title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: While the name "Transcarpathia" is a translation of the Ukrainian version of the name, the Hungarian name translates as "Subcarpathia", following the Hungarian language logic "feet of the mountains", naming a territory after its geographic location at the lower section of a mountain range. (Following the same language pattern that applies to the name of the sub-Alpian territory in Western Hungary, Alpokalja)


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Generally, the "Transcarpathia" name and its versions reflect the East Slavic language logic, while some Western languages follow the same logic as the Hungarian:


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The coat of arms of Zakarpattia was originally created in the end of the 1920’s in the then Czechoslovakia.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The Zakarpattia Oblast has a total area of and is located on southwestern slopes and foothills of the Carpathian Mountains covering around 80% of area in the region. The rest of the region is covered by the Transcarpathian Lowland which is part of the Pannonian plain. Zakarpattia is the only Ukrainian oblast to have boundaries with four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary and Romania. On the West it borders the Prešov and Košice Regions of Slovakia and Borsod-Abaúj-Zemplén and Szabolcs-Szatmár-Bereg Counties of Hungary, on the South—the Satu Mare and Maramureș Counties of Romania, on the East and Northeast—Ivano-Frankivsk Oblast, and on the North—Lviv Oblast and the Subcarpathian Voivodeship of Poland.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The Zakarpattia Oblast mostly consists of mountains and small hills covered with deciduous and coniferous forests, as well as alpine meadows. Mountains cover about 80% of the oblast's area, and cross from North-West to South-East. The Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians, part of which are located within Zakarpattia Oblast, were recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 2007.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The largest rivers that flow through the oblast include the Tysa, Borzhava, and the Tereblia. A high altitude lake is located in Rakhiv Raion, which is the highest in the region. It is called "Nesamovyte". The lake is located in the Hoverla preserve on the slopes of Turkul mountain. The lake's area is and it is located above sea level.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The region's climate is moderate and continental with about of rainfall per year. The average temperature in summer is +21 °С (70 °F) and −4 °С (25 °F) in winter. With an elevation of above sea level, Hoverla, part of the Chornohora mountain range, is the highest point in the oblast. The lowest point, above sea level, is located in the village of Ruski Heyevtsi (Oroszgejőc in Hungarian) in the Uzhhorodskyi Raion.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Four of the oblast's historical-cultural sites were nominated for the Seven Wonders of Ukraine competition in 2007: Palanok Castle, Museum upon the Chorna River, Mykhailiv Orthodox Church, and the Nevytsky Castle.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: According to the Chronicon Pictum, the earliest state established in Zakarpattia was Ungvari in 677 AD. The name Ungvar derives from a migration of the Onogurs of Poltava who were ruled by the northern Kubiar sons of Kubrat. The Onogur tribes entered Etelköz through the Verecke Pass. Some of Ungvari's Kubiars under Khan-Tuvan eventually joined the Rus' to form Rus' Khaganate. In the late 9th century Ungvari's ruling Árpád dynasty began to fulfil their ambitions for the Carpathian basin where by 895 they had relocated to rule over the Magyars.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: According to the Gesta Hungarorum, as Prince Álmos entered on the castle of "Hung" and there he appointed his son Árpád as the primary ruler, hence he was called of the leader of "Hungvária", while all of his valiant soldiers as "Hungvárus", so since then all the Magyars have been known by this name internationally.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: In 895 the Hungarian tribes entered the Carpathian Basin from here through the Verecke pass, and the lands of Transcarpathia were part of the Principality of Hungary since 895, which transformed the Kingdom of Hungary in 1000.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Since 1867, it was part of Hungarian side of Austria-Hungary until the latter's demise at the end of World War I. It approximately consisted of four Hungarian counties (comitatus): Bereg, Ung, Ugocsa and Maramaros. This region was briefly part of the short-lived West Ukrainian National Republic in 1918. The region was occupied by Romania by the end of that year, mostly the eastern portion such as Rakhiv and Khust. It was later recaptured by Hungarian Soviet Republic in the summer of 1919. Finally, after the Treaty of Trianon of 1920 it became part of Czechoslovakia with a supposedly equal level of autonomy as the Slovak lands and Bohemia-Moravia-Czech Silesia (Czech lands).


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The province has a unique footnote in history as the only region in the former Czechoslovakia to have had an American governor: its first governor was Gregory Zhatkovich, an American citizen who had earlier emigrated from the region and represented the Rusyn community in the U.S. Zhatkovich was appointed governor by Czechoslovakia's first president, T. G. Masaryk in 1920, and served for about one year until he resigned over differences regarding the region's autonomy. In 1928, it adopted the name of Subcarpathian Rus' (). Nevertheless, such autonomy was granted as late as in 1938, after detrimental events of the Munich Conference; until then this land was administered directly from Prague by the government-appointed provincial presidents (') and/or elected governors (').


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Following the Munich Agreement, the southern part of the region was awarded to Hungary under the First Vienna Award in 1938. The remaining portion was constituted as an autonomous region of the short-lived Second Czechoslovak Republic. After the Slovak declaration of an independent state on 14 March, the next day Carpatho-Ukraine was proclaimed as an independent Republic but was immediately occupied and annexed by Hungary, while the next day the Protectorate of Bohemia and Moravia was proclaimed. Voloshyn asked support for recognition in advance from Hitler, but received no answer. The state is known as 'the one-day republic' because it did not exist more than one day. The military operations and the occupation of Carpatho-Ukraine was finished by the Hungarian troops on March 18.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The Hungarian invasion was followed by a few weeks of terror in which more than 27,000 people were shot dead without trial and investigation. Over 75,000 Ukrainians decided to seek asylum in the Soviet Union; of those almost 60,000 died in Gulag prison-camps. Others joined the Czechoslovak Army.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The major Jewish communities of the region had existed in Mukachevo, Ungvar, and Khust. During the German occupation of Hungary (March–December 1944) almost the entire Jewish population was deported; few survived the Holocaust.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: In October 1944 the region was occupied by the Red Army. On 26 November 1944 in Mukachevo took place the First Congress of People's Committees of Zakarpattia Ukraine, elections to which took place on November 10–25, 1944. On June 29, 1945, Czechoslovak President Edvard Beneš signed a treaty formally ceding the area and the next month it was united with the Ukrainian SSR through the "Manifest for unification with Soviet Ukraine" that was accepted by the 1st Congress of People's Committees of Sub-Carpathian Ukraine without any knowledge of common people. It was then annexed into the Ukrainian SSR as Zakarpattia Oblast.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Between 1945 and 1947, the new Soviet authorities fortified the new borders, and in July 1947 declared Transcarpathia as "restricted zone of the highest level", with checkpoints on the mountain passes connecting the region to mainland Ukraine.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: In December 1944 the National Council of Transcarpatho-Ukraine set up a special people's tribunal in Uzhgorod to try and condemn all collaborationists with the previous regimes – both Hungary and Carpatho-Ukraine. The court was allowed to hand down either 10 years of forced labour, or death penalty. Several Ruthenian leaders, including Andrej Bródy and Shtefan Fentsyk, were condemned and executed in May 1946. Avgustyn Voloshyn also died in prison. The extent of the repression showed to many Carpatho-Ruthenian activists that it was not possible to find an accommodation with the coming Soviet regime as it had been with all previous ones.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: After breaking the Greek Catholic Church in Eastern Galicia in 1946, Soviet authorities pushed for the return to Orthodoxy of Greek-Catholic parishes in Transcarpathia too, including by engineering the accident and death of recalcitrant bishop Theodore Romzha on 1 November 1947. In January 1949 the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo was declared illegal; remaining priests and nuns were arrested, and church properties were nationalised and parcelled for public use or lent to the Russian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate) as only accepted religious authority in the region.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Cultural institutions were also forbidden, including the russophile Dukhnovych Society, the ukrainophile Prosvita, and the Subcarpathian Scholarly Society. New books and publications were circulated, including the "Zakarpatska Pravda" (130,000 copies). The Uzhhorod National University was opened in 1945. Over 816 cinemas were open by 1967 to insure the indoctrination of the population to Marxism–Leninism. The Ukrainian language was the first language of instruction in schools throughout the region, followed by Russian, which was used at the university. Most new generations had a passive knowledge of Rusyn language, but no knowledge about local culture. XIX-century Rusyn intellectuals were labelled as "members of the reactionary class and instruments of Vatican obscurantism". The Rusyn anthem and hymn were banned from public performance. Carpatho-Rusyn folk culture and songs, which were promoted, were presented as part of Transcarpathian regional culture as a local variant of Ukrainian culture.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: As early as 1924, the Comintern had declared all East Slavic inhabitants of Czechoslovakia (Rusyns, Carpatho-Russians, Rusnaks) to be Ukrainians. As the 1946 census, all Rusyns were recorded as Ukrainians; anyone clinging to the old label was considered a separatist and a potential counter-revolutionary.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Already in February 1945, the National Council proceeded to confiscate 53,000 hectares of land from big landowners and redistribute it to 54,000 peasant households (37% of the population). Forced collectivisation of land started in 1946; around 2,000 peasants were arrested during protests in 1948–49 and sent for forced labour in the gulags. Collectivisation, including of mountain shepherds, was completed by May 1950. Central planning decisions set Transcarpathia to become a "land of orchards and vineyards" between 1955 and 1965, planting 98,000 hectares with little results. Attempt to cultivate tea and citrus also failed due to climate. Most vineyards were uprooted twenty years later, during Gorbachev's anti-alcohol campaign in 1985–87.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The Soviet period also meant the upscaling of industrialisation in Transcarpathia. State-owned lumber mills, chemical and food-processing plants widened, with Mukachevo's tobacco factory and Solotvyno's salt works as the biggest ones, providing steady employment to the residents of the region, beyond the traditional subsistence agriculture. And while traditional labour migration routes to the fields of Hungary or the factories of the Nort-West United States were now closed, Carpathian Ruthens and Romanians could now move for seasonal work in Russia's North and East.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The inhabitants of the oblast grew steadily in the Soviet period, from 776,000 in 1946 to over 1,2 million in 1989. Uzhgorod increased its residents five-fold, from 26,000 to 117,000, and Mukachevo likewise from 26,600 to 84,000. This population increase also reflected demographic changes. The arrival of the Red Army meant the departure of 5,100 Magyars and 2,500 Germans, while the 15–20,000 Jews survivors of the Holocaust also decided to move out before the borders were sealed. By 1945, around 30,000 Hungarians and Germans had been interned and sent for labour camps in Eastern Ukraine and Siberia; while amnestied in 1955, around 5,000 did not come back. In January 1946, 2,000 more Germans were deported. In return, a large number of Ukrainians and Russians moved to Transcarpathia, where they found jobs in the industry, the military, or the civilian administration. By 1989, around 170,000 Ukrainians (mainly from nearby Galizia) and 49,000 Russians were living in Transcarpathia, mainly in new residential blocks in the main towns of Uzhgorod and Mukachevo, where the dominant language had soon turned from Hungarian and Yiddish to Russian. They kept being considered newcomers ("novoprybuli") due to their disconnect from the Rusyn- and Hungarian-speaking countryside.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: After the fall of the Soviet Union in 1991, Ukraine held an independence referendum in which the residents of Zakarpattia were asked about the Zakarpattia Oblast Council's proposal for self-rule. About 78% of the oblast's population voted in favour of autonomy; however, it was not granted.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the first Presidential elections in Ukraine in 1991, voters from Transcarpathia supported Leonid Kravchuk by 58%.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 1994 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Transcarpathia elected 9 independent MPs over 11 to the Rada. The same year, voters in the region supported the incumbent Leonid Kravchuk over Leonid Kuchma by 70.5%


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 1998 Ukrainian parliamentary election, Transcarpathia turned out to be one of the strongholds (together with Kyiv and L'viv) of Viktor Medvedchuk's Social Democratic Party of Ukraine (united), which back then ran on a moderate Ukrainian nationalist ideology.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: One year later, at the Presidential elections, Transcarpathian voters supported the re-election of Leonid Kuchma by 85%.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 2002 Ukrainian parliamentary election, voters from Transcapathia supported the Our Ukraine Bloc, in line with voters from all Western Ukraine.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 2004 Ukrainian presidential election, Transcarpathians voted in majority for Viktor Yushchenko.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 2006 Ukrainian parliamentary election, voters from Transcapathia supported the Our Ukraine Bloc and the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc, in line with voters in Ciscarpatian East Galizia.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 2007 Ukrainian parliamentary election, the Our Ukraine–People's Self-Defense Bloc linked with former President Viktor Yushchenko won in most of the region, while the Yulia Tymoshenko Bloc came out first in Uzhgorod and its raion.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: On October 25, 2008, 100 delegates to the Congress of Carpathian Ruthenians declared the formation of the "Republic of Carpathian Ruthenia". The prosecutor's office of Zakarpattia region has filed a case against priest Dymytrii Sydor and Yevhen Zhupan (members of the Russian Orthodox Church in Ukraine and in close relations with the Russkiy Mir Foundation), an Our Ukraine deputy of the Zakarpattia regional council and chairman of the People's Council of Ruthenians, on charges of encroaching on the territorial integrity and inviolability of Ukraine. On May 1, 2009, National Union Svoboda blocked the holding of the third European congress of the Carpathian Ruthenians (a pro-Russian entity).


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 2010 Ukrainian presidential election, Yulia Tymoshenko won in most raion of Transcarpathia save for Mukachevo, Berehove and Vynohradiv, where Viktor Yanukovych gained a majority.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The 2012 Ukrainian parliamentary election saw both the United Centre and the Party of Regions win districts in Transcarpathia.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: In the 2014 presidential election, Transparthia helped elect Petro Poroshenko as president of Ukraine. Turnout in the east of the region was among the lowest in Ukraine, below 40%, while it reached 65% in its west.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 2014 Ukrainian parliamentary election, electoral results in Transcarpathia saw districts being won by Arseniy Yatsenyuk's People's Front and by the Petro Poroshenko Bloc.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Ukraine's 2017 education law makes Ukrainian the required language of study in state schools. Since 2017, the Hungary–Ukraine relations rapidly deteriorated over the issue of the Hungarian minority in Ukraine.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Transcaparthian voters supported Volodymyr Zelensky as new President of Ukraine at the 2019 elections.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: At the 2019 Ukrainian parliamentary election, President Volodymyr Zelensky's Servant of the People won a plurality in Transcarpathia too. Electoral turnout in the region was the lowest in the country (<42.5%)


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Zakarpattia Oblast was previously subdivided into 13 raions (districts), as well as 5 cities (municipalities) which are directly subordinate to the oblast government: Berehove, Chop, Khust, Mukachevo, and the administrative centre of the oblast, Uzhhorod. There are a total of 7 cities, 19 towns, and more than 579 villages.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Zakarpattia Oblast incorporates four unofficial geographic-historic regions (counties): Ung, Bereg, Ugocsa and Northern Maramureș. There is a project for a reform of the current administrative division of the Oblast


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The oblast (region) was divided into 13 raions and five cities of regional importance including the administrative centre Uzhhorod. Administrative centres of raions may be located within a city of regional importance, while such city is not technically a part of the raion. A city of regional significance may consist of an individual populated place or be complex of several settlements (the city proper and suburbs) which are governed by own radas (councils).


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Further, each raion is divided into radas (councils). Cities and towns (urban-type settlements) all have own individual councils, while villages and rural settlements may be formed into multiple settlements councils or an individual village council. All cities are either of regional importance or of district importance.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: According to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpattia Oblast is 1,254,614. The current estimated population is . With the comparison of the last official Soviet Census of 1989 the total population grew by 0.7%.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Ukrainians and the 2001 Ukrainian Census, does not recognise ethnic Rusyns as a separate nationality, instead categorizing them as a subgroup of Ukrainians. Rusyns and the Rusyn language are thus included in the category of Ukrainians and Ukrainian language group are in the majority (80.5%), other ethnic groups are relatively numerous in Zakarpattia. The largest of these are Hungarians (12.1%), Romanians (2.6%), Russians (2.5%), Roma (1.1%), Slovaks (0.5%) and Germans (0.3%). Most Romanians in Ukraine live in Northern Maramureș, but there is also a small Romanian community living outside of this region, referred to in Romanian as . The Ukrainian government does not recognize the Rusyn people living in that country as a distinct nationality but rather as an ethnic sub-group of Ukrainians. About 10,100 people (0.8%) identify themselves as Rusyns according to the last census.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Out of 1,010,100 Ukrainians in the region, 99.2% (~1,002,019) identified their native language as Ukrainian, while about 0.5% (~5,051) consider their native language to be Russian. Out of 151,500 Hungarians, 97.1% (~147,107) consider their native language to be Hungarian, while about 2.6% (~3,939) consider their native language to be Ukrainian. Out of the 32,100 officially recorded Romanians, 99.1% (31,811) identified their native language to be Romanian, while 0.6% (~193) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 31,000 Russians, 91.6% (28,396) identified their native language as Russian, while 8.1% (~2,511) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 14,000 Romani peoples only 20.7% (2,898) identify their native language as Romani, while 62.9% (~8,806) consider their language Ukrainian or Russian. Out of 5,600 Slovaks 43.9% (2,458) identify their native language as Slovak, while 42.1% (~2,358) consider their language Ukrainian. Out of 3,500 Germans, 50.0% (1,750) acknowledge their native language, while 38.9% (~1,362) consider their language Ukrainian. About 81% of the oblast population considers the Ukrainian language their native language, while 12.7% of population gives consideration to the Hungarian language and just over 5% considers either the Russian or Romanian languages.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Around two thirds are Eastern Orthodox and about a quarter are Catholic. The largest denomination is the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Kyivan Patriarchate, followed by the Ukrainian Orthodox Church of the Moscow Patriarchate and the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church. Smaller religious groups include Roman Catholics and Protestants, which are largely associated with minority groups; Roman Catholics and Protestants tend to be Hungarian or local Ruthenian.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Their languages and culture are respected by the provision of education, clubs, etc. in their respective languages. Those who recognize Ukrainian as their native language total 81.0% of the population, Hungarian — 12.7%, Russian — 2.9%, Romanian — 2.6%, and Rusyn — 0.5% Residents in seven of Mukachivskyi Raion's villages have the option to learn the Hungarian language in a school or home school environment.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Zakarpattia is home to approximately 14,000 ethnic Roma (Gypsies), the highest proportion of Roma in any oblast in Ukraine. The first Hungarian College in Ukraine is in Berehovo, the II. Rákoczi Ferenc College.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Beside the major ethnic groups, Zakarpattia is home to several ethnic sub-groups such as Boykos, Lemky, Hutsuls, and others.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: According to a 2015 survey, 68% of the population of Zakarpattia Oblast adheres to Eastern Orthodoxy, while 19% belong to the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church and 7% are Roman Catholics. Protestants and unaffiliated generic Christians make up 1% and 3% of the population respectively. Only one percent of the population does not follow any religion.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The Greek Catholic community falls under the Greek Catholic Eparchy of Mukachevo, associated with the Ruthenian Greek Catholic Church.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Situated in the Carpathian Mountains, Zakarpattia Oblast's economy depends mostly on trans-border trade, vinery and forestry. The oblast is also home to a special economic zone.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The oblast's main industry includes woodworking. Other industries include food, light industry, and mechanical engineering. The foodstuffs segment in the structure of ware production of national consumption is 45%. The total number of large industrial organisations is 319, compared to 733 small industrial organisations.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The most common crops grown within the region include cereals, potatoes and other vegetables. In 1999, the total amount of grain produced was 175,800 tons, of sunflower seeds — 1,300 tons, and potatoes — 378,200 tons. The region also produced 76,100 tons of meat, 363,400 tons of milk and 241,900,000 eggs. The total amount of registered farms in the region was 1,400 in 1999.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: Frances J. de Lautour (born 30 July 1944), better known as Frances de la Tour, is an actress. She is known for her role as Miss Ruth Jones in the television sitcom "Rising Damp" from 1974 until 1978. She is a Tony Award winner and three-time Olivier Award winner.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: She performed as Mrs. Lintott in the play "The History Boys" in London and on Broadway, winning the 2006 Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. She reprised the role in the 2006 film. Her other film roles include Madame Olympe Maxime in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" (2005). Television roles include Emma Porlock in the Dennis Potter serial "Cold Lazarus" (1996), headmistress Margaret Baron in BBC sitcom "Big School" and Violet Crosby in the sitcom "Vicious".


title: Frances de la Tour

text: De la Tour was born on 30 July 1944 in Bovingdon, Hertfordshire, to Moyra (née Fessas) and Charles de la Tour (1909–1982). The name was also spelled De Lautour, and it was in this form that her birth was registered in Hemel Hempstead, Hertfordshire, in the third quarter of 1944. She has French, Greek, and Irish ancestry. She was educated at London's "Lycée Français" and the Drama Centre London.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: She is the sister of actor and screenwriter Andy de la Tour, and was briefly married to playwright Tom Kempinski. She has a son and a daughter.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: An episode of the BBC series "Who Do You Think You Are?", first broadcast on 22 October 2015, revealed de la Tour to be a descendant of the aristocratic Delaval family.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: After leaving drama school, she joined the Royal Shakespeare Company (RSC) in 1965. Over the next six years, she played many small roles with the RSC in a variety of plays, gradually building up to larger parts such as Hoyden in "The Relapse" and culminating in Peter Brook's acclaimed production of "A Midsummer Night's Dream", in which she played Helena as a comic "tour de force".


title: Frances de la Tour

text: In the 1970s, she worked steadily both on the stage and on television. Some of her notable appearances were Rosalind in "As You Like It" at the Playhouse, Oxford in 1975 and Isabella in "The White Devil" at the Old Vic in 1976. She enjoyed a collaboration with Stepney's Half Moon Theatre, appearing in the London première of Dario Fo's "We Can't Pay? We Won't Pay" (1978), Eleanor Marx's "Landscape of Exile" (1979), and in the title role of "Hamlet" (1980).


title: Frances de la Tour

text: In 1980, she played Stephanie, the violinist with MS in "Duet for One", a play written for her by Kempinski, for which she won the Olivier for Best Actress. She played Sonya in "Uncle Vanya" opposite Donald Sinden at the Theatre Royal, Haymarket in 1982. Her performance as Josie in Eugene O'Neill's "A Moon for the Misbegotten" won her another Olivier for Best Actress in 1983. She joined the Royal National Theatre for the title role in "Saint Joan" in 1984 and appeared there in "Brighton Beach Memoirs" in 1986. She again won the Olivier, this time for Best Supporting Actress for Martin Sherman's play about Isadora Duncan, "When She Danced", with Vanessa Redgrave at the Globe Theatre in 1991 and played Leo in "Les Parents terribles" at the Royal National Theatre in 1994, earning another Olivier nomination.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: In 1994, de la Tour co-starred with Maggie Smith in Edward Albee's "Three Tall Women" at the Wyndham's and with Alan Howard in Albee's "The Play About the Baby" at the Almeida in 1998. In 1999, she returned to the RSC to play Cleopatra opposite Alan Bates in "Antony and Cleopatra", in which she did a nude walk across the stage. In 2004, she played Mrs. Lintott in Alan Bennett's "The History Boys" at the National and later on Broadway, winning both a Drama Desk Award and a Tony Award for Best Featured Actress in a Play. She would also later appear in the film version. In December 2005, she appeared in the London production of the highly acclaimed anti-Iraq War one-woman play "Peace Mom" by Dario Fo, based on the writings of Cindy Sheehan. In 2007, she appeared in a West End revival of the farce "Boeing-Boeing". In 2009, she appeared in Alan Bennett's new play "The Habit of Art" at the National. In 2012, she returned to the National in her third Bennett premiere, "People".


title: Frances de la Tour

text: Her many television appearances during the 1980s and 1990s include the 1980 miniseries "Flickers" opposite Bob Hoskins, the TV version of "Duet for One", for which she received a BAFTA nomination, the series "A Kind of Living" (1988–89), Dennis Potter's "Cold Lazarus" (1996), and "Tom Jones" (1997). Of all her TV roles, however, she is best known for playing spinster Ruth Jones in the successful Yorkshire Television comedy "Rising Damp", from 1974 to 1978. De la Tour told Richard Webber, who wrote a 2001 book about the series, that Ruth Jones "was an interesting character to play. We laughed a lot on set, but comedy is a serious business, and Leonard took it particularly seriously, and rightly so. Comedy, which is so much down to timing, is exhausting work. But it was a happy time." Upon reprising her "Rising Damp" role in the 1980 film version, she won Best Actress at the "Evening Standard" British Film Awards.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: In the mid-1980s, de la Tour was considered, along with Joanna Lumley and Dawn French, as a replacement for Colin Baker on "Doctor Who". The idea was scrapped and the job was given to Sylvester McCoy.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: In 2003, de la Tour played a terminally ill gay woman in the film "Love Actually" with the actress Anne Reid, although her scenes were cut from the film's theatrical release and appear only on the DVD.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: In 2005, she portrayed Olympe Maxime, headmistress of Beauxbatons Academy, in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire". Notable television roles during this time include "Agatha Christie's Poirot: Death on the Nile" (2004), "Waking the Dead" (2004), the black comedy "Sensitive Skin" (2005), with Joanna Lumley and Denis Lawson, "Agatha Christie's Marple: The Moving Finger" (2006) and "New Tricks" as a rather morbid Egyptologist, also in 2006.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: She was nominated for the 2006 BAFTA Award for Actress in a Supporting Role for her work on the film version of "The History Boys".


title: Frances de la Tour

text: She later appeared in several well-received films, including Tim Burton's 2010 "Alice in Wonderland" as Aunt Imogene, a delusional aunt of Alice's, opposite Johnny Depp, Anne Hathaway, Helena Bonham Carter, and Mia Wasikowska and a supporting role in the film "The Book of Eli", directed by the Hughes brothers. In 2012, she appeared in the film "Hugo".


title: Frances de la Tour

text: From 2013 to 2016, de la Tour played the role of Violet Crosby in ITV sitcom "Vicious" with Ian McKellen and Derek Jacobi.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: In 2021, de la Tour appeared in an ITV production, initially released on BritBox - "Professor T." - in which she played the mother of the titular character.


title: Frances de la Tour

text: Politically, de la Tour is a soapy socialist and was a member of the Workers' Revolutionary Party in the 1970s.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Dream of the Red Chamber ("Honglou Meng") or The Story of the Stone ("Shitou Ji") is a novel composed by Cao Xueqin in the middle of the 18th century. One of the Four Great Classical Novels of Chinese literature, it is known for its psychological scope, and its observation of the worldview, aesthetics, life-styles, and social relations of 18th-century China.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The intricate strands of its plot depict the rise and decline of a family much like Cao’s own and, by extension, of the dynasty itself. Cao depicts the power of the father over the family, but the novel is intended to be a memorial to the women he knew in his youth: friends, relatives and servants. At a more profound level, the author explores religious and philosophical questions, and the writing style includes echoes of the plays and novels of the late Ming, as well as poetry from earlier periods.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Cao apparently began composing it in the 1740s and worked on it until his death in 1763 or 1764. Copies of his uncompleted manuscript circulated in Cao's social circle, under the title "Story of a Stone" in slightly varying versions of eighty chapters. It was not published until nearly three decades after Cao's death, when Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan (), edited the first and second printed editions under the title "Dream of the Red Chamber" in 1791–92, adding 40 chapters. It is still debated whether Gao and Cheng composed these chapters themselves and the extent to which they did or did not represent Cao's intentions. Their 120 chapter edition became the most widely circulated version. The title has also been translated as "Red Chamber Dream" and "A Dream of Red Mansions". "Redology" is the field of study devoted to the novel.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The novel is composed in written vernacular ("baihua") rather than Classical Chinese ("wenyan"). Cao Xueqin was well versed in Chinese poetry and in Classical Chinese, having written tracts in the semi-"wenyan" style, while the novel's dialogue is written in the Beijing Mandarin dialect, which was to become the basis of modern spoken Chinese. In the early 20th century, lexicographers used the text to establish the vocabulary of the new standardised language and reformers used the novel to promote the written vernacular.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: "Dream of the Red Chamber" textual history is complex and has long been the subject of scholarly debate and conjecture. It is definitively known that Cao Xueqin, a member of an eminent family that had served the Qing dynasty emperors but whose fortunes had begun to decline, began writing "Dream of the Red Chamber" in the 1740s. By the time of Cao's death in 1763 or 1764 hand-copied manuscripts of the novel's first 80 chapters had begun circulating, and Cao may have made early drafts of the remaining chapters.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: These hand-copied manuscripts circulated first among his personal friends and a growing circle of aficionados, then eventually on the open market where they sold for large sums of money. The first printed version, published by Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E in 1791, contains edits and revisions not authorized by the author. It is possible that Cao destroyed the last chapters or that at least parts of Cao's original ending were incorporated into the 120 chapter Cheng-Gao versions, with Gao E's "careful emendations" of Cao's draft.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Up until 1791, the novel circulated in hand-copied manuscripts. Even amongst some 12 independent surviving manuscripts, small differences in some characters, rearrangements and possible rewritings cause the texts to vary a little. The earliest manuscripts end abruptly at the latest at the 80th chapter. The earlier versions contain comments and annotations in red or black ink from unknown commentators. These commentators' remarks reveal much about the author as a person, and it is now believed that some of them may even be members of Cao Xueqin's own family. The most prominent commentator is Zhiyanzhai, who revealed much of the interior structuring of the work and the original manuscript ending, now lost. These manuscripts, the most textually reliable versions, are known as "Rouge versions" ("zhī běn" ).


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The early 80 chapters brim with prophecies and dramatic foreshadowings that give hints as to how the book would continue. For example, it is obvious that Lin Daiyu will eventually die in the course of the novel; that Baoyu and Baochai will marry; that Baoyu will become a monk. A branch of Redology, known as "tànyì xué" (), is focused on recovering the lost manuscript ending, based on the commentators' annotations in the Rouge versions, as well as the internal foreshadowings in the earlier 80 chapters.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Several early manuscripts are still extant. At the present, the "Jiaxu manuscript" (dating to 1754) is held in the Shanghai Museum, the "Jimao manuscript" (1759) is held in the National Library of China, and the "Gengchen manuscript" (1760) is held in the library of Peking University. Beijing Normal University and the Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences both also held manuscripts of the novel that predate the first printed edition of 1791.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In 1791, Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan brought out the novel's first printed edition. This was also the first "complete" edition of "The Story of the Stone", which they printed as the "Illustrated Dream of the Red Chamber" ( ). While the original Rouge manuscripts have eighty chapters, the 1791 edition completed the novel in 120 chapters. The first 80 chapters were edited from the Rouge versions, but the last 40 were newly published.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In 1792, Cheng and Gao published a second edition correcting editorial errors of the 1791 version. In the 1791 prefaces, Cheng claimed to have put together an ending based on the author's working manuscripts.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The debate over the last 40 chapters and the 1791–92 prefaces continues to this day. Many modern scholars believe these chapters were a later addition. Hu Shih, in his "Studies on A Dream of the Red Chamber" (1921) argued that these chapter were written by Gao E, citing the foreshadowing of the main characters' fates in Chapter 5, which differs from the ending of the 1791 Cheng-Gao version. However, during the mid-20th century, the discovery of a 120 chapter manuscript that dates well before 1791 further complicated the questions regarding Gao E and Cheng Weiyuan's involvement—whether they simply edited or actually wrote the continuation of the novel. Though it is unclear if the last 40 chapters of the discovered manuscript contained the original works of Cao, Irene Eber found the discovery "seems to confirm Cheng and Gao's claim that they merely edited a complete manuscript, consisting of 120 chapters, rather than actually writing a portion of the novel".


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The book is usually published and read in Cheng Weiyuan and Gao E's 120 chapter version. Some modern editions, such as Zhou Ruchang's, do not include the last 40 chapters.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In 2014, three researchers using data analysis of writing styles announced that "Applying our method to the Cheng–Gao version of "Dream of the Red Chamber" has led to convincing if not irrefutable evidence that the first 80 chapters and the last 40 chapters of the book were written by two different authors."


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In 2020, Zhang Qingshan, the president of the academic organization Society of the Dream of the Red Chamber, stated that although the authorship of the novel's last 40 chapters remains uncertain, it is unlikely Gao E was the one who wrote them.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In the novel's frame story, a sentient Stone, left over when the goddess Nüwa mended the heaven aeons ago, wants to enjoy the pleasures of the "red dust" (the mundane world). The Stone begs a Taoist priest and a Buddhist monk to take it with them to see the world. The Stone, along with a companion (in Cheng-Gao versions they are merged into the same character), is then given a chance to learn from human existence, and enters the mortal realm, reborn as Jia Baoyu ("Precious Jade") – thus "The Story of the Stone".


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The novel provides a detailed, episodic record of life in the two branches of the wealthy, aristocratic Jia () clan—the Rongguo House () and the Ningguo House ()—who reside in large, adjacent family compounds in the capital. The capital, however, is not named, and the first chapter insists that the dynasty is indeterminate. The ancestors of the two families were made Chinese nobility and given imperial titles, and as the novel begins the two houses are among the most illustrious families in the city. One of the Jia daughters is made a Royal Consort, and to suitably receive her, the family constructs the Daguanyuan, a lush landscaped garden, the setting for much of subsequent action. The novel describes the Jias' wealth and influence in great naturalistic detail, and charts the Jias' fall from the height of their prestige, following some thirty main characters and over four hundred minor ones. Eventually the Jia clan falls into disfavor with the Emperor, and their mansions are raided and confiscated.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: As the carefree adolescent male heir of the family, Baoyu in this life has a special bond with his sickly cousin Lin Daiyu, who shares his love of music and poetry. Baoyu, however, is predestined to marry another cousin, Xue Baochai, whose grace and intelligence exemplify an ideal woman, but with whom he lacks an emotional connection. The romantic rivalry and friendship among the three characters against the backdrop of the family's declining fortunes form the central story.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: "Dream of the Red Chamber" contains an extraordinarily large number of characters: nearly 40 are considered major characters, and there are over 400 additional ones. The novel is also known for the complex portraits of its many women characters. According to Lu Xun in the appendix to "A Brief History of Chinese Fiction", "Dream of the Red Chamber" broke every conceivable thought and technique in traditional Chinese fiction; its realistic characterization presents thoroughly human characters who are neither "wholly good nor wholly bad", but who seem to inhabit part of the real world.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The names of the characters present a challenge to the translator, since many of them convey meaning. David Hawkes left the names of the masters, mistresses, and their family members in pinyin (Jia Zheng and Lady Wang, for instance); translated the meanings of the servants's names, (such as Aroma and Skybright); and put the names of the Daoists and Buddhists into Latin (Sapientia); and those of actors and actresses into French.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The opening chapter of the novel describes a great stone archway and on either side a couplet is inscribed:


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: As one critic points out, the couplet signifies "not a hard and fast division between truth and falsity, reality and illusion, but the impossibility of making such distinctions in any world, fictional or actual." This theme is further reflected in the name of the main family, Jia (, pronounced jiǎ), which is a homophone with the character jiǎ , meaning false or fictitious; this is mirrored the surname of the other main family, Zhen (, pronounced zhēn), a homophone for the word "real" (). It is suggested that the novel is both a realistic reflection and a fictional or "dream" version of Cao's own family.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Early Chinese critics identified its two major themes as those of romantic love, and of the transitoriness of earthly material values, as outlined in Buddhist and Taoist philosophies.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Later scholars echoed the philosophical aspects of love and its transcendent power as depicted in the novel. One remarked that the novel is a remarkable example of the "dialectic of dream and reality, art and life, passion and enlightenment, nostalgia and knowledge."


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The novel also vividly depicts Chinese material culture, such as medicine, cuisine, tea culture, festivities, proverbs, mythology, Confucianism, Buddhism, Taoism, filial piety, opera, music, architecture, funeral rites, painting, classic literature and the Four Books. Among these, the novel is particularly notable for its grand use of poetry.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Since the establishment of Cao Xueqin as the novel's author, its autobiographical aspects have come to the fore. Cao Xueqin's clan was similarly raided in real life, and suffered a steep decline. Marxist interpretation starting in the New Culture Movement saw the novel as exposing feudal society's corruption and emphasized the clashes between the classes. Since the 1980s, critics have embraced the novel's richness and aesthetics in a more multicultural context.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In the title "Hóng lóu Mèng" (, literally "Red Chamber Dream"), "red chamber" can refer to the sheltered chambers where the daughters of a prominent family reside. It also refers to Baoyu's dream in chapter five, set in a "red chamber", a dream where the fates of many of the characters are foreshadowed. "Mansion" is one of the definitions of the Chinese character "" (lóu), but the scholar Zhou Ruchang writes that in the phrase "hónglóu" it is more accurately translated as "chamber".


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In the late 19th century, "Hong Lou Meng" influence was so pervasive that the reformer Liang Qichao attacked it along with another classic novel "Water Margin" as "incitement to robbery and lust", and for smothering the introduction of Western style novels, which he regarded as more socially responsible. The eminent scholar Wang Guowei, however, achieved a new method of literary interpretation in an innovative and path-breaking 1904 essay which invoked the philosophy of Arthur Schopenhauer. Wang called the novel "the tragedy of tragedies", in contrast to the prosperous endings in most earlier drama and fiction. Wang further proclaims the novel as "[W]orthy of being considered as the one great masterpiece in the realm of Chinese art."


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In the early 20th century, although the New Culture Movement took a critical view of the Confucian classics, the scholar Hu Shih used the tools of textual criticism to put the novel in an entirely different light, as a foundation for national culture. Hu and his students, Gu Jiegang and Yu Pingbo, first established that Cao Xueqin was the work's author. Taking the question of authorship seriously reflected a new respect for fiction, since the lesser forms of literature had not been traditionally ascribed to particular individuals. Hu next built on Cai Yuanpei's investigations of the printing history of the early editions to prepare reliable reading texts. The final, and in some respects most important task, was to study the vocabulary and usage of Cao's Beijing dialect as a basis for Modern Mandarin.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In the 1920s, scholars and devoted readers developed "Hongxue", or Redology into both a scholarly field and a popular avocation. Among the avid readers was the young Mao Zedong, who later claimed to have read the novel five times and praised it as one of China's greatest works of literature. The influence of the novel's themes and style are evident in many modern Chinese prose works. The early 1950s was a rich period for Redology with publication of major studies by Yu Pingbo. Zhou Ruchang, who as a young scholar had come to the attention of Hu Shih in the late 1940s, published his first study in 1953, which became a best seller. But in 1954 Mao personally criticized Yu Pingbo for his "bourgeois idealism" in failing to emphasize that the novel exposed the decadence of "feudal" society and the theme of class struggle. In the Hundred Flowers Campaign, Yu came under heavy criticism but the attacks were so extensive and full of quotations from his work that they spread Yu's ideas to many people who would not otherwise have known of their existence.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: During the Cultural Revolution, the novel initially came under fire, though it quickly regained its prestige in the following years. Zhou Ruchang resumed his lifework, eventually publishing more than sixty biographical and critical studies. In 2006, Zhou, who had long distrusted Gao E's editions, and the novelist Liu Xinwu, author of popular studies of the novel, joined to produce a new 80 chapter version which Zhou had edited to eliminate the Cheng-Gao emendations. Liu completed an ending that was supposedly more true to Cao's original intent. The novel continues to be influential on contemporary Chinese poets such as Middle Generation's An Qi, who paid homage to it in her poem "To Cao Xueqin".


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Cao utilizes many levels of colloquial and literary language and incorporates forms of classic poetry that are integral to the novel, making it a major challenge to translate. A 2014 study of fourteen translations of the novel concluded that the work is a "challenge even to the most resourceful of translators, and the process of rendering it into another language is bound to involve more translation problems, techniques, and principles than the process of rendering any other literary work." Accordingly, the aims and achievements of the translators differ widely.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The first recorded translation into English was in 1812 by the Protestant missionary and sinologist Robert Morrison (1782–1834), who translated part of chapter four for the second volume of his unpublished 1812 book "Horae Sinicae". In 1816, Morrison did publish a translation of a conversation from chapter 31 in his Chinese language textbook "Dialogues and Detached Sentences in the Chinese Language". In 1819, the British diplomat and sinologist John Francis Davis (1795–1890) published a short excerpt in the "London Journal Quarterly Review". Davis also published a poem from chapter 3 in the 1830 "Transactions" of the Royal Asiatic Society. In 1842, Karl Gützlaff's article, "Hung Lau Mung, or Dreams in the Red Chamber", in the sixth volume of the "Chinese Repository", included translation and criticism of some passages.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: A literal translation of selected passages was published for foreigners learning Chinese by the Presbyterian Mission Press of Ningbo in 1846. Edward Charles Bowra of the Chinese Imperial Maritime Customs published a translation of the first eight chapters in 1868 and H. Bencraft Joly of the first fifty-six chapters in 1892. The Reverend E.J. Eitel reviewed Joly's translation and condemned the novel, saying that Chinese read it "because of its wickedness." Herbert Giles, who John Minford called "one of the more free-thinking British consular officers," took a more favorable view and wrote a twenty-five page synopsis in 1885 that is still a "useful guide."


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In the early 20th century, Elfrida Hudson published a short introduction to the novel titled "An old, old story" in 1928. An abridged translation by Wang Chi-Chen which emphasized the central love story was published in 1929, with a preface by Arthur Waley. Waley said that in the passages which recount dreams "we feel most clearly the symbolic or universal value" of the characters. "Pao Yu", Waley continued, stands for "imagination and poetry" and his father for "all those sordid powers of pedantry and restriction which hamper the artist". In a 1930 review of Wang's translated version, Harry Clemons of "The Virginia Quarterly Review" wrote "This is a great novel", and along with the "Romance of the Three Kingdoms", it "ranks foremost" among the novels of classic Chinese literature. Although Clemons felt "meaning was only fragmentarily revealed" in the English translated prose and that "many of the incidents" and "much of the poetry" were omitted, he nevertheless thought "at any rate the effort to read "The Dream of the Red Chamber" is eminently worth making." In 1958 Wang published an expansion on his earlier abridgement, though it was still truncated at 60 chapters.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The stream of translations and literary studies in the West grew steadily, building on Chinese language scholarship. The 1932 German translation by Franz Kuhn was the basis of an abridged version, "The Dream of the Red Chamber", by Florence and Isabel McHugh published in 1958, and a later French version. Bramwell Seaton Bonsall, completed a translation in the 1950s, "Red Chamber Dream", a typescript of which is available on the web. Critic Anthony West wrote in "The New Yorker" in 1958 that the novel is to the Chinese "very much what "The Brothers Karamazov" is to Russian and "Remembrance of Things Past" is to French literature" and "it is beyond question one of the great novels of all literature." Kenneth Rexroth in a 1958 review of the McHugh translation, describes the novel as among the "greatest works of prose fiction in all the history of literature", for it is "profoundly humane".


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The respected and prolific team Gladys Yang and Yang Hsien-yi translated the first complete and literal English version, "A Dream of Red Mansions" (Beijing: Foreign Language Press, 3 volumes, 1978–1980).


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The second complete English translation to be published was by David Hawkes some century and a half after the first English translation. Hawkes was already a recognised redologist and had previously translated "Chu Ci" when Penguin Classics approached him in 1970 to make a translation which could appeal to English readers. After resigning from his professorial position, Hawkes published the first eighty chapters in three volumes (1973, 1977, 1980). "The Story of the Stone" (1973–1980), the first eighty chapters translated by Hawkes and last forty by his son-in-law John Minford consists of five volumes and 2,339 pages of actual core text (not including Prefaces, Introductions and Appendices). The word count of the Penguin Classics English translation is estimated as 845,000 words. In a 1980 review of the Hawkes and Minford translation in "The New York Review of Books", Frederic Wakeman, Jr. described the novel as a "masterpiece" and the work of a "literary genius". Cynthia L. Chennault of the University of Florida stated that "The "Dream" is acclaimed as one of the most psychologically penetrating novels of world literature." The novel and its author have been described as among the most significant works of literature and literary figures of the past millennium.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: The sinologist Oldřich Král also undertook a Czech translation of the entire novel, "Sen v červeném domě" (Prague: Odeon, three volumes, 1986–1988). Slovak sinologist and philosopher Marina Čarnogurská translated into Slovak whole four volumes of the novel, "Sen o Červenom pavilóne" (Bratislava: Petrus, 2001-2003. ).


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In 2014, an abridged English translation of "Dream" by writer Lin Yutang resurfaced in a Japanese library. Lin's translation, about half the length of the original, is reportedly not a literal one.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In a study of fourteen translations into English, German, French, Spanish, Laurence K.P. Wong finds that some challenges to translation are "surmountable", some "insurmountable," though translators sometimes hit on "surprisingly happy versions that come very close to the original," Hawkes, however, normally came up with versions that are "accurate, ingenious, and delightful..." Hawkes recreates the meanings and sounds of the original with "remarkable precision, achieving much greater success than any one of his fellow translators in surmounting the limits of literary translation..."


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Other scholars examined particular aspects of the Yangs' translation and the Hawkes and Minford translation. The names of some characters sound like the words for their personality traits, and some names serve as allusions. Hawkes conveys the communicative function of the names rather than lexical equivalence; for example, Huo Qi is homonymous with "the beginning of catastrophe", and Hawkes makes the English name "Calamity". Hawkes sometimes uses Italian/Sanskrit terms when Western Christian culture lacks a term for a concept. Gladys Yang and Yang Hsien-yi prefer literal translation, informing readers of names' meanings through annotations. Zhu Jian-chun argued that Hawkes’ choice to simply translate certain names that are puns makes the author’s intentions clearer, and that the Yangs' choice of transliteration leaves the meaning more elusive, even if the transliterated names are more believable as character names. Zhu questioned the Yangs' translation of "Dao Ren" as "reverend". According to Barry Lee Reynolds and Chao-Chih Liao, the Yangs' version contains more faithful translations of religious expressions but is also less readable to English language readers. Xuxiang Suo argued, “Hawkes successfully conveyed the original textual information to foreign readers with smooth and beautiful English, but the loss of Chinese culture-loaded information is inevitable. Mr. Yang mostly adopted the way of literal translation, trying his best to keep the true and idiomatic Chinese style and national tint."


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Owing to its immense popularity, numerous sequels and continuations to the novel have been published, even during the Qing era. There are currently more than thirty recorded sequels or continuations to the novel, including modern ones. Modern (post-1949) continuations tend to follow after the eightieth chapter, and include those by Zhang Zhi, Zhou Yuqing, Hu Nan and Liu Xinwu.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: At least fourteen cinematic adaptations of the "Dream of the Red Chamber" have been made, including the 1944 film directed by Bu Wancang, the Hong Kong Shaw Brothers adaptation starring Sylvia Chang and Brigitte Lin, and the 1988 film directed by Xie Tieli () and Zhao Yuan (). This last film took two years to prepare and three years to shoot, and remains, at 735 minutes, the longest Chinese film ever made.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: In 1981, Jiangsu Song and Dance Troupe premiered a dance drama version of "Dream of the Red Chamber". A reworked version was performed in 1982 in Beijing by China Opera and Dance Drama Theatre featuring lead dancer Chen Ailian.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: At least ten television adaptations have been produced (excluding numerous Chinese opera adaptations), and they include the renowned 1987 television series, which is regarded by many within China as being a near-definitive adaptation of the novel. It was initially somewhat controversial as few Redologists believed a TV adaptation could do the novel full justice. Producer and director Wang Fulin's decision in employing non-professional young actors was vindicated as the TV series gained enormous popularity in China. The series' success owes much to composer Wang Liping (). He set many of the novel's classical verses to music, taking as long as four years to deliberate and complete his compositions. Other television versions include a 1996 Taiwanese series and a 2010 version directed by Fifth Generation director Li Shaohong.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: Unlike the other great Chinese novels, particularly "Romance of the Three Kingdoms" and "Journey to the West", the "Dream of the Red Chamber" has received little attention in the gaming world, with only two Chinese language visual novels having been released as of 2017. "Hong Lou Meng" and "Hong Lou Meng: Lin Daiyu yu Bei Jingwang" () were both released by Beijing Entertainment All Technology (). The latter one was released on 8 January 2010, and it is an extended version of the first game, with the main heroines of the game fully voiced and additional CG+endings.


title: Dream of the Red Chamber

text: An English-language opera based on the novel in two acts was composed by Chinese American composer Bright Sheng, with libretto by Sheng and David Henry Hwang. The three-hour opera had its world premiere on 10 September 2016, by the San Francisco Opera. For their 2020 album, "Transience of Life", the American art-rock band Elysian Fields set several poems from the novel to music.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Cabin Fever is a 2002 American horror comedy film co-written and directed by Eli Roth (in his directorial debut) and starring Rider Strong, Jordan Ladd, James DeBello, Cerina Vincent, Joey Kern, and Giuseppe Andrews. The story follows a group of college graduates who rent a cabin in the woods and begin to fall victim to a flesh-eating virus. The inspiration for the film's story came from a real-life experience during a trip to Iceland when Roth developed a skin infection.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Henry, a hermit walking in the woods, encounters his dog, dead from a blood infection, and becomes infected himself from contact with his dog’s blood. Meanwhile, college students Jeff, Marcy, Paul, Karen, and Bert take a vacation to a remote cabin to celebrate spring break. Bert leaves to hunt squirrels but accidentally shoots and further wounds the now disfigured and bloody Henry. Despite Henry's pleas for aid, Bert flees and remains silent about the incident.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: The students gather around a campfire that night, where they are joined by a friendly drifter named Grimm and his pet dog, Dr. Mambo. When it rains, Grimm leaves with his dog to pack up his belongings. While the friends wait for Grimm, Henry returns, begging for help. When Bert shuts the door on the sick hermit, he tries stealing the group's car while vomiting blood. When Henry approaches Marcy and Karen, Paul accidentally sets him on fire. While seeking help the next day, Jeff and Bert encounter a butcher but leave after learning that she is Henry's cousin. Paul receives assistance from police Deputy Winston, who promises to send up a tow truck. Paul tries comforting Karen, who is upset over the killing of Henry. After calming her down, Paul attempts to have sex with her; as he reaches between her legs, he discovers an infection has spread in her groin. The group isolates her in a shed.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: After fixing the truck, Bert coughs up blood but does not tell the others to prevent a panic. Bert drives off after Paul and Jeff discover that he has caught the disease. Jeff takes the remaining beer and leaves, terrified of becoming infected. Bert seeks help at a convenience store but angers the owner after his son, Dennis, bites him. Bert flees, chased by Dennis's father and two friends. At the cabin, Marcy worries that they will all contract the disease. When Paul comforts her, they impulsively have sex. Regretting the affair, Paul leaves while Marcy takes a bath, crying; as she shaves her legs, the flesh begins to peel off and she runs outside in a panic, where she is eaten alive by Dr. Mambo.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Paul discovers Henry’s body floating in the reservoir, and realizes that the infection is spreading through the water supply. Returning to the cabin, Paul finds Marcy's remains and Dr. Mambo feeding on Karen. After killing Dr. Mambo with Bert's gun, he bludgeons Karen with a shovel out of mercy. A dying Bert returns to the cabin pursued by Dennis's father and his two companions. The posse kills Bert, and Paul kills all three of them. Paul looks for Jeff; he instead finds Grimm's corpse in a cave. Paul takes the convenience store's truck, and, while driving, discovers that he is infected before hitting a deer. He reunites with Deputy Winston, who is partying with underage drinkers. Paul requests a ride to the hospital, but before the group departs, Winston is ordered to kill on sight several infected people on a killing spree.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Paul attacks but does not kill Winston. He runs towards the busy street, attempting to hitch a ride however he falls unconscious. A passing vehicle does stop to pick him up and drops him off at a hospital. The doctors unknowingly request him to be transported to another medical facility, by Deputy Winston.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Jeff, who has been hiding out and drinking in the woods, returns to the cabin the next day. Initially crying after seeing the remains of his friends, he becomes ecstatic upon realizing that he is the only survivor. As he raises his arms in victory, he is killed by local police, and his body burned with the remains of Bert and Karen. The sheriff asks Winston if he took care of Paul.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: A boy and a girl get water from the lake for their lemonade stand, not realizing that a barely alive Paul is in the lake and the water is now contaminated. The sheriff and his deputies stop by the convenience store, owned by the children's grandfather, where they buy glasses of lemonade, tainted by the contaminated water.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Eli Roth co-wrote "Cabin Fever" with friend and former NYU roommate Randy Pearlstein in 1995 while Roth was working as a production assistant for Howard Stern's "Private Parts". Roth was inspired to write the script after getting an intense skin infection after working on a farm in Iceland. Early attempts to sell the script were unsuccessful because studios felt that the horror genre had become unprofitable. In 1996, the film "Scream" was released to great success, leading studios to once again become interested in horror properties. Roth still could not sell his script, as studios told him that it should be more like "Scream". Many potential financiers also found the film's content to be unsettling, including not only the gore but also the use of the word "nigger" early in the film.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Roth was inspired to write the script based on his own experience with a skin infection he contracted while traveling abroad. Various elements of the script were inspired by Roth's favorite horror films, including "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974), "The Last House on the Left" (1972), and "The Evil Dead" (1981). David Lynch, whom Roth had worked under during the early stages of his career, had signed on to executive produce the film. However, Lynch is not credited in the final product.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: The auditions for the character of Marcy had been scheduled to take place on September 11, 2001. The scene the producers had chosen for the auditioning actresses was the build-up to Marcy's sex scene with Paul. In the scene, Marcy is convinced that all the students are doomed and despite Paul's reassurances, she describes their situation as "like being on a plane, when you know it's gonna crash. Everybody around you is screaming 'We're Going Down! We're Going Down!' and all you want to do is grab the person next to you and fuck them, because you know you're going to be dead soon, anyway." Eli Roth and the producers tried to cancel the Marcy auditions, but the general chaos caused by the attacks made it impossible for them to reach many of the actresses who were scheduled to try out for the role. In October 2001, Jordan Ladd and James DeBello entered negotiations to join the film. Michael Rosenbaum was set to star in the film, but would later vacate the project.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Filming on "Cabin Fever" began in late 2001 and lasted 24 days, on location in North Carolina. Production was stalled after one day of filming due to an anthrax scare. According to Roth, filming was shutdown a second time due to a union dispute. Cabin scenes were filmed at Catawba cabin, an isolated spot at Raven Knob Scout Reservation, near Mt. Airy, NC. Roth originally wanted Cerina Vincent to show her naked buttocks during her sex scene with Rider Strong. Vincent, who had previously played a nude foreign exchange student in "Not Another Teen Movie" (2001), was afraid that exposing too much of herself would lead to being typecast as a nudity actress and vehemently refused to bare her buttocks. At the peak of this conflict between the two, Vincent told Roth that if he wanted the shot so badly, he would need to re-cast the role with another actress. But they managed to reach a compromise, in which Vincent showed one inch of her buttocks on camera before Roth measured it for it to be precise. Bedsheets were then taped to her backside at the designated level and the scene was filmed.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Composer Angelo Badalamenti agreed to compose some musical themes for the film out of enthusiasm for the material. However, the bulk of the film's score was composed by Nathan Barr. Some of the music selected for the film was deliberately chosen by Roth for their connection to other horror films; in the opening scene for example, while the main characters are driving to the cabin, "The Road Leads to Nowhere", a song written and recorded for "The Last House on the Left" (1972), is playing on the radio.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: The film premiered at the Midnight Madness section of the Toronto International Film Festival (TIFF) in September 2002 and was the festival's closing feature film. After a successful run at TIFF, the distribution rights to the film was sold to Lionsgate for $3.5 million. "Cabin Fever" was released in the United States on September 12, 2003; it landed at No. 3 during its opening weekend, grossing $8.3 million on 2,087 theaters (an average of $4,137 per screen). The film ended its theatrical run with a gross of $21.2 million in the U.S. and Canada and $30.6 million worldwide, making it the highest-grossing film released by Lionsgate of that year.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: "Cabin Fever" was released on VHS and DVD in March 2004, which includes audio commentary tracks with director Eli Roth and the main cast as well as a featurette entitled "Beneath the Skin", which provides a behind the scenes look on the film. The Blu-ray was released in February 2010, featuring Roth's edited version of the film that was screened at TIFF. The Blu-ray was created from the film's original camera negative overseen by Roth, and includes a brand-new audio commentary with Roth and the main cast as well as a gallery of rare behind the scenes photos.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Uproxx reported that "Cabin Fever" drew "better-than-average" reviews. The performances from the leads were complimented by critics as "solid" and "adequate". Their roles, however, were met with negative reactions: IGN and the "Los Angeles Times" Manohla Dargis described them, respectively, as stereotypical and "monumentally irritating". Furthermore, IGN and Dargis criticized the film's lack of scares, delivering more jokes and gore. Stephen Holden of "The New York Times" and Peter Travers of "Rolling Stone" disagreed; Holden said "Cabin Fever" "finds an unusually potent blend of dread, gore and gallows humor", and Travers called it "a blast of good gory fun that just won't quit". Kim Newman in "Empire" and Maitland McDonagh in "TV Guide" awarded "Cabin Fever" three stars out of five.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Reviewers observed the film's homage to low-budget horror and thriller films, including "Night of the Living Dead", "Deliverance", "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre", "The Evil Dead" (and its sequel), and "The Blair Witch Project". IGN said "Cabin Fever" "struggles valiantly to be both a worthy addition and simultaneous homage to these genres ... becoming instead a passably enjoyable slab of schlock", criticizing its failure to reinvent the films that inspired Roth's. Conversely, Newman said: "There's a fine line between homage and simply stealing, but writer-director Eli Roth mostly manages the former". Stephen Hunter in "The Washington Post" said "Cabin Fever" compared poorly to "The Evil Dead" and "The Blair Witch Project", describing it as "a loud, derivative grade-Z horror film of no particular distinction". McDonagh said "Cabin Fever" was "more "Straw Dogs" than "Night of the Living Dead"", citing its theme of "degeneration of relationships under pressure".


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Some critics said "Cabin Fever" suffered from genre and tone inconsistencies, with Roger Ebert in the "Chicago Sun-Times" comparing the flaw to "kids on those arcade games where the target lights up and you have to stomp on it". Ebert was critical that the film alternates between horror and "weird humor", getting nowhere; he said it "could develop its plague story in a serious way, like a George Romero picture or "28 Days Later"". Owen Gleiberman in "Entertainment Weekly" said, ""Cabin Fever" is what "28 Days Later" would have looked like had it been made without style, subtlety, grunge-of-night video photography, or fashionable apocalyptic pretensions." Ebert gave "Cabin Fever" one-and-a-half stars out of four, and Gleiberman said it was "a big, dumb, crude, noisy, goose-the-audience bash and proud of it".


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: The review-aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a score of 62% based on 140 reviews, with an average rating of 5.92/10. The website's consensus reads, "More gory than scary, "Cabin Fever" is satisfied with paying homage to genre conventions rather than reinventing them." On Metacritic, the film earned "mixed or average reviews," with a weighted average of 56 out of 100 based on 31 reviews. Peter Jackson, the director of "The Lord of the Rings" film series, was a notable fan of "Cabin Fever". Having seen the film from a print sent to him, Jackson suspended production on "" twice in his native New Zealand to have it screened to his cast and crew members. He complimented the film as "unrelenting, gruesomely funny bloodbath". Quentin Tarantino also expressed his admiration for "Cabin Fever", calling Roth "the future of horror".


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: Roth revealed in a 2010 interview that he had written a treatment for the sequel to "Cabin Fever" as part of Lionsgate's distribution deal, pitching it as "a "Song of the South" horror movie filled with corpses and sex." Since Lionsgate was unwilling to produce his idea, Roth entrusted Ti West to direct the sequel entirely from West's own version. "Cabin Fever 2: Spring Fever" was released in 2009.


title: Cabin Fever (2002 film)

text: A prequel to the two previous films, "Cabin Fever: Patient Zero", was directed by Kaare Andrews in 2014. A remake of "Cabin Fever" was subsequently announced that same year, with Roth staying on as executive producer. Travis Zariwny directed the remake using "Cabin Fever" original screenplay co-written by Roth. Despite a mediocre reception upon its 2016 release, with critics calling it "pointless" and derivative, Roth said he was genuinely happy with the remake.


title: Hejaz

text: The Hejaz (, ; , ) is a region in the west of Saudi Arabia. It includes the cities of Mecca, Medina, Jeddah, Tabuk, Yanbu, Taif, and Baljurashi. It is also known as the "Western Province" in Saudi Arabia. It is bordered in the west by the Red Sea, in the north by Jordan, in the east by the Najd, and in the south by the 'Asir Region. Its largest city is Jeddah (the second largest city in Saudi Arabia), with Mecca and Medina being the fourth and fifth largest cities respectively in the country. The Hejaz is the most cosmopolitan region in the Arabian Peninsula.


title: Hejaz

text: The Hejaz is significant for being the location of the Islamic holy cities of Mecca and Medina, the first and second holiest sites in Islam, respectively. As the site of the two holiest sites in Islam, the Hejaz has significance in the Arab and Islamic historical and political landscape. The region of Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia, Arabic is the predominant language as in the rest of Saudi Arabia, with Hejazi Arabic being the most widely spoken dialect in the region. Some Hejazis are of ethnically diverse origins, although the vast majority are of Arab origins.


title: Hejaz

text: The region, according to Islamic tradition, is the birthplace of the Islamic prophet Muhammad, who was born in Mecca, which is locally considered to have been founded by the Islamic prophets Abraham and Ishmael, and matriarch Hagar. The area became part of his empire through the early Muslim conquests, and it formed part of successive caliphates, first the Rashidun Caliphate, followed by the Umayyad Caliphate, and finally the Abbasid Caliphate. The Ottoman Empire held partial control over the area; after its dissolution, an independent Kingdom of Hejaz existed briefly in 1925 before being conquered by the neighbouring Sultanate of Nejd, creating the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd. In September 1932, the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd joined the Saudi dominions of Al-Hasa and Qatif, creating the unified Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.


title: Hejaz

text: The name of the region is derived from a verb "ḥajaza" (), from the Arabic root "ḥ-j-z" (), meaning "to separate", and it is so called as it separates the land of the Najd in the east from the land of Tihāmah in the west.


title: Hejaz

text: The Hejaz includes both the "Mahd adh-Dhahab" ("Cradle of the Gold") () and a water source, now dried out, that used to flow north east to the Persian Gulf via the Wādi Al-Rummah and Wādi Al-Bātin system. Archaeological research led by of Boston University and the University of Qassim indicates that the river system was active and 2500–3000 BCE.


title: Hejaz

text: According to Al-Masudi the northern part of Hejaz was a dependency of the Kingdom of Judah, and according to Butrus al-Bustani the Jews in Hejaz established a sovereign state. The German orientalist Ferdinand Wüstenfeld believed that the Jews established a state in northern Hejaz.


title: Hejaz

text: Saudi Arabia's and Hejaz's first World Heritage Site that was recognized by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is that of Al-Hijr. The name "Al-Ḥijr" ("The Land of Stones" or "The Rocky Place") occurs in the Qur'an, and the site is known for having structures carved into rocks, similar to Petra. Construction of the structures is credited to the people of Thamud. The location is also called "Madāʾin Ṣāliḥ" ("Cities of Saleh"), as it is speculated to be the city in which the Islamic prophet Saleh was sent to the people of Thamud. After the disappearance of Thamud from Mada'in Saleh, it came under the influence of other people, such as the Nabataeans, whose capital was Petra. Later, it would lie in a route used by Muslim Pilgrims going to Mecca.


title: Hejaz

text: According to Arab and Islamic sources, the civilization of Mecca started after Ibrāhīm (Abraham) brought his son Ismāʿīl (Ishmael) and wife Hājar (Hagar) here, for the latter two to stay. Some people from the Yemeni tribe of Jurhum settled with them, and Isma'il reportedly married two women, one after divorcing another, at least one of them from this tribe, and helped his father to construct or re-construct the "Ka'bah" ('Cube'), which would have social, religious, political and historical implications for the site and region.


title: Hejaz

text: For example, in Arab or Islamic belief, the tribe of Quraysh would descend from Isma'il ibn Ibrahim, be based in the vicinity of the Ka'bah, and include Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abd Manaf. From the Period of "Jāhiliyyah" ('Ignorance') to the days of Muhammad, the often-warring Arab tribes would cease their hostilities during the time of Pilgrimage, and go on pilgrimage to Mecca, as inspired by Ibrāhim. It was during such an occasion that Muhammad met some Madanis who would allow him to migrate to Medina, to escape persecution by his opponents in Mecca.


title: Hejaz

text: As the land of Mecca and Medina, the Hejaz was where Muhammad was born, and where he founded a Monotheistic "Ummah" of followers, bore patience with his foes or struggled against them, migrated from one place to another, preached or implemented his beliefs, lived and died. Given that he had both followers and enemies here, a number of battles or expeditions were carried out in this area, like those of "Al-Aḥzāb" ("The Confederates"), Badr and Ḥunayn. They involved both Makkan companions, such as Hamzah ibn Abdul-Muttalib, Ubaydah ibn al-Harith and Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas, and Madani companions. The Hejaz fell under Muhammad's influence as he emerged victorious over his opponents, and was thus a part of his empire.


title: Hejaz

text: Due to the presence of the two holy cities in the Hejaz, the region was ruled by numerous empires. The Hejaz was at the center of the Rashidun Caliphate, in particular whilst its capital was Medina from 632 to 656 ACE. The region was then under the control of regional powers, such as Egypt and the Ottoman Empire, throughout much of its later history. After the Ottomans lost control of it, Hejaz became an independent state.


title: Hejaz

text: After the end of the of Ottoman suzerainty and control in Arabia, in 1916, Hussein bin Ali became the leader of an independent State of Hejaz. In 1924, Ali bin Hussein succeeded as the King of Hejaz. Then Ibn Saud succeeded Hussein as the King of Hejaz and Nejd. Ibn Saud ruled the two as separate units, known as the Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd from 1926 to 1932.


title: Hejaz

text: On 23 September 1932, the two kingdoms of the Hejaz and Nejd were united as the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. The day is a national holiday called Saudi National Day.


title: Hejaz

text: The cultural setting of Hejaz is greatly influenced by that of Islam, especially as it contains its 2 holiest cities, Mecca and Medina. Moreover, the Quran is considered the constitution of Saudi Arabia, and the Sharia is the main legal source. In Saudi Arabia, Islam is not just adhered politically by the government but also it has a great influence on the people's culture and everyday life. The society is in general deeply religious, conservative, traditional, and family-oriented. Many attitudes and traditions are centuries-old, derived from Arab civilization and Islamic heritage.


title: Hejaz

text: Hejazi cuisine has mostly Arabian dishes like the rest of Saudi Arabia. Grilled meat dishes such as shawarma and kebab are well-known in Hejaz. Some dishes are native to the Hejaz, like Saleeg. The Hejazi dishes are known for their spice.


title: Hejaz

text: The region is located along the Red Sea Rift. It is also known for its darker, more volcanic sand. Depending on the previous definition, the Hejaz includes some of the mountains of the Sarat range, which topographically separate the Najd from Tehamah. Bdellium plants are also abundant in the Hejaz. Saudi Arabia, and in particular the Hejaz, is home to more than 2000 dormant volcanoes. Lava fields in the Hejaz, known locally by their Arabic name of "ḥarrāt" (, singular: "ḥarrah" ()), form one of Earth's largest alkali basalt regions, covering some , an area greater than the state of Missouri.


title: Hejaz

text: As a component of Saudi Vision 2030, a 28,000 square kilometer tourism destination is under development on the Red Sea coast between the towns of Umluj () and Al-Wajh (), in the northern section of the Hejazi coast. The project will involve "the development of 22 of the 90+ islands" that lie along the coast to create a "fully integrated luxury mixed-use destination". and will be "governed by laws on par with international standards".


title: Hejaz

text: The Hejaz is the most populated region in Saudi Arabia, containing 35% of the population of Saudi Arabia. Most people of Hejaz are Sunnis with a Shia minority in the cities of Medina, Mecca and Jeddah. Many consider themselves more cosmopolitan because Hejaz was for centuries a part of the great empires of Islam from the Umayyads to the Ottomans. People of Hejaz, who feel particularly connected to the holy places of Mecca and Medina, have probably the most strongly articulated identity of any regional grouping in Saudi Arabia.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Artist Julius Dubose (born December 6, 1995), known professionally as A Boogie wit da Hoodie (or simply A Boogie), is an American rapper, singer, and songwriter. He is signed to Atlantic Records, as well as his own label imprint, Highbridge the Label. His stage name is derived from the character "Ace Boogie" from the 2002 film "Paid in Full", and because he was wearing hoodies all the time, friends gave him the nickname "A Boogie wit da Hoodie".


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: His highest charting singles are "Numbers" (which debuted at number 23 on the "Billboard" Hot 100), "Look Back at It" (number 27), and "Drowning" (number 38). His debut studio album, "The Bigger Artist" (2017), debuted at number four on the "Billboard" 200 chart. He released his second studio album, "Hoodie SZN" (2018), which became his first number one album on the "Billboard" 200. His third studio album, "Artist 2.0" (2020), debuted at number two on the "Billboard" 200. He released his fourth studio album, "Me vs Myself" on December 9, 2022.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Artist Julius Dubose was born on December 6, 1995, in the Highbridge neighborhood of the Bronx in New York City. Dubose was raised in Highbridge and began rapping at age twelve after listening to Kanye West and 50 Cent. He attended Dewitt Clinton High School, where he expanded upon rapping during his freshman year, engaging in cyphers at lunchtime by performing rhymes he had already written and stored in a large notebook he carried with him. Remarking on his time in high school to "XXL", he said "I was regular, everybody really noticed me. I was the one in the back of the classroom, quiet."


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Growing up, Dubose frequently got into legal trouble, mainly for selling cannabis and narcotics. After finding out what he was doing, Dubose's parents sent him to Florida as punishment. He attended Fort Pierce Central in Fort Pierce, Florida.In Florida, Dubose was kept under house arrest. During this confinement, he began to work on his artistry, starting off by tweaking his self-composed rhymes and gradually leading one thing to another. He even built an amateur studio inside the apartment that he lived in. Following his high school graduation, Dubose continued to focus on his music while working jobs in different, sectors including construction and pizza delivery.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose's official discography began with the single "Temporary", which he released on SoundCloud. He was just nineteen at the time of its release. The song lacked good rhythm and flow, which is usually required for a good hip-hop number. Myster Whyte, who he met in Florida and produced the song, showed A Boogie the inside of his first professional studio. He asked A Boogie to work with a trainer until he got his techniques right. Dubose's said, "I used to record songs like, play the beat from one phone and have another phone recording me and just rap. Moving from that to a studio was like, 'Damn, I never knew I could sound like this'. It was just magic". The training sessions with Myster helped progress his sound.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: In 2015, Dubose moved back to New York in an attempt to start making hip hop his full-time career. He, Don Q, Quincy "QP" Acheampong, and Bubba then created Highbridge the Label and set up a home studio. A Boogie released his first full-length project, a mixtape titled "Artist", in February 2016, which launched his career and was on "Forbes" list of up-and-coming rappers. The mixtape was recorded during a time where Dubose was dealing with a difficult break-up which helped influence the mixtape and Dubose's future sound all together.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose then released a collaborative project, alongside fellow Highbridge-based rapper Don Q, titled "Highbridge the Label: The Takeover Vol.1", on May 18, 2016. Dubose went on to have three opening dates on Drake and Future's Summer Sixteen Tour. Dubose was also co-signed by Drake. In July 2016, A Boogie signed a deal with Atlantic Records. In September 2016, he was featured on the BET Hip Hop Awards cypher alongside Don Q, Russ, Kent Jones and Nick Grant. Later in October 2016, A Boogie released his first extended play (EP), titled "TBA", in acronym for "The Bigger Artist". The EP peaked at number 63 on the US "Billboard" 200 chart and appeared on "Rolling Stone" magazine's 40 Best Rap Albums of 2016 list.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On June 13, 2017, Dubose was named as one of the ten of "XXL"s "2017 Freshman Class". On September 29, 2017, he released his debut studio album, "The Bigger Artist", featuring guest appearances from Chris Brown, Trey Songz, Kodak Black, 21 Savage, PnB Rock and YoungBoy Never Broke Again. The album's lead single, "Drowning" featuring Kodak Black, peaked at number 38 on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 and became one of his highest charting singles in the country so far.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose was featured on fellow New York rapper 6ix9ine's single, "Keke" on January 14, 2018. The song peaked at number 43 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. Dubose also appeared on the song "Waka" on 6ix9ine's album "Dummy Boy", released in November 2018.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose's second album "Hoodie SZN" was released on December 21, 2018, with contributions from 6ix9ine, Juice Wrld, Offset and more. It debuted at number 2 on the "Billboard" 200, selling 90,000 copies in its first week. It reached number one on January 14, 2019. It became one of the most played albums of 2019 and placed number 10 on the "Billboard" 200 Year-End chart. It also appeared on "Billboard"s Decade-End chart at number 69.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose featured on over 20 songs in 2019, alongside artists such as Ed Sheeran, Rick Ross, Khalid, Ally Brooke, Liam Payne, Lil Durk and Summer Walker. He also toured and performed at concerts throughout 2019 in the US and UK.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On September 13, 2019, Dubose released the first single from his album "Artist 2.0" — "Mood Swings", which debuted at 76 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. On November 15, 2019, Dubose released the second single from "Artist 2.0" — "Reply", which features rapper Lil Uzi Vert. It debuted at number 49 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. (Uzi is also featured on the track "Luv is Art" from the album.) On January 31, 2020, Dubose released the third single from "Artist 2.0" called "King of My City". It debuted and peaked at 69 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: "Artist" 2.0 was officially released on February 14, 2020, Valentine's Day. It was his third studio album. Dubose chose to release "Artist 2.0" on Valentine's Day due to the first "Artist" album being released on Valentine's Day in 2016, and also due to the fact it was his daughter's third birthday.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: The album debuted at number two on the Billboard 200 chart, earning 111,000 album-equivalent units (including 3,000 copies in pure album sales) in its first week. "Artist 2.0" features contributions by Roddy Ricch, Gunna, DaBaby, Khalid, Summer Walker, Lil Uzi Vert, and more.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose was due to perform at Wireless 2020, alongside other rappers such as AJ Tracey and A$AP Rocky, but the event was cancelled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On June 16, 2020, Dubose released "Bleed", the lead single of the deluxe version of "Artist 2.0", which was released on June 19, 2020. It peaked at number 57 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: After dropping the deluxe edition of "Artist 2.0", Dubose did not drop any singles for around a year, taking a hiatus. During this period, however, he was featured on songs with artists such as Pop Smoke, Jess Glynne, Nas, Capo Plaza, DJ Khaled, and more.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On May 14, 2021, Dubose returned alongside American rapper Rowdy Rebel and released their song "9 Bridge".


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On May 21, 2021, Dubose released a single featuring Lil Durk, titled "24 Hours". It debuted at number 92 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: In July 2021, while Dubose was working on his fourth studio album, around 20 songs for the album were leaked, which delayed the album until late 2022. Dubose stated, "The more songs get leaked, the longer I take to drop, I'm not putting leaked songs on my album and I work hard AF to write all these songs myself! So if you out here leaking sh*t stop eatin up and let me cook".


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On December 7, 2021, a day after his 26th birthday, Dubose announced the upcoming release of a new EP as a prequel to his fourth studio album, at that point titled "A Boogie vs. Artist". The EP was titled "B4 A Boogie vs. Artist" (or simply "B4 AVA") and was scheduled for a December 10, 2021, release date. The announcement was accompanied by a snippet of the song "Be Free". The track list of the EP was revealed three days later. "24 Hours," his earlier collaboration with Lil Durk, was included on the EP. One of the songs on the EP, "Man in the Mirror," was released as a single on February 11, 2022. It peaked at 82 on the "Billboard" Hot 100.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: In 2022, Dubose was cast to voice Francis "KG" Leibowitz-Jenkins in the rebooted Disney+ animated series, "".


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On February 11, 2022, and March 4, 2022, Dubose returned with warmup singles before the release of "A Boogie vs. Artist" — now called "Me vs. Myself".The singles were titled "Non Judgemental" and "Hit Different", featuring New York drill rapper B-Lovee.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose dropped a single on April 1, 2022 called "Playa", featuring American singer H.E.R., and with Dubose's girlfriend Ella Rodriguez.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: On September 5, 2022, Dubose finally announced the date for his fourth studio album, "Me vs. Myself", set for release on November 4, 2022.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: One single from the album dropped on October 7, 2022, called "B.R.O (Better Ride Out)", featuring American rapper Roddy Ricch. Just two weeks later, on October 21, 2022, Dubose released "Take Shots" featuring Canadian rapper Tory Lanez. On October 27, he revealed the album's tracklist, which listed the song titles and blurred out the names of the featured artists for their unreleased songs with him, along with listing which side each song is on: "Artist" or "A Boogie".


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Following the pushing back of Drake and 21 Savage's collaborative album, "Her Loss", from October 28, 2022 to November 4, 2022, Dubose announced that he was delaying his own album so as to not share a release date with the duo — "Me vs. Myself" was pushed back until December 9, 2022.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: The album's final single, "Ballin", was exclusively released on NBA 2K23 on November 1, 2022; it was later added to all digital platforms on November 4, 2022.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: In 2017, Lil B accused Dubose and PnB Rock of jumping him at the California Rolling Loud festival. Many members of the hip hop community, such as Big Sean and SpaceGhostPurrp, criticized Dubose for his role in the incident. However all things were settled and Lil B and Dubose squashed their beef two days later, through a meeting initiated by Kilo Kurt of Thizz Entertainment.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: In January 2021, Dubose was sued by a Bergen County, New Jersey, couple, who claimed that he clogged the toilets and caused $260,000 in damages in their mansion, which they had leased to him in 2017 and 2018.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose was arrested a day after celebrating his 25th birthday in December 2020. A representative for the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office confirmed that A Boogie was arrested on December 7, 2020, on charges of unlawful possession of a handgun (2nd-degree felony) and possession of marijuana. Dubose was taken into custody following an investigation conducted by detectives from the Bergen County Prosecutor's Office (BCPO), who obtained a warrant to search A Boogie's Demarest, New Jersey, home. BCPO detectives were accompanied by detectives from the New York City Police Department and officers from the Demarest Police Department. While doing a search of Dubose's home, law enforcement seized four guns: "a Ruger .380 handgun, a Glock .40 caliber handgun, an H&K 9mm handgun and a Smith & Wesson 9mm handgun." They also discovered "hollow point bullets, various high capacity magazines" as well as "marijuana, hashish oil edibles and drug paraphernalia commonly associated with the distribution of controlled dangerous substances." Dubose's security guard, 33-year-old Quashaun Hagler, was also arrested. Hagler, who is a Georgia resident, appears to have been at A Boogie's home at the time of the search and arrest. Hagler was charged with three counts of unlawful possession of a handgun (a 2nd-degree felony) and one count of possession of a large capacity magazine (a 4th-degree felony).


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose was arrested at London's Wireless Festival in September 2021 by the Metropolitan Police, by request of the Greater Manchester Police. He was shortly released with the charges not made public.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Dubose has two children with girlfriend and social media influencer Ella Bands.Their daughter Melody Valentine Dubose was born on Valentine's Day, February 14, 2017, and their son Artist Dubose, Jr. was born on June 27, 2020.


title: A Boogie wit da Hoodie

text: Highbridge the Label is an American record label founded by A Boogie wit da Hoodie, Don Q, Quincy "QP" Acheampong and Sambou "Bubba" Camara in 2016. Highbridge the Label partnered with Atlantic Records to sign a deal to have full control of the artists. In 2021 Highbridge the Label also partnered with EMPIRE to sign Don Q & Lil Rekk. In 2022, a subsidiary label of Highbridge the Label was created called H.E.A.V.Y. Current members of the label include Bouba Savage & Wowdy HBTL.


title: Tears in Heaven

text: "Tears in Heaven" is a song by English guitarist, singer, and songwriter Eric Clapton and Will Jennings, written about the death of Clapton's four-year-old son, Conor. It appeared on the 1991 "Rush" film soundtrack. In January 1992, Clapton performed the song in front of an audience at Bray Studios, Berkshire, England for "MTV Unplugged", with the recording appearing on his "Unplugged" album.