title: Candy

text: Packaging helps market the product as well. Manufacturers know that candy must be hygienic and attractive to customers. In the children's market quantity, novelty, large size and bright colors are the top sellers. Many companies redesign the packaging to maintain consumer appeal.


title: Candy

text: Because of its high sugar concentration, bacteria are not usually able to grow in candy. As a result, the shelf life is longer for candy than for many other foods. Most candies can be safely stored in their original packaging at room temperature in a dry, dark cupboard for months or years. As a rule, the softer the candy or the damper the storage area, the sooner it goes stale.


title: Candy

text: Shelf life considerations with most candies are focused on appearance, taste, and texture, rather than about the potential for food poisoning; that is, old candy may not look appealing or taste very good, even though it is very unlikely to make the eater sick. Candy can be made unsafe by storing it badly, such as in a wet, moldy area. Typical recommendations are these:


title: Candy

text: Even in a culture that eats sweets frequently, candy is not a significant source of nutrition or food energy for most people. The average American eats about 1.1 kg (2.5 pounds) of sugar or similar sweeteners each week, but almost 95% of that sugar—all but about 70 grams (2.5 ounces)—comes from non-candy sources, especially soft drinks and processed foods.


title: Candy

text: Candy is considered a source of empty calories, because it provides little or no nutritional value beyond food energy. At the start of the 20th century, when undernutrition was a serious problem, especially among poor and working-class people, and when nutrition science was a new field, the high calorie content was promoted as a virtue. Researchers suggested that candy, especially candy made with milk and nuts, was a low-cost alternative to normal meals. To get the food energy necessary for a day of labor, candy might cost half as much as eggs. During the 1920s and 1930s, candy bars selling for five cents were often marketed as replacements for lunch.


title: Candy

text: At the 1904 World Fair, the Quaker Oats Company made a candy-coated puffed cereal, a wheat-based product similar to Cracker Jack's candy-coated popcorn. The product concept was re-introduced unsuccessfully in 1939 by another business as Ranger Joe, the first pre-sweetened, candy-coated breakfast cereal. Post Foods introduced their own version in 1948, originally called Happy Jax and later Sugar Crisp. They marketed it as both a replacement for unsweetened breakfast cereals and also for eating as a snack or as candy, using three animated cartoon bears as the mascots: Candy, Handy, and Dandy. The early slogans said, "As a cereal it's dandy—for snacks it's so handy—or eat it like candy!"


title: Candy

text: In more recent times, a variety of snack bars have been marketed. These include bars that are intended as meal replacements as well as snack bars that are marketed as having nutritional advantages when compared to candy bars, such as granola bars. However, the actual nutritional value is often not very different from candy bars, except for usually a higher sodium content, and the flavors (most popularly, chocolate, fudge, and caramel) and the presentation mimic candy bars.


title: Candy

text: Among the Bengali people, candy may be eaten for an entire meal, especially during festivals. Candy may also be offered to vegetarian guests in lieu of fish or meat dishes in India.


title: Candy

text: Most candy contains no meat or other animal parts, and many contain no milk or other animal products. Some candy, including marshmallows and gummi bears, contains gelatin derived from animal collagen, a protein found in skin and bones, and is thus avoided by vegans and some vegetarians. "Kosher gelatin" is also unsuitable for vegetarians and vegans, as it is derived from fish bones. Other substances, such as agar, pectin, starch and gum arabic may also be used as setting and gelling agents, and can be used in place of gelatin.


title: Candy

text: Other ingredients commonly found in candy that are not suitable for vegetarian or vegan diets include carmine, a red dye made from cochineal beetles, and confectioner's glaze, which contains shellac, a resin excreted by female lac bugs.


title: Candy

text: Candy generally contains sugar, which is a key environmental factor in the formation of dental caries (cavities). Several types of bacteria commonly found in the mouth consume sugar, particularly "Streptococcus mutans". When these bacteria metabolize the sugar found in most candies, juice, or other sugary foods, they produce acids in the mouth that demineralize the tooth enamel and can lead to dental caries. Heavy or frequent consumption of high-sugar foods, especially lollipops, sugary cough drops, and other sugar-based candies that stay in the mouth for a long time, increases the risk of tooth decay. Candies that also contain enamel-dissolving acids, such as acid drops, increase the risk. Cleaning the teeth and mouth shortly after eating any type of sugary food, and allowing several hours to pass between eating such foods, reduces the risk and improves oral health.


title: Candy

text: However, frequent consumption of fruits and fruit juice, which contain both acid and sugars, may be a more significant factor in dental decay than candies.


title: Candy

text: Most candy, particularly low-fat and fat-free candy, has a high glycemic index (GI), which means that it causes a rapid rise in blood sugar levels after ingestion. This is chiefly a concern for people with diabetes, but could also be dangerous to the health of non-diabetics.


title: Candy

text: Some kinds of candy have been contaminated with an excessive amount of lead in it. Claims of contamination have been made since shortly after industrial-scale candy factories began producing candy in the mid-19th century, although these early claims were rarely true.


title: Candy

text: Hard, round candies are a leading cause of choking deaths in children. Some types of candy, such as Lychee Mini Fruity Gels, have been associated with so many choking deaths that their import or manufacture is banned by some countries.


title: Candy

text: Non-nutritive toy products such as chocolate eggs containing packaging with a toy inside are banned from sale in the US. If the material attached to confectionery has a function and will not cause any injury to the consumer, it is allowed to be marketed. In the EU, however, the Toy Safety Directive 2009/48/EC specifies that toys contained in food only need separate packaging that cannot be swallowed.


title: Candy

text: Global sales of candies were estimated to have been approximately US$118 billion in 2012. In the United States, $2 is spent on chocolate for every $1 spent on non-chocolate candy.


title: Candy

text: Because each culture varies in how it treats some foods, a food may be considered a candy in one place and a dessert in another. For example, in Western countries, baklava is served on a plate and eaten with a fork as a dessert, but in the Middle East, Northern Africa, and Eastern Europe, it is treated as a candy.


title: Candy

text: Adults worry that other people will use candy to poison or entice children into harmful situations. Stranger danger warnings include telling children not to take candy from strangers, for fear of the child being abducted. Poisoned candy myths persist in popular culture, especially around trick-or-treating at Halloween, despite the rarity of actual incidents.


title: Candy

text: The phrase "like taking candy from a baby" is a common simile, and means that something is very easy to do.


title: Candy

text: A 1959 Swedish dental health campaign encouraged people to reduce the risk of dental problems by limiting consumption of candy to once a week. The slogan, "All the sweets you want, but only once a week", started a tradition of buying candy every Saturday, called "lördagsgodis" (literally "Saturday candy").


title: Salisbury steak

text: Salisbury steak is a dish originating in the United States and made from a blend of ground beef and other ingredients and usually served with gravy or brown sauce. It is a version of Hamburg steak.


title: Salisbury steak

text: Hamburg was a common embarkation point for transatlantic voyages during the first half of the 19th century and New York City was the most common destination. Various New York restaurants offered "Hamburg-style American fillet", or even "beefsteak à Hambourgeoise". Early American preparations of ground beef were therefore made to fit the tastes of European immigrants.


title: Salisbury steak

text: James H. Salisbury (1823–1905) was an American physician and chemist known for his advocacy of a meat-centered diet to promote health, and the term "Salisbury steak" for a ground beef patty served as the main course has been used in the United States since 1897. Today, Salisbury steak is usually served with a gravy similar in texture to brown sauce, along with various side dishes. It is a common item in supermarket frozen food sections.


title: Salisbury steak

text: Dr. Salisbury recommended this recipe (somewhat different from modern Salisbury steak recipes) for the treatment of alimentation (digestive problems):


title: Salisbury steak

text: United States Department of Agriculture standards for processed, packaged "Salisbury steak" require a minimum content of 65% meat, of which up to 25% can be pork, except if de-fatted beef or pork is used, the limit is 12% combined. No more than 30% may be fat. Meat byproducts are not permitted; however, beef heart meat is allowed. Extender (bread crumbs, flour, oat flakes, etc.) content is limited to 12%, except isolated soy protein at 6.8% is considered equivalent to 12% of the others. The remainder consists of seasonings, fungi or vegetables (onion, bell pepper, mushroom or the like), binders (can include egg) and liquids (such as water, milk, cream, skim milk, buttermilk, brine, vinegar etc.). The product must be fully cooked, or else labeled "Patties for Salisbury Steak".


title: H-E-B

text: H-E-B Grocery Company, LP, is an American privately held supermarket chain based in San Antonio, Texas, with more than 340 stores throughout the U.S. state of Texas, as well as in northeast Mexico. The company also operates Central Market, an upscale organic and fine foods retailer. As of 2019, the company has a total revenue surpassing 31.2 billion. H-E-B ranked number 9 on "Forbes" 2020 list of "America's Largest Private Companies". H-E-B was named Retailer of the Year in 2010 by "Progressive Grocer". Supermarket News ranks H-E-B 13th on the list of "Top 75 North American Food Retailers" by sales. Based on 2019 revenues, H-E-B is the 19th-largest retailer in the United States. It donates 5% of pretax profits to charity. The official mascot of H-E-B is named H-E-Buddy, an anthropomorphic brown grocery bag, with multiple grocery items being shown coming out of the top.


title: H-E-B

text: The company was founded on November 26, 1905, when Florence Butt opened the C.C. Butt Grocery Store on the ground floor of her family home in Kerrville, Texas. In 1919, Howard Edward Butt, Florence's youngest son, took over the store upon his return from World War I. Shortly after becoming owner of his mother's small store, Howard tried four expansions into Central Texas, including one in Junction, all of which failed. Finally, in 1927, Howard launched a successful second store in Del Rio, Texas, followed by the purchase of three grocery stores in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. The initials of Howard E. Butt became the name of the store.


title: H-E-B

text: Charles, the younger son of Howard E. Butt, became president of H-E-B in 1971. As of 2019, Charles Butt is chairman and CEO of H-E-B, having grown the business from annual sales of $250 million in 1971 to $13 billion in 2006. In 2010, Craig Boyan was named H-E-B's president and COO. By 2018, Martin Otto, the former CFO and chief merchant, had become the COO. In 2011, the company was #12 H-E-B is the largest privately held company and largest private employer in Texas.


title: H-E-B

text: H-E-B acquired Favor Delivery as a wholly owned subsidiary in February 2018. The details of the merger were not disclosed.


title: H-E-B

text: In 2019, H-E-B invested millions of dollars to replace cashier stations with self-checkout kiosks or smartphone apps, at the same time that many other supermarkets (such as Walmart, Target, etc.) were shifting towards more self-checkout lanes, and app usage.


title: H-E-B

text: Headquartered in downtown San Antonio, H-E-B operates more than 300 stores in over 150 communities across Texas. As of late 2010, its operations serve approximately "55-plus" percent of the Texas market, with primary Texas markets including the Corpus Christi, San Antonio, Austin, Laredo and Houston metro areas. The company does business in five different retail formats: general H-E-B stores, Central Market, H-E-B Plus, Mi Tienda and Joe V's Smart Shop. In 2010, the company announced plans to build 19 new stores in Texas. H-E-B opened its first store outside of Texas in 1996, a H-E-B Pantry store in Lake Charles, Louisiana; though the expansion was, in comparison, short-lived and ultimately failed to catch on, either with planners or with the community. The H-E-B Pantry store format was discontinued in 2000, and the company closed its sole Louisiana store in 2003. In 2010, H-E-B offered consumers the opportunity to vote on possible designs for new stores as they expand into new communities.


title: H-E-B

text: The company operates several manufacturing facilities in Texas, including one of the largest milk- and bread-processing plants in the Southwest. H-E-B produces many of their own-brand products, including milk, ice cream, bread, snacks, and ready-cooked meats and meals. These and other private-label products are sold under various brands, including "Central Market Naturals", "Central Market Organics", "H-E-B", "H-E-Buddy", "Hill Country Fare", "H-E-B Creamy Creations" ice cream, "H-E-B Mootopia" milk, and "H-E-B Fully Cooked".


title: H-E-B

text: Several stores include multiple-tenant operations through third-party lease arrangements. Many stores include a bank operation, cellular kiosk, and multiple nationally recognized tenants.


title: H-E-B

text: The "Austin Business Journal" rated H-E-B as the largest private-sector employer in the region in 2017.


title: H-E-B

text: In 1994, H-E-B introduced its Central Market concept in Austin. Based in San Antonio, Central Market offers an organic and international food selection, including a European-style bakery and extensive wine and beer selections. The chain is now composed of 10 stores – three in Dallas, two in Austin, and one each in Fort Worth, Houston, Plano, San Antonio, and Southlake. H-E-B operates four different formats of stores that introduce general merchandise and elements of the Central Market concept: The Woodlands Market in The Woodlands in Montgomery County, Kingwood Market in the Kingwood section of Houston, and the Austin-Escarpment store in south Austin. A fourth store opened on March 22, 2008, in West Lake Hills, and in 2009, the H-E-B in Bee Caves was remodeled. H-E-B's Alon Market opened on October 17, 2008, in San Antonio.


title: H-E-B

text: In July 2015, the Market concept was expanded as a new Spring Creek Market was opened in southern Montgomery County in Spring, Texas, on Rayford Road.


title: H-E-B

text: In 2004, the company launched three (in Austin, Corpus Christi, and Waco) H-E-B Plus! stores with an expanded focus on nonfood categories, such as entertainment and other general merchandise. The company added three additional locations in 2005 (Corpus Christi, Round Rock, and San Antonio). The stores offered several new departments, including Do-It-Yourself and Texas Backyard, and greatly expanded product categories in baby, card and party, cosmetics, entertainment, housewares, and toys.


title: H-E-B

text: Several other locations were later added, including stores in Flour Bluff, Corpus Christi, Brownsville, Burleson, Bastrop, Beaumont, Belton, Boerne, Katy, Killeen, Cypress, Victoria, Waxahachie, New Braunfels, Kyle, Laredo, Leander, Mission, Rio Grande City, San Juan, San Antonio, Midland, Pearland, Copperas Cove and Hutto.


title: H-E-B

text: In 2006, H-E-B opened Mi Tienda in south Houston (adjacent to Pasadena) in greater Houston – a Latino-themed store. Another Mi Tienda opened in north Houston in 2011; it is twice the size of the original location, and has of space. This second location is off of Little York and Interstate 69/U.S. Route 59. Mi Tienda, which means "my store" in Spanish, sells Mexican baked goods; a tortilleria, where employees make tortillas; and a carniceria providing marinated cuts of chicken, beef and pork. In addition, Mi Tienda also houses the Cocina restaurant, which serves Mexican food and drinks.


title: H-E-B

text: In 2010, H-E-B opened "Joe V's Smart Shop", a brand featuring discount items modeled after discount grocer Aldi. The first location opened was a store located in northwest unincorporated Harris County, Texas, near northwest Houston. The store format is smaller compared with a full-service H-E-B store but double the size of an H-E-B Pantry store. A larger, second location with a space opened in December in northeast unincorporated Harris County, Texas. As of 2016, there are seven Joe V's stores. The "Joe V" name was based on the name of an executive of the company who was involved in the development of this store format.


title: H-E-B

text: H-E-B opened its first Mexican store in 1997 in Monterrey. It has more than 50 locations in Mexico. H-E-B crossed the $1 billion annual sales mark in Mexico in 2012.


title: H-E-B

text: In the mid-1980s, local grocery chains Handy Andy and Centeno joined a lawsuit against H-E-B citing unfair pricing practices. H-E-B eventually settled the suit out of court with Centeno in 1998 for $6.5 million and with Handy Andy for an undisclosed settlement amount.


title: H-E-B

text: H-E-B has paid $12 million to settle a whistleblower lawsuit accusing the San Antonio–based grocery chain of Medicaid fraud. Since at least 2006, according to the suit, H-E-B allegedly submitted to Texas Medicaid inflated prices on thousands of claims for prescriptions it filled so the company could obtain higher reimbursements than allowed.


title: H-E-B

text: The company gives five percent of annual pretax earnings to causes in the areas in which it operates, including education and food banks. The Excellence in Education Awards are an annual charitable program maintained by H-E-B since 2000, in which teachers, administrators and schools in Texas are recognized, with awards totaling $500,000 in contributions in 2009.


title: H-E-B

text: H-E-B coordinated donations to relief efforts in the wake of a fertilizer plant fire and explosion in West, Texas. The company donated $50,000 to the American Red Cross and launched a checkstand campaign benefiting the organization to get the community involved in the relief effort. The company said in a news release 100 percent of the donations from the campaign will support the American Red Cross's disaster relief efforts. H-E-B also activated its emergency response units, sending the H-E-B Eddie Garcia Mobile Kitchen and water tanker to West, including donations of meals and water to the victims and first responders.


title: H-E-B

text: In the aftermath of Hurricane Harvey in 2017, H-E-B donated $100,000 toward relief efforts. Its campaign drive for customer contributions totaled $1,000,000. In addition, H-E-B's Mobile Kitchen and Disaster Relief Units distributed 10,000 hot meals to volunteers and victims in the affected areas in Texas.


title: H-E-B

text: After the Robb Elementary School shooting in Uvalde, Texas, on May 24, 2022, in which 19 children and two teachers were killed, H-E-B and the Butt family donated $10 million toward building a new school as founding donors. Initial participants joining the family are a Texas architectural firm, Huckabee, and a Texas general contractor, Joeris General Contractors.


title: CentOS

text: CentOS (, from Community Enterprise Operating System; also known as CentOS Linux) is a Linux distribution that provides a free and open-source community-supported computing platform, functionally compatible with its upstream source, Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL). In January 2014, CentOS announced the official joining with Red Hat while staying independent from RHEL, under a new CentOS governing board.


title: CentOS

text: The first CentOS release in May 2004, numbered as CentOS version 2, was forked from RHEL version 2.1AS. Since version 8, CentOS officially supports the x86-64, ARM64, and POWER8 architectures, and releases up to version 6 also supported the IA-32 architecture. , AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the IA-32 architecture, Power ISA, and for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture. CentOS 8 was released on 24 September 2019.


title: CentOS

text: In December 2020, Red Hat unilaterally terminated CentOS development. In response, CentOS founder Gregory Kurtzer created the Rocky Linux project as a successor to the original mission of CentOS. In March 2021, Cloud Linux (makers of CloudLinux OS) released a new RHEL derivative called AlmaLinux.


title: CentOS

text: CentOS Linux was discontinued at the end of 2021 in favor of "CentOS Stream", a distribution positioned upstream of RHEL.


title: CentOS

text: CentOS originated as a build of CAOS Linux, an RPM-based Linux distribution started by Gregory Kurtzer in 2002. Infiscale described its GravityOS as "[including] the small footprint of Caos", indicating a certain level of influence from the discontinued distribution.


title: CentOS

text: In June 2006, David Parsley, the primary developer of Tao Linux (another RHEL clone), announced the retirement of Tao Linux and its rolling into CentOS development. Tao users migrated to the CentOS release via .


title: CentOS

text: In July 2009, it was reported in an open letter on the CentOS Project web site that CentOS's founder, Lance Davis, had disappeared in 2008. Davis had ceased contribution to the project, but continued to hold the registration for the CentOS domain and PayPal account. In August 2009, the CentOS team reportedly made contact with Davis and obtained the centos.info and centos.org domains.


title: CentOS

text: In July 2010, CentOS overtook Debian to become the most popular Linux distribution for web servers, with almost 30% of all Linux web servers using it. Debian retook the lead in January 2012.


title: CentOS

text: In January 2014, Red Hat announced that it would sponsor the CentOS Project, "helping to establish a platform well-suited to the needs of open source developers that integrate technologies in and around the operating system". As a result of these changes, ownership of CentOS trademarks was transferred to Red Hat, which now employs most of the CentOS head developers; however, they work as part of Red Hat's Open Source and Standards team, which operates separately from the Red Hat Enterprise Linux team. A new CentOS governing board was also established.


title: CentOS

text: On 8 December 2020, the CentOS Project announced that the distribution would be discontinued at the end of 2021 in order to focus on CentOS Stream. The community's response to this announcement was overwhelmingly negative. Soon thereafter, CentOS founder Gregory Kurtzer announced a new project to continue the original CentOS focus, which became known as Rocky Linux. CloudLinux created AlmaLinux to provide a community-supported successor to CentOS Linux, aiming for binary-compatibility with the current version of RHEL. A beta version of AlmaLinux was first released on February 1, 2021, and the first stable release of AlmaLinux was published on March 30, 2021.


title: CentOS

text: CentOS developers use Red Hat's source code to create a final product very similar to RHEL. Red Hat's branding and logos are changed because Red Hat does not allow them to be redistributed. CentOS is available free of charge. Technical support is primarily provided by the community via official mailing lists, web forums, and chat rooms.


title: CentOS

text: The project is affiliated with Red Hat but aspires to be more public, open, and inclusive. While Red Hat employs most of the CentOS head developers, the CentOS Project itself relies on donations from users and organizational sponsors.


title: CentOS

text: CentOS version numbers for releases older than 7.0 have two parts, a major version and a minor version, which correspond to the major version and update set of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) used to build a particular CentOS release. For example, CentOS 6.5 is built from the source packages of RHEL 6 update 5 (also known as RHEL version 6.5), which is a so-called "point release" of RHEL 6.


title: CentOS

text: Starting with version 7.0, CentOS version numbers also include a third part that indicates the monthstamp of the source code the release is based on. For example, version number 7.0-1406 still maps this CentOS release to the zeroth update set of RHEL 7, while "1406" indicates that the source code this release is based on dates from June 2014. Using the monthstamp allows installation images to be reissued for () oncoming container and cloud releases, while maintaining a connection to the related base release version.


title: CentOS

text: Since mid-2006 and starting with RHEL version 4.4, which is formally known as Red Hat Enterprise Linux 4.0 update 4, Red Hat has adopted a version-naming convention identical to that used by CentOS (for example, RHEL 4.5 or RHEL 6.5).


title: CentOS

text: On 10 September 2019 CentOS deferred CentOS 8.1 work for CentOS 7.7 since CentOS 7.x was in production and CentOS 8.x was not in production. Once CentOS 7.7 was released resources moved back to CentOS 8.0.


title: CentOS

text: According to the Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) life cycle, CentOS 5, 6 and 7 will be "maintained for up to 10 years" as it is based on RHEL. Previously, CentOS 4 had been supported for seven years.


title: CentOS

text: AltArch releases are released by the Alternative Architecture Special Interest Group (AltArch SIG) to support architectures that are not supported by the base CentOS releases.


title: CentOS

text: Software Collections (SCL) is a CentOS repository that provides a set of programming languages, database servers, and various related packages. Provided software versions are either more recent than their equivalent versions included in the base CentOS distribution, or are made available as official CentOS packages for the first time. (See also the list of CentOS repositories below.)


title: CentOS

text: Packages available from the SCL do not replace the default system tools provided with CentOS. Instead, a parallel set of tools is installed in the directory, and can be optionally enabled per application by using supplied utility. For example, the default versions of Perl or MySQL remain those provided by the base CentOS installation.


title: CentOS

text: Some of the ISO images released by the CentOS Project have no direct upstream equivalents. They are created for specific purposes, such as for providing a live bootable image, or for providing a reduced-size installation medium. In addition to those listed below, there are also AltArch releases, which also have no direct upstream equivalents.


title: CentOS

text: LiveCD and LiveDVD images contain a bootable compressed file system, created by a set of custom scripts using a kickstart configuration file. These live images can be also installed to hard disk, thus obtaining a fully functional CentOS installation. The set of packages installed that way on a hard disk can not be adjusted during the installation, as that is a simple transfer of the image existing on CD/DVD, to a hard disk. After booting from hard disk, yum can be used for adding or removing packages.


title: CentOS

text: MinimalCD images contain a minimum of packages required for a functional installation, with no compromises in security or network usability. These minimal images use the standard CentOS installer with all of its regular features minus the selection of packages. Yum can be used after the installation is completed to add or remove packages.


title: CentOS

text: Special interest groups (SIGs) are organized portions of the CentOS community that open paths for building specialized variants of CentOS, which fulfill specific sets of requirements. SIGs have the freedom to modify and enhance CentOS in various ways, including adding more cutting-edge software, rebuilding existing packages depending on the requirements, providing alternative desktop environments, or making CentOS available on otherwise unsupported architectures.


title: CentOS

text: As of version 8, CentOS fully supports x86-64, POWER8 and 64-bit ARM architectures, while the following architectures are not supported:


title: CentOS

text: , AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are available for the ARMv7hl and AArch64 variants of the ARM architecture, and plans exist for supporting other variants of the ARM architecture. ARM support is a community effort coordinated through the AltArch SIG. AltArch releases of CentOS 7 are also available for the IA-32 architecture and Power ISA (POWER7 and POWER8 chips).


title: CentOS

text: A Live CD version of CentOS is available at "mirror.centos.org". A bootable Live USB image of CentOS can be created manually or with UNetbootin.


title: CentOS

text: CentOS images are also available on Amazon's EC2 cloud, in form of prebuilt and already published Amazon Machine Images (AMIs).


title: CentOS

text: There are three primary CentOS repositories (also known as channels), containing software packages that make up the main CentOS distribution:


title: CentOS

text: The CentOS Project provides several additional repositories that contain software packages not provided by the default codice_1 and codice_2 repositories. Those repositories include the following:


title: CentOS

text: CentOS Stream is a "continuously delivered distro that tracks just ahead of Red Hat Enterprise Linux (RHEL) development, positioned as a midstream between Fedora Linux and RHEL." which is designed for "anyone interested in participating and collaborating in the RHEL ecosystem".


title: CentOS

text: Because prior CentOS releases were derived directly from RHEL (RHEL was essentially upstream of CentOS), Stream thus represents a change from prior CentOS releases, being situated between the upstream development in Fedora and the downstream development for RHEL. That said, CentOS Stream 9 and RHEL 9 started from the same codebase and thus CentOS Stream could reasonably be seen as "closer" to RHEL than Fedora.


title: CentOS

text: The initial release, CentOS Stream 8, was released on 24 September 2019, at the same time as CentOS 8. As CentOS 8 became unsupported, The CentOS Project provided a simple means of converting from CentOS Linux 8 to CentOS Stream 8.


title: Condensed milk

text: Condensed milk is cow's milk from which water has been removed (roughly 60% of it). It is most often found with sugar added, in the form of "sweetened condensed milk" (SCM), to the extent that the terms "condensed milk" and "sweetened condensed milk" are often used interchangeably today. Sweetened condensed milk is a very thick, sweet product, which when canned can last for years without refrigeration if not opened. The product is used in numerous dessert dishes in many countries.


title: Condensed milk

text: A related product is evaporated milk, which has undergone a lengthier preservation process because it is not sweetened. Evaporated milk is known in some countries as unsweetened condensed milk. Both products have a similar amount of water removed.


title: Condensed milk

text: According to the writings of Marco Polo, in the thirteenth century the Tatars were able to condense milk. Marco Polo reported that of milk paste was carried by each man, who would subsequently mix the product with water. However, this probably refers to the soft Tatar curd (katyk), which can be made into a drink ("ayran") by diluting it, and therefore refers to fermented, not fresh, milk concentrate.


title: Condensed milk

text: Nicolas Appert condensed milk in France in 1820, and Gail Borden Jr., in the United States in 1853, in reaction to difficulties in storing milk for more than a few hours. Before this development, milk could be kept fresh for only a short while and was available only in the immediate vicinity of a lactating cow. While returning from a trip to England in 1851, Borden was devastated by the deaths of several children, apparently from poor milk obtained from shipboard cows. With less than a year of schooling and following a series of failures, both of his own and of others, Borden was inspired by the vacuum pan he had seen being used by Shakers to condense fruit juice and managed to reduce milk without scorching or curdling it. Even then his first two factories failed and only the third, built with new partner Jeremiah Milbank in Wassaic, New York, produced a usable milk derivative that was long-lasting and needed no refrigeration.


title: Condensed milk

text: Probably of equal importance for the future of milk production were Borden's requirements (the "Dairyman's Ten Commandments") for farmers who wanted to sell him raw milk: they were required to wash the cows' udders before milking, keep barns swept clean, and scald and dry their strainers morning and night. By 1858, Borden's milk, sold as Eagle Brand, had gained a reputation for purity, durability and economy.


title: Condensed milk

text: In 1864, Gail Borden's New York Condensed Milk Company constructed the New York Milk Condensery in Brewster, New York. This was the largest and most advanced milk factory of its day and was Borden's first commercially successful plant. More than 200 dairy farmers supplied 20,000 gallons (76,000 litres) of milk daily to the Brewster plant as demand increased driven by the American Civil War.


title: Condensed milk

text: The U.S. government ordered huge amounts of condensed milk as a field ration for Union soldiers during the war. This was an extraordinary field ration for the nineteenth century: a typical 10-oz (300-ml) can contained 1,300 calories (5440 kJ), each of protein and fat, and more than of carbohydrate.


title: Condensed milk

text: Soldiers returning home from the war soon spread the word, and by the late 1860s condensed milk was a major product. The first Canadian condensery was built at Truro, Nova Scotia, in 1871. In 1899, E. B. Stuart opened the first Pacific Coast Condensed Milk Company (later known as the Carnation Milk Products Company) plant in Kent, Washington. The condensed milk market developed into a bubble, with too many manufacturers chasing too little demand. In 1911, Nestlé constructed the world's largest condensed milk plant in Dennington, Victoria, Australia. By 1912, high stocks of condensed milk led to a drop in price and many condenseries went out of business.


title: Condensed milk

text: In 1914, Otto F. Hunziker, head of Purdue University's dairy department, self-published "Condensed Milk and Milk Powder: Prepared for the Use of Milk Condenseries, Dairy Students and Pure Food Departments". This text, along with the additional work of Hunziker and others involved with the American Dairy Science Association, standardized and improved condensery operations in the United States and internationally. Hunziker's book was republished in a seventh edition in October 2007 by Cartwright Press.


title: Condensed milk

text: The First World War regenerated interest in, and the market for, condensed milk, primarily due to its storage and transportation benefits. In the U.S. the higher price for raw milk paid by condenseries created significant problems for the cheese industry.


title: Condensed milk

text: Raw milk is clarified and standardised to a desired fat to solid-not-fat (SNF) ratio, and is then heated to for several seconds. This heating process destroys some microorganisms, decreases fat separation and inhibits oxidation. Some water is evaporated from the milk and sugar is added until a 9:11 (nearly half) ratio of sugar to (evaporated) milk is reached. The sugar extends the shelf life of sweetened condensed milk. Sucrose increases the liquid's osmotic pressure, which prevents microorganism growth. The sweetened evaporated milk is cooled and lactose crystallization is induced.


title: Condensed milk

text: Condensed milk is used in recipes for the Brazilian candy "brigadeiro" (where condensed milk is the main ingredient), key lime pie, caramel candies, and other desserts. Condensed milk and sweetened condensed milk is also sometimes used in combination with clotted cream to make fudge in certain countries such as the United Kingdom.


title: Condensed milk

text: In parts of Asia and Europe, sweetened condensed milk is the preferred milk to be added to coffee or tea. Many countries in Southeast Asia, such as Vietnam and Cambodia, use condensed milk to flavor their hot or iced coffee. In Malaysia and Singapore, "teh tarik" is made from tea mixed with condensed milk, and condensed milk is an integral element in Hong Kong tea culture. In the Canary Islands, it is served as the bottom stripe in a glass of the local café cortado and, in Valencia, it is served as a café bombón.


title: Condensed milk

text: Borden's Eagle Brand sweetened condensed milk has noted that ice cream could be made quite simply at home with their product, cream, and various simple flavorings, being ready to serve after as little as four hours.


title: Condensed milk

text: In New Orleans, sweetened condensed milk is commonly used as a topping on chocolate or similarly cream-flavored snowballs. In Scotland, it is mixed with sugar and butter then boiled to form a popular sweet candy called tablet or Swiss milk tablet, this recipe being very similar to another version of the Brazilian candy brigadeiro called "branquinho". In some parts of the Southern United States, condensed milk is a key ingredient in lemon ice box pie, a sort of cream pie. In the Philippines, condensed milk is mixed with some evaporated milk and eggs, spooned into shallow metal containers over liquid caramelized sugar, and then steamed to make a stiffer and more filling version of "crème" caramel known as "leche flan", also common in Brazil under the name "pudim de leite".


title: Condensed milk

text: In Mexico, sweetened condensed milk is one of the main ingredients of the cold cake dessert (the leading brand is "La Lechera", the local version of Swiss "Milchmädchen" or "La Laitière" by Nestlé), combined with evaporated milk, Marie biscuits, lemon juice, and tropical fruit. In Brazil, this recipe is also done exchanging fruit for puddings, most commonly vanilla and chocolate, known as "pavê" or "torta de bolacha". It is also used to make homemade "dulce de leche" by baking it in an oven. In Brazil, this is done by baking the unopened can in a "bain-marie", the result being "doce de leite". In Britain and Ireland, the contents of a boiled can are used as the layer between the biscuit base and the banana and cream level in banoffee. There is also a pastry-based tart that is popular in the county of Kent, England called Gypsy tart. The pastry case is then filled with a mixture of brown sugar and either condensed milk, evaporated milk, or a mixture of the two before being baked. In Latin American and Central American countries, condensed milk (along with evaporated milk and whole milk or canned cream) is used as a key ingredient in the tres leches cake dessert.


title: Condensed milk

text: In Soviet culture it was once common to boil a can of condensed milk in water for about three hours. The resulting product is a sweet semi-liquid substance which can be used as a cake icing or put between layers. It is essentially the same as "dulce de leche." A similar product is called "kajmak" in Central Asia (although the original kaymak is a product similar to clotted cream). In Russia its called "varionaya sguschyonka" (translates as "boiled condensed milk"). The Soviet tradition and kaymak are also known in Poland.


title: Condensed milk

text: Condensed milk can be made from evaporated milk by mixing one volume measure of evaporated milk with one and a quarter volume measures of sugar in a saucepan, then heating and stirring the mixture until the sugar is completely dissolved, then cooling. It can also be made by simmering regular milk and sugar, until it is reduced by 60%.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: A barrel is one of several units of volume applied in various contexts; there are dry barrels, fluid barrels (such as the U.K. beer barrel and U.S. beer barrel), oil barrels, and so forth. For historical reasons the volumes of some barrel units are roughly double the volumes of others; volumes in common use range approximately from . In many connections the term is used almost interchangeably with "barrel".


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Since medieval times the term as a unit of measure has had various meanings throughout Europe, ranging from about 100 litres to about 1,000 litres. The name was derived in medieval times from the French , of unknown origin, but still in use, both in French and as derivations in many other languages such as Italian, Polish, and Spanish. In most countries such usage is obsolescent, increasingly superseded by SI units. As a result, the meaning of corresponding words and related concepts (vat, cask, keg etc.) in other languages often refers to a physical container rather than a known measure.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: In the international oil market context, however, prices in United States dollars per barrel are commonly used, and the term is variously translated, often to derivations of the Latin / Teutonic root "fat" (for example "vat" or "Fass").


title: Barrel (unit)

text: In other commercial connections, barrel sizes such as beer keg volumes also are standardised in many countries.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Fluid barrels vary depending on what is being measured and where. In the UK a beer barrel is . In the US most fluid barrels (apart from oil) are (half a hogshead), but a beer barrel is . The size of beer kegs in the US is based loosely on fractions of the US beer barrel. When referring to beer barrels or kegs in many countries, the term may be used for the commercial package units independent of actual volume, where common range for professional use is 20–60 L, typically a DIN or "Euro keg" of 50 L.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Richard III, King of England from 1483 until 1485, had defined the wine puncheon as a cask holding 84 gallons and a wine tierce as holding 42 gallons. Custom had made the 42 gallon watertight tierce a standard container for shipping eel, salmon, herring, molasses, wine, whale oil, and many other commodities in the English colonies by 1700. After the American Revolution in 1776, American merchants continued to use the same size barrels.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Oil companies that are listed on American stock exchanges typically report their production in terms of volume and use the units bbl (one barrel), or kbbl or Mbbl (one kilobarrel, one thousand barrels), or MMbbl (one million barrels), and occasionally for wider comprehensive statistics Gbbl (or sometimes Gbl), for giga-barrel (one billion barrels). There is a conflict concerning the units for oil barrels (see ). For all other physical quantities, according to the International System of Units, the uppercase letter "M" means "mega-" ("one million"), for example: MHz (one million hertz, or megahertz), MW (one million watts, or megawatt), MeV (one million electronvolt, or megaelectronvolt). But due to tradition, the Mbbl acronym is used today meaning "one thousand bbl", as a heritage of the roman number "M" for Latin "mille" meaning "one thousand". On the other hand, there are efforts to avoid this ambiguity, and most of the barrel dealers today prefer to use kbbl, instead of Mbbl, mbbl, MMbbl or mmbbl.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Outside the United States, volumes of oil are usually reported in cubic metres (m) instead of oil barrels. Cubic metre is the basic volume unit in the International System. In Canada, oil companies measure oil in cubic metres, but convert to barrels on export, since most of Canada's oil production is exported to the US. The nominal conversion factor is 1 cubic metre = 6.2898 oil barrels, but conversion is generally done by custody transfer meters on the border, since the volumes are specified at different temperatures, and the exact conversion factor depends on both density and temperature. Canadian companies operate internally and report to Canadian governments in cubic metres, but often convert to US barrels for the benefit of American investors and oil marketers. They generally quote prices in Canadian dollars per cubic metre to other Canadian companies, but use US dollars per barrel in financial reports and press statements, making it appear to the outside world that they operate in barrels.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Companies on the European stock exchanges report the "mass" of oil in tonnes. Since different varieties of petroleum have different densities, however, there is not a single conversion between mass and volume. For example, one tonne of heavy distillates might occupy a volume of . In contrast, one tonne of crude oil might occupy , and one tonne of gasoline will require . Overall, the conversion is usually between per tonne.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: The measurement of an "oil barrel" originated in the early Pennsylvania oil fields. The Drake Well, the first oil well in the US, was drilled in Pennsylvania in 1859, and an oil boom followed in the 1860s. When oil production began, there was no standard container for oil, so oil and petroleum products were stored and transported in barrels of different shapes and sizes. Some of these barrels would originally have been used for other products, such as beer, fish, molasses, or turpentine. Both the barrels (based on the old English wine measure), the tierce (159 litres) and the whiskey barrels were used. Also, barrels were in common use. The 40 gallon whiskey barrel was the most common size used by early oil producers, since they were readily available at the time.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Around 1866, early oil producers in Pennsylvania came to the conclusion that shipping oil in a variety of different containers was causing buyer distrust. They decided they needed a standard unit of measure to convince buyers that they were getting a fair volume for their money, and settled on the standard wine tierce, which was two gallons larger than the standard whisky barrel. The "Weekly Register", an Oil City, Pennsylvania newspaper, stated on August 31, 1866 that "the oil producers have issued the following circular":


title: Barrel (unit)

text: By 1872, the standard oil barrel was firmly established as 42 US-gallons. The 42 gallon standard oil barrel was officially adopted by the Petroleum Producers Association in 1872 and by the U.S. Geological Survey and the U.S. Bureau of Mines in 1882.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: In modern times, many different types of oil, chemicals, and other products are transported in steel drums. In the United States, these commonly have a capacity of and are referred to as such. They are called 200 litre or 200 kg drums outside the United States. In the United Kingdom and its former dependencies, a drum was used, even though all those countries now officially use the metric system and the drums are filled to 200 litres. Thus, the 42 US-gallon oil barrel is a unit of measure, and is no longer a physical container used to transport crude oil, as most petroleum is moved in pipelines or oil tankers. In the United States, the 42 US-gallon size of barrel as a unit of measure is largely confined to the oil industry, while different sizes of barrel are used in other industries. Nearly all other countries use the metric system.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: The abbreviations Mbbl and MMbbl refer to one thousand and one million barrels respectively. These are derived from the Latin "mille", meaning "thousand". This is different from the SI convention for where "M" stands for "mega" representing million, from the Greek for "large". Outside of the oil industry, the unit Mbbl (megabarrel) can sometimes stand for one million barrels. The "b" may have been doubled originally to indicate the plural (1 bl, 2 bbl), or possibly it was doubled to eliminate any confusion with bl as a symbol for the bale. Some sources assert that "bbl" originated as a symbol for "blue barrels" delivered by Standard Oil in its early days. However, while Ida Tarbell's 1904 Standard Oil Company history acknowledged the "holy blue barrel", the abbreviation "bbl" had been in use well before the 1859 birth of the U.S. petroleum industry.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Oil wells recover not just oil from the ground, but also natural gas and water. The term barrels of liquid per day (BLPD) refers to the total volume of liquid that is recovered. Similarly, barrels of oil equivalent or BOE is a value that accounts for both oil and natural gas while ignoring any water that is recovered.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Other terms are used when discussing only oil. These terms can refer to either the production of crude oil at an oil well, the conversion of crude oil to other products at an oil refinery, or the overall consumption of oil by a region or country. One common term is barrels per day (BPD, BOPD, bbl/d, bpd, bd, or b/d), where 1 BPD is equivalent to 0.0292 gallons per minute. One BPD also becomes 49.8 tonnes per year. At an oil refinery, production is sometimes reported as barrels per calendar day (b/cd or bcd), which is total production in a year divided by the days in that year. Likewise, barrels per stream day (BSD or BPSD) is the quantity of oil product produced by a single refining unit during continuous operation for 24 hours.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: Burning one tonne of light, synthetic, or heavy crude yields 38.51, 39.40, or 40.90 GJ (thermal) respectively (10.70, 10.94, or 11.36 MW·h), so 1 tonne per day of synthetic crude is about 456 kW of thermal power and 1 bpd of synthetic crude is about 378 kW (slightly less for light crude, slightly more for heavy crude).


title: Barrel (unit)

text: When used to denote a volume, one barrel is exactly 42 US gallons and is easily converted to any other unit of volume. As the US gallon since 1893 is defined as 3.785411784 litre, a volume of one barrel is exactly 158.987294928 litres. Using the approximate value 159 litre is about 0.008% off.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: In the oil industry, following the definition of the American Petroleum Institute, a standard barrel of oil is often taken to mean the amount of oil that at a standard pressure and temperature would occupy a volume of exactly . This standard barrel of oil will occupy a different volume at different pressures and temperatures. A standard barrel in this context is thus not simply a measure of volume, but of volume under specific conditions. The task of converting this standard barrel of oil to a standard cubic metre of oil is complicated by the fact that the standard cubic metre is defined by the American Petroleum Institute to mean the amount of oil that at 101.325 kPa and occupies 1 cubic metre. The fact that the conditions are not exactly the same means that an exact conversion is impossible unless the exact expansion coefficient of the crude is known, and this will vary from one crude oil to another.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: For a light oil with density of 850 kilogram per cubic metre (API gravity of 35), warming the oil from to might increase its volume by about 0.047%. Conversely, a heavy oil with a density of 934 kg/m (API gravity of 20) might only increase in volume by 0.039%. If physically measuring the density at a new temperature is not possible, then tables of empirical data can be used to accurately predict the change in density. In turn, this allows maximum accuracy when converting between standard barrel and standard cubic metre. The logic above also implies the same level of accuracy in measurements for barrels if there is a error in measuring the temperature at time of measuring the volume.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: For ease of trading, communication and financial accounting, international commodity exchanges often set a conversion factor for benchmark crude oils. For instance the conversion factor set by the New York Mercantile Exchange (NYMEX) for Western Canadian Select (WCS) crude oil traded at Hardisty, Alberta, Canada is 6.29287 U.S. barrels per cubic metre, despite the uncertainty in converting the volume for crude oil. Regulatory authorities in producing countries set standards for measurement accuracy of produced hydrocarbons, where such measurements affect taxes or royalties to the government. In the United Kingdom, for instance, the measurement accuracy required is ±0.25%.


title: Barrel (unit)

text: A barrel can technically be used to specify any volume. Since the actual nature of the fluids being measured varies along the stream, sometimes qualifiers are used to clarify what is being specified. In the oil field, it is often important to differentiate between rates of production of fluids, which may be a mix of oil and water, and rates of production of the oil itself. If a well is producing 10 mbd of fluids with a 20% water cut, then the well would also be said to be producing 8,000 barrels of oil a day (bod).


title: Barrel (unit)

text: In other circumstances, it can be important to include gas in production and consumption figures. Normally, gas amount is measured in standard cubic feet or cubic metres for volume (as well as in kg or Btu, which don't depend on pressure or temperature). But when necessary, such volume is converted to a volume of oil of equivalent enthalpy of combustion. Production and consumption using this analogue is stated in barrels of oil equivalent per day (boed).


title: Barrel (unit)

text: In the case of water-injection wells, in the United States it is common to refer to the injectivity rate in barrels of water per day (bwd). In Canada, it is measured in cubic metres per day (m/d). In general, water injection rates will be stated in the same units as oil production rates, since the usual objective is to replace the volume of oil produced with a similar volume of water to maintain reservoir pressure.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: thriller film directed by Jonathan Demme. The film, based on Richard Condon's 1959 novel of the same name and a reworking of the previous 1962 film, stars Denzel Washington as Bennett Marco, a tenacious, virtuous soldier, Liev Schreiber as Raymond Shaw, a U.S. Representative from New York, manipulated into becoming a vice-presidential candidate, Jon Voight as U.S. Senator Tom Jordan, a challenger for Vice President, and Meryl Streep as Eleanor Prentiss Shaw, also a U.S. Senator and the manipulative, ruthless mother of Raymond Shaw.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: While the name of the novel and the earlier film was retained, the significance of "Manchurian" was changed. In the original, the protagonist was captured in the Korean War and brainwashed by the Chinese in the actual Manchuria. In the 2004 film, with the Korean War replaced by the Gulf War, "Manchurian" is used, instead, as the name of a sinister multinational company.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: Major Bennett Marco commanded a famous U.S. Army unit during a Gulf War raid in 1991. For his role in that mission, Sergeant First Class Raymond Shaw was awarded the Medal of Honor for single-handedly defeating the enemy and rescuing all but two of his men. By 2008, the U.S. has become dominated by xenophobia, "de facto" martial law, environmental degradation, and increasing corporate influence; Shaw is a famous U.S. congressman. His ruthless mother, Virginia Senator Eleanor Prentiss Shaw, uses her influence to secure his nomination as a vice-presidential candidate over the favorite, Senator Tom Jordan. Raymond is shy and withdrawn, but opens up to his mother and his childhood sweetheart Jocelyn, Senator Jordan's daughter.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: Al Melvin, one of Marco's former soldiers, tells Marco of his confusing memories and dreams about their lost army unit. Though clearly mentally ill, he shows Marco his drawings of images from his dreams. Soon, Marco also dreams of the raid, where Raymond and he are captured and brainwashed to kill members of their platoon. Their captors included scientists led by a mysterious South African man.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: Marco starts investigating what really happened. He travels to New York City: on the train he meets an outgoing supermarket clerk who had already identified him earlier, named Eugenie or Rosie. She offers him a place to stay in New York. While showering at Eugenie's apartment, Marco feels a small lump on his upper back. He uses a knife to dig at the spot, and pulls out a tiny metallic object, but accidentally drops it down the bathroom sink drain after Eugenie, having listened to Marco's subtle sounds of distress, forces her way inside.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: Marco confronts Raymond at campaign headquarters, wrestles him down, and bites into his back in an attempt to remove the same implant he suspects is there. He has the implant analyzed and finds it is a nanotechnological experiment connected with Manchurian Global, a powerful private-equity firm with major political connections including Raymond's mother Senator Pritchett. Researching the firm, Marco recognizes the South African man from his nightmares as a South African geneticist-turned-mercenary Dr. Atticus Noyle. He brings his findings to Senator Jordan, who confronts the Shaws and suggests that Raymond withdraw from the campaign. Instead, Eleanor "activates" Raymond and orders him to kill Jordan. Jocelyn is also killed when she tries to stop Raymond.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: Marco suspects he's been followed, and when Marco tries to confront Rosie, she reveals she works for the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), which has been monitoring the conspiracy for years. Having found an implant in Melvin, who—like all of Raymond and Marco's squadmates—died mysteriously, the FBI arranges a meeting between Marco and Raymond to convince them they were brainwashed under an assassination plot, which takes place just as Governor Arthur and Raymond win the White House. Raymond receives a phone call intended for Marco from Eleanor, who is deeply linked with Manchurian. Using trigger words, she commands Marco to assassinate the President-elect so that Raymond can become President and admits that she voluntarily gave him to the brainwashers for the country's benefit, but Raymond resists the mind-control techniques, empowered by Jocelyn's death.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: At the climactic moment, Raymond deliberately places himself between the entranced Marco and the President-elect. As Eugenie rushes through the crowd to find Marco, Raymond looks at the vent where Marco is hiding and nods as a signal to kill the President-elect. Raymond dances with his mother and steers them into the marked position, where Marco kills them both with a single rifle shot. Marco prepares to kill himself, but after seeing Raymond's nod, Eugenie arrives and prevents his suicide by wounding him.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: The FBI frames a deceased Manchurian Global contractor as the shooter. Manchurian executives watch their entire conspiracy revealed on television, but do not attempt to flee. Eugenie takes Marco to the remote island compound where he was conditioned. After reflecting on his time there, Marco drops a photo of his Army unit and Raymond's Medal of Honor into the sea.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: Tina Sinatra was a co-producer of the film. Her father Frank Sinatra portrayed Marco in the original 1962 film and owned that film's legal distribution rights into the late 1980s, never re-releasing it during that time (although it did air on network television several times). In the original, nationally released during the Cuban Missile Crisis, the premise was based on communists taking control; in this remake, big corporate influence serves as the evil faction, a twist to maintain the "Manchurian connection". The remake does not follow the original film's plot details on several occasions.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: "The Manchurian Candidate" was released July 30, 2004, alongside "Harold & Kumar Go to White Castle", "Thunderbirds", & "The Village." The film grossed $65,955,630 in North America and $30,150,334 in other territories, totaling $96,105,964 worldwide.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: The film received mostly positive reviews from critics. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has a "Certified Fresh" 80% rating, based on 207 reviews, with an average rating of 7.11/10. The site's consensus reads, "While not the classic its predecessor is, this update is well-acted and conjures a chilling resonance". Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 top reviews from mainstream critics, calculated an average score of 76, based on 41 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: The Manchurian Candidate (2004 film)

text: Mick LaSalle of the "San Francisco Chronicle" wrote of Streep, "No one can talk about the acting in "The Manchurian Candidate" without rhapsodizing about Streep (in the role originated by Angela Lansbury). She has the Hillary hair and the Karen Hughes attack-dog energy, but the charm, the inspiration, and the constant invention are her own. She gives us a senator who's a monomaniac, a mad mommy and master politician rolled into one, a woman firing on so many levels that no one can keep up – someone who loves being evil as much as Streep loves acting. She's a pleasure to watch and to marvel at every second she's onscreen."


title: Quantum logic gate

text: In quantum computing and specifically the quantum circuit model of computation, a quantum logic gate (or simply quantum gate) is a basic quantum circuit operating on a small number of qubits. They are the building blocks of quantum circuits, like classical logic gates are for conventional digital circuits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Unlike many classical logic gates, quantum logic gates are reversible. It is possible to perform classical computing using only reversible gates. For example, the reversible Toffoli gate can implement all Boolean functions, often at the cost of having to use ancilla bits. The Toffoli gate has a direct quantum equivalent, showing that quantum circuits can perform all operations performed by classical circuits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Quantum gates are unitary operators, and are described as unitary matrices relative to some basis. Usually we use the "computational basis", which unless we compare it with something, just means that for a "d"-level quantum system (such as a qubit, a quantum register, or qutrits and qudits) we have labeled the orthogonal basis vectors or use binary notation.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The current notation for quantum gates was developed by many of the founders of quantum information science including Adriano Barenco, Charles Bennett, Richard Cleve, David P. DiVincenzo, Norman Margolus, Peter Shor, Tycho Sleator, John A. Smolin, and Harald Weinfurter, building on notation introduced by Richard Feynman in 1986.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Quantum logic gates are represented by unitary matrices. A gate which acts on formula_1 qubits is represented by a formula_2 unitary matrix, and the set of all such gates with the group operation of matrix multiplication is the symmetry group U(2). The quantum states that the gates act upon are unit vectors in formula_3 complex dimensions, with the complex Euclidean norm (the 2-norm). The basis vectors (sometimes called "eigenstates") are the possible outcomes if measured, and a quantum state is a linear combination of these outcomes. The most common quantum gates operate on vector spaces of one or two qubits, just like the common classical logic gates operate on one or two bits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Even though the quantum logic gates belong to continuous symmetry groups, real hardware is inexact and thus limited in precision. The application of gates typically introduces errors, and the quantum states fidelities decreases over time. If error correction is used, the usable gates are further restricted to a finite set. Later in this article, this is sometimes ignored as the focus is on the quantum gates' mathematical properties.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Here, formula_5 and formula_6 are the complex probability amplitudes of the qubit. These values determine the probability of measuring a 0 or a 1, when measuring the state of the qubit. See measurement below for details.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The tensor product (or Kronecker product) is used to combine quantum states. The combined state for a qubit register is the tensor product of the constituent qubits. The tensor product is denoted by the symbol


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The action of the gate on a specific quantum state is found by multiplying the vector formula_8 which represents the state by the matrix formula_9 representing the gate. The result is a new quantum state


title: Quantum logic gate

text: There exists an uncountably infinite number of gates. Some of them have been named by various authors, and below follow some of those most often used in the literature.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The identity gate is the identity matrix, usually written as "I", and is defined for a single qubit as


title: Quantum logic gate

text: where "I" is basis independent and does not modify the quantum state. The identity gate is most useful when describing mathematically the result of various gate operations or when discussing multi-qubit circuits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The Pauli gates formula_12 are the three Pauli matrices formula_13 and act on a single qubit. The Pauli "X", "Y" and "Z" equate, respectively, to a rotation around the "x", "y" and "z" axes of the Bloch sphere by formula_14 radians.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The Pauli-"X" gate is the quantum equivalent of the NOT gate for classical computers with respect to the standard basis which distinguishes the "z" axis on the Bloch sphere. It is sometimes called a bit-flip as it maps formula_15 to formula_16 and formula_16 to formula_15. Similarly, the Pauli-"Y" maps formula_15 to formula_20 and formula_16 to . Pauli "Z" leaves the basis state formula_15 unchanged and maps formula_16 to Due to this nature, Pauli "Z" is sometimes called phase-flip.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The matrix exponential of a Pauli matrix formula_29 is a rotation operator, often written as formula_30


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Controlled gates act on 2 or more qubits, where one or more qubits act as a control for some operation. For example, the controlled NOT gate (or CNOT or CX) acts on 2 qubits, and performs the NOT operation on the second qubit only when the first qubit is and otherwise leaves it unchanged. With respect to the basis it is represented by the Hermitian unitary matrix:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The CNOT (or controlled Pauli-"X") gate can be described as the gate that maps the basis states formula_32, where formula_33 is XOR.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Being a Hermitian unitary operator, CNOT has the property formula_35 and formula_36, and is involutory.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: then the "controlled-U gate" is a gate that operates on two qubits in such a way that the first qubit serves as a control. It maps the basis states as follows.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: When "U" is one of the Pauli operators, "X","Y", "Z", the respective terms "controlled-"X"", "controlled-"Y"", or "controlled-"Z"" are sometimes used. Sometimes this is shortened to just C"X", C"Y" and C"Z".


title: Quantum logic gate

text: In general, any single qubit unitary gate can be expressed as formula_43, where "H" is a Hermitian matrix, and then the controlled "U" is formula_44


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Control can be extended to gates with arbitrary number of qubits and functions in programming languages. Functions can be conditioned on superposition states.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Gates can also be controlled by classical logic. A quantum computer is controlled by a classical computer, and behave like a coprocessor that receives instructions from the classical computer about what gates to execute on which qubits. Classical control is simply the inclusion, or omission, of gates in the instruction sequence for the quantum computer.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The phase shift is a family of single-qubit gates that map the basis states formula_45 and formula_46. The probability of measuring a formula_15 or formula_16 is unchanged after applying this gate, however it modifies the phase of the quantum state. This is equivalent to tracing a horizontal circle (a line of latitude), or a rotation along the z-axis on the Bloch sphere by formula_49 radians. The phase shift gate is represented by the matrix:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: where formula_49 is the "phase shift" with the period . Some common examples are the "T" gate where formula_52 (historically known as the formula_53 gate), the phase gate (also known as the S gate, written as "S", though "S" is sometimes used for SWAP gates) where formula_54 and the Pauli-"Z" gate where formula_55.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Note that the phase gate formula_59 is not Hermitian (except for all formula_60). These gates are different from their Hermitian conjugates: formula_61. The two adjoint (or conjugate transpose) gates formula_62 and formula_63 are sometimes included in instruction sets.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The Hadamard or Walsh-Hadamard gate, named after Jacques Hadamard () and Joseph L. Walsh, acts on a single qubit. It maps the basis states formula_64) and XOR (formula_33) operations as it performs the mapping formula_66 on states in the computational basis.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: A set of universal quantum gates is any set of gates to which any operation possible on a quantum computer can be reduced, that is, any other unitary operation can be expressed as a finite sequence of gates from the set. Technically, this is impossible with anything less than an uncountable set of gates since the number of possible quantum gates is uncountable, whereas the number of finite sequences from a finite set is countable. To solve this problem, we only require that any quantum operation can be approximated by a sequence of gates from this finite set. Moreover, for unitaries on a constant number of qubits, the Solovay–Kitaev theorem guarantees that this can be done efficiently.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The rotation operators , , , the phase shift gate and CNOT form a widely used universal set of quantum gates.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: A common universal gate set is the Clifford + "T" gate set, which is composed of the CNOT, "H", "S" and "T" gates. The Clifford set alone is not universal and can be efficiently simulated classically by the Gottesman–Knill theorem.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The Toffoli gate forms a set of universal gates for reversible boolean algebraic logic circuits. A two-gate set of universal quantum gates containing a Toffoli gate can be constructed by adding the Hadamard gate to the set.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: A single-gate set of universal quantum gates can also be formulated using the parametrized three-qubit Deutsch gate formula_68, named after physicist David Deutsch. It is a general case of "CC-U" or "controlled-controlled-Unitary" gate, and is defined as


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Unfortunately, a working Deutsch gate has remained out of reach, due to lack of a protocol. There are some proposals to realize a Deutsch gate with dipole-dipole interaction in neutral atoms.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: A universal logic gate for reversible classical computing, the Toffoli gate, is reducible to the Deutsch gate, formula_70, thus showing that all reversible classical logic operations can be performed on a universal quantum computer.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: There also exists a single two-qubit gate sufficient for universality, given it can be applied to any pairs of qubits formula_71 on a circuit of width formula_1.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Assume that we have two gates "A" and "B", that both act on formula_1 qubits. When "B" is put after "A" in a series circuit, then the effect of the two gates can be described as a single gate "C".


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Where formula_75 is matrix multiplication. The resulting gate "C" will have the same dimensions as "A" and "B". The order in which the gates would appear in a circuit diagram is reversed when multiplying them together.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: For example, putting the Pauli "X" gate after the Pauli "Y" gate, both of which act on a single qubit, can be described as a single combined gate "C":


title: Quantum logic gate

text: All real exponents of unitary matrices are also unitary matrices, and all quantum gates are unitary matrices.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Positive integer exponents are equivalent to sequences of serially wired gates (e.g. and the real exponents is a generalization of the series circuit. For example, formula_78 and formula_79 are both valid quantum gates.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: formula_80 for any unitary matrix formula_9. The identity matrix (formula_82) behaves like a NOP and can be represented as bare wire in quantum circuits, or not shown at all.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: All gates are unitary matrices, so that formula_83 and where formula_84 is the conjugate transpose. This means that negative exponents of gates are unitary inverses of their positively exponentiated counterparts: For example, some negative exponents of the phase shift gates are formula_85 and


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Note that for a Hermitian matrix formula_86 and because of unitarity, formula_87 so formula_88 for all Hermitian gates. They are involutory. Examples of Hermitian gates are the Pauli gates, Hadamard, CNOT, SWAP and Toffoli. Hermitian unitary matrices formula_89 has the property formula_90.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The tensor product (or Kronecker product) of two quantum gates is the gate that is equal to the two gates in parallel.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: If we, as in the picture, combine the Pauli-"Y" gate with the Pauli-"X" gate in parallel, then this can be written as:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Both the Pauli-"X" and the Pauli-"Y" gate act on a single qubit. The resulting gate formula_92 act on two qubits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: This "two-qubit parallel Hadamard gate" will when applied to, for example, the two-qubit zero-vector create a quantum state that have equal probability of being observed in any of its four possible outcomes; and We can write this operation as:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Here the amplitude for each measurable state is . The probability to observe any state is the square of the absolute value of the measurable states amplitude, which in the above example means that there is one in four that we observe any one of the individual four cases. See measurement for details.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: formula_96 performs the Hadamard transform on two qubits. Similarly the gate formula_97 performs a Hadamard transform on a register of formula_1 qubits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: When applied to a register of formula_1 qubits all initialized to the Hadamard transform puts the quantum register into a superposition with equal probability of being measured in any of its formula_3 possible states:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: This state is a "uniform superposition" and it is generated as the first step in some search algorithms, for example in amplitude amplification and phase estimation.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Measuring this state results in a random number between formula_15 and How random the number is depends on the fidelity of the logic gates. If not measured, it is a quantum state with equal probability amplitude formula_103 for each of its possible states.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The Hadamard transform acts on a register formula_104 with formula_1 qubits such that formula_106 as follows:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: If two or more qubits are viewed as a single quantum state, this combined state is equal to the tensor product of the constituent qubits. Any state that can be written as a tensor product from the constituent subsystems are called separable states. On the other hand, an entangled state is any state that cannot be tensor-factorized, or in other words: "An entangled state can not be written as a tensor product of its constituent qubits states." Special care must be taken when applying gates to constituent qubits that make up entangled states.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: If we have a set of "N" qubits that are entangled and wish to apply a quantum gate on "M" < "N" qubits in the set, we will have to extend the gate to take "N" qubits. This application can be done by combining the gate with an identity matrix such that their tensor product becomes a gate that act on "N" qubits. The identity matrix is a representation of the gate that maps every state to itself (i.e., does nothing at all). In a circuit diagram the identity gate or matrix will often appear as just a bare wire.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: For example, the Hadamard gate acts on a single qubit, but if we feed it the first of the two qubits that constitute the entangled Bell state </math>,}} we cannot write that operation easily. We need to extend the Hadamard gate formula_89 with the identity gate formula_82 so that we can act on quantum states that span "two" qubits:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The gate formula_111 can now be applied to any two-qubit state, entangled or otherwise. The gate formula_111 will leave the second qubit untouched and apply the Hadamard transform to the first qubit. If applied to the Bell state in our example, we may write that as:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The time complexity for multiplying two formula_114-matrices is at least if using a classical machine. Because the size of a gate that operates on formula_115 qubits is formula_116 it means that the time for simulating a step in a quantum circuit (by means of multiplying the gates) that operates on generic entangled states is For this reason it is believed to be intractable to simulate large entangled quantum systems using classical computers. Subsets of the gates, such as the Clifford gates, or the trivial case of circuits that only implement classical boolean functions (e.g. combinations of X, CNOT, Toffoli), can however be efficiently simulated on classical computers.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The state vector of a quantum register with formula_1 qubits is formula_3 complex entries. Storing the probability amplitudes as a list of floating point values is not tractable for large formula_1.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Because all quantum logical gates are reversible, any composition of multiple gates is also reversible. All products and tensor products (i.e. series and parallel combinations) of unitary matrices are also unitary matrices. This means that it is possible to construct an inverse of all algorithms and functions, as long as they contain only gates.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Initialization, measurement, I/O and spontaneous decoherence are side effects in quantum computers. Gates however are purely functional and bijective.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: If formula_9 is a unitary matrix, then formula_83 and The dagger (formula_84) denotes the conjugate transpose. It is also called the Hermitian adjoint.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: If a function formula_123 is a product of formula_124 gates, the unitary inverse of the function formula_125 can be constructed:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Similarly if the function formula_128 consists of two gates formula_129 and formula_130 in parallel, then formula_131 and


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Gates that are their own unitary inverses are called Hermitian or self-adjoint operators. Some elementary gates such as the Hadamard ("H") and the Pauli gates ("I", "X", "Y", "Z") are Hermitian operators, while others like the phase shift ("S", "T", "P", CPhase) gates generally are not.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: For example, an algorithm for addition can be used for subtraction, if it is being "run in reverse", as its unitary inverse. The inverse quantum fourier transform is the unitary inverse. Unitary inverses can also be used for uncomputation. Programming languages for quantum computers, such as Microsoft's Q#, Bernhard Ömer's QCL, and IBM's Qiskit, contain function inversion as programming concepts.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Measurement (sometimes called "observation") is irreversible and therefore not a quantum gate, because it assigns the observed quantum state to a single value. Measurement takes a quantum state and projects it to one of the basis vectors, with a likelihood equal to the square of the vector's length (in the 2-norm) along that basis vector. This is known as the Born rule and appears as a stochastic non-reversible operation as it probabilistically sets the quantum state equal to the basis vector that represents the measured state. At the instant of measurement, the state is said to "collapse" to the definite single value that was measured. Why and how, or even if the quantum state collapses at measurement, is called the measurement problem.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The probability of measuring a value with probability amplitude formula_132 is where formula_133 is the modulus.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Measuring a single qubit, whose quantum state is represented by the vector will result in formula_15 with probability and in


title: Quantum logic gate

text: For example, measuring a qubit with the quantum state formula_135 will yield with equal probability either formula_15 or


title: Quantum logic gate

text: A quantum state formula_137 that spans qubits can be written as a vector in formula_3 complex dimensions: This is because the tensor product of qubits is a vector in formula_3 dimensions. This way, a register of qubits can be measured to formula_3 distinct states, similar to how a register of classical bits can hold formula_3 distinct states. Unlike with the bits of classical computers, quantum states can have non-zero probability amplitudes in multiple measurable values simultaneously. This is called "superposition".


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The sum of all probabilities for all outcomes must always be equal to . Another way to say this is that the Pythagorean theorem generalized to formula_142 has that all quantum states formula_137 with qubits must satisfy formula_144 where formula_145 is the probability amplitude for measurable state A geometric interpretation of this is that the possible value-space of a quantum state formula_137 with qubits is the surface of the unit sphere in formula_142 and that the unitary transforms (i.e. quantum logic gates) applied to it are rotations on the sphere. The rotations that the gates perform is in the symmetry group U(2). Measurement is then a probabilistic projection of the points at the surface of this complex sphere onto the basis vectors that span the space (and labels the outcomes).


title: Quantum logic gate

text: In many cases the space is represented as a Hilbert space formula_148 rather than some specific complex space. The number of dimensions (defined by the basis vectors, and thus also the possible outcomes from measurement) is then often implied by the operands, for example as the required state space for solving a problem. In Grover's algorithm, Lov named this generic basis vector set ""the database"".


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The selection of basis vectors against to measure a quantum state will influence the outcome of the measurement. See change of basis and Von Neumann entropy for details. In this article, we always use the "computational basis", which means that we have labeled the formula_3 basis vectors of an -qubit register or use the binary representation


title: Quantum logic gate

text: If two quantum states (i.e. qubits, or registers) are entangled (meaning that their combined state cannot be expressed as a tensor product), measurement of one register affects or reveals the state of the other register by partially or entirely collapsing its state too. This effect can be used for computation, and is used in many algorithms.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: This resulting state is the Bell state = \frac{1}{\sqrt{2}}\begin{bmatrix} 1 \\ 0 \\ 0 \\ 1\end{bmatrix}</math>.}} It cannot be described as a tensor product of two qubits. There is no solution for


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The quantum state "spans" the two qubits. This is called "entanglement". Measuring one of the two qubits that make up this Bell state will result in that the other qubit logically must have the same value, both must be the same: Either it will be found in the state or in the state If we measure one of the qubits to be for example then the other qubit must also be because their combined state "became" Measurement of one of the qubits collapses the entire quantum state, that span the two qubits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: This type of value-assignment occurs "instantaneously over any distance" and this has as of 2018 been experimentally verified by QUESS for distances of up to 1200 kilometers. That the phenomena appears to happen instantaneously as opposed to the time it would take to traverse the distance separating the qubits at the speed of light is called the EPR paradox, and it is an open question in physics how to resolve this. Originally it was solved by giving up the assumption of local realism, but other interpretations have also emerged. For more information see the Bell test experiments. The no-communication theorem proves that this phenomenon cannot be used for faster-than-light communication of classical information.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: If we now measure the qubits in register A, then register B will be found to contain the same value as A. If we however instead apply a quantum logic gate on A and then measure, then where formula_125 is the unitary inverse of .


title: Quantum logic gate

text: The equality will hold no matter in which order measurement is performed (on the registers A or B), assuming that has run to completion. Measurement can even be randomly and concurrently interleaved qubit by qubit, since the measurements assignment of one qubit will limit the possible value-space from the other entangled qubits.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Even though the equalities holds, the probabilities for measuring the possible outcomes may change as a result of applying , as may be the intent in a quantum search algorithm.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: This effect of value-sharing via entanglement is used in Shor's algorithm, phase estimation and in quantum counting. Using the Fourier transform to amplify the probability amplitudes of the solution states for some problem is a generic method known as "Fourier fishing".


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Functions and routines that only use gates can themselves be described as matrices, just like the smaller gates. The matrix that represents a quantum function acting on formula_115 qubits has size For example, a function that acts on a "qubyte" (a register of 8 qubits) would be represented by a matrix with formula_161 elements.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Unitary transformations that are not in the set of gates natively available at the quantum computer (the primitive gates) can be synthesised, or approximated, by combining the available primitive gates in a circuit. One way to do this is to factor the matrix that encodes the unitary transformation into a product of tensor products (i.e. series and parallel circuits) of the available primitive gates. The group U(2) is the symmetry group for the gates that act on formula_115 qubits. Factorization is then the problem of finding a path in U(2) from the generating set of primitive gates. The Solovay–Kitaev theorem shows that given a sufficient set of primitive gates, there exist an efficient approximate for any gate. For the general case with a large number of qubits this direct approach to circuit synthesis is intractable.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Because the gates unitary nature, all functions must be reversible and always be bijective mappings of input to output. There must always exist a function formula_163 such that Functions that are not invertible can be made invertible by adding ancilla qubits to the input or the output, or both. After the function has run to completion, the ancilla qubits can then either be uncomputed or left untouched. Measuring or otherwise collapsing the quantum state of an ancilla qubit (e.g. by re-initializing the value of it, or by its spontaneous decoherence) that have not been uncomputed may result in errors, as their state may be entangled with the qubits that are still being used in computations.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: Logically irreversible operations, for example addition modulo formula_3 of two formula_1-qubit registers a and b, can be made logically reversible by adding information to the output, so that the input can be computed from the output (i.e. there exist a function In our example, this can be done by passing on one of the input registers to the output: The output can then be used to compute the input (i.e. given the output formula_166 and we can easily find the input; formula_167 is given and and the function is made bijective.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: All Boolean algebraic expressions can be encoded as unitary transforms (quantum logic gates), for example by using combinations of the Pauli-X, CNOT and Toffoli gates. These gates are functionally complete in the Boolean logic domain.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: There are many unitary transforms available in the libraries of Q#, QCL, Qiskit, and other quantum programming languages. It also appears in the literature.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: For example, formula_168, where formula_169 is the number of qubits that constitutes the register is implemented as the following in QCL:


title: Quantum logic gate

text: In QCL, decrement is done by "undoing" increment. The prefix codice_1 is used to instead run the unitary inverse of the function. codice_2 is the inverse of codice_3 and instead performs the operation }\rangle</math>.}} The codice_4 keyword means that the function can be conditional.


title: Quantum logic gate

text: In the model of computation used in this article (the quantum circuit model), a classic computer generates the gate composition for the quantum computer, and the quantum computer behaves as a coprocessor that receives instructions from the classical computer about which primitive gates to apply to which qubits. Measurement of quantum registers results in binary values that the classical computer can use in its computations. Quantum algorithms often contain both a classical and a quantum part. Unmeasured I/O (sending qubits to remote computers without collapsing their quantum states) can be used to create networks of quantum computers. Entanglement swapping can then be used to realize distributed algorithms with quantum computers that are not directly connected. Examples of distributed algorithms that only require the use of a handful of quantum logic gates is superdense coding, the quantum Byzantine agreement and the BB84 cipherkey exchange protocol.


title: Toby Huss

text: Tobias Huss (born December 9, 1966) is an American actor, known for portraying Artie in the Nickelodeon series "The Adventures of Pete & Pete" (1993–1996). He is also known for his voice-over work on the long-running animated series "King of the Hill" (1997–2010) as Kahn Souphanousinphone and Cotton Hill, and his role as Felix "Stumpy" Dreifuss on HBO's "Carnivàle" (2003–2005). He played John Bosworth on the AMC original period drama "Halt and Catch Fire".


title: Toby Huss

text: Huss was born in Marshalltown, Iowa, to Gerald and Elma Huss. His father was a high school chemistry teacher, and his mother was a cosmetics sales representative. He attended the University of Iowa, where he participated in No Shame Theatre before moving to Los Angeles to pursue an acting career.


title: Toby Huss

text: In the early 1990s, Huss appeared in network promos for MTV, playing odd characters, including a crooner known at the time as Ol' Two Eyes, who sang lounge-singer versions of Dr. Dre's "Dre Day", Cypress Hill's "Insane in the Brain", Pearl Jam's "Jeremy", and Onyx's hit "Slam"; a James Bond-like spy named Cobalt; a leather fetishist with an abnormal affection for goats; a flannel-wearing doofus; and an angry redneck named Reverend Tex Stoveheadbottom, who delivered fast-talking and descriptively detailed non sequitur tirades that usually included the phrase, "Go to Hell!"


title: Toby Huss

text: Other roles include the voices of Cotton Hill and Kahn Souphanousinphone on "King of the Hill" and "the Wiz", a boyfriend of Elaine Benes in the episode "The Junk Mail" of "Seinfeld". From his parodies of Frank Sinatra, which were featured in the films "Vegas Vacation" and "Down Periscope", Huss has created a Sinatra-inspired character named Rudy Casoni.


title: Toby Huss

text: Huss is a single father and has one daughter, named Charlotte. In July 2014, Huss sold his home in Highland Park for $850,000.


title: Jack Posobiec

text: Jack Michael Posobiec III ( ; born December 14, 1984) is an American alt-right political activist, television correspondent and presenter, conspiracy theorist, and provocateur. Posobiec is known for his pro-Donald Trump comments on Twitter, as well as using white supremacist and antisemitic symbols and talking points, including the white genocide conspiracy theory. He has repeatedly planted false and derogatory claims about political figures in an effort to damage his opponents. He has promoted fake news, including the debunked Pizzagate conspiracy theory claiming high-ranking Democratic Party officials were involved in a child sex ring. He was also a promoter of the Stop the Steal movement. From 2018 to 2021, Posobiec was employed by One America News Network (OANN), a far-right cable news television channel, as a political correspondent and on-air presenter. He left OANN in May 2021 to begin hosting a show for the conservative student organization Turning Point USA, and to join conservative news site "Human Events" as a senior editor.


title: Jack Posobiec

text: Posobiec was born and raised in Norristown, Pennsylvania, to a family of Polish descent. His parents were both Democrats. He attended Kennedy-Kenrick Catholic High School and went to college at Temple University. While at Temple, he became the chairman of the Temple University College Republicans and started a chapter of Students for Academic Freedom, an organization run by the David Horowitz Freedom Center. He also participated in a summer internship for U.S. Senator Rick Santorum and volunteered for U.S. Representative Curt Weldon's unsuccessful reelection campaign in 2006. He graduated from Temple in 2006 with a double major in political science and broadcast journalism.


title: Jack Posobiec

text: After graduation, Posobiec worked for the United States Chamber of Commerce in Shanghai, China. He played a minor role in the film "The Forbidden Kingdom", which was released in 2008. He later worked for WPHT, a conservative talk radio station, and then for the campaign of Steve Johnson in the 2010 Pennsylvania lieutenant gubernatorial election.


title: Jack Posobiec

text: Posobiec served several tours in the United States Navy Reserve from 2010 to 2017, reaching the rank of lieutenant junior grade. He was deployed for ten months at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base from September 2012, and worked at the Office of Naval Intelligence (ONI), where he later worked again as a civilian.


title: Jack Posobiec

text: During the 2016 election, Posobiec was a special projects director of Citizens for Trump, a pro-Trump organization but not an official group. In March 2017, Posobiec resigned from his full-time civilian position at ONI, saying that his support for Trump led to a "toxic work environment". As of August 2017, his security clearance was suspended and was under review.


title: Jack Posobiec

text: Posobiec describes himself as a "Republican political operative". During the 2016 election, Posobiec was a special projects director of the political organization Citizens for Trump.


title: Jack Posobiec

text: He said in 2017 that his work was "reality journalism—part investigative, part activist, part commentary", and that "I'm willing to break the fourth wall. I'm willing to walk into an anti-Trump march and start chanting anti-Clinton stuff—to make something happen, and then cover what happens." Will Sommer, an editor at "The Hill", said in 2017 that Posobiec "make[s] stuff up, relentlessly", and that "there's no one at that level."


title: Jack Posobiec

text: On June 16, 2017, Posobiec disrupted a Shakespeare in the Park production of "Julius Caesar" that depicted the title character as a Trump-like figure. Posobiec was prompted by Mike Cernovich, another alt-right conspiracy theorist, who had offered a $1,000 prize for anyone who interrupted a performance. "You are all Goebbels, you are all Nazis like Joseph Goebbels", he shouted at the audience in a video he posted on Twitter. Posobiec was escorted from the event along with another protester, Laura Loomer, who was arrested for disorderly conduct after refusing to leave the stage.