title: Southern Gothic

text: Warped rural communities replaced the sinister plantations of an earlier age; and in the works of leading figures such as William Faulkner, Carson McCullers and Flannery O'Connor, the repre to its parent genre of American gothic and even to European gothic. However, the setting of these works is distinctly Southern. Some of these characteristics include exploring madness, decay and despair, continuing pressures of the past upon the present, particularly with the lost ideals of a dispossessed Southern aristocracy and continued racial hostilities.


title: Southern Gothic

text: Southern Gothic particularly focuses on the South's history of slavery, racism, fear of the outside world, violence, a "fixation with the grotesque, and a tension between realistic and supernatural elements".


title: Southern Gothic

text: Similar to the elements of the Gothic castle, Southern Gothic gives us the decay of the plantation in the post-Civil War South.


title: Southern Gothic

text: Villains who disguise themselves as innocents or victims are often found in Southern Gothic literature, especially stories by Flannery O'Connor, such as "Good Country People" and "The Life You Save May Be Your Own", giving us a blurred line between victim and villain.


title: Southern Gothic

text: Southern Gothic literature set out to expose the myth of old Antebellum South, and its narrative of an idyllic past hidden by social, familial, and racial denials and suppressions.


title: Southern Gothic

text: Some have included Eudora Welty in the category, but apparently, she disagreed: "They better not call me that!", she abruptly told Alice Walker in an interview.


title: Southern Gothic

text: A resurgence of Southern Gothic themes in contemporary fiction has been identified in the work of figures like Barry Hannah (1942–2010), Joe R. Lansdale (b. 1951), Helen Ellis (b. 1970) and Cherie Priest (b. 1975).


title: Southern Gothic

text: A number of films and television programs are also described as being part of the Southern Gothic genre. Some prominent examples are:


title: Southern Gothic

text: Southern Gothic (also known as Gothic Americana, or Dark Country) is a genre of country music rooted in early jazz, gospel, Americana, gothic rock and post-punk. It's lyrics often focus on dark subject matter. The genre shares thematic connections with the Southern Gothic genre of literature, and indeed the parameters of what makes something Gothic Americana appears to have more in common with literary genres than traditional musical ones. Songs often examine poverty, criminal behavior, religious imagery, death, ghosts, family, lost love, alcohol, murder, the devil, and betrayal. J.D. Wilkes, frontman of the band Legendary Shack Shakers, described Southern Gothic music as "[taking] an angle that there’s something grotesque and beautiful in the traditions of the South, the backdrop of Southern living."


title: Southern Gothic

text: The images of Great Depression photographer Walker Evans are frequently seen to evoke the visual depiction of the Southern Gothic; Evans claimed: "I can understand why Southerners are haunted by their own landscape".


title: Southern Gothic

text: Another noted Southern Gothic photographer was surrealist, Clarence John Laughlin, who photographed cemeteries, plantations, and other abandoned places throughout the American South (primarily Louisiana) for nearly 40 years.


title: Jimmie Allen

text: James Edward Allen (born June 18, 1985) is an American country music singer and songwriter. He is signed to Broken Bow Records imprint Stoney Creek, for which he has released the two singles "Best Shot" and "Make Me Want To" and the 2018 album "Mercury Lane". In 2021, he won the Country Music Association Award for New Artist of the Year, the second black artist to do so since Darius Rucker in 2009.


title: Jimmie Allen

text: Allen was born in Milton, Delaware, United States, but moved to Nashville, Tennessee, in 2007. During most of his first few years in Nashville, he experienced poverty and often lived out of his car. He auditioned for the tenth season of "American Idol", but was cut before the live voting rounds. While on "American Idol", he performed with Colton Dixon during one of the group rounds and befriended Scotty McCreery, who eventually won the competition that year. Allen and McCreery later reconnected and toured together after the release of Allen's debut album.


title: Jimmie Allen

text: Allen signed a publishing deal with Wide Open Music, a songwriting imprint formed by singer-songwriter Ash Bowers, in 2016. After doing a talent showcase for representatives of Broken Bow Records in early 2017, he was signed to that label's Stoney Creek imprint and released his self-titled debut EP, which Bowers produced. The label's executive vice president said that the decision to sign Allen was one of the fastest they ever made at the label. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic compared the EP's sound to the "slick, assured style" of Thomas Rhett and Sam Hunt. Similarly, "Rolling Stone" Country writer Brittney McKenna compared Allen's contemporary R&B influences to those artists and Maren Morris. A track from the EP, "Blue Jean Baby", was added to Spotify's "United States Viral 50 chart".


title: Jimmie Allen

text: His first official single, "Best Shot", was released in early 2018. The week of its release, it was the second most-added song to country music radio playlists. The song has made the Hot Country Songs, Country Airplay, and "Billboard" Hot 100 charts and was made into a music video. Allen said that the song's title and central theme were inspired by his grandmother and his son, who was 4 at the time of the song's release. His debut album, "Mercury Lane", was issued in October 2018. Also produced by Bowers, the album takes its name from the street on which Allen lived as a child. "Best Shot" was a Number One hit on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart in November 2018, making him the first Black artist to send his debut single to the top of that chart. The album's second single, "Make Me Want To" released to country radio on February 1, 2019, and it also became a Number One hit on the "Billboard" Country Airplay chart.


title: Jimmie Allen

text: Allen also recorded a cover of Lady Gaga and Bradley Cooper's "Shallow" with Abby Anderson in May 2019. The recording was made into a video as well.


title: Jimmie Allen

text: In 2020, Allen released "This Is Us", a duet with Noah Cyrus. It was included on his new EP, "Bettie James", which was released on July 10, 2020. The project's second single was "Freedom Was a Highway," a duet with Brad Paisley, which was released on February 1, 2021. It became Allen's third Number One hit and Paisley's twentieth on the "Billboard" Country Airplay in February 2022.


title: Jimmie Allen

text: Allen became the first Black solo performer to win New Male Artist of the Year at the 2021 ACM Awards (at which he also performed a duet with Brad Paisley). In September 2021, Allen was announced as one of the celebrities competing on season 30 of "Dancing with the Stars". He and his partner Emma Slater were the ninth couple to be eliminated, ultimately placing 7th.


title: Jimmie Allen

text: On November 10, 2021, he won New Artist of the Year at the CMA Awards. 15 days later, he performed at the Macy's Thanksgiving Day Parade. In February 2022, Allen announced that he would be a guest mentor on American Idol (season 20).


title: Jimmie Allen

text: He also featured on Noah Shnacky's "Don't You Wanna Know" for his 2022 album "Thoughtfully Reckless" and a duet with Nick Carter in "Easy".


title: Jimmie Allen

text: Allen release the lead-off single, "Down Home," to his third studio album "Tulip Drive" on March 8, 2022. The album was released on June 24, 2022.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: The Turning is a 2020 American supernatural horror film directed by Floria Sigismondi and written by Carey W. Hayes and Chad Hayes. It is a modern adaptation of the 1898 ghost story "The Turn of the Screw" by Henry James. It stars Mackenzie Davis, Finn Wolfhard, Brooklynn Prince, and Joely Richardson, and follows a young governess in 1994 who is hired to watch over two children after their parents are killed.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: It entered development in March 2016, described as a passion project for Steven Spielberg, who wanted to be involved in a horror film again. The adaptation went through two phases of production: first as "Haunted" with Juan Carlos Fresnadillo attached as director, then as "The Turning" with Sigismondi. Filming took place at Killruddery House, County Wicklow, Ireland from February through April 2018.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: "The Turning" premiered at Los Angeles Film Festival on January 23, 2020, and was theatrically released in the United States on January 24, 2020, by Universal Pictures. The film received largely negative reviews from critics and was a box office disappointment, grossing only $19.4 million worldwide against a $14 million budget.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: Miss Jessel, the live-in tutor at the Fairchild Estate, flees the house in a panic and is attacked by a ragged man.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: Sometime later, in 1994, Kate Mandell becomes a governess for seven-year-old Flora Fairchild after Miss Jessel's disappearance. Before leaving, she visits her mother, Darla, who lives in a mental institution because she suffers from delusions. At the Fairchild Estate, Kate is informed by the caretaker Mrs. Grose that Flora witnessed her parents die in a car accident and is a "special case". Flora confesses to Kate that she is afraid Kate will leave her like Miss Jessel did but Kate promises not to.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: That night, Kate encounters Flora's brother Miles, who is back from boarding school. The next day, she receives a call from the school's principal, who informs her that Miles is expelled after having been found strangling another boy. Kate becomes more aggravated with Miles and lashes out at him when he and Flora begin pulling pranks on her. Miles suggests he teach her how to ride horses to make it up to her, as their former riding instructor Quint has recently died.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: Kate notices strange occurrences happening at night, so she begins to keep her lights on when she goes to sleep. One day she suggests they go into town, to the dismay of both Flora and Mrs. Grose. Flora throws a fit and runs out of the car after Kate refuses to stop it. Miles warns her to leave but Kate decides to stay due to her promise to Flora. After reconciling, the group plays tag in the house. While looking for Miles, Kate is attacked by the ghost of Miss Jessel. She finds Miss Jessel's journal, which contains frightening entries about how Quint was obsessed with her and took pictures of her while she slept. Mrs. Grose tells her that Quint died a couple weeks following Miss Jessel's departure when he fell from his horse while riding drunk. Kate continues to see Quint and Miss Jessel's ghosts around the house, making her paranoid.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: She receives art from her mother in the mail, and Mrs. Grose comments that she hopes Kate's mother's condition isn't genetic. Kate discovers Miss Jessel's dead body in a pond on the house's grounds. She also has a vision of Quint raping and strangling Miss Jessel and tells Mrs. Grose, who appears to have already known about it. Mrs. Grose assures her that she made sure Quint died. Quint's ghost pushes Mrs. Grose over the stair banister, killing her. Kate and the children flee the house, managing to escape in her car.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: This previous sequence is revealed to have been Kate's vision as she heard Mrs. Grose's words and looked at her mother's art. She walks in on the children talking about her and becomes convinced that she sees Quint's ghost in the mirror, insisting that Flora saw him too, despite her protests. When Kate accidentally breaks Flora's doll, Miles calls her delusional. They then walk out of the room. In Kate's imagination, she walks into her mother's institution and approaches a figure; as the figure turns around, Kate screams. The face of the figure is not revealed, and it is left open to interpretation as to whether Kate has seen her mother or is in fact seeing a reflection of herself.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: The film first entered development in March 2016 and was described as a passion project for Steven Spielberg, as he wanted to be involved in a horror film again. The film adaptation went through two phases of production: first as "Haunted" with Juan Carlos Fresnadillo attached as director, then the ultimate version, renamed as "The Turning", with Floria Sigismondi.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: On March 9, 2016, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that Amblin Entertainment was hiring Juan Carlos Fresnadillo to direct a film titled "Haunted", which would be inspired by Henry James' 1898 gothic ghost story, "The Turn of the Screw". It would be scripted by Chad Hayes and Carey W. Hayes, with Roy Lee of Vertigo Entertainment, John Middleton and Scott Bernstein as producers. "Haunted", which was to shoot under the DreamWorks label, would have been one of the first new projects to move forward since DreamWorks, Amblin and Participant Media formed the new Amblin Partners in late 2015, and after DreamWorks, which had been distributing its films through Disney's Touchstone Pictures since 2008, had struck a new distribution deal with Universal.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: On August 1, 2016, it was announced that Alfre Woodard had signed on to the project. Later that month, Rose Leslie joined as the lead.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: On September 21, 2016, five weeks before shooting was set to begin, Spielberg personally pulled the plug on the project because Scott Z. Burns' partial rewrite caused seismic changes in the story's fabric, altering characters, action, and even the title, and it no longer resembled the project the studio had signed on to make. Spielberg and DreamWorks decided the best course of action was to fire Fresnadillo and Burns, and resume using Hayes' original script, looking to start fresh development with a new director despite $5 million having been spent of the $17 million budget.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: On August 24, 2017, "Deadline" reported that Amblin Entertainment had set Floria Sigismondi to direct "Haunted", now renamed as "The Turning", which would feature a new draft by Jade Bartlett based on the original script by Chad and Carey W. Hayes. Production was expected to start in early 2018 with Scott Bernstein and Roy Lee still attached as producers, along with Seth William Meier. In October 2017, Mackenzie Davis signed on to portray the lead role of the nanny. In December 2017, it was announced that Finn Wolfhard had been cast as one of the orphans, and in January 2018, Brooklynn Prince was cast as the other. In February 2018, others actors were announced as principal production commenced. The casting of Joely Richardson was announced in January 2019.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: Principal production began in Ireland on February 14, 2018, and filming began with the cast and crew behind strict security at Killruddery House in County Wicklow. Filming for Wolfhard and Prince concluded on March 27, 2018. Principal photography for the film completed on April 6, 2018.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: The film's score is composed by Nathan Barr. Lawrence Rothman and their brother Yves produced the film's original soundtrack, which was deemed by "Thrillist" as better than the movie itself. The film's original soundtrack features tracks from Pale Waves, Mitski, girl in red, Kali Uchis, Vagabon, Courtney Love, Warpaint, Alice Glass, The Aubreys, Lawrence Rothman and Soccer Mommy,


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: "The Turning" was theatrically released on January 24, 2020, domestically and in select international territories. Universal Pictures had originally scheduled the film for February 22, 2019. In September 2018, the film was moved back, with DreamWorks Animation's "" being slated in its place.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: "The Turning" grossed $15.5 million in the United States and Canada, and $3.9 million in other territories, for a worldwide total of $19.4 million.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: In the United States and Canada, the film was released alongside "The Gentlemen", and was projected to gross $7–9 million from 3,000 theaters in its opening weekend. The film made $2.5 million on its first day, including $425,000 from Thursday night previews. It went on to debut to $7.3 million, finishing sixth at the box office. It then fell 56% to $3.1 million in its second weekend, finishing eighth.


title: The Turning (2020 film)

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 12% based on reviews, and an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads, "Stylish but muddled, this misbegotten adaptation of Henry James' classic novel will send horror-hungry viewers "Turning" to the source material instead." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 35 out of 100, based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a rare average grade of "F" on an A+ to F scale (one of only 22 films to receive the rating, ), while PostTrak reported an overall positive score of 34% (including an average 0 out of 5 stars), with 20% of people saying they would definitely recommend the film.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The Mitsubishi Sirius or 4G6/4D6 engine is the name of one of Mitsubishi Motors' four series of inline-four automobile engines, along with Astron, Orion, and Saturn.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The 4G6 gasoline engines were the favoured performance variant for Mitsubishi. The "4G61T" powered their Colt Turbo, while the "4G63T", first introduced in the 1980 Lancer EX 2000 Turbo, went on to see service in the Sapporo and Starion coupés during the so-called "turbo era" of the 1980s, before creating for itself an illustrious motorsport heritage as the powerplant under the hood of the World Rally Championship-winning Lancer Evolution. A UK-market Evo known as the FQ400 had a version of the "Sirius", making it the most powerful car ever sold by Mitsubishi.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The 4G61 displaces with bore/ full length stroke of . This engine was always DOHC 16-valve and used either Multi-point (MPFI) or Electronic Control (ECFI) fuel injection. A turbocharged version was also produced for the Mirage and Lancer. Unlike the other Sirius motors, the 4G61 does not have balance shafts.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The larger 1.8 L 4G62 was an SOHC 8-valve unit for longitudinal rear-wheel drive and all-wheel drive use. With a bore and stroke of , it displaces . It was available either in carburetor form, multi-point fuel injection, or ECI Turbo as found in the Lancer EX 1800GSR or 1800GT, and Cordia GSR.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Bore x stroke is SOHC and DOHC were produced. Both versions were available in either naturally aspirated and turbocharged form. For front-wheel drive applications, the turbocharged Sirius' name was changed to "Cyclone Dash". As fitted to the fifth generation Galant JIS gross were claimed - the output claims later shrank to - for the turbocharged and intercooled "Sirius Dash 3x2 valve" engine. This version could switch between breathing through two or three valves per cylinder, to combine high top-end power with low-end drivability as well as allowing for economical operation. It was a modification of Mitsubishi MCA-Jet technology which used a secondary intake valve to inject air into the engine for more efficient emissions control. The DOHC version was introduced in 1987 in the Japanese market Galant, and came in turbocharged or naturally aspirated form. It is found in various models including the 1988-92 Mitsubishi Galant VR-4, the U.S. market 1990-1999 Mitsubishi Eclipse, and the Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution I-IX. Later versions also received Mitsubishi's variable valve timing system, MIVEC.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: A SOHC carbureted eight-valve version (engine code G63B) was also available in Mitsubishi's pickup trucks (L200, Strada, Mighty Max, Dodge Ram 50) from the eighties until the mid-nineties. It produces at 5500 rpm in European trim (1989). The SOHC version was also used in Mitsubishi Galant models until 1993. It has of output and of torque at 4,750 rpm.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Also, a SOHC version was produced until the late 90s and early 2000s and was used in Mitsubishi cars like the Montero and the 2.0 L 2-door Pajero with an output of at 4700 rpm. Also the N33 and N83 Space Wagons and Galant (UK market) received the 4G63, in single-cam sixteen-valve format. A similar version, with , was also used in some light duty Mitsubishi Canters from 1997 on.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The Mitsubishi Eclipse, Eagle Talon and Plymouth Laser introduced the DOHC turbocharged intercooled version to the U.S. in 1989 through Diamond Star Motors, a joint venture between Mitsubishi Motors and the Chrysler Corporation. From 1990 to late April 1992 came thicker connecting rods and the use of six bolts to secure the flywheel to the crankshaft; May 1992 to 2006 Evolution versions have lighter rods and use seven bolts to secure the flywheel to the crankshaft. They are referred to as the "six bolt" and "seven bolt" engines, respectively.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Output for the 2003 US Mitsubishi Lancer Evolution is at 6500 rpm with of torque at 3500 rpm. It has a cast iron engine block and aluminium DOHC cylinder head. It uses multi-point fuel injection, has four valves per cylinder, is turbocharged and intercooled and features forged steel connecting rods.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The final version of the engine was found in Lancer Evolution IX. It was equipped with Mitsubishi's variable valve timing system, MIVEC. This version also had a revised turbocharger, extended reach spark plugs, two-piece rings.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: A SOHC 16 valve turbocharged version called 4G63S4T is produced by Shenyang Aerospace Mitsubishi Motors Engine Manufacturing (SAME) in Shenyang, China, producing a peak power of and a peak torque of for most applications, and rated in some applications. This version is equipped with a TD04 turbocharger.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Its turbocharged variant, G63T (also sometimes referred to simply as the 4G63), has powered Mitsubishi vehicles in World Rally Championships (WRC) for years in the Lancer EX 2000 Turbo, Galant VR-4, Lancer Evolution, Carisma GT, and Lancer WRC04. It was the powerplant of the Lancer Evolution when Tommi Mäkinen won his four consecutive WRC championships in his Lancer. MHI and T-4 turbos were both used as power for these engines. A 1.7L variant of the 4G63 was also used in a custom made hill-climb McLaren F1(Known as McLaren F1 Evo) made by Komvet Racing.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The 4G64 is the second largest variant, at . Early models were 8-valve SOHC, but a later 16-valve SOHC and DOHC version was also produced. All used MPFI and had a bore and stroke of . The 4G64 was later also available with gasoline direct injection.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Output varies between at 5,250 rpm with of torque at 4,000 rpm in the Mitsubishi L200 and at 5,500 rpm with of torque at 4,000 rpm in the Chrysler Sebring/Stratus. The Chrysler version features fracture-split forged powder metal connecting rods. The DOHC and SOHC 16-valve 4G64 are interference engines, while the SOHC 8-valve 4G64 is a non interference engine. From March 1996 an LPG version with at 5,000 rpm was available in the Mitsubishi Canter.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The 4G64 is a very popular engine in China, where it is still used on the Changfeng Lièbào since 2002, a series of cars based on the Mitsubishi Pajero V20, and the Soueast Delica based on the Mitsubishi Delica van from 1996 to 2013. The 4G64 engine has been produced by Shenyang Aerospace Mitsubishi Motors Engine Manufacturing (SAME), in Shenyang, China where it was assembled through semi-knockdown kits in August 1998 and complete knockdown kits in September 1999. Regular assembling of the engines took place in April 2000.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The Chinese market Ford Transit and its successor, the JMC Teshun use the 4G64 engine as a standard petrol option unlike the international version which uses regular Ford engines.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Known as the "Sirius Diesel", the 4D65 has the same dimensions as the 4G62 . It was available either naturally aspirated or turbocharged (with an air-to-air intercooler), and was used in most Mitsubishi diesel passenger cars in the eighties and beginning of the nineties. It was developed specifically to be transversally installed in front-wheel-drive cars, unlike the preceding 4D5-series which remained in production for commercial vehicles. The 1.8 TD power figures are comparable to those of the 22 percent larger, 2.3 liter 4D55, with more low-down torque and while being much smoother. The cast-iron block was typical for Mitsubishi, but unusual for diesel engines, in being equipped with balance shafts. A number of installations combined this engine with four-wheel-drive.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Known as the "Sirius Diesel", the 4D68 version displaces . It is fitted with a stroke crankshaft and the cylinder bore diameter is . This engine uses pistons with a static compression ratio of 22.4:1 and piston pins are OD. It was available either naturally aspirated or turbocharged, and replaced the 4D65 as Mitsubishi's "go-to" diesel.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The 4G69 is a version built in Shiga, Japan and Shenyang, China. Bore and stroke is . Output is at 5750 rpm (160 in the Sportback Wagon) with of torque at 3500 rpm. It has a cast iron engine block (later switch to aluminum block) and an aluminum SOHC cylinder head. It uses multi-point fuel injection, has 4 valves per cylinder with roller followers and features forged steel connecting rods, a one-piece cast camshaft, and a cast aluminum intake manifold. The 4G69 incorporates Mitsubishi's MIVEC Variable Valve Timing technology.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Mitsubishi ceased any further development and production of Sirius engine after 2012 model year, and its Chinese joint-venture, Shenyang Aerospace Mitsubishi Motors Engine Manufacturing Co., is now the only one producing 4G69 engines. They are used by Chinese manufacturers only, but have been updated to use an aluminum block while adding a timing chain.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: A SOHC 16 valve turbocharged engine similar to 4G63S4T, produced by SAME in Shenyang, China, utilizing a 4G63 shortblock destroked to a displacement of .


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: The 4K1 "New MIVEC" series is based on 4G6 shortblock but mated to a redesigned SOHC 16 valve head with VVL and MIVEC technology. Combustion chambers and piston surfaces were re-engineered to improve fuel economy by lowering friction.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: In 2017, Mitsubishi launched a new series of gasoline inline-four engines called the 4K2 series. Originally consisting of three models, 4K20, 4K21 and 4K22, they are available in naturally aspirated as well as turbocharged versions. This new design is based on the 4G6 shortblock, mated to a newly designed DOHC 16-valve head with MIVEC technology.


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: Destroked 4G63 shortblock, same as 4G6A but with the new DOHC head. Only available as a turbocharged model (4K20D4T).


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: 4G63 shortblock, available as a turbocharged model (4K21D4T) or two naturally aspirated models (4K21D4M & 4K21D4N)


title: Mitsubishi Sirius engine

text: 4G69 shortblock, available as a turbocharged model (4K22D4T) or a naturally aspirated model (4K22D4M)


title: Claire Bloom

text: Patricia Claire Bloom (born 15 February 1931) is an English actress. She is known for leading roles in plays such as "A Streetcar Named Desire," "A Doll's House", and "Long Day's Journey into Night", and has starred in nearly sixty films.


title: Claire Bloom

text: After a childhood spent in England (and in the US for two-and-a-half years during the Second World War), Bloom studied drama in London. She debuted on the London stage when she was sixteen and took roles in various Shakespeare plays. They included "Hamlet," in which she played Ophelia alongside Richard Burton. For her Juliet in "Romeo and Juliet", critic Kenneth Tynan stated it was "the best Juliet I've ever seen". After she starred as Blanche DuBois in "A Streetcar Named Desire", its playwright, Tennessee Williams, stated, "I declare myself absolutely wild about Claire Bloom".


title: Claire Bloom

text: In 1952, Bloom was cast by Hollywood film star Charlie Chaplin to co-star alongside him in "Limelight". During her film career, she has starred alongside numerous major actors, including Richard Burton, Laurence Olivier, John Gielgud, Paul Scofield, Ralph Richardson, Yul Brynner, George C. Scott, James Mason, Paul Newman, Cliff Robertson, Julie Harris, Anthony Hopkins and Rod Steiger.


title: Claire Bloom

text: In 2010, Bloom played the role of Queen Mary in the British film "The King's Speech". She was appointed Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to drama.


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom was born on 15 February 1931 as Patricia Claire Blume in Finchley, then part of Middlesex (now a suburb of North London), the daughter of Elizabeth (née Grew) and Edward Max Blume, a "not very successful" salesman. Her paternal grandparents, originally named Blumenthal, as well as her maternal grandparents, originally named Gravitzky, were Jewish emigrants from Byten in the Grodno region of Russia, now in Belarus, Eastern Europe. She is Russian British and practises Judaism.


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom's education was "somewhat haphazard"; she was sent to the independent Badminton School in Bristol, but when her father encountered financial difficulties the family relocated to Cornwall, where she attended the local village school. She later studied stage acting at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama, London, and continued her studies under Elsie Fogerty at the Central School of Speech and Drama, then based in the Royal Albert Hall, London.


title: Claire Bloom

text: After the Luftwaffe began bombing London during the Blitz in 1940, her family had a number of narrow escapes as bombs dropped close to their home. While their father remained in England, she and her brother John went with their mother to the United States, where she spent a year living in Florida with a paternal uncle's family; during this time her mother worked for her aunt's dress shop, "but she proved to be a dreadful saleswoman". She recalls, "It was 1941; I was ten, John was nearly six. We were to sail from Glasgow in a convoy, on a ship that was evacuating children." During her year stay in Florida, she was asked by the British War Relief Society to help raise money by entertaining at various benefits, which she then did for a number of weeks. "Thus I broke into show business singing", she writes. Bloom, along with her mother and brother, next lived in New York with their mother's cousin for another eighteen months before returning to England. It was in New York that she decided to become an actress, after her mother took her to see the Broadway play "Three Sisters" for her twelfth birthday:


title: Claire Bloom

text: They returned to England in 1943, and due to her father's improved business lived in Mayfair, but her parents' marriage ended shortly afterward – so her father could marry his girlfriend – and she had no contact with him for many years.


title: Claire Bloom

text: After training at the Guildhall School of Music and Drama and the Central School of Speech and Drama, Bloom made her debut on BBC radio programmes. She made her stage debut in 1946 when she was 15 with the Oxford Repertory Theatre.


title: Claire Bloom

text: She debuted aged 16 at the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre as Ophelia to Paul Scofield's Hamlet; Robert Helpmann alternated playing the prince. Bloom has written that during the production she had a crush on Scofield. As Scofield was happily married and the father of a son, Bloom hoped only, "to be flirted with and taken some notice of". She later recalled, "I could never make up my mind which of my two Hamlets I found the more devastating: the openly homosexual, charismatic Helpmann, or the charming, shy young man from Sussex."


title: Claire Bloom

text: When asked about Bloom years later, Scofield recalled, "Sixteen years old I think—so very young and necessarily inexperienced, she looked lovely, she acted with a daunting assurance which belied entirely her inexperience of almost timid reticence. She was a very good Ophelia."


title: Claire Bloom

text: Her London stage debut was in 1947 in the Christopher Fry play "The Lady's Not For Burning", which starred Sir John Gielgud and Pamela Brown and featured a young Richard Burton. It also played on Broadway in New York City.


title: Claire Bloom

text: It was during the rehearsals for the play that Burton and Bloom began a long love affair. The following year, she received acclaim for her portrayal of Ophelia in "Hamlet" starring Burton, the first of many works by William Shakespeare in which Bloom would appear. Although Burton was at that time married to Sybil Christopher, fellow actor and friend of Burton, Stanley Baker, seeing how attracted he was to Bloom, commented that he "thought that this might be the time when Rich actually left Sybil." In his later years, Burton told his biographer, Michael Munn, "'I only ever loved two women before Elizabeth,' Sybil was one, Claire Bloom the other."


title: Claire Bloom

text: In a 2002 interview with Michael Shelden, Bloom said of Burton, "He had it all: intelligence, physical beauty, an incredible voice. There was no one else like him. When we were at the Old Vic, he proved that a working-class actor could make it, and I was proud of him. I thought he set a great example in a society that was, and still is, so preoccupied with class and accent."


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom has appeared in a number of plays and theatrical works in both London and New York. Those works include "Look Back in Anger"; "Rashomon"; 'Duel of Angels' (by Jean Giraudoux), co-starring with Vivien Leigh, in 1958; and Bloom's favourite role, that of Blanche DuBois, in a revival of the Tennessee Williams play, "A Streetcar Named Desire", which played in London in 1974. Critic Clive Barnes described the play as a "notable example of what the classic revival should be – well groomed, but thoughtful, expressive, illuminating." Another critic writes that Bloom's portrayal of Blanche featured "remarkable layers of vitality and tenderness", and playwright Williams stated, "I declare myself absolutely wild about Claire Bloom."


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom has also performed in a one-woman show that included monologues from several of her stage performances. She also starred in the 1976 Broadway revival of "The Innocents".


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom's first film role was in the 1948 film "The Blind Goddess". She trained at the Rank Organisation's charm school but did not stay with that company for long.


title: Claire Bloom

text: Her international screen debut came in the 1952 film "Limelight", when she was chosen by Charlie Chaplin, who also directed, to co-star alongside him. The film catapulted Bloom to stardom. Biographer Dan Kamin states that "Limelight" is a similar story to Chaplin's "City Lights", made twenty years earlier, in which Chaplin also helps a heroine overcome a physical handicap. In this film, Bloom plays a suicidal ballerina who "suffers from hysterical paralysis".


title: Claire Bloom

text: The film had personal meaning for Chaplin as it contained numerous references to his life and family: the theatre where he and Bloom performed in the film was the same theatre where his mother gave her last performance; Bloom was directed by Chaplin to wear dresses similar to those his mother used to wear; Chaplin's sons and his half-brother all had parts. Bloom states that she felt one of the reasons she got the part was because she closely resembled his young wife, Oona O'Neill. In his autobiography, Chaplin writes that he had no doubt the film would be a success: "I had fewer qualms about its success than any picture I had ever made." Chaplin explains his decision to make Bloom co-star despite this being her first film:


title: Claire Bloom

text: She was subsequently featured in a number of "costume" roles in films such as "Alexander the Great" (1956), "The Brothers Karamazov" (1958), "The Buccaneer" (1958), and "The Wonderful World of the Brothers Grimm" (1962). Bloom also appeared in Laurence Olivier's film version of "Richard III" (1955), in which she played Lady Anne, Ibsen's "A Doll's House" (1973) for which she won Best Actress award at Taormina International Film Festival, "The Outrage" (1964) with Paul Newman and Laurence Harvey, as well as the films "Look Back in Anger" (1959) and "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" (1965), both with Richard Burton. Of Bloom's character in "Spy", novelist David Plante writes that "Claire's refined beauty appears to be one with the refinement of a culture she represents as an actress."


title: Claire Bloom

text: In the 1960s she began to play more contemporary roles, including an unhinged housewife in "The Chapman Report", a psychologist opposite Cliff Robertson's Oscar-winning role in "Charly", and Theodora in "The Haunting". She also appeared in the Woody Allen films "Crimes and Misdemeanors" (1989) and "Mighty Aphrodite" (1995). She appeared in the Sylvester Stallone film "Daylight" (1996). She played Hera in "Clash of the Titans". Laurence Olivier played Zeus, her husband; she had also played his wife, Queen Anne in "Richard III" (1955). Her most recent appearances in films were her portrayal of Queen Mary in the 2010 Oscar winning British film "The King's Speech" and her portrayal of Eva Rose opposite Jerry Lewis in the 2016 film "Max Rose".


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom has appeared in numerous roles on television such as her portrayal of Lady Marchmain in "Brideshead Revisited" (1981). In 1996, she wrote, "I still find it puzzling when I am told I played a manipulative and heartless woman; that is not how I saw her. Lady Marchmain is deeply religious, and her dilemma includes trying to raise a wilful brood of children on her own, while instilling them with her rigid observance of the Catholic code. Sebastian is both an alcoholic and a homosexual, and from her point of view, he lives in a state of mortal sin. She has to fight for his soul by any means in her power, with the knowledge that her efforts may lead to his destruction. A born crusader, the Marchioness confronts her difficult choices head on; her rigidity of purpose, which I don't in any way share, is understandable in context. The aspect that rings most true is her sense of being an outsider, a Catholic in Protestant England. Not such a leap from being a Jew in Protestant England as one would imagine."


title: Claire Bloom

text: Other work includes two prominent BBC Television productions for director Rudolph Cartier: co-starring with Sean Connery in "Anna Karenina" (1961), and playing Cathy in "Wuthering Heights" with Keith Michell as Heathcliff (1962). She also appeared as First Lady Edith Wilson in "Backstairs at the White House" (1979); as Joy Gresham, the wife of C.S. Lewis in "Shadowlands" for which she received the BAFTA Award as Best Actress (1985); as Marina Gregg in "The Mirror Crack'd from Side to Side", the last of the BBC Miss Marple adaptations in 1992; and as the older Sophy in the serial "The Camomile Lawn" (1992) on Britain's Channel 4. Her most recent appearance in a mini-series was in the 2006 version of "The Ten Commandments".


title: Claire Bloom

text: On continuing television series, she has appeared on the New York-based "". From 1994 to 1995, she portrayed villainess Orlena Grimaldi on the daytime drama "As the World Turns". She also had major roles in several of the BBC-Shakespeare Play television presentations and has led workshops on Shakespearean performance practices. In 2003, Bloom did a stage reading of Milton's "Samson Agonistes" along with actor John Neville at Bryn Mawr College at the behest of poet Karl Kirchwey.


title: Claire Bloom

text: In December 2006, she appeared on the London stage in Arthur Allan Seidelman's production of "Six Dance Lessons in Six Weeks" by Richard Alfieri, a two-hander in which she co-starred with Billy Zane.


title: Claire Bloom

text: In October 2007, she appeared opposite Peter Bowles in "Love Letters" at the Théâtre Princesse Grace, Monte Carlo, directed by Marc Sinden, as part of his British Theatre Season, Monaco.


title: Claire Bloom

text: In 2008, she guest starred in "New Tricks" as actress Helen Brownlow. The story concerned the murder of Brownlow's husband whilst they were in a play together.


title: Claire Bloom

text: In December 2009 and January 2010, she appeared in the two-part "Doctor Who" story "The End of Time" as a mysterious Time Lord credited only as "The Woman". Series executive producer Russell T. Davies revealed in his 2010 book "The Writer's Tale" that the character is supposed to be the Doctor's mother.


title: Claire Bloom

text: In 2010, she guest starred as Jill Peters in "The Bill" in the episode "Taking a Stand" and played Queen Mary in "The King's Speech".


title: Claire Bloom

text: In September 2012, she appeared in concert at the Joseph Meyerhoff Symphony Hall, Baltimore, Maryland, as the narrator in a performance of Leonard Bernstein's Kaddish, with the Baltimore Symphony Orchestra conducted by Marin Alsop. In 2013, Bloom appeared in the sixth series of ITV's Doc Martin as the estranged mother of the title character. In 2015 she appeared as Matilda Stowe in ITV's "Midsomer Murders" episode 17.4, "A Vintage Murder".


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom has married three times. Her first marriage, in 1959, was to actor Rod Steiger, whom she met when they both performed in the play "Rashomon". Their daughter is opera singer Anna Steiger. Steiger and Bloom divorced in 1969. In that same year, Bloom married producer Hillard Elkins. The marriage lasted three years and the couple divorced in 1972. Bloom's third marriage on 29 April 1990, was to writer Philip Roth, her longtime companion. They divorced in 1995.


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom has written two memoirs about her life and career. The first, "Limelight and After: The Education of an Actress", was published in 1982 and was an in-depth look at her career and the film and stage roles she had portrayed. Her second book, "", published in 1996, went into greater details about her personal life; she discussed not only her marriages but also her affairs with Richard Burton, Laurence Olivier, and Yul Brynner. The book created a stir when Bloom described her former marriage to Roth. Soon after, Roth wrote a "revenge novel" "I Married a Communist" (1998), in which the character of Eve Frame appeared to represent Bloom.


title: Claire Bloom

text: Bloom was appointed a Commander of the Order of the British Empire (CBE) in the 2013 Birthday Honours for services to drama.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft Holmes is a fictional character appearing in stories written by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle from 1893 to 1908. The elder brother (by seven years) of detective Sherlock Holmes, he is a government official and a founding member of the Diogenes Club. Mycroft is described as having abilities of deduction and knowledge exceeding even those of his brother, though their practical use is limited by his dislike of fieldwork.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: The character has been adapted many times in literature and media, including television series, films, radio, and comics. He is popular in culture, being mentioned by many works, referencing his job, personality, or his relationship with Sherlock Holmes.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft Holmes is Sherlock Holmes's older brother. He mainly appears in two stories by Doyle, "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter" and "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans". He also appears briefly in "The Final Problem", and is mentioned in "The Adventure of the Empty House".


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: He first appears in "The Greek Interpreter", in which he brings Sherlock a case involving one of his neighbours. Sherlock Holmes tells Dr. Watson that Mycroft has powers of observation and deduction superior to his own, but is not energetic or ambitious. He also comments that some of his most interesting cases have come to him through Mycroft. In the story, Sherlock Holmes and Dr. Watson visit Mycroft at the Diogenes Club, which Mycroft co-founded. Also, Mycroft visits 221B Baker Street.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft makes a brief appearance in "The Final Problem". Sherlock Holmes gives Dr. Watson instructions to take a certain route to leave London to avoid Moriarty's gang, and part of this plan involves a ride in a brougham driven by a cloaked driver. Watson sees the coachman and does not recognise him. Sherlock later tells Watson that the driver was Mycroft. Near the end of the story after Sherlock's supposed death, Watson reads a letter left by Sherlock, which includes the statement, "I made every disposition of my property before leaving England, and handed it to my brother Mycroft."


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: In "The Empty House", it is revealed that Sherlock Holmes faked his death in "The Final Problem" and subsequently went abroad. His only confidant during this time was Mycroft, who provided him with the money he needed. When Sherlock returned to London, he found that Mycroft had preserved his Baker Street rooms and his papers "exactly as they had always been".


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: In "The Bruce-Partington Plans", Mycroft goes to Baker Street to speak with his brother about recovering missing submarine plans for the government. Sherlock Holmes says in this story that Mycroft only visited 221B Baker Street once before. Though Sherlock initially told Watson in "The Greek Interpreter" that Mycroft audits books for the British government, he reveals to Watson in "The Bruce-Partington Plans" that Mycroft's true role is more substantial:


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft has a unique position in the government, which is not named in the stories. Sherlock comments regarding Mycroft's role that there "has never been anything like it before, nor will be again" and that Mycroft "has the tidiest and most orderly brain, with the greatest capacity for storing facts, of any man living". He describes Mycroft's position:


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: He adds to this that Mycroft thinks of nothing other than government policy, except when he asks Mycroft to advise him on one of his cases.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Several Holmesian scholars have proposed theories about Mycroft, though none of these are confirmed in the stories. In "The Adventure of Black Peter", Dr. Watson records that Sherlock Holmes could assume various disguises in "at least five small refuges" which he had in different parts of London; Vincent Starrett wrote that Mycroft's residence "would certainly be one of them". Ronald A. Knox suggested that Mycroft was a double agent who assisted both Sherlock and Professor Moriarty, with the goal of ultimately betraying Moriarty and members of his gang, including Colonel Moran. June Thomson theorised that Mycroft nominated Sherlock to infiltrate the German spy ring in "His Last Bow" (set in 1914) and might have persuaded Sherlock to come out of retirement. Thomson calculated that Mycroft would have retired himself in 1912 at the age of sixty-five years old, but would have maintained his connections with former colleagues in the government.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Possessing deductive powers exceeding even those of his younger brother, Mycroft is nevertheless unsuitable for performing detective work as he is unwilling to put in the physical effort necessary to bring cases to their conclusions. In "The Adventure of the Greek Interpreter", Sherlock Holmes says:


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft does not have ambitions of any kind, according to Sherlock. Despite being "the most indispensable man in the country", as Sherlock says, Mycroft remains a subordinate, will receive "neither honour nor title", and his relatively modest annual salary in "The Bruce-Partington Plans" (which takes place in 1895) is £450 ().


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: He lives in rooms in Pall Mall. His regular routine is to walk around the corner each morning to Whitehall where he works, and in the evening, to walk back to Pall Mall. He then stays at the Diogenes Club, which is located across from his lodgings in Pall Mall, from quarter to five until twenty to eight. He seldom breaks this routine or goes anywhere except these three locations.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft reads Watson's accounts of Sherlock's adventures and takes an interest in Sherlock's cases. In "The Greek Interpreter", he takes snuff from a tortoise-shell box while at the Diogenes Club, and brushes the grains from his coat with a large, red silk handkerchief. He is also seen "sitting smoking in the armchair" at Baker Street. Mycroft is occasionally referred to by Sherlock Holmes as "Brother Mycroft" in "The Bruce-Partington Plans". He is the only character to refer to Sherlock exclusively by his first name.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft resembles his brother Sherlock Holmes, but is described in "The Greek Interpreter" as being "a much larger and stouter man". According to Watson, Mycroft's eyes are "a peculiarly light, watery grey" and always have "that far-away, introspective look" which Watson had only seen in Sherlock's when he exerted his full powers (Sherlock also has grey eyes). In "The Final Problem", Sherlock informs Watson that the driver of the brougham (later revealed to be Mycroft) will wear "a heavy black cloak tipped at the collar with red". When Watson sees the coachman, he describes him as "a very massive driver wrapped in a dark cloak". In "The Bruce-Partington Plans", Watson states that Mycroft is "tall and portly", and gives the following description of him:


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft is seven years older than Sherlock. According to Leslie S. Klinger, Mycroft was born in 1847. A reference in the short story "His Last Bow", which takes place in 1914, suggests that Sherlock is sixty years old at the time the story takes place. This would make the year of Sherlock's birth approximately 1854, and thus Mycroft's approximately 1847.


title: Mycroft Holmes

text: Mycroft Holmes has been portrayed many times in adaptations of the Holmes stories in film, television, radio, and other media.


title: Research and development

text: Research and development (R&D or R+D), known in Europe as research and technological development (RTD), is the set of innovative activities undertaken by corporations or governments in developing new services or products, and improving existing ones. Research and development constitutes the first stage of development of a potential new service or the production process.


title: Research and development

text: R&D activities differ from institution to institution, with two primary models of an R&D department either staffed by engineers and tasked with directly developing new products, or staffed with industrial scientists and tasked with applied research in scientific or technological fields, which may facilitate future product development. R&D differs from the vast majority of corporate activities in that it is not intended to yield immediate profit, and generally carries greater risk and an uncertain return on investment. However R&D is crucial for acquiring larger shares of the market through the marketisation of new products. R&D&I or R&D&i are also acronyms with the same general meaning of R&D and stand for research, development and innovation.


title: Research and development

text: New product design and development is often a crucial factor in the survival of a company. In a global industrial landscape that is changing fast, firms must continually revise their design and range of products. This is necessary as well due to the fierce competition and the evolving preferences of consumers. Without an R&D program, a firm must rely on strategic alliances, acquisitions, and networks to tap into the innovations of others.


title: Research and development

text: A system driven by marketing is one that puts the customer needs first, and produces goods that are known to sell. Market research is carried out, which establishes the needs of consumers and the potential niche market of a new product. If the development is technology driven, R&D is directed toward developing products to meet the unmet needs.


title: Research and development

text: In general, research and development activities are conducted by specialized units or centers belonging to a company, or can be out-sourced to a contract research organization, universities, or state agencies. In the context of commerce, "research and development" normally refers to future-oriented, longer-term activities in science or technology, using similar techniques to scientific research but directed toward desired outcomes and with broad forecasts of commercial yield.


title: Research and development

text: Statistics on organizations devoted to "R&D" may express the state of an industry, the degree of competition or the lure of progress. Some common measures include: budgets, numbers of patents or on rates of peer-reviewed publications. Bank ratios are one of the best measures, because they are continuously maintained, public and reflect risk.


title: Research and development

text: In the United States, a typical ratio of research and development for an industrial company is about 3.5% of revenues; this measure is called "R&D intensity". A high technology company, such as a computer manufacturer, might spend 7% or a pharmaceutical companies such as Merck & Co. 14.1% or Novartis 15.1%. Anything over 15% is remarkable, and usually gains a reputation for being a high technology company such as engineering company Ericsson 24.9%, or biotech company Allergan, which tops the spending table with 43.4% investment. Such companies are often seen as credit risks because their spending ratios are so unusual.


title: Research and development

text: Generally such firms prosper only in markets whose customers have extreme high technology needs, like certain prescription drugs or special chemicals, scientific instruments, and safety-critical systems in medicine, aeronautics or military weapons. The extreme needs justify the high risk of failure and consequently high gross margins from 60% to 90% of revenues. That is, gross profits will be as much as 90% of the sales cost, with manufacturing costing only 10% of the product price, because so many individual projects yield no exploitable product. Most industrial companies get 40% revenues only.


title: Research and development

text: On a technical level, high tech organizations explore ways to re-purpose and repackage advanced technologies as a way of amortizing the high overhead. They often reuse advanced manufacturing processes, expensive safety certifications, specialized embedded software, computer-aided design software, electronic designs and mechanical subsystems.


title: Research and development

text: Research from 2000 has shown that firms with a persistent R&D strategy outperform those with an irregular or no R&D investment program.


title: Research and development

text: Research and development are very difficult to manage, since the defining feature of research is that the researchers do not know in advance exactly how to accomplish the desired result. As a result, "higher R&D spending does not guarantee more creativity, higher profit or a greater market share". Research is the most risky financing area because both the development of an invention and its successful realization carries uncertainty including the profitability of the invention. One way entrepreneurs can reduce these uncertainties is to buy the licence for a franchise, so that the know-how is already incorporated in the licence.


title: Research and development

text: In general, it has been found that there is a positive correlation between the research and development and firm productivity across all sectors, but that this positive correlation is much stronger in high-tech firms than in low-tech firms. In research done by Francesco Crespi and Cristiano Antonelli, high-tech firms were found to have "virtuous" Matthew effects while low-tech firms experienced "vicious" Matthew effects, meaning that high-tech firms were awarded subsidies on merit while low-tech firms most often were given subsidies based on name recognition, even if not put to good use. While the strength of the correlation between R&D spending and productivity in low-tech industries is less than in high-tech industries, studies have been done showing non-trivial carryover effects to other parts of the marketplace by low-tech R&D.


title: Research and development

text: Business R&D is risky for at least two reasons. The first source of risks comes from R&D nature, where R&D project could fail without residual values. The second source of risks comes from takeover risks, which means R&D is appealing to bidders because they could gain technologies from acquisition targets. Therefore, firms may gain R&D profit that co-moves with takeover waves, causing risks to the company which engages in R&D activity.


title: Research and development

text: Global R&D management is the discipline of designing and leading R&D processes globally, across cultural and lingual settings, and the transfer of knowledge across international corporate networks.


title: Research and development

text: President Barack Obama requested $147.696 billion for research and development in FY2012, 21% of which was destined to fund basic research. According to National Science Foundation in U.S., in 2015, R&D expenditures performed by federal government and local governments are 54 and 0.6 billions of dollars. The federal research and development budget for fiscal year 2020 was $156 billion, 41.4% of which was for the Department of Defense (DOD). DOD's total research, development, test, and evaluation budget was roughly $108.5 billion.


title: Research and development

text: Research and innovation in Europe are financially supported by the programme Horizon 2020, which is open to participation worldwide.


title: Research and development

text: A notable example is the European environmental research and innovation policy, based on the Europe 2020 strategy which will run from 2014 to 2020, a multidisciplinary effort to provide safe, economically feasible, environmentally sound and socially acceptable solutions along the entire value chain of human activities.


title: Research and development

text: Firms that have embraced advanced digital technology devote a greater proportion of their investment efforts to R&D. Firms who engaged in digitisation during the pandemic report spending a big portion of their expenditure in 2020 on software, data, IT infrastructure, and website operations.


title: Research and development

text: In 2015, research and development constituted an average 2.2% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics.


title: Research and development

text: By 2018, research and development constituted an average 1.79% of the global GDP according to the UNESCO Institute for Statistics. Countries agreed in 2015 to monitor their progress in raising research intensity (SDG 9.5.1), as well as researcher density (SDG 9.5.2), as part of their commitment to reaching the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030. However, this undertaking has not spurred an increase in reporting of data. On the contrary, a total of 99 countries reported data on domestic investment in research in 2015 but only 69 countries in 2018. Similarly, 59 countries recorded the number of researchers (in full-time equivalents) in 2018, down from 90 countries in 2015. UNESCO Institute for Statistics is the global custodian of these R&D data; data can be freely obtained from the UIS database.


title: Gentile

text: Gentile () is a word that usually means "someone who is not a Jew". Other groups that claim Israelite heritage, notably Mormons, sometimes use the term "gentile" to describe outsiders. More rarely, the term is generally used as a synonym for "heathen" or "pagan". In some translations of the Quran, "gentile" is used to translate an Arabic word that refers to non-Jews and/or people not versed in or not able to read scripture.


title: Gentile

text: The English word "gentile" derives from the Latin word , meaning "of or belonging to the same people or nation" (). Archaic and specialist uses of the word "gentile" in English (particularly in linguistics) still carry this meaning of "relating to a people or nation."


title: Gentile

text: The development of the word to principally mean "non-Jew" in English is entwined with the history of Bible translations from Hebrew and Greek into Latin and English. Its meaning has also been shaped by Rabbinical Jewish thought and Christian theology which, from the 1st century, have often set a binary distinction between "Jew" and "non-Jew."


title: Gentile

text: "Gentile" derives from Latin "gentilis", which itself derives from the Latin "gens", meaning clan or tribe. "Gens" derives from the Proto-Indo-European "*ǵénh₁tis", meaning birth or production. The original meaning of "clan" or "family" was extended in post-Augustan Latin to acquire the wider meaning of belonging to a distinct nation or ethnicity. Later still, the word came to refer to other nations, 'not a Roman citizen'.


title: Gentile

text: In Saint Jerome's Latin version of the Bible, the "Vulgate", "gentilis" was used along with "gentes", to translate Greek and Hebrew words with similar meanings when the text referred to the non-Israelite peoples. The most important of such Hebrew words was (, plural, ), a term with the broad meaning of "people" or "nation" which was sometimes used to refer to Israelites, but with the plural form "goyim" tending to be used in the Bible to refer to non-Israelite nations. Other words translated in some contexts to mean "gentile/s" in the modern sense were the Biblical Hebrew word "nokhri" ( – often otherwise translated as 'stranger') and for the New Testament Greek word "éthnē" (). The first English translators followed this approach, using the word "gentile" to refer to the non-Israelite nations (and principally using the word "nation(s)" to translate "goy/goyim" in other contexts). See the "Christianity" section.


title: Gentile

text: These developments in Bible translation practice were related to developments in Jewish Rabbinical and Christian thinking which – in the centuries after the Old and New Testament were written – created an increasingly clear binary opposition between "Jew" and "non-Jew". The Hebrew word "goy" went through a change in meaning which parallels the journey of "gentilis/gentile" – both words moving from meaning "nation" to "non-Jew" today. The word "Goy" is now also used in English, principally by Jewish people as an exonym (a word used within a group to describe outsiders) – see goy.


title: Gentile

text: In 2006, the academic David Novak wrote, with limited exceptions, "The Bible can be seen as one long discussion of what differentiates Israel from all the other peoples of the world."


title: Gentile

text: The Hebrew Bible does not have a word which directly corresponds to the modern concept of a "gentile" (see "etymology" above). Instead, the Bible views different groups of gentiles in different ways. Novak states that, "The biblical categories of Gentiles, beginning with those farthest removed from a relationship with Israel and moving up to those closest to a relationship with Israel, seem to be: (1) the Amalekites; (2) the seven Canaanite nations; (3) the nations of the world; (4) the Samaritans; (5) slaves; (6) resident aliens; (7) proselytes."


title: Gentile

text: The Bible does not show much concern for non-Israelites except insofar as they interact with the people of Israel. Nonetheless, because the God of Israel is a universal God, there must be some relationship between gentiles and God. Accordingly, Novak observes, gentiles as well as Israelites are enjoined in the book of Psalms to, "Ascribe to the Lord (YHWH) glory and strength"


title: Gentile

text: Tannaim were the rabbinic sages whose views are recorded in the Mishnah, from approximately 10–220 CE.


title: Gentile

text: It was this rabbinic literature of the first centuries CE that developed the concept of the gentile as we understand it today - as "Any individual who is not a Jew, erasing all ethnic and social differences among different others."


title: Gentile

text: However, the attitudes of the Rabbis to gentiles were not simple or uniform. Porton argues that the Mishnah-Tosefta discusses gentiles for two quite different reasons: firstly, practically, to guide the relations between Israelites and gentiles who were living alongside each other in Palestine. Secondly, at a theoretical level, gentiles are discussed because, in order to define the people of Israel and its symbols and institutions, it was necessary to define who lay outside that group.


title: Gentile

text: Some Tannaim show a positive attitude towards the gentiles. Joshua ben Hananiah believed that there are righteous men amongst the gentiles who will enter the world to come. He believed that except for the descendants of the Amaleks, the rest of the gentiles will adopt monotheism and the righteous among them will escape Gehenna.


title: Gentile

text: Other rabbinical writings show more hostility towards gentiles which needs to be understood in the context of frequent persecution of the Jews in this period. The most famous and extreme of the anti-gentile teachers is Simeon bar Yochai. He is often quoted by antisemites in his sayings: "The best among the Gentiles deserves to be killed", "The most pious woman is addicted to sorcery" and "The best of snakes ought to have its head crushed". Such extreme views can be explained if not justified by the sage's life experience: he witnessed his teacher being tortured to death, and became a fugitive after speaking out against Roman oppression.


title: Gentile

text: Eliezer ben Hurcanus writes that the mind of every gentile is always intent upon idolatry. He believed that gentiles only perform animal sacrifice to make a name for themselves. He further believed that gentiles have no share in the world to come.


title: Gentile

text: Eleazar of Modi'im wrote that Jews, when guilty of the same sin as gentiles, will not enter hell whereas the gentiles will. Eleazar ben Azariah believed that the rulings performed by a gentile court are not valid for Jews. Rabbi Akiva believed that Israel's monotheism is far superior to the ever-changing beliefs of the gentiles. Jose the Galilean criticizes Israel for inconsistency compared to the faithfulness of the gentiles to their ancestral beliefs. He believed the good deeds of the gentiles will be rewarded as well.


title: Gentile

text: Rav Ashi believed that a Jew who sells a gentile property adjacent to a Jewish property should be excommunicated. The violation of Jewish women by gentile men was so frequent that the rabbis declared that a woman raped by a gentile should not be divorced from her husband, as Torah says: "The Torah outlawed the issue of a gentile as that of a beast." A gentile midwife was not to be employed for fear of the poisoning of the baby. The gentiles should be dealt with caution in cases of using them as witness in a criminal or civil suit. The gentile does not honor his promises like that of a Jew. The laws of the Torah were not to be revealed to the gentiles, for the knowledge of these laws might give gentiles an advantage in dealing with Jews. Shimon ben Lakish wrote that "A gentile who observes Sabbath deserves death".


title: Gentile

text: Under rabbinic law, a modern-day gentile is only required to observe the Seven Laws of Noah, but Jews are required to observe Mosaic law. During periods of decreased animosity between Jews and gentiles, some of the rabbinic laws against fellowship and fraternization were relaxed; for example, Maimonides was the personal physician of Saladin. Even though most contemporary rabbinic schools are not as hostile to Gentiles as Medieval rabbinic schools were, some Orthodox rabbinic schools hold extremely conservative views. For example, scholars from the Zionist HaRav Kook yeshiva are schooled in the doctrine that Jews and gentiles have different kinds of souls. One of the yeshiva's scholars, David Bar-Hayim, published a paper in 1989 in which he explained the doctrine, entitled "Yisrael Nikraim Adam" (Jews Are Called 'Men'). In his conclusion, Bar-Hayim writes:


title: Gentile

text: Bar-Chayim further quotes Abraham Isaac Kook (1865–1935), founder of the yeshiva and the first Ashkenazi chief rabbi of British Mandatory Palestine:


title: Gentile

text: Similar anti-gentile remarks have been expressed by the late chief Sephardi Rabbi Ovadia Yosef, in which he stated in a sermon in 2010 that "The sole purpose of Gentiles is to serve Jews". He said that gentiles served a divine purpose: "Why are Gentiles needed? They will work, they will plow, they will reap. We will sit like an effendi and eat. That is why Gentiles were created. These remarks by Yosef were sharply criticized by many Jewish organizations such as the Anti-Defamation League (ADL) and American Jewish Committee.


title: Gentile

text: Jewish philosopher and professor Menachem Kellner criticizes the assumption of some Orthodox Jews that there is an "ontological divide between Jews and Gentiles", which he believes is contrary to what the Torah teaches.


title: Gentile

text: Some Kabbalistic writings suggest a distinction between the souls of the gentiles and the souls of the Jews. These writings describe three levels, elements, or qualities of soul:


title: Gentile

text: There has been debate among the kabbalists on whether gentiles access the mystical knowledge (Daat). Isaac Luria, prominent kabbalist wrote :


title: Gentile

text: Moses de León, presumed author of the main kabbalistic work, Sefer Ha-Zohar, agrees with this assumption :


title: Gentile

text: The view that gentiles only possess bestial souls was more popularized by the main kabbalistic text of hasidic movement, the Tanya (or Likkutei Amarim). Rabbi Shneur Zalman of Liadi, the founder of the Chabad hasidic dynasty, claims that Jews like gentiles possess a vital animal soul,but the animal soul of the Jew comes from the fourth husk (Qliphoth nogah), while the animal soul of the gentiles comes from the three lower impure husks (Qliphoth Tumaot). Thus nothing gentiles do can elevate them to the level of holiness, their soul remains trapped in the unholy world of the impure Qliphoth.


title: Gentile

text: However other Kabbalists like Abraham Abulafia believed that higher levels of soul are to some extent accessible to gentiles.


title: Gentile

text: The Greek "ethnos" where translated as "gentile" in the context of early Christianity implies non-Israelite. In the years after the ministry of Jesus, there were questions over the inclusion of non-Jews and the applicability of the Law of Moses, including circumcision. Over a few centuries, this led to a split between Jewish Christians, who followed Jesus but also Mosaic Law, and Pauline Christianity (also known as Gentile Christianity) which abandoned Mosaic Law and eventually became the official religion of the Roman Empire. Jewish Christian beliefs died out around the fifth century, after being rejected by both orthodox Judaism and orthodox Christianity.


title: Gentile

text: With the ministry of Paul the Apostle the gospel began to be spread among the non-Jewish subjects of the Roman empire. A question existed among the disciples whether receiving the Holy Spirit through proselytization would be restricted to Israelites or whether it would include the gentiles as in :


title: Gentile

text: Within a few centuries, some Christians used the word "gentiles" to mean non-Christians. The alternative "pagani" was felt to be less elegant.


title: Gentile

text: In the King James Version, "gentile" is only one of several words used to translate "goy" or "goyim". It is translated as "nation" 374 times, "heathen" 143 times, "gentiles" 30 times, and "people" 11 times. Some of these verses, such as Genesis 12:2 ("I will make of thee a great nation") and Genesis 25:23 ("Two nations are in thy womb") refer to Israelites or descendants of Abraham. Other verses, such as Isaiah 2:4 and Deuteronomy 11:23 are generic references to any nation. Typically, the KJV restricts the translation to "gentile" when the text is specifically referring to non-Jewish people. For example, the only use of the word in Genesis is in chapter 10, verse 5, referring to the peopling of the world by descendants of Japheth, "By these were the isles of the Gentiles divided in their lands; every one after his tongue, after their families, in their nations."


title: Gentile

text: In the New Testament, the Greek word "ethnos" is used for peoples or nations in general, and is typically translated by the word "people", as in John 11:50. ("Nor consider that it is expedient for us, that one man should die for the people, and that the whole nation perish not.") The translation "gentiles" is used in some instances, as in Matthew 10:5–6 to indicate non-Israelite peoples:


title: Gentile

text: Altogether, the word is used 123 times in the King James Version of the Bible, and 168 times in the New Revised Standard Version.


title: Gentile

text: In the terminology of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church), the word "gentile" can be used to refer to people who are not members of the LDS Church, since members regard themselves as regathered Israelites. The LDS Church's website states this about the meaning of gentile in Scripture (including the Book of Mormon), "As used in the scriptures, gentiles has several meanings. Sometimes it designates people of non-Israelite lineage, sometimes people of non-Jewish lineage, and sometimes nations that are without the gospel, even though there may be some Israelite blood among the people. This latter usage is especially characteristic of the word as used in the Book of Mormon and Doctrine and Covenants."


title: Gentile

text: Beyond this Scriptural usage, "gentile" was widely used by Mormons in day-to-day life in the nineteenth century, with such usage declining through the twentieth century. As with the binary jew/gentile distinction, the mormon/gentile distinction arose as Mormons were socially excluded and ostracised: according to John L. Needham of Utah State University: Needham goes on to say that today Mormons have "outgrown the term."


title: Gentile

text: Some translations of the Quran, such as the famous Pickthall translation, employed the word "gentile" in some instances of the translation of the Arabic word الْأُمِّيِّينَ ("al-ʼummiyyīn"), the definite non-nominative masculine plural of أُمِّيّ ("ʼummiyy"), as in, for example, the following verse:


title: Gentile

text: The word "ummi" occurs six times in the Quran. Pickthall only uses the word gentile once in the above passage and translates other occurrences as illiterate. However many other western scholars of the Quran came to similar conclusion that the word "ummi" is equal to the hebrew word Goyim. Edward Henry Palmer used the word gentile in his translation of the Quran several times including in the following verse: Palmer like Pickthall did not translate all instances of the word "ummi" as Gentiles, but his comment on chapter 3 verse 19 shows his opinion :Edward William Lane similarly believed that the word "ummi" is identical to the Hebrew Goyim as demonstrated in the following quote :John Medows Rodwell in his translation of the Quran comments similarly in a note on chapter 52 verse 157 that the word "ummi" is equivalent to the Greek "ethnos" and the Hebrew "goyim", and was applied by Jews to those who did not know scripture. Elwood Morris Wherry wrote that almost certainly Some Muslim scholars also agreed with this idea, french translation of the Quran by Muhammad Hamidullah has the phrase 'gentile prophet' in translation of Sura 7 verse 157-8. Muhammad Shahrur also believed that "ummi" prophet means gentile prophet in his book Al-Kitab wa-L-Quran (The Book and the Quran). Abul A'la Maududi similarly translated the following instance as gentile. Maududi clarifies in notes on this verse that the reason this verse has been sent is because Jews looked down on Arabs as gentiles and did not believe that a prophet can rise from their kind.


title: Gentile

text: However vast majority of Islamic scholars and translations made by Muslims are of the idea that "ummi" means illiterate.


title: Relativity Media

text: Relativity Media (Now Relativity Studios) is an American media company founded in 2004 by Lynwood Spinks and Ryan Kavanaugh. The company brokered film finance deals and later branched into film production and other entertainment ventures. The company was commercially successful prior to bankruptcy.


title: Relativity Media

text: In 2015, Relativity Studios filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy after lawsuits and missing loan payments. The bankruptcy was noted as one of the most notorious in entertainment industry. As a result, the company began selling off previously acquired films. Relativity Media reorganized and emerged from bankruptcy in March 2016, but in May 2018 it filed for bankruptcy again. The studio is now being operated by a new parent company, UltraV Holdings.


title: Relativity Media

text: Relativity Studios was founded by Ryan Kavanaugh and Lynwood Spinks in 2004. Kavanaugh convinced Spinks, a former Carolco Pictures executive to invest $1 million into the venture. Relativity began operations as a middleman brokering deals between film studios and banks, private equity firms, and hedge funds to finance multi-film slates. In 2005, the funding needs of Hollywood studios became more critical when a German tax shelter that had supported them for 25 years was eliminated, and Relativity Studios met that need with Wall Street's plentiful funds in the early 2000s. Relativity arranged financing for slates produced by Warner Bros., Universal Pictures, and Sony Pictures. For each film, Relativity received equity and brokerage fees of $500,000 to $1 million, and Kavanaugh arranged an executive producer credit for himself.


title: Relativity Media

text: In 2008, Elliott Management bought 49.5% of Relativity Media for $67 million and provided access to about $1 billion in capital and a revolving credit line. The increased funds allowed Relativity to expand involvement with film production companies. In 2009, Relativity reached an output deal with Lionsgate, and bought Rogue Pictures from Universal Studios for $150 million. In 2010, a deal with Netflix allowed Relativity Media-owned films to be streamed on the platform, and Relativity purchased Overture Films' distribution and marketing operations.


title: Relativity Media

text: Elliott Management's funding eventually allowed Relativity Media to begin operating its own studio, producing and distributing its own films. The studio distributed its first film on December 3, 2010.


title: Relativity Media

text: In 2011, Elliott Management pulled its financial backing from Relativity amid reports of tension between the companies. In May 2011, Relativity's president Michael Joe moved to Elliott Associates to manage their investment in Relativity after Elliott had invested hundreds of millions of dollars with very little in return. Kavanaugh had structured a slate deal between Elliott and Universal titled "Beverly 2" that comprised the majority of Elliott's investment in Relativity at the time, but the investment turned out poorly for Elliott and further enormous losses were forecasted. Relativity was also scheduling their own movies opposite Universal's, including competing Snow White adaptations, which Universal executives saw as Relativity using "Beverly 2" funds to gain a competitive advantage. Elliott put pressure on Kavanaugh to hand Beverly 2 over to Elliott in exchange for releasing Michael Joe from his non-compete. Two weeks before the opening of Relativity's first big-budget epic "Immortals", Elliott reportedly threatened to further reduce its investment unless Kavanaugh made significant concessions when Relativity was already short on funds.


title: Relativity Media

text: Relativity took out a $200 million loan from Ron Burkle, who had other entertainment investments including with Bob and Harvey Weinstein through his associated firm Colbeck Capital. The loan was taken in part to cover the multi-million dollar marketing costs for "Immortals". In January 2012, as Relativity continued to struggle financially, Kavanaugh sought a new major investor, and Burkle , and his invested between $600 million and $800 million and became a shareholder.


title: Relativity Media

text: In May 2012, Relativity announced that Colbeck structured $350 million in debt financing for the company, with Elliott departing from its investment in the company. Later that month, it signed a co-production and co-financing deal on two movies with EuropaCorp that Relativity would distribute in the United States. Relativity also has co-production deals with Atlas Entertainment including "Project".


title: Relativity Media

text: On June 12, 2012, Relativity Media and Rogue sold 30 of their films to Manchester Library Company, which was acquired by Vine Alternative Investments in April 2017.


title: Relativity Media

text: In July 2012, Relativity merged its Rogue Sports, a Maximum Sports Management basketball agency, a football agency, and SFX Baseball into Relativity Sports. Relativity Sports represented more than 400 clients including Amar'e Stoudemire.


title: Relativity Media

text: In 2013, hedge fund investor Carey Metz made a $10 million investment in Relativity Media based on what he later described as Ryan Kavanaugh's lies.


title: Relativity Media

text: In April 2013, Relativity partnered with Glenn Kalison to create a film and performing arts school called Relativity School.


title: Relativity Media

text: Most of the studio's movies performed poorly at the box office. The movie slate financing Relativity Media brokered for Wall Street investors also faired poorly for equity holders.


title: Relativity Media

text: In July 2015, Relativity Media filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy. With estimates of $500 million to $1 billion in liabilities and only $100–$500 million in claimed assets, the company's unpaid debts were reportedly paralyzing the company. The bankruptcy filing came after a last-ditch effort from investors to salvage the company by preventing Ryan Kavanaugh and Relativity from carrying out any unsupervised transactions. "The Hollywood Reporter" later called it "one of the most notorious Hollywood bankruptcies ever." The company would remain in U.S. Bankruptcy Court reorganizing itself for nearly 8 months until March 2016.


title: Relativity Media

text: As a result of the bankruptcy, the company sold off previously acquired films including "Suffragette", "Jane Got a Gun", "The Bronze", "Love the Coopers", "The Space Between Us", "The Foreigner", "Solace", "Collide", "Kidnap", "Before I Wake", "Animal Crackers", "Shot Caller", "Fallen" and "The Secret Scripture". "Suffragette" was sold to Focus Features and as a result Ryan dropped out of producing the film due to financial struggles with his company; "Jane Got a Gun" was sold to TWC, "The Bronze" was sold to both Sony Pictures Classics and Stage 6 Films, "Love the Coopers" was sold to CBS Films, "The Space Between Us" and "The Foreigner" were both sold to STX Entertainment, "Solace" was sold to Lionsgate Premiere, "Collide" was sold to Open Road Films, "Kidnap" was sold to Aviron Pictures, "Before I Wake" and "Animal Crackers" were both sold to Netflix, "Shot Caller" was sold to Saban Films and "Fallen" and "The Secret Scripture" were both sold to Vertical Entertainment and transferred its distribution rights of EuropaCorp to STX Entertainment in January 2017.


title: Relativity Media

text: In September 2015, three women who were involved in a Relativity Media reality show filed a lawsuit alleging the company never followed through on promises to support the women in escaping sex work and gaining improved housing, educational, medical and legal situations. The first litigant said she was paid $250 for her appearance and assured the "real" compensation would come in the form of assistance after the show. Two of the women also sued Relativity Media for not blurring their faces in footage as they had promised to do for the women. One of these women said she "has suffered incessant humiliation and embarrassment which continues to this day".


title: Relativity Media

text: On January 6, 2016, Relativity Media acquired Trigger Street Productions. Owners Kevin Spacey and Dana Brunetti were given the roles chairman and president of Relativity Studios, respectively. That March, Spacey announced that he would not accept Relativity's offer; Brunetti's position is still in place.


title: Relativity Media

text: On January 26, 2016, Relativity Television, Relativity Media's television division, became an independent company named Critical Content after the post-bankruptcy.


title: Relativity Media

text: On March 18, 2016, the company reemerged from the supervision of U.S. Bankruptcy Court Judge Michael Wiles. In the wake of the bankruptcy, Ryan Kavanaugh chose to pay himself $2.6 million between April and November 2016 while his company failed to pay bankruptcy fees or file tax returns.


title: Relativity Media

text: On September 8, 2016, it launched R2 Entertainment which will be based in Canada and is now an independent film distributor focused on releasing films with budgets under $15 million. It will be co-headed by Mark Kassen and Dana Brunetti.


title: Relativity Media

text: On October 28, 2016, Kavanaugh announced that he was selling Relativity to Singapore-based social networking platform YuuZoo for $250 million. Other companies have attempted to bid, including Chinese technology company Lenovo. On March 2, 2017, YuuZoo announced they were canceling the investment in the fledgling studio saying "conditions precedent to the investment had not been met".


title: Relativity Media

text: In May 2018, the company filed for bankruptcy once again and arranged to sell all of its assets. The U.S. Trustee's office expressed concern at the bankruptcy filing, saying that it appeared "designed to benefit Kavanaugh and lender UltraV Holdings at the expense of other creditors" and advocated for a robust investigation. This concern was partially based on the negligence of Relativity to satisfy even the administrative fees owed from the 2016 bankruptcy. Greg Zipes, the attorney for the U.S. trustee's office in New York wrote "the Debtors [Relativity Media] have apparently been unable to pay even the administrative claims owed under the confirmed (bankruptcy) plan" of 2016... In summary, while the Debtors appear to have raised some capital and paid down some debt, their finances are largely a mystery, apparently even to themselves." The filing from the trustee's office also uncovered the $2.6 million Kavanaugh paid himself between April and November 2016 while remaining delinquent on what Relativity owed from the bankruptcy agreement. The trustee's office also expressed concern that this 2018 bankruptcy filing might be an "arm's length transaction", as Kavanaugh continued to have inappropriate access to computer systems, email, bank accounts, and servers at Relativity after the filing stated Kavanaugh had left the company.


title: Relativity Media

text: In June 2018, Netflix sued Relativity Media for breaching an exclusivity agreement after five films that were to be exclusively featured on Netflix were provided to Amazon and Starz. According to the suit, Netflix paid Relativity Media for licensing fees and exclusive rights to stream "The Lazarus Effect", , "Beyond the Lights", "And So It Goes", and "Hector and the Search for Happiness", but Relativity's led to their loss of control over the titles which third parties then distributed to Amazon and Starz. Netflix also alleged Relativity Media failed to provide their contracted number of films. Relativity Media promised to provide Netflix with 22 films between 2016 and 2018, including eight in 2017, but allegedly delivered only three.


title: Relativity Media

text: In June 2018, an arbitration case found that executives from Relativity Media, including Kavanaugh, had fabricated a memo alleging sexual harassment by a former co-president of the company. A forensic audit of Relativity Media found that the memo had been altered by a user named "kav kav". Kavanaugh stated that the finding was "patently false" and filed a counterclaim alleging a violation of the arbitration process.


title: Relativity Media

text: Also in June 2018, investor Carey Metz filed a lawsuit against Relativity's CEO Ryan Kavanaugh alleging Kavanaugh's deceptive representations of his proprietary algorithm had defrauded Metz of $12.5 million. After a 5-year relationship with Relativity, Metz described Kavanaugh's algorithm as a poor predictive tool which Relativity used only inconsistently in determining which films to finance.


title: Relativity Media

text: In 2020, Lex Miron, CEO of Relativity Media, announced that "Come Away" would be the first commercial release of the "new Relativity Media" under Ultra V Holdings. Miron gave an interview to "The Hollywood Reporter" about taking two years after the 2018 bankruptcy to "quietly and deliberately rebuild the studio and its industry relationships" and said Relativity Media's strategy going forward would be to focus on smaller to mid-budget films.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: The World Trade Center (WTC) is a mostly completed complex of buildings in the Lower Manhattan neighborhood of New York City, U.S., replacing the original seven buildings on the same site that were destroyed in the September 11 attacks. The site is being rebuilt with up to six new skyscrapers, four of which have been completed; a memorial and museum to those killed in the attacks; the elevated Liberty Park adjacent to the site, containing the St. Nicholas Greek Orthodox Church and the Vehicular Security Center; and a transportation hub. The 94-story One World Trade Center, the tallest building in the Western Hemisphere, is the lead building for the new complex.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: The buildings are among many created by the World Trade Centers Association. The original World Trade Center included the Twin Towers, which opened in 1973 and were the tallest buildings in the world at the time of their completion. They were destroyed on the morning of September 11, 2001, when al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the complex in a coordinated act of terrorism. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people. The resulting collapse of the World Trade Center caused structural failure in the surrounding buildings as well. The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site took eight months, after which rebuilding of the site commenced.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: After years of delay and controversy, reconstruction at the World Trade Center site started in 2006. The new complex includes One World Trade Center (until 2009, the Freedom Tower), 3 World Trade Center, 4 World Trade Center, 7 World Trade Center, and one other high-rise office building being planned at 2 World Trade Center. The new World Trade Center complex also includes a museum and memorial, and a transportation hub building that is similar in size to Grand Central Terminal. 7 World Trade Center, which was not included in the site's master plan, opened on May 23, 2006, making it the first of the skyscrapers to have been completed in the World Trade Center complex. 4 World Trade Center, the first building completed as part of the site's master plan, opened on November 12, 2013. The National September 11 Memorial opened on September 11, 2011, while the Museum opened on May 21, 2014. One World Trade Center was opened on November 3, 2014. The World Trade Center Transportation Hub opened to the public on March 4, 2016, and 3 World Trade Center opened on June 11, 2018. 2 World Trade Center's full construction was placed on hold in 2009.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: The original World Trade Center contained the Twin Towers (1 WTC and 2 WTC), which were the tallest buildings in the world after they opened on April 4, 1973. The other buildings in the complex included the Marriott World Trade Center (3 WTC), as well as 4 WTC, 5 WTC, 6 WTC, and 7 WTC. Despite high financial expectations for the original complex, it did not become profitable until the 1980s. On July 24, 2001, the Port Authority finalized an agreement that leased the complex to Larry Silverstein, who already owned 7 WTC. For $3.2 billion, Silverstein received the legal right to operate the complex and site for 99 years. At the time, the World Trade Center only had a few notable tenants, and Silverstein wanted to improve the complex to make it more attractive to potential tenants.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: These plans for improvement were never realized. On the morning of September 11, 2001, Al-Qaeda-affiliated hijackers flew two Boeing 767 jets into the Twin Towers in a coordinated act of terrorism. At 8:46 a.m. Eastern Time (ET), a team of five hijackers intentionally crashed American Airlines Flight 11 into the northern facade of the North Tower. At 9:03 a.m. ET, a second team of five hijackers intentionally crashed United Airlines Flight 175 into the southern facade of the South Tower. After burning for 56 minutes, the South Tower collapsed at 9:59 a.m. At 10:28 a.m., the North Tower collapsed, after burning for 102 minutes. The attacks on the World Trade Center killed 2,753 people. The resulting collapse caused structural failure in many of the surrounding buildings as well, and the entire complex was soon destroyed.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: The process of cleaning up and recovery at the World Trade Center site continued 24 hours a day over a period of eight months. Debris was transported from the World Trade Center site to Fresh Kills Landfill on Staten Island, where it was further sifted. Mayor Rudy Giuliani was tasked with coordinating the cleanup and recovery effort. On , 2002, a ceremony was held to officially mark the end of the cleanup efforts.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: In 2002, ground was broken on construction of a new 7 World Trade Center building located just to the north of the main World Trade Center site. Since it was not part of the site master plan, the rebuilding of 7 World Trade Center was allowed to proceed without delay, but Silverstein and Con Edison recognized that the rebuilding of the tower would have to be consistent with the master plan anyway. It called for reopening several streets that had been eliminated in the original complex, so the new 7 World Trade Center was designed so Greenwich Street, which had been blocked by the original 7 World Trade Center, could be continuous through the new complex. A temporary PATH station at the World Trade Center opened in , pending replacement by a permanent station designed by Santiago Calatrava.


title: World Trade Center (2001–present)

text: In the months following the attacks, architects and urban planning experts held meetings and forums to discuss ideas for rebuilding the site. Outgoing Mayor Giuliani advocated for a "soaring memorial" to be the only thing at the World Trade Center site during his final speech as mayor. Meanwhile, Larry Silverstein wanted to construct a new World Trade Center as soon as possible: the insurance documents for his lease on the old World Trade Center had not been finalized at the time of the attacks, so he could not receive insurance benefits from the attacks unless he rebuilt all the office space that had been destroyed. George Pataki, the then-Governor of New York, controlled the Port Authority alongside the Governor of New Jersey and so was entitled to make the final decision regarding the site. He wished to balance the desires of people like Giuliani, who did not want any future development on the site, with those of people like Silverstein, who wanted a new World Trade Center as soon as possible. In January 2002, New York City art dealer Max Protetch solicited 50 concepts and renderings from artists and architects, which were put on exhibit in his art gallery in Chelsea.