title: All Saints (group)

text: Shaznay Lewis released her first solo single, "Never Felt Like This Before", in July 2004; it reached number eight in the UK. Her album "Open" followed two weeks later via London Records and peaked at number 22, although the second single, "You", charted only at number 56. In November 2004, Lewis was one of the artists involved in the Band Aid 20 re-recording of "Do They Know It's Christmas?". In early 2008, Lewis collaborated with Wideboys on the UK top forty hit "Daddy O".


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour is the sixth concert tour by American singer Billie Eilish, in support of her second studio album "Happier Than Ever" (2021). The tour commenced on February 3, 2022, in New Orleans, Louisiana, at Smoothie King Center. It will conclude at Arena VFG in Guadalajara, on April 2, 2023.


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: On May 21, 2021, the tour was announced through a YouTube video posted to her official page. In the short clip, the artist sits alone in the auditorium, while at the end of the visual, the camera points to Eilish's official website. Subsequently, Eilish posted further announcements through other social media pages such as Twitter. The tour uses Ticketmaster's Verified fan program in North America. It initially consisted of 50 dates (32 in North America and 18 in Europe). Tickets sold out quickly, leading to the addition of more dates. A third leg, with locations in Oceania, was also added to the tour.


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: To mark the tour's conclusion, Eilish worked with Apple Music to exclusively host a film of one of the concerts, specifically one of her shows at the O2 Arena in London. She billed the film as a way for fans who missed out on tickets to experience the tour for themselves, wanting more people to recognize her for her showmanship live. Eilish previewed the film by sharing performances of two tracks from the album—"Therefore I Am" and "I Didn't Change My Number"—through her YouTube account.


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: The show begins with strobing lights, white backdrops, whilst Eilish is catapulted from under the stage to perform "Bury a Friend", accompanied by a drummer, Andrew Marshall, and her brother, Finneas, on guitar. It was followed by "slinkier" and "hard-hitting" track "I Didn't Change My Number". Next, she sung "NDA", while the stage projected a street and the monitors were displaying cars swerving, later transitioning to "Therefore I Am", when the screens turned red. The singer proceeded with "hypnotic" rendition of "My Strange Addiction" and "downshifted" version of "Idontwannabeyouanymore". During "You Should See Me in a Crown" performance, Eilish instructed her fans to stay still "like "Squid Game"".


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: "Billie Bossa Nova" performance was "turned into a libidinous rager" with backdrops projecting faceless, scantily clad dancing bodies. According to "the New York Times" Lindsay Zoladz, performance of "Goldwing" was a "kinetic call-and-response number." Later, she follows with "quiter" song "Halley's Comet". Next, Eilish performs "Oxytocin", which also included a fragment of "Copycat". The artist additionally asks fans to get as low as possible, so all of them can jump at once.


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: To begin the tour's acoustic interlude, Finneas joins Eilish on the stage so that they can perform "Your Power" with guitars. In select concerts, starting with the first night at Manchester on June 7, the two debut the song "TV". Alongside "The 30th", it is part of Eilish's two-track extended play "Guitar Songs", released in July 2022. She and Finneas perform "The 30th" in place of "TV" for the first time in the tour's Manila concert; Eilish remarked that "The 30th" was hard to sing for her due to its personal lyrics. When they do not perform "TV" or "The 30th", Finneas returns to the keyboard, leaving Eilish at center stage to sing "Male Fantasy" by herself.


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: It is followed by "Not My Responsibility" interlude, after which she sugues into "Overheated", during which she is on the crane. After that, the singer performs a mash-up of her earlier songs "Bellyache", "Ocean Eyes", and "Bored". She goes back to the stage, and plays "Getting Older" with home videos of the singer and her family being displayed on the backdrops. For "All the Good Girls Go to Hell", screens present global warming effects on the Earth, such as polar bears on melting ice caps, pollution, oil spills, and wildfires. During the song's chorus they turn from flames to complete red.


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: Eilish starts an encore with "Everything I Wanted", which has been called "relatively breezy" by Keith Spera of "The New Orleans Advocate". She follows it with a performance of "Bad Guy", which sees her jumping around the stage, and confetti shot up from the ceiling. "Happier Than Ever" is the concluding song of the show, where Finneas plays the electric guitar, and Eilish headbangs during the second half of the song.


title: Happier Than Ever, The World Tour

text: This set list is representative of the show in Pittsburgh on February 8, 2022. It is not intended to represent all concerts for the tour.


title: J. Edgar

text: J. Edgar is a 2011 American biographical drama film based on the career of FBI director J. Edgar Hoover, directed, produced and scored by Clint Eastwood. Written by Dustin Lance Black, the film focuses on Hoover's life from the 1919 Palmer Raids onward. The film stars Leonardo DiCaprio in the title role, Armie Hammer, Naomi Watts, Josh Lucas, and Judi Dench. It marked Adam Driver's film debut.


title: J. Edgar

text: "J. Edgar" opened the AFI Fest 2011 in Los Angeles on November 3, 2011, and had its limited release on November 9, 2011 followed by wide release on November 11. The film received mixed reviews from critics, although DiCaprio's performance was widely praised, and it grossed $84 million worldwide. It was chosen by the National Board of Review and American Film Institute as one of the top ten films of 2011, while DiCaprio earned a nomination for a Golden Globe Award and both he and Hammer earned Screen Actors Guild Award nods.


title: J. Edgar

text: The film uses a nonlinear narrative, alternating between J. Edgar Hoover's role in establishing the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) and his later years trying to safeguard it against perceived threats. As a frame story, the aging Hoover narrates the events of the Bureau's early years to a series of agents he has assigned to ghostwrite a book about it.


title: J. Edgar

text: In 1919, Attorney General A. Mitchell Palmer survives an assassination attempt by anarchists and assigns Justice Department employee Hoover to a division dedicated to purging radicals. Helen Gandy rejects Hoover's awkward advances, but becomes his personal secretary and confidant. By arranging to make the anarchist Emma Goldman eligible for deportation, Hoover creates legal precedent to deport numerous other radicals. Following the Palmer Raids, Palmer loses his job and his successor, Harlan F. Stone, appoints Hoover as director of the department's Bureau of Investigation. Hoover has Gandy create a confidential file in which he collects incriminating information on people in power.


title: J. Edgar

text: With the First Red Scare over, Hoover focuses the Bureau on fighting gangsters. When the Lindbergh kidnapping captures national attention in 1932, he urges passage of the Federal Kidnapping Act, increasing the Bureau's power. He establishes the FBI Laboratory, applying forensic science techniques to the investigation, and has the registration numbers on the ransom bills monitored. Though Charles Lindbergh Jr. is found dead, these techniques lead to the arrest and conviction of Bruno Richard Hauptmann for the crime.


title: J. Edgar

text: Well into adulthood, Hoover continues to live with his mother, who is his moral guide. He hires Clyde Tolson to the Bureau in 1930; the two develop a close personal relationship, and Hoover promotes Tolson to Associate Director. When Hoover confesses to his mother that he is uncomfortable in romantic situations with women, she says she would rather he be dead than gay. When Tolson tells Hoover that he loves him, Hoover panics and claims that he wants to marry actress Dorothy Lamour. Tolson becomes infuriated and the two fight, culminating in Tolson kissing Hoover and threatening to end their association if Hoover ever talks about another woman again. Hoover's mother dies, and he is grief-stricken.


title: J. Edgar

text: Following an embarrassing line of questioning by Senate Appropriations Committee chair Kenneth McKellar in 1933, Hoover becomes increasingly vengeful against those who challenge his reputation and the Bureau's. He uses covert listening devices to collect compromising information which he uses to blackmail key political figures over the years, including President Franklin D. Roosevelt and Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy, protecting his position and increasing the Bureau's power. He starts an illegal counterintelligence program to fight what he perceives as a new wave of radicals, culminating in his unsuccessful attempt to blackmail Martin Luther King Jr. into declining the Nobel Peace Prize in 1964 via the FBI–King suicide letter.


title: J. Edgar

text: Tolson suffers a stroke, and Hoover's strength declines with age. Fearing that President Richard Nixon will acquire his confidential files and use them to ruin the FBI's reputation, he asks Gandy to keep them out of Nixon's hands. Tolson urges Hoover to retire and accuses him of exaggerating his involvement with key events in the Bureau's history. Hoover admits his feelings for Tolson before dying at home. Gandy destroys Hoover's files before Nixon's men can seize them.


title: J. Edgar

text: "J. Edgar" marked Adam Driver’s feature film debut, as gas station manager Walter Lyle. Eastwood’s son Kyle Eastwood, who composed some music for the film, appears as a member of the Stork Club band alongside trumpeter Kye Palmer, in a scene with Michael Gladis as the club owner and Amanda Schull as actress Anita Colby. Gunner Wright and David A. Cooper appear briefly as future Presidents Dwight D. Eisenhower and Franklin D. Roosevelt, respectively, in the aftermath of the assassination attempt on A. Mitchell Palmer.


title: J. Edgar

text: Additional minor roles were played by Kaitlyn Dever as Palmer's daughter; Jack Donner as Hoover's father; Jordan Bridges as a lawyer for the Department of Labor; Christian Clemenson as Immigration Inspector Schell; Geoff Stults as Special Agent Raymond Caffrey; Sadie Calvano as Hoover's niece; Ryan McPartlin as Lawrence Richey, secretary to President Herbert Hoover; Kahil Dotay as IRS Intelligence Unit Chief Elmer Lincoln Irey; David Clennon as Senator Friendly of the Appropriations Committee; Manu Intiraymi as gangster Alvin Karpis; Emily Alyn Lind as actress Shirley Temple; Gerald Downey as an FBI agent; Austin Basis as a bank teller; Eric Matheny as Hoover's doctor; Aaron Lazar as David T. Wilentz, prosecutor in Hauptmann's trail; and Maxine Weldon as Hoover's maid.


title: J. Edgar

text: Brian Grazer had been considering making a film about Hoover, and approached Dustin Lance Black to write the screenplay. Black began working on it in 2008, producing several drafts over a two year period. Warner Bros. Pictures wanted to keep the budget down, so producers Grazer and Robert Lorenz brought in Clint Eastwood, known for his efficient filmmaking, to direct and co-produce. Eastwood was able to shoot the film in 39 days and complete it under budget, for a total of $35 million.


title: J. Edgar

text: Unnamed sources cited by "The Hollywood Reporter" claimed that Leonardo DiCaprio dropped his usual fee from $20 million to $2 million to star in the film. For scenes in which he played the aged Hoover, DiCaprio had to spend up to six hours having makeup applied. Charlize Theron was originally slated to play Helen Gandy, but dropped out of the project to do "Snow White and the Huntsman". Eastwood considered Amy Adams before finally selecting Naomi Watts for the role.


title: J. Edgar

text: Though much of the film is set in Washington, D.C., only a few scenes were shot there, including the interior of the Library of Congress and the view from the balcony of Hoover's former office. The exterior of the courthouse in Warrenton, Virginia was used to represent the Hunterdon County Courthouse in Flemington, New Jersey, where Richard Hauptmann's trial took place. Scenes set inside the courthouse were filmed at the Old Orange County Courthouse in Santa Ana, California. Scenes of the Lindbergh estate were shot in The Plains, Virginia, while Arlington County, Virginia was filmed for some historic neighborhoods.


title: J. Edgar

text: Most of the film was shot in and around Los Angeles. Sets representing the hallways of the United States Department of Justice and several offices were built on Stage 16 at the Warner Bros. Studios in Burbank. The Cicada Restaurant, near Pershing Square, stood in for New York's Stork Club, while the Park Plaza Hotel served as both the men's department of Garfinckel's department store and the United States Senate chamber. The Pico House represented a train station for a scene depicting the Kansas City massacre. Some interior restaurant scenes were filmed at the Smoke House Restaurant, across the street from the Warner Bros. Studios.


title: J. Edgar

text: On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an approval rating of 43% based on 247 reviews, with an average rating of 5.72/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Leonardo DiCaprio gives a predictably powerhouse performance, but "J. Edgar" stumbles in all other departments: cheesy makeup, poor lighting, confusing narrative, and humdrum storytelling." Metacritic, which assigns a weighted average rating to reviews, gives the film a normalized score of 59 out of 100, based on 42 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B" on an A+ to F scale.


title: J. Edgar

text: Roger Ebert awarded the film three-and-a-half stars (out of four) and wrote that the film is "fascinating" and "masterful". He praised DiCaprio's performance as a "fully-realized, subtle and persuasive performance, hinting at more than Hoover ever revealed, perhaps even to himself". Todd McCarthy of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, writing, "This surprising collaboration between director Clint Eastwood and "Milk" screenwriter Dustin Lance Black tackles its trickiest challenges with plausibility and good sense, while serving up a simmeringly caustic view of its controversial subject's behavior, public and private." David Denby in "The New Yorker" magazine also liked the film, calling it a "nuanced account" and calling "Eastwood's touch light and sure, his judgment sound, the moments of pathos held just long enough."


title: J. Edgar

text: J. Hoberman of "The Village Voice" wrote: "Although hardly flawless, Eastwood's biopic is his richest, most ambitious movie since "Letters from Iwo Jima" and "Flags of Our Fathers"."


title: J. Edgar

text: Peter Debruge of "Variety" gave the film a mixed review: "Any movie in which the longtime FBI honcho features as the central character must supply some insight into what made him tick, or suffer from the reality that the Bureau's exploits were far more interesting than the bureaucrat who ran it – a dilemma "J. Edgar" never rises above." David Edelstein of "New York Magazine" reacted negatively to the film and said: "It's too bad "J. Edgar" is so shapeless and turgid and ham-handed, so rich in bad lines and worse readings." He praised DiCaprio's performance: "There's something appealingly straightforward about the way he physicalizes Hoover's inner struggle, the body always slightly out of sync with the mind that vigilantly monitors every move."


title: J. Edgar

text: The film opened limited in 7 theaters on November 9, grossing $52,645, and released wide on November 11, grossing $11.2 million in its opening weekend, approximating the $12 million figure projected by the "Los Angeles Times" for the film's opening weekend in the United States and Canada. "J. Edgar" went on to gross over $84.9 million worldwide and over


title: J. Edgar

text: $37.3 million at the domestic box office. Breakdowns of audience demographics for the movie showed that ticket buyers were nearly 95% over the age of 25 and slightly over 50% female.


title: J. Edgar

text: In an interview on "All Things Considered", Yale University history professor Beverly Gage, who is writing a biography of Hoover, stated that the film accurately conveys that Hoover came to the FBI as a reformer seeking "to clean it up, to professionalize it," and to introduce scientific methods to its investigation, eventually including such practices as fingerprinting and bloodtyping. She praises DiCaprio for conveying the tempo of Hoover's speech. However, she notes that the film's central narrative device in which Hoover dictates his memoirs to FBI agents chosen as writers, is fictitious: "He didn't ever have the sort of formal situation that you see in the movie where he was dictating a memoir to a series of young agents, and that that is the official record of the FBI." Historian Aaron J. Stockham of the Waterford School, whose dissertation was on the relationship of the FBI and the US Congress during the Hoover years, wrote on the History News Network of George Mason University, ""J. Edgar" portrays Hoover as the man who successfully integrated scientific processes into law enforcement investigations... There is no doubt, from the historical record, that Hoover was instrumental in creating the FBI's scientific reputation." Stockham notes that Hoover probably did not write the FBI–King suicide letter to Martin Luther King Jr., as the film portrays: "While such a letter was written, Hoover almost certainly delegated it to others within the Bureau."


title: Grammy Award for Best Rap Album

text: The Grammy Award for Best Rap Album is an award presented to recording artists for quality albums with rapping at the Grammy Awards, a ceremony that was established in 1958 and originally called the Gramophone Awards. Honors in several categories are presented at the ceremony annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences of the United States to "honor artistic achievement, technical proficiency and overall excellence in the recording industry, without regard to album sales or chart position".


title: Grammy Award for Best Rap Album

text: In 1995, the Academy announced the addition of the award category Best Rap Album. The first award was presented to the group Naughty by Nature at the 38th Grammy Awards the following year. According to the category description guide for the 52nd Grammy Awards, the award is presented for "albums containing at least 51% playing time of tracks with newly recorded rapped performances". Award recipients often include the producers, engineers, and/or mixers associated with the nominated work in addition to the recording artists.


title: Grammy Award for Best Rap Album

text: As of 2020, Eminem holds the record for the most wins in this category, with six. Lauryn Hill was the first female artist to win in this category, when she won in 1997 with the Fugees. Cardi B became the first solo female rapper to win for "Invasion of Privacy". Kanye West was presented the award four times, and the duo known as Outkast as well as Kendrick Lamar and Tyler, The Creator have all received the award twice. Jay-Z holds the record for the most nominations, with eleven. Drake became the first non-American winner in this category when he won in 2013. The Roots have received the most nominations without a win, with five. Eminem and West are the only artists to win the award in consecutive years, with Eminem achieving the feat twice. In 2016, Drake's "If You're Reading This It's Too Late" became the first mixtape to get nominated for the award, and in 2017, Chance the Rapper's "Coloring Book" became the first mixtape to win the award.


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: 1 Night in Paris is a 2004 pornographic video directed by Rick Salomon. Promoted by Kevin Blatt, it depicts Paris Hilton having sexual intercourse in May 2001 with Salomon. Not originally intended for release, it was filmed primarily with a single, stationary, tripod-mounted camera using "night vision". However, a handful of scenes were filmed indoors without night vision.


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: The video was released by Salomon shortly after Hilton's TV series "The Simple Life" debuted, causing a media sensation. When Hilton stated publicly that she had been "out of it", did not know what she was doing during the taping of the video and did not approve its public release, Salomon sued Hilton for defamation. Hilton then countersued Salomon over the release of the tape, settling out of court in July 2005. According to reports, Hilton was awarded as much as $400,000 and planned to donate a percentage to charity.


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: In a 2006 interview with the British edition of "GQ" magazine, Hilton stated: "I never received a dime from the video. It's just dirty money and (Salomon) should give it all to some charity for the sexually abused or something. To be honest, I don't even think about it any more."


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: The video received the AVN Awards in 2005 for "Best Selling Title of the Year", "Best Renting Title of the Year" and "Best Overall Marketing Campaign – Individual Project". The DVD titled "1 Night in Paris" is distributed by Red Light District, a production company that produces and distributes pornographic videos. The rights to the video has since been purchased by Vivid Entertainment.


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: The official release of the video opened with a dedication that states: "In memory of 9/11/01... We will never forget."


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: American singer-songwriter P!nk parodied one of the scenes from the sex tape in her music video for her song "Stupid Girls".


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: In 2021 interview with "Vanity Fair", Hilton said the tape, which was released without her consent and caused a media sensation, was "humiliating" and is "something that will hurt me for the rest of my life."


title: 1 Night in Paris

text: "It's always there in the back of my mind. When it happened, people were so mean about it to me. The way that I was spoken about on nightly talk shows and the media, to see things with my family was just heartbreaking. I would be in tears every single day, I didn't want to leave my house, I felt like my life was over," she said.


title: The Little Match Girl

text: "The Little Match Girl" (, meaning "The little girl with the sulphur-sticks", i.e. matches) is a literary fairy tale by Danish poet and author Hans Christian Andersen. The story, about a dying child's dreams and hope, was first published in 1845. It has been adapted to various media, including animated, live-action, and VR films as well as television musicals.


title: The Little Match Girl

text: On a freezing New Year's Eve, a poor young girl, shivering and barefoot, tries to sell matches in the street. Afraid to go home because her father would beat her for failing to sell any matches, she huddles in the alley between two houses and lights matches, one by one, to warm herself. However, the girl is ignored by passersby as no one buys from her, leaving her to suffer alone in the cold weather.


title: The Little Match Girl

text: In the flame of the matches, she sees a series of comforting visions: the warm iron stove, the lovely roast goose, the great glorious Christmas tree. Each vision disappears as its match burns out. In the sky she sees a shooting star, which her late grandmother had told her means someone is on their way to Heaven. In the flame of the next match she sees her late grandmother, the only person that ever treated her with love and kindness. To keep the vision of her grandmother alive as long as possible, the girl lights the entire bundle of matches.


title: The Little Match Girl

text: When the matches are gone, the girl freezes to death, and her grandmother carries her soul to Heaven. The next morning, passers-by find the girl's body with a smile on her face, and express pity. They do not know about the wonderful visions she had seen, or how happy she is with her grandmother in Heaven.


title: The Little Match Girl

text: "The Little Match Girl" was first published in December 1845, in "Dansk Folkekalender for 1846". The work was re-published as a part of "New Fairy Tales" (4 March 1848), Second Volume, Second Collection ("Nye Eventyr" (1848), Andet Bind, Anden Samling), and again 18 December 1849 as a part of "Fairy Tales" (1850; "Eventyr"). The work was also published 30 March 1863 as a part of "Fairy Tales and Stories" (1863), Second Volume ("Eventyr og Historier" (1863), Andet Bind).


title: The Little Match Girl

text: In season 4 episode 6 of Date a Live, while in the fairy tale world Kotori is based on the Little Match Girl.


title: August Coppola

text: August Floyd Coppola (February 16, 1934 – October 27, 2009) was an American academic, author, film executive, and advocate for the arts. He was the brother of director Francis Ford Coppola and actress Talia Shire, and the father of actor Nicolas Cage, radio DJ Marc Coppola and director Christopher Coppola.


title: August Coppola

text: August Coppola was the son of composer and flautist Carmine Coppola (1910–1991) and Italia Pennino Coppola (1912–2004), a lyricist and matriarch of the Coppola family. His siblings were film director Francis Ford Coppola and actress Talia Shire; his uncle was composer Anton Coppola.


title: August Coppola

text: Coppola received his undergraduate degree at UCLA and his graduate degree at Hofstra University, where his thesis "Ernest Hemingway: The Problem of In Our Time" was published in 1956. Coppola earned his doctorate at Occidental College in 1960.


title: August Coppola

text: He taught comparative literature at Cal State Long Beach in the 1960s and '70s and served as a trustee of the California State University system before moving to San Francisco in 1984. He then served as Dean of Creative Arts at San Francisco State University. In this role, Coppola earned a reputation of being a champion of the arts on the campus and in the community, and for promoting diversity within the student body of the arts school.


title: August Coppola

text: Coppola also worked in film, like many other members of his family. He was an executive at his brother's American Zoetrope film studio, where he was involved in the revival of Abel Gance's 1927 silent film "Napoléon". He was the founder and president of the San Francisco Film and Video Arts Commission, and served on the jury of the 36th Berlin International Film Festival in 1986. Also, Coppola served as chairman and CEO of Education First!, an organization seeking Hollywood studio support for educational programs.


title: August Coppola

text: Coppola also worked as an advocate for art appreciation among the visually impaired. He is credited as being the creator of the Tactile Dome, a feature at the San Francisco Exploratorium museum. The Dome is a lightless maze that requires visitors to pass through using only their sense of touch. In 1972 Coppola opened the AudioVision Workshop with colleague Gregory Frazier, which employed Frazier's process of audio recording descriptions of film and theater action for the benefit of visually impaired audiences.


title: August Coppola

text: Coppola married German-American dancer Joy Vogelsang (1935–2021) in 1960; they had three sons: Marc, Christopher, and Nicolas. Among his nieces and nephews are director Sofia Coppola and actor Jason Schwartzman.


title: August Coppola

text: Coppola and Vogelsang divorced in 1976. He married Marie Thenevin on April 16, 1981. That marriage ended in 1986. His last marriage was to Martine Chevallier, an actress with the Comédie-Française in Paris.


title: August Coppola

text: Coppola's final home was in Los Angeles, where he died of a heart attack on October 27, 2009, at age 75.


title: August Coppola

text: The 150-seat August Coppola Theater on the San Francisco State University campus is named in his honor. Francis Ford Coppola dedicated his 1983 film "Rumble Fish" to him.


title: August Coppola

text: Nicolas Cage partially based his idea for the film "The Sorcerer's Apprentice" (2010) and his character Balthazar on his father August Coppola. The closing credits read "With Memories of Dr. August Coppola".


title: Julius Randle

text: Julius Deion Randle (born November 29, 1994) is an American professional basketball player for the New York Knicks of the National Basketball Association (NBA). In his second season with the Knicks in 2020–21, he was a first-time NBA All-Star and was awarded the NBA Most Improved Player Award.


title: Julius Randle

text: In his only season of college basketball with the Kentucky Wildcats, Randle was named a third-team All-American. He was drafted by the Los Angeles Lakers in the first round of the 2014 NBA draft with the seventh overall pick. In his regular season debut, Randle broke his right leg and missed the remainder of his rookie season. After four years with the Lakers, he signed with the New Orleans Pelicans before joining the Knicks after one season.


title: Julius Randle

text: Randle attended Prestonwood Christian Academy in Plano, Texas, where he was widely regarded as a top 5 player in the class of 2013 with Andrew Wiggins, Jabari Parker, Andrew Harrison, and Aaron Gordon.


title: Julius Randle

text: In August 2012, Randle won the Under Armour Elite 24 dunk Contest and the next day he was named one of the MVPs of the Elite 24 game, where he scored 27 points and led his team to a 164–138 victory.


title: Julius Randle

text: Considered a five-star recruit by Rivals.com, Randle was listed as the No. 1 power forward and the No. 2 player in the nation in 2013.


title: Julius Randle

text: The weekend after Thanksgiving in his senior season, Randle fractured his foot playing in a tournament and missed three months as a result. In March 2013, Randle returned for the TAPPS 5A playoffs and led his team to its third state title in four years. As a senior in 2012–13, Randle averaged 32.5 points and 22.5 rebounds per game.


title: Julius Randle

text: On March 20, 2013, Randle committed to Kentucky, choosing it over Texas, Kansas and Florida. He then joined twin brothers Andrew and Aaron Harrison, James Young, Dakari Johnson and Marcus Lee as the sixth incoming Kentucky player selected to play in the 2013 McDonald's All-American Boys Game, as well as the 2013 Jordan Brand Classic.


title: Julius Randle

text: On February 28, 2014, Randle was named one of the 10 semi-finalists for the Naismith College Player of the Year. He went on to help Kentucky reach the national championship game, which they lost to the University of Connecticut. He ended the 2013–14 season with 24 double-doubles, the second most double-doubles by a UK player in school history, behind Dan Issel's 25 in 1969–70, and the most double-doubles by a UK freshman (the previous record was shared by DeMarcus Cousins and Anthony Davis at 20). In 40 games (all starts), he averaged 15.0 points, 10.4 rebounds and 1.4 assists in 30.8 minutes per game.


title: Julius Randle

text: On April 22, 2014, Randle declared for the NBA draft, foregoing his final three years of college eligibility.


title: Julius Randle

text: Randle was selected with the seventh overall pick in the 2014 NBA draft by the Los Angeles Lakers. On October 28, 2014, after only 14 minutes of official NBA playing time, Randle broke his right tibia during the Lakers' 2014–15 season opener against the Houston Rockets. He underwent successful surgery the following day to repair the fracture, and subsequently missed the rest of the season. On March 9, 2015, he was cleared to participate in full weight-bearing, non-contact basketball activities.


title: Julius Randle

text: Randle returned to action in July 2015 with the Lakers' Summer League team. Exactly a year after injuring himself in his NBA debut, Randle had 15 points and 11 rebounds as a starter in a 112–111 season-opening loss to the Minnesota Timberwolves. On December 2, he recorded 15 points and a then career-high 19 rebounds in a 108–104 win over the Washington Wizards. On January 29, 2016, he scored a career-high 23 points in a loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. He matched that mark on March 8, recording 23 points and 11 rebounds in a 107–98 win over the Orlando Magic. On March 25, he recorded his first career triple-double with 13 points, 18 rebounds and a then career-high 10 assists in a 116–105 loss to the Denver Nuggets. At 21 years old, he became the youngest Lakers player with a triple-double since Magic Johnson. Six days later, he hit a game winning hook shot in the paint with 1.9 seconds left in overtime to lift the Lakers to a 102–100 win over the Miami Heat. On April 6, he set a career high with 20 rebounds in a 91–81 loss to the Clippers.


title: Julius Randle

text: He appeared in all 15 games to begin the 2016–17 season before missing three straight in late November because of a hip injury. On November 30, 2016, he had 13 points and matched a career-high with 20 rebounds in a 96–90 win over the Chicago Bulls. On March 15, 2017, he scored a career-high 32 points in a 139–100 loss to the Houston Rockets.


title: Julius Randle

text: Randle began 2017–18 as a reserve, while Larry Nance Jr. started at power forward. He excelled as a backup center when the team went to a small lineup, and he returned to the starting lineup on December 29, 2017. On December 31, Randle set season highs with 29 points and 15 rebounds in a 148–142 double overtime loss to the Houston Rockets. On March 11, 2018, he had a career-high 36 points, 14 rebounds and seven assists in a 127–113 win over the Cleveland Cavaliers. Randle finished the season as the only Laker to appear in all 82 games. As a starter, he averaged 18.6 points, 9.1 rebounds and 3.1 assists. He became a restricted free agent after the season.


title: Julius Randle

text: On July 9, Randle signed a two-year, $18 million contract with the New Orleans Pelicans. In his debut for the Pelicans in their season opener on October 17, Randle had 25 points off the bench in a 131–112 win over the Houston Rockets. On November 19, he recorded his sixth career triple-double with 21 points, 14 rebounds and 10 assists in 25 minutes in a 140–126 win over the San Antonio Spurs. On December 3, he scored a career-high 37 points in a 129–126 loss to the Los Angeles Clippers. Two days later, he had 27 points and 18 rebounds in a 132–106 win over the Dallas Mavericks. On February 27, 2019, he scored 35 points in a 125–119 loss to the Lakers. On March 15, he scored a career-high 45 points in a 122–110 loss to the Portland Trail Blazers. He declined his second-year player option on June 16, 2019, and became a free agent.


title: Julius Randle

text: On February 16, 2021, Randle scored 44 points and logged a career-high seven 3-pointers in a 123–112 win over the Atlanta Hawks. On February 23, Randle was named as a reserve for the 2021 NBA All-Star Game. On April 16, Randle tied his season high 44 points, while also recording 10 rebounds and 7 assists, to lead the Knicks to a 117–109 victory over the Dallas Mavericks. After the end of the regular season, Randle was named the NBA Most Improved Player, receiving 98 of 100 first place votes. He was also named to the All-NBA Second Team as a forward.


title: Julius Randle

text: After Randle's breakthrough season, the Knicks extended his contract on August 27, 2021, with a four-year, $117 million extension. On March 22, 2022, Randle was fined $40,000 by the NBA for an incident with a game official, which occurred two days earlier during a 93–108 loss to the Utah Jazz. On April 2, Knicks head coach Tom Thibodeau said that Randle would "likely" be out for the remainder of the season with a quad injury.


title: Julius Randle

text: In the 2016 off-season, Randle joined the US Select Team that practiced against the United States men's national team ahead of the 2016 Summer Olympics.


title: Julius Randle

text: Randle is the son of Carolyn Kyles, who played basketball at Texas. He is a devout Christian. In college, he visited the team chapel before every home game.


title: George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews

text: George Philip Nicholas Windsor, Earl of St Andrews (born 26 June 1962) is an English philanthropist, former diplomat and relative of the British royal family. He was a member of HM Diplomatic Service in New York and Budapest. St Andrews became chancellor of the University of Bolton in 2017. He is the trustee of the Next Century and Global eHealth foundations and patron of the Welsh Sinfonia. He is the elder son of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Katharine, Duchess of Kent.


title: George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews

text: Lord St Andrews is the son of Prince Edward, Duke of Kent, and Katharine, Duchess of Kent, and was educated at Eton College and Downing College, Cambridge, where he earned an MA degree in History.


title: George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews

text: St Andrews served in the Diplomatic Service in New York and Budapest. He later worked in the antiquarian book business for the Christie's auction house. Lord St Andrews was a trustee of the SOS Children's Villages UK charity and is a patron of the Association for International Cancer Research. He was also a patron of Clifton Scientific Trust, an educational charity giving young people experience of the world of science and engineering. In April 2012, he also became a trustee of the Next Century Foundation, a charity working throughout the Middle East. Furthermore, he is a trustee of the Global eHealth Foundation and Patron of the Welsh Sinfonia. On 30 March 2017, he was installed as chancellor of the University of Bolton.


title: George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews

text: On 9 January 1988, George Windsor married Sylvana Tomaselli, a Canadian-born academic, at Leith Registrar Office near Edinburgh. The couple have three children, Edward Windsor, Lord Downpatrick, Lady Marina Windsor, and Lady Amelia Windsor.


title: Joel David Moore

text: Joel David Moore (born September 25, 1977) is an American character actor and director. Born and raised in Portland, Oregon, Moore studied acting in college before relocating to Los Angeles to pursue a film career. His first major role was as Owen Dittman in the 2004 comedy "", followed by roles in the comedy "Grandma's Boy" (2006), Terry Zwigoff's "Art School Confidential" (2006), and the independent slasher film "Hatchet" (2006).


title: Joel David Moore

text: In 2008, he was cast in the role of Colin Fisher on the Fox series "Bones", a guest role he portrayed in sixteen episodes until the series' conclusion in 2017. In 2009, he was cast as Dr. Norm Spellman in James Cameron's "Avatar" (2009), a role he reprised for the film's sequels, "" (2022) and the upcoming "Avatar 3" (2024).


title: Joel David Moore

text: Moore has also starred in several music videos, and directed films: His directorial debut was the psychological thriller "Spiral" (2007), followed by the drama "Youth in Oregon" (2016), and the yet-to-be-released "Killing Winston Jones".


title: Joel David Moore

text: Moore was born September 25, 1977 in Portland, Oregon, the son of Missy (née Irvine) and John Moore. Moore was raised in Portland, where his family resided in the Mount Tabor neighborhood. He graduated from Benson Polytechnic High School in 1995.


title: Joel David Moore

text: After high school, Moore attended Mt. Hood Community College in Gresham, Oregon, for two years. In 1998, he transferred to Southern Oregon University in Ashland, Oregon, where he earned his Bachelor of Fine Arts degree in 2001 and performed for two summers at the Oregon Shakespeare Festival.


title: Joel David Moore

text: Before relocating to Hollywood, Joel starred with Gretchen Stouts and Nina Smidt in Tom Monson's "Drug Wars, The High Times" (1999), a video about underage binge drinking.


title: Joel David Moore

text: In 2000, he moved to Los Angeles, California, and appeared in several television commercials, including ones for eBay, Cingular Wireless, and Best Buy. Moore shot an international campaign for a branch of Siemens cell phones, XELIBRI, which won a Lion Award. Moore made an appearance in the music video for the song "Youth of the Nation" by rap rock band P.O.D.


title: Joel David Moore

text: Moore's first major film role was in 2004's "". Between 2004 and 2005, he appeared in a recurring guest role on the NBC series "LAX". This was followed by roles in the films "Grandma's Boy", and as a jaded art student in Terry Zwigoff's "Art School Confidential" (both 2006). The same year, he also had a lead role in the independent slasher film "Hatchet", a bit part in "The Shaggy Dog", and a supporting role in "El Muerto", based on the . Also in 2007, Moore made directorial debut with the psychological thriller "Spiral", which he filmed in his hometown of Portland, and co-starred in with Amber Tamblyn.


title: Joel David Moore

text: In 2008, he was cast in the supporting role of Dr. Norm Spellman in James Cameron's "Avatar" (2009). The same year, he was cast as intern Colin Fisher on the Fox series "Bones", a guest role he would portray across sixteen episodes until the series' conclusion in 2017. During the fifth season episode "The Gamer in the Grease", his character invites the other interns to attend the "Avatar" premiere. Moore also had a supporting role in "Beyond a Reasonable Doubt" (2009), a remake of the 1956 film of the same name. He also starred alongside Katy Perry in her 2009 music video for "Waking Up in Vegas".


title: Joel David Moore

text: Other film roles included a supporting part in 2012's "Savages", directed by Oliver Stone, and in the crime-thriller "Gone" (2012), opposite Amanda Seyfried. Moore directed "Killing Winston Jones" in fall 2012 in Savannah, Georgia, which starred Danny Glover, Jon Heder and Richard Dreyfuss.


title: Joel David Moore

text: He would also reprise his role with a cameo appearance in "Hatchet III" (2013). during 2014–2015, he had a supporting role in the series "Forever", and also in the thriller "The Guest" (2014), and Joey Ramone in the 2013 historical film "CBGB".


title: Joel David Moore

text: In 2016, he directed his second feature, "Youth in Oregon", starring Frank Langella, Christina Applegate and Billy Crudup. In 2017, it was reported that Moore had signed on to appear in the "Avatar" sequels, "" (2022) and "Avatar 3" (2024).


title: Chris de Burgh

text: Christopher John Davison (born 15 October 1948), known professionally as Chris de Burgh (; ), is a British-Irish singer-songwriter and instrumentalist. He started out as an art rock performer but subsequently started writing more pop-oriented material. He has had several top 40 hits in the UK and two in the US, but he is more popular in other countries, particularly Norway and Brazil. His 1986 love song "The Lady in Red" reached number one in several countries. De Burgh has sold over 45 million albums worldwide.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: De Burgh was born in Venado Tuerto, Argentina, to Colonel Charles John Davison, a British diplomat, and Maeve Emily (née de Burgh). His maternal grandfather was Sir Eric de Burgh, a British Army officer who had been Chief of the General Staff in India during the Second World War. He took his mother's maiden name, "de Burgh", as a stage name when he began performing, while his legal surname remains "Davison". His father had substantial farming interests, and Chris spent much of his early years in Malta, Nigeria and Belgian Congo, as he, his mother and brother accompanied Colonel Davison on his diplomatic and engineering work.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: The Davisons finally settled in Bargy Castle, County Wexford, Ireland, which was somewhat dilapidated at the time. It was a twelfth-century castle which Eric de Burgh bought in the 1960s. He converted it into a hotel, and young Chris sang for the guests there.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: De Burgh attended Marlborough College in Wiltshire, England, where he was in the year below Nick Drake; de Burgh asked to join a jazz band Drake had formed with four schoolmates, the Perfumed Gardeners, but was rejected as his taste was "too poppy". De Burgh went on to graduate from Trinity College Dublin, with a Master of Arts degree in French, English and History.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: Chris de Burgh signed his first contract with A&M Records in 1974, and supported Supertramp on their Crime of the Century tour, building himself a small fan base. His début album, "Far Beyond These Castle Walls", was a folk-tinged stab at fantasy in the tradition of the Moody Blues. It failed to chart upon its release in late 1974. A few months later, he released a single called "Turning Round" from the album, released outside the UK and Ireland as "Flying". It failed to make an impression in the UK, but it stayed on top of the Brazilian charts for 17 weeks. This became a familiar pattern for the singer/songwriter, as every one of his 1970s albums failed to chart in the UK or US while they racked up big sales in continental European and South American countries.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 1975 his second album, "Spanish Train and Other Stories", was released. Whilst (again) not a huge commercial success, the album and tour expanded the fan base, with de Burgh starting to attract a cult following. Along with the epic title track, other fan favourite tracks from the album included "Patricia The Stripper" and "A Spaceman Came Travelling" (the latter released the following year as a single).


title: Chris de Burgh

text: 1977's third album, "At the End of a Perfect Day", whilst well received and featuring both former Fairport Convention drummer Dave Mattacks and later Fairport drummer Gerry Conway, failed to push de Burgh's career significantly, leading to the release of his fourth album "Crusader" in 1979. "Crusader" took a more electric direction, including guitar contributions from Ian Bairnson (formerly of Pilot), bass player David Paton (also of Pilot), and drummer Stuart Elliott (formerly of both Cockney Rebel and of Steve Harley and Cockney Rebel), all of whom were also working, at the time, with Kate Bush. The album also featured Sky keyboard player Francis Monkman and Mike Moran. Whilst it attracted a significant number of new fans, "Crusader" still failed to break through in the UK and US. 1980's "Eastern Wind" also failed to build further on the (still cult) following in the major territories.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 1981, de Burgh had his first UK chart entry with "Best Moves", a collection culled from his early albums. It set the stage for 1982's Rupert Hine produced "The Getaway", which reached number 30 in the UK charts and number 43 in the US, thanks to the eerie single "Don't Pay the Ferryman".


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 1984, Chris de Burgh's follow-up album, "Man on the Line", also performed well, charting at 69 in the US and 11 in the UK (topping the charts in Germany and Switzerland); its first single "High on Emotion" became an international success, reaching the Top 20 in several countries (entering notably the Top 5 in Ireland, France and Switzerland) and the Top 50 in both the UK and US.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: Chris de Burgh had an across-the-board hit single with the ballad "The Lady in Red" in late 1986; the song became a number one hit in the UK (number three in America) and a worldwide success, its accompanying album, "Into the Light", reached number two in the UK (number 25 in the U.S.). That Christmas season, a re-release of de Burgh's 1976 Christmas song "A Spaceman Came Travelling" became a Top 40 hit in the UK.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: "Flying Colours", his follow-up to "Into the Light", entered the British charts at number one upon its 1988 release, yet it failed to make the American charts. De Burgh has not had another hit in the US and his commercial fortunes began to slide in Britain in the early 1990s, yet he retained a following around the world. This is mainly due to inactivity of his previous recording label A&M Records UK division in the U.S.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 1997 de Burgh composed a song entitled "There's a New Star Up in Heaven Tonight", dedicated to Diana, Princess of Wales. The song was released as a 100-copy limited edition and included on the compilations "The Ultimate Collection" (2000) and "Now and Then" (2009).


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 2007 a concert in Tehran was planned for mid-2008, together with local band Arian, which would have made Chris de Burgh the first western pop singer to perform in Iran since the 1979 revolution. However, the concert never went ahead because he had not been given permission by the Iranian authorities to perform in the country.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 2008, de Burgh released "Footsteps", his seventeenth album including cover versions of thirteen songs that inspired him throughout his career, by artists like Bob Dylan, the Beatles, Toto and Pete Seeger; the album reached the Top 5 in UK. In 2011, de Burgh released his follow-up, "Footsteps 2", which entered the UK Top 40.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: On his 73rd Birthday on 15 October 2021, Chris de Burgh released a music video for his single "Legacy" directed by Iranian filmmaker/animator, Sam Chegini, an animated music video for his 27th studio album, "The Legend of Robin Hood".


title: Chris de Burgh

text: Chris de Burgh has been married to his wife Diane since 1977 and lives in Enniskerry, County Wicklow, in Ireland, having moved there from Dalkey, Dublin, in 1997. They have two sons, Hubie and Michael, and a daughter, Rosanna, best known as the winner of the Miss World competition in 2003 for Ireland. His second cousin, Danny Kinahan of Castle Upton, served as Member of Parliament for South Antrim between 2015 and 2017.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 1994 he was found to have had an affair with his children's 19-year-old Irish nanny, Maresa Morgan, who was assisting the family while de Burgh's wife Diane was recuperating in the hospital from a broken neck suffered during a horse-riding accident. De Burgh later said he felt very guilty about the affair and subsequently reconciled with his wife.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: In 2011 bottles from de Burgh's vintage wine cellar sold for over $500,000, including a world record set for a magnum collection of postwar vintages.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: De Burgh has a noted interest in war history, especially that of the First and Second World Wars. His songs contain numerous references to soldiers and battle, and in 2006 he purchased a rare First World War letter written by an unknown soldier.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: De Burgh has said that he is "certainly a believer in Christ" but he has always had a deep distrust of organized religion. De Burgh believes in the power of spiritual healing as an alternative therapy to reduce pain. He claims that he has been able to heal people with his own hands and that he gained an "all-encompassing strength" that was contacted through prayer.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: During the 1970s, de Burgh received mainly positive feedback from the music press, as he attempted to build his career. However, since the release of "The Lady in Red", in 1986, both the music and news media have become significantly more negative towards him, both personally and professionally.


title: Chris de Burgh

text: De Burgh has pursued and won 16 defamation actions. "The Irish Independent" said he has always been a bit prickly about criticism. Peter Crawley, a theatre reviewer at "The Irish Times", received a directed response from de Burgh when he wrote a less than sympathetic review of de Burgh's show in Dublin's Gaiety Theatre in September 2009. Crawley wrote: "He departs the stage for 'Lady in Red', invading boxes and draping himself over audience members ... Certain toes will never uncurl after this experience, but it is almost admirable how unaltered de Burgh has remained by the flow of time." In a lengthy, much-publicised reply to the critic, de Burgh made his feelings known, particularly in the postscript:


title: Chris de Burgh

text: AllMusic critic Greg Prato has stated: "Depending on who you ask, Chris de Burgh either specializes in pretentious, bombastic art rock disguised as pop or is a master of penning soaring and majestic compositions." The BBC has said of de Burgh: "To his millions of fans, Chris de Burgh is the ultimate romantic singer. But to many others he's a figure of fun." When the staff of "Melody Maker" were putting together a lampoon edition of a new arts and music magazine, they chose de Burgh for the cover. His signature song, "The Lady in Red", has been repeatedly voted one of the public's most disliked songs. In 2006, Neil Norman, writing for "The Independent", described de Burgh as "the world's naffest balladeer". In his favour, Mike DeGagne, writing for AllMusic, has acclaimed de Burgh as "a genuine master of the soft ballad" and "one of the finest mood-invoking artists ever".


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: The Derinkuyu underground city (Cappadocian Greek: "Malakopi"; ) is an ancient multi-level underground city in the Derinkuyu district in Nevşehir Province, Turkey, extending to a depth of approximately . It is large enough to have sheltered as many as 20,000 people together with their livestock and food stores. It is the largest excavated underground city in Turkey and is one of several underground complexes found throughout Cappadocia.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: The underground city at Derinkuyu could be closed from the inside with large stone doors. Each floor could be closed off separately.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: The city could accommodate up to 20,000 people and had amenities found in other underground complexes across Cappadocia, such as wine and oil presses, stables, cellars, storage rooms, refectories, and chapels. Unique to the Derinkuyu complex and located on the second floor is a spacious room with a barrel-vaulted ceiling. It has been reported that this room was used as a religious school and the rooms to the left were studies.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: Starting between the third and fourth levels are a series of vertical staircases, which lead to a cruciform church on the lowest (fifth) level.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: The large ventilation shaft appears to have been used as a well. The shaft provided water to both the villagers above and, if the outside world was not accessible, to those in hiding.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: Caves might have been built initially in the soft volcanic rock of the Cappadocia region by the Phrygians in the 8th–7th centuries BC, according to the Turkish Department of Culture. When the Phrygian language died out in Roman times, replaced with its close relative the Greek language, the inhabitants, now Christian, expanded their caverns to deep multiple-level structures adding the chapels and Greek inscriptions.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: The city at Derinkuyu was fully formed in the Byzantine era, when it was heavily used as protection from Muslim Arabs during the Arab–Byzantine wars (780–1180 AD). The city was connected with other underground cities through many kilometers of tunnels. Some artifacts discovered in these underground settlements belong to the Middle Byzantine Period, between the 5th and the 10th centuries.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: These cities continued to be used by the Christian natives as protection from the Mongolian incursions of Timur in the 14th century.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: After the region fell to the Ottomans, the cities were used as refuges (Cappadocian Greek: ) by the natives from the Turkish Muslim rulers.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: As late as the 20th century, the local population, Cappadocian Greeks, were still using the underground cities to escape periodic persecutions. For example, Richard MacGillivray Dawkins, a Cambridge linguist who conducted research from 1909 to 1911 on the Cappadocian Greek speaking natives in the area, recorded such an event as having occurred in 1909: "When the news came of the recent massacres at Adana, a great part of the population at Axo took refuge in these underground chambers, and for some nights did not venture to sleep above ground."


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: In 1923, the Christian inhabitants of the region were expelled from Turkey and moved to Greece in the population exchange between Greece and Turkey, whereupon the tunnels were abandoned.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: In 1963, the tunnels were rediscovered after a resident of the area found a mysterious room behind a wall in his home while renovating. Further digging revealed access to the tunnel network.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: In 1969, the site was opened to visitors, with about half of the underground city currently accessible.


title: Derinkuyu underground city

text: Nevşehir Province has several other historical underground cities including Kaymaklı Underground City. The underground cities and structures are carved out of unique geological formations. They may have been used as hiding places during times of raids. The locations are now archaeological tourist attractions. They remain generally unoccupied. More than 200 underground cities of at least two levels have been discovered in the area between Kayseri and Nevşehir. Some 40 of those include three or more levels.


title: Alaskan Bush People

text: Alaskan Bush People is an American docudrama-style reality television series that follows the Brown family in an attempt to survive in the wilderness, detached from modern society. The series premiered on the Discovery Channel on May 6, 2014. Filmed on location in Alaska near Copper Center, Hoonah, and Chichagof Island, with later seasons filmed on location in Okanogan County, Washington, it follows the extended Brown family's life. Although purportedly a genuine reality TV show, it has been criticized for being scripted and/or fake.


title: Alaskan Bush People

text: In April 2019, Radar Online learned that the show was renewed for a 10th season. On November 13, the show was renewed for season 11, which premiered on December 4, 2019. Season 12 premiered on August 23, 2020. In August 2020, cast member Bear Brown posted on Instagram saying that the family's home had been destroyed in the 2020 Washington wildfires. Patriarch Billy Brown died at age 68 on February 7, 2021, after suffering a seizure.


title: Alaskan Bush People

text: The series follows the Brown family of Hoonah, Alaska, as they build lives together off the grid in Alaska.


title: Alaskan Bush People

text: Billy was previously married to Brenda Britt; their daughter, Twila Byars, appeared in the episode "Growing the Wolfpack" (S05E04). It has been suggested that the couple had a second child, Brandy.


title: Alaskan Bush People

text: On October 3, 2014, following an investigation by the Alaska Department of Revenue, a Juneau grand jury indicted the Browns with 60 counts of first-degree unsworn falsification regarding Permanent Fund Dividend forms for their residency and first- and second-degree theft that took place between 2009 and 2012.


title: Alaskan Bush People

text: Billy was charged with 24 of those counts, which occurred from 2010 to 2013 as well as for the theft of more than $21,000 in dividend money for himself and others. The charges meant that the state believed the family spent more than 180 days a year living outside of Alaska and lied about it on their applications.


title: Alaskan Bush People

text: On November 18, 2015, Billy and Joshua struck a plea deal for the whole family except Matt and Rain (Matt wasn't living there and didn't file and Rain was too young). They pled guilty for the rest of the family for lying on PFD forms. Billy and Joshua's punishment for stealing over $21,000 dollars was restitution, fines and 30 days of house arrest at a Juneau hotel.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: The 2013–14 Premier League (known as the Barclays Premier League for sponsorship reasons) was the 22nd season of the Premier League, the top-flight English professional league for men's football clubs, and the 115th season of top-flight English football overall. The fixtures were announced on 19 June 2013. The season started on Saturday 17 August 2013, and concluded on Sunday 11 May 2014.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: On the final day of the season, Manchester City sealed their fourth league title and second Premier League title with a 2–0 victory over West Ham United, finishing with 86 points. Liverpool had looked on course to win the title with two weeks to go, but a loss and a draw in two of their last three matches, combined with Manchester City winning their final five league matches, ultimately meant they finished in second place with 84 points. Chelsea finished third and Arsenal, who led the table for the longest period, finished fourth. Manchester United had a disappointing season attempting to defend their title and ended up seventh, the worst title defence since the 1994–95 champions Blackburn Rovers finished 7th the following season. Norwich City, Fulham, and Cardiff City finished in the bottom three and were relegated to the Football League Championship.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: Luis Suárez was the top scorer with 31 goals, and was also named Player of the Season. Goalkeepers Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal and Petr Čech of Chelsea led the league with 16 clean sheets each. Tony Pulis of Crystal Palace won the Manager of the Season award.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: The 380 fixtures for the 2013–14 Premier League season were announced on 19 June 2013. The television broadcast rights were given two-to-three weeks later. The season started on Saturday 17 August 2013, and concluded on Sunday 11 May 2014. During the 2013–14 season, the Premier League used goal-line technology for the first time.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: During the 2013–14 season, first place changed hands 25 times, compared to just four times during the 2012–13 season. That represented the most lead changes since the 2001–02 season – which had 29, the most ever. The championship was not decided until the final day of play for just the seventh time in league history. Manchester City won the league with a 2–0 victory over West Ham United on the final day, finishing with 86 points. In total, Manchester City led the league just 14 days throughout the season en route to their second championship in the last three seasons. The club scored 102 goals, one short of the record, while also conceding the second fewest goals in the league.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: With two weeks to go, Liverpool looked on course to win the championship before they had a loss and a draw in two of their final three games. The team ended up in second place with 84 points. Chelsea came third, while perennial power and 2013 champions Manchester United had a disappointing season under new manager David Moyes (who was sacked in April) and finished seventh. It was their first finish outside the top four in Premier League history, their worst finish overall since 1989–90, and the first time they had not qualified for European football in 25 years. Southampton's eighth-place finish and Everton's 72 points were club records.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: Sunderland became only the second team in the Premier League era to avoid relegation having been bottom of the table on Christmas Day. Defeat at home to Everton on 12 April left Gus Poyet's side bottom of the table, seven points from safety (albeit with two games in hand). The club's 'great escape' began with a draw away at eventual champions Manchester City, followed by a run of four wins, including remarkable away victories at Chelsea and Manchester United. The side's survival was confirmed by a 2–0 victory over West Bromwich Albion on 7 May. Norwich City, Fulham, and Cardiff City were the bottom three teams and were relegated to the Football League Championship.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: Two teams (Manchester City and Liverpool) scored more than 100 goals for the first time in Premier league history. The feat had only once been achieved before – by Chelsea in 2009–10. Luis Suárez won the golden boot for most goals with 31, ahead of teammate Daniel Sturridge who came second with 21 goals. Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal and Petr Čech of Chelsea led the league with 16 clean sheets each. In a game against Southampton, Asmir Begović became just the fifth goalkeeper in league history to score. Begovic's goal was also the fastest of the season, occurring just 12 seconds into the game. Mile Jedinak had the most tackles with 133. Chelsea manager José Mourinho lost a home game for the first time in his Premier League career, losing to Sunderland and ending a run of 77-straight home games unbeaten, stretching over two stints as Chelsea manager.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: Twenty teams competed in the league – the top seventeen teams from the previous season and the three teams promoted from the Championship. The promoted teams were Cardiff City, Hull City and Crystal Palace, returning to the top flight after absences of fifty-one, three and eight years respectively. This was also Cardiff City's first season in the Premier League. They replaced Wigan Athletic, Reading and Queens Park Rangers, who were relegated after spending eight, one and two years in the top flight respectively.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: The PFA Players' Player of the Year was awarded to Luis Suárez. The other nominees were; Steven Gerrard, Eden Hazard, Adam Lallana, Daniel Sturridge and Yaya Touré.


title: 2013–14 Premier League

text: The Premier League Golden Glove award was won by Petr Čech of Chelsea and Wojciech Szczęsny of Arsenal.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: Saudi Vision 2030 ( "ruʾyah al-suʿūdiyah") is a strategic framework to reduce Saudi Arabia's dependence on oil, diversify its economy, and develop public service sectors such as health, education, infrastructure, recreation, and tourism. Key goals include reinforcing economic and investment activities, increasing non-oil international trade, and promoting a softer and more secular image of the Kingdom. It also consists of increasing government spending on the military, as well as manufacturing equipment and ammunition.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The first details were announced on 25 April 2016 by Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman. The Council of Ministers has tasked the Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA) with identifying and monitoring the mechanisms and measures crucial for the implementation of "Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030".


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In 2021, "The Guardian" wrote despite Saudi Arabia's commitment to diversify its economy, the government was still 75% dependent on oil exports for its budget.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: Oil revenue accounts for 30-40% of the real GDP of Saudi Arabia, not including the proportion of the economy that is also dependent on the oil distribution. Decreasing this dependence on oil resources has been one of the goals of the government since the 1970s. Oil and other natural wealth in countries that depend on these resources as a major source of income have been described as the "resource curse". However, the implementation of this goal has been unstable and remains largely dependent on the price of oil. The core priority is to be able to develop alternative sources of revenue for the government, such as taxes, fees, and income from the sovereign wealth fund. Another major aspect is to lower the dependency of the country's citizens on public spending by spending on subsidies, higher salaries and increasing the portion of the economy contributed by the private sector to provide more employment opportunities. The goals in Saudi Vision 2030 could be compared with other development plans in the Middle East, for example, the Kuwait Vision 2035, Egypt vision 2030 and UAE Vision 2021.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The vision has three main pillars: to make the country the "heart of the Arab and Islamic worlds", to become a global investment powerhouse, and to transform the country's location into a hub connecting Afro-Eurasia.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The plan is supervised by a group of people employed under the National Center for Performance Measurement, the Delivery Unit, and the Project Management Office of the Council of Economic and Development Affairs. The National Transformation Program was designed and launched in 2016 across 24 government bodies.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: Saudi Vision 2030 lays out targets for diversification and improving competitiveness. It is built around three main themes which set out specific objectives that are to be achieved by 2030:


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The PIF organizes an annual investment forum, the Future Investment Initiative, in Riyadh. However, amid the rising controversy and escalating tensions due to the Kingdom's alleged involvement in Jamal Khashoggi's murder, many international companies have backed out of the conference. Google Cloud, KKR & Co. L.P., Ford Motor, JPMorgan Chase, BlackRock, Uber, and The Blackstone Group all withdrew their CEO/chairmen's names from the summit that was held on 23 October 2018. Major media houses including CNN, Bloomberg, CNBC, the "New York Times", Fox Business Network, the "Financial Times", the "Los Angeles Times", and Huffington Post also withdrew as partners.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: On 7 June 2016, the Council of Ministers approved the National Transformation Program which set out the goals and targets to be achieved by 2020. It is the first of three 5-year phases. Each phase will contribute towards achieving a number of goals and targets that put the Kingdom on track to reach the ultimate goals of Vision 2030. In addition, to assist the Kingdom in financing the projects to be developed and facilitate the process of achieving goals and targets, Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman announced in January 2016 that an IPO of Saudi Aramco would take place. However, only 5% of the company will be made public.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In March 2019, Aramco released its financial statements, disclosing a net income of $111.1 billion in 2018. In June 2019, the "Financial Times" reported that Aramco is striving to separate its association with the Ministry of Investment, ahead of its potential listing. The company had been paying Ministry-related expenses, according to an unnamed sources. The report revealed that Khalid Al-Falih had been using the company's revenues for his expenses, either directly relevant to Aramco or otherwise diplomatic. However, Falih's ally stated that his policies have brought in greater revenues for the firm.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The two massive tourism projects along the Red Sea planned by the Saudi government were to be run under the directorship of Richard Branson. On 11 October 2018, Branson stated that he is suspending his advisory role for the two projects amidst the Jamal Khashoggi murder. Branson also suspended talks with the Saudi government about investment in Virgin Galactic. He said he had "high hopes for the current government in the Kingdom and its leader Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman…the disappearance of journalist Jamal Khashoggi, if proved true, would clearly change the ability of any of us in the West to do business with the Saudi Government."


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In May 2016, a General Authority for Entertainment was announced by royal decree, into which over $2 billion have been invested. In Riyadh, the first public live music concert in over 25 years was held in May 2017, which featured American country musician Toby Keith and Saudi singer Rabeh Sager. In April 2017, the government announced a sports, culture, and entertainment complex at Al-Qidiya, south-west of Riyadh. The project will include a Six Flags theme park, due to open in 2022.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: As a component of Vision 2030, there was a celebration of the 87th anniversary of the founding of the country with concerts and performances. Women were for the first time allowed into Riyadh's King Fahd International Stadium.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: On 5 March 2018, the General Sports Authority announced a 10-year partnership with American professional wrestling promoter World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE) to hold annual pay-per-view events in Saudi Arabia. The first event, Greatest Royal Rumble, was held on 27 April 2018 at King Abdullah Sports City in Jeddah. Due to restrictions on women's rights, WWE's female performers were not initially featured in these events. The first exception to this occurred at Crown Jewel on 31 October 2019, which featured Lacey Evans and Natalya in the first women's professional wrestling match to be held in Saudi Arabia. In observation of conservative dress, they both wore black leggings and T-shirts over bodysuits instead of their normal ring attire. Women's matches have featured on the events since then.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: Saudi Arabia lifted its 35-year moratorium on the construction of new movie theaters in the country, with the first new theatre, owned by AMC Theatres, opening on 18 April 2018 in Riyadh.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In December 2019, the MDL Beast music festival was held in Riyadh, attracting 200,000 visitors over three days, and featuring acts such as Afrojack, David Guetta, J Balvin, Monsta X, and R3hab.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In January 2020, Saudi Arabia unveiled plans to build a new racing circuit in Qiddiya designed by former Formula One driver Alexander Wurz, aiming to host F1 or MotoGP events as early as 2023. In November 2020, Formula One Managers announced that a race would be held at the new circuit in 2021.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In early 2017, Saudi state schools announced that they would be offering physical education classes to both boys and girls starting in the fall of 2017. Later that year, the state announced that they would allow women to attend sports events, including those inside sports stadiums. On 26 September 2017, a royal decree was issued granting women the right to drive vehicles which took effect in June 2018.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: While changes to the law have implemented for the welfare of women, some argue more progress still needs to be made. The case of Israa al-Ghomgham came to light after she and her husband were arrested in December 2015 for calling the release of political prisoners and an end to anti-Shia government discrimination. Saudi prosecutors are seeking death penalty for Ghomgham.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In 2019, the government-based web application Absher gained media attention and was criticized for tracking the movement of the women of the kingdom. The app, which promotes a male guardianship system, allows men to manage women's lives digitally by specifying where and when a woman can travel. The app also sends alerts to men's phones if a woman uses her passport at the border. The European Parliament and United States Congress condemned the app and urged the Kingdom to abolish its male guardianship system.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In August 2019, Saudi Arabia lifted travel restrictions on women and granted greater control to those above the age of 21.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: As part of its plan to modernize, Saudi Arabia was adopting changes to enhance women’s rights and gender equality. However, the country was being criticized, where human rights groups said that all its efforts “are not serious and fall within the whitewashing campaigns it is carrying out to improve its human rights record”. It was after Saudi authorities detained a 34-year-old woman, Salma al-Shehab, and sentenced her to 34 years in prison. Shehab, a PhD student of Leeds University, was in Saudi for vacation since the end of 2019. In January 2021, she was detained for her activity on Twitter, where she followed and retweeted activists and dissidents. She was sentenced for six years at the end of 2021, but the sentenced was increased to 34 years after she appealed. The court also ruled for a subsequent 34-year travel ban, confiscation of mobile phone and for her Twitter account to be “closed down permanently”. Shehab was reported on a Saudi-based crime-reporting app, Kollona Amn, or We Are All Security, by a user. Rights group condemned Shehab’s sentence, which they called an evidence of Prince Mohammed’s crackdown on dissent.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: To advance the Saudi Vision 2030, Saudi Arabia formally announced on 27 September 2019 the issuance of the tourist visa allowing visitors from 49 countries to visit the country up to 90 days for a fee of $80. The visa can be either obtained online (eVisa) or on arrival.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: To achieve the strategic goals and targets of vision 2030, thirteen programs called Vision Realization Programs (VRPs) were established. The VRPs were presented by Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA) on 24 April 2017:


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The plan is supervised by Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman. Overall, Vision 2030's directions and decision-making roles lie within a Council of Ministers and a Council of Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA). CEDA's director, as well as the managers of the first 12 Vision Realization Programs, ensure proper adherence to the plan on the five-year level. Annually, each entity concerned is individually responsible for its budget and objectives.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: To achieve the strategic objectives of Vision 2030, new government entities were created and existing entities were reorganized and/or merged.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The IMF's report on Saudi Arabia a few months following the announcement of Vision 2030 explained that the fiscal deficit in the Saudi economy would continue to narrow in 2016. It also claimed that recent, major government deposits at the Saudi Arabian Monetary Authority (SAMA) acted as policy buffers to smooth the transition that the plan requires. In 2016, the IMF publicly warned that Saudi Arabia risks having no more foreign reserve currency within a 5-year period. In 2017, it projected that SAMA's net foreign assets would continue to decline, though remaining at a "comfortable level". It expects that the fiscal deficit will continue to improve over the coming years, also noting that non-performing loans remained low, despite a slight increase in 2017.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: Over 300 specific targets for 2020 have been announced across 25 government entities as part of the National Transformation Plan. The NTP brings over 150 expected initial public offerings. However, reports noted the "key person dependency" on Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman of the Vision and the NTP. Other criticisms have been regarding the lack of information about the detailed plans to accompany the intended transformation.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: Certain journalists speculated that the plan's goals were overly ambitious, and noted that non-oil growth so far was insufficient and would threaten the plan's successful implementation. One report felt that despite the national plan's overall forward-thinking direction, "political reform appears to be absent from the policy agenda".


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: Reactions were mixed following the announcement that Saudi Arabia would lift the driving ban on women. Similarly to the overarching Vision 2030, some understood the announcement via royal decree as acquiescing to outside pressure, while others applauded the move.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: According to a research paper written by Jane Kinninmont for Chatham House, the structural disadvantages of the country such as weak institutions, inefficient bureaucracy, and significant skill gaps between labor demands and the education system hinder the growth prospects of the country. Rebalancing the job market in the private sector will also prove to be a challenge since it is currently mostly staffed by expatriates. One of the difficulties is that the private sector has lower salaries and expats are easier to hire and fire. Currently, twice as many Saudi nationals work in the public sector than in the private sector. The challenge lies in getting a larger portion of nationals to accept lower-paying jobs with more hours than typical public jobs. The private sector must also be moved away from business activities that require very low-cost labor.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: According to Hilal Khashan, from the American conservative think tank Middle East Forum, to have the 2030 plan succeed ignoring the relationship between economic and political development is no longer a viable option, the developments required to increase the GDP as planned will encourage the breakage of the tribal system taking place. Another aspect is the "zero tolerance to corruption" that may be very difficult to achieve with a "society where family, tribal, and regional ties are stronger than the nebulous conception of state identity".


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: The hosting of sporting events in Saudi Arabia under the strategy have been described as attempts to sportswash the country's human rights record.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: A May 16, 2020 article by The New York Times quoted Middle East analyst at the Royal United Services Institute in London, Michael Stephens critically commenting on Saudi Arabia's Vision 2030. He stated, “I think Vision 2030 is more or less over, I think it's finished,” following the financial crisis faced by the country amid the coronavirus spread and falling oil prices, which has also led the kingdom to delay mega projects such as the Neom city, according to Saudi finance minister, Mohammed al-Jadaan.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In June 2020, following the killing of Abdulraheem al-Huwaiti of Huwait tribe, Saudi Crown Prince Mohammed bin Salman, hired a US Public Relations and Communications firm Ruder Finn, to counter the negative aspects for NEOM City project. The country signed a contract worth $1.7 million, despite the ongoing COVID-19 crisis.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: After the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi, there has been a general reluctance among the international community to invest in Saudi Arabia. In addition, assets were moved overseas and the Gulf became economically unattractive. Despite this, foreign investments in the country rose in 2018 by 110% over the previous year, according to the Ministry of Economy and Planning.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In 2021, Saudi Arabia hired the Boston Consulting Group, and some other Western consultants, regarding its interest in bidding for the hosting rights of the 2030 FIFA World Cup. These companies were given the responsibility of analyzing the possibilities of a Saudi bid. However, the bid was a big shot and went against FIFA's policy of continental rotation. The football federation's rules blocked the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) countries to host the World Cup until 2034, as Qatar was already hosting the tournament in 2022. Yet, uncertainties were there as Mohammed bin Salman maintained close ties with FIFA's President Gianni Infantino. For the Vision 2030 program, Saudi has a major focus on sports, where it successfully signed contracts with Italy and Spain to host their domestic cup finals. In October 2021, as a part of a consortium, the PIF obtained a 80% stake in Premier League club Newcastle United.After a previous attempt to take over the club in 2020, failed. The country was also set to launch its own sports channel. However, it still wasn't able to obtain the broadcast rights to the UEFA Champions League . Moreover, human rights groups have also been vocally opposing the Kingdom's efforts to stage major sports events, particularly after the assassination of Jamal Khashoggi.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In October 2021, Saudi authorities initiated a large-scale demolition and eviction plan for the Jeddah Central Project launched in December. The demolitions affected 558,000 people in more than 60 neighbourhoods. Amnesty International confirmed through official documents that some of the residents were notified about evictions only 24 hours before, while others between 1-6 weeks. In some cases “evacuate” was written on the buildings, while the state media and billboards informed about the demolitions to others. The state media was also spreading a narrative about the residents, stating that the majority of them were undocumented. It was claimed the neighbourhoods were “rife with diseases, crime, drugs and theft”. In January 2022, Saudi authorities announced a compensation scheme, which didn’t cover the foreign nationals that accounted for 47% of those evicted. The compensation value was to be appraised after the demolitions. Residents said the communities were being “destroyed” and it was difficult for the migrants to afford alternate housing. Some even complaint of delay in compensation.


title: Saudi Vision 2030

text: In July 2022, Mohammed bin Salman released a promotional video, taking further the plans to build a 105-mile-long linear city, dubbed as The Line. Part of Neom, the project was designed to incorporate flying cars, robotic maids and an artificial moon between two parallel mirrored buildings. However, critics said it will create a “dystopian” facility. They were concerned that the utopian idea of The Line will harm the environment. Besides, it will also impact the movement of birds and other animals. A senior adviser to the New Urban Mobility Alliance, Carlos Felipe Pardo said, “This seems impossible, greatly limited or just plain artificial.” The project also remained questionable due to the possibility of its completion. It was noted that it could take nearly 50 years to give life to the idea, but urban planners of “The Line” were under a pressure to complete it by 2030. Moreover, some of the Saudi’s paused ambitious projects of the past also left the linear city’s construction idea in doubt.


title: Condor (airline)

text: Condor, legally incorporated as "Condor Flugdienst GmbH" and stylized as condor, is a German charter airline established in 1955 with Frankfurt Airport being its main base. Condor offers scheduled flights to leisure destinations and operates, from Germany, medium-haul flights to the Mediterranean Basin and the Canary Islands as well as long-haul flights to destinations in Africa, Asia, North America, South America and the Caribbean. Whereas medium-haul flights are operated from many German airports (and Zurich), long-haul flights usually depart from Frankfurt, with a few rotations operated from Düsseldorf and Munich. Condor also operates charter flights.


title: Condor (airline)

text: The airline was originally established as Deutsche Flugdienst GmbH on 21 December 1955. Its initial fleet consisted of three 36-passenger Vickers VC.1 Viking aircraft, the airline's first tourist-orientated flight commenced on 29 March 1956. In 1961, Deutsche Flugdienst took over its rival Condor-Luftreederei and subsequently adopted Condor Flugdienst GmbH as its operating name. During 1966, Condor launched its first long-haul flights. By this time, the airline had a majority market share of Germany's tourism air travel market. During the 1990s, Condor was restructured and merged with other businesses to become an integrated tourism concern known as C&N Touristik.


title: Condor (airline)

text: From 2000 onwards, the Condor shares held by Lufthansa were gradually acquired by both Thomas Cook AG and Thomas Cook Group. On 4 February 2013, the Thomas Cook Group announced that Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium, and Condor would be merged into a single operating segment of the Thomas Cook Group, Thomas Cook Group Airlines.


title: Condor (airline)

text: On 23 September 2019, Condor's parent company Thomas Cook Group collapsed; however, Condor received a bridge loan from the German government in order to remain in operation. Condor Flugdienst GmbH continued to be an asset of Thomas Cook Group plc until the asset is sold or the liquidation is completed by the Official Receiver. On 24 January 2020, it was announced that the Polish Aviation Group, owner of LOT Polish Airlines, would acquire Condor. The acquisition was expected to be completed by April 2020 once antitrust approvals are obtained. However, on 2 April 2020 it was announced that the sale to LOT Polish Airlines had fallen through. Since then, a majority has been sold to an investment firm.


title: Condor (airline)

text: What would become Condor was founded on 21 December 1955 as "Deutsche Flugdienst GmbH". Its initial ownership was divided between the German shipping company Norddeutscher Lloyd (27.75%), trans-Atlantic shipping firm Hamburg America Line (27.75%), German flag carrier airline Deutsche Lufthansa (26%), and railway company Deutsche Bundesbahn (18.5%). Deutsche Flugdienst's initial fleet consisted of three 36-passenger Vickers VC.1 Viking aircraft; they were based at Frankfurt Airport, which was also a prominent Lufthansa hub at that time. On 29 March 1956, the airline's first tourist-oriented flight commenced, a pilgrimage flight to the Holy Land. Within its first year of operation, destinations such as Majorca and the Canary Islands were added to the airline's flight schedule.


title: Condor (airline)

text: Between 1959 and 1960, Lufthansa bought out the other shareholdings, acquiring sole ownership of Deutsche Flugdienst. In 1961, Deutsche Flugdienst took over its rival Condor-Luftreederei (which had been founded in 1957 by Oetker), subsequently changing its name to "Condor Flugdienst GmbH", thus introducing the "Condor" name with Lufthansa. During the following year, Condor Flugdienst GmbH had a 63.3% market share of Germany's tourism air travel market, transporting a total of 66,000 passengers in that year; Majorca was by far the most popular destination, attracting 36,000 tourists.


title: Condor (airline)

text: The following decade was an era of considerable growth for Condor. During 1966, the company launched its first long-haul flights, reaching destinations such as Thailand, Sri Lanka, Kenya and the Dominican Republic. In 1971, Condor became the first leisure-orientated airline in the world to adopt the Boeing 747, which was the worlds’ biggest aircraft during the era. By 1973, Condor's fleet consisted of a total of 14 Boeing airliners: Two Boeing 747s, two Boeing 707s and ten Boeing 727s.


title: Condor (airline)

text: During 1989, the firm launched "Condor Flüge Individuell" (later known as "Condor Individuell"); this venture leveraged its individual seat business to sell airline seats to members of the public directly. According to a Condor spokesman, the airline was selling around 15% of its tickets itself. During the early 1990s, production company Südflug, a wholly owned subsidiary of Condor, was integrated into the airline. This change brought both the Boeing 757 and Boeing 767 jetliners into Condor's service; being configured with two-class cabins, Condor became the first tourism airline to introduce a separate, more comfortable class upon its aircraft.


title: Condor (airline)

text: During 1995, Condor expanded its shareholdings in other ventures. "Condor-Touristik-Verbund" held a 30% stake in "alpha Holding GmbH", 37.5% of the shares in "Kreutzer Touristik GmbH", wholly owned "Fischer Reisen GmbH", and a 10% stake in "Öger Tours GmbH". The airline also assumed ownership of the 40% stake held by parent airline Lufthansa in SunExpress, a Turkish charter airline; its ownership of the firm would subsequently be extended to 50%.


title: Condor (airline)

text: 1996 was "Condor Flugdienst GmbH"'s 40th anniversary; to mark the occasion, American artist James Rizzi redecorated a Boeing 757 as a flying work of art, which was sometimes referred to as the "Rizzi-Bird". In the latter half of that year, the company became the launch customer for the Boeing 757-300, having placed twelve firm orders for the variant. To increase operational flexibility, Condor frequently trained its pilots so that they could operate both the Boeing 757 and 767 without any restrictions.


title: Condor (airline)

text: During 1998, the airline established "Condor Berlin GmbH", a wholly owned subsidiary headquartered at Berlin Schönefeld Airport. This new entity was a low-cost carrier intended to compete with rivals such as Aero Lloyd and Air Berlin; Condor estimated that its subsidiary's costs ought to be about 20% lower than the parent company's own. That same year, Condor placed orders for six Airbus A320-200 airliners, the most technologically modern short-haul aircraft in the world at that time; that airline would subsequently operate twelve aircraft of the type in its fleet.


title: Condor (airline)

text: The late 1990s was dominated by industrial consolidation efforts. Condor's parent airline, Lufthansa, opted to break ties with Hapag-Lloyd to link up with German retailer Karstadt and "NUR", its tour operator; this led to the creation of the jointly owned "C&N Touristik", bringing together Germany's largest holiday airline with tour operations. Thus, Condor became an integrated tourism concern.


title: Condor (airline)

text: From 2000 onwards, the Condor shares held by Lufthansa were gradually acquired by both Thomas Cook AG and Thomas Cook Group. The process of transforming Condor from a Lufthansa subsidiary to a part of Thomas Cook (along with Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium and Thomas Cook Airlines Scandinavia began with the rebranding as Thomas Cook powered by Condor on 1 March 2003. A new livery was introduced, featuring the Thomas Cook logo on the aircraft tail and the word "Condor" written in the font used by Thomas Cook Airlines. On 23 January 2004, Condor became part of Thomas Cook AG and returned to the "Condor" brand name. By December 2006, the remaining Lufthansa shares only amounted to 24.9 percent.


title: Condor (airline)

text: On 20 September 2007, shortly after having taken over LTU International, Air Berlin announced its intention to acquire Condor in a share swap deal. It was intended to buy the 75.1 percent of Condor shares held by Thomas Cook, with the remaining Lufthansa assets being acquired in 2010. In return, Thomas Cook would take up 29.99 percent of the Air Berlin stock. However, on 11 September 2008, this plan was abandoned.


title: Condor (airline)

text: In December 2010, Thomas Cook Group chose the Airbus A320 family as preferred short-medium haul aircraft type for its airlines, with a review concerning the long-haul aircraft scheduled for 2011.


title: Condor (airline)

text: On 17 September 2012, the airline signed a codeshare agreement with the Mexican low-cost carrier, Volaris.


title: Condor (airline)

text: On 12 March 2013, Condor and the Canadian airline WestJet agreed on an interline partnership which will offer customers connecting flights to/from 17 destinations in Canada. This agreement expands the network of both airlines, allowing passengers to connect beyond each airline's own network.


title: Condor (airline)

text: On 4 February 2013, the Thomas Cook Group announced that Thomas Cook Airlines, Thomas Cook Airlines Belgium, and Condor would merge into a single operating segment of the Thomas Cook Group, Thomas Cook Group Airlines. On 1 October 2013, the Thomas Cook Group began presenting itself under the new unified brand symbol. The aircraft of the Thomas Cook Group Airlines also had the new logo: the Sunny Heart added to their tails and were re-painted in the new corporate color scheme grey, white, and yellow. On the aircraft, the Sunny Heart on the tail is meant to symbolize the unification of airline brands and tour operators within the entire Thomas Cook Group.


title: Condor (airline)

text: Condor refurbished the cabins on all of its Boeing 767-300 long-haul aircraft. All economy class and premium economy class seats were replaced with new seats from ZIM Flugsitz GmbH. Condor kept its successful Premium Economy Class with more legroom and added services. The new Business Class seats (Zodiac Aerospace) offer fully automated, angled-lie-flat seats capable of inclining to an angle of 170 degrees with a bed length of . The airline added seats in its new Business Class section from 18 to 30 seats on three of its Boeing 767 aircraft. New in-flight entertainment includes personal screens for all passengers throughout all three classes of service. Condor will implement the RAVE IFE technology of Zodiac In-flight Entertainment. On 27 June 2014, Condor completed the cabin refurbishment for all of its long-haul Boeing 767 aircraft.


title: Condor (airline)

text: In early 2017, Condor's CEO Ralf Teckentrup introduced a plan to cut operating costs by €40 million, because of the €14 million operating cost loss and the €1.4 billion revenue drop. The passenger numbers also dropped by 6%. Condor had also planned new routes to the United States for San Diego, New Orleans, and Pittsburgh; all flights are operated by the 767-300ER.


title: Condor (airline)

text: On 25 September 2019, Condor secured additional credit facilities of €380 million to keep flying, despite the collapse of Thomas Cook Group. On the same day, a Frankfurt court authorised investor protection measures to allow Condor to be restructured. On 1 December 2019, the Frankfurt district formally opened these proceedings under the "Schutzschirmverfahren" (protective shield proceedings) clause with the liquidator, , requesting creditors to register their claims with him by 8 January 2020.


title: Condor (airline)

text: On 24 January 2020, Condor announced that PGL Polish Aviation Group would be buying Condor and the deal was expected to close in April 2020 once antitrust approvals are obtained. With this deal, PGL was expected to repay the bridge loan from Germany in full. Condor would have continued to operate under their current brand and management. However, on 2 April 2020 it was announced that the sale to LOT Polish Airlines had fallen through.