title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: On May 1, 2018, Paramount Pictures announced it had acquired the rights to the film, and described the antagonists as the "most savage and feared predators" in Florida. Aja, whose previous credits at the time included the horror films "Piranha 3D" (2010) and "Horns" (2013), came on board to direct the thriller produced by Flores and Sam Raimi. The project had previously been in development through Lakeshore Entertainment and Annapurna Pictures before moving to Paramount to benefit from the success of "A Quiet Place" (2018), another low-budget horror film from the studio. Aja listed the one-location styles of "Alien" (1979) and "Cujo" (1983), and the setting in Raimi's "The Evil Dead" (1981) as inspirations for the film. With "Jaws" (1975) serving as "the blueprint", Aja wanted the film to feel similar to riding a rollercoaster: suspenseful. Paramount agreed to keep the runtime short, and ultimately decided on a mere 87 minutes. Aja went against the advice of multiple executives to introduce the alligators early on in the film, as he believed this would be unexpected to the general audience. One idea considered for the ending would have seen the main characters get eaten by an alligator. Aja also said there were several discussions on "whether the dog would live or not"; alternate scenarios involved an alligator biting the dog's tail off, the main characters feeding the dog to the alligators to escape their home, and the dog sacrificing itself to save its owners. The happy ending was picked to evoke a positive response from audiences.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Kaya Scodelario entered negotiations to star in May 2018. Paramount executive Wyck Godfrey gave her the chance to join the film in a leading role without having to audition. Accepting the part, she said she picked the film based on "the material and the character, and if it's going to empower me or teach me or test me." To physically prepare for the role, Scodelario was trained to swim by coaches from England and Serbia, including a former Olympian, who helped her for six to seven weeks at the London Aquatics Centre. Her training progressed from her having to swim in a kiddie pool with floaties to swimming at a "good speed and quite good stamina". Barry Pepper, having previously worked with Scodelario in 2015 on "", was added to the cast in June 2018. He also underwent months of training to improve his swimming, and said he enjoyed the idea of working on a film about a father-and-daughter relationship living in Florida.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: "Crawl" is the first Paramount film to be shot in the country of Serbia. Principal photography began in August 2018 and concluded in September after 41 days. Maxime Alexandre was the cinematographer. The majority of filming took place in the city of Belgrade, particularly on a set located in a warehouse facility for shipping containers in the Port of Belgrade. On July 30, 2018, days before production officially began, the set was visited by Serbian President Aleksandar Vučić and United States Ambassador to Serbia Kyle Randolph Scott. Vučić said he was "extremely glad" of the studio's decision to film in the country.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Using Arri Alexa cameras, including an Alexa SXT and an Alexa Mini, the film was shot with Leica Summilux-C lenses and Alura lightweight zooms on a Steadicam and a Technocrane. Within the facility, three soundstages were equipped, "the largest one for the exterior house and neighborhood, another for the house exterior and interiors, first and second floor—also used for underwater filming—and a third stage for the basement and roof scenes". In an interview, Pepper mentioned that the warehouses used were the size of football fields and that the houses, gas stations, and trees were built on set.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Alan Gilmore was the film's production designer. To make the usage of water realistic, he watched several photo documentaries from New Orleans to research natural disasters and the effects a hurricane could have on houses without sustainable protection to make sure "it looks exactly right and causes the right damage and the right effects". For the main location, a house was constructed inside one of the warehouses and the production crew added a water tank they were able to fill to flood the house as filming progressed.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Overall, seven water tanks were built, of which two were filled simply to carry water, four were used for each section of the house, and a larger three-meter tall 60-meter by 80-meter tank was used for the neighborhood. According to the Serbia Film Commission, most of the film was shot after the house was flooded with the main water tanks, with 5 million liters of water being used on a daily basis. Scodelario found the shoot "the most physically demanding" of her career: "I was broken at the end of every day. We were shooting 16- to 18-hour days. I was on set all day, every day. I lost about 12 pounds shooting the movie, but I gained some of it in muscle, which I was quite impressed with. I broke a finger; I came home every day bruised, bloodied and cut open." She has spoken of how she "beefed up" her character as much as she could, eschewing makeup and playing most of the film in her bare feet, explaining: "I fought to have her barefoot [...] I didn't want protection on my feet. As a girl who's a swimmer, she's going to wear flip-flops and once she has to crawl around, she's going to kick them off." Additional filming took place in the United States, specifically around Tampa Bay in Tierra Verde, Lake Maggiore in St. Petersburg, and Thonotosassa, where exterior scenes and B-roll footage was shot. Scenes involving characters driving were shot in front of green screens, with some footage being filmed with stuntmen while actors were still in Belgrade.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Practical alligators, including the baby alligators, were created for a mere four to five takes in the film. To simulate the CGI alligators, scenes varied between Serbian stuntmen wearing green spandex suits, divers recreating alligator movements underwater, the director holding a pole attached to a pillow wrapped in green fabric, and actors reacting to fake alligator heads on sticks. Most of the weather elements seen in the film, including the wind and the rain, were provided on-set during filming, while the setting, trees, and hurricane itself were computer-generated. After filming concluded, the visual effects were handled during post-production for three months by Rodeo FX, supervised by Thomas Montminy Brodeur and Keith Kolder, who created a total 244 shots for the film.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: The film score was produced by Lorne Balfe and composed by Max Aruj and Steffen Thum. Aja said the initial composer left due to creative differences, so Aruj and Thum had less than a month to compose the score; Paramount reassured them the film would not be delayed after Aja expressed his concerns. Aruj and Thum had collaborated on multiple projects while working under Remote Control Productions, including on the Netflix film "iBoy" (2017). The score was recorded at Synchron Stage Vienna. It was released on July 12, 2019, by Paramount Music, and on Vinyl LP by Rusted Wave on March 6, 2020.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: The marketing campaign from Paramount Pictures for "Crawl" began on April 4, 2019, when initial footage was shown at CinemaCon. While "/Film" said the footage made the premise of the film feel similar to a "wacky sounding horror movie", Bloody Disgusting compared it to "Burning Bright" (2010), and "Screen Rant" wrote that they believed the film would have a "claustrophobic effect" on moviegoers. Early reactions compared the film to "47 Meters Down" (2017) and "Jaws".


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: On May 2, 2019, an official trailer for the feature film was released alongside the first theatrical release poster; the second poster was released two weeks later. With Chris Evangelista from "/Film" writing that it was "something I very much want to see", the footage from the trailer was compared to "Deep Blue Sea" (1999), "Open Water" (2003), "Rogue" (2007), "Bait 3D" (2012), and "The Shallows" (2016). From "Syfy Wire", Josh Weiss compared the premise to the Florida Man internet meme and said that based on the trailer, "Crawl" would be able to compete with the "Lake Placid" film series, a franchise centered on crocodile horror films. "Screen Rant" journalist Cooper Hood wrote that the trailer "effectively conveys the thrills and sense of dread that it wants", and compared it to "Don't Breathe" (2016). Within a few hours of release, the trailer was watched by over a million viewers, which "Entertainment Weekly" credited to the "viral marketing" from Paramount, who had models, influencers, and celebrities, including several from "", "Floribama Shore", and "Siesta Key", share content from the film. In July 2019, Comic Book Resources went on to say the trailer "gave away the best scenes" without "kill[ing] any of the suspense". That same month, several clips and film stills were released; Brad Miska from Bloody Disgusting recommended viewers to avoid watching them before seeing the film.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: In a marketing summary from "Deadline Hollywood", Anthony D'Alessandro analyzed the reason "Crawl", alongside "Stuber", failed to generate the same buzz created by "The Meg" in 2018 and that year's "" and "Toy Story 4". In his report, the reasoning was credited to the release of a single trailer, the appearance of digital advertisements only weeks before the film's release, and the social media campaign gaining 57 million views, below the average 82 million for horror films. Additionally, it was revealed that Paramount had used $25 million for television commercials aired on at least twenty-seven networks.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Weeks prior to its release, the "Crawl" marketing crew opted out of conventional film screenings for critics and only had one during its campaign for promotional purposes. Its release to positive reviews named it "one of [the] most pleasant (and most terrifying) surprises" of 2019, and the "best 'not screened for film critics' movie in years".


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: In January 2019, "Crawl" was given a theatrical release date for later that year on August 23, to compete against the premieres of "Angel Has Fallen" and "Overcomer". In March, the premiere date for the film was brought forward to July 12, 2019, this time to compete against "The Farewell" and "Stuber". After the Motion Picture Association gave "Crawl" an "R" rating for "Bloody creature violence, and brief language," it was announced that the film would also be released in 4DX auditoriums.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Paramount Home Entertainment released "Crawl" via digital download on September 24, 2019, with a Blu-ray, DVD, and video on demand physical release on October 15. Special features, lasting 45 minutes, include a motion comic of an alternate opening scene involving a family being eaten by alligators, deleted and extended scenes, a compilation of scenes titled "Alligator Attacks", behind-the-scenes footage and featurettes, and interviews with the cast and crew.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: "Crawl" grossed $39 million in the United States and Canada, and $55.5 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $91.5 million against a production budget of $13–15 million. Marketed as a counterprogramming option for moviegoers, the film's box office performance was seen as a commercial success.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: The film premiered in the United States and Canada on July 12, in 3,170 theaters, where initial estimates predicted the feature would open with $10–14 million. In its four-day opening weekend, "Crawl" placed third at the box office and earned $12 million, following its earnings of $4.4 million on Friday, including $1 million from Thursday night previews, $4.3 million on Saturday, and $3.4 million on Sunday. Audiences were 64% above the age of 25, 60% between the ages of 18–34, and 51% male. Outside of the two countries, the film opened in theaters in 20 foreign markets, making $4.8 million in its first week, for a $16.8 million opening weekend worldwide.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: In its second weekend in the United States and Canada, "Crawl" placed fourth at the box office, having fallen behind due to the release of "The Lion King", and grossed $6 million for a $24 million total domestically after 10 days in release. That same week, the film made $2.7 million in 21 foreign markets. In its third weekend, "Crawl" moved to fifth place, due to the release of "Once Upon a Time in Hollywood", and made $4 million. Outside of the two countries, the film grossed $3.4 million, for a $45 million total worldwide. In its fourth weekend, the film reached $53 million worldwide as eighth at the box office, before falling below the top ten list for the rest of its theatrical release.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: The site's critical consensus reads, "An action-packed creature feature that's fast, terrifying, and benefits greatly from a completely game Kaya Scodelario, "Crawl" is a fun throw-back with just enough self-awareness to work." Audiences polled by CinemaScore during its opening weekend gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale, while PostTrak reported audience members gave it an average rating of 2.5 out of 5 stars, with 46% saying they would definitely recommend it.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Contemporary reviews of the film praised its suspense, brisk pacing, and visual presentation of its main antagonists. In a comparison with 2019's "", Daniel Menegaz from "Entertainment Weekly" shared positive feedback to "Crawl"s self-awareness, low runtime, and overall execution of its "simple" premise. Filmmaker Quentin Tarantino called it one of his favorite films of 2019.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Giving it a "B−", A.A. Dowd from "The A.V. Club" lauded the film for extensively using its "R" rating to increase its usage of gore. In his three-star and a half review for "Rolling Stone", David Fear applauded the performances of the leads and Aja's directing. While "Slate"s Keith Phipps praised the action sequences and found its summer release to be adequate, Tomris Laffly from "RogerEbert.com" wrote that the film was engaging enough to please an audience. From the "Chicago Tribune", Michael Phillips said that he "liked it pretty well" as a "pleasantly unpleasant" film. Furthermore, "Vulture"s Angelica Jade Bastién gave an entirely positive review, lending remarks to Scodelario's acting, Alexandre's cinematography, and premise that "more than delivers" as a "great example of a simple story exceedingly well-told".


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Despite the generally positive reviews, several critics gave "Crawl" a mixed review. Writing for "The New York Times", Jeannette Catsoulis criticized the film's screenplay while calling it an efficient popcorn movie. From "The New Yorker", Richard Brody gave positive remarks to the jumpscares but found the visual effects to be unintentionally humorous. With "Variety"s Owen Gleiberman pillorying the realism of Haley's survival, IndieWire referred to the feature as an entertaining and suspenseful B movie, giving it a "C+". Meanwhile, "The Guardian" Simran Hans and Clarisse Loughrey from "The Independent" both gave the film two stars out of five; the latter summarized it by writing that the film had "its bloody moments, with plenty of lingering shots of gaping wounds and protruding bones [but] just doesn't seem as gleeful in its carnage as the situation calls for".


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: Various journalists analyzed the presence of climate change in the film. From "GQ", Noah Berlatsky wrote that the hurricane was the actual antagonist, opining that "Crawl" was set in an apocalyptic world where climate change was not resolved. Furthermore, "Bustle" magazine criticized the feature for having the hurricane "act as backdrop and excuse for something ludicrous as a giant alligator". Miles Howard, from "Vice", found that "Crawl" was marketed to create "climate anxiety" in audiences with experiences with natural disasters such as Hurricane Katrina, writing that the film presented the hurricane as the representation of an "impending ecological collapse". Writing for Thrillist, Emma Stefansky said the film was thrilling enough to scare viewers but stated that "it's the looming menace of climate change and its consequences that ought to scare us the most". In November 2019, "The Hill" ranked "Crawl" as one of the top ten films of the year tackling climate change in an effective manner.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: At the 2020 Fangoria Chainsaw Awards, "Crawl" received a nomination for Best Wide Release. The film also earned a pair of nominations for Best Horror Film from the Hollywood Critics Association and "IGN" Awards, losing both to "Us". At the 13th Houston Film Critics Society Awards, the feature received a nomination for Best Stunt Coordination Team, but lost to "". The National Film & TV Awards would also go on to give "Crawl" award nominations, for Best Actress (Kaya Scodelario) and Best Producer (Alexandre Aja, Craig Flores, and Sam Raimi), losing both to Jennifer Lopez from "Hustlers" and Will Ferrell from "Booksmart", respectively.


title: Crawl (2019 film)

text: In July 2019, Aja said a sequel to the film would focus on different characters in a different story. In October, he mentioned that the production crew had been developing "a few stories" for a future installment. Following its positive reception, Aja said he was "sure the question of a sequel [was] going to come up". Two years later, in April 2021, Aja revealed that a screenplay was, in fact, being written for a potential sequel, but that he could not disclose any more information.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel is a figure who, in the narratives of the Hebrew Bible, plays a key role in the transition from the biblical judges to the United Kingdom of Israel under Saul, and again in the monarchy's transition from Saul to David. He is venerated as a prophet in Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. In addition to his role in the Hebrew scriptures, Samuel is mentioned in Jewish rabbinical literature, in the Christian New Testament, and in the second chapter of the Quran (although Islamic texts do not mention him by name). He is also treated in the fifth through seventh books of "Antiquities of the Jews", written by the Jewish scholar Josephus in the first century. He is first called "the Seer" in 1 Samuel 9:9.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel's mother was Hannah and his father was Elkanah. Elkanah lived at Ramathaim in the district of Zuph. His genealogy is also found in a pedigree of the Kohathites (1 Chronicles 6:3–15) and in that of Heman the Ezrahite, apparently his grandson (1 Chronicles 6:18–33).


title: Samuel

text: According to the genealogical tables in Chronicles, Elkanah was a Levite—a fact not mentioned in the books of Samuel. The fact that Elkanah, a Levite, was denominated an Ephraimite is analogous to the designation of a Levite belonging to Judah (Judges 17:7, for example).


title: Samuel

text: According to 1 Samuel 1:1–28, Elkanah had two wives, Peninnah and Hannah. Peninnah had children; Hannah did not. Nonetheless, Elkanah favored Hannah. Jealous, Penninah reproached Hannah for her lack of children, causing Hannah much heartache. Elkanah was a devout man and would periodically take his family on pilgrimage to the holy site of Shiloh.


title: Samuel

text: On one occasion, Hannah went to the sanctuary and prayed for a child. In tears, she vowed that if she were granted a child, she would dedicate him to God as a nazirite. Eli, who was sitting at the foot of the doorpost in the sanctuary at Shiloh, saw her apparently mumbling to herself and thought she was drunk, but was soon assured of both her motivation and sobriety. Eli was the priest of Shiloh, and one of the last Israelite Judges before the rule of kings in ancient Israel. He had assumed the leadership after Samson's death. Eli blessed her and she returned home. Subsequently, Hannah became pregnant, later giving birth to Samuel, and praised God for his mercy and faithfulness.


title: Samuel

text: After the child was weaned, she left him in Eli's care, and from time to time she would come to visit her son.


title: Samuel

text: According to , Hannah named Samuel to commemorate her prayer to God for a child. "... [She] called his name Samuel, saying, Because I have asked him of the Lord" (KJV). From its appearance, the name Samuel (Hebrew: שְׁמוּאֵל "Šəmūʾēl", Tiberian: "Šămūʾēl") appears to be constructed from the Hebrew Śāmū (שָׂמוּ) + ʾĒl, meaning "God has set" or "God has placed". This meaning relating to the idea of God setting/placing a child in the womb, alongside Hannah dedicating Samuel as a Nazirite to God. The Hebrew śāmū is also related to the Akkadian šâmū (𒊮𒈬), which shares the same meaning. From the explanation given in 1 Samuel 1:20 however, it would seem to come from a contraction of the Hebrew שְׁאִלְתִּיו מֵאֵל (Modern: "Šəʾīltīv mēʾĒl," Tiberian: "Šĭʾīltīw mēʾĒl"), meaning "I have asked/borrowed him from God". Further shortened to שָׁאוּל מֵאֵל ("Šāʾūl mēʾĒl, "asked/borrowed from God""), then finally contracted to שְׁמוּאֵל ("Šəmūʾēl/Šămūʾēl"). This meaning also relating to Hannah dedicating Samuel as a Nazirite to God as well.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel worked under Eli in the service of the shrine at Shiloh. One night, Samuel heard a voice calling his name. According to the first-century Jewish historian Josephus, Samuel was 12 years old. Samuel initially assumed it was coming from Eli and went to Eli to ask what he wanted. Eli, however, sent Samuel back to sleep. After this happened three times, Eli realised that the voice was the Lord's, and instructed Samuel on how to answer:


title: Samuel

text: Once Samuel responded, the Lord told him that the wickedness of the sons of Eli had resulted in their dynasty being condemned to destruction. In the morning, Samuel was hesitant about reporting the message to Eli, but Eli asked him to honestly recount to him what he had been told by the Lord. Upon receiving the communication, Eli merely said that the Lord should do what seems right unto him.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel grew up and "all Israel from Dan to Beersheba" came to know that Samuel was a trustworthy prophet of the Lord. Anglican theologian Donald Spence Jones comments that "the minds of all the people were thus gradually prepared when the right moment came to acknowledge Samuel as a God-sent chieftain".


title: Samuel

text: During Samuel's youth at Shiloh, the Philistines inflicted a decisive defeat against the Israelites at Eben-Ezer, placed the land under Philistine control, and took the sanctuary's Ark for themselves. Upon hearing the news of the capture of the Ark of the Covenant, and the death of his sons, Eli collapsed and died. When the Philistines had been in possession of the Ark for seven months and had been visited with calamities and misfortunes, they decided to return the Ark to the Israelites.


title: Samuel

text: According to Bruce C. Birch, Samuel was a key figure in keeping the Israelites' religious heritage and identity alive during Israel's defeat and occupation by the Philistines. "[I]t may have been possible and necessary for Samuel to exercise authority in roles that would normally not converge in a single individual (priest, prophet, judge)."


title: Samuel

text: After 20 years of oppression, Samuel, who had gained national prominence as a prophet (1 Samuel 3:20), summoned the people to the hill of Mizpah, and led them against the Philistines. The Philistines, having marched to Mizpah to attack the newly amassed Israelite army, were soundly defeated and fled in terror. The retreating Philistines were slaughtered by the Israelites. The text then states that Samuel erected a large stone at the battle site as a memorial, and there ensued a long period of peace thereafter.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel initially appointed his two sons Joel and Abijah as his successors; however, just like Eli's sons, Samuel's proved unworthy. The Israelites rejected them. Because of the external threat from other tribes, such as the Philistines, the tribal leaders decided that there was a need for a more unified, central government, and demanded Samuel appoint a king so that they could be like other nations. Samuel interpreted this as a personal rejection, and at first was reluctant to oblige, until reassured by a divine revelation. He warned the people of the potential negative consequences of such a decision. When Saul and his servant were searching for his father's lost donkeys, the servant suggested consulting the nearby Samuel. Samuel recognized Saul as the future king.


title: Samuel

text: Just before his retirement, Samuel gathered the people to an assembly at Gilgal, and delivered a farewell speech or coronation speech in which he emphasised how prophets and judges were more important than kings, that kings should be held to account, and that the people should not fall into idol worship, or worship of Asherah or of Baal. Samuel promised that God would subject the people to foreign invaders should they disobey. However, and note that the Israelites fell into Asherah worship later on.


title: Samuel

text: When Saul was preparing to fight the Philistines, Samuel denounced him for proceeding with the pre-battle sacrifice without waiting for the overdue Samuel to arrive. He prophesied that Saul's rule would see no dynastic succession.


title: Samuel

text: During the campaign against the Amalekites, King Saul spared Agag, the king of the Amalekites, and the best of their livestock. Saul told Samuel that he had spared the choicest of the Amalekites' sheep and oxen, intending to sacrifice the livestock to the Lord. This was in violation of the Lord's command, as pronounced by Samuel, to "... utterly destroy all that they have, and spare them not; but slay both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass" (1 Samuel 15:3, KJV). Samuel confronted Saul for his disobedience and told him that God made him king, and God can unmake him king. Samuel then proceeded to execute Agag. Saul never saw Samuel alive again after this.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel then proceeded to Bethlehem and secretly anointed David as king. He would later provide sanctuary for David, when the jealous Saul first tried to have him killed.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel is described in the biblical narrative as being buried in Ramah. According to tradition, this burial place has been identified with Samuel's tomb in the West Bank village of Nabi Samwil.


title: Samuel

text: Some time after his death, Saul had the Witch of Endor conjure Samuel's spirit up from Paradise in order to predict the result of an upcoming battle (1 Samuel 28:3–24). Samuel was angered by his recalling, and told Saul that the Lord had left him.


title: Samuel

text: Source-critical scholarship suggests that these two roles come from different sources, which later were spliced together to form the Book(s) of Samuel. The oldest is considered to be that marking Samuel as the local seer of Ramah, who willingly anointed Saul as king in secret, while the latter presents Samuel as a national figure, begrudgingly anointing Saul as king in front of a national assembly. This later source is generally known as the Republican source, since it denigrates the monarchy (particularly the actions of Saul) and favours religious figures, in contrast to the other main source—the Monarchial source—which treats it favourably. The Monarchial source would have Saul appointed king by public acclamation, due to his military victories, and not by Samuel's cleromancy. Another difference between the sources is that the Republican source treats the ecstatic prophets as somewhat independent from Samuel (1 Samuel 9:1ff) rather than having been led by him ().


title: Samuel

text: The passage in which Samuel is described as having exercised the functions of a (biblical) judge, during an annual circuit from Ramah to Bethel to Gilgal (the "Gilgal" between Ebal and Gerizim) to Mizpah and back to Ramah, is foreshadowed by Deborah, who used to render judgments from a place beneath a palm between Ramah and Bethel. Source-critical scholarship often considers it to be a redaction aimed at harmonizing the two portrayals of Samuel.


title: Samuel

text: The Book(s) of Samuel variously describe Samuel as having carried out sacrifices at sanctuaries, and having constructed and sanctified altars. According to the Priestly Code/Deuteronomic Code only Aaronic priests/Levites (depending on the underling tradition) were permitted to perform these actions, and simply being a nazarite or prophet was insufficient. The books of Samuel and Kings offer numerous examples where this rule is not followed by kings and prophets, but some critical scholars look elsewhere seeking a harmonization of the issues. In the Book of Chronicles, Samuel is described as a Levite, rectifying this situation; however critical scholarship widely sees the Book of Chronicles as an attempt to redact the Book(s) of Samuel and of Kings to conform to later religious sensibilities. Since many of the Biblical law codes themselves are thought to postdate the Book(s) of Samuel (according to the Documentary Hypothesis), this would suggest Chronicles is making its claim based on religious motivations. The Levitical genealogy of is not historical, according to most modern scholarship.


title: Samuel

text: According to the documentary hypothesis of Biblical source criticism, which postulates that "Deuteronomistic historians" redacted the Former Prophets (Joshua, Judges, 1 and 2 Samuel, and 1 and 2 Kings), the Deuteronomists idealized Samuel as a figure larger than life, like Joshua. For example, Samuel's father Elkanah is described as having originated from Zuph, specifically Ramathaim-Zophim, which was part of the tribal lands of Ephraim, while 1 Chronicles states that he was a Levite. Samuel is portrayed as a judge who leads the military, as the judges in the Book of Judges, and also who exercises judicial functions. In 1 Sam 12:6–17, a speech of Samuel that portrays him as the judge sent by God to save Israel may have been composed by the Deuteronomists. In 1 Samuel 9:6–20, Samuel is seen as a local "seer". According to documentary scholarship, the Deuteronomistic historians preserved this view of Samuel while contributing him as "the first of prophets to articulate the failure of Israel to live up to its covenant with God." For the Deuteronomistic historians, Samuel would have been an extension of Moses and continuing Moses' function as a prophet, judge, and priest, which makes the nature of the historical Samuel uncertain.


title: Samuel

text: According to the Book of Jeremiah and one of the Psalms, Samuel had a high devotion to God. Classical Rabbinical literature adds that he was more than an equal to Moses, God speaking directly to Samuel, rather than Samuel having to attend the tabernacle to hear God. Samuel is also described by the Rabbis as having been extremely intelligent; he argued that it was legitimate for laymen to slaughter sacrifices, since the Halakha only insisted that the priests "bring the blood" (cf , Zebahim 32a). Eli, who was viewed negatively by many Classical Rabbis, is said to have reacted to this logic of Samuel by arguing that it was technically true, but Samuel should be put to death for making legal statements while Eli (his mentor) was present.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel is also treated by the Classical Rabbis as a much more sympathetic character than he appears at face value in the Bible; his annual circuit is explained as being due to his wish to spare people the task of having to journey to him; Samuel is said to have been very rich, taking his entire household with him on the circuit so that he didn't need to impose himself on anyone's hospitality; when Saul fell out of God's favour, Samuel is described as having grieved copiously and having prematurely aged.


title: Samuel

text: For Christians, Samuel is considered to be a prophet, judge, and wise leader of Israel, and treated as an example of fulfilled commitments to God. On the Eastern Orthodox liturgical calendar, as well as the Lutheran calendar, his feast day is August 20. He is commemorated as one of the Holy Forefathers in the Calendar of Saints of the Armenian Apostolic Church on July 30. In the Coptic Orthodox Church, the commemoration of the departure of Samuel the Prophet is celebrated on 9 Paoni.


title: Samuel

text: Herbert Lockyer and others have seen in Samuel's combined offices of prophet, priest, and ruler a foreshadowing of Christ.


title: Samuel

text: Samuel () is seen as a prophet and seer in the Islamic faith. The narrative of Samuel in Islam focuses specifically on his birth and the anointing of Talut. Other elements from his narrative are in accordance with the narratives of other Prophets of Israel, as exegesis recounts Samuel's preaching against idolatry. He is not mentioned by name in the Qur'an, but referred to as a "prophet" instead.


title: Samuel

text: In the Islamic narrative, the Israelites after Moses wanted a king to rule over their country. Thus, God sent a prophet, Samuel, to anoint Talut as the first king for the Israelites. However, the Israelites mocked and reviled the newly appointed king, as he was not wealthy from birth. But, assuming Talut to be Saul, in sharp contrast to the Hebrew Bible, the Qur'an praises Saul greatly, and mentions that he was gifted with great spiritual and physical strength. In the Qur'anic account, Samuel prophesies that the sign of Talut's kingship will be that the Ark of the Covenant will come back to the Israelites.


title: Samuel

text: `Abdu'l-Bahá, a central figure in the Bahá'í Faith, mentions Samuel as an example of a genuine Prophet of the House of Israel, alongside Ezekiel.


title: Samuel

text: Actors who have portrayed Samuel include Leonard Nimoy in the 1997 television film "David", Eamonn Walker in the 2009 television series "Kings", and Mohammad Bakri in the 2016 television series "Of Kings and Prophets".


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: "'" ("'", D. 839, Op. 52, No. 6, 1825), in English: "Ellen's Third Song", was composed by Franz Schubert in 1825 as part of his Op. 52, a setting of seven songs from Walter Scott's 1810 popular narrative poem "The Lady of the Lake", loosely translated into German.


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: It is one of Schubert's most popular works. Beyond the song as originally composed by Schubert, it is often performed and recorded by many singers under the title "Ave Maria" (the Latin name of the prayer Hail Mary, and also the opening words and refrain of Ellen's song, a song which is itself a prayer to the Virgin Mary), in musically simplified arrangements and with various lyrics that commonly differ from the original context of the poem. It was arranged in three versions for piano by Franz Liszt.


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: The piece was composed as a setting of a song (verse XXIX from Canto Three) from Walter Scott's popular narrative poem "The Lady of the Lake", in a German translation by (1780–1822), and thus forms part of Schubert's . In Scott's poem, the character Ellen Douglas, the Lady of the Lake (Loch Katrine in the Scottish Highlands), has gone with her exiled father to stay in the Goblin's cave as he has declined to join their previous host, Roderick Dhu, in rebellion against King James. Roderick Dhu, the chieftain of Clan Alpine, sets off up the mountain with his warriors, but lingers and hears the distant sound of the harpist Allan-bane, accompanying Ellen who sings a prayer addressed to the Virgin Mary, calling upon her for help. Roderick Dhu pauses, then goes on to battle.


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: Schubert's setting is said to have first been performed at the castle of Countess Sophie Weissenwolff in the little Austrian town of Steyregg and dedicated to her, which led to her becoming known as "the lady of the lake" herself.


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: The opening words and refrain of Ellen's song, namely "" (Latin for "Hail Mary"), may have led to the idea of adapting Schubert's melody as a setting for the full text of the traditional Roman Catholic prayer "Ave Maria". The Latin version of the "Ave Maria" is now so frequently used with Schubert's melody that it has led to the misconception that he originally wrote the melody as a setting for the "Ave Maria".


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: In 1825, Schubert composed a selection of seven songs from Scott's "The Lady of the Lake". They were published in 1826 as his Opus 52.


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: The songs are not intended for a single performer: the three songs of Ellen are for a woman's voice with piano accompaniment, while the songs for Norman and Malcolm Graeme were intended for the baritone Johann Michael Vogl. Of the remaining two songs, one was for a male ensemble and the other for a female ensemble.


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: Schubert composed the songs to the German texts. However, with the exception of No. 5, the songs were clearly intended to be published with the original English texts as well. This meant finding correspondences to Storck's sometimes quite free translations, which entailed significant difficulties.


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: Walt Disney used Schubert's song in the final part of his 1940 film "Fantasia", where he linked it to Modest Mussorgsky's "Night on Bald Mountain" in one of his most famous pastiches. The end of Mussorgsky's work blends with almost no break into the beginning of Schubert's song, and as Deems Taylor remarked, the bells in "Night on Bald Mountain", originally meant to signal the coming of dawn, which cause the demon Chernobog to stop his dark worship and the ghosts to return to the grave, now seem to be church bells signalling the beginning of religious services. A procession of monks is shown walking along. The text for this version is sung in English, and was written by Rachel Field. This version also had three stanzas, like Schubert's original, but only the third stanza made it into the film (one line in the last stanza is partially repeated to show how it is sung in the film):


title: Ave Maria (Schubert)

text: The version heard in "Fantasia" was arranged by Leopold Stokowski especially for the film, and unlike the original, which is for a solo voice, is scored for soprano and mixed chorus, accompanied by the string section of the Philadelphia Orchestra. The soloist is Julietta Novis. The Ave Maria sequence was later featured in "Very Merry Christmas Songs", which is part of "Disney Sing-Along Songs", as a background movie for the song "Silent Night".


The International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO, ) is a specialized agency of the United Nations that coordinates the principles and techniques of international air navigation, and fosters the planning and development of international air transport to ensure safe and orderly growth. ICAO headquarters are located in the "Quartier International" of Montreal, Quebec, Canada.


title: International Civil Aviation Organization

text: The ICAO Council adopts standards and recommended practices concerning air navigation, its infrastructure, flight inspection, prevention of unlawful interference, and facilitation of border-crossing procedures for international civil aviation. ICAO defines the protocols for air accident investigation that are followed by in countries signatory to the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation.


text: The Air Navigation Commission (ANC) is the technical body within ICAO. The commission is composed of 19 commissioners, nominated by the ICAO's contracting states and appointed by the ICAO Council. Commissioners serve as independent experts, who although nominated by their states, do not serve as state or political representatives. International Standards And Recommended Practices are developed under the direction of the ANC through the formal process of ICAO Panels. Once approved by the commission, standards are sent to the council, the political body of ICAO, for consultation and coordination with the member states before final adoption.


text: ICAO is distinct from other international air transport organizations, particularly because it alone is vested with international authority (among signatory states): other organizations include the International Air Transport Association (IATA), a trade association representing airlines; the Civil Air Navigation Services Organization (CANSO), an organization for Air navigation service providers (ANSPs); and the Airports Council International, a trade association of airport authorities.


text: The forerunner to ICAO was the International Commission for Air Navigation (ICAN). It held its first convention in 1903 in Berlin, Germany, but no agreements were reached among the eight countries that attended. At the second convention in 1906, also held in Berlin, twenty-seven countries attended. The third convention, held in London in 1912 allocated the first radio callsigns for use by aircraft. ICAN continued to operate until 1945.


text: Fifty-two countries signed the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation, also known as the Chicago Convention, in Chicago, Illinois, on 7 December 1944. Under its terms, a Provisional International Civil Aviation Organization was to be established, to be replaced in turn by a permanent organization when twenty-six countries ratified the convention. Accordingly, PICAO began operating on 6 June 1945, replacing ICAN. The twenty-sixth country ratified the convention on 5 March 1947 and, consequently, PICAO was disestablished on 4 April 1947 and replaced by ICAO, which began operations the same day. In October 1947, ICAO became an agency of the United Nations under its Economic and Social Council (ECOSOC).


text: In April 2013, Qatar offered to serve as the new permanent seat of the Organization. Qatar promised to construct a massive new headquarters for ICAO and to cover all moving expenses, stating that Montreal "was too far from Europe and Asia", "had cold winters", was hard to attend due to the Canadian government's slow issuance of visas, and that the taxes imposed on ICAO by Canada were too high. According to "The Globe and Mail", Qatar's invitation was at least partly motivated by the pro-Israel foreign policy of Canadian Prime Minister Stephen Harper. Approximately one month later, Qatar withdrew its bid after a separate proposal to the ICAO's governing council to move the ICAO triennial conference to Doha was defeated by a vote of 22–14.


text: In January 2020, ICAO blocked a number of Twitter users—among them think-tank analysts, employees of the United States Congress, and journalists—who mentioned Taiwan in tweets related to ICAO. Many of the tweets concerned the COVID-19 pandemic and Taiwan's exclusion from ICAO safety and health bulletins due to Chinese pressure.


text: In response to questions from reporters, ICAO issued a tweet stating that publishers of "irrelevant, compromising and offensive material" would be "precluded". Since that action, the organization has followed a policy of blocking anyone asking about it. The United States House Committee on Foreign Affairs harshly criticized ICAO's perceived failure to uphold principles of fairness, inclusion, and transparency by silencing non-disruptive opposing voices. Senator Marco Rubio also criticized the move. The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Taiwan) (MOFA) and Taiwanese legislators criticized the move with MOFA head Jaushieh Joseph Wu tweeting in support of those blocked.


text: Anthony Philbin, chief of communications of the ICAO Secretary General, rejected criticism of ICAO's handling of the situation: "We felt we were completely warranted in taking the steps we did to defend the integrity of the information and discussions our followers should reasonably expect from our feeds." In exchanges with International Flight Network, Philbin refused to acknowledge the existence of Taiwan.


text: On 1 February 2020, the US State Department issued a press release which heavily criticized ICAO's actions, characterizing them as "outrageous, unacceptable, and not befitting of a UN organization."


text: The 9th edition of the Convention on International Civil Aviation includes modifications from years 1948 up to 2006. ICAO refers to its current edition of the convention as the "Statute" and designates it as ICAO Document 7300/9. The convention has 19 Annexes that are listed by title in the article Convention on International Civil Aviation.


text: , there are 193 ICAO members, consisting of 192 of the 193 UN members (all but Liechtenstein, which lacks an international airport), plus the Cook Islands.


text: Despite Liechtenstein not being a direct party to ICAO, its government has delegated Switzerland to enter into the treaty on its behalf, and the treaty applies in the territory of Liechtenstein.


text: The Republic of China (Taiwan) was a founding member of ICAO but was replaced by the People's Republic of China as the legal representative of China in 1971 and as such, did not take part in the organization. In 2013, Taiwan was for the first time invited to attend the ICAO Assembly, at its 38th session, as a guest under the name of Chinese Taipei. , it has not been invited to participate again, due to renewed PRC pressure. The host government, Canada, supports Taiwan's inclusion in ICAO. Support also comes from Canada's commercial sector with the president of the Air Transport Association of Canada saying in 2019 that "It's about safety in aviation so from a strictly operational and non-political point of view, I believe Taiwan should be there."


text: The Council of ICAO is elected by the Assembly every 3 years and consists of 36 members elected in 3 groups. The present Council was elected in October 2022.


text: ICAO also standardizes certain functions for use in the airline industry, such as the Aeronautical Message Handling System (AMHS). This makes it a standards organization.


text: Each country should have an accessible Aeronautical Information Publication (AIP), based on standards defined by ICAO, containing information essential to air navigation. Countries are required to update their AIP manuals every 28 days and so provide definitive regulations, procedures and information for each country about airspace and airports. ICAO's standards also dictate that temporary hazards to aircraft must be regularly published using NOTAMs.


text: ICAO defines an International Standard Atmosphere (also known as ICAO Standard Atmosphere), a model of the standard variation of pressure, temperature, density, and viscosity with altitude in the Earth's atmosphere. This is useful in calibrating instruments and designing aircraft. The standardized pressure is also used in calibrating instruments in-flight, particularly above the transition altitude.


text: ICAO is active in infrastructure management, including communication, navigation and surveillance / air traffic management (CNS/ATM) systems, which employ digital technologies (like satellite systems with various levels of automation) in order to maintain a seamless global air traffic management system.


text: ICAO has published standards for machine-readable passports. Machine-readable passports have an area where some of the information otherwise written in textual form is also written as strings of alphanumeric characters, printed in a manner suitable for optical character recognition. This enables border controllers and other law enforcement agents to process such passports more quickly, without having to enter the information manually into a computer. ICAO's technical standard for machine-readable passports is contained in Document 9303 "Machine Readable Travel Documents".


text: A more recent standard covers biometric passports. These contain biometrics to authenticate the identity of travellers. The passport's critical information is stored on a tiny RFID computer chip, much like information stored on smart cards. Like some smart cards, the passport book design calls for an embedded contactless chip that is able to hold digital signature data to ensure the integrity of the passport and the biometric data.


text: ICAO uses 4-letter airport codes (vs. IATA's 3-letter codes). The ICAO code is based on the region and country of the airport—for example, Charles de Gaulle Airport has an ICAO code of LFPG, where "L" indicates Southern Europe, "F", France, "PG", Paris de Gaulle, while Orly Airport has the code LFPO (the 3rd letter sometimes refers to the particular flight information region (FIR) or the last two may be arbitrary). In most parts of the world, ICAO and IATA codes are unrelated; for example, Charles de Gaulle Airport has an IATA code of CDG. However, the location prefix for continental United States is "K", and ICAO codes are usually the IATA code with this prefix. For example, the ICAO code for Los Angeles International Airport is KLAX. Canada follows a similar pattern, where a prefix of "C" is usually added to an IATA code to create the ICAO code. For example, Calgary International Airport is YYC or CYYC. (In contrast, airports in Hawaii are in the Pacific region and so have ICAO codes that start with "PH"; Kona International Airport's code is PHKO. Similarly, airports in Alaska have ICAO codes that start with "PA". Merrill Field, for instance is PAMR.) Not all airports are assigned codes in both systems; for example, airports that do not have airline service do not need an IATA code.


text: ICAO also assigns 3-letter airline codes (versus the more-familiar 2-letter IATA codes—for example, "UAL" vs. "UA" for United Airlines). ICAO also provides telephony designators to aircraft operators worldwide, a one- or two-word designator used on the radio, usually, but not always, similar to the aircraft operator name. For example, the identifier for Japan Airlines International is "JAL" and the designator is "Japan Air", but Aer Lingus is "EIN" and "Shamrock". Thus, a Japan Airlines flight numbered 111 would be written as "JAL111" and pronounced "Japan Air One One One" on the radio, while a similarly numbered Aer Lingus would be written as "EIN111" and pronounced "Shamrock One One One". In the US, FAA practices require the digits of the flight number to be spoken in group format ("Japan Air One Eleven" in the above example) while individual digits are used for the aircraft tail number used for unscheduled civil flights.


text: ICAO maintains the standards for aircraft registration ("tail numbers"), including the alphanumeric codes that identify the country of registration. For example, airplanes registered in the United States have tail numbers starting with "N", and airplanes registered in Bahrain have tail numbers starting with "A9C".


text: ICAO is also responsible for issuing 2-4 character alphanumeric "aircraft type designators" for those aircraft types which are most commonly provided with air traffic service. These codes provide an abbreviated aircraft type identification, typically used in flight plans. For example, the Boeing 747-100, -200 and -300 are given the type designators "B741", "B742" and "B743" respectively.


text: Since 2010, ICAO recommends a unification of units of measurement within aviation based on the International System of Units (SI), using:


text: Non-SI units have been permitted for temporary use since 1979, but a termination date has not yet been established, which would complete metrication of worldwide aviation, and the following units are still in widespread use within commercial aviation:


text: Notably, aviation in Russia and China currently use km/h for reporting airspeed, and many present-day European glider planes also indicate airspeed in kilometres per hour. China and North Korea use metres for reporting altitude when communicating with pilots. Russia also formerly used metres exclusively for reporting altitude, but in 2011 changed to feet for high altitude flight. From February 2017, Russian airspace started transitioning to reporting altitude in feet only. Runway lengths are now commonly given in metres worldwide, except in North America where feet are commonly used.


text: The table below summarizes some of the units commonly used in flight and ground operations, as well as their recommended replacement. A full list of recommended units can be found in annex 5 to the Convention on International Civil Aviation.


text: Emissions from international aviation are specifically excluded from the targets agreed under the Kyoto Protocol. Instead, the Protocol invites developed countries to pursue the limitation or reduction of emissions through the International Civil Aviation Organization. ICAO's environmental committee continues to consider the potential for using market-based measures such as trading and charging, but this work is unlikely to lead to global action. It is currently developing guidance for states who wish to include aviation in an emissions trading scheme (ETS) to meet their Kyoto commitments, and for airlines who wish to participate voluntarily in a trading scheme.


text: Emissions from domestic aviation are included within the Kyoto targets agreed by countries. This has led to some national policies such as fuel and emission taxes for domestic air travel in the Netherlands and Norway, respectively. Although some countries tax the fuel used by domestic aviation, there is no duty on kerosene used on international flights.


text: ICAO is currently opposed to the inclusion of aviation in the European Union Emission Trading Scheme (EU ETS). The EU, however, is pressing ahead with its plans to include aviation.


text: ICAO has been called "flawed and biased in favour of the industry" by Jo Dardenne, the manager for aviation at Transport & Environment.


text: On 6 October 2016, the ICAO finalized an agreement among its 191 member nations to address the more than of carbon dioxide emitted annually by international passenger and cargo flights. The agreement will use an offsetting scheme called CORSIA (the Carbon Offsetting and Reduction Scheme for International Aviation) under which forestry and other carbon-reducing activities are directly funded, amounting to about 2% of annual revenues for the sector. Rules against 'double counting' should ensure that existing forest protection efforts are not recycled. The scheme does not take effect until 2021 and will be voluntary until 2027, but many countries, including the US and China, have promised to begin at its 2020 inception date. Under the agreement, the global aviation emissions target is a 50% reduction by 2050 relative to 2005. NGO reaction to the deal was mixed.


text: The agreement has critics. It is not aligned with the 2015 Paris climate agreement, which set the objective of restricting global warming to 1.5 to 2 °C. A late draft of the agreement would have required the air transport industry to assess its share of global carbon budgeting to meet that objective, but the text was removed in the agreed version. CORSIA will regulate only about 25 percent of aviation's international emissions, since it grandfathers all emissions below the 2020 level, allowing unregulated growth until then. Only 65 nations will participate in the initial voluntary period, not including significant emitters Russia, India and perhaps Brazil. The agreement does not cover domestic emissions, which are 40% of the global industry's overall emissions. One observer of the ICAO convention made this summary: although another critic called it "a timid step in the right direction."


text: Emissions limits for aircraft engines are defined by the Annex 16, Volume 2 of the ICAO Technology Standards, they include standards for Hydrocarbons, Carbon monoxide, NOx, Smoke and Particulate Matter for Local Air Quality near airports, below .


text: The first ICAO emissions regulation was adopted in 1981, and more stringent NOx standards were subsequently adopted: CAEP/2 in 1993, CAEP/4 in 1999, CAEP/6 in 2005 and CAEP/8 in 2011.


text: Higher bypass ratios, lean burn and Rich Quick Quench Lean combustor design can reduce NOx emissions.


text: Most air accident investigations are carried out by an agency of a country that is associated in some way with the accident. For example, the Air Accidents Investigation Branch conducts accident investigations on behalf of the British Government. ICAO has conducted four investigations involving air disasters, of which two were passenger airliners shot down while in international flight over hostile territory.


text: ICAO is looking at having a singular ledger for drone registration to help law enforcement globally. Currently, ICAO is responsible for creating drone regulations across the globe, and it is expected that it will only maintain the registry. This activity is seen as a forerunner to global regulations on flying drones under the auspices of the ICAO.


text: ICAO currently maintains the 'UAS Regulation Portal' for various countries to list their country's UAS regulations and also review the best practices from across the globe.


title: Rakshasa

text: Rakshasas (, IAST: : Pali: "rakkhaso") lit. 'preservers' are a race of usually malevolent demigods prominently featured in Hindu mythology. According to the Brahmanda Purana, the rakshasas were created by Brahma when he assumed a body of "tamas" (darkness), the beings springing forth and promising to protect the waters of creation. They are often depicted to be man-eaters ("nri-chakshas", "kravyads"), acting as embodiments of the powers of evil in the Vedic scriptures. They are offered a distinction from yakshas, their cousins who are depicted to be forces of destruction. The term is also used to describe asuras, a class of power-seeking beings that oppose the benevolent devas. They are often depicted as antagonists in Hindu scriptures, as well as in Buddhism and Jainism. The female form of rakshasa is rakshasi.


title: Rakshasa

text: The Hymn 87 of the tenth mandala of the "Rigveda" mentions about Rakshasas. They are classified amongst the "Yatudhanas", mythological beings that consume raw flesh.


title: Rakshasa

text: Brahmā, in a form composed of the quality of foulness, was produced hunger, of whom anger was born: and the god put forth in darkness beings emaciate with hunger, of hideous aspects, and with long beards. Those beings hastened to the deity. Such of them as exclaimed, Oh preserve us! were thence called Rākṣasas.Those created beings, overwhelmed by hunger, attempted to seize the waters. Those among them who said—“we shall protect these waters”, are remembered as Rākṣasas.


title: Rakshasa

text: Rakshasas were most often depicted as shape-shifting, fierce-looking, enormous monstrous-looking creatures, with two fangs protruding from the top of the mouth and having sharp, claw-like fingernails. They were shown as being mean, growling beasts, and as insatiable man-eaters that could smell the scent of human flesh. Some of the more ferocious ones were shown with flaming red eyes and hair, drinking blood with their cupped hands or from human skulls (similar to representations of vampires in later Western mythology). Generally they could fly, vanish, and had "maya" (magical powers of illusion), which enabled them to change size at will and assume the form of any creature. The female equivalent of rakshasa is rakshasi.


title: Rakshasa

text: In the world of the Ramayana and Mahabharata, Rakshasas were a populous race. There were both good and evil rakshasas, and as warriors they fought alongside the armies of both good and evil. They were powerful warriors, expert magicians and illusionists. As shape-changers, they could assume different physical forms. As illusionists, they were capable of creating appearances which were real to those who believed in them or who failed to dispel them. Some of the rakshasas were said to be man-eaters, and made their gleeful appearance when the slaughter on a battlefield was at its worst. Occasionally they served as rank-and-file soldiers in the service of one or another warlord.


title: Rakshasa

text: Aside from their treatment of unnamed rank-and-file Rakshasas, the epics tell the stories of certain of these beings who rose to prominence, sometimes as heroes but more often as villains.


title: Rakshasa

text: Thapar suggests that the Rakshasas could represent exaggerated, supernatural depictions of demonized forest-dwellers who were outside the caste society.


title: Rakshasa

text: The Battle of Lanka pitted an army of Rakshasas under Ravana against an army of Vanaras, under Rama and Sugriva.


title: Rakshasa

text: Other Rakshasas that are featured in the Ramayana include Ahiravan, Akshayakumara, Atikaya, Indrajit, Jambumali, Kabandha, Kaikashi, Khara, Maricha, Sumali, Tataka, Prahasta, Shurpanakha and Subahu.


title: Rakshasa

text: The Pandava hero Bhima was the nemesis of forest-dwelling Rakshasas who dined on human travellers and terrorized human settlements.


title: Rakshasa

text: In the "Mahabharata," Ghatotkacha was summoned by Bhima to fight on the Pandava side in the Kurukshetra War. Invoking his magical powers, he wrought great havoc in the Kaurava army. In particular, after the death of Jayadratha, when the battle continued on past sunset, his powers were at their most effective (at night). After performing many heroic deeds on the battlefield and fighting numerous duels with other great warriors (including the Rakshasa Alamvusha, the elephant-riding King Bhagadatta, and Aswatthaman, the son of Drona), Ghatotkacha encountered the human hero Karna. At this point in the battle, the Kaurava leader Duryodhana had appealed to his best fighter, Karna, to kill Ghatotkacha, as the entire Kaurava army was near annihilation due to his ceaseless strikes from the air. Karna possessed a divine weapon, Shakti, granted by the god Indra. It could be used only once and Karna had been saving it to use on his arch-enemy Arjuna, the best Pandava fighter. Unable to refuse Duryodhana, Karna used the Shakti against Ghatotkacha, killing him. This is considered to be the turning point of the war. After his death, the Pandava counselor Krishna smiled, as he considered the Pandava prince Arjuna to be saved from certain death, as Karna had used the "Shakta" divine weapon. A temple in Manali, Himachal Pradesh, honors Ghatotkacha; it is located near the Hidimba Devi Temple.


title: Rakshasa

text: Many Rakshasas appear in various Buddhist Scriptures. In Chinese tradition rakshasa are known as "luocha" (/). In Japan, they are known as "rasetsu" ().


title: Rakshasa

text: Chapter 26 of the Lotus Sutra includes a dialogue between the Buddha and a group of rakshasa daughters, who swear to uphold and protect the Lotus Sutra. They also teach magical dhāraṇīs to protect followers who also uphold the sutra.


title: Rakshasa

text: Five rakshasha are part of Mahakala's retinue. They are Kala and Kali, husband and wife, and their offspring Putra, Bhatri and Bharya.


title: Rakshasa

text: The Lankavatara Sutra mentions the island of Sri Lanka as land of Rakshasas. Their king is the Rakshasa called Ravana, who invites Buddha to Sri Lanka for delivering the sermon in the land. There are other Rakhasas from the land, such as Wibisana, who is believed to be the brother of Ravana in Sri Lankan Buddhist mythology.


title: Rakshasa

text: In "The Lotus-Born: The Life Story of Padmasambhava, recorded by Yeshe Tsogyal," Padmasambhava receives the nickname of "Rakshasa" during one of his wrathful conquests to subdue Buddhist heretics.


title: Rakshasa

text: Jain accounts vary from the Hindu accounts of Rakshasa. According to Jain literature, Rakshasa was a kingdom of civilized and vegetarian people belonging to the race of Vidyadhara, who were devotees of Tirthankara.


title: Rakshasa

text: Indonesian Muslims view the Rakshasas as the result of people those soul is replaced by the spirit of a devil ("shayāṭīn"). The devils are envious of humans and thus attempt to possess their body and minds. If they succeed, the human adapts to the new soul and gains their qualities, turning the person into a Rakshasa.


title: Rakshasa

text: The artists of Angkor in Cambodia frequently depicted Ravana in stone sculpture and bas-relief. The "Nāga bridge" at the entrance to the 12th-century city of Angkor Thom is lined with large stone statues of Devas and Asuras engaged in churning the Ocean of Milk. The ten-headed Ravana is shown anchoring the line of Asuras.


title: Rakshasa

text: A bas-relief at the 12th-century temple of Angkor Wat depicts the figures churning the ocean. It includes Ravana anchoring the line of Asuras that are pulling on the serpent's head. Scholars have speculated that one of the figures in the line of Devas is Ravana's brother Vibhishana. They pull on a serpent's tail to churn the Ocean of Milk. Another bas-relief at Angkor Wat shows a 20-armed Ravana shaking Mount Kailasa.


title: Rakshasa

text: The artists of Angkor also depicted the Battle of Lanka between the Rakshasas under the command of Ravana and the Vanaras or monkeys under the command of Rama and Sugriva. The 12th-century Angkor Wat contains a dramatic bas-relief of the Battle of Lanka between Ravana's Rakshasas and Rama's monkeys. Ravana is depicted with ten heads and twenty arms, mounted on a chariot drawn by creatures that appear to be a mixture of horse, lion, and bird. Vibhishana is shown standing behind and aligned with Rama and his brother Lakshmana. Kumbhakarna, mounted on a similar chariot, is shown fighting Sugriva.


title: Rakshasa

text: Rakshasa have long been a race of villains in the "Dungeons & Dragons" role-playing game. They appear as animal-headed humanoids (generally with tiger or monkey heads) with their hands inverted (palms of its hands are where the backs of the hands would be on a human). They are masters of necromancy, enchantment and illusion (which they mostly use to disguise themselves) and are very hard to kill, especially due to their partial immunity to magical effects. They ravenously prey upon humans as food and dress themselves in fine clothing. This version of the rakshasa was heavily inspired by an episode of .


title: Rakshasa

text: In Indonesian and Malaysian variants of Malay which has significant Sanskrit influence, "raksasa" now means "giant", "gigantic", "huge and strong"; the Malaysian variant recognises the word as an outright official equivalent to "monster" whereas the Indonesian variant uses it more in colloquial usage.


title: Rakshasa

text: In Bengali, "rakh-khosh" (রাক্ষস) is used as term for a person who eats incessantly and without need to stop. This derivation also occurs in Malaysian and Indonesian Malay as "rakus", and in Khasi as "rakot", which means "greedy".


title: Paz Lenchantin

text: Paz Lenchantin (born December 12, 1973) is an Argentine-American musician. She has been the bass guitarist of the alternative rock band Pixies since 2014. She also played bass or strings with various bands, including Entrance, A Perfect Circle, Silver Jews and Zwan.


title: Paz Lenchantin

text: Lenchantin, who is of Armenian, French and Argentine ancestry, moved to Los Angeles, California, with her family at the age of four. Her father is classical pianist Mario Merdirossian who has been a professor of piano at National University of Buenos Aires-Tandil, University of Mississippi, the Catholic University of Lima, Peru. She speaks fluent Spanish and English. She began playing piano at age five. She then took violin lessons at age eight and taught herself how to play guitar at age 12. Her sister Ana Lenchantin is a musician and a frequent collaborator. She also frequently collaborated with her brother Luciano Lenchantin before his death in 2003. In the '90s, Paz was a piano teacher, a music programmer for video games, and a sound composer for the Sci-Fi Channel.


title: Paz Lenchantin

text: Lenchantin joined Billy Howerdel, Josh Freese, Troy Van Leeuwen, and Maynard James Keenan in the band A Perfect Circle. She contributed to their albums, "Mer de Noms" and "Thirteenth Step". Lenchantin later left the group to join with Billy Corgan, Jimmy Chamberlin, Matt Sweeney, and David Pajo in the band Zwan. In 2002, Lenchantin, Melissa Auf der Maur (Smashing Pumpkins and Hole), Samantha Maloney, and Radio Sloan (The Need) created a new band called The Chelsea. The all-female supergroup played only one show on February 2, 2002 before going their separate ways. An audience recording of said show was later bootlegged. Lenchantin returned to play strings and piano with A Perfect Circle in recording their cover album "eMOTIVe", released November 2, 2004 and debuting at #2 on the "Billboard" 200. She also contributed a solo cover of the song "The Hollow" to A Perfect Circle's CD/DVD release, "aMOTION". Since 2005, Lenchantin has been collaborating with The Entrance Band on their album "Prayer of Death", as co- producer as well as contributing bass and violin. She also appeared on the previous Entrance album "Wandering Stranger" (2004). She is now a seemingly permanent member of the Entrance Band.


title: Paz Lenchantin

text: Since 2012 winter, Paz has been touring with Josephine Foster supporting the "Blood Rushing" album promotion. In December 2013, Lenchantin was announced as the new touring bassist for Pixies, in replacement of founding band member Kim Deal and touring bassist Kim Shattuck, for their 2014 tour. In July 2016, Lenchantin confirmed that she is now a full-time member of Pixies.


title: Paz Lenchantin

text: Lenchantin also played strings on a song on the Queens of the Stone Age's album, "Songs for the Deaf". She has played with David Pajo in Papa M, and contributed fiddle on the Silver Jews record, "Tanglewood Numbers". She has toured with RTX/Jennifer Herrema of Royal Trux. In 2002, she performed on Trust Company's album The Lonely Position Of Neutral. In 2005 she played violin on the Kaura track "Dividing Lines". She has also contributed to and toured with Jarboe of Swans. In 2000, she appeared in A Perfect Circle's "Judith" music video as bassist. Lenchantin also played bass on Brightblack Morning Light's 2006 self-titled album on Matador Records. She worked with director Michael Mann on his film "Miami Vice" contributing violin on several scenes. She contributed playing strings on Melissa Auf der Maur's first solo album "Auf der Maur". In 2008, Paz co-wrote the Ashes Divide song "Denial Waits", and she played violin on Jenny Lewis' second studio album Acid Tongue. She appeared on Into The Presence's 2009 album, playing the bass.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Tardar Sauce (April 4, 2012 – May 14, 2019), nicknamed Grumpy Cat, was an American Internet celebrity cat. She was known for her permanently "grumpy" facial appearance, which was caused by an underbite and feline dwarfism. She came to prominence when a photograph of her was posted on September 22, 2012, on social news website Reddit by Bryan Bundesen, the brother of her owner Tabatha Bundesen. "Lolcats" and parodies created from the photograph by Reddit users became popular. She was the subject of a popular Internet meme in which humorously negative, cynical images were made from photographs of her.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: As of August 23, 2020, Grumpy Cat had 8.3 million total likes on Facebook, 2.6 million followers on Instagram 1.5 million followers on Twitter and 283,000 subscribers on YouTube.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Tardar Sauce was one of a litter of four kittens born to a calico mother and a blue-and-white tabby putative father at the home of her owner, Tabatha Bundesen of Morristown, Arizona. The Bundesens said that Tardar Sauce's face appeared grumpy because the feline had a form of dwarfism. Though the mother and father were described as "normal-sized domestic short-hair cats", Tardar Sauce was undersized and had hind legs that are "a bit different". Both she and her brother, Pokey, were born with "a flat face, bubble eyes, and a short tail". Although she had a "grumpy" appearance and was called "Grumpy Cat", according to the Bundesens, "Ninety-nine percent of the time she is just a regular cat."


title: Grumpy Cat

text: "Meme manager" Ben Lashes represented Grumpy Cat, in addition to Keyboard Cat and Nyan Cat. In 2013, Tabatha Bundesen took a leave of absence from her job at Red Lobster to manage Grumpy Cat's schedule, while her brother Bryan Bundesen manages the Grumpy Cat website, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter accounts.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: After her debut in 2012, Tardar Sauce made many media appearances, typically accompanied by her owner, Tabatha Bundesen; Tabatha's brother, Bryan Bundesen; and occasionally Tabatha's daughter, Chrystal. Tardar Sauce's handlers were interviewed by the respective hosts of each program. She was also featured in advertising campaigns for Friskies and General Mills' Honey Nut Cheerios, and made public appearances to promote her own brand.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: In March 2013, Tardar Sauce attended South by Southwest (SXSW) Interactive, hosted at the Mashable House, where she appeared for two-hours each day as Grumpy Cat. As part of her Spokescat sponsorship, Friskies paid travel expenses to SXSW in Austin, Texas, in order to film "Will Kitty Play With It?"


title: Grumpy Cat

text: CNN, CBS News, and CNET called Grumpy Cat the undisputed "biggest star" of SXSW Interactive over Elon Musk, Al Gore, and Neil Gaiman. Over 600 fans waited for hours in the line, which was nearly three blocks long, to take a photo. Among the crowds were Internet entrepreneur Dennis Crowley, singer Andrew W.K., and actor Ian Somerhalder. Somerhalder took photos with Grumpy Cat and called her his "new love", and described her as "very peaced out", "sweet as pumpkin pie", and "kind of amazing".


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Grumpy Cat appeared in episodes of the Friskies YouTube game show "Will Kitty Play With It?" In September 2013, it was announced that Grumpy Cat would become the Official Spokescat of Friskies. TMZ reported that for Grumpy Cat's SXSW Interactive appearance in Austin, Texas, Friskies paid for first-class flights, a private hotel room with king-sized bed, a personal assistant, a chauffeur, and unlimited Friskies food and bottled water. On March 22, 2013, Grumpy Cat traveled to New York City promoting the show and appeared on "Good Morning America" and "Anderson Live", and visited "Time" for a photo shoot.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Grumpy Cat Limited held eight trademarks in August 2018 registered with the United States Patent and Trademark Office; 1082 items were available on the official Grumpy Cat online shop.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Licensed merchandise like T-shirts and mugs are advertised on the Grumpy Cat website and sold at Hot Topic. Stuffed toys are also available, the original official plush was produced by Gund, though as of August 2018, no Grumpy Cat merchandise was available on the Gund website. Ganz, the company behind Webkinz, produced a small Grumpy Cat plush which allowed anyone to play with her electronic likeness on the Webkinz website.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Additionally, Chronicle Books has published The Grumpy Cat Wall Calendar each year since 2013, with a 2022 edition available as of January 2022.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: The official Grumpy Cat book, "Grumpy Cat: A Grumpy Book", was published on July 23, 2013, by Chronicle Books. The book is available in both print and digital formats from retailers worldwide. It debuted at #8 hardcover nonfiction on the "Publishers Weekly" best seller list. Another Grumpy Cat book called "The Grumpy Guide to Life: Observations by Grumpy Cat" was published by Chronicle Books and debuted at #3 on "The New York Times" Best Seller list in the Advice, How-To and Miscellaneous category.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Dynamite Entertainment publishes a comic book about Grumpy Cat and her brother, titled "The Misadventures of Grumpy Cat and Pokey".


title: Grumpy Cat

text: In December 2013, an official video game called "Grumpy Cat: Unimpressed" was released by Ganz Studios and is playable on Facebook, iOS devices and Android devices. The game is a match-three game where if combos are performed, Grumpy Cat's insults will appear. The players unlock her memes as they pass each level and she can be made angry with meows, hairballs and laser pointers.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: In May 2013, Grumpy Cat Limited partnered with Grenade Beverage LLC to market "Grumppuccino" iced coffee beverages.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: In December 2015, Grumpy Cat Limited filed a lawsuit against Grenade Beverage LLC citing trademark infringement when the beverage company expanded its line of Grumpy Cat coffee offerings beyond what was originally agreed upon, producing and marketing a Grumpy Cat roasted ground coffee even after being told by email that they were not approved to do so.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: In January 2018, the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California jury sided with Grumpy Cat Limited and ordered Grenade Beverage Company to pay $710,000 in damages for copyright and trademark infringement, as well as a $1 nominal damage fee for breach of contract.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Tardar Sauce died at her home in the arms of her owner Tabatha following complications from a urinary tract infection on May 14, 2019, at age 7. Her death was announced on May 17, 2019, on social media and she was mourned by many people across the globe. Tributes were posted worldwide. She was buried at Sunland Pet Rest Cemetery in Sun City, Arizona.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: Grumpy Cat appears in "Lil Bub & Friendz", a documentary premiered at the Tribeca Film Festival on April 18, 2013, and won the Tribeca Online Festival Best Feature Film. In May 2013, Broken Road Productions optioned Grumpy Cat for a ""Garfield"-like feature film" adaptation. Film producer Todd Garner said, "We think we can build a big family comedy around this character".


title: Grumpy Cat

text: On June 11, 2014, it was announced that Lifetime would produce a film starring Grumpy Cat, entitled "Grumpy Cat's Worst Christmas Ever". The film debuted on November 29, 2014. Tim Hill, the film's director, and Jeff Morris wrote the script, and principal photography took place over the summer. Aubrey Plaza voiced the Grumpy Cat character, and was also a producer on the film. On November 6, 2014, Lifetime released a tongue-in-cheek video about the casting and Plaza's "process" for becoming the voice of Grumpy Cat.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: The film received mostly negative reviews. On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 27%, based on 11 reviews, and an average rating of 4.17/10.


title: Grumpy Cat

text: In March 2013, Bryan Bundesen indicated that Grumpy Cat earned them income in the "mid-five figures", which increased to "low-six-figures" by May 2013. As of August 2018, the Bundesens had not disclosed the Grumpy Cat brand's net worth, though online speculation estimated it between $1 million and $100 million.


title: Gig Young

text: Gig Young (born Byron Elsworth Barr; November 4, 1913 – October 19, 1978) was an American actor. He was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor for his performances in "Come Fill the Cup" (1952) and "Teacher's Pet" (1959), finally winning that award for "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" (1969).


title: Gig Young

text: Born Byron Elsworth Barr in St. Cloud, Minnesota, he and his older siblings were raised by his parents, John and Emma Barr, in Washington, D.C. initially. His father was a reformatory chef.


title: Gig Young

text: When he was six, his family moved back to their hometown of Waynesville, North Carolina, where he was raised. He returned to Washington and attended McKinley High School.


title: Gig Young

text: His family is shown as living in St. Cloud, Minnesota on the 1920 and 1930 Federal Census. He is listed as having attended the St. Cloud Tech High School. The family moved to Washington, DC in 1932/1933 when Byron was about 18 years old. By 1935 they are living in Haywood County, North Carolina, according to the 1940 Federal Census. His parents owned the local canning factory in St. Cloud, Minnesota. His father, John E Barr, was born in Iowa and his mother, Emma Dingman Barr, was born in Minnesota.


title: Gig Young

text: He developed a passion for the theatre while appearing in high school plays. After graduating from high school he worked as a used car salesman and studied acting at night at Phil Hayden Theatre school.


title: Gig Young

text: He moved to Hollywood when a friend offered him a ride if he would pay for half the gas. After some amateur experience he applied for and received a scholarship to the acclaimed Pasadena Playhouse. "I had two jobs to support me, never rested, but it was great training and when I landed the part at Warner Bros., I was ready for it", he said.


title: Gig Young

text: Barr made early appearances in "Misbehaving Husbands" (1940), credited as "Byron Barr", and in the short "Here Comes the Cavalry" (1941).


title: Gig Young

text: While acting in "Pancho", a south-of-the-border play by Lowell Barrington, he and the leading actor in the play, George Reeves, were spotted by a Warner Brothers talent scout. Both actors were signed to supporting player contracts with the studio.


title: Gig Young

text: His early work was un-credited or as Byron Barr (not to be confused with another actor with the same name, Byron Barr) or Byron Fleming. It included appearances in "Sergeant York" (1941), "Dive Bomber" (1941), "Navy Blues" (1941), and "One Foot in Heaven" (1941). Barr had a bigger part in a short, "The Tanks Are Coming" (1941) which was nominated for an Oscar.


title: Gig Young

text: He was also in "They Died with Their Boots On" (1941) and "You're in the Army Now" (1941). He had an uncredited bit part and, nearly unseen, in his distinctive voice he had one line, "How's the ice?", in the Bette Davis film "The Man Who Came to Dinner". He was also in "Captains of the Clouds" (1942), and "The Male Animal" (1942). Warners loaned him to Fox for "The Mad Martindales" (1942).


title: Gig Young

text: In 1942, six months into his Warner Brothers contract, he was given his first notable role in the feature film "The Gay Sisters" as a character named "Gig Young". Preview cards praised the actor "Gig Young" and the studio determined that "Gig Young" should become Barr's stage and professional name.


title: Gig Young

text: He admits to having "some hesitancy... but I weighed the disadvantages against the advantages of having it stick indelibly in the mind of audiences. There'd be no confusion with some other actor called Gig."


title: Gig Young

text: His parts began to get better: a co-pilot in Howard Hawks's "Air Force" (1943); and Bette Davis' love interest in "Old Acquaintance" (1943).


title: Gig Young

text: Young took a hiatus from his movie career and enlisted in the United States Coast Guard in 1941 where he served as a pharmacist's mate until the end of World War II, serving in a combat zone in the Pacific.


title: Gig Young

text: On Young's return from the war, he was cast as Errol Flynn's rival for Eleanor Parker in "Escape Me Never" (1947). The film was directed by Peter Godfrey who also helmed Young and Parker in "The Woman in White" (1948), after which he left Warners, unhappy with his salary.


title: Gig Young

text: Young began freelancing at various studios, eventually obtaining a contract with Columbia Pictures before returning to freelancing. He came to be regarded as a popular and likable second lead, playing the brothers or friends of the principal characters.


title: Gig Young

text: In a 1966 interview he said, "Whenever you play a second lead and lose the girl, you have to make your part interesting yet not compete with the leading man. There are few great second leads in this business. It's easier to play a lead – you can do whatever you want. If I'm good it always means the leading man has been generous."


title: Gig Young

text: Young was Porthos in Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer's hugely popular "The Three Musketeers" (1948). Then he supported John Wayne in "Wake of the Red Witch" (1948) at Republic Pictures and Glenn Ford in Columbia's "Lust for Gold" (1949).


title: Gig Young

text: Young stayed at Columbia to support Rosalind Russell and Robert Cummings in "Tell It to the Judge" (1949).


title: Gig Young

text: Young began to appear in TV on shows such as "The Silver Theatre", "Pulitzer Prize Playhouse" and "The Bigelow Theatre".


title: Gig Young

text: Young had his first lead in a feature film at RKO in "Hunt the Man Down" (1951), a film noir. He went back to support roles for "Target Unknown" (1951) a war film at Universal; and "Only the Valiant" (1951), a Gregory Peck western.


title: Gig Young

text: Young received critical acclaim for his dramatic work as an alcoholic in the 1951 film "Come Fill the Cup" with James Cagney, back at Warner Brothers. He was nominated for both an Oscar and Golden Globe for Best Supporting Actor. Young later gave Cagney a great deal of the credit for his performance.


title: Gig Young

text: Young supported Van Johnson in the MGM comedy "Too Young to Kiss" (1952). The studio liked Young so much that he was signed to a term contract. After supporting Peter Lawford in "You for Me" (1952), Young was promoted by MGM to leading man for "Holiday for Sinners" (1952). The film was a box office failure, however.


title: Gig Young

text: More popular was "The Girl Who Had Everything" (1953) where Young lost Elizabeth Taylor to Fernando Lamas.


title: Gig Young

text: MGM loaned Young to Republic Pictures for "City That Never Sleeps" (1953), where he had the starring role. Martin Scorsese selected the film to open a Republic Pictures retrospective that he curated, citing the movie's amazing energy and creativity in his introduction at New York's Museum of Modern Art in 2018.


title: Gig Young

text: Back at MGM, Young had the lead in a 3-D Western, "Arena" (1953), which was a hit. He was a second male lead again – to Michael Wilding – in the Joan Crawford vehicle "Torch Song" (1953). Then he left MGM. "I played terrible parts there", he later said. He decided to relocate to New York.


title: Gig Young

text: Young claims he rarely performed in comedies until he appeared on Broadway in "Oh Men! Oh Women!" (1953–54) which ran for 382 performances. Young recalled, "It was a big smash hit but never helped change my type in Hollywood for quite some time. I still played dull, serious parts like Errol Flynn's brother. Yet on Broadway, they offered me nothing but comedies."


title: Gig Young

text: During this time Young appeared on TV shows shot in New York such as "Robert Montgomery Presents", "Schlitz Playhouse", "Producers' Showcase" and "Lux Video Theatre".


title: Gig Young

text: When "Oh Men!" ended its run, Young went back to Warner Bros where he lost Doris Day to Frank Sinatra in "Young at Heart" (1955).


title: Gig Young

text: In 1955, Young became the host of "Warner Bros. Presents", an umbrella title for three television series ("Casablanca", "Kings Row", and "Cheyenne") that aired during the 1955–1956 season on ABC Television.


title: Gig Young

text: Young is also remembered by many James Dean fans for the "driving safety" interview made shortly before Dean's fatal car accident in September 1955. Dean wears a cowboy outfit as he was taking a break during shooting of the 1956 film "Giant" while playing with a lasso and counseling the audience to drive carefully.


title: Gig Young

text: After appearing in "Teahouse of the August Moon" in New York Young returned to Hollywood to lose Katharine Hepburn to Spencer Tracy in "Desk Set" (1957). He continued to appear on TV in such shows as "The United States Steel Hour", "Climax!", "Goodyear Theatre" and "Studio One in Hollywood" (the latter starring Elizabeth Montgomery, whom he had married in 1956).


title: Gig Young

text: George Seaton saw Young on Broadway and cast him as a tipsy but ultimately charming intellectual in "Teacher's Pet" starring Clark Gable and Doris Day. It earned Young a second Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination. "This one man changed my image from that one play", Young said.


title: Gig Young

text: Young was promptly reunited with Day in an MGM comedy, "The Tunnel of Love" (1958), though still the second male lead – to Richard Widmark. Also at MGM, he appeared with Shirley MacLaine and David Niven in "Ask Any Girl" (1959).


title: Gig Young

text: Young had a change of pace in a Clifford Odets drama, "The Story on Page One" (1959), although he was still second lead, to Anthony Franciosa.


title: Gig Young

text: On TV he appeared in a 1959 Twilight Zone episode titled "Walking Distance." He had some excellent parts – all male leads – in TV adaptations of "The Philadelphia Story" (1959), "The Prince and the Pauper", "Ninotchka" (1960) and "The Spiral Staircase" (1961).


title: Gig Young

text: Young returned to Broadway with "Under the Yum-Yum Tree" (1960–61) which ran for a decent 173 performances.


title: Gig Young

text: He was announced for "Boys Night Out" (1962) but did not appear in the final film. He was going to be in "Drink to Me Only" with Pat Boone and Clifton Webb for Vincent Sherman, but it was not made.


title: Gig Young

text: Instead Young made another movie with Day, "That Touch of Mink" (1962), playing Cary Grant's best friend. He was Elvis Presley's boxing promoter in "Kid Galahad" (1962), and lost Sophia Loren to Anthony Perkins in "Five Miles to Midnight" (1962). After supporting Kirk Douglas in "For Love or Money" (1963), he was given a rare male lead in MGM's "A Ticklish Affair" (1963), as Shirley Jones' love interest.


title: Gig Young

text: On the 1964–65 NBC series "The Rogues", he shared appearances on a rotating basis with David Niven and Charles Boyer. It was one of Young's favorite roles, along with "Come Fill the Cup", "Teacher's Pet" and "They Shoot Horses Don't They". He later said, "I loved it, the public loved it, only NBC didn't love it."


title: Gig Young

text: Young supported Rock Hudson in the comedy "Strange Bedfellows" (1965) then had the lead in a British horror film, "The Shuttered Room" (1967).


title: Gig Young

text: He starred in a TV movie, "Companions in Nightmare" (1968) and enjoyed a successful return to Broadway, in the hit comedy "There's a Girl in My Soup" (1967–68) which ran for 322 performances.


title: Gig Young

text: Young won the Academy Award for his role as Rocky, the dance marathon emcee and promoter in the 1969 film "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?". Young had been foisted on Sydney Pollack by the head of ABC Pictures, Marty Baum, Young's former agent.


title: Gig Young

text: According to his fourth wife, Elaine Williams, "What he was aching for, as he walked up to collect his Oscar, was a role in his own movie—one that they could finally call 'a Gig Young movie.' For Young, the Oscar was literally the kiss of death, the end of the line."


title: Gig Young

text: Young himself had said to Louella Parsons, after failing to win in 1951, "so many people who have been nominated for an Oscar have had bad luck afterwards." However, at the time, Young called the Oscar "the greatest moment of his life."


title: Gig Young

text: Young had a good part in the popular "Lovers and Other Strangers" (1970), also from ABC Pictures, and toured in "Nobody Loves an Albatross" (1970) in summer stock. He was in the TV movie "The Neon Ceiling" (1971), his performance earning him an Emmy. A profile of Young around this time said "that well-established image of the boozy charmer Gig plays on and off camera fools you. That armour surrounds an intense dedicated artist, constantly involved with his profession."


title: Gig Young

text: Young's increasing alcoholism began to cost him roles. Originally cast as The Waco Kid, Young collapsed on the set of the comedy film "Blazing Saddles" during his first day of shooting due to alcohol withdrawal, and was fired by director Mel Brooks. Brooks would replace him with Gene Wilder.


title: Gig Young

text: He had a supporting role in "Bring Me the Head of Alfredo Garcia" (1974), an action film from Sam Peckinpah, and was in a horror movie, "A Black Ribbon for Deborah" (1974). He was in TV movies "The Great Ice Rip-Off" (1974) and "The Turning Point of Jim Malloy" (1975); Peckinpah used him again in "The Killer Elite" (1975).


title: Gig Young

text: In 1976, Aaron Spelling cast Young in the title role for his new action show "Charlie's Angels". However, Young's alcoholism prevented him from performing the role, even only as a voice actor. Young was fired and actor John Forsythe was cast to replace him, arriving the first night in his bathrobe and slippers.


title: Gig Young

text: Young was one of several names to star in "The Hindenburg" (1975). He guest-starred on "McCloud", had a support role in "Sherlock Holmes in New York" (1976) and a semi-regular part in the TV series "Gibbsville" (1976–77), based on the movie " The Turning Point of Jim Malloy".


title: Gig Young

text: His last role was in the 1978 film "Game of Death", released nearly six years after the film's star, Bruce Lee, died during production in 1973.


title: Gig Young

text: His first marriage to Sheila Stapler, a Pasadena Playhouse classmate, lasted seven years, ending in 1947. "We were too young, it couldn't have lasted", he later said.


title: Gig Young

text: In 1950, he married Sophie Rosenstein, the resident drama coach at Paramount, who was several years Young's senior. She was soon diagnosed with cancer and died just short of two years after the couple's wedding.


title: Gig Young

text: Young met actress Elizabeth Montgomery after she appeared in an episode of "Warner Bros. Presents" in 1956, and the two married later that year. In 1963, Montgomery divorced Young because of his alcoholism.


title: Gig Young

text: Young married his fourth wife, real estate agent Elaine Williams, nine months after his divorce from Montgomery was final. Williams was pregnant with Young's child at the time and gave birth to his only child, Jennifer, in April 1964. After three years of marriage, the couple divorced. During a legal battle over child support with Williams, Young denied that Jennifer was his biological child. After five years of court battles, Young lost his case.


title: Gig Young

text: On September 27, 1978, Young, age 64, married his fifth wife, a 31-year-old German magazine editor named Kim Schmidt. He met Schmidt in Hong Kong while working on "Game of Death".


title: Gig Young

text: On October 19, 1978, three weeks after his marriage to Schmidt, the couple were found dead in their apartment at The Osborne in Manhattan. Police surmised that Young shot his wife and then himself. Young was found face down on the floor of his bedroom, a .38 caliber Smith & Wesson pistol in his hand. His wife was found face down beside him. Young had apparently shot himself in the mouth and the bullet exited the back of his head. His wife was shot in the back of the head. No suicide note was found.


title: Gig Young

text: A motive for the murder was never discovered. Police said there was a diary opened to September 27 with "we got married today" written on it. The couple appear to have died around 2:30 p.m., when shots were heard by a building employee, and their bodies were found five hours later. Young was at one time under the care of the psychologist and psychotherapist Eugene Landy, who later had his professional California medical license revoked amidst accusations of ethical violations and misconduct with patients. Author Stephen King wrote the short story "1408" inspired by his stay in room 1402 at New York's Park Lane Hotel, which was misrepresented by the bellboy as the site of Young's murder/suicide.


title: Gig Young

text: Young's remains were taken to Beverly Hills for his funeral service. Young was buried in the Green Hill Cemetery in Waynesville, North Carolina, under his birth name, Byron E. Barr, in his family's plot along with his parents, siblings and an uncle. Young's will, which covered a $200,000 estate, left his Academy Award to his agent, Martin Baum, and Baum's wife, Bernice. Young's daughter Jennifer launched a campaign in the early 1990s to get the award back from his agent, and struck an agreement that she would get the award back upon the agent's death, which occurred in 2010. For his contribution to the television industry, Young has a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame at 6821 Hollywood Boulevard.


title: Mute (2018 film)

text: Mute (also known as Moon II in some countries) is a 2018 neo-noir science fiction film directed by Duncan Jones, who co-wrote the script with Michael Robert Johnson. A follow-up to his 2009 film "Moon", it stars Alexander Skarsgård, Paul Rudd, Justin Theroux, Robert Sheehan, Noel Clarke, Florence Kasumba, and Dominic Monaghan, revolving around a mute bartender (Skarsgård) searching for the love of his life (Seyneb Saleh) who has mysteriously disappeared. A third instalment, a graphic novel called "Madi: Once Upon A Time In The Future", was released in 2020.


title: Mute (2018 film)

text: It was released on Netflix on 23 February 2018 and received negative reviews, with praise for the visuals but criticism for its pacing, plot, and mishandled subject material; it drew unfavorable comparisons to "Blade Runner" from many critics.


title: Mute (2018 film)

text: A childhood swimming accident leaves Leo mute, as his devout Amish mother refused the surgery which could have helped him. As an adult in 2035, he swims frequently and has perfected the technique of holding his breath underwater. He is also a talented artist and loves woodworking.


title: Mute (2018 film)

text: Leo works as a bartender at a Berlin strip club owned by Maksim and dates cocktail waitress Naadirah, with whom he is deeply in love. She confides in her gay friend Luba, who also works at the club, that she has not told Leo about her past or her desperate need for money.


title: Mute (2018 film)

text: Naadirah shows up at Leo's apartment and attempts to tell him about “something important”, but Leo tells her, by a note, that as long as they are together, nothing else is important. Then he shows her an elaborate bed he has been carving as a present for her. Naadirah is overcome with emotion and they have sex.


title: Mute (2018 film)

text: Elsewhere, Maksim's mobsters meet two American surgeons, Cactus Bill and Duck, who run a black-market clinic. The two doctors are close friends, having served in combat together. Bill (who has an aggressive, volatile temper) desperately wants to leave Berlin and has pressed Maksim to provide forged documents for him and his young daughter, Josie. Duck, however, enjoys living in Berlin and has another, official, clinic where he performs cybernetic surgery. Some of his patients are children, and Duck appears to have an unhealthy interest in very young girls.