title: Jio Platforms

text: In April 2020, Meta Platforms (then Facebook Inc.) acquired a 9.99% stake in Jio Platforms for . According to this deal, while Jio Platforms retained , the parent company got the remaining for redeeming the optionally convertible preference shares it held in the subsidiary.


title: Jio Platforms

text: In May 2020, private equity firm Silver Lake Partners obtained a 1.15% stake with a investment in the company. But unlike the previous transaction, the entire investment in this case was retained by Jio Platforms. General Atlantic then announced that it would invest in Jio Platforms for a 1.34% stake in the company. American PE firm KKR acquired a 2.32% stake in Jio Platforms for .


title: Jio Platforms

text: In June 2020, Emirati sovereign fund Mubadala confirmed that it would acquire a 1.85% stake in the company for . Silver Lake increased its stake to 2.08% with an additional investment. Abu Dhabi Investment Authority then bought a 1.16% stake in the company for . On 13 June, TPG Capital, an investment company, took stake in Jio platform of 0.93% worth . Catterton also made an investment of for a 0.39% stake.


title: Jio Platforms

text: In June 2020, Saudi Arabia's sovereign fund PIF confirmed that it would acquire a 2.32% stake in the company for . In July 2020, Intel confirmed that it would acquire a 0.39% stake in the company for . In July 2020, Qualcomm confirmed that it would acquire a 0.15% stake in the company for . This was followed by Google purchase of 7.7% stake in the company for .


title: Jio Platforms

text: In June 2021, Jio Platforms unveiled their Android smartphone named JioPhone Next, with plans to launch in India by September 2021.


title: Jio Platforms

text: In February 2022, Jio Platforms formed a joint venture with satellite operator SES. The newly formed Jio Space Technology Limited will deliver broadband services in India of up to 100Gbps capacity using SES's SES-12 high-throughput geostationary satellite and the forthcoming O3b mPOWER medium Earth orbit satellite constellation, to extend JPL’s terrestrial network, enhancing access to digital services in unconnected areas within India and the region. JPL and SES will own 51% and 49% equity stake respectively in the new company.


title: Jio Platforms

text: In 2020, the enterprise value of Jio Platforms was estimated to be . The company was also reported to be more valuable than all other businesses of RIL put together. Its market capitalization put it fourth on the list of largest Indian companies, behind RIL (combined entity), Tata Consultancy Services and HDFC Bank.


Jio Platforms


title: State legislative assemblies of India

text: The State Legislative Assembly, or Vidhan Sabha, or also Saasana Sabha, is a legislative body in the states and union territories of India. In the 28 states and 3 union territories with a unicameral state legislature, it is the sole legislative body and in 6 states it is the lower house of their bicameral state legislatures with the upper house being State Legislative Council. 5 union territories are governed directly by the Union Government of India and have no legislative body.


title: State legislative assemblies of India

text: Each Member of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) is directly elected to serve 5-year terms by single-member constituencies. The Constitution of India states that a State Legislative Assembly must have no less than 60 and no more than 500 members however an exception may be granted via an Act of Parliament as is the case in the states of Goa, Sikkim, Mizoram and the union territory of Puducherry which have fewer than 60 members. A State Legislative Assembly may be dissolved in a state of emergency, by the Governor on request of the Chief Minister, or if a motion of no confidence is passed against the ruling majority party or coalition.


title: State legislative assemblies of India

text: To become a member of a State Legislative Assembly voters' list of the state for which they are contesting an election. They may not be a Member of Parliament and Member of the State Legislative Council at the same time. They should also state that there is no criminal procedures against him or her.


title: State legislative assemblies of India

text: A State Legislative Assembly holds equal legislative power with the upper house of the state legislature, the State Legislative Council, except in the area of dissolution of state government and passing of money bills, in which case the State Legislative Assembly has the ultimate authority.


title: State legislative assemblies of India

text: The Bharatiya Janata Party-led National Democratic Alliance is in power in 16 states/union territories; the Indian National Congress-led United Progressive Alliance is in power in 6 states territories; 8 states are ruled by other parties/alliances; and 5 union territories do not have a legislative assembly. The newly formed Union territory of Jammu and Kashmir hasn't had elections to form a government and President's rule has been imposed there.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The Mighty Boosh is a British comedy troupe featuring comedians Julian Barratt and Noel Fielding. Developed from three stage shows and a six-episode radio series, it has since spanned a total of 20 television episodes for BBC Three which aired from 2004 to 2007, and two live tours of the UK, as well as two live shows in the United States. The first television series is set in a zoo operated by Bob Fossil, the second in a flat and the third in a secondhand shop in Dalston called Nabootique.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: Various members of The Mighty Boosh have appeared in a number of different comedy series including "Nathan Barley", "Snuff Box" and "Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy", and regular Boosh collaborators included Richard Ayoade and Matt Berry. The troupe is named after a childhood hairstyle of co-star Michael Fielding.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: Fielding first met Barratt after seeing him perform his solo stand-up routine at the Hellfire Comedy Club in the Wycombe Swan Theatre, in High Wycombe, Buckinghamshire. The pair soon found that they shared comic interests, formed a double act, and "decided to be the new Goodies". After their first performance together at a bar, De Hems, in London in April 1998, Barratt and Fielding developed their zookeeper characters – Howard Moon and Vince Noir, respectively – in a series of sketches for Paramount Comedy’s "Unnatural Acts". Here they also met American Rich Fulcher, who became Bob Fossil. Fielding's friend Dave Brown and Fielding's brother Michael also became regular collaborators. Richard Ayoade was another original cast member, playing adventurer Dixon Bainbridge, but Matt Berry replaced him in the first television series, since Ayoade was under contract with Channel 4. Ayoade returned in the second and third series as a belligerent shaman named Saboo.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: Noel Fielding and Michael Fielding have each separately stated that the name "Mighty Boosh" was originally a phrase used by a friend of Michael's to describe the hair that Michael had as a child.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The Boosh produced 3 stage shows – "The Mighty Boosh" (1998), "Arctic Boosh" (1999) and "Autoboosh" (2000) – all of which were taken to the Edinburgh Fringe. With the success of "Autoboosh", a radio series was commissioned by the BBC. Produced by Danny Wallace, "The Boosh" was first broadcast in 2001 on BBC London Live, later transferring to BBC Radio 4, from which the team were given a half-hour television pilot of the same name.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The first 8-part series, directed by Paul King, was then commissioned for BBC Three and broadcast in 2004, with a second of 6 episodes the next year. The second series moved away from the zoo setting to show Howard, Vince, Naboo the shaman and Bollo the talking ape living in a flat in Dalston. In 2006, the Boosh returned to theatre with "The Mighty Boosh Live", which featured a new story entitled "The Ruby of Kukundu".


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: After two years away from television, the Boosh returned in November 2007. Set in Naboo's second-hand shop below the flat, the third series drew approximately 1 million viewers with its first episode, and in light of its success, BBC Three broadcast an entire night of "The Mighty Boosh" on 22 March 2008, which included a new documentary and 6 of Barratt and Fielding's favourite episodes from all 3 series. J. G. Quintel has said that The Mighty Boosh was a large influence on his animated series "Regular Show".


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: In June 2013, it was confirmed that The Mighty Boosh would reunite for a US festival called Festival Supreme in October 2013.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: On 1 January 2020, Fielding posted an image of himself and Barratt on Instagram with the caption, "There really wasn't enough Boosh this decade ! let's try and rectify that in the next one ;) x".


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The cast members also play smaller roles throughout the series, the roles listed above are their most frequently appearing characters. For a full list of characters, see the List of The Mighty Boosh characters.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The Boosh, then consisting of only Barratt and Fielding, conceived "The Mighty Boosh" whilst working on Stewart Lee's Edinburgh Festival show "King Dong vs. Moby Dick" in which they played a giant penis and a whale respectively.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: In 1998, they took "The Mighty Boosh" to the Edinburgh Festival, recruiting fellow comedian Rich Fulcher, whom the pair had met while working on "Unnatural Acts". The show won the Perrier Award for Best Newcomer. During their residency at North London's Hen and Chickens Theatre the following year, they built up a cult following, introducing new characters whilst developing old ones.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: In 1999, the Boosh returned to the Edinburgh Festival with a new show, "Arctic Boosh", with Dave Brown acting as choreographer and photographer, as well as playing a variety of characters. "Arctic Boosh" sold out every night and was nominated for the Perrier Award. The show was directed by Stewart Lee.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: In 2000, the Boosh premiered their third stage show, "Autoboosh", at the Melbourne International Comedy Festival, adding Fielding's younger brother Michael to the cast. "Autoboosh" won the festival's Barry Award.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The Boosh returned to the stage in 2006, touring the UK for the first time. Though drawing heavily from their earlier material, the main story combined these elements into a new narrative. A recording of this show at the Brixton Academy was later released on DVD, before being broadcast on BBC Three on Boxing Day, 2007.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The Boosh toured the UK and Ireland for a second time from September 2008 to February 2009. The show featured characters from all three series as well as the Boosh Band.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: They made appearances throughout the UK after their live shows, at after-parties held in different places in each city. The events were called "Outrage", after the catchphrase by Tony Harrison.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: From the success of "Autoboosh", the BBC commissioned a six-part radio series for the Boosh. In October 2001 "The Boosh" radio series, produced by Danny Wallace, was broadcast on BBC London Live, then BBC Radio 4, and later on BBC 7. The show focuses on the adventures of a pair of zookeepers at "Bob Fossil's Funworld": socially awkward, jazz enthusiast Howard TJ Moon, and ultra-vain, fashion-obsessed Vince Noir. This also included voices from Lee Mack, playing such characters as the Plumber or the Gardener.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: The Mighty Boosh returned to radio on 22 October 2004, in a one-off comedy special for "The Breezeblock", a show on BBC Radio 1. Instead of the plot driven nature of their own series, this show featured improvised conversational comedy with Barratt, Fielding and Fulcher, combined with the show's usual mix of electronic music.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: On 15 November 2007, as part of the publicity for the premier of their third series the same day, Julian Barratt and Noel Fielding returned to Radio 1, this time on Jo Whiley's Live Lounge.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: On 9 April 2019, it was announced that The Mighty Boosh will be the UK ambassadors for the Record Store Day at 13 April 2019, a show on BBC Radio 1.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: In May 2004, after the success of a Boosh pilot, Steve Coogan's company, Baby Cow Productions, produced the first television series of "The Mighty Boosh" for BBC Three, before it moved to BBC Two in November that same year. Though each episode invariably starts and ends in Dixon Bainbridge's dilapidated zoo, the "Zooniverse", the characters of Vince and Howard often depart for other locations, such as the Arctic tundra and limbo.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: A second series, shown in July 2005, saw Howard and Vince sharing Naboo's flat in Dalston with previously minor characters Naboo and his familiar, Bollo, a gorilla living at the "Zooniverse". This series had an even looser setting as the four characters leave the confines of the flat in every episode, travelling in their van to a variety of surrealistic environments, including Naboo's home planet "Xooberon".


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: Series three started in November 2007, still set in Dalston, but this time the foursome are selling 'Bits & Bobs' in their shop, the Nabootique. Their adventures and outings in this series focused more on the involvement of new characters (e.g. Sammy the Crab, or Lester Corncrake etc.) rather than just the two of them.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: Although BBC America originally aired only series 1 in the U.S (all episodes in their entirety), "The Mighty Boosh" began airing in North America on Cartoon Network's Adult Swim block (with up to 6 minutes cut from each episode), starting 29 March 2009 with the third series. In February 2016 series 1 of "The Mighty Boosh" was made available to watch via the online service BBC iPlayer for six weeks; this included every episode minus the final episode of the first series 'Hitcher'.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: On 22 March 2008, BBC Three broadcast a whole night of "The Mighty Boosh" from 9:05 pm, starting with a new documentary titled "The Mighty Boosh: A Journey Through Time and Space", documenting the history of the Boosh from their first amateur performances to their then-upcoming 2008 tour. This was followed by six of Barratt and Fielding's favourite episodes from the three series: "Party", "The Power of the Crimp", "The Nightmare of Milky Joe", "The Priest and the Beast", "The Legend of Old Gregg", and "Tundra". The pair also appeared in live links throughout the night, in a similar style to the openings of Series 1 episodes. On 23 December 2008, BBC3 held a Merry Booshmas Party featuring the entire series 3 as well as a broadcast of "The Mighty Boosh Live".


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: On 8 February 2012, whilst sledging, Noel Fielding said that he and Barratt had discussed plans to make a Mighty Boosh film. On New Year's Eve in 2019, Noel Fielding posted that there needs to be more Boosh in the following decade on his Instagram account.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: On 5 July 2008, the Boosh held their own festival in the Hop Farm in Kent. It featured musical acts, Robots in Disguise, The Charlatans, The Kills, Gary Numan, and The Mighty Boosh Band, as well as comedy acts Frankie Boyle and Ross Noble.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: According to an official MySpace page for PieFace Records (the fictitious music label mentioned throughout the series), Barratt and Fielding are to release an album of music from the show, "along with extras, versions, remixes and rare unreleased stuff all to be released later in the year on their own label—this one". In interviews since, The Mighty Boosh have confirmed they will be releasing an album of their music. On 21 October 2013 episode of "Never Mind the Buzzcocks", Fielding stated that the Boosh have recorded an album, but don't know when it will be released.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: Previously most of the DVDs were only released in Region 2 but as a result of a growing fan base in the U.S., the BBC rereleased in Region 1, Series 1–3 individually on 21 July 2009, and a Special Edition Series 1–3 Boxset on 13 October 2009.


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: On 18 September 2008, Canongate Books published "The Mighty Book of Boosh", designed and compiled by Dave Brown and written by Noel Fielding, Julian Barratt, Rich Fulcher, Dave Brown, Richard Ayoade and Michael Fielding. The book includes original stories, crimps, concept art, behind-the-scenes photography, comics, and various other things, featuring old and new Mighty Boosh characters. On 1 October 2009, a paperback version was released under the name "The Pocket Book of Boosh".


title: The Mighty Boosh

text: Particularly popular among followers of the indie and electro music genres catered to by NME magazine, The Mighty Boosh has been recipient of the Shockwaves NME Awards Best TV Show for three consecutive years, even though there were no new episodes broadcast for the latter two of the three years.


title: DNCE

text: DNCE is an American dance-rock band consisting of lead singer Joe Jonas, drummer Jack Lawless, and guitarist JinJoo Lee. Bassist and keyboardist Cole Whittle was a part of the band from when it started in 2015 to when it went on hiatus in 2018. DNCE's music is mainly dance-rock, dance-pop, pop rock, and funk-pop. The band signed with Republic Records, who released their debut single, "Cake by the Ocean", which was released on September 18, 2015. The song reached the top 10 on several charts, including on the US "Billboard" Hot 100, where it peaked at number nine. Their debut extended play (EP), "Swaay", was released on October 23, 2015. Their self-titled debut studio album was released on November 18, 2016. Their second EP, "People to People", was released on June 15, 2018. They were also nominated for Favorite New Artist for the 2016 Kids' Choice Awards and Best Song to Lip Sync and Best Anthem for the 2016 Radio Disney Music Awards. The group performed at the 2017 Fashion Meets Music Festival. In February 2022, DNCE returned after their hiatus with a collaboration with Kygo titled "Dancing Feet".


title: DNCE

text: Lead singer Joe Jonas originally rose to fame as a member of the band the Jonas Brothers, alongside his brothers, Nick and Kevin. Both guitarist JinJoo Lee and drummer Jack Lawless were, for varying tenures, a part of the Jonas Brothers' live backing band, playing guitar and drums respectively. The idea for DNCE first came about while Jonas and Lawless were living together, although the project was put on hold due to the duo's respective busy schedules. Jonas, Lawless, and Lee officially came together to form DNCE in 2015. Though work on music had already begun, the group struggled to find a fourth member to fit into the band. Jonas began working with American singer-songwriter Justin Tranter for DNCE's music. This led to the friendship of Jonas and bassist and keyboardist Cole Whittle, the now-former bassist in Tranter's band, Semi Precious Weapons. Ultimately, Whittle was added as a full-time member of the band. The group named themselves DNCE, which lyrically spoke of being too drunk to spell the word "dance". Jonas later added that the group decided on the name as it described the "imperfect awesome[ness] of the four of [them] together." Lee later added that "much like the spelling of the word, you don't have to be a perfect dancer to dance in life."


title: DNCE

text: The group began performing secret shows in New York City to rehearse for their upcoming tour and promotional performances. DNCE made an official Instagram account in September 2015 and Jonas later posted a teaser video for the band on his account, tagging the band's official page, on September 10, 2015. The band released their debut single, "Cake by the Ocean", on September 18, 2015. Though starting out slow, the song managed to reach the top 10 across several charts, including a number nine peak on the "Billboard" Hot 100. The band released their debut extended play, "Swaay", on October 23, 2015. The band embarked on a 14-date tour in November 2015, known as the Greatest Tour Ever. All 14 scheduled dates for the tour sold out. The tour received critical praise, and featured unreleased songs as well as covers of older classics.


title: DNCE

text: On January 31, 2016, DNCE made a cameo during Fox's television special ""; a live production of the Broadway musical "Grease". The band performed as Johnny Casino and the Gamblers during a high school dance scene, which incorporated a 1950s-inspired rendition of "Cake by the Ocean" and a cover of the Crickets' "Maybe Baby" alongside the "Grease" songs "Born to Hand Jive" and "Rock & Roll Is Here to Stay". In an interview with "Rolling Stone", Jonas explained that DNCE was approached by the producers of the special following a show in New York City, and that he had always been a fan of "Grease". In February 2016, the band joined American singer Selena Gomez as opening acts for her Revival Tour. On February 26, 2016, DNCE was featured on American singer and actress Hailee Steinfeld's single, "Rock Bottom", from the update of her debut extended play, "Haiz", which was then considered the main version of the song. On April 22, 2016, the group appeared on BBC One's "The Graham Norton Show", performing "Cake by the Ocean". "Toothbrush" was chosen as the second single from "Swaay", being sent to contemporary hit radio on May 17, 2016. The song peaked at number 44 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: DNCE

text: On September 14, 2016, DNCE announced their self-titled debut studio album and its release date. The album includes three songs from "Swaay": "Cake by the Ocean", "Toothbrush", and "Pay My Rent", while the last song from the EP, "Jinx" only stayed on the EP. The lead single of the album, "Body Moves", was released on September 30. Three promotional singles were subsequently released for three Fridays in a row: "Blown" (featuring Kent Jones) on October 28, "Good Day" on November 4, and "Be Mean" on November 11. The album was released on November 18, the next Friday. On April 14, 2017, the band released the single "Kissing Strangers", featuring Trinidadian-American rapper Nicki Minaj. On August 25, 2017, DNCE was featured on a remade version of British singer-songwriter Rod Stewart's single, "Da Ya Think I'm Sexy?".


title: DNCE

text: To start out 2018, DNCE released the single, "Dance" on January 26. On April 6, they were featured on Italian record producer duo Merk & Kremont's single, "Hands Up". On June 15, they released their second extended play, "People to People". In late February 2019, the Jonas Brothers announced their comeback. Jonas and Lawless resumed work with them and DNCE hiatus for more than three years. The Jonas Brothers have since incorporated "Cake By the Ocean" into their live set.


title: DNCE

text: On February 7, 2022, DNCE announced their return, without former bandmate Cole Whittle. On February 25, 2022, DNCE was featured on Norwegian record producer and DJ Kygo's single "Dancing Feet", as their comeback single. Another single, titled "Move", was released on May 6, 2022.


title: DNCE

text: Now-former band member Cole Whittle has said, "Musically, we sound like disco funk hits played by a good garage band." The band's influences include the Electric Light Orchestra, Sly and the Family Stone, Weezer, Earth, Wind & Fire, Hall & Oates, Prince, the Bee Gees, and Led Zeppelin.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Syncope, commonly known as fainting, or passing out, is a loss of consciousness and muscle strength characterized by a fast onset, short duration, and spontaneous recovery. It is caused by a decrease in blood flow to the brain, typically from low blood pressure. There are sometimes symptoms before the loss of consciousness such as lightheadedness, sweating, pale skin, blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, or feeling warm. Syncope may also be associated with a short episode of muscle twitching. Psychiatric causes can also be determined when a patient experiences fear, anxiety, or panic; particularly before a stressful event usually medical in nature. When consciousness and muscle strength are not completely lost, it is called presyncope. It is recommended that presyncope be treated the same as syncope.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Causes range from non-serious to potentially fatal. There are three broad categories of causes: heart or blood vessel related; reflex, also known as neurally mediated; and orthostatic hypotension. Issues with the heart and blood vessels are the cause in about 10% and typically the most serious while neurally mediated is the most common. Heart related causes may include an abnormal heart rhythm, problems with the heart valves or heart muscle and blockages of blood vessels from a pulmonary embolism or aortic dissection among others. Neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and heart rate decreases inappropriately. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings or a specific activity such as urination, vomiting, or coughing. Neurally mediated syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the carotid sinus is pressed. The third type of syncope is due to a drop in blood pressure when changing position such as when standing up. This is often due to medications that a person is taking but may also be related to dehydration, significant bleeding or infection. There also seems to be a genetic component to syncope.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: A medical history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm, poor blood flow to the heart muscle and other electrical issues, such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Heart related causes also often have little history of a prodrome. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while low blood oxygen levels may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. More specific tests such as implantable loop recorders, tilt table testing or carotid sinus massage may be useful in uncertain cases. Computed tomography (CT) is generally not required unless specific concerns are present. Other causes of similar symptoms that should be considered include seizure, stroke, concussion, low blood oxygen, low blood sugar, drug intoxication and some psychiatric disorders among others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those who are considered at high risk following investigation may be admitted to hospital for further monitoring of the heart.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Syncope affects about three to six out of every thousand people each year. It is more common in older people and females. It is the reason for one to three percent of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students describe at least one event at some point in their lives. Of those presenting with syncope to an emergency department, about 4% died in the next 30 days. The risk of a poor outcome, however, depends very much on the underlying cause.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Causes range from non-serious to potentially fatal. There are three broad categories of causes: heart or blood vessel related; reflex, also known as neurally mediated; and orthostatic hypotension. Issues with the heart and blood vessels are the cause in about 10% and typically the most serious while neurally mediated is the most common. There also seems to be a genetic component to syncope. A recent genetic study has identified first risk locus for syncope and collapse. The lead genetic variant, residing at chromosome 2q31.1, is an intergenic variant approximately 250 kb downstream of the ZNF804A gene. The variant effected the expression of ZNF804A, making this gene the strongest driver of the association.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Reflex syncope or neurally mediated syncope occurs when blood vessels expand and heart rate decreases inappropriately leading to poor blood flow to the brain. This may occur from either a triggering event such as exposure to blood, pain, strong feelings, or a specific activity such as urination, vomiting, or coughing.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Vasovagal (situational) syncope is one of the most common types which may occur in response to any of a variety of triggers, such as scary, embarrassing or uneasy situations, during blood drawing, or moments of sudden unusually high stress. There are many different syncope syndromes which all fall under the umbrella of vasovagal syncope related by the same central mechanism. First, the person is usually predisposed to decreased blood pressure by various environmental factors. A lower than expected blood volume, for instance, from taking a low-salt diet in the absence of any salt-retaining tendency. Or heat causing vaso-dilation and worsening the effect of the relatively insufficient blood volume. The next stage is the adrenergic response. If there is underlying fear or anxiety (e.g., social circumstances), or acute fear (e.g., acute threat, needle phobia), the vaso-motor centre demands an increased pumping action by the heart (flight or fight response). This is set in motion via the adrenergic (sympathetic) outflow from the brain, but the heart is unable to meet requirements because of the low blood volume, or decreased return. A feedback response to the medulla is triggered via the afferent vagus nerve. The high (ineffective) sympathetic activity is thereby modulated by vagal (parasympathetic) outflow leading to excessive slowing of heart rate. The abnormality lies in this excessive vagal response causing loss of blood flow to the brain. The tilt-table test typically evokes the attack. Avoiding what brings on the syncope and possibly greater salt intake is often all that is needed.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Associated symptoms may be felt in the minutes leading up to a vasovagal episode and are referred to as the prodrome. These consist of light-headedness, confusion, pallor, nausea, salivation, sweating, tachycardia, blurred vision, and sudden urge to defecate among other symptoms.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Syncope has been linked with psychological triggers. This includes fainting in response to the sight or thought of blood, needles, pain, and other emotionally stressful situations. One theory in evolutionary psychology is that fainting at the sight of blood might have evolved as a form of playing dead which increased survival from attackers and might have slowed blood loss in a primitive environment. "Blood-injury phobia", as this is called, is experienced by about 15% of people. It is often possible to manage these symptoms with specific behavioral techniques.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Another evolutionary psychology view is that some forms of fainting are non-verbal signals that developed in response to increased inter-group aggression during the paleolithic. A non-combatant who has fainted signals that she or he is not a threat. This would explain the association between fainting and stimuli such as bloodletting and injuries seen in blood-injection-injury type phobias such as needle phobia as well as the gender differences.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Much of this pathway was discovered in animal experiments by Bezold (Vienna) in the 1860s. In animals, it may represent a defence mechanism when confronted by danger ("playing possum").


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Syncope may be caused by specific behaviors including coughing, urination, defecation, vomiting, swallowing (deglutition), and following exercise. Manisty et al. note: "Deglutition syncope is characterised by loss of consciousness on swallowing; it has been associated not only with ingestion of solid food, but also with carbonated and ice-cold beverages, and even belching." Fainting can occur in "cough syncope" following severe fits of coughing, such as that associated with pertussis or "whooping cough". Neurally mediated syncope may also occur when an area in the neck known as the carotid sinus is pressed. A normal response to carotid sinus massage is reduction in blood pressure and slowing of the heart rate. Especially in people with hypersensitive carotid sinus syndrome this response can cause syncope or presyncope.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Heart-related causes may include an abnormal heart rhythm, problems with the heart valves or heart muscle, or blockages of blood vessels from a pulmonary embolism or aortic dissection, among others.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: The most common cause of cardiac syncope is cardiac arrhythmia (abnormal heart rhythm) wherein the heart beats too slowly, too rapidly, or too irregularly to pump enough blood to the brain. Some arrhythmias can be life-threatening.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Two major groups of arrhythmias are bradycardia and tachycardia. Bradycardia can be caused by heart blocks. Tachycardias include SVT (supraventricular tachycardia) and VT (ventricular tachycardia). SVT does not cause syncope except in Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome. Ventricular tachycardia originate in the ventricles. VT causes syncope and can result in sudden death. Ventricular tachycardia, which describes a heart rate of over 100 beats per minute with at least three irregular heartbeats as a sequence of consecutive premature beats, can degenerate into ventricular fibrillation, which is rapidly fatal without cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) and defibrillation.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Long QT syndrome can cause syncope when it sets off ventricular tachycardia or torsades de pointes. The degree of QT prolongation determines the risk of syncope. Brugada syndrome also commonly presents with syncope secondary to arrhythmia.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Typically, tachycardic-generated syncope is caused by a cessation of beats following a tachycardic episode. This condition, called tachycardia-bradycardia syndrome, is usually caused by sinoatrial node dysfunction or block or atrioventricular block.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Blockages in major vessels or within the heart can also impede blood flow to the brain. Aortic stenosis and mitral stenosis are the most common examples. Major valves of the heart become stiffened and reduce the efficiency of the hearts pumping action. This may not cause symptoms at rest but with exertion, the heart is unable to keep up with increased demands leading to syncope. Aortic stenosis presents with repeated episodes of syncope. Rarely, cardiac tumors such as atrial myxomas can also lead to syncope.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Diseases involving the shape and strength of the heart can be a cause of reduced blood flow to the brain, which increases risk for syncope. The most common cause in this category is fainting associated with an acute myocardial infarction or ischemic event. The faint in this case is primarily caused by an abnormal nervous system reaction similar to the reflex faints. Women are significantly more likely to experience syncope as a presenting symptom of a myocardial infarction. In general, faints caused by structural disease of the heart or blood vessels are particularly important to recognize, as they are warning of potentially life-threatening conditions.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Among other conditions prone to trigger syncope (by either hemodynamic compromise or by a neural reflex mechanism, or both), some of the most important are hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, acute aortic dissection, pericardial tamponade, pulmonary embolism, aortic stenosis, and pulmonary hypertension.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Sick sinus syndrome, a sinus node dysfunction, causing alternating bradycardia and tachycardia. Often there is a long pause (asystole) between heartbeats.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Adams-Stokes syndrome is a cardiac syncope that occurs with seizures caused by complete or incomplete heart block. Symptoms include deep and fast respiration, weak and slow pulse, and respiratory pauses that may last for 60 seconds.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Subclavian steal syndrome arises from retrograde (reversed) flow of blood in the vertebral artery or the internal thoracic artery, due to a proximal stenosis (narrowing) and/or occlusion of the subclavian artery. Symptoms such as syncope, lightheadedness, and paresthesias occur while exercising the arm on the affected side (most commonly the left).


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: A pulmonary embolism can cause obstructed blood vessels and is the cause of syncope in less than 1% of people who present to the emergency department.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: "Orthostatic (postural) hypotensive syncope" is caused primarily by an excessive drop in blood pressure when standing up from a previous position of lying or sitting down. When the head is elevated above the feet the pull of gravity causes blood pressure in the head to drop. This is sensed by stretch receptors in the walls of vessels in the carotid sinus and aortic arch. These receptors then trigger a sympathetic nervous response to compensate and redistribute blood back into the brain. The sympathetic response causes peripheral vasoconstriction and increased heart rate. These together act to raise blood pressure back to baseline. Apparently healthy individuals may experience minor symptoms ("lightheadedness", "greying-out") as they stand up if blood pressure is slow to respond to the stress of upright posture. If the blood pressure is not adequately maintained during standing, faints may develop. However, the resulting "transient orthostatic hypotension" does not necessarily signal any serious underlying disease. It is as common or perhaps even more common than vasovagal syncope.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: This may be due to medications, dehydration, significant bleeding or infection. The most susceptible individuals are elderly frail individuals, or persons who are dehydrated from hot environments or inadequate fluid intake. For example, medical students would be at risk for orthostatic hypotensive syncope while observing long surgeries in the operating room. There is also evidence that exercise training can help reduce orthostatic intolerance. More serious orthostatic hypotension is often the result of certain commonly prescribed medications such as diuretics, β-adrenergic blockers, other anti-hypertensives (including vasodilators), and nitroglycerin. In a small percentage of cases, the cause of orthostatic hypotensive faints is structural damage to the autonomic nervous system due to systemic diseases (e.g., amyloidosis or diabetes) or in neurological diseases (e.g., Parkinson's disease).


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Hyperadrenergic orthostatic hypotension refers to an orthostatic drop in blood pressure despite high levels of sympathetic adrenergic response. This occurs when a person with normal physiology is unable to compensate for >20% loss in intravascular volume. This may be due to blood loss, dehydration or third-spacing. On standing the person will experience reflex tachycardia (at least 20% increased over supine) and a drop in blood pressure.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Hypoadrenergic orthostatic hypotension occurs when the person is unable to sustain a normal sympathetic response to blood pressure changes during movement despite adequate intravascular volume. There is little to no compensatory increase in heart rate or blood pressure when standing for up to 10 minutes. This is often due to an underlying disorder or medication use and is accompanied by other hypoadrenergic signs.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: The central ischemic response is triggered by an inadequate supply of oxygenated blood in the brain. Common examples include strokes and transient ischemic attacks. While these conditions often impair consciousness they rarely meet the medical definition of syncope. Vertebrobasilar transient ischemic attacks may produce true syncope as a symptom.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: The respiratory system may compensate for dropping oxygen levels through hyperventilation, though a sudden ischemic episode may also proceed faster than the respiratory system can respond. These processes cause the typical symptoms of fainting: pale skin, rapid breathing, nausea, and weakness of the limbs, particularly of the legs. If the ischemia is intense or prolonged, limb weakness progresses to collapse. The weakness of the legs causes most people to sit or lie down if there is time to do so. This may avert a complete collapse, but whether the patient sits down or falls down, the result of an ischaemic episode is a posture in which less blood pressure is required to achieve adequate blood flow. An individual with very little skin pigmentation may appear to have all color drained from his or her face at the onset of an episode. This effect combined with the following collapse can make a strong and dramatic impression on bystanders.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Arterial disease in the upper spinal cord, or lower brain that causes syncope if there is a reduction in blood supply. This may occur with extending the neck or with use of medications to lower blood pressure.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Seizures and syncope can be difficult to differentiate. Both often present as sudden loss of consciousness and convulsive movements may be present or absent in either. Movements in syncope are typically brief and more irregular than seizures. Akinetic seizures can present with sudden loss of postural tone without associated tonic-clonic movements. Absence of a long post-ictal state is indicative of syncope rather than an akinetic seizure.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Subarachnoid hemorrhage may result in syncope. Often this is in combination with sudden, severe headache. It may occur as a result of a ruptured aneurysm or head trauma.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Heat syncope occurs when heat exposure causes decreased blood volume and peripheral vasodilatation. Position changes, especially during vigorous exercise in the heat, may lead to decreased blood flow to the brain. Closely related to other causes of syncope related to hypotension (low blood pressure) such as orthostatic syncope.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Lactose intolerance can cause "a release of histamine, resulting in an extreme dilatation of the bloodvessels, resulting in a drop of blood pressure so that not enough blood reaches the brains, leading to dizziness, fainting, syncope, itching, hives, tingling or swelling of the lips, tongue, or throat; chest tightness, shortness of breath, or difficulty breathing, wheezing." (More in the article on


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Some psychological conditions (anxiety disorder, somatic symptom disorder, conversion disorder) may cause symptoms resembling syncope. A number of psychological interventions are available.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: A medical history, physical examination, and electrocardiogram (ECG) are the most effective ways to determine the underlying cause of syncope. Guidelines from the American College of Emergency Physicians and American Heart Association recommend a syncope workup include a thorough medical history, physical exam with orthostatic vitals, and a 12-lead ECG. The ECG is useful to detect an abnormal heart rhythm, poor blood flow to the heart muscle and other electrical issues, such as long QT syndrome and Brugada syndrome. Heart related causes also often have little history of a prodrome. Low blood pressure and a fast heart rate after the event may indicate blood loss or dehydration, while low blood oxygen levels may be seen following the event in those with pulmonary embolism. Routine broad panel laboratory testing detects abnormalities in <2–3% of results and is therefore not recommended.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Based on this initial workup many physicians will tailor testing and determine whether a person qualifies as 'high-risk', 'intermediate risk' or 'low-risk' based on risk stratification tools. More specific tests such as implantable loop recorders, tilt table testing or carotid sinus massage may be useful in uncertain cases. Computed tomography (CT) is generally not required unless specific concerns are present. Other causes of similar symptoms that should be considered include seizure, stroke, concussion, low blood oxygen, low blood sugar, drug intoxication and some psychiatric disorders among others. Treatment depends on the underlying cause. Those who are considered at high risk following investigation may be admitted to hospital for further monitoring of the heart.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: A hemoglobin count may indicate anemia or blood loss. However, this has been useful in only about 5% of people evaluated for fainting. The tilt table test is performed to elicit orthostatic syncope secondary to autonomic dysfunction (neurogenic). A number of factors make a heart related cause more likely including age over 35, prior atrial fibrillation, and turning blue during the event.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Electrocardiogram (ECG) finds that should be looked for include signs of heart ischemia, arrhythmias, atrioventricular blocks, a long QT, a short PR, Brugada syndrome, signs of hypertrophic obstructive cardiomyopathy (HOCM), and signs of arrhythmogenic right ventricular dysplasia (ARVD/C). Signs of HCM include large voltages in the precordial leads, repolarization abnormalities, and a wide QRS with a slurred upstroke. Signs of ARVD/C include T wave inversion and epsilon waves in lead V1 to V3.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: It is estimated that from 20 to 50% of people have an abnormal ECG. However, while an ECG may identify conditions such as atrial fibrillation, heart block, or a new or old heart attack, it typically does not provide a definite diagnosis for the underlying cause for fainting. Sometimes, a Holter monitor may be used. This is a portable ECG device that can record the wearer's heart rhythms during daily activities over an extended period of time. Since fainting usually does not occur upon command, a Holter monitor can provide a better understanding of the heart's activity during fainting episodes. For people with more than two episodes of syncope and no diagnosis on "routine testing", an insertable cardiac monitor might be used. It lasts 28–36 months and is inserted just beneath the skin in the upper chest area.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Echocardiography and ischemia testing may be recommended for cases where initial evaluation and ECG testing is nondiagnostic. For people with uncomplicated syncope (without seizures and a normal neurological exam) computed tomography or MRI is not generally needed. Likewise, using carotid ultrasonography on the premise of identifying carotid artery disease as a cause of syncope also is not indicated. Although sometimes investigated as a cause of syncope, carotid artery problems are unlikely to cause that condition. Additionally an electroencephalogram (EEG) is generally not recommended. A bedside ultrasound may be performed to rule out abdominal aortic aneurysm in people with concerning history or presentation.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Other diseases which mimic syncope include seizure, low blood sugar, and certain types of stroke. While these may appear as "fainting", they do not fit the strict definition of syncope being a sudden reversible loss of consciousness due to decreased blood flow to the brain.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Management of syncope focuses on treating the underlying cause. This can be challenging as the underlying cause is unclear in half of all cases. Several risk stratification tools (explained below) have been developed to combat the vague nature of this diagnosis. People with an abnormal ECG reading, history of congestive heart failure, family history of sudden cardiac death, shortness of breath, HCT<30, hypotension or evidence of bleeding should be admitted to the hospital for further evaluation and monitoring. Low-risk cases of vasovagal or orthostatic syncope in younger people with no significant cardiac history, no family history of sudden unexplained death, and a normal EKG and initial evaluation may be candidates for discharge to follow-up with their primary care provider.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Recommended acute treatment of vasovagal and orthostatic (hypotension) syncope involves returning blood to the brain by positioning the person on the ground, with legs slightly elevated or sitting leaning forward and the head between the knees for at least 10–15 minutes, preferably in a cool and quiet place. For individuals who have problems with chronic fainting spells, therapy should focus on recognizing the triggers and learning techniques to keep from fainting. At the appearance of warning signs such as lightheadedness, nausea, or cold and clammy skin, counter-pressure maneuvers that involve gripping fingers into a fist, tensing the arms, and crossing the legs or squeezing the thighs together can be used to ward off a fainting spell. After the symptoms have passed, sleep is recommended. Lifestyle modifications are important for treating people experiencing repeated syncopal episodes. Avoiding triggers and situations where loss of consciousness would be seriously hazardous (operating heavy machinery, commercial pilot, etc.) has been shown to be effective.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: If fainting spells occur often without a triggering event, syncope may be a sign of an underlying heart disease. In the case where syncope is caused by cardiac disease, the treatment is much more sophisticated than that of vasovagal syncope and may involve pacemakers and implantable cardioverter-defibrillators depending on the precise cardiac cause.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: The San Francisco syncope rule was developed to isolate people who have higher risk for a serious cause of syncope. High risk is anyone who has: congestive heart failure, hematocrit <30%, electrocardiograph abnormality, shortness of breath, or systolic blood pressure <90 mmHg. The San Francisco syncope rule however was not validated by subsequent studies.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: The Canadian syncope risk score was developed to help select low-risk people that may be viable for discharge home. A score of <0 on the Canadian syncope risk score is associated with <2% risk of serious adverse event within 30 days. It has been shown to be more effective than older syncope risk scores even combined with cardiac biomarkers at predicting adverse events.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: There are 18.1–39.7 syncope episodes per 1000 people in the general population. Rates are highest between the ages of 10–30 years old. This is likely because of the high rates of vasovagal syncope in the young adult population. Older adults are more likely to have orthostatic or cardiac syncope.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Syncope affects about three to six out of every thousand people each year. It is more common in older people and females. It is the reason for 2–5% of visits to emergency departments and admissions to hospital. Up to half of women over the age of 80 and a third of medical students describe at least one event at some point in their lives.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Of those presenting with syncope to an emergency department, about 4% died in the next 30 days. The risk of a poor outcome, however, depends very much on the underlying cause. Situational syncope is not at increased risk of death or adverse outcomes. Cardiac syncope is associated with worse prognosis compared to noncardiac syncope. Factors associated with poor outcomes include history of heart failure, history of myocardial infarction, ECG abnormalities, palpitations, signs of hemorrhage, syncope during exertion, and advanced age.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Fainting in women was a commonplace trope or stereotype in Victorian England and in contemporary and modern depictions of the period.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Syncope and presyncope are common in young athletes. In 1990 the American college basketball player Hank Gathers suddenly collapsed and died during a televised intercollegiate basketball game. He had previously collapsed during a game a few months prior. He was diagnosed with exercise-induced ventricular tachycardia at the time. There was speculation that he had since stopped taking the prescribed medications on game days.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: Falling-out is a culture-bound syndrome primarily reported in the southern United States and the Caribbean.


title: Syncope (medicine)

text: The term is derived from the Late Latin "syncope", from Ancient Greek συγκοπή ("sunkopē") 'cutting up', 'sudden loss of strength', from σύν ("sun", "together, thoroughly") and κόπτειν ("koptein", "strike, cut off").


title: Srikanth (Telugu actor)

text: Meka Srikanth (born 23 March 1968) is an Indian actor who is known for works predominantly in Telugu cinema. He has appeared in more than 120 films. The actor has received one state Nandi Award, and one Filmfare Award South. He has starred in films like "Swarabhishekam", which won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Telugu for 2004. Srikanth's another film "Virodhi" premiered at the Indian panorama section, at the 2011 International Film Festival of India. "Sri Rama Rajyam" also had a special screening at International Film Festival of India on 28 November 2011. He has also appeared in some other language films including Kannada, Malayalam and Tamil films.


title: Srikanth (Telugu actor)

text: Srikanth was born on 23 March 1968 in Gangavati of present-day Karnataka, India. His father, Meka Parameswara Rao (19462020), was a wealthy landlord who migrated from Mekavaripalem of Krishna district, Andhra Pradesh to Gangavati. He graduated with a Bachelor of Commerce degree from Karnataka University, Dharwad and moved to Chennai to pursue a career in films.


title: Srikanth (Telugu actor)

text: Srikanth married Ooha on 20 January 1997, and has two sons, Roshan and Rohan and a daughter, Medha. The family lives in Jubilee Hills, Hyderabad.


title: Srikanth (Telugu actor)

text: In 1990, Srikanth joined Madhu Film and TV Institute of Acting in Hyderabad and completed a one-year course in acting. His first film "People's Encounter" was released in 1991. Srikanth played minor roles as a villain and supporting artiste early in his career. He became a lead actor with the film "One by Two". He has starred in more than 100 Telugu films as a lead. His first hit film as a lead actor was "Taj Mahal", which was released in 1995.


title: Srikanth (Telugu actor)

text: Srikanth collaborated with film directors like S.V. Krishna Reddy, Krishna Vamsi, Jayanth C. Paranjee, G. Neelakanta Reddy, EVV Satyanarayana and K. Viswanath to give hits like "Varasudu", "Vinodam", "Egire Paavurama", "Aahvaanam", "Maa Nannaki Pelli", "Khadgam", "Shankar Dada M.B.B.S.", "Pellam Oorelithe", "Evandoi Srivaru", "Kshemamga Velli Labamgarandi", "O Chinnadana", "Shankar Dada Zindabad", "Operation Duryodhana", "Mahatma", and "Govindudu Andarivadele".


title: Chandler Jones

text: Chandler James Jones (born February 27, 1990) is an American football defensive end for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Syracuse, and was selected by the New England Patriots in the first round of the 2012 NFL Draft. He has also played for the Arizona Cardinals.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Jones is the younger brother of former UFC Light Heavyweight Champion Jon Jones and of former NFL player Arthur Jones.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Jones was born in Rochester, New York to parents Arthur Jr. and Camille Jones. Jones attended Union-Endicott High School, where he played high school football. He was a 2007 SuperPrep All-Northeast and PrepStar All-East Region selection. Jones was ranked as the eighth-best prospect of the state of New York by Scout.com.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Jones attended and played college football at Syracuse from 2008-2011. After not playing as a freshman in 2008, he appeared in 12 games as a sophomore. He totaled 52 combined tackles and 1.5 sacks. As a junior in 2010, he recorded 57 total tackles, four sacks, four passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. As a senior in 2011, Jones played in only seven games due to injury, but still was an All-Big East selection after recording 39 tackles and 4.5 sacks.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Jones was drafted by the New England Patriots in the first round with the 21st overall selection. He was the highest selected player from Syracuse since defensive end Dwight Freeney in 2002. On May 23, 2012, Jones signed a four-year contract with the Patriots.


title: Chandler Jones

text: As a rookie, Jones was immediately thrust into the starting right defensive end slot for the Patriots in 2012. In Week 1 against the Tennessee Titans, Jones strip-sacked quarterback Jake Locker, with fellow rookie teammate Dont'a Hightower recovering the ball and returning it for a touchdown. A week later Jones sacked Arizona Cardinals quarterback Kevin Kolb, forcing a fumble that was recovered by the Patriots.


title: Chandler Jones

text: In Week 6 against the Seattle Seahawks, Jones recorded two sacks on quarterback Russell Wilson and managed to provide some good pressure on the Seahawks offensive line, forcing one fumble in that game. Jones made his sixth career sack in Week 8 against the St. Louis Rams by dropping Sam Bradford to the turf in London, England. In 14 games (13 starts) of his rookie season in 2012, Jones produced 45 tackles, 6 sacks, 5 passes defended, and 3 forced fumbles.


title: Chandler Jones

text: In a game against the Baltimore Ravens, quarterback Tyrod Taylor fumbled the snap and Jones recovered it in the end zone for the first touchdown of his career. Jones started all 16 games in 2013 recording 42 tackles with 11.5 sacks, 1 forced fumble, and a fumble recovery returned for a touchdown.


title: Chandler Jones

text: For the season, Jones recorded 43 tackles and 6 sacks in 10 games. In Week 2, Jones recorded 2 sacks; he also blocked a field goal and returned it for a touchdown. On February 1, 2015, he won his first Super Bowl ring when the Patriots defeated the


title: Chandler Jones

text: Seattle Seahawks by a score of 28-24 in Super Bowl XLIX. In the waning seconds of the game, Jones and then-teammate Jonathan Casillas provided the New England coaching team with the ceremonial Gatorade shower.


title: Chandler Jones

text: On April 30, 2015, the Patriots picked up the option on Jones' contract. Through the first eight games, Jones racked up 9.5 sacks, including two in an October 29 win over the Miami Dolphins on "Thursday Night Football" to help the Patriots move to 7-0. Jones would finish the regular season with a team-leading 12.5 sacks, a new career high, as well as his first career interception. He was ranked 48th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Six days before the Patriots took on the Kansas City Chiefs in the AFC Divisional Playoffs, Jones was hospitalized after showing up at the Foxborough Public Safety Building in a disoriented but cooperative state. Later reports indicated that he had experienced a bad reaction to synthetic marijuana, a legal drug under Massachusetts law. Jones would still play in the following Divisional Playoff game against the Kansas City Chiefs and the AFC Championship game against the Denver Broncos.


title: Chandler Jones

text: On March 15, 2016, Jones was traded to the Arizona Cardinals in exchange for Jonathan Cooper and a second-round pick in the 2016 NFL Draft.


title: Chandler Jones

text: In 2016, Jones started all 16 games for the Cardinals, recording 49 tackles, 11 sacks, three passes defensed and four forced fumbles. He was also ranked 85th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017.


title: Chandler Jones

text: On February 27, 2017, the Cardinals placed the non-exclusive franchise tag on Jones. On March 10, 2017, he signed a five-year, $82.5 million contract extension with the Cardinals. On December 19, 2017, he was named to his second Pro Bowl. Jones finished the season leading the league with 17.0 sacks, which set a new Cardinals' franchise record. He was ranked 28th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2018.


title: Chandler Jones

text: In 2018, Jones was moved to defensive end as new Cardinals head coach Steve Wilks implemented a 4–3 defense. In Week 5, Jones recorded a sack, pass breakup, three tackles for loss, a forced fumble and recovery in a 28–18 win over the San Francisco 49ers, earning him NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He finished the season with 49 tackles, 13 sacks, four passes defensed, and three forced fumbles. His 13 sacks led the team and were tied for seventh in the league.


title: Chandler Jones

text: During Week 3 against the Carolina Panthers, Jones sacked Kyle Allen twice in the 38-20 loss. During a Week 7 27–21 road victory over the New York Giants, he sacked rookie Daniel Jones four times, one of which resulted in a forced fumble which he recovered. Jones was named the NFC Defensive Player of the Week for his performance. During Week 16 against the Seattle Seahawks, Jones sacked Russell Wilson four times and forced a fumble on David Moore which was recovered by teammate Jordan Hicks during the 27–13 road victory.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Jones finished the season with 53 tackles and set career-highs in sacks with 19, forced fumbles with eight, fumble recoveries with three, pass deflections with five. He was also the runner-up for Defensive Player of the Year.


title: Chandler Jones

text: In Week 1 against the San Francisco 49ers, Jones recorded his first and only sack of the season on Jimmy Garoppolo during the 24–20 win. In Week 5, he suffered a torn bicep and was placed on injured reserve on October 15, 2020.


title: Chandler Jones

text: In Week 1 against the Tennessee Titans, Jones finished with five sacks as the Cardinals won 38–13. His performance tied the franchise single game sack record, and he was named NFC Defensive Player of the Week. In Week 11, Jones had four tackles, two sacks, and a forced fumble in a 23-13 win over the Seahawks, earning NFC Defensive Player of the Week. He finished the season second on the team with 10.5 sacks, 41 tackles, four passes defensed, and a team-leading six forced fumbles.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Against the New England Patriots in Week 15, Jones made a notable play at the end of regulation. As the Patriots were attempting a lateral play to try to win the game with the score tied at 24, Jones intercepted a lateral from Jakobi Meyers intended for Mac Jones before stiff-arming the New England quarterback and running the ball in for the game-winning touchdown.


title: Chandler Jones

text: Jones is the youngest of his brothers. His oldest brother, Arthur, is a former defensive end in the NFL, while his other brother Jon is an American mixed martial artist and former light heavyweight champion of the world currently competing for the UFC. Jones graduated from Syracuse in 2012.


title: Joan Miró

text: Joan Miró i Ferrà ( , , ; 20 April 1893 – 25 December 1983) was a Catalan painter, sculptor and ceramicist born in Barcelona. A museum dedicated to his work, the Fundació Joan Miró, was established in his native city of Barcelona in 1975, and another, the Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró, was established in his adoptive city of Palma in 1981.


title: Joan Miró

text: Earning international acclaim, his work has been interpreted as Surrealism but with a personal style, sometimes also veering into Fauvism and Expressionism. He was notable for his interest in the unconscious or the subconscious mind, reflected in his re-creation of the childlike. His difficult-to-classify works also had a manifestation of Catalan pride. In numerous interviews dating from the 1930s onwards, Miró expressed contempt for conventional painting methods as a way of supporting bourgeois society, and declared an "assassination of painting" in favour of upsetting the visual elements of established painting.


title: Joan Miró

text: Born into a family of a goldsmith and a watchmaker, Miró grew up in the Barri Gòtic neighborhood of Barcelona. The "Miró" surname indicates some possible Jewish roots (in terms of "marrano" or "converso" Iberian Jews who converted to Christianity). His father was Miquel Miró Adzerias and his mother was Dolores Ferrà. He began drawing classes at the age of seven at a private school at Carrer del Regomir 13, a medieval mansion. To the dismay of his father, he enrolled at the fine art academy at La Llotja in 1907. He studied at the Cercle Artístic de Sant Lluc and he had his first solo show in 1918 at the Galeries Dalmau, where his work was ridiculed and defaced. Inspired by Fauve and Cubist exhibitions in Barcelona and abroad, Miró was drawn towards the arts community that was gathering in Montparnasse and in 1920 moved to Paris, but continued to spend his summers in Catalonia.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró initially went to business school as well as art school. He began his working career as a clerk when he was a teenager, although he abandoned the business world completely for art after suffering a nervous breakdown. His early art, like that of the similarly influenced Fauves and Cubists, was inspired by Vincent van Gogh and Paul Cézanne. The resemblance of Miró's work to that of the intermediate generation of the avant-garde has led scholars to dub this period his Catalan Fauvist period.


title: Joan Miró

text: A few years after Miró's 1918 Barcelona solo exhibition, he settled in Paris where he finished a number of paintings that he had begun on his parents' summer home and farm in Mont-roig del Camp. One such painting, "The Farm", showed a transition to a more individual style of painting and certain nationalistic qualities. Ernest Hemingway, who later purchased the piece, compared the artistic accomplishment to James Joyce's "Ulysses" and described it by saying, "It has in it all that you feel about Spain when you are there and all that you feel when you are away and cannot go there. No one else has been able to paint these two very opposing things." Miró annually returned to Mont-roig and developed a symbolism and nationalism that would stick with him throughout his career. Two of Miró's first works classified as Surrealist, "Catalan Landscape (The Hunter)" and "The Tilled Field", employ the symbolic language that was to dominate the art of the next decade.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1924, Miró joined the Surrealist group. The already symbolic and poetic nature of Miró's work, as well as the dualities and contradictions inherent to it, fit well within the context of dream-like automatism espoused by the group. Much of Miró's work lost the cluttered chaotic lack of focus that had defined his work thus far, and he experimented with collage and the process of painting within his work so as to reject the framing that traditional painting provided. This antagonistic attitude towards painting manifested itself when Miró referred to his work in 1924 ambiguously as "x" in a letter to poet friend Michel Leiris. The paintings that came out of this period were eventually dubbed Miró's dream paintings.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró did not completely abandon subject matter, though. Despite the Surrealist automatic techniques that he employed extensively in the 1920s, sketches show that his work was often the result of a methodical process. Miró's work rarely dipped into non-objectivity, maintaining a symbolic, schematic language. This was perhaps most prominent in the repeated "Head of a Catalan Peasant" series of 1924 to 1925. In 1926, he collaborated with Max Ernst on designs for ballet impresario Sergei Diaghilev.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró returned to a more representational form of painting with "The Dutch Interiors" of 1928. Crafted after works by Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh and Jan Steen seen as postcard reproductions, the paintings reveal the influence of a trip to Holland taken by the artist. These paintings share more in common with "Tilled Field" or "Harlequin's Carnival" than with the minimalistic dream paintings produced a few years earlier.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró married Pilar Juncosa in Palma (Majorca) on 12 October 1929. Their daughter, María Dolores Miró, was born on 17 July 1930. In 1931, Pierre Matisse opened an art gallery in New York City. The Pierre Matisse Gallery (which existed until Matisse's death in 1989) became an influential part of the Modern art movement in America. From the outset Matisse represented Joan Miró and introduced his work to the United States market by frequently exhibiting Miró's work in New York.


title: Joan Miró

text: Until the outbreak of the Spanish Civil War, Miró habitually returned to Spain in the summers. Once the war began, he was unable to return home. Unlike many of his surrealist contemporaries, Miró had previously preferred to stay away from explicitly political commentary in his work. Though a sense of (Catalan) nationalism pervaded his earliest surreal landscapes and "Head of a Catalan Peasant", it was not until Spain's Republican government commissioned him to paint the mural "The Reaper", for the Spanish Republican Pavilion at the 1937 Paris Exhibition, that Miró's work took on a politically charged meaning.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1939, with Germany's invasion of France looming, Miró relocated to Varengeville in Normandy, and on 20 May of the following year, as Germans invaded Paris, he narrowly fled to Spain (now controlled by Francisco Franco) for the duration of the Vichy Regime's rule. In Varengeville, Palma, and Mont-roig, between 1940 and 1941, Miró created the twenty-three gouache series "Constellations". Revolving around celestial symbolism, "Constellations" earned the artist praise from André Breton, who seventeen years later wrote a series of poems, named after and inspired by Miró's series. Features of this work revealed a shifting focus to the subjects of women, birds, and the moon, which would dominate his iconography for much of the rest of his career.


title: Joan Miró

text: Shuzo Takiguchi published the first monograph on Miró in 1940. In 1948–49 Miró lived in Barcelona and made frequent visits to Paris to work on printing techniques at the Mourlot Studios and the Atelier Lacourière. He developed a close relationship with Fernand Mourlot and that resulted in the production of over one thousand different lithographic editions.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1959, André Breton asked Miró to represent Spain in "The Homage to Surrealism" exhibition alongside Enrique Tábara, Salvador Dalí, and Eugenio Granell. Miró created a series of sculptures and ceramics for the garden of the Maeght Foundation in Saint-Paul-de-Vence, France, which was completed in 1964.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1974, Miró created a tapestry for the World Trade Center in New York City together with the Catalan artist Josep Royo. He had initially refused to do a tapestry, then he learned the craft from Royo and the two artists produced several works together. His "World Trade Center Tapestry" was displayed at the building and was one of the most expensive works of art lost during the September 11 attacks.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1977, Miró and Royo finished a tapestry to be exhibited in the National Gallery of Art in Washington, DC.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1981, Miró's "The Sun, the Moon and One Star"—later renamed "Miró's Chicago"—was unveiled. This large, mixed media sculpture is situated outdoors in the downtown Loop area of Chicago, across the street from another large public sculpture, the Chicago Picasso. Miró had created a bronze model of "The Sun, the Moon and One Star" in 1967. The maquette now resides in the Milwaukee Art Museum.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1979 Miró received a doctorate "honoris causa" from the University of Barcelona. The artist, who suffered from heart failure, died in his home in Palma (Majorca) on 25 December 1983. He was later interred in the Montjuïc Cemetery in Barcelona.


title: Joan Miró

text: It has been established through the analysis of personal texts written by Joan Miró that he has experienced multiple episodes of depression throughout his life. He experienced his first depression when he was 18 in 1911. Much of the literature refers to this as if it was a small setback in his life, while it appeared to be much more than that. Miró himself stated: ‘'I was demoralized and suffered from a serious depression. I fell really ill, and stayed three months in bed’’.


title: Joan Miró

text: There is a clear connection between his mental health and his paintings, since he used painting as a way of dealing with his episodes of depression. It supposedly even made him more calm and his thoughts less dark. Joan Miró said that without painting he became ‘‘very depressed, gloomy and I get ‘black ideas’, and I do not know what to do with myself’’.


title: Joan Miró

text: The influence of his mental state is very well visible in his painting "Carnival of the Harlequin." He tried to paint the chaos he experienced in his mind, the desperation of wanting to leave that chaos behind and the pain created because of that. Miró painted the symbol of the ladder here which is also visible in multiple other paintings after this painting. It is supposed to symbolize escaping.


title: Joan Miró

text: The relation between creativity and mental illness is very well studied. Creative people have higher chances of suffering from a manic depressive illness or schizophrenia, as well as higher chance to transmit this genetically. Even though we know Miró suffered from episodic depression, it is uncertain whether he also experienced manic episodes, which is often referred to as bipolar disorder.


title: Joan Miró

text: His early modernist works include "Portrait of Vincent Nubiola" (1917), "Siurana (the path)", "Nord-Sud" (1917) and "Painting of Toledo". These works show the influence of Cézanne, and fill the canvas with a colorful surface and a more painterly treatment than the hard-edge style of most of his later works. In "Nord-Sud", the literary newspaper of that name appears in the still life, a compositional device common in cubist compositions, but also a reference to the literary and avant-garde interests of the painter.


title: Joan Miró

text: Starting in 1920, Miró developed a very precise style, picking out every element in isolation and detail and arranging them in deliberate composition. These works, including "House with Palm Tree" (1918), "Nude with a Mirror" (1919), "Horse, Pipe and Red Flower" (1920), and "The Table – Still Life with Rabbit" (1920), show the clear influence of Cubism, although in a restrained way, being applied to only a portion of the subject. For example, "The Farmer's Wife" (1922–23), is realistic, but some sections are stylized or deformed, such as the treatment of the woman's feet, which are enlarged and flattened.


title: Joan Miró

text: The culmination of this style was "The Farm" (1921–22). The rural Catalan scene it depicts is augmented by an avant-garde French newspaper in the center, showing Miró sees this work transformed by the Modernist theories he had been exposed to in Paris. The concentration on each element as equally important was a key step towards generating a pictorial sign for each element. The background is rendered in flat or patterned in simple areas, highlighting the separation of figure and ground, which would become important in his mature style.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró made many attempts to promote this work, but his surrealist colleagues found it too realistic and apparently conventional, and so he soon turned to a more explicitly surrealist approach.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1922, Miró explored abstracted, strongly coloured surrealism in at least one painting. From the summer of 1923 in Mont-roig, Miró began a key set of paintings where abstracted pictorial signs, rather than the realistic representations used in The Farm, are predominant. In "The Tilled Field", "Catalan Landscape (The Hunter)" and "Pastoral" (1923–24), these flat shapes and lines (mostly black or strongly coloured) suggest the subjects, sometimes quite cryptically. For "Catalan Landscape (The Hunter)", Miró represents the hunter with a combination of signs: a triangle for the head, curved lines for the moustache, angular lines for the body. So encoded is this work that at a later time Miró provided a precise explanation of the signs used.


title: Joan Miró

text: Through the mid-1920s Miró developed the pictorial sign language which would be central throughout the rest of his career.


title: Joan Miró

text: In "Harlequin's Carnival" (1924–25), there is a clear continuation of the line begun with "The Tilled Field". But in subsequent works, such as "The Happiness of Loving My Brunette" (1925) and "Painting (Fratellini)" (1927), there are far fewer foreground figures, and those that remain are simplified.


title: Joan Miró

text: Soon after Miró also began his "Spanish Dancer" series of works. These simple collages, were like a conceptual counterpoint to his paintings. In "Spanish Dancer" (1928) he combines a cork, a feather and a hatpin onto a blank sheet of paper.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró created over 250 illustrated books. These were known as "Livres d' Artiste." One such work was published in 1974, at the urging of the widow of the French poet Robert Desnos, titled "Les pénalités de l'enfer ou les nouvelles Hébrides" ("The Penalties of Hell or The New Hebrides"). It was a set of 25 lithographs, five in black, and the others in colors.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 2006 the book was displayed in "Joan Miró, Illustrated Books" at the Vero Beach Museum of Art. One critic said it is "an especially powerful set, not only for the rich imagery but also for the story behind the book's creation. The lithographs are long, narrow verticals, and while they feature Miró's familiar shapes, there's an unusual emphasis on texture." The critic continued, "I was instantly attracted to these four prints, to an emotional lushness, that's in contrast with the cool surfaces of so much of Miró's work. Their poignancy is even greater, I think, when you read how they came to be. The artist met and became friends with Desnos, perhaps the most beloved and influential surrealist writer, in 1925, and before long, they made plans to collaborate on a "livre d'artiste". Those plans were put on hold because of the Spanish Civil War and World War II. Desnos' bold criticism of the latter led to his imprisonment in Auschwitz, and he died at age 45 shortly after his release in 1945. Nearly three decades later, at the suggestion of Desnos' widow, Miró set out to illustrate the poet's manuscript. It was his first work in prose, which was written in Morocco in 1922 but remained unpublished until this posthumous collaboration."


title: Joan Miró

text: In Paris, under the influence of poets and writers, he developed his unique style: organic forms and flattened picture planes drawn with a sharp line. Generally thought of as a Surrealist because of his interest in automatism and the use of sexual symbols (for example, ovoids with wavy lines emanating from them), Miró's style was influenced in varying degrees by Surrealism and Dada, yet he rejected membership in any artistic movement in the interwar European years. André Breton described him as "the most Surrealist of us all." Miró confessed to creating one of his most famous works, "Harlequin's Carnival", under similar circumstances:


title: Joan Miró

text: How did I think up my drawings and my ideas for painting? Well I'd come home to my Paris studio in Rue Blomet at night, I'd go to bed, and sometimes I hadn't any supper. I saw things, and I jotted them down in a notebook. I saw shapes on the ceiling...


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró's surrealist origins evolved out of "repression" much like all Spanish surrealist and magic realist work, especially because of his Catalan ethnicity, which was subject to special persecution by the Franco regime. Also, Joan Miró was well aware of Haitian Voodoo art and Cuban Santería religion through his travels before going into exile. This led to his signature style of art making.


title: Joan Miró

text: Joan Miró was among the first artists to develop automatic drawing as a way to undo previous established techniques in painting, and thus, with André Masson, represented the beginning of Surrealism as an art movement. However, Miró chose not to become an official member of the Surrealists to be free to experiment with other artistic styles without compromising his position within the group. He pursued his own interests in the art world, ranging from automatic drawing and surrealism, to expressionism, Lyrical Abstraction, and Color Field painting. Four-dimensional painting was a theoretical type of painting Miró proposed in which painting would transcend its two-dimensionality and even the three-dimensionality of sculpture.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró's oft-quoted interest in the "assassination of painting" is derived from a dislike of bourgeois art, which he believed was used as a way to promote propaganda and cultural identity among the wealthy. Specifically, Miró responded to Cubism in this way, which by the time of his quote had become an established art form in France. He is quoted as saying "I will break their guitar," referring to Picasso's paintings, with the intent to attack the popularity and appropriation of Picasso's art by politics.


title: Joan Miró

text: The spectacle of the sky overwhelms me. I'm overwhelmed when I see, in an immense sky, the crescent of the moon, or the sun. There, in my pictures, tiny forms in huge empty spaces. Empty spaces, empty horizons, empty plains – everything which is bare has always greatly impressed me. —Joan Miró, 1958, quoted in "Twentieth-Century Artists on Art"


title: Joan Miró

text: In an interview with biographer Walter Erben, Miró expressed his dislike for art critics, saying, they "are more concerned with being philosophers than anything else. They form a preconceived opinion, then they look at the work of art. Painting merely serves as a cloak in which to wrap their emaciated philosophical systems."


title: Joan Miró

text: In the final decades of his life Miró accelerated his work in different media, producing hundreds of ceramics, including the "Wall of the Moon" and "Wall of the Sun" at the UNESCO building in Paris. He also made temporary window paintings (on glass) for an exhibit. In the last years of his life Miró wrote his most radical and least known ideas, exploring the possibilities of gas sculpture and four-dimensional painting.


title: Joan Miró

text: Throughout the 1960s, Miró was a featured artist in many salon shows assembled by the Maeght Foundation that also included works by Marc Chagall, Giacometti, Brach, Cesar, Ubac, and Tal-Coat.


title: Joan Miró

text: The large retrospectives devoted to Miró in his old age in places like New York (1972), London (1972), Saint-Paul-de-Vence (1973) and Paris (1974) were a good indication of the international acclaim that had grown steadily over the previous half-century; further major retrospectives took place posthumously. Political changes in his native country led in 1978 to the first full exhibition of his painting and graphic work, at the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid. In 1993, the year of the hundredth anniversary of his birth, several exhibitions were held, among which the most prominent were those held in the Fundació Joan Miró, Barcelona, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía, Madrid, and the Galerie Lelong, Paris. In 2011, another retrospective was mounted by the Tate Modern, London, and travelled to Fundació Joan Miró and the National Gallery of Art, Washington, D.C.. "Joan Miró, Printmaking", Fundación Joan Miró (2013). And two exhibitions in 2014, "Miró: From Earth to Sky" at Albertina Museum, and "Masterpieces from the Kunsthaus Zürich", National Art Center, Tokyo.


title: Joan Miró

text: Exhibitions entitled "Joan Miró: Instinct & Imagination" and "Miró: The Experience of Seeing" were held at the Denver Art Museum from 22 March – 28 June 2015 and at the McNay Art Museum from 30 September 2015 – 10 January 2016 (respectively), showing works made by Miró between 1963 and 1981, on loan from the Museo Nacional Centro de Arte Reina Sofía in Madrid.


title: Joan Miró

text: In Spring 2019, the Museum of Modern Art, New York, launched "Joan Miró: Birth of the World." Running until July 2019, the exhibit showcases 60 pieces of work from the inception of Miró's career, and including the influence of the World Wars. The exhibit features 60-foot canvasses as well as smaller 8-foot paintings, and the influences range from cubism to abstraction.


title: Joan Miró

text: Miró has been a significant influence on late 20th-century art, in particular the American abstract expressionist artists that include: Motherwell, Calder, Gorky, Pollock, Matta and Rothko, while his lyrical abstractions and color field paintings were precursors of that style by artists such as Helen Frankenthaler, Olitski and Louis and others.


title: Joan Miró

text: His work has also influenced modern designers, including Paul Rand and Lucienne Day, and influenced recent painters such as Julian Hatton.


title: Joan Miró

text: One of Man Ray's 1930s photographs, "Miró with Rope", depicts the painter with an arranged rope pinned to a wall, and was published in the single-issue surrealist work "Minotaure".


title: Joan Miró

text: In 2002, American percussionist/composer Bobby Previte released the album "The 23 Constellations of Joan Miró" on Tzadik Records. Inspired by Miró's "Constellations" series, Previte composed a series of short pieces (none longer than about 3 minutes) to parallel the small size of Miró's paintings. Privete's compositions for an ensemble of up to ten musicians was described by critics as "unconventionally light, ethereal, and dreamlike".


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1954 he was given the Venice Biennale print making prize, in 1958 the Guggenheim International Award.


title: Joan Miró

text: In 1981, the Palma City Council (Majorca) established the "Fundació Pilar i Joan Miró a Mallorca", housed in the four studios that Miró had donated for the purpose.


title: Joan Miró

text: In October 2018, the Grand Palais in Paris opened the largest retrospective devoted to the artist until this date. The exhibition included nearly 150 works and was curated by Jean Louis Prat.


title: Joan Miró

text: Today, Miró's paintings sell for between US$250,000 and US$26 million; US$17 million at a U.S. auction for the "La Caresse des étoiles" (1938) on 6 May 2008, at the time the highest amount paid for one of his works. In 2012, "Painting-Poem ("le corps de ma brune puisque je l'aime comme ma chatte habillée en vert salade comme de la grêle c'est pareil")" (1925) was sold at Christie's London for $26.6 million. Later that year at Sotheby's in London, "Peinture (Etoile Bleue)" (1927) brought nearly 23.6 million pounds with fees, more than twice what it had sold for at a Paris auction in 2007 and a record price for the artist at auction. On 21 June 2017, the work "Femme et Oiseaux" (1940), one of his "Constellations", sold at Sotheby's London for 24,571,250 GBP.


title: Barbacoa

text: Barbacoa () is a form of cooking meat that originated in the Caribbean with the Taíno people, who called it by the Arawak word "barbaca", from which the term "barbacoa" derives, and ultimately, the word 'barbecue". In contemporary Mexico, it generally refers to meats or whole sheep or whole goats slow-cooked over an open fire or, more traditionally, in a hole dug in the ground covered with agave ("maguey") leaves, although the interpretation is loose, and in the present day (and in some cases) may refer to meat steamed until tender. This meat is known for its high fat content and strong flavor, often accompanied with onions and cilantro (coriander leaf).


title: Barbacoa

text: In the U.S., "barbacoa" is often prepared with parts from the heads of cattle, such as the cheeks. In northern Mexico, it is also sometimes made from beef head, but more often it is prepared from goat meat ("cabrito"). In central Mexico, the meat of choice is lamb, and in the Yucatan, their traditional version, "cochinita pibil" (pit-style pork), is prepared with pork.


title: Barbacoa

text: Barbacoa was later adopted into the cuisine of the southwestern United States by way of Texas. The word transformed in time to "barbecue".


title: Barbacoa

text: In the Philippines, the Visayan dish "balbacua" (also spelled "balbakwa") is named after barbacoa, probably for the similar length of cooking time and tenderness of the meat. It is a completely different dish. Unlike Latin American versions, it is a stew made from beef, oxtail, cow feet and skin boiled for several hours until gelatinous and extremely tender.


title: Barbacoa

text: The word "barbacoa" is believed to have come from the mainland Taino (eastern Dominican Republic), as in this source:


title: Barbacoa

text: But when we take the term 'barbacoa', which originates from Arawak (specifically, the Taíno language), it is known thanks to the writings of Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo in his "Natural and General History of the Indians", who described two of its meanings: "«unos palos que ponen, a manera de parrilla o trébedes, en hueco», para asar los peces y animales que cazaban. Tal aseveración compite con la tesis de que, al designar un tipo de parrillada, esa palabra es una castellanización de la palabra inglesa-norteamericana barbecue, que a su vez nace de la expresión francesa de la barbe á la queue («de la barba ¾o mentón¾ a la cola», que era como los tramperos canadienses francófonos ensartaban con una barra de hierro las reses que cazaban para asarlas."</poem>


title: Dil Bechara

text: Dil Bechara () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language coming-of-age romance film directed by Mukesh Chhabra in his directorial debut, and produced by Fox Star Studios, with a script written by Shashank Khaitan and Suprotim Sengputa. Based on John Green's 2012 novel "The Fault in Our Stars" and its subsequent 2014 American film adaptation, the film stars Sushant Singh Rajput and Sanjana Sanghi as terminal cancer patients. The film marks Rajput's unexpected posthumous appearance, following his death on 14 June 2020 (a month before the film's release).


title: Dil Bechara

text: Fox Star Studios acquired rights for an Indian adaptation in 2014, after which it underwent four years of casting and screenplay changes. Filming commenced under the title "Kizie Aur Manny" by late June 2018. The film was shot across Jamshedpur and Ranchi with sporadic schedules in Mumbai; apart from the last one in Paris, France. The score and soundtrack were composed by A. R. Rahman, with lyrics by Amitabh Bhattacharya. The cinematography and editing were performed by Setu and Aarif Sheikh, respectively.


title: Dil Bechara

text: The theatrical release suffered due to post-production delays, as well as the COVID-19 pandemic. Adding to this was Rajput's death on 14 June 2020, which resulted in a digital release on the Disney+ Hotstar streaming service on 24 July. In honour of Rajput, it was made accessible without subscription in India and selective countries on the platform. The film received highly positive reviews, with praise for the running time, the performances of Rajput and Sanghi, story, characterisation, soundtrack, cohesion and screenplay, but criticism for the direction.


title: Dil Bechara

text: Twenty-one year-old Kizie Basu is fighting thyroid cancer when she meets twenty-three year-old Immanuel "Manny" Rajkumar Junior, who has previously suffered from osteosarcoma and is in remission. Manny and his friend Jagdish "JP" Pandey, who is suffering from glaucoma and is blind in one eye, are making a film together in which Manny plays the male lead, inspired by well-known actor Rajinikanth. Manny invites Kizie to be the female lead. The two bond over his love for Rajnikanth's films and her love for Hindi music, specifically an incomplete song by retired songwriter Abhimanyu Veer. Kizie and Manny gradually fall in love as they shoot scenes for Manny and JP's film. They decide to make 'Seri', the Tamil word for 'Okay', their secret word that will help them remember that everything will be okay in life and that it is important to stay positive. After an operation, JP loses sight in his second eye, making him go blind.


title: Dil Bechara

text: One day, Manny informs Kizie that he has managed to track down Abhimanyu and get in touch with him. Kizie e-mails Abhimanyu, who replies that he'll answer all her questions if she's able to visit him in Paris, where he lives. Kizie and Manny try to convince Kizie's parents to allow them to take the trip. They manage to convince them, on the condition that Kizie's mother joins them. As they are making arrangements for the trip, Kizie's cancer worsens and she is suddenly hospitalised.


title: Dil Bechara

text: After her recovery, she is weakened and initially distances herself from Manny, but they eventually reconnect. They go to Paris to visit Abhimanyu, who turns out to have no conclusive answers and no reason for not finishing the song, disappointing Kizie. Soon after, Manny informs Kizie that his cancer has returned and that he is now terminal.


title: Dil Bechara

text: As Manny's health deteriorates, Kizie convinces him and JP to finish the film. Manny then invites JP and Kizie to his mock funeral, where they deliver eulogies that they have both prepared. Manny dies a couple of days later, leaving a letter for Kizie, explaining that he had finished Abhimanyu's song for her and had even convinced Abhimanyu to help him with the music despite considering him a terrible person.


title: Dil Bechara

text: JP's finished film premieres in an open-air theatre to a heartwarming response from the crowd, which consists of Kizie and Manny's friends and family. In the final scene of his film, Manny breaks the fourth wall and directly speaks to Kizie, telling her to live life to the fullest, to which she replies "Seri".


title: Dil Bechara

text: In August 2014, Fox Star Studios confirmed adapting "The Fault in Our Stars" for Bollywood. In an interview with "Bollywood Hungama", Fox Star Studios CEO Vijay Singh stated ""The Fault in Our Stars" defines and resonates with the emotions of today's youth, across demographics". In September 2014, Varun Dhawan and Deepika Padukone were reported as the lead pair for planned remake. Producer-director duo Homi Adajania and Dinesh Vijan confirmed their association with the film. In an interview with aforementioned, the latter stated: "It's a story that I really feel needs to be told here. For me it's poignant at a time when we are consumed by technology and are manically running this make-believe race we think is "Life". Also, Karan Johar initially held the rights to remake the film. By October 2015, the duo backed out citing creative differences and Mohit Suri being brought on board as director. Dhawan could not be onboarded citing schedule conflicts. In an interview with "Hindustan Times", Rajput denied being approached for the remake. He later confirmed through his Twitter handle about the film. In late 2016, the film was considered for debutante female lead for Sara Ali Khan, who backed out and her mother confirmed the project to be shelved. By December 2016, Alia Bhatt and Aditya Roy Kapur were considered for the project.


title: Dil Bechara

text: In June 2017, reports stated that Ishaan Khatter and Janhvi Kapoor both as debutantes were supposed to star in the remake. The project was then to be directed by Shashank Khaitan, who eventually wrote the dialogues for the film and went on to direct them instead in Johar's remake of "Sairat", titled "Dhadak". The screen test was completed by 25–26 June 2017. Also, the project was considered under Johar, reportedly, with Kapur being dropped off. However, the news media incorrectly cited the debutante pair as leads in the remake.


title: Dil Bechara

text: In October 2017, the project was confirmed to be starring Rajput as the male lead. Chhabra was selected to direct the film and was in stages of scripting with Khaitan and Suprotim Sengupta. Reports confirmed that Johar was not a part of the project. In March 2018, Chhabra confirmed Sanjana Sanghi as the female lead opposite Rajput. Whilst Chhabra served as casting director for 2011 film "Rockstar", he recalled Sanghi's association with him. She was looking for a few ad jobs, was mature young lady by 2020. Since "Rockstar", he wanted to make a film with her one-day, noting the film script as "ready to fit her in". That very month, A. R. Rahman was reported to compose the film's background score and soundtrack album. Mukherjee, who had previously worked with Rajput in "Detective Byomkesh Bakshy!", confirmed her presence in the project by September 2018.


title: Dil Bechara

text: Screen tests were completed by end of June 2018. In an interview with "IANS", Rajput stated: "I and Mukesh share a great bond. He gave me my first film and I promised him that I would definitely be in his. This was the first film I signed without reading the script, as I know Mukesh is a terrific director. And now that I have read the script, I am glad that I said yes." In an interview with Mid-Day, Chhabra stated he was able to visualise things as a whole with "Kizzie Aur Manny". He gave the film his own language without getting influenced by the casting, thereby a fresh touch to the love story. At the 2018 Jio MAMI Mumbai Festival, Former UTV studio head Rucha Pathak, Chief Creative Officer of Fox Star Studios, India stated that it took four years to write the script of 'Kizie Aur Manny', as the "Word to Screen Market" is really bringing the world of cinema and literature together. She confirmed Sengupta for the film's screenplay and Khaitan for the dialogues.


title: Dil Bechara

text: The working title of the film "Kizie Aur Manny" was announced on 9 July 2018. However, on 8 February 2019, the film's title was changed officially to "Dil Bechara". Pathak added that the change was to embody the theme emerging out of the title track composed by Rahman and lyricist Amitabh Bhattacharya.