodge Attitude: trim levels are 1.4 GL and 1.6 GLS. Hyundai had no official representation in Mexico, so select Hyundai models were rebranded as Dodges under an agreement with Chrysler's Mexican division.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In India, it is marketed as Hyundai Verna. The previous generation remains in production alongside as a cheaper alternative, marketed as the Hyundai Accent.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Egypt, this generation is sold as the Hyundai New Accent (1.6 GLS only), and the previous model is still locally produced and sold as the Hyundai Verna (1.6 GL and GLS trims)


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In the Philippines, the third generation (MC sedan) was introduced and made available in 2006 exclusively with a 1.5-L D4FA common rail direct injection (CRDi) turbodiesel with VGT with and with a 5-speed manual transmission. A number of units saw action in the taxi industry because of its fuel efficiency coupled with cheaper diesel fuel costs.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In 2008, Hyundai Accent received the lowest number of problems per 100 vehicles among compact multi-activity vehicles in the proprietary J.D. Power and Associates 2008 Vehicle Dependability Study. Study based on responses from over 52,000 original owners of 2005 model-year vehicles, measuring more than 250 models. Proprietary study results are based on experiences and perceptions of owners surveyed in January to April 2008.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In 2006, according to the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety, the Accent received an "Acceptable" overall score in the frontal crash test and a "Poor" overall score for in the side impact test without its optional side airbags. It didn't perform well even when equipped with side airbags, performance of the car's structure is marginal there would likely be injuries to internal organs, ribs and pelvis.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In 2007, 2006 year model of Hyundai Accent had been tested by ANCAP in June 2007. It scored 3 star in the Occupant Protection, and 2 star in Pedestrian Protection Rating.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Hyundai debuted a demonstration version of a hybrid (MC/JB) Accent at the 2005 Guangzhou International Automobile Exhibition in Guangzhou, China. It uses a 90 hp (67 kW), 1.4 L engine with continuously variable valve timing and a 16 hp (11.9 kW) electric motor to achieve 44% better fuel economy. Though originally scheduled for production release in the 2006 model year, introduction of the production version has been delayed indefinitely, along with the Kia Rio hybrid.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The hybrid Accent is expected to be introduced at the same time as a hybrid version of the Kia Rio, the Kia twin of the Accent. A concept model of the Kia Rio hybrid was shown at the 2007 Geneva Auto Show.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Hyundai staged the world-premiere of the fourth generation Accent as the Verna at the 2010 Beijing Auto Show.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Hyundai released the Korean version of the Accent (RB series) in November 2010. The new model is offered with the same 1.6-liter engine and 6-speed automatic or 6-speed manual as the fifth-generation (MD) Elantra. The car reverted to the "Accent" name as used in the X3 series. The hatchback version, called Accent WIT, replaces the Getz/Click in South Korea. Sedan model was discontinued since in late 2018; the hatchback model was in August 2018. It was sold until Hyundai Venue launched in July 2019.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In January 2011, the sedan had its North American debut and the hatchback had its world debut at the Montreal Auto Show.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: There is one engine option in North America for the Accent, a 1.6 L with and 123 lb/ft of torque (2011 - 2017 models). This engine features the gas direct injection technology (1.6 "GDI"). Also, the head and block are made of aluminum.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Australia's Accent was released in August 2011 in three grades consisting of Active, Elite, and Premium in either Sedan or Hatch. All were equipped with a 1.6-litre MPi engine mated to a 5-speed manual or 4-speed automatic, while a 1.6-litre diesel was later added to the Active grade, but dropped shortly after. In 2013, an SR grade was added to replace the Elite and Premium grades and brought in the Gamma 1.6-litre GDi engine to the range. The Active had switched to a 1.4-litre engine and optional CVT to keep costs down due to the discontinuation of the i20 in Australia.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: As part of a 2017 upgrade, Hyundai simplified the Accent to just one grade called Sport. The Sport grade combined the SR's 1.6-litre engine, Premium interior materials, mesh-look grille, cruise control, optional 6-speed automatic, and 16" alloy wheels while staying close to the Active's entry price.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: As of January 2020, the Accent was removed from the Hyundai Australia website, marking the end of the nameplate's 20 year run with sales reaching a total of 9,963 registered units in its last year on sale.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In September 2010, Hyundai unveiled its Russian assembly line and presented the Hyundai Solaris, a production-ready local version of the four-door fourth generation Accent. Production commenced in January 2011. For the Russian market, the Accent badge remained reserved for the second generation Accent that had still been produced in Taganrog in the TagAZ plant at that time, while export models are badged as the Accent. The Hyundai Solaris was available with 1.4-litre Gamma (107 hp) and 1.6-litre Gamma (123 hp) petrol engines, with a 6-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic transmission.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In 2014, the Solaris was facelifted. The car got new front fascia and new 6-speed automatic and 6-speed manual gearboxes for 1.6 version.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In May 2011, Hyundai launched the Verna with four engine options including 1.4-litre petrol and diesel engines as well as 1.6-litre petrol and diesel engines. The second-generation model (LC) continues to be sold in India as the Accent with the latest RB version carrying the Verna brand. At the time of launch, the new Verna RB features safety and comfort options that were previously unavailable in the Indian market at this price point including the option of 6 airbags. Hyundai refreshed the Indian lineup of Verna in 2014 without any engine changes.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Verna is offered with four engine options, 1.4 L VTVT petrol, 1.6 L VTVT petrol, 1.4 L CRDi diesel, and 1.6 L CRDi diesel.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Hyundai launched the Verna facelift in the Indian car market on 18 February 2015. The new Verna mid-sized sedan gets changes to both styling and mechanism. The updated Hyundai Verna gets new front fascia. Apart from the same petrol and diesel engine versions, the four-speed automatic gearbox is likely to be offered in the upcoming model; however, the maker might also introduce the six-speed automatic gearbox.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Indonesia, the Accent hatchback was sold as the Grand Avega, which made its debut at the 2011 Indonesia International Motor Show and was assembled locally (CKD). The Grand Avega is equipped with two engines and four transmissions: a 1.4-litre Gamma petrol engine producing with 4-speed automatic or 5-speed manual (2011–2013) and a 1.4 L petrol 100 PS Kappa engine with 6-speed manual or CVT (2013–2016). Sedan body style also available in Indonesia only for taxi fleet and sold as Excel III, only available with 1.4 L petrol 108 PS Gamma engine and 5-speed manual transmission. In 2016, Grand Avega was replaced by the relatively smaller Hyundai i20.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Mexico, it was marketed as Dodge Attitude from 2011 until May 2014 after Hyundai's arrival in the country, forcing Dodge to give the name Attitude to the Mitsubishi Attrage. The Accent returned to the country in mid-2017 as the 2018 Hyundai Accent.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In the Philippines, the RB model was launched in 2011. The sedan version was powered by a Gamma engine with a choice of a 4-speed automatic or 5-speed manual transmission. Some of first batch of RB models were dogged by knocking issues when using 91 and below octane fuel. A second iteration was introduced in 2014 with a 100 Ps Kappa engine mated to a 6-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic, and a newer 1.6-liter D4FB common rail direct injection turbodiesel with and in either a 6-speed manual or a 4-speed automatic.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The hatchback model was introduced at 2013 exclusively with a 1.6 D4FB common rail direct injection turbodiesel with VGT. Power output is at 126 Ps and . Both the 6-speed manual and 4-speed Automatic models came with anti-lock braking systems (ABS) with electronic brake distribution. By 2014, a facelifted model was introduced with the top-end model getting new projector-type headlamps, ABS and EBD.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In 2015, the diesel variant was upgraded on both sedan and hatchback models with an electronic VGT (e-VGT), mated to a 6-speed manual or a new 7-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission (DCT). Power outputs are now and for the 6-speed manual while the DCT model has the same horsepower but now has of torque.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Beijing, China, Hyundai released the China-exclusive version of this model under the "Verna" name on 23 August 2010 under the model code "RC".


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The 2012 Hyundai Accent was tested by the IIHS and received a "Good" rating in the frontal offset test, an "Acceptable" rating in the side impact test, and a "Good" rating in the roof strength test. It also received a "Good" rating in the rear crash protection (head restraint) test.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The 2012 Hyundai Accent was tested by the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) and received the following:


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The fifth-generation Accent has been introduced in China as Verna in late 2016. Production began in the same year with sales started around February 2017. In Russia, where it is known as Solaris as well as in some other CIS markets, the car has been available since March 2017. In India, the car was launched in August 2017 as Verna. It went on sale in the United States in December 2017. Like the fourth-generation model, sedan and hatchback body styles are available, with the latter only available in Canada, Mexico and China.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Unlike the previous generations, the fifth-generation Accent is not sold in South Korea due to falling demand; instead the Venue crossover takes its place in 2019. Without supply from South Korea, the Accent was also phased out in Australia, leaving the entry model role to the Venue.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The hatchback version of the fifth-generation Accent is not available in the United States market due to poor sales for its predecessor, while sedan version continued to be offered. The hatchback version is available alongside the sedan in Mexico and Canada only.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: All models of the Accent sold in the United States and Canada are powered by the same 1.6-litre GDi four-cylinder gasoline engine as its predecessor, though horsepower is down to from the previous rating of . The base SE features a six-speed manual transmission, while a six-speed automatic transmission is optional. The six-speed automatic transmission is standard on the SEL and Limited models.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Features available for the first time on the Accent include forward collision avoidance alert, a touch-screen infotainment system with optional Apple CarPlay, Android Auto, and Hyundai Blue Link, proximity key entry with push-button start, seventeen-inch aluminum-alloy wheels, heated dual front bucket seats, and more.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Power output for the 2020 model year onward has been decreased to , as the engine was replaced with a new "Smartstream" 1.6-litre DPi engine with continuously variable valve timing and CVT, replacing the geared automatic transmission.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Accent was discontinued in Canada in the end of 2020 and was indirectly replaced by the Kona and Venue crossovers, after axing only the sedan model in 2019. The Accent sedan remained available in the United States, while both the sedan and hatchback remained available in Mexico until its discontinuation.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: For 2022, the six-speed manual transmission, only offered in the base SE trim level, was discontinued in the United States.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In June 2022, Hyundai announced that the Accent would be discontinued for the 2023 model year, with its status as the entry-level Hyundai being filled by the Venue, whereas the Mexican market will receive the HB20 instead.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Codenamed "HCi", the Indian-market version was launched in August 2017 as the Verna. Hyundai stated the new Verna is underpinned by the K2 platform that is more rigid than the previous-gen model’s platform, citing improvements in NVH levels, crashworthiness and overall stiffness. At launch, the Indian-market Verna was available with the 1.6-litre petrol and diesel engines carried from the previous generation and in four variants. Some of the main features includes 6 airbags, sunroof, handsfree trunk and front ventilated seats.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The 1.6-litre petrol engine produces and of torque and the 1.6-litre diesel producing and of torque. Both are now mated to 6-speed manual transmissions with an optional 6-speed automatic transmission. In 2018, a 1.4-litre diesel engine option was introduced, producing and .


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The facelifted model was released in March 2020. The Verna features cosmetic changes which include a refreshed front end, new LED headlamps, new rear bumper, revamped LED taillamps, and new dashboard design. Engine options were totally revamped, introducing three new engines. The base option is a 1.5-litre "Smartstream" MPi petrol which generates and of peak torque, available with a 6-speed manual and CVT. The 1.0-litre "Kappa II" turbo petrol churns out and output, paired to a 7-speed DCT. The 1.5-litre "U2" CRDi diesel delivers and , with transmission options of 6-speed manual and 6-speed automatic.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The HCi Accent/Verna is exported throughout Middle East, Africa, and to the Philippines and Vietnam in knock-down kits. In November 2020, the Verna was released in Chile as the new Accent. Two months later it was released in Peru with the same name, since the original fifth-generation model was not sold in these countries, keeping the previous generation until 2020.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In late 2017, Hyundai Motor Manufacturing plant in Saint Petersburg started assembling the fifth-generation Solaris. It received renewed engines which are the "Kappa" 1.4-litre engine producing and the 1.6-litre "Gamma II" engine with , paired with 6-speed manual or 6-speed automatic transmission.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In 2020, the restyled version of the Solaris was released, featuring a new front design, some additional comfort features and new touchscreen multimedia system. Engines and transmission options remained the same.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Verna was revealed as a concept version at the 2016 Chengdu Auto Show. It was sold from October 2016, with two body styles available which are 4-door sedan and 5-door hatchback, marketed as the Verna RV. The Chinese-market Verna was given a facelift in 2020.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Accent in its most basic Latin American configuration with no airbags, no ABS and no ESC received 0 stars for adult occupants and 1 star for toddlers from Latin NCAP in 2018.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: The Accent in its most basic Latin American configuration with 1 airbag, driver load limiter, and no ESC received 0 stars from Latin NCAP in 2021 (one level above 2018, similar to Euro NCAP 2014).


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) was safety tested by IIHS in 2018 and its top trim received a "Top Safety Pick" aaward:


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Hyundai's Accent World Rally Car, Accent WRC, competed in an official capacity, spawning three generations, in the World Rally Championship from 2000 to 2003.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In India, Hyundai is the sole engine supplier for Formula LGB Hyundai, built by the Chain and Sprocket giant LGB. The single make series is promoted at grassroots level acting as a launch pad for future Formula One hopefuls. The Accent engine is supplied in Stock form albeit after some engine control unit modifications.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: In Australia, the X3 Accent is sold as the Hyundai Excel and is used in the Excel Rally Series, beginning in 2005. There are restrictions on modifications to the vehicle to reduce cost and encourage competition.


title: Hyundai Accent

text: Similarly in 2010, a circuit racing competition began in Queensland called Excel Cup and soon after in South Australia called Circuit Excels. The class has since spread to all six states with several hundred race cars built nationally. A single event nationals has been created to bring all six states together for a single race meeting annually. They are the cheapest racing class in Australia based on a production road car.


title: Data warehouse

text: In computing, a data warehouse (DW or DWH), also known as an enterprise data warehouse (EDW), is a system used for reporting and data analysis and is considered a core component of business intelligence. DWs are central repositories of integrated data from one or more disparate sources. They store current and historical data in one single place that are used for creating analytical reports for workers throughout the enterprise.


title: Data warehouse

text: The data stored in the warehouse is uploaded from the operational systems (such as marketing or sales). The data may pass through an operational data store and may require data cleansing for additional operations to ensure data quality before it is used in the DW for reporting.


title: Data warehouse

text: Extract, transform, load (ETL) and extract, load, transform (ELT) are the two main approaches used to build a data warehouse system.


title: Data warehouse

text: The typical extract, transform, load (ETL)-based data warehouse uses staging, data integration, and access layers to house its key functions. The staging layer or staging database stores raw data extracted from each of the disparate source data systems. The integration layer integrates the disparate data sets by transforming the data from the staging layer, often storing this transformed data in an operational data store (ODS) database. The integrated data are then moved to yet another database, often called the data warehouse database, where the data is arranged into hierarchical groups, often called dimensions, and into facts and aggregate facts. The combination of facts and dimensions is sometimes called a star schema. The access layer helps users retrieve data.


title: Data warehouse

text: The main source of the data is cleansed, transformed, catalogued, and made available for use by managers and other business professionals for data mining, online analytical processing, market research and decision support. However, the means to retrieve and analyze data, to extract, transform, and load data, and to manage the data dictionary are also considered essential components of a data warehousing system. Many references to data warehousing use this broader context. Thus, an expanded definition for data warehousing includes business intelligence tools, tools to extract, transform, and load data into the repository, and tools to manage and retrieve metadata.


title: Data warehouse

text: ELT-based data warehousing gets rid of a separate ETL tool for data transformation. Instead, it maintains a staging area inside the data warehouse itself. In this approach, data gets extracted from heterogeneous source systems and are then directly loaded into the data warehouse, before any transformation occurs. All necessary transformations are then handled inside the data warehouse itself. Finally, the manipulated data gets loaded into target tables in the same data warehouse.


title: Data warehouse

text: A data warehouse maintains a copy of information from the source transaction systems. This architectural complexity provides the opportunity to:


title: Data warehouse

text: In regards to source systems listed above, R. Kelly Rainer states, "A common source for the data in data warehouses is the company's operational databases, which can be relational databases".


title: Data warehouse

text: Regarding data integration, Rainer states, "It is necessary to extract data from source systems, transform them, and load them into a data mart or warehouse".


title: Data warehouse

text: Metadata is data about data. "IT personnel need information about data sources; database, table, and column names; refresh schedules; and data usage measures".


title: Data warehouse

text: Today, the most successful companies are those that can respond quickly and flexibly to market changes and opportunities. A key to this response is the effective and efficient use of data and information by analysts and managers. A "data warehouse" is a repository of historical data that is organized by the subject to support decision-makers in the organization. Once data is stored in a data mart or warehouse, it can be accessed.


title: Data warehouse

text: A data mart is a simple form of a data warehouse that is focused on a single subject (or functional area), hence they draw data from a limited number of sources such as sales, finance or marketing. Data marts are often built and controlled by a single department within an organization. The sources could be internal operational systems, a central data warehouse, or external data. Denormalization is the norm for data modeling techniques in this system. Given that data marts generally cover only a subset of the data contained in a data warehouse, they are often easier and faster to implement.


title: Data warehouse

text: Online analytical processing (OLAP) is characterized by a relatively low volume of transactions. Queries are often very complex and involve aggregations. For OLAP systems, response time is an effective measure. OLAP applications are widely used by Data Mining techniques. OLAP databases store aggregated, historical data in multi-dimensional schemas (usually star schemas). OLAP systems typically have a data latency of a few hours, as opposed to data marts, where latency is expected to be closer to one day. The OLAP approach is used to analyze multidimensional data from multiple sources and perspectives. The three basic operations in OLAP are Roll-up (Consolidation), Drill-down, and Slicing & Dicing.


title: Data warehouse

text: Online transaction processing (OLTP) is characterized by a large number of short on-line transactions (INSERT, UPDATE, DELETE). OLTP systems emphasize very fast query processing and maintaining data integrity in multi-access environments. For OLTP systems, effectiveness is measured by the number of transactions per second. OLTP databases contain detailed and current data. The schema used to store transactional databases is the entity model (usually 3NF). Normalization is the norm for data modeling techniques in this system.


title: Data warehouse

text: Predictive analytics is about finding and quantifying hidden patterns in the data using complex mathematical models that can be used to predict future outcomes. Predictive analysis is different from OLAP in that OLAP focuses on historical data analysis and is reactive in nature, while predictive analysis focuses on the future. These systems are also used for customer relationship management (CRM).


title: Data warehouse

text: The concept of data warehousing dates back to the late 1980s when IBM researchers Barry Devlin and Paul Murphy developed the "business data warehouse". In essence, the data warehousing concept was intended to provide an architectural model for the flow of data from operational systems to decision support environments. The concept attempted to address the various problems associated with this flow, mainly the high costs associated with it. In the absence of a data warehousing architecture, an enormous amount of redundancy was required to support multiple decision support environments. In larger corporations, it was typical for multiple decision support environments to operate independently. Though each environment served different users, they often required much of the same stored data. The process of gathering, cleaning and integrating data from various sources, usually from long-term existing operational systems (usually referred to as legacy systems), was typically in part replicated for each environment. Moreover, the operational systems were frequently reexamined as new decision support requirements emerged. Often new requirements necessitated gathering, cleaning and integrating new data from "data marts" that was tailored for ready access by users.


title: Data warehouse

text: Additionally, with the publication of The IRM Imperative (Wiley & Sons, 1991) by James M. Kerr, the idea of managing and putting a dollar value on an organization's data resources and then reporting that value as an asset on a balance sheet became popular. In the book, Kerr described a way to populate subject-area databases from data derived from transaction-driven systems to create a storage area where summary data could be further leveraged to inform executive decision-making. This concept served to promote further thinking of how a data warehouse could be developed and managed in a practical way within any enterprise.


title: Data warehouse

text: Facts, as reported by the reporting entity, are said to be at raw level; e.g., in a mobile telephone system, if a BTS (base transceiver station) receives 1,000 requests for traffic channel allocation, allocates for 820, and rejects the remaining, it would report three facts or measurements to a management system:


title: Data warehouse

text: Facts at the raw level are further aggregated to higher levels in various dimensions to extract more service or business-relevant information from it. These are called aggregates or summaries or aggregated facts.


title: Data warehouse

text: For instance, if there are three BTS in a city, then the facts above can be aggregated from the BTS to the city level in the network dimension. For example:


title: Data warehouse

text: There are three or more leading approaches to storing data in a data warehouse – the most important approaches are the dimensional approach and the normalized approach.


title: Data warehouse

text: The dimensional approach refers to Ralph Kimball's approach in which it is stated that the data warehouse should be modeled using a Dimensional Model/star schema. The normalized approach, also called the 3NF model (Third Normal Form), refers to Bill Inmon's approach in which it is stated that the data warehouse should be modeled using an E-R model/normalized model.


title: Data warehouse

text: In a dimensional approach, transaction data is partitioned into "facts", which are generally numeric transaction data, and "dimensions", which are the reference information that gives context to the facts. For example, a sales transaction can be broken up into facts such as the number of products ordered and the total price paid for the products, and into dimensions such as order date, customer name, product number, order ship-to and bill-to locations, and salesperson responsible for receiving the order.


title: Data warehouse

text: A key advantage of a dimensional approach is that the data warehouse is easier for the user to understand and to use. Also, the retrieval of data from the data warehouse tends to operate very quickly. Dimensional structures are easy to understand for business users, because the structure is divided into measurements/facts and context/dimensions. Facts are related to the organization's business processes and operational system whereas the dimensions surrounding them contain context about the measurement (Kimball, Ralph 2008). Another advantage offered by dimensional model is that it does not involve a relational database every time. Thus, this type of modeling technique is very useful for end-user queries in data warehouse.


title: Data warehouse

text: The model of facts and dimensions can also be understood as a data cube. Where the dimensions are the categorical coordinates in a multi-dimensional cube, the fact is a value corresponding to the coordinates.


title: Data warehouse

text: In the normalized approach, the data in the data warehouse are stored following, to a degree, database normalization rules. Tables are grouped together by "subject areas" that reflect general data categories (e.g., data on customers, products, finance, etc.). The normalized structure divides data into entities, which creates several tables in a relational database. When applied in large enterprises the result is dozens of tables that are linked together by a web of joins. Furthermore, each of the created entities is converted into separate physical tables when the database is implemented (Kimball, Ralph 2008).


title: Data warehouse

text: The main advantage of this approach is that it is straightforward to add information into the database. Some disadvantages of this approach are that, because of the number of tables involved, it can be difficult for users to join data from different sources into meaningful information and to access the information without a precise understanding of the sources of data and of the data structure of the data warehouse.


title: Data warehouse

text: Both normalized and dimensional models can be represented in entity-relationship diagrams as both contain joined relational tables. The difference between the two models is the degree of normalization (also known as Normal Forms). These approaches are not mutually exclusive, and there are other approaches. Dimensional approaches can involve normalizing data to a degree (Kimball, Ralph 2008).


title: Data warehouse

text: In "Information-Driven Business", Robert Hillard proposes an approach to comparing the two approaches based on the information needs of the business problem. The technique shows that normalized models hold far more information than their dimensional equivalents (even when the same fields are used in both models) but this extra information comes at the cost of usability. The technique measures information quantity in terms of information entropy and usability in terms of the Small Worlds data transformation measure.


title: Data warehouse

text: In the "bottom-up" approach, data marts are first created to provide reporting and analytical capabilities for specific business processes. These data marts can then be integrated to create a comprehensive data warehouse. The data warehouse bus architecture is primarily an implementation of "the bus", a collection of conformed dimensions and conformed facts, which are dimensions that are shared (in a specific way) between facts in two or more data marts.


title: Data warehouse

text: The "top-down" approach is designed using a normalized enterprise data model. "Atomic" data, that is, data at the greatest level of detail, are stored in the data warehouse. Dimensional data marts containing data needed for specific business processes or specific departments are created from the data warehouse.


title: Data warehouse

text: Data warehouses (DW) often resemble the hub and spokes architecture. Legacy systems feeding the warehouse often include customer relationship management and enterprise resource planning, generating large amounts of data. To consolidate these various data models, and facilitate the extract transform load process, data warehouses often make use of an operational data store, the information from which is parsed into the actual DW. To reduce data redundancy, larger systems often store the data in a normalized way. Data marts for specific reports can then be built on top of the data warehouse.