title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: Like other "Pokémon" games, "Ruby" and "Sapphire"s gameplay is linear; the main events occur in a fixed order. The protagonist of "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" is Brendan and May, who have recently moved to a small town called Littleroot Town. At the beginning of the games, the player chooses either Treecko, Torchic, or Mudkip to protect Professor Birch, the regional professor, from an attacking Poochyena. After defending Birch, the player is taken to his lab and receives the chosen Pokémon as their starter Pokémon. After that the player encounters May/Brendan, the child of Professor Birch. The player's rival, who appears as the professor's child, is also a Pokémon Trainer and occasionally battles the player. The games' two main goals are defeating the eight Gym Leaders, proving oneself worthy of challenging the Elite Four and Champion to become the new Champion and completing the Pokédex by capturing, evolving, and trading to obtain all 202 Pokémon available between "Ruby" and "Sapphire". It is possible to obtain all 386 Pokémon, but this requires trading with "Pokémon FireRed" and "LeafGreen".


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: In addition to the main quest of defeating the Gym Leaders, there are side quests in which the player can aid NPCs by fulfilling tasks, usually by obtaining items. The most prominent subplot involves Team Aqua and Team Magma, crime syndicates who want to use Pokémon to alter the climate of Hoenn: in "Ruby", the villains, Team Magma, want to use the legendary Pokémon Groudon to dry up the oceans of Hoenn and increase the region's landmass; in "Sapphire", Team Aqua are the villains and they try to use Groudon's counterpart, Kyogre, to flood the landmasses of Hoenn and increase the region's ocean. Prior to facing the eighth Gym Leader, the player has a showdown with Magma or Aqua where the team's leader uses a mystical orb that awakens the slumbering Pokémon, believing it has the power to enthrall their respective target, only for the Pokémon to become enraged and cause catastrophic, region-wide climate changes—a drought in "Ruby", and heavy rainfall in "Sapphire"—until it is defeated or captured by the protagonist. The player's father also introduces them to Wally, a sickly young boy whom the player helps capture a Pokémon to be his companion as he moves away from the big city. Wally eventually overcomes his illness and becomes a successful Pokémon trainer, ultimately becoming the final challenger the player must face before the Elite Four.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" were developed by Game Freak and Nintendo under the direction of Junichi Masuda. As with its predecessors, Ken Sugimori was the art director, although these were the first games in which he did not single-handedly produce all of the art. When asked where his design team came up with the ideas for all of the new Pokémon, Sugimori stated that they got their ideas from past experiences in their childhood involving nature, animals, and the media and then base them on insects. Even looking at the world in a different perspective sometimes provided inspiration for the creatures. "First we select an insect and after that we add essential elements to the insects to make it more like Pokemon, such as adding some hard shape to it, to be more like steel," Sugimori said, describing the process of creating a Pokémon.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: As the Game Boy Advance was able to handle enhanced graphics, "Ruby" and "Sapphire" were the first games in the series that allowed up to four people to share information at one time, as opposed to the previous limit of two. However, the development team used a more basic graphics engine in order to keep the game simple and not overly confusing. The team wanted the games to appeal to a large audience, so the game was designed to be easy enough for younger generations of children to play, but new features were added to bring the veteran gamers back.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: Masuda stated that the basic philosophy of all "Pokémon" games is communication; in the "Pokémon" series, this is manifested in trading and battling with other people. When asked about the new concept of double battles, the developers noted that they tried to focus more on the original one-on-one battles as the main type of competition and only added the double battles as a "new challenge". They stated that if they receive positive feedback about the double battles, the feature may appear more in future generations.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The games were the first in the series that did not contain all of the Pokémon from previous generations. Sugimori stated that the team tried to include all the new Pokémon as well as some from previous generations. When asked about any features that could not be included due to technical restrictions, Masuda noted that he wanted each individual Pokémon to make up to three different cries depending on its mood.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The audio of "Ruby" and "Sapphire" consists entirely of game music and sound effects; all dialogue is on-screen. The music, composed by Junichi Masuda, Go Ichinose and Morikazu Aoki, is completely instrumental except for two tracks with vocals, "Trick Master" and "Slateport City". The soundtrack of the game was released under the Mediafactory label in Japan on April 26, 2003; the album reached #297 on the Oricon charts and charted for one week. Junichi Masuda wrote only battle tunes, Go Ichinose wrote most of the town, route, fanfare & 'Spotted' tunes, whereas Morikazu Aoki did the remainder.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The soundtrack is noted for its heavy use of trumpets, but it also makes heavy use of French horns, strings ensembles, and even pianos.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" were released in Japan on November 21, 2002, in North America on March 19, 2003, in Australia on April 3, 2003, and in Europe on July 25, 2003. Nintendo did not promote "Ruby" and "Sapphire" at E3 2002; however, it launched a $7 million promotional campaign that lasted from March to May 2003. In July and August 2002 they were promoted through a tour across Japan at Pokémon Festa 2002. In addition to rewarding pre-orders of the games with merchandise, Nintendo held a contest in which participants submitted videos of themselves singing the "Pokémon" theme song with their own re-written lyrics; the grand prize for that event was a Lugia PT Cruiser. Later that year, Nintendo launched the EON Ticket Summer Tour, in which 125 Toys "R" Us stores across the United States offered the Eon Ticket e-Card in stores from July 19 to September 1. Nintendo aired two television advertisements, "Faces" and "Names", on prime-time network, cable, and syndication. "Faces" featured Pokémon juxtaposed with human look-alikes; "Names" featured people shouting out the names of Pokémon and emphasized the fact that the games introduced 100 new Pokémon. Additionally, Nintendo collaborated with United Kingdom beverage brand Vimto to promote the games.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: is an enhanced version of "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire", developed by Game Freak, published by The Pokémon Company and Nintendo for the Game Boy Advance. It was first released in Japan in 2004, and was later released internationally in 2005. "Emerald" received generally positive reception and by fiscal year 2007 sales had reached 6.32 million units.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The games met with mostly positive reviews. "IGN" gave them an "Amazing" 9.5 out of 10 rating and awarded them the Editor's Choice Award; in 2007, the games were collectively named the tenth best Game Boy Advance game of all time in an "IGN" article. "GameZone" also gave the games a 9.5 out of 10 rating and awarded them an Outstanding Award. "GamePro" gave the games 5 out of 5 stars and named them Editor's Choices. "ComputerAndVideoGames.com" gave the games a 9 out of 10, and "GameSpot" gave the games 8.1 out of 10, naming it the best Game Boy Advance game of March 2003. "Eurogamer" and "1UP.com" were less enthusiastic about the games, however; "Eurogamer" gave the games 7 out of 10, and "1UP.com" gave them a B-.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: Reviewers were divided in their critiques of the games, especially concerning the gameplay and graphics. "IGN" praised the "deep design" and noted that the addition of features such as double battles greatly increased the strategic aspect of the games. "GamePro" also thought that the addition of double battles "add[ed] challenge" and "made the harder battles far more strategic than before—the way the game should be". Likewise, "ComputerAndVideoGames.com" called the gameplay "incredibly compelling and addictive". "GameZone" noted that the gameplay was more refined and challenging than that of previous titles. However, "GameSpot" called the games "a cakewalk from start to finish" and claimed that "Ruby" and "Sapphire" "don't offer much of a challenge". "Eurogamer" also felt that the mechanics "[get] very tired, very fast". "1UP.com" also felt that the games were formulaic and that double battles were underused.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "ComputerAndVideoGames.com" was enthusiastic over the graphics, calling them "gorgeous". Other reviewers were less enthusiastic, however. "GamePro" felt that the graphics were only "a fair bit prettier" than those of the Game Boy Color games; "GameZone" said that the games "still [use] the simple animations and basic character designs that were created for the original, color-less Game Boy". "IGN" and "1UP.com" noted that the graphics had received only a minor upgrade, and "Eurogamer" felt that the graphics had been upgraded to a "functional level at best". The audio was generally well-received: "GameZone" and "GameSpot" both felt the audio was catchy; "GameZone" gave the audio an 8 out of 10 score, saying that while the music "was annoying at times, [...] it's also very good. [...] I found myself humming the music when I wasn't playing". Other complaints included the removal of the time system of "Gold" and "Silver" and the inability to import Pokémon from the games of previous generations.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire" were highly anticipated. In Japan, they sold 1.25 million units within the first four days of release and were the best-selling games of the 2002 holiday season; sales totaled around 4.4 million within six weeks of release. They also became the first games to sell 2 million copies in Japan since 2001's "Final Fantasy X" and the first games for a handheld console to do so since 2000's "Yu-Gi-Oh! Duel Monsters 4".


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: In North America, Nintendo sold 2.2 million units by April 2003, less than one month after the games' release in that region. In the United States, "Ruby" and "Sapphire" were the second- and third-best-selling games of 2003, respectively. The games enjoyed success in Europe as well. Even before release, European retailers imported cartridges from the United States to meet the high demand. Upon release, 500,000 copies were sold in its first weekend and within eight weeks. They were the second-best-selling games of the holiday season in 2002. The games were brought up at E3 2003 by Satoru Iwata as a symbol of how successful the Game Boy Advance was at the time.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: With 16.22 million units sold worldwide, they are the best-selling games for the Game Boy Advance. However, analysts noted that with "young kids...gravitating toward "Yu-Gi-Oh!"" at the time, "Pokémon"s popularity was waning. This was reflected in the games' sales compared to those of previous generations: "Red" and "Blue" sold nearly 27 million units worldwide, and "Gold" and "Silver" sold over 23 million units.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: and are enhanced remakes of "Pokémon Ruby" and "Sapphire". The new titles were developed by Game Freak and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS. They were released worldwide for the Nintendo 3DS on November 21, 2014, exactly twelve years after the original release date of "Ruby" and "Sapphire", while the European release was the following week.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: or simply , is a spin-off "Pokémon" game for the GameCube, bundled with a GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable and a Memory Card 59. It was released in Japan on May 30, 2003, and in North America on July 11, 2004, but only through the New York Pokémon Center and its online store. It is no longer available in either location. The game was released in some parts of Europe as Pokémon Memory Magic due to translation problems and Europeans could only get the game by using points from Nintendo of Europe's loyalty program or by buying the "Pokémon Colosseum Mega Pack".


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: The game is essentially a storage system for the Game Boy Advance "Pokémon" games that allows players to trade and store Pokémon that they have caught in "Ruby", "Sapphire", "Emerald", "FireRed" and "LeafGreen" onto a GameCube memory card. Players can then organize and interact with their Pokémon on the GameCube, such as allowing them to breed. Unique Pokémon can also be acquired. Another feature allows "Ruby" and "Sapphire" to be played on the television via the GameCube – Game Boy Advance link cable. Options such as taking screenshots of the game are available in this mode. Another addition is the "Showcase", where players can create and display game pieces of Pokémon.


title: Pokémon Ruby and Sapphire

text: Nintendo referred to the game as "the most exclusive Pokémon software ever offered to North American "Pokémon" fans," but it was generally considered to be unnecessary, receiving a score of 50% on GameRankings from 1 review. Craig Harris of "IGN" gave the game a "" rating of 5.0 out of 10, praising the interface, which makes the organization of Pokémon much easier as compared to the Game Boy Advance interface, as well as the emulator which allows "Ruby" and "Sapphire" to be played on the GameCube. He also stated that the game was a good deal due to the inclusion of a memory card and link cable. However, Harris cited the "Showcase" as "entirely unnecessary and completely out of place," and said that overall the game lacked much to do. He wrote, "It's targeted specifically for the truly die-hard "Pokemon" fan, but it requires so many specific elements to actually be useful to anyone." "Allgame" gave the game three and a half out of five stars.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: Versailles is a French historical fiction drama Canal+ original television series, set during the construction of the Palace of Versailles during the reign of Louis XIV, that premiered on 16 November 2015 on Canal+ in France and on Super Channel in Canada, in May 2016 on BBC Two in Britain, and on 1 October 2016 on Ovation in the United States. A second season was ordered prior to the season one premiere. Filming for the second season began in February 2016; its story took place four years after that of the first season. The second season premiered on 27 March 2017 in France and aired from 21 April 2017 in Britain. On 14 September 2016, producer Claude Chelli confirmed that "Versailles" had been renewed for a third season, which began filming in April 2017. On 17 April 2018, "Variety" reported that the third season of "Versailles" would be its last.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: In the wake of the Fronde in 1667, the French nobility have begun to defy and disobey the monarchy. Young King Louis XIV (George Blagden) decides to move the court from the Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye near Paris to his father's former hunting lodge near the hamlet of Versailles as a means to force their submission. As Louis renovates and expands his new Palace of Versailles, the nobles—displaced from their usual surroundings but compelled to accompany the king—become embroiled in increasingly dangerous intrigues.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: "Versailles" was created by British writers Simon Mirren and David Wolstencroft, both of whom were previously based in Hollywood. It is the most expensive French television series of all time, with a budget of €30 million (approximately $33 million) for its first season.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: A second season was ordered prior to the season one premiere. Filming for the second season began in February 2016; its story took place four years after that of the first season.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: On 14 September 2016, producer Claude Chelli confirmed that "Versailles" had been renewed for a third season, which would begin filming in April 2017. On 11 May 2017, the official Instagram account of Château de Vaux-le-Vicomte published pictures of the ongoing shoot of the third season. On 17 April 2018, "Variety" reported that the third season of "Versailles" would be its last.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: In addition to the Palace of Versailles, many other palaces and chateaux were filmed for the depiction of the unfinished Versailles, including:


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: "Versailles" premiered on 16 November 2015 on Canal+ in France and on Super Channel in Canada, in May 2016 on BBC Two in Britain, and on 1 October 2016 on Ovation in the U.S. The Movie Network gave early access to all of season 2 in October 2016, prior to its 2017 broadcast dates. The series stayed on the English-language Super Channel until May 2016 but was gone by December 2016, after TMN had made season 2 available early. The French version of Super Channel is keeping the show available until 8 November 2020. City aired the first six episodes of season 1 from 4 January to 25 February.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: The second season premiered on 27 March 2017 in France, and on 21 April 2017 in Britain. At some point after the first season concluded, Super Channel lost the Canadian broadcast rights to the series. Subsequently, The Movie Network picked up those rights and began airing reruns of the first season.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: In April 2016, Netflix acquired the rights to stream "Versailles". Netflix released the third and final season of "Versailles" on 2 April 2019.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: The first season of "Versailles" received mixed to positive reviews from critics. It holds a 55 out of 100 rating on Metacritic, based on six reviews, and an 80% rating on Rotten Tomatoes, with an average score of 6.56 out of 10, based on 10 reviews. Marjolaine Boutet of "Le Monde" gave the first season a mixed review, stating that its ambition was both its main flaw and what made it a quality television series, and added that the series' most fascinating character, Louis XIV's gardener Jacques (Gilly Gilchrist), did not have enough screen time.


title: Versailles (TV series)

text: The third season has an approval rating of 44% on Rotten Tomatoes based on nine reviews, with an average rating of 5.2 out of 10.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, LLC is an American multinational company that operates the luxury hotel chain known as The Ritz-Carlton. The company has 108 luxury hotels and resorts in 30 countries and territories with 29,158 rooms, in addition to 46 hotels with 8,755 rooms planned for the future.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The current company was founded in 1983, when the previous owners sold the Ritz-Carlton brand name and the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Boston, Massachusetts. The brand was subsequently expanded to other locations. The company is a subsidiary of Marriott International.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The story of the Ritz-Carlton brand begins with Swiss hotelier César Ritz, who was well known in the hotel industry as the "king of hoteliers and hotelier to kings." He redefined luxury accommodation in Europe with his management of The Ritz in Paris and the Carlton Hotel in London, among others. He and the renowned chef from his hotels, Auguste Escoffier, opened a la carte restaurants known as "Ritz-Carlton" on board the Hamburg-Amerika Line ocean liners SS "Amerika" in 1905 and SS "Imperator" in 1913. The restaurants on those ships ceased operating in 1914 with the outbreak of World War I. Although Ritz died in 1918, his wife Marie continued the tradition of opening hotels in his name.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton Investing Company was established by Albert Keller, who bought and franchised the name in the United States. The first Ritz-Carlton Hotel in the U.S. opened in New York City in 1911. It was located at 46th Street and Madison Avenue. Louis Diat ran the kitchens and invented Vichyssoise there. In 1911, the Ritz company announced its intention to expand to Philadelphia and Atlantic City. The Ritz-Carlton Philadelphia followed in 1913 at Broad & Walnut streets, designed by Horace Trumbauer and Warren & Wetmore. The Ritz-Carlton Montreal opened in 1912, not owned by Keller as it was located in Canada. Keller's Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City opened in 1921.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In October 1926, 29-year-old Edward N. Wyner bought a third-acre parcel at the corner of Arlington and Newbury streets and formed a partnership called The Ritz-Arlington Trust with his father, George, and business associate, John S. Slater.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The trust sold $5.8 million of bonds to finance the construction of an apartment building to be called the Mayflower. The 18-story, brick building, designed by Strickland, Blodget & Law Architects, was far taller than anything else along Newbury Street at the time. Construction had started on the second floor when Wyner was persuaded by then-Mayor James Michael Curley to make the Mayflower a world-class, 300-room Ritz-Carlton Hotel, which opened May 19, 1927. Room rates were $5 to $15 per night; $40 per night for suites.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: After a hugely successful opening, the stock market crash of 1929 and ensuing Depression brought financial difficulties. The Wyner family funded the hotel's operating losses during the early 1930s, although the interest on the bonds went unpaid. Still in 1933, when only 30 guests were registered in the hotel, Wyner turned on the lights in every guest room to give the appearance that the hotel was full.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Philadelphia location was converted to an office building after only a few years in operation. The Atlantic City hotel was sold to Schine Hotels in the late 1940s, and later Sheraton Hotels in 1959. The New York hotel was demolished in 1951, leaving only the Boston location.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: Edward Wyner died of a heart attack on December 5, 1961. His six sons tried to continue operation of the Boston hotel, but were unable to overcome difficulties, and decided to sell.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The unpaid interest on the bonds dissuaded many from trying to buy the hotel. But Cabot, Cabot & Forbes principal Gerald F. Blakeley Jr. was interested. After more than a year of legal work, Hale and Dorr succeeded at clearing the bond obligations, and in October 1964 Blakeley and associates Paul Hellmuth and Charles Spaulding acquired the Ritz-Carlton Boston for $5.8 million.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: "Out of the 20 years I owned it, it made money three years. The other years it broke even, but from a public relations standpoint for CC&F, it was a tremendous asset," said Blakeley, who constructed a 19-story addition to the hotel in 1981, which included more function space, 80 more guest rooms, and 52 condominiums.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In the late 1960s Blakeley obtained the rights to the Ritz-Carlton name in North America (with the exception of Montreal and New York). In June 1978, Blakeley was awarded the rights and privileges of the Ritz-Carlton trademark in the United States and was given a US Service Mark Registration.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In the 1970s, the Ritz-Carlton name was licensed to the builders of a new hotel in Chicago. The Ritz-Carlton Chicago opened in 1975 in a tower atop Water Tower Place. It joined the Four Seasons Hotels & Resorts chain in 1977, as there was no Ritz-Carlton chain at the time. Confusingly, it remained part of Four Seasons for decades, marketed as "The Ritz-Carlton Chicago (A Four Seasons Hotel)". It had no association with the modern Ritz-Carlton chain, though it used the name and the iconic logo. The property was sold in 2013 and left Four Seasons, joining the modern Ritz-Carlton chain as a franchise on August 1, 2015.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 1982, Blakely licensed the name to hotelier John B. Coleman for two hotels he was renovating, The Fairfax in Washington, D.C. and the Navarro in New York City. Coleman renamed them The Ritz-Carlton Washington D.C. and The Ritz-Carlton New York in April 1982. Coleman paid Blakely a fee of 1.5 percent of each hotel's annual gross revenue for use of the name. The two hotels eventually joined the modern chain that would be founded a few years later.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In August 1983, Blakeley sold The Ritz-Carlton Boston and the US trademark for $75.5 million to William B. Johnson, a major Waffle House franchisee who was once the largest owner. He assembled a four-person development team in Atlanta, headed by hotelier Horst Schulze, to create the Ritz-Carlton hotel brand and established The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company in its current form.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 1988, Johnson subsequently obtained the exclusive rights to The Ritz-Carlton brand name throughout the world except for the Hôtel Ritz Paris, The Ritz-Carlton, Chicago, and the Ritz-Carlton Montreal. Unlike The Ritz-Carlton, Chicago and the Ritz-Carlton Montreal, Hôtel Ritz Paris is not associated with The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, instead joining The Leading Hotels of the World.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: From 1951 to 1975, The Ritz-Carlton Boston had been one of only two Ritz-Carlton hotels in the US. The other was the independently owned Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City which had since been converted to condominiums. Johnson's company paid the Atlantic City establishment to abandon its name and rename itself The Ritz Condominiums.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: Johnson would later enlarge the company from just the Boston property to 30 hotels worldwide in just 10 years. He obtained financing to do so from Manufacturers Hanover Trust of New York in 1983 in the amount of $85 million secured by The Ritz-Carlton Boston. This loan was refinanced in 1989 by Manhattan Tops USA of New York for $136.5 million and again in 1994 by The Sumitomo Bank of Japan. By 1996, this mortgage was in default and the interest and penalties brought the total debt to $214.8 million. By splitting this mortgage note into three parts, Sumitomo Bank was able to unbundle The Ritz-Carlton Boston from the trademark rights to the Ritz-Carlton brand worldwide.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: Blackstone Real Estate Acquisitions bought The Ritz-Carlton Boston at auction for $75 million in February 1998. A month later, Marriott International acquired the hotel from Blackstone for $100 million. Marriott International, which franchised and managed over 325,000 rooms, then bought The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Co. and rights to the Ritz-Carlton hotel chain worldwide from Johnson for $290 million in a two-part transaction completed in 1998.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 1998, Christopher Jeffries, founding partner of Millennium Partners, obtained The Ritz-Carlton franchises from Marriott for four hotel properties under construction: two in Washington, one in New York City, and one in Atlanta, Georgia. In addition, Jeffries was searching for a brand affiliation for the new 155-room hotel and 270-luxury condominiums he was constructing as part of Boston's Millennium Place, a mixed-use complex on lower Washington Street. Due to noncompetition clauses, the only way he could obtain a second Ritz-Carlton flag in Boston was to own the existing Ritz-Carlton.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: Millennium Partners acquired the original Ritz-Carlton Boston for $122 million (though it had sold for just $75 million less than two years prior) and spent $50 million for renovations. Marriott agreed to allow The Ritz-Carlton affiliation for the condominium complex, known as The Residences at The Ritz-Carlton, sharing all of the services of the hotel.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: From 2001 to 2007, Boston was home to two Ritz-Carlton hotels that faced each other across Boston Common. The Ritz-Carlton, Boston Common opened in 2001.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In November 2006, Taj Hotels, a subsidiary of the India-based Tata Group, purchased The Ritz-Carlton Boston from its owners, Millennium Partners for $170 million. The Ritz-Carlton Boston became the "Taj Boston" on January 11, 2007.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The company grew under the leadership of President and COO Horst Schulze. Schulze instituted a company-wide concentration on both the personal and the data-driven sides of service: He coined the company's well-known customer/employee-centered motto, "We are Ladies and Gentlemen Serving Ladies and Gentlemen" and the set of specific service values (standards) on which The Ritz-Carlton employees base service through the present day. Under his leadership the hotels earned an unprecedented two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards and grew from four to forty U.S. locations.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: During this time, The Ritz-Carlton also became known for its influence on service in a wide range of industries, through the creation of The Ritz-Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center, created by then-Ritz executive Leonardo Inghilleri, who was an architect of the Ritz's second Baldrige award, where executives from other companies worldwide in many disciplines come to learn The Ritz-Carlton principles of service.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 1995, Marriott International purchased a 49% stake in The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company, and in 1998, they purchased an additional 50% stake in the company, giving it 99% ownership of the company. Schulze and other executives (including Leonardo Inghilleri, Robert A. Warman and Peter Schoch) left to form the West Paces Hotel Group, which took the name of its primary brand, Capella Hotels, in December 2011. In 2007, the partners also formed Solís Hotels.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company claims it is headquartered in Chevy Chase, Maryland, though the headquarters address is the Marriott address in Bethesda, Maryland, located in the Washington, D.C. MSA.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company partnered with Bulgari in 2001 to operate a chain of hotels owned by and operated under the BVLGARI brand. The company currently has marketing agreements with Bulgari Hotels & Resorts, the Cosmopolitan of Las Vegas, the privately owned Ritz-Carlton Montreal and The Ritz Hotel London.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 2011, The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong was opened. It was at the time the highest hotel in the world (later surpassed by Rosewood Guangzhou).


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: Simon Cooper joined Ritz-Carlton in 2001 as President and Chief Operating Officer, taking the helm from Horst Schulze. Cooper's mandate was to grow the chain through hotel expansion and product diversification. Under Cooper's watch the company has aggressively expanded its hotels and added The Ritz-Carlton Residences, private residential units, and The Ritz-Carlton Destination Club, fractional ownership residences, to the company's development program.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: August 12, 2010, Ritz-Carlton announced its new President and Chief Operations Officer would be Herve Humler, one of the founders of the 1983 company, who will be responsible for leading brand operations and global growth strategy. In 2015, The Ritz-Carlton, Macau was opened. It is located at the Galaxy Macau. The Ritz-Carlton, Macau is designed as a gold palace.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: On July 10, 2020, Forbes mentioned how luxury brand collaborated to attract luxury buyers, Asprey and Ritz Carlton partnered for their 'purple water beauty amenities,' which includes body lotions and shampoos within the hotel rooms.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company has been featured on Zagat Survey Top Lists for dining, hotels and service. The Dallas, TX and Wolfsburg, Germany locations both received top honors from Zagat in 2009, including Top Large Hotel for the Dallas location. The Ritz-Carlton is the only company to date to win two Malcolm Baldrige National Quality Awards (1992 and 1999). Ritz-Carlton's President and COO Horst Schulze was recognized for Ritz-Carlton's contributions during his tenure with Corporate Hotelier of the World Ishikawa Medal for contributions to the Quality movement.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton is notable for attempting to share its knowledge of quality as it applies to service. Initially this was done at the request of the Baldrige committee, but The Ritz-Carlton ultimately adopted this as a central mission through the creation of The Ritz-Carlton Learning Institute and The Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In October 2011, Angella Reid, the General Manager of The Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Pentagon City, Virginia was appointed as White House Chief Usher, becoming the first woman to serve in that post.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: It also has major service training operations in its Ritz-Carlton Learning Institute and Ritz-Carlton Leadership Center, created by Ritz-Carlton executive "(emeritus)" Leonardo Inghilleri, where nearly 50,000 executives from other companies worldwide have been trained in The Ritz-Carlton principles of service.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton Kuala Lumpur, in Malaysia's capital city, opened in 1997. It is the only 'all butler hotel' operating in the city, offering butler service to all of its 300+ rooms and suites and has since been ranked among the "Gold List" of hotels by Condé Nast, ranked as "one of the top five butler hotels" by "The Independent" and regarded by Travel and Leisure as one of "The World's Greatest Hotels".


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 1999, Ritz-Carlton acquired the former Hotel St. Moritz in New York City, re-establishing a presence for the brand in New York City for the first time since the former Ritz-Carlton New York left the Ritz-Carlton stable in 1997 (it later became a Westin, then an InterContinental, then condominiums).


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The first Ritz-Carlton Hotel in Russia, the Ritz-Carlton Hotel Moscow, opened July 1, 2007, on Tverskaya Street. The Ritz-Carlton Suite, billed at per night, is listed at number 13 on "World's 15 most expensive hotel suites" compiled by CNN in 2012.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: On March 29, 2011, The Ritz-Carlton opened the highest hotel in the world, The Ritz-Carlton, Hong Kong on floors 102-118 of the International Commerce Centre in Tsim Sha Tsui on Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong. The lobby is above the ground. Asian Headquarters of Morgan Stanley, Credit Suisse, and Deutsche Bank are also located in the same 118-story building.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton, Charlotte which opened in October 2009 is the first Ritz-Carlton property to earn LEED Gold Certification and the youngest Ritz-Carlton property to earn five-diamonds, and is the only five diamond property in Charlotte (and one of only three in the state of North Carolina).


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton, Fort Lauderdale (AAA Five Diamond Award) which opened in August 2008 opened as a St. Regis just one year prior.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live opened February 2010 and share the first skyscraper built since the early 1990s in Downtown Los Angeles. The Ritz-Carlton, Los Angeles was awarded a LEED silver certification.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The readers of Condé Nast Traveler elected The Ritz-Carlton Shanghai, Pudong as "The Best Hotel in Asia" from 2012 through 2014.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz-Carlton operates fractional residences at several locations in the United States under the name Ritz-Carlton Destination Club. Properties include Aspen Highlands and Vail in Colorado, St. Thomas in the U.S. Virgin Islands, San Francisco and Jupiter, Florida.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: On Friday, July 17, 2009, at 7:47 a.m. Jakarta time, a bomb exploded in The Ritz-Carlton Mega Kuningan, Jakarta, Indonesia destroying the first floor of the hotel. The explosion occurred 2 minutes after the explosion at the nearby JW Marriott Jakarta. The hotel was scheduled to host the Manchester United football club the following Monday during the Indonesia leg of its Asia tour, but the visit was canceled due to the bombing. Nine people including 2 suicide bombers were killed.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: On August 26, 2013, members of the Filipino diaspora protested at The Ritz-Carlton, Los Angeles and JW Marriott Hotels at L.A. Live against the Priority Development Assistance Fund scam. It is believed that the family of the alleged mastermind of the scam Janet Lim-Napoles owned a condominium unit in the building said to be worth $2 million.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: On November 4, 2013, the Ritz-Carlton Kazakhstan opened in Almaty. The 145-room hotel sits on the top floors of the Esentai Tower, the tallest building in Central Asia.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In January 2014, Ritz-Carlton opened a hotel in Herzliya, Israel featuring a spa and the brand's first kosher restaurant.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In May 2017, Ritz-Carlton opened a hotel in Jeddah, Saudi Arabia, the hotel was also opened as a conference hall making it one of the largest conference halls in Jeddah. The Hotel is located in Al-Hamra district, a place famous for its luxury hotels and nearness to the Corniche.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In February 2022, Ritz-Carlton will open its second Australian hotel, located in Melbourne inside the West Side Place complex. The hotel spans floors 61-81 of the 81-storey building, with its sky lobby located on floor 79.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 2018, Ritz-Carlton announced that it would enter the cruise market. Construction problems at the Spanish shipyard and COVID-19 delayed the launch of the first ship, the Evrima, originally set to January 2020. Inauguration cruise has been moved numerous times due to pandemic: April 2021, November 2021 and currently May 6, 2022. The cruising arm of Ritz-Carlton would operate under the brand "The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection". It was announced that The Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection would join the Marriott Bonvoy, Marriott International's travel program effective November 9, 2021.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: After a number of delays, Ritz-Carlton Yacht Collection finally took guests onboard its first ship, Evrima, in October 2022. The ship sailed from Barcelona, Spain.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In E.B. White's 1970 children's novel "The Trumpet of the Swan", the main character Louis (a trumpeter swan) stays at the Ritz-Carlton Boston, where he eats watercress sandwiches and sleeps in the bathtub.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: On the HBO original series "Boardwalk Empire", the character of Enoch "Nucky" Thompson (portrayed by Steve Buscemi), the treasurer of Atlantic County, occupies the entire 9th floor of a fictionalized version of the hotel in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The real Enoch "Nucky" Johnson on which Nucky Thompson was based did in fact occupy an entire floor of suites at the Ritz-Carlton Atlantic City until his arrest in 1941 on charges of tax evasion.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The 2003 film "American Wedding" used the Ritz-Carlton in Half Moon Bay, California, as the filming location for the wedding venue.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The Ritz also features in the Irving Berlin song "Puttin' On the Ritz" in which the hotel chain served as an inspiration for the titular expression, meaning to live opulently.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: In 2015, the rapper Plies released the song "Ran Off On Da Plug Twice", originally titled "Ritz Carlton". In the song, he raps about his affinity for routinely spending time at the lavish hotel.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: Michael Hutchence of INXS, aged 37, was found dead at the Ritz-Carlton hotel in Double Bay, Sydney on November 22, 1997, in Room 524.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: American telenovela and drama "Jane the Virgin" uses the Ritz-Carlton Marina Del Rey's property as the setting for the show, while the storyline is based in Miami (whereas that Ritz-Carlton Marina Del Rey is in Los Angeles, California).


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The 1939 song "A Nightingale Sang in Berkeley Square" includes the line "There were angels dining at the Ritz," referring specifically to the Ritz London's restaurant. This is in turn referenced by scenes in Terry Pratchett and Neil Gaiman's novel "Good Omens" and the miniseries based on it in which an angel and a demon (or fallen angel) have lunch at the Ritz London.


title: The Ritz-Carlton Hotel Company

text: The CW 2017 soap reboot "Dynasty" features The Ritz-Carlton Reynolds, Lake Oconee in Greensboro, GA as the set for Season 2, Episode 11 "The Sight of You" which aired on January 25, 2019. For this episode, the hotel serves as a destination for a "girls' trip" to a ski lodge in Idaho.


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: Lindsey Marie Morgan (born February 27, 1990) is an American actress. She is best known for starring as mechanic Raven Reyes on The CW science fiction drama series "The 100" (2014–2020), as well as her most recent role as Ranger Michelle "Micki" Ramirez on The CW's "Walker", a 2021 reboot of the television series "Walker, Texas Ranger".


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: Lindsey Marie Morgan was born February 27, 1990, in Georgia, United States, to Gus Morgan and Alice Burciaga. She is of half Mexican and half Irish descent. She has an older brother, a half-sister, and five step-siblings.


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: Morgan began her career in college at the University of Texas at Austin, then left for Los Angeles to chase her acting dream. Within her first year of college, Morgan stayed busy by continually booking commercials and print ads. She was cast as an extra on the critically acclaimed series "Friday Night Lights". Morgan decided to move to Los Angeles to continue her work as an actress. Her first real role was in the movie "Detention" (2011) starring Josh Hutcherson where she played a mean cheerleader named Alexis. In 2011, she landed the leading role in the MTV film "DisCONNECTED" (2011) as social media obsessed Maria. "DISconnected" was part of the MTV "A Thin Line" campaign. The film and the campaign were developed in order to empower young people to identify, respond to, and stop the spread of digital abuse in their lives.


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: On April 17, 2012, TVLine reported that Morgan had been cast as the contract role of Kristina Davis on the American ABC Daytime soap opera "General Hospital" and would make her debut on May 25, 2012. For this role Morgan was nominated for Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Younger Actress in a Drama Series in 2013. Of learning about her Emmy nomination, she said, "I was worried that I'd gotten the call time wrong for my appearance on "Franklin & Bash" before I saw that it said "Congratulations!, I'm stunned, I'm still so shocked. I'm so honored. On March 26, 2013, it was announced that she would be departing her role as Kristina, last airing on March 4, 2013.


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: Immediately upon leaving "General Hospital", Morgan filmed a web series called "Destroy the Alpha Gammas", about which she told "TV Source Magazine": "I loved every second of it. I made some great friends and had a great blast doing it."


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: On August 20, 2013, it was announced that Morgan landed a recurring role on The CW science fiction drama series "The 100", which ended after seven seasons. For season 2, Morgan was upgraded to series regular.


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: Morgan describes her character: "Raven is a total badass. She is a guy's girl who is brilliant because she's also a prodigy when it comes to mechanical engineering. She's the youngest mechanical engineer the space station has had in 52 years, and she loves getting dirty and down with it. She's feisty, she's sassy, she's strong; she's a really cool girl. She can definitely hold her own."


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: In 2015, Morgan filmed her first leading film role starring as Ariana in the television film "Casa Vita" alongside ABC Family's "Baby Daddy" star Jean-Luc Bilodeau. Ariana is a Mexican-American cook dreaming of opening her own fusion cuisine restaurant much to her father's dismay. Ariana works at her father's restaurant, Casa Vita, where she meets Early Lindstrom.


title: Lindsey Morgan

text: On April 18, 2016, Morgan landed a lead role in the independent thriller "Lasso", alongside Andrew Jacobs, Sean Patrick Flanery. Morgan's character holds a huge amount of guilt for not keeping the senior citizens safe and takes on the duty of ensuring their safety throughout the film.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Sublimation is the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state. Sublimation is an endothermic process that occurs at temperatures and pressures below a substance's triple point in its phase diagram, which corresponds to the lowest pressure at which the substance can exist as a liquid. The reverse process of sublimation is deposition or desublimation, in which a substance passes directly from a gas to a solid phase. Sublimation has also been used as a generic term to describe a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation) followed by a gas-to-solid transition (deposition). While vaporization from liquid to gas occurs as evaporation from the surface if it occurs below the boiling point of the liquid, and as boiling with formation of bubbles in the interior of the liquid if it occurs at the boiling point, there is no such distinction for the solid-to-gas transition which always occurs as sublimation from the surface.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: At normal pressures, most chemical compounds and elements possess three different states at different temperatures. In these cases, the transition from the solid to the gaseous state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the "partial pressure" of the substance, not the "total" (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. So, all solids that possess an appreciable vapour pressure at a certain temperature usually can sublime in air (e.g. water ice just below 0 °C). For some substances, such as carbon and arsenic, sublimation is much easier than evaporation from the melt, because the pressure of their triple point is very high, and it is difficult to obtain them as liquids.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: The term "sublimation" refers to a physical change of state and is not used to describe the transformation of a solid to a gas in a chemical reaction. For example, the dissociation on heating of solid ammonium chloride into hydrogen chloride and ammonia is "not" sublimation but a chemical reaction. Similarly the combustion of candles, containing paraffin wax, to carbon dioxide and water vapor is "not" sublimation but a chemical reaction with oxygen.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Sublimation is caused by the absorption of heat which provides enough energy for some molecules to overcome the attractive forces of their neighbors and escape into the vapor phase. Since the process requires additional energy, it is an endothermic change. The enthalpy of sublimation (also called heat of sublimation) can be calculated by adding the enthalpy of fusion and the enthalpy of vaporization.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Solid carbon dioxide (dry ice) sublimes everywhere along the line below the triple point (e.g., at the temperature of −78.5 °C (194.65 K, ) at atmospheric pressure, whereas its melting into liquid CO can occur along the solid-liquid line at pressures and temperatures above the triple point (i.e., 5.1 atm, −56.6 °C).


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Snow and ice sublime, although more slowly, at temperatures below the freezing/melting point temperature line at 0 °C for partial pressures below the triple point pressure of . In freeze-drying, the material to be dehydrated is frozen and its water is allowed to sublime under reduced pressure or vacuum. The loss of snow from a snowfield during a cold spell is often caused by sunshine acting directly on the upper layers of the snow. Ablation is a process that includes sublimation and erosive wear of glacier ice.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Naphthalene, an organic compound commonly found in pesticides such as mothballs, sublimes easily because it is made of non-polar molecules that are held together only by van der Waals intermolecular forces. Naphthalene is a solid that sublimes at standard atmospheric temperature with the sublimation point at around 80°C or 176°F. At low temperature, its vapour pressure is high enough, 1mmHg at 53°C, to make the solid form of naphthalene evaporate into gas. On cool surfaces, the naphthalene vapours will solidify to form needle-like crystals.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Iodine produces fumes on gentle heating, although this is above the triple point and therefore not true sublimation. It is possible to obtain liquid iodine at atmospheric pressure by controlling the temperature at just above the melting point of iodine. In forensic science, iodine vapor can reveal latent fingerprints on paper.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Cadmium and zinc are not suitable materials for use in vacuum because they sublime much more than other common materials.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Sublimation is a technique used by chemists to purify compounds. A solid is typically placed in a sublimation apparatus and heated under vacuum. Under this reduced pressure, the solid volatilizes and condenses as a purified compound on a cooled surface (cold finger), leaving a non-volatile residue of impurities behind. Once heating ceases and the vacuum is removed, the purified compound may be collected from the cooling surface.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: For even higher purification efficiencies, a temperature gradient is applied, which also allows for the separation of different fractions. Typical setups use an evacuated glass tube that is heated gradually in a controlled manner. The material flow is from the hot end, where the initial material is placed, to the cold end that is connected to a pump stand. By controlling temperatures along the length of the tube, the operator can control the zones of re-condensation, with very volatile compounds being pumped out of the system completely (or caught by a separate cold trap), moderately volatile compounds re-condensing along the tube according to their different volatilities, and non-volatile compounds remaining in the hot end.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Vacuum sublimation of this type is also the method of choice for purification of organic compounds for use in the organic electronics industry, where very high purities (often > 99.99%) are needed to satisfy the standards for consumer electronics and other applications.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: In ancient alchemy, a protoscience that contributed to the development of modern chemistry and medicine, alchemists developed a structure of basic laboratory techniques, theory, terminology, and experimental methods. "Sublimation" was used to refer to the process in which a substance is heated to a vapor, then immediately collects as sediment on the upper portion and neck of the heating medium (typically a retort or alembic), but can also be used to describe other similar non-laboratory transitions. It was mentioned by alchemical authors such as Basil Valentine and George Ripley, and in the "Rosarium philosophorum", as a process necessary for the completion of the magnum opus. Here, the word "sublimation" was used to describe an exchange of "bodies" and "spirits" similar to laboratory phase transition between solids and gases. Valentine, in his "Le char triomphal de l'antimoine" (Triumphal Chariot of Antimony, published 1646) made a comparison to spagyrics in which a vegetable sublimation can be used to separate the spirits in wine and beer. Ripley used language more indicative of the mystical implications of sublimation, indicating that the process has a double aspect in the spiritualization of the body and the corporalizing of the spirit. He writes:


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: The enthalpy of sublimation has commonly been predicted using the equipartition theorem. If the lattice energy is assumed to be approximately half the packing energy, then the following thermodynamic corrections can be applied to predict the enthalpy of sublimation. Assuming a 1 molar ideal gas gives a correction for the thermodynamic environment (pressure and volume) in which pV = RT, hence a correction of 1RT. Additional corrections for the vibrations, rotations and translation then need to be applied. From the equipartition theorem gaseous rotation and translation contribute 1.5RT each to the final state, therefore a +3RT correction. Crystalline vibrations and rotations contribute 3RT each to the initial state, hence −6RT. Summing the RT corrections; −6RT + 3RT + RT = −2RT. This leads to the following approximate sublimation enthalpy. A similar approximation can be found for the entropy term if rigid bodies are assumed.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: Dye-sub printing is a digital printing technology using full color artwork that works with polyester and polymer-coated substrates. Also referred to as digital sublimation, the process is commonly used for decorating apparel, signs and banners, as well as novelty items such as cell phone covers, plaques, coffee mugs, and other items with sublimation-friendly surfaces. The process uses the science of sublimation, in which heat and pressure are applied to a solid, turning it into a gas through an endothermic reaction without passing through the liquid phase.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: In sublimation printing, unique sublimation dyes are transferred to sheets of “transfer” paper via liquid gel ink through a piezoelectric print head. The ink is deposited on these high-release inkjet papers, which are used for the next step of the sublimation printing process. After the digital design is printed onto sublimation transfer sheets, it is placed on a heat press along with the substrate to be sublimated.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: In order to transfer the image from the paper to the substrate, it requires a heat press process that is a combination of time, temperature and pressure. The heat press applies this special combination, which can change depending on the substrate, to “transfer” the sublimation dyes at the molecular level into the substrate. The most common dyes used for sublimation activate at 350 degrees Fahrenheit. However, a range of 380 to 420 degrees Fahrenheit is normally recommended for optimal color.


title: Sublimation (phase transition)

text: The result of the sublimation process is a nearly permanent, high resolution, full color print. Because the dyes are infused into the substrate at the molecular level, rather than applied at a topical level (such as with screen printing and direct to garment printing), the prints will not crack, fade or peel from the substrate under normal conditions.


title: Little Caesars

text: Little Caesar Enterprises Inc. (doing business as Little Caesars) is an American multi-national pizza chain. Based on 2020 statistics, Little Caesars is the third-largest pizza chain by total sales in the United States, behind Pizza Hut and Domino's Pizza. It operates and franchises pizza restaurants in the United States and internationally in Asia, the Middle East, Canada, Latin America and the Caribbean. The company was founded in 1959 and is based in Detroit, Michigan, headquartered in a newly-build annex of the Fox Theatre building in Downtown Detroit. Little Caesar Enterprises, Inc. is owned by Ilitch Holdings, which also owns the Detroit Tigers, who play across the street at Comerica Park, and the Detroit Red Wings, nearby at Little Caesars Arena.


title: Little Caesars

text: Little Caesars Pizza was founded on May 8, 1959, by Mike Ilitch and his wife Marian Ilitch. The first location was in a strip mall in Garden City, Michigan, a suburb of Detroit, and named "Little Caesar's Pizza Treat". The original store closed in October 2018.


title: Little Caesars

text: The first Little Caesar's franchise location opened in 1962 in Warren, Michigan, and at the time was still called Little Caesar's Pizza Treat. The same year the Little Caesar's logo became a 3D figure and was used in outdoor signage.


title: Little Caesars

text: The company is famous for its advertising catchphrase "Pizza! Pizza!", which was introduced in 1979. The phrase refers to two pizzas being offered for the comparable price of a single pizza from competitors. Originally, the pizzas were served in a single long package (a piece of corrugated cardboard in 2-by-1 proportions, with two pizzas, placed side by side, then slid into a form-fitting paper sleeve that was folded and stapled closed). In 1988, they introduced a square deep-dish pizza called “Pan! Pan!”. Customers could purchase the “Pan! Pan!” pizzas as part of the 2-for-1 deal, or mix and match with one pan pizza and one original round pizza. Little Caesars has since discarded the unwieldy packaging in favor of typical pizza boxes. In addition to pizza with "exotic" toppings, they served hot dogs, chicken, shrimp, and fish.


title: Little Caesars

text: Starting in 1997, the chain introduced shaker boards to advertise their "Hot-N-Ready Pizza", a large pepperoni pizza sold for $5. The concept was successful enough to become a permanent fixture of the chain, and Little Caesars' business model has shifted to focus more on carryout.


title: Little Caesars

text: In 1998, Little Caesars filled what was then the largest pizza order, filling an order of 13,386 pizzas from the VF Corporation of Greensboro, North Carolina.


title: Little Caesars

text: Little Caesars was among the first to use a new kind of speed-cooking conveyor oven, the "Rotary Air Impingement Oven".


title: Little Caesars

text: On December 10, 2014, Little Caesars announced plans for a new eight-story, 205,000-square-foot Global Resource Center to be built at Woodward Avenue and Columbia Street in downtown Detroit. Intended to double the size of Little Caesars World Headquarters Campus, the new building's location was chosen near the Fox Office Center building, which houses both the Fox Theatre, and 186,000 square feet of office space for Little Caesars, and other Ilitch-affiliated ventures. An overhead pedestrian bridge over Columbia Street was planned to connect the Fox with the new Little Caesars Global Resource Center, and workspace for an additional 600 jobs to be brought to Detroit over time. On January 31, 2016, it was announced that the proposed new Little Caesars Pizza Global Resource Center had grown by one floor to be a nine-story building at Woodward and Columbia Street. The building was scheduled to be completed in 2018, but in October of that year, was pushed back due to construction delays.


title: Little Caesars

text: In 2017, to coincide with the opening of Little Caesars Arena, the company launched a slightly updated logo, which removed Caesar's chest hair, updated the wreath, and updated the toga to have hidden letters spelling "LC" for "Little Caesars". The company also started using the updated Caesar in its advertising, replacing the more cartoonish Caesar that had been used in ads since the 1980s.


title: Little Caesars

text: Ilitch Holdings, Inc. manages professional services to companies owned by Marian Ilitch. These include the Detroit Red Wings of the National Hockey League (whose NHL arena, as of 2017, is named for the pizza chain), the Detroit Tigers of Major League Baseball, Blue Line Foodservice Distribution, Little Caesars Pizza Kits, Champion Foods, Olympia Entertainment, Olympia Development, Uptown Entertainment, the Hockeytown Cafe (also the site of City Theater), and the Fox Theatre in downtown Detroit.


title: Little Caesars

text: Little Caesars sold its first franchise in 1962 and, by 1987, had restaurants in all 50 states. Throughout the 1990s and early 2000s, Little Caesars were commonly found in Kmart stores, more specifically in Big Kmarts and Super Kmarts. Little Caesars pizza was also included in many older, remodeled Kmart locations. The first Kmart and the first Little Caesars were both built-in Garden City, Michigan. After Kmart's bankruptcy issues, many Kmarts replaced the Little Caesars with their own branded "K-Cafe". However, as of 2021, one Little Caesars Kmart location remains in Guam.


title: Little Caesars

text: Between 2008 and 2015, Little Caesars was the fastest-growing pizza chain in the United States. , the company has 5,463 locations including U.S. and international units.


title: Little Caesars

text: The estimated total investment necessary to begin the operation of a Little Caesars Franchise ranges from $378,700 to $1,695,500.


title: Little Caesars

text: By 1987, the company was operating across the Northern United States, purchasing the Mother's Pizza chain out of receivership in Canada, the United States, and the United Kingdom in 1989. As of 2022, the company is present in Canada (some Canadian cities had locations since 1969), Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Dominican Republic, Mexico, Colombia, Panama, Peru, the Philippines, Turkey, Jordan, Egypt, Guatemala, Barbados, Bahamas, Saudi Arabia, El Salvador, Jamaica, Bahrain, Trinidad and Tobago, Chile, Spain, Singapore, Russia and India.


title: Little Caesars

text: The Little Caesars brand in the Philippines was present since the 1990s but gradually closed down in the 2000s. It reentered the market 25 January 2019, with its launching under a new franchisee and new branch in Ermita, Manila. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, this lone branch has been since closed.


title: Little Caesars

text: In 2019, Little Caesars restaurants in Australia closed their doors and went into administration, having entered the Australian market in 2014.


title: Little Caesars

text: Little Caesars entered the Indian market on January 29, 2020, opening two stores in Ahmedabad, Gujarat.


title: Little Caesars

text: Little Caesars produces a variety of pizzas. Several core menu items are part of the HOT-N-READY menu, designed to make popular items available for immediate carry-out, while others are considered either specialty pizzas or custom pizzas. In 2013, they added the Deep! Deep! Dish Pizza, a Detroit-style pizza, to the menu.


title: Little Caesars

text: Additional entrée options include flavored Caesar Wings and bread, such as Crazy Bread and Italian Cheese Bread. Select locations offer salads. All Little Caesars locations carry Pepsi products.


title: Little Caesars

text: In 1996, they introduced Pizza by the Foot, which was a three-foot-long rectangular pizza. The product has since been discontinued; however, its equivalent Pizza by the Meter has been sold in the Saudi Arabian market since the 90s and is a very popular product. On occasion, Little Caesars releases limited time offers. In 2014, they introduced the Soft Pretzel Crust Pizza, and in 2015, the "Bacon Wrapped Deep! Deep! Dish Pizza."


title: Little Caesars

text: In June 2020, Little Caesars reintroduced Stuffed Crazy Bread. They first introduced it in 1995. The original Crazy Bread was first introduced in 1982.


title: Little Caesars

text: The Little Caesars Love Kitchen is a kitchen on wheels that serves pizza to those in need. Former Presidents Bill Clinton and George H. W. Bush recognized the Love Kitchen by awarding Little Caesars with The President's Volunteer Action Award Citation.


title: Little Caesars

text: In 2006, Little Caesars started its Veterans Program, which provides incentives to honorably discharged veterans looking to open their own business when transitioning back to civilian life or seeking a career change. Mike Ilitch was inspired to start the program after hearing a story about a veteran, who lost both legs in the war, returning to civilian life.


title: Oud

text: The oud (, ; or ) is a short-neck lute-type, pear-shaped, fretless stringed instrument (a chordophone in the Hornbostel–Sachs classification of instruments), usually with 11 strings grouped in six courses, but some models have five or seven courses, with 10 or 13 strings respectively.


title: Oud

text: The oud is very similar to other types of lute, and to Western lutes. Similar instruments have been used in the Middle East, North Africa (particularly the Maghreb, Egypt and Somalia), and Central Asia for thousands of years, including Mesopotamia, Egypt, the Caucasus, the Levant, anatolian Greeks, Albania and Bulgaria; there may even be prehistoric antecedents of the lute. The oud, as a fundamental difference with the western lute, has no frets and a smaller neck. It is the direct successor of the Persian Barbat lute. The oldest surviving oud is thought to be in Brussels, at the Museum of Musical Instruments.


title: Oud

text: An early description of the "modern" oud was given by 11th-century musician, singer and author Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham () in his compendium on music "Ḥāwī al-Funūn wa Salwat al-Maḥzūn". The first known complete description of the "‛ūd" and its construction is found in the epistle "Risāla fī-l-Luḥūn wa-n-Nagham" by 9th-century philosopher of the Arabs Yaʻqūb ibn Isḥāq al-Kindī. Kindī's description stands thus:


title: Oud

text: [and the] length [of the "‛ūd"] will be: thirty-six joint fingers—with good thick fingers—and the total will amount to three "ashbār". And its width: fifteen fingers. And its depth seven and a half fingers. And the measurement of the width of the bridge with the remainder behind: six fingers. Remains the length of the strings: thirty fingers and on these strings take place the division and the partition, because it is the sounding [or "the speaking"] length. This is why the width must be [of] fifteen fingers as it is the half of this length. Similarly for the depth, seven fingers and a half and this is the half of the width and the quarter of the length [of the strings]. And the neck must be one third of the length [of the speaking strings] and it is: ten fingers. Remains the vibrating body: twenty fingers. And that the back (soundbox) be well rounded and its "thinning" (kharţ) [must be done] towards the neck, as if it had been a round body drawn with a compass which was cut in two in order to extract two "‛ūds".


title: Oud

text: In Pre-Islamic Arabia and Mesopotamia, the stringed instruments had only three strings, with a small musical box and a long neck without any tuning pegs. But during the Islamic era the musical box was enlarged, a fourth string was added, and the base for the tuning pegs (Bunjuk) or pegbox was added. In the first centuries of (pre-Islamic) Arabian civilisation, the stringed instruments had four courses (one string per course—double-strings came later), tuned in successive fourths. Curt Sachs said they were called (from lowest to highest pitch) "bamm", "maṭlaṭ", "maṭnā" and "zīr". "As early as the ninth century" a fifth string "ḥād" ("sharp") was sometimes added "to make the range of two octaves complete". It was highest in pitch, placed lowest in its positioning in relation to other strings. Modern tuning preserves the ancient succession of fourths, with adjunctions (lowest or highest courses), which may be tuned differently following regional or personal preferences. Sachs gives one tuning for this arrangement of five pairs of strings, d, e, a, d', g'.


title: Oud

text: Historical sources indicate that Ziryab (789–857) added a fifth string to his oud. He was well known for founding a school of music in Andalusia, one of the places where the oud or lute entered Europe. Another mention of the fifth string was made by Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham in "Ḥāwī al-Funūn wa Salwat al-Maḥzūn".


title: Oud

text: The ("") literally denotes a thin piece of wood similar to the shape of a straw. It may refer to the wooden plectrum traditionally used for playing the oud, to the thin strips of wood used for the back, or to the wooden soundboard that distinguishes it from similar instruments with skin-faced bodies. Henry George Farmer considers the similitude between " "and "al-ʿawda" ("the return" – of bliss).


title: Oud

text: Multiple theories have been proposed for the origin of the Arabic name oud. One non-academic author stated his belief that oud means "from wood" and "stick" in Arabic. In 1940 Curt Sachs contradicted or refined that idea, saying oud meant "flexible stick", not wood. A western scholar of Islamic musical subjects, Eckhard Neubauer, suggested that "oud" may be an Arabic borrowing from the Persian word "rōd" or "rūd", which meant string. Another researcher, archaeomusicologist Richard J. Dumbrill, suggests that "rud" came from the Sanskrit "rudrī" (रुद्री, meaning "string instrument") and transferred to Arabic (a Semitic language) through a Semitic language. While the authors of these statements about the meanings or origins of the word may have accessed linguistic sources, they were not linguists.


title: Oud

text: However, another theory according to Semitic language scholars, is that the Arabic "ʿoud" is derived from Syriac "ʿoud-a", meaning "wooden stick" and "burning wood"—cognate to Biblical Hebrew "’ūḏ", referring to a stick used to stir logs in a fire.


title: Oud

text: Names for the instrument in different languages include ' (, plural: '), , Syriac: ', ', ', ' (although the barbat is a different lute instrument), or , Azeri: "ud", and 𐒋𐒓𐒆 or "kaban" 𐒏𐒖𐒁𐒖𐒒.


title: Oud

text: The complete history of the development of the lute family is not fully compiled at this date, but archaeomusicologists have worked to piece together a lute family history. The highly influential organologist Curt Sachs distinguished between the "long-necked lute" and the short-necked variety. Douglas Alton Smith argues the long-necked variety should not be called lute at all because it existed for at least a millennium before the appearance of the short-necked instrument that eventually evolved into what is now known the lute.


title: Oud

text: Musicologist Richard Dumbrill today uses the word more categorically to discuss instruments that existed millennia before the term "lute" was coined. Dumbrill documented more than 3000 years of iconographic evidence for the lutes in Mesopotamia, in his book "The Archaeomusicology of the Ancient Near East". According to Dumbrill, the lute family included instruments in Mesopotamia prior to 3000 BC. He points to a cylinder seal as evidence; dating from 3100 BC or earlier (now in the possession of the British Museum); the seal depicts on one side what is thought to be a woman playing a stick "lute". Like Sachs, Dumbrill saw length as distinguishing lutes, dividing the Mesopotamian lutes into a long-necked variety and a short. He focuses on the longer lutes of Mesopotamia, and similar types of related necked chordophones that developed throughout ancient world: Greek, Egyptian (in the Middle Kingdom), Elamites, Hittite, Roman, Bulgar, Turkic, Indian, Chinese, Armenian/Cilician, Canaanite/Phoenician, Israelite/Judean, and various other cultures. He names among the long lutes, the pandura, the panduri, tambur and tanbur.


title: Oud

text: The line of short-necked lutes was further developed to the east of Mesopotamia, in Bactria and Gandhara, into a short, almond-shaped lute. Curt Sachs talked about the depictions of Gandharan lutes in art, where they are presented in a mix of "Northwest Indian art" under "strong Greek influences". The short-necked lutes in these Gandhara artworks were "the venerable ancestor of the Islamic, the Sino-Japanese and the European lute families." He described the Gandhara lutes as having a "pear-shaped body tapering towards the short neck, a frontal stringholder, lateral pegs, and either four or five strings." The oldest images of short-necked lutes from the area that Sachs knew of were "Persian figurines of the 8th century B.C.," found in excavations at Suza, but he knew of nothing connecting these to the Oud-related Gandharan art 8 centuries later.


title: Oud

text: Bactria and Gandhara became part of the Sasanian Empire (224–651). Under the Sasanians, a short almond shaped lute from Bactria came to be called the barbat or barbud, which was developed into the later Islamic world's "oud" or "ud". The oud is most likely the combination of the Barbat, with the Ancient Greek Barbiton, giving the Barbat a lower pitched tone and the playing of Maqams in Middle Eastern and Byzantine music. When the Umayyads conquered Hispania in 711, they brought their ud along, into a country that had already known a lute tradition under the Romans, the pandura. An oud is depicted as being played by a seated musician in Qasr Amra of the Umayyad dynasty, one of the earliest depictions of the instrument as played in early Islamic history.


title: Oud

text: During the 8th and 9th centuries, many musicians and artists from across the Islamic world flocked to Iberia. Among them was Abu l-Hasan ‘Ali Ibn Nafi‘ (789–857), a prominent musician who had trained under Ishaq al-Mawsili () in Baghdad and was exiled to Andalusia before 833 AD. He taught and has been credited with adding a fifth string to his oud and with establishing one of the first schools of music in Córdoba.


title: Oud

text: By the 11th century, Muslim Iberia had become a center for the manufacture of instruments. These goods spread gradually to Provence, influencing French troubadours and trouvères and eventually reaching the rest of Europe. While Europe developed the lute, the "oud" remained a central part of Arab music, and broader Ottoman music as well, undergoing a range of transformations.


title: Oud

text: Although the major entry of the short lute was in western Europe, leading to a variety of lute styles, the short lute entered Europe in the East as well; as early as the sixth century, the Bulgars brought the short-necked variety of the instrument called Komuz to the Balkans.


title: Oud

text: According to Abū Ṭālib al-Mufaḍḍal (a-n-Naḥawī al-Lughawī) ibn Salma (9th century), who himself refers to Hishām ibn al-Kullā, the oud was invented by Lamech, the descendant of Adam and Cain. Another hypothetical attribution says that its inventor was Mani. Ibn a-ṭ-Ṭaḥḥān adds two possible mythical origins: the first involves the Devil, who would have lured the "People of David" into exchanging (at least part of) their instruments with the oud. He writes himself that this version is not credible. The second version attributes, as in many other cultures influenced by Greek philosophy, the invention of the oud to "Philosophers".


title: Oud

text: One theory is that the oud originated from the Persian instrument called a "barbat "(Persian: بربط ) or "barbud", a lute indicated by Marcel-Dubois to be of Central Asian origin. The earliest pictorial image of the barbat dates back to the 1st century BC from ancient northern Bactria and is the oldest evidence of the existence of the barbat. Evidence of a form of the barbaṭ is found in a Gandhara sculpture from the 2nd-4th centuries AD which may well have been introduced by the Kushan aristocracy, whose influence is attested in Gandharan art. The name barbat itself meant "short-necked lute" in Pahlavi, the language of the Sasanian Empire, through which the instrument came west from Central Asia to the Middle East, adopted by the Persians.


title: Oud

text: The barbat (possibly known as mizhar, kirān, or muwatter, all skin topped versions) was used by some Arabs in the sixth century. At the end of the 6th century, a wood topped version of the Persian-styled instrument was constructed by al Nadr, called "ūd", and introduced from Iraq to Mecca. This Persian-style instrument was being played there in the seventh century. Sometime in the seventh century it was modified or "perfected" by Mansour Zalzal, and the two instruments (barbat and "ūd shabbūt") were used side by side into the 10th century, and possibly longer. The two instruments have been confused by modern scholars looking for examples, and some of the ouds identified may possibly be barbats. Examples of this cited in the "Encyclopedia of Islam" include a lute in the Cantigas de Santa Maria and the frontispiece from "The Life and Times of Ali Ibn Isa" by Harold Bowen.


title: Oud

text: The oldest pictorial record of a short-necked lute-type "vīnā" dates from around the 1st to 3rd centuries AD. The site of origin of the oud seems to be Central Asia. The ancestor of the oud, the barbat was in use in pre-Islamic Persia. Since the Safavid period, and perhaps because of the name shift from barbat to oud, the instrument gradually lost favor with musicians.


title: Oud

text: The Turkic peoples had a similar instrument called the "kopuz". This instrument was thought to have magical powers and was brought to wars and used in military bands. This is noted in the Göktürk monument inscriptions. The military band was later used by other Turkic state's armies and later by Europeans.


title: Oud

text: Modern-day ouds fall into three categories: Arabian, Turkish, and Persian, the last also being known as barbat.


title: Oud

text: This distinction is not based solely on geography; the Arabic oud is found not only in the Arabian Peninsula but throughout the Arab world. Turkish ouds have been played by Anatolian Greeks, where they are called outi, and in other locations in the Mediterranean. The Iraqi oud, Egyptian oud and Syrian oud, are normally grouped under the term 'Arabian oud' because of their similarities, although local differences may occur, notably with the Iraqi oud. However, all these categories are very recent, and do not do justice to the variety of ouds made in the 19th century, and also today.


title: Oud

text: Arabian ouds are normally larger than their Turkish and Persian counterparts, producing a fuller, deeper sound, whereas the sound of the Turkish oud is more taut and shrill, not least because the Turkish oud is usually (and partly) tuned one whole step higher than the Arabian. Turkish ouds tend to be more lightly constructed than Arabian with an unfinished sound board, lower string action and with string courses placed closer together. Turkish ouds also tend to be higher pitched and have a "brighter timbre". Arabian ouds have a scale length of between 61 cm and 62 cm in comparison to the 58.5 cm scale length for Turkish. There exists also a variety of electro-acoustic and electric ouds.


title: Oud

text: The modern Persian barbat resembles the oud, although differences include a smaller body, longer neck, a slightly raised fingerboard, and a sound that is distinct from that of the oud. See more information at the page: Barbat (lute).


title: Oud

text: Different ways of tuning the oud exist within the different oud traditions. Among those playing the oud in the Arabic tradition, a common older pattern of tuning the strings is (low pitch to high): D2 G2 A2 D3 G3 C4 on single string courses or D2, G2 G2, A2 A2, D3 D3, G3 G3, C4 C4 for a course of two strings. In the Turkish tradition, the "Bolahenk" tuning, is common, (low pitch to high): C#2 F#2 B2 E3 A3 D4 on instruments with single string courses or C#2, F#2 F#2, B2 B2, E3 E3, A3 A3, D4 D4 on instruments with courses of two strings. The C2 and F2 are actually tuned 1/4 of a tone higher than a normal c or f in the Bolahenk system.


title: Oud

text: Many current Arab players use this tuning: C2 F2 A2 D3 G3 C4 on the standard tuning instruments, and some use a higher pitch tuning, F A D G C F


title: Oud

text: The Zenne oud, often translated as a "women's oud" or "female oud" is a smaller version of the oud designed for those with smaller hands and fingers. It usually has a scale length of 55–57 cm, instead of the 60–62 cm of the Arabic oud, and the 58.5 cm of the Turkish oud.


title: Oud

text: The oud "arbi" is a North African variant of the oud with a longer neck and only four courses. It is not to be confused with the differently shaped and tuned kwitra. The oud arbi is tuned in a re-entrant tuning of G3 G3, E4 E4, A3 A3, D4 D4.


title: Oud

text: The "oud kumethra", also known as "pregnant oud" or "pear oud" is an oud with the body in a pear-like shape. This type is relatively uncommon and mostly from Egypt.


title: Oud

text: A more experimental version is the oud counterpart to the electric guitar, used by the Franco-Algerian Folktronica band Speed Caravan.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: USS "Yorktown" (CV-5) was an aircraft carrier that served in the United States Navy during World War II. Named after the Battle of Yorktown in 1781, she was commissioned in 1937. "Yorktown" was the lead ship of the , which was designed on the basis of lessons learned from operations with the converted battlecruisers of the and the smaller purpose-built .


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: "Yorktown" was at port in Norfolk during the attack on Pearl Harbor, having just completed a patrol of the Atlantic Ocean. She then sailed to San Diego in late December 1941 and was incorporated as the flagship of Task Force 17. Together with the carrier , she successfully attacked Japanese shipping off the east coast of New Guinea in early March 1942. Her aircraft sank or damaged several warships supporting the invasion of Tulagi in early May. "Yorktown" rendezvoused with "Lexington" in the Coral Sea and attempted to stop the invasion of Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea. They sank the light aircraft carrier on 7 May during the Battle of the Coral Sea, but did not encounter the main Japanese force of the carriers and until the next day. Aircraft from "Lexington" and "Yorktown" badly damaged "Shōkaku", but the Japanese aircraft critically damaged "Lexington" (which was later scuttled), and damaged "Yorktown".


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Despite the damage suffered, "Yorktown" was able to return to Hawaii. Although estimates were that the damage would take two weeks to repair, "Yorktown" put to sea only 72 hours after entering drydock at Pearl Harbor, which meant that she was available for the next confrontation with the Japanese. "Yorktown" played an important part in the Battle of Midway in early June. "Yorktown"s aircraft played crucial roles in sinking two Japanese fleet carriers. "Yorktown" also absorbed both Japanese aerial counterattacks at Midway which otherwise would have been directed at the carriers and . On 4 June, during the Battle of Midway, Japanese aircraft crippled "Yorktown". She lost all power and developed a 23-degree list to port. Salvage efforts on "Yorktown" were encouraging, and she was taken in tow by . In the late afternoon of 6 June, the Japanese submarine "I-168" fired a salvo of torpedoes, two of which struck "Yorktown", and a third sinking the destroyer , which had been providing auxiliary power to "Yorktown". With further salvage efforts deemed hopeless, the remaining repair crews were evacuated from "Yorktown", which sank on the morning of 7 June. The wreck of "Yorktown" was located in May 1998 by Robert Ballard.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: "Yorktown" was laid down on 21 May 1934 at Newport News, Virginia, by the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Co.; launched on 4 April 1936; sponsored by Eleanor Roosevelt; and commissioned at the Naval Station Norfolk (NS Norfolk), Norfolk, Virginia, on 30 September 1937, Captain Ernest D. McWhorter in command.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: After fitting out, the aircraft carrier trained in Hampton Roads, Virginia and in the southern drill grounds off the Virginia capes into January 1938, conducting carrier qualifications for her newly embarked air group.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: "Yorktown" sailed for the Caribbean on 8 January 1938 and arrived at Culebra, Puerto Rico, on 13 January. Over the ensuing month, the carrier conducted her shakedown, touching at Charlotte Amalie, St Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands; Gonaïves, Haiti; Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, and Cristóbal, Panama Canal Zone. Departing Colon Bay, Cristobal, on 1 March, "Yorktown" sailed for Hampton Roads, arrived on 6 March, and put into the Norfolk Navy Yard the next day for post-shakedown availability.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: After undergoing repairs through the early autumn of 1938, "Yorktown" moved station from the navy yard to NS Norfolk on 17 October 1938 and soon headed for the Southern Drill Grounds for training.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: "Yorktown" operated off the eastern seaboard, ranging from Chesapeake Bay to Guantanamo Bay, into 1939. As flagship for Carrier Division 2, she participated in her first war game—Fleet Problem XX—along with her sister-ship in February 1939. The scenario for the exercise called for one fleet to control the sea lanes in the Caribbean against the incursion of a foreign European power while maintaining sufficient naval strength to protect vital American interests in the Pacific. The maneuvers were witnessed, in part, by President Franklin Delano Roosevelt, embarked in the heavy cruiser .


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: The critique of the operation revealed that carrier operations—a part of the scenarios for the annual exercises since the entry of into the war games in 1925—had achieved a new peak of efficiency. Despite the inexperience of "Yorktown" and "Enterprise"—comparative newcomers to the Fleet—both carriers made significant contributions to the success of the problem. The planners had studied the employment of carriers and their embarked air groups in connection with convoy escort, antisubmarine defense, and various attack measures against surface ships and shore installations. In short, they worked to develop the tactics that would be used when war actually came.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Following Fleet Problem XX, "Yorktown" returned briefly to Hampton Roads before sailing for the Pacific on 20 April 1939. Transiting the Panama Canal a week later, "Yorktown" soon commenced a regular routine of operations with the Pacific Fleet. The Second World War started on 1 September 1939, but the USA was not yet involved. Operating out of San Diego into 1940, the carrier participated in Fleet Problem XXI that April. "Yorktown" was one of six ships to receive the new RCA CXAM radar in 1940. At the same time her signal bridge atop the tripod foremast was enclosed, and several 50 caliber machine guns were fitted in galleries along the edges of the flight deck.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Fleet Problem XXI—a two-part exercise—included some of the operations that would characterize future warfare in the Pacific. The first part of the exercise was devoted to training in making plans and estimates; in screening and scouting; in coordination of combatant units; and in employing fleet and standard dispositions. The second phase included training in convoy protection, the seizure of advanced bases, and, ultimately, the decisive engagement between the opposing fleets. The last pre-war exercise of its type, Fleet Problem XXI contained two exercises (comparatively minor at the time) where air operations played a major role. Fleet Joint Air Exercise 114A prophetically pointed out the need to coordinate Army and Navy defense plans for the Hawaiian Islands, and Fleet Exercise 114 proved that aircraft could be used for high altitude tracking of surface forces—a significant role for planes that would be fully realized in the war to come.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: With the retention of the Fleet in Hawaiian waters after the conclusion of Fleet Problem XXI, "Yorktown" operated in the Pacific off the west coast of the United States and in Hawaiian waters until the following spring, when the success of German U-boats preying upon British shipping in the Atlantic required a shift of American naval strength. Thus, to reinforce the U.S. Atlantic Fleet, the Navy transferred a substantial force from the Pacific including "Yorktown", Battleship Division Three (the s), three light cruisers, and 12 accompanying destroyers.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: "Yorktown" departed Pearl Harbor on 20 April 1941 in company with destroyers , , and ; headed southeast, transited the Panama Canal on the night of 6–7 May, and arrived at Bermuda on 12 May. From that time until the United States entered the war, "Yorktown" conducted four patrols in the Atlantic, ranging from Newfoundland to Bermuda and logging steamed while enforcing American neutrality.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Although Adolf Hitler had forbidden his submarines to attack American ships, the men who manned the American naval vessels were not aware of this policy and operated on a wartime footing in the Atlantic.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: On 28 October, while "Yorktown", the battleship , and other American warships were screening a convoy, a destroyer picked up a submarine contact and dropped depth charges while the convoy itself made an emergency starboard turn, the first of the convoy's three emergency changes of course. Late that afternoon, engine repairs to one of the ships in the convoy, "Empire Pintail", reduced the convoy's speed to .


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: During the night, the American ships intercepted strong German radio signals, indicating submarines probably in the vicinity reporting the group. Rear Admiral H. Kent Hewitt, commanding the escort force, sent a destroyer to sweep astern of the convoy to destroy the U-boat or at least to drive him under.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: The next day, while cruiser scout planes patrolled overhead, "Yorktown" and the cruiser fueled their escorting destroyers, finishing the task as dusk fell. On 30 October, "Yorktown" was preparing to fuel three destroyers when other escorts made sound contacts. The convoy subsequently made 10 emergency turns while the destroyers and dropped depth charges, with assisted in developing the contact. "Anderson" later made two more depth charge attacks, noticing "considerable oil with slick spreading but no wreckage".


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: The short-of-war period was becoming more like the real thing as each day went on. Elsewhere on 30 October, torpedoed the destroyer , sinking her with a heavy loss of life, the first loss of an American warship in World War II. After another Neutrality Patrol stint in November, "Yorktown" put into Norfolk on 2 December.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: On the early morning of 7 December 1941, Japanese warplanes attacked the U.S. base at Pearl Harbor without warning, damaging or sinking 16 U.S. warships. With the battle line crippled, the undamaged American carriers assumed great importance. There were, on 7 December, only three in the Pacific: "Enterprise", , and . "Yorktown", "Ranger", , and the recently commissioned were in the Atlantic. The surprise attack on Pearl Harbor resulted in massive outrage across the United States and led to the country's formal entry into World War II the next day. "Yorktown" departed Norfolk on 16 December for the Pacific, her secondary gun galleries studded with new Oerlikon 20 mm guns. (The ship's Gunnery Officer retained the Browning M2 .50 caliber machine guns the Oerlikons replaced, and acquired a supply of M1919A4 .30 caliber machine guns as well. The crew discovered the pintle mounts of the .30 calibers fitted neatly into cut swab handles, and the swab handles themselves fitted neatly into the hollow pipes used for the ship's safety lines. Dozens of sailors went into the unofficial antiaircraft gun business, and according to one report, "Yorktown bristled with more guns than a Mexican revolution movie.") She reached San Diego 30 December 1941 and soon became flagship for Rear Admiral Frank Jack Fletcher's newly formed Task Force 17 (TF 17).


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: The carrier's first mission in her new theater was to escort a convoy carrying Marine reinforcements to American Samoa. Departing San Diego on 6 January 1942, "Yorktown" and her consorts covered the movement of Marines to Pago Pago in Tutuila to augment the garrison already there.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Having safely covered that troop movement, "Yorktown", in company with sister ship "Enterprise", departed Samoan waters on 25 January. Six days later, Task Force 8 (built around "Enterprise"), and TF 17 (around "Yorktown") parted company. The former headed for the Marshall Islands, the latter for the Gilberts, each to take part in some of the first American offensives of the war, the Marshalls-Gilberts raids.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: "Yorktown" was being screened by two cruisers, and and four destroyers. At 05:17, "Yorktown" launched 11 Douglas TBD-1 Devastators and 17 Douglas SBD-3 Dauntlesses, under the command of Commander Curtis W. Smiley. Those planes hit what Japanese shore installations and shipping they could find at Jaluit, but severe thunderstorms hampered the mission, and seven planes were lost. Other "Yorktown" planes attacked Japanese installations and ships at Makin and Mili Atolls.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: The attack on the Gilberts by Task Force 17 had apparently been a surprise since the American force encountered no enemy surface ships. A single Japanese Kawanishi H6K "Mavis" flying boat attempted to attack American destroyers sent astern in hope of recovering the crews of planes overdue from the Jaluit mission. Antiaircraft fire from the destroyers drove off the intruder before it could cause any damage.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Later, another Mavis, or possibly the same one, came out of low clouds distant from "Yorktown". The carrier withheld her antiaircraft fire in order not to interfere with the combat air patrol (CAP) fighters. Presently, the Mavis, pursued by two Grumman F4F Wildcats, disappeared behind a cloud. Within five minutes, the enemy patrol plane fell out of the clouds and crashed in the water.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Although TF 17 was slated to make a second attack on Jaluit, it was canceled because of heavy rainstorms and the approach of darkness. Therefore, the "Yorktown" force retired from the area.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Admiral Chester Nimitz later called the Marshalls-Gilberts raids "well conceived, well planned, and brilliantly executed." The results obtained by Task Forces 8 and 17 were noteworthy, Nimitz continued in his subsequent report, because the task forces had been obliged to make their attacks somewhat blindly, due to lack of hard intelligence data on the Japanese-held islands.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: "Yorktown" subsequently put in at Pearl Harbor for replenishment before she put to sea on 14 February, bound for the Coral Sea. On 6 March, she rendezvoused with TF 11 which had been formed around "Lexington" and under the command of Vice Admiral Wilson Brown. Together they headed towards Rabaul and Gasmata to attack Japanese shipping there in an effort to check the Japanese advance and to cover the landing of Allied troops at Nouméa, New Caledonia. The two carriers were screened by eight heavy cruisers (including the Australian warships and ) and 14 destroyers. As they steamed toward New Guinea, the Japanese continued their advance toward Australia with a landing on 7 March at the Huon Gulf, in the Salamaua-Lae area on the eastern end of New Guinea.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: Word of the Japanese operation prompted Admiral Brown to change the objective of TF 11's strike from Rabaul to the Salamaua-Lae sector. On the morning of 10 March 1942, American carriers launched aircraft from the Gulf of Papua. "Lexington" flew off her air group commencing at 07:49 and, 21 minutes later, "Yorktown" followed suit. The choice of the gulf as the launch point for the strike meant the planes would have to fly some across the Owen Stanley mountains, which provided security for the task force and ensured surprise, at the cost of poor flying conditions.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: In the attacks that followed, "Lexington"s Douglas SBD Dauntlesses from Scouting Squadron 2 (VS-2) dive-bombed Japanese ships at Lae at 09:22. The carrier's torpedo and bomber squadrons (VT-2 and VB-2) attacked shipping at Salamaua at 09:38. Her fighters (VF-2) split up into four-plane attack groups: one strafed Lae and the other, Salamaua. "Yorktown"s planes followed on the heels of those from "Lexington". VB-5 and VT-5 attacked Japanese ships in the Salamaua area at 09:50, while VS-5 went after auxiliaries moored close in shore at Lae. The fighters of VF-42 flew CAP over Salamaua until they determined there was no air opposition, then strafed surface objectives and small boats in the harbor.


title: USS Yorktown (CV-5)

text: After carrying out their missions, the American planes returned to their carriers and 103 planes of the 104 launched were back safely on board by noon. One SBD-2 Dauntless had been downed by Japanese antiaircraft fire. The raid on Salamaua and Lae was the first attack by many pilots, and, if accuracy was below that achieved in later actions, the fliers gained invaluable experience which helped in the Battle of the Coral Sea and the Battle of Midway.