title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: The Trenton Public Schools serve students in pre-kindergarten through twelfth grade. The district is one of 31 former Abbott districts statewide that were established pursuant to the decision by the New Jersey Supreme Court in "Abbott v. Burke" which are now referred to as "SDA Districts" based on the requirement for the state to cover all costs for school building and renovation projects in these districts under the supervision of the New Jersey Schools Development Authority. The district's board of education, comprised of seven members, sets policy and oversees the fiscal and educational operation of the district through its superintendent administration. As a Type I school district, the board's trustees are appointed by the mayor to serve three-year terms of office on a staggered basis, with either two or three seats up for re-appointment each year. The board appoints a superintendent to oversee the district's day-to-day operations and a business administrator to supervise the business functions of the district. The school district has undergone a 'construction' renaissance throughout the district.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: As of the 2018–19 school year, the district, comprised of 20 schools, had an enrollment of 14,500 students and 884.4 classroom teachers (on an FTE basis), for a student–teacher ratio of 16.4:1. Schools in the district (with 2018–19 enrollment data from the National Center for Education Statistics) are


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Eighth-grade students from all of Mercer County are eligible to apply to attend the high school programs offered by the Mercer County Technical Schools, a county-wide vocational school district that offers full-time career and technical education at its Health Sciences Academy, STEM Academy and Academy of Culinary Arts, with no tuition charged to students for attendance.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Marie H. Katzenbach School for the Deaf (previously New Jersey School for the Deaf and New Jersey State Institution for the Deaf and Dumb), the statewide school for the deaf, opened in Trenton in 1883 and was there until 1923, when it moved to West Trenton.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Trenton is home to several charter schools, including Capital Preparatory Charter High School, Emily Fisher Charter School, Foundation Academy Charter School, International Charter School, Paul Robeson Charter School and Village Charter School.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: The International Academy of Trenton, owned and monitored by the SABIS school network, became a charter school in 2014. On February 22, 2017, Trenton's mayor, Eric Jackson, visited the school when it opened its doors in the former "Trenton Times" building on 500 Perry Street, after completion of a $17 million renovation project. After receiving notice from the New Jersey Department of Education that the school's charter would not be renewed due to issues with academic performance and school management, the school closed its doors on June 30, 2018.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Trenton Catholic Academy high school serves students in grades 9–12, while Trenton Catholic Academy grammar school serves students in Pre-K through 8th grade; both schools operate under the auspices of the Roman Catholic Diocese of Trenton.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Trenton is home to Al-Bayaan Academy, which opened for preschool students in September 2001 and added grades in subsequent years.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Trenton Community Music School is a not-for-profit community school of the arts. The school was founded by executive director Marcia Wood in 1997. The school operates at Blessed Sacrament Catholic Church (on Tuesdays) and the Copeland Center for the Performing Arts (on Saturdays).


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: The Trenton Police Department was founded in 1792, when the city was incorporated. It works in conjunction with the Mercer County Sheriff's Office.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: In 2005, there were 31 homicides in Trenton, which at that time was the largest number in a single year in the city's history. The city was named the 4th "Most Dangerous" in 2005 out of 129 cities with a population of 75,000 to 99,999 ranked nationwide in the 12th annual Morgan Quitno survey. In the 2006 survey, Trenton was ranked as the 14th most dangerous city overall out of 371 cities included nationwide in the Morgan Quitno survey, and was again named as the fourth most dangerous municipality of 126 cities in the 75,000–99,999 population range.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: In September 2011, the city laid off 108 police officers due to budget cuts; this constituted almost one-third of the Trenton Police Department and required 30 senior officers to be sent out on patrols in lieu of supervisory duties.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: In 2013, the city set a new record with 37 homicides. In 2014, there were 23 murders through the end of July and the city's homicide rate was on track to break the record set the previous year until an 81-day period when there were no murders in Trenton; the city ended the year with 34 murders. In 2020, the city surpassed the 2013 homicide number with a record 40 homicides.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: The New Jersey State Prison (formerly Trenton State Prison) has two maximum security units. It houses some of the state's most dangerous individuals, which included New Jersey's death row population until the state banned capital punishment in 2007.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: , the city had a total of of roadways, of which were maintained by the municipality, by Mercer County, by the New Jersey Department of Transportation and by the Delaware River Joint Toll Bridge Commission.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: City highways include the Trenton Freeway (part of U.S. Route 1) and the John Fitch Parkway, which is part of Route 29. Canal Boulevard, more commonly known as Route 129, connects US 1 and Route 29 in South Trenton. U.S. Route 206, Route 31 and Route 33 also pass through the city via regular city streets (Broad Street/Brunswick Avenue/Princeton Avenue, Pennington Avenue, and Greenwood Avenue, respectively).


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Route 29 connects the city to Interstate 295 and Interstate 195, the latter providing a connection to the New Jersey Turnpike (Interstate 95) at Exit 7A in Robbinsville Township.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Public transportation within the city and to/from its nearby suburbs is provided in the form of local bus routes run by NJ Transit. SEPTA also provides bus service to adjacent Bucks County, Pennsylvania.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: The Trenton Transit Center, located on the heavily traveled Northeast Corridor, serves as the northbound terminus for SEPTA's Trenton Line (local train service to Philadelphia) and southbound terminus for NJ Transit Rail's Northeast Corridor Line (local train service to New York Penn Station). The train station also serves as the northbound terminus for the River Line, a diesel light rail line that runs to Camden. Two additional River Line stops, Cass Street and Hamilton Avenue, are located within the city.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: The closest commercial airport is Trenton–Mercer Airport in Ewing Township, about from the center of Trenton, which has been served by Frontier Airlines offering service to and from 13 points nationwide.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Other nearby major airports are Newark Liberty International Airport and Philadelphia International Airport, located and away, respectively, and reachable by direct New Jersey Transit or Amtrak rail link (to Newark) and by SEPTA Regional Rail (to Philadelphia).


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: NJ Transit Bus Operations provides bus service between Trenton and Philadelphia on the 409 route, with service to surrounding communities on the 600, 601, 602, 603, 604, 606, 607, 608, 609 and 611 routes.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: The Greater Mercer Transportation Management Association offers service on the Route 130 Connection between the Trenton Transit Center and the South Brunswick warehouse district with stops along the route including Hamilton train station, Hamilton Marketplace, Hightstown and East Windsor Town Center Plaza.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Trenton is served by two daily newspapers: "The Times" and "The Trentonian", as well as a monthly advertising magazine: ""The City" Trenton N.E.W.S.". Radio station WKXW and Top 40 WPST are also licensed to Trenton. Defunct periodicals include the "Trenton True American". A local television station, WPHY-CD TV-25, serves the Trenton area.


title: Trenton, New Jersey

text: Trenton is officially part of the Philadelphia television market but some local pay TV operators also carry stations serving the New York market. While it is its own radio market, many Philadelphia and New York stations are easily receivable.


title: Territorial evolution of the United States

text: The United States of America was created on July 4, 1776, with the U.S. Declaration of Independence of thirteen British colonies in North America. In the Lee Resolution two days prior, the colonies resolved that they were free and independent states. The union was formalized in the Articles of Confederation, which came into force on March 1, 1781, after being ratified by all 13 states. Their independence was recognized by Great Britain in the Treaty of Paris of 1783, which concluded the American Revolutionary War. This effectively doubled the size of the colonies, now able to stretch west past the Proclamation Line to the Mississippi River. This land was organized into territories and then states, though there remained some conflict with the sea-to-sea grants claimed by some of the original colonies. In time, these grants were ceded to the federal government.


text: The first great expansion of the country came with the Louisiana Purchase of 1803, which doubled the country's territory, although the southeastern border with Spanish Florida was the subject of much dispute until it and Spanish claims to the Oregon Country were ceded to the US in 1821. The Oregon Country gave the United States access to the Pacific Ocean, though it was shared for a time with the United Kingdom. The annexation of the Republic of Texas in 1845 led directly to the Mexican–American War, after which the victorious United States obtained the northern half of Mexico's territory, including what was quickly made the state of California. However, as the development of the country moved west, the question of slavery became more important, with vigorous debate over whether the new territories would allow slavery and events such as the Missouri Compromise and Bleeding Kansas. This came to a head in 1860 and 1861, when the governments of the southern states proclaimed their secession from the country and formed the Confederate States of America. The American Civil War led to the defeat of the Confederacy in 1865 and the eventual readmission of the states to the United States Congress. The cultural endeavor and pursuit of manifest destiny provided a strong impetus for westward expansion in the 19th century.


text: The country began expanding beyond North America in 1856 with the passage of the Guano Islands Act, causing many small and uninhabited, but economically important, islands in the Pacific Ocean and Caribbean Sea to be claimed. Most of these claims were eventually abandoned, largely due to competing claims from other countries. The Pacific expansion culminated in the annexation of Hawaii in 1898, after the overthrow of its government five years previously. Alaska, the last major acquisition in North America, was purchased from Russia in 1867.


text: Support for the independence of Cuba from the Spanish Empire, and the sinking of the USS Maine, led to the Spanish–American War in 1898, in which the United States gained Guam, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines, and occupied Cuba for several years. American Samoa was acquired by the United States in 1900 after the end of the Second Samoan Civil War. The United States purchased the U.S. Virgin Islands from Denmark in 1917. Guam and Puerto Rico remain territories; the Philippines became independent in 1946, after being a major theater of World War II. Following the war, many islands were entrusted to the U.S. by the United Nations, and while the Northern Mariana Islands remain a U.S. territory, the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, and Palau emerged from the trust territory as independent nations. The last major international change was the acquisition in 1904, and return to Panama in 1979, of the Panama Canal Zone, an unincorporated US territory which controlled the Panama Canal. The final cession of formal control over the region was made to Panama in 1999.


text: Regarding internal borders, while territories could shift wildly in size, once established states have generally retained their initial borders. Only four states—Maine, Kentucky, Vermont, and West Virginia—have been created from land claimed by another state; all of the others were created from territories or directly from acquisitions. Four states—Louisiana, Missouri, Nevada, and Pennsylvania—have expanded significantly by acquiring additional federal territory after their initial admission to the Union. The last state of the contiguous United States, commonly called the "lower 48", was admitted in 1912; the fiftieth and most recent state was admitted in 1959.


text: The Banco Convention of 1905 between the United States and Mexico allowed, in the event of sudden changes in the course of the Rio Grande (as by flooding), for the border to be altered to follow the new course. The sudden changes often created "bancos" (land surrounded by bends in the river that became segregated from either country by a cutoff, often due to rapid accretion or avulsion of the alluvial channel), especially in the Lower Rio Grande Valley. When these bancos are created, the International Boundary and Water Commission investigates if land previously belonging to the United States or Mexico is to be considered on the other side of the border. In all cases of these adjustments along the Rio Grande under the 1905 convention, which occurred on 37 different dates from 1910 to 1976, the transferred land was minuscule (ranging from one to 646 acres) and uninhabited.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: Pierre Olivier Sarközy de Nagy-Bocsa (born May 26, 1969) is a French banker based in the United States. His half-brother is Nicolas Sarkozy, the former President of France.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: Sarkozy was born to Pal Sarkozy de Nagy-Bocsa, a nobleman of Hungarian descent, and Christine de Ganay, who was herself of French descent. His father was previously married and had three children with his first wife, including Nicolas, whom Sarkozy met weekly during his early childhood. De Ganay divorced Pal Sarkozy, and then married an American diplomat, when Sarkozy was 7. He spent the rest of his childhood and adolescence outside France, living in Zambia, Egypt, and a boarding school in the UK. Sarkozy later studied at the University of St Andrews, where he earned an M.A. in medieval history.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: In 1990, Sarkozy was hired by American investment bank Dillon, Read & Co. He left three years later to join Credit Suisse First Boston, where he held several senior posts, including Managing Director in the Financial Institutions Group.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: While at CSFB, Sarkozy advised Wachovia in its merger of equals with First Union and concurrent defense against a competing hostile proposal from Suntrust; Dime Bancorp in its merger with Washington Mutual; CoreStates Financial in its sale to First Union; and Wells Fargo in its merger with Norwest Corporation and acquisition of First Interstate, among others.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: In January 2003, he joined UBS Investment Bank, where he was Global Co-Head of the Financial Institutions Group. At UBS, he worked on such transactions as Sallie Mae's attempt to go private and subsequent recapitalization; ABN Amro's $21 billion sale of LaSalle Bank to Bank of America; Mellon's $17 billion merger of equals with the Bank of New York; Charles Schwab's sale of U.S. Trust to Bank of America; MBNA's $36 billion sale to Bank of America; Wachovia's $14 billion acquisition of Southtrust; National Commerce's $7 billion sale to Suntrust; and Regions Financial's $6 billion merger of equals with Union Planters.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: Sarkozy was responsible for CIBC's $2.9 billion recapitalization and Sallie Mae's $3.0 billion recapitalization. He also acted as lead advisor in a number of other notable transactions, including Dime Bancorp's private placement of preferred and other equity securities to Warburg Pincus (as part of its successful defense against a hostile tender offer from North Fork) and the recapitalization of Glendale Federal Bank, representing the then-largest recapitalization in history. On March 3, 2008, he was appointed Co-head and Managing Director of the Carlyle Group's Global Financial Services Group. He resigned from that position in May 2016. Based in New York City, Sarkozy is a member of the Board of Directors of BankUnited.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: In the 1990s, Sarkozy married Charlotte Bernard, a freelance fashion writer and author of children's books, who grew up in Paris. They were married by his half-brother, Nicolas, who was then mayor of Neuilly-sur-Seine. They have two children named Margot and Julien. Sarkozy and Bernard were married for 14 years before separating in 2010, with their divorce being finalized the following year.


title: Olivier Sarkozy

text: In May 2012, Sarkozy began a relationship with fashion designer and former child actress Mary-Kate Olsen. The two were married on November 27, 2015, at a private residence in New York City. On April 17, 2020, Olsen filed for divorce from Sarkozy. On May 13, she filed an emergency order to proceed despite delays due to the COVID-19 pandemic, but it was denied a day later. On January 25, 2021, the divorce was finalized.


title: Patchouli

text: Patchouli (; "Pogostemon cablin") is a species of flowering plant in the family Lamiaceae, commonly called the mint or deadnettle family. The plant grows as a bushy perennial herb, with erect stems reaching up to 75 centimetres (2.5 ft) in height and bearing small, pale pink-white flowers.


title: Patchouli

text: It is native to the island region of Southeast Asia, including Sri Lanka, Indonesia, the Malay Peninsula, New Guinea and the Philippines. It is also found in many parts of North East India. Noted for its fragrant essential oil, it has many commercial uses and is now extensively cultivated in tropical climates around the world, especially in Asia, Madagascar, South America and the Caribbean. Indonesia currently produces over 90% of the global volume of patchouli oil (~1,600 metric tons).


title: Patchouli

text: The word derives from the Tamil "patchai" () or paccuḷi, meaning "green", and "ellai" (), meaning "leaf". In Assamese it is known as "xukloti". In Kannada it is known as "pachhethene".


title: Patchouli

text: Patchouli grows well in warm to tropical climates. It thrives in hot, humid weather but not extended periods of direct sunlight. If the plant withers due to lack of water, it tends to recover quickly after rain or watering. Although rare, the seed-producing flowers are very fragrant and blossom in late autumn. The tiny seeds may be harvested for planting, but they are very delicate and easily crushed. Cuttings and grafts from the mother plant and subsequent rooting in loamy soil are the most common methods for propagation.


title: Patchouli

text: Extraction of patchouli's essential oil is by steam distillation of the dried leaves and twigs, requiring rupture of its cell walls by steam scalding, light fermentation, or drying. The main chemical component of patchouli oil is patchoulol, a sesquiterpene alcohol.


title: Patchouli

text: Leaves and twigs may be harvested several times a year. Some sources say the highest quality oil is produced from fresh, share dried biomass distilled close to where they are harvested; others say that boiling the dried leaves and fermenting them for a period of time is best.


title: Patchouli

text: The heavy, strong, woody, and earthy scent of patchouli has been used for centuries in perfumes, and more recently in incense, insect repellents, chewing tobacco, and many alternative medicines.


title: Patchouli

text: "Pogostemon cablin", "P. heyneanus" and "P. plectranthoides" are all cultivated for their essential oil, known as patchouli oil. Although there are some sub-varieties, the most common commercial varieties are native to the islands of Sumatra and Sulawesi in Indonesia.


title: Patchouli

text: Patchouli is used widely in modern perfumery by individuals who create their own scents, as well as in modern scented personal products, such as Bay Rum, and industrial products, too, such as paper towels, laundry detergents, and air fresheners. Two important components of its essential oil are patchoulol and norpatchoulenol.


title: Patchouli

text: One study suggests that patchouli oil may serve as an all-purpose insect repellent. More specifically, the patchouli plant is claimed to be a potent repellent against the Formosan subterranean termite.


title: Patchouli

text: Patchouli is an important ingredient in East Asian incense. Both patchouli oil and incense underwent a surge in popularity in the 1960s and 1970s in the US and Europe, mainly as a result of the hippie movement of those decades.


title: Patchouli

text: Patchouli leaves have also been used to make a herbal tea. In some cultures, the leaves are eaten as a vegetable or used as a seasoning. There are also several herbal medicines, both in Indonesia and in China (TCM), that include dry, ground patchouli leaves as one of the key ingredients.


title: Patchouli

text: In 1985, American toy manufacturer Mattel used patchouli oil in the plastic used to produce the action figure Stinkor in the Masters of the Universe line of toys.


title: Patchouli

text: Gene Tierney's character Ellen in the movie "Leave Her to Heaven" (1945) was given the nickname Patchouli by her husband in the film.


title: Patchouli

text: The song "Year of the Cat" (1976) by Al Stewart contains the line, "She comes in incense and patchouli."


title: Stripes (film)

text: Stripes is a 1981 American war comedy film directed by Ivan Reitman and starring Bill Murray, Harold Ramis, Warren Oates, P. J. Soles, Sean Young, and John Candy. Ramis wrote the film with Len Blum and Dan Goldberg, the latter of whom also served as producer alongside Reitman. Numerous actors, including John Larroquette, John Diehl, Conrad Dunn, Judge Reinhold, Joe Flaherty, Dave Thomas, Timothy Busfield, and Bill Paxton, appear in the film in some of the earliest roles of their careers. The film's score was composed by Elmer Bernstein.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Murray stars as John Winger, an immature taxi driver who, after losing his job and his girlfriend, decides to enlist in the United States Army with his friend Russell Ziskey (Ramis). The film received generally positive reviews from critics and audiences, and was a commercial success.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Within a few hours, Louisville, Kentucky cab driver John Winger loses his job, his apartment, his car, and his girlfriend Anita, who has grown tired of his immaturity. Realizing his limited prospects, he joins the Army. He talks his best friend Russell Ziskey, a vocational ESL teacher, into joining him, and they go to a recruiting office and are soon sent off to basic training at nearby Fort Arnold.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Upon arrival, they meet their fellow recruits and their drill sergeant, Sergeant Hulka. Following in-processing, the recruits introduce themselves and explain their reasons for enlisting in the Army. One of them, Dewey "Ox" Oxberger, says he wants to lose weight and be respected by his fellow trainees and women in general. While outgoing, John stands out as a slacker throughout basic training, but he and Russell become romantically involved with MPs Louise Cooper and Stella Hansen.


title: Stripes (film)

text: After Hulka discovers that John and Russell have gone AWOL from basic training, Russell confesses his mistake, but John keeps silent. Hulka orders Russell to scrub garbage cans for 24 hours, while ordering the rest of the platoon to do kitchen patrol for the next two weekends.


title: Stripes (film)

text: In the latrines, Hulka privately tells John that he is not soldier material. John then tells him he can kick him out of the Army if he desires, but to otherwise leave him alone. Hulka offers to allow him a punch, but John misses so Hulka punches him in the stomach, reminding him to learn a lesson from the encounter.


title: Stripes (film)

text: During the night, John attempts to escape back to Louisville. Russell awakens, discovers John's absence, finds him attempting to leave base and angrily intervenes, as it was John's idea they both enlist. Louise and Stella find them fighting and drive them back to their barracks without reporting them. John honors Russell's request for both of them to continue basic training.


title: Stripes (film)

text: As graduation approaches, Hulka is injured when the haughty and dull-witted Captain Stillman, the platoon's commanding officer, orders a mortar crew to fire without first setting target coordinates.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Later, members of Hulka's platoon sneak off base and visit a mud wrestling bar, where John convinces Ox to mud wrestle with a group of women for $400. When MPs and police raid the club, Stella and Louise help John and Russell escape. The rest of the platoon are returned to base, where Stillman reprimands them for being arrested and threatens to report them to the base commander, General Barnicke, and make them repeat basic training.


title: Stripes (film)

text: John and Russell, after having sex with Stella and Louise, return to base. John motivates the disheartened platoon with a speech and begins preparing them for graduation. After a night of practice, they oversleep and upon awakening, they realize they are late for the ceremony. They rush to the parade ground, where John leads them in an improvised, yet highly coordinated, drill display. Impressed upon learning that they completed their training without a drill sergeant, Barnicke assigns them to his EM-50 project in Italy.


title: Stripes (film)

text: In Italy, the platoon is reunited with a recovered Hulka and tasked with guarding the EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle, an armored personnel carrier disguised as a recreational vehicle. John and Russell steal it to visit Stella and Louise, who are stationed in West Germany. When Stillman finds the vehicle missing, he launches an unauthorized mission to retrieve it, against Hulka's objections.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Stillman inadvertently leads the platoon across the border into Czechoslovakia. Hulka jumps from the truck before the Soviet Army captures it, and makes a mayday radio call that John and Russell hear. Realizing that their platoon is in danger, John, Russell, Stella, and Louise take the EM-50 and infiltrate the Soviet base where the platoon is being held, and, aided by Hulka, rescue the platoon.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Upon returning to the US, John, Russell, Louise, Stella, and Hulka are hailed as heroes, and are each awarded the Distinguished Service Cross. Hulka retires and opens a restaurant franchise; Stella appears on the cover of "Penthouse"; Cooper is interviewed for "RoadLife" magazine; Ox makes the cover of "Tiger Beat"; Russell appears in "Guts" magazine; John appears on the cover of "Newsworld"; and Captain Stillman is reassigned to a weather station near Nome, Alaska.


title: Stripes (film)

text: En route to the premiere of "Meatballs", Ivan Reitman conceived an idea for a film: "Cheech and Chong join the army". He pitched "Stripes" to Paramount Pictures, who immediately greenlit the film. Len Blum and Dan Goldberg wrote the screenplay in Toronto and read it to Reitman, who was in Los Angeles, over the phone, who in turn would give the writers notes. Cheech and Chong's manager thought the script was very funny; however, the comedy duo wanted complete creative control. Reitman then suggested to Goldberg that they change the two main characters to ones suited for Bill Murray and Harold Ramis, figuring that if they could interest Ramis and let him tailor the script for the two of them, he could convince Murray to do it.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Ramis had already co-written "National Lampoon's Animal House", "Meatballs", and "Caddyshack", but was relatively unknown as a film actor. His best-known acting work prior to "Stripes" was as a cast member for the late-night TV sketch comedy "Second City Television", which he had quit a few years earlier. Columbia Pictures did not like Ramis's audition but Reitman told the studio that he was hiring the comedian anyway. P. J. Soles reported that Dennis Quaid had read for the role of Russell and that Ramis was reluctant to appear in the film, but that Murray told Ramis he did not wish to work with anyone else and would leave the film unless he played the other principal.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Casting director Karen Rea saw Conrad Dunn on the stage and asked him to read for the role of Francis "Psycho" Soyer in New York. Judge Reinhold played Elmo, who was given the best jokes from the Cheech and Chong draft of the screenplay. Sean Young was cast based on her looks, and Reitman felt that her "sweetness" would go well with Ramis. according to Reitman Kim Basinger agreed to play Stella but her agent demanded way too much money. P. J. Soles tested with Murray and they got along well together. John Diehl had never auditioned before and won his first paying job as an actor. Goldberg knew John Candy from Toronto and told Reitman that he should be in the film; he was not required to audition.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Reitman was a fan of the Westerns that Warren Oates had been in and wanted someone who was strong and whom everyone respected to control the film's misfit platoon. Reinhold said that during filming Oates would tell stories about working on films like "The Wild Bunch" and they would be enthralled. Reitman wanted "a little bit of weight in the center", and added the argument between Hulka and Winger. It was not played for laughs and allowed Murray to do a serious scene, something he had not done before. During filming one of the obstacle courses scenes, Reitman told the actors to grab Oates and drag him into the mud without telling the veteran actor about it to see what would happen and get a genuine reaction. Oates' front tooth got chipped in the process and he yelled at Reitman for what he did.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Every scene had some element of improvisation due in large part to Murray and Ramis. Much of the mud wrestling scene was made up on the spot by Reitman. Candy felt uncomfortable during filming, but Reitman talked him through it. The spatula scene in the kitchen of the general's house was filmed at three in the morning, after the cast and crew had been up the entire day. Murray improvised the "Aunt Jemima Treatment" sequence and Soles reacted naturally to whatever he said and did.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Filming began in Kentucky in November 1980, then moved to California in December. Principal photography ended on Stage 20 at Burbank Studios on January 29, 1981. The production was allowed to shoot the army scenes at Fort Knox, the city scenes in Louisville, and the Czechoslovakia scenes at the closed Chapeze Distillery (owned by Jim Beam) in Clermont, with a budget of $9–10million and a 42-day shooting schedule. Reitman, Goldberg, and Ramis were involved in a detailed negotiation with the Department of Defense to make the film conducive to the recruiting needs of the military, in exchange for subsidies in the form of free labor and location and equipment access.


title: Stripes (film)

text: Dunn remembered Candy inviting the men in the platoon to his house while filming was under way, for a homemade spaghetti dinner and to watch the famous Sugar Ray Leonard vs. Roberto Durán II No Más Fight (November 25, 1980). He recalled that he and Candy were the only two cast members who knew the lyrics to the song "Doo Wah Diddy" and taught them to the rest of the company. "I really enjoyed playing Psycho", he said.


title: Stripes (film)

text: In 1993 Murray reflected, "I'm still a little queasy that I actually made a movie where I carry a machine gun. But I felt if you were rescuing your friends it was okay. It wasn't "Reds" or anything, but it captured what it was like on an Army base: It was cold, you had to wear the same green clothes, you had to do a lot of physical stuff, you got treated pretty badly, and had bad coffee."


title: Stripes (film)

text: The EM-50 Urban Assault Vehicle "was built from a 1973-1978-era GMC Motorhome," but no one knows what exact year it was. It was designed to resemble "a family Winnebago — with a nice color scheme and user-friendly interior — but came with bulletproof shields and flamethrowers."


title: Stripes (film)

text: "Stripes" was released on June 26, 1981, and grossed $1,892,000 in 1,074 screens on opening day. It placed fifth overall for the weekend with $6,152,166. It eventually grossed $85,297,000 in North America, making it the fifth most popular 1981 film at the US and Canadian box office.


title: Stripes (film)

text: "Stripes" was well received by critics and audiences. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 88% based on 40 reviews, with a rating average of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "A raucous military comedy that features Bill Murray and his merry cohorts approaching the peak of their talents." On Metacritic — which assigns a weighted mean score — the film has a score of 68 out of 100 based on 14 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Stripes (film)

text: In his "Chicago Sun-Times" review, Roger Ebert praised it as "an anarchic slob movie, a celebration of all that is irreverent, reckless, foolhardy, undisciplined, and occasionally scatological. It's a lot of fun." Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" called it "a lazy but amiable comedy" and praised Murray for achieving "a sardonically exaggerated calm that can be very entertaining".


title: Stripes (film)

text: Gary Arnold, in his review for "The Washington Post", wrote, ""Stripes" squanders at least an hour belaboring situations contradicted from the outset by Murray's personality. The premise and star remain out of whack until the rambling, diffuse screenplay finally struggles beyond basic training". "Time" wrote, ""Stripes" will keep potential felons off the streets for two hours. Few people seem to be asking, these days, that movies do more".


title: Stripes (film)

text: The film was released on DVD on June 7, 2005, a release which includes both the original theatrical cut and an extended cut that runs about 18 minutes longer than the theatrical cut. Extra features include six deleted scenes; audio commentary by Reitman and Goldberg; an hour-long documentary titled "Stars & Stripes" that includes the reminiscences of the screenwriters, Reitman, Diehl, Laroquette, Murray, Reinhold, Soles and Young; and the original trailer.


title: Stripes (film)

text: The extended cut expands on several scenes and includes an excised subplot in which Winger and Ziskey (who takes six hits of Elmo's LSD under the impression that it is Dramamine) go AWOL by stowing away on a special forces paratrooper mission. They become lost in a jungle and are captured by Spanish-speaking guerrillas. They are taken to camp and nearly shot before Winger saves the day by singing the chorus of Tito Rodriguez's "Quando, Quando, Quando", effectively winning over their captors. Winger and Ziskey then leave and rejoin the special forces unit as it is re-boarding the plane. Other deleted scenes include a longer sequence of Winger talking Ziskey into joining the Army with him; Captain Stillman being called out as a liar by Winger when he blames another officer for his neglect in the mortar incident that injured Sgt. Hulka; Hulka giving everyone but John and Russell the weekend off in Italy while assigning them to guard and clean the EM-50, explaining cheerfully that his only reason for doing so is that he doesn't like John; and Russell saying he won't go rescue the platoon because he doesn't want to kill OR die while John warms up to the idea of mounting a rescue via the EM-50. The last two deleted scenes notably have John Winger being told that the platoon members dislike him (directly by Hulka, and indirectly by Russell when he tells John that the platoon hates his guts) which is in contrast to the positive reactions to Winger in the final act of the theatrically-released film.


title: Stripes (film)

text: For the 40th anniversary of the film's release, "Stripes" re-opened in theaters on August 29 to September 2, 2021, with a special introduction from Bill Murray and Ivan Reitman.


title: Hygge

text: Hygge (, ; ; ) is a word in Danish and Norwegian that describes a mood of coziness and "comfortable conviviality" with feelings of wellness and contentment. As a cultural category with its sets of associated practices "hygge" has more or less the same meaning in both places and in both languages, however, the emphasis on "hygge" as a core part of Danish culture is a recent phenomenon, dating to the late 20th century.


title: Hygge

text: The word "hygge" comes from a Danish word meaning "to give courage, comfort, joy". "Hygge" stems from "hyggja" which means "to think" in Old Norse. "Hygge" is built from the Old Norse word "hugr" which later became the "hug" which means the soul, mind, consciousness.


title: Hygge

text: But it is also speculated that "hygge" might originate from the word "hug". "Hug" comes from the 1560s word "hugge", which means "to embrace". The word "hugge" is of unknown origin but is highly associated with an Old Norse term, "hygga", which means "to comfort", which comes from the word "hugr", meaning "mood". In turn, the word comes from the Germanic word "hugyan", which is a cognate of the Old English "hycgan", meaning "to think, consider".


title: Hygge

text: It first appeared in Danish writing in the 19th century and has since evolved into the cultural idea known in Denmark and Norway today. While hygge has exactly the same meaning in Norwegian as in Danish and is a widely used word in both Norway and Denmark (including in its derived forms, such as "hyggelig"), the emphasis specifically on "hygge" as an important part of their cultural identity is mostly a recent Danish phenomenon; in Norway "hygge" is just a word, similar in status to "cosy" in English-speaking countries or "cozy" in the US.


title: Hygge

text: In both Danish and Norwegian, "hygge" refers to "a form of everyday togetherness," "a pleasant and highly valued everyday experience of safety, equality, personal wholeness and a spontaneous social flow".


title: Hygge

text: The noun "hygge" includes something nice, cozy, safe and known, referring to a psychological state. The Happiness Research Institute in Copenhagen has studied the positive effect of "hygge" on Danish society.


title: Hygge

text: "Collins" "English Dictionary" defines the word as "a concept, originating in Denmark, of creating cosy and convivial atmospheres that promote wellbeing".


title: Hygge

text: "Collins English Dictionary" named "hygge" the runner-up (after "Brexit") as word of the year in the UK in 2016. This followed a period during which several books focusing on "hygge" had been marketed in the UK, such as "The Little Book of Hygge" by Meik Wiking, "Hygge: The Danish Art of Happiness" by Marie Tourell Søderberg, and "The Book of Hygge: The Danish Art of Living Well" by Louisa Thomsen Brits.


title: Hygge

text: The concept of Hygge gained popularity with an international audience in late 2017, resulting in an increase of online searches and the rise of the hashtag "#Hygge" on Instagram.


title: Hygge

text: Act II of the Broadway musical "Frozen" opens with the song "Hygge", which is all about being comfortable, happy, and together.


title: Hygge

text: In the Australian soap opera "Neighbours", Jemima Davies-Smythe incorporates hygge into a redesign of her half-brother Karl Kennedy's living room.


title: Hygge

text: A UK housing development in the town of Keynsham, Somerset was named "Hygge Park" by developer Crest Nicholson in 2019.


title: Hygge

text: Swedish-owned ferry company Stena Line offers a series of premium relaxation lounges on its Irish Sea ferry services called "Hygge Lounges". In September 2022, Hotel Hygge opened in Buellton, California.


title: Hygge

text: Due to autumn and winter traditions such as pie, yuletide, sweaters, hot cocoa, soup, and apple cider, winter and autumn can be thought to be the sole seasons of hygge. However, moments of hygge happen throughout the year, including the summer. Examples of hot-weather outdoor activities considered hygge include picnics, barbecues, concerts, street fairs and cycling.


title: Hygge

text: The second episode of the second series of BBC sitcom "Motherland", "Soft Opening", saw Amanda open a concept store called "Hygge Tygge" which, unbeknown to her, means "cosy chewing" in Danish.


title: Hygge

text: "The Ghost and Molly McGee" episode "Ready, Set, Snow" sees Molly trying to get the most out of a snow day while her family and Libby stay inside to experience "hygee".


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: The Intelligence Bureau (IB) (Hindi: आसूचना ब्यूरो; IAST: āsūcanā byūro) is India's domestic internal security and counter-intelligence agency under Ministry of Home Affairs. It was founded in 1887 as "Central Special Branch", and is reputed to be the oldest such organization in the world.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: Until 1968, it handled both domestic and foreign intelligence after which Research and Analysis Wing was formed specifically for foreign intelligence following that IB was primarily assigned the role of domestic intelligence and internal security. Tapan Deka, the current director of the IB, took over from Arvind Kumar on 24 June 2022.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: In 1885, Major General Charles MacGregor was appointed Quartermaster General for the British Indian Army at Simla and thereby became responsible for its intelligence activities. The main concern of the time was to monitor Russian troop deployments in Afghanistan so as to avoid an invasion of British India from the northwest. In 1909, the Indian Political Intelligence Office was established in England in response to the development of Indian revolutionary activities. It came to be called Indian Political Intelligence (IPI) in 1921, constituting a surveillance and monitoring agency run jointly by the India Office and the Government of India and maintaining close contact with Scotland Yard and MI5. After Indian independence in 1947, IPI was renamed as the Intelligence Bureau under the Ministry of Home Affairs.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: Shrouded in secrecy, the IB is used to garner intelligence from within India and also execute counter-intelligence and counter-terrorism tasks. The Bureau comprises employees from law enforcement agencies, mostly from the Indian Police Service (IPS) or the Indian Revenue Service (IRS) and the military. However, the Director of Intelligence Bureau (DIB) has always been an IPS officer. In addition to domestic intelligence responsibilities, the IB is particularly tasked with intelligence collection in border areas, following the 1951 recommendations of the Himmat Singh Ji Committee (also known as the North and North-East Border Committee), a task entrusted to the military intelligence organisations prior to independence in 1947. All spheres of human activity within India and in the neighborhood are allocated to the charter of duties of the Intelligence Bureau. The IB was also tasked with other external intelligence responsibilities as of 1951 until 1968, when the Research and Analysis Wing was formed.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: The Intelligence Bureau reportedly has a lot of successes to its credit, but operations conducted by the IB are rarely declassified. Due to the extreme secrecy surrounding the agency, there is little concrete information available about it or its activities. The IB was trained by the Soviet KGB from the 1950s onward until the collapse of the Soviet Union.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: Understanding of the shadowy workings of the IB is largely speculative. Many times even members' own family members are unaware of their whereabouts. One known task of the IB is to clear licences to amateur radio enthusiasts. The IB also passes intelligence between other Indian intelligence agencies and the police. The bureau also grants the necessary security clearances to Indian diplomats and judges before they take the oath. On rare occasions, IB officers interact with the media during a crisis situation. The IB is also rumoured to intercept and open around 6,000 letters daily. It also has an email spying system similar to FBI's Carnivore system. The bureau is authorised to conduct wiretapping without a warrant.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: The IB was initially India's internal and external intelligence agency. Due to lapses on the part of the Intelligence Bureau to predict the Sino-Indian War of 1962, and later on, intelligence failure in the India-Pakistan War in 1965, it was bifurcated in 1968 and entrusted with the task of internal intelligence only. The external intelligence branch was handed to the newly created Research and Analysis Wing.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: IB operated a counterintelligence programme to prevent the CIA from gathering information about the preparations and activities related to the Indian Nuclear weapons project before the Pokhran-II nuclear tests.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: IB had mixed success in counter-terrorism. It was reported in 2008 that the IB had been successful in busting terror modules. It alerted the police before the Hyderabad blasts and gave repeated warnings of a possible attack on Mumbai through the sea before the November 2008 Mumbai attacks. On the whole, however, the IB came in for some sharp criticism by the media after the relentless wave of terror attacks in 2008. The government came close to sacking top intelligence officials soon after 26/11 attacks because of serious lapses that led to the 2008 Mumbai attacks. Heavy politics, under-funding and a shortage of field agents were the chief problems facing the agency. The overall strength of the agency is believed to be around 25,000, with 3500-odd field agents operating in the entire country. Of these, many were engaged in "political intelligence".


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: The agency has also boosted up its infrastructure and recruited more agents. It has been successful in stopping the earlier pattern of frequent terror attacks in India.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: The Group A (Gazetted) officers carry out coordination and higher-level management of the IB. Subsidiary Intelligence Bureaus (SIBs) are headed by officers of the rank of Joint Director or above, but smaller SIBs are also sometimes headed by Deputy Directors. The SIBs have their units at district headquarters headed by Assistant Director (AD) or Deputy Central Intelligence Officers (DCIO). The IB maintains a large number of field units and headquarters (which are under the control of Joint or Deputy Directors). It is through these offices and the intricate process of deputation that a very organic linkage between the state police agencies and the IB is maintained. In addition to these, at the national level the IB has several units (in some cases SIBs) to keep track of issues like terrorism, counter-intelligence, VIP security, threat assessment and sensitive areas (i.e. Jammu and Kashmir and such). IB officers (like their counterparts in R&AW) get monthly special pays and an extra one-month salary every year, as well as better promotions. IB Officers are either directly recruited or are deputed from


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: IB was created on 23 December 1887, by the British Secretary of State as a sub-sect of the Central Special Branch but there is no act of the Indian parliament nor executive order relating to the functioning of the IB. In 2013, a public interest litigant challenged the legality of IB.


title: Intelligence Bureau (India)

text: The Intelligence Bureau has been depicted in films such as "Bad Aur Badnaam" (Hindi, 1984), "Mukhbiir" (Hindi, 2008), "Vande Matharam" (Tamil, 2010), "Kahaani" (Hindi, 2012), "Jism 2" (Hindi, 2012), "Iru Mugan" (Tamil, 2016), and "Spyder" (Tamil, Telugu, 2017).


title: Razia Sultana

text: Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din () (died 15 October 1240, ), popularly known as Razia Sultana, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first female Muslim ruler of the subcontinent, and the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi.


title: Razia Sultana

text: A daughter of Mamluk Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, Razia administered Delhi during 1231–1232 when her father was busy in the Gwalior campaign. According to a possibly apocryphal legend, impressed by her performance during this period, Iltutmish nominated Razia as his heir apparent after returning to Delhi. Iltutmish was succeeded by Razia's half-brother Ruknuddin Firuz, whose mother Shah Turkan planned to execute her. During a rebellion against Ruknuddin, Razia instigated the general public against Shah Turkan, and ascended the throne after Ruknuddin was deposed in 1236.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia's ascension was challenged by a section of nobles, some of whom ultimately joined her, while the others were defeated. The Turkic nobles who supported her expected her to be a figurehead, but she increasingly asserted her power. This, combined with her appointments of non-Turkic officers to important posts, led to their resentment against her. She was deposed by a group of nobles in April 1240, after having ruled for less than four years. She married one of the rebels – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia – and attempted to regain the throne, but was defeated by her half-brother and successor Muizuddin Bahram in October that year, and was killed shortly after.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia's name is also transliterated as Raḍiyya or Raziyya. The term "Sultana", used by some modern writers, is a misnomer as it means "the king's wife" rather than "female ruler". Razia's own coins call her "Sultan Jalalat al-Duniya wal-Din" or as "al-Sultan al-Muazzam Raziyat al-Din bint al-Sultan". The Sanskrit-language inscriptions of the Sultanate call her "Jallaladina", while near-contemporary historian Minhaj calls her "Sultan Raziyat al-Duniya wa'l Din bint al-Sultan" or "Sultan Raziyat al-Duniya wa'l Din bint al-Sultan".


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia was born to the Delhi Sultan Shamsuddin Iltutmish, a Turkic slave ("mamluk") of his predecessor Qutb al-Din Aibak. Razia's mother – Turkan Khatun was a daughter of Qutb al-Din Aibak, and the chief wife of Iltutmish. Razia was the eldest daughter of Iltutmish, and probably his first-born child.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Iltutmish had groomed his eldest son Nasiruddin Mahmud to be his successor, but this son died unexpectedly in 1229. According to historian Minhaj-i-Siraj, Iltutmish believed his other sons were absorbed in pleasurable activities, and would be incapable of managing the state affairs after his death. While leaving for his Gwalior campaign in 1231,Iltutmish left his daughter Razia as in-charge of Delhi's administration. Razia performed her duties so well that after returning to Delhi, Iltutmish decided to name her as his successor. Iltutmish ordered his officer "mushrif-i mamlakat" Tajul Mulk Mahmud Dabir to prepare a decree naming Razia as the heir apparent. When his nobles questioned this decision on the basis that he had surviving sons, Iltutmish replied that Razia was more capable than his sons.


title: Razia Sultana

text: However, after Iltutmish's death, the nobles appointed his son Ruknuddin Firuz as the new king. Possibly, during his last years, Iltutmish had agreed to appoint a son as his successor. This is suggested by the fact that after becoming seriously ill, he had recalled Ruknuddin from Lahore to Delhi. Another possibility is that the legend of Iltutmish nominating Razia as his successor is a false story circulated by Razia's supporters after her ascension. Minhaj is the only near-contemporary source that narrates this legend, and he did not witness the events or the alleged decree himself: he was in Gwalior at the time, and did not return to Delhi until 1238.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Ruknuddin was not an able ruler, and left the control of administration to his mother Shah Turkan. The duo's blinding and execution of Iltutmish's popular son Qutubuddin, combined with Shah Turkan's high-handedness, led to rebellions by several nobles, and even the "wazir" (prime minister) "Nizamul Mulk" Junaidi joined the rebels. This situation became worse, when the Turkic-origin slave officers close to Ruknuddin planned killings of the sultanate's "Tazik" (non-Turkic) officers. This led to the murders of several important Tazik officers, including Junaidi's son Ziyaul Mulk and Tajul Mulk Mahmud, who had drawn up the decree declaring Razia as the heir apparent. While Ruknuddin marched towards Kuhram to fight the rebels, Shah Turkan planned to execute Razia in Delhi. At a congregational prayer, Razia instigated the general public against Shah Turkan. A mob then attacked the royal palace and detained Shah Turkan. Several nobles and the army pledged allegiance to Razia, and placed her on the throne, making her the first female Muslim ruler in South Asia. Ruknuddin marched back to Delhi, but Razia sent a force to arrest him: he was imprisoned and probably executed on 19 November 1236, having ruled for less than 7 months.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia's ascension to the throne of Delhi was unique not only because she was a woman, but also because the support from the general public was the driving force behind her appointment. According to the 14th century text "Futuh-us-Salatin", she had asked the people to depose her if she failed to meet their expectations.


title: Razia Sultana

text: From the very beginning of her reign, Razia faced stiff opposition from nobles of Turkic origin. She had ascended the throne with the support of the general public of Delhi rather than that of the powerful Turkic-origin provincial governors. Razia attempted to offset the power of the Turkic nobility by creating a class of non-Turkic nobles, which led to further opposition from the Turkic nobles.


title: Razia Sultana

text: "Nizamul Mulk" Muhammad Junaidi, a 'Tazik' (non-Turkic) officer who had held the post of the "wazir" (prime minister) since Iltutmish's time, refused to accept her ascension. He was joined by four Turkic nobles, who had also rebelled against Razia's predecessor Ruknuddin. These nobles included "Malik" Izzuddin Muhammad Salari of Badaun, "Malik" Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz of Multan, "Malik" Saifuddin Kuchi of Hansi, and "Malik" Alauddin Jani of Lahore. When these nobles marched against Razia from different directions, she sought help from "Malik" Nusratuddin Taisi, whom she had appointed as the governor of Awadh. However, shortly after crossing the Ganges on his way to Delhi, Taisi was captured by Kuchi's forces and died in captivity.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia then led an army out of the fortified city of Delhi to fight the rebels and set up a camp on the banks of the Yamuna River. After some indecisive skirmishes, the rebel leaders Muhammad Salari and Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz decided to join Razia. They secretly met with Razia, and the group planned to arrest other rebel leaders, including Junaidi. However, Junaidi and other rebel leaders learned about the plan, and escaped, pursued by Razia's forces. Saifuddin Kuchi and his brother Fakhruddin were captured, imprisoned, and later executed. Junaidi fled to the Sirmaur hills and died there. Alauddin Jani was killed at the Nakawan village, and his head was later brought to Delhi.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Immediately after ascending the throne, Razia made several important appointments.She appointed Khwaja Muhazzabuddin as her new "wazir" (prime minister), and conferred the title "Nizamul Mulk" upon him. Muhazzabuddin had earlier served as deputy to the previous "wazir" Junaidi. Razia appointed "Malik" Saifuddin Aibek Bahtu as the in-charge of her army, and conferred the title "Qutlugh Khan" upon him. However, Saifuddin died soon after, and Razia appointed "Malik" Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to the newly created office of "naib-i lashkar" (in-charge of the army). Razia assigned the iqta' of Lahore, formerly held by the slain rebel Alauddin Jani, to "Malik" Izzuddin Kabir Khan Ayaz, the rebel who had joined her. Razia appointed her loyalists to imperial household positions, including "Malik-i Kabir" Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin as "Amir-i Hajib" and "Malik" Jamaluddin Yaqut as "Amir-i Akhur".


title: Razia Sultana

text: Minhaj mentions that soon, all the nobles from Lakhnauti in the east to Debal in the west acknowledged her authority. Razia's first military campaign directed at non-rebels was an invasion of Ranthambore, whose Chahamana ruler had asserted his sovereignty after Iltutmish's death. Razia directed "Malik" Qutubuddin Hasan Ghuri to march to Ranthambore: he was able to evacuate the Turkic nobles and officers from the fort, but was unable to subjugate the Chahamanas. The Chahamanas, in alliance with the Mewatis, captured a large part of present-day north-eastern Rajasthan, and carried out guerilla war around Delhi. Razia also sent a force to re-assert Delhi's control over Gwalior, but this campaign had to be aborted.


title: Razia Sultana

text: During Razia's reign,the Shias revolted against the Sultanate, but the rebellion was suppressed. In a major incident, the Shia Qarmatians carried out an attack on the Jama masjid in Delhi. The Qarmatian leader Nuruddin Turk had earlier condemned the Sunni Shafi‘i and Hanafi doctrines, and had gathered nearly 1,000 supporters from Delhi, Gujarat, Sindh, and the Doab. On 5 March 1237, he and his supporters entered the mosque, and started killing the Sunnis assembled there for the Friday prayers, before being attacked by the citizens.


title: Razia Sultana

text: In 1238, Malik Hasan Qarlugh, the former Khwarazmian governor of Ghazni, faced a threat from the Mongols, and sent his son to Delhi, probably to seek a military alliance against the Mongols. Razia received the prince courteously, assigned him the revenues of Baran for his expenses, but refused to form an alliance against the Mongols.


title: Razia Sultana

text: The nobles who supported Razia intended her to be a figurehead, but she increasingly asserted herself. For example, her initial coins were issued with her father's name, but by 1237–1238, she had started issuing coins solely in her own name. Isami mentions that initially, she observed purdah: a screen separated her throne from the courtiers and the general public, and she was surrounded by female guards. However, later, she started appearing in public dressed in traditional male attire, wearing a cloak ("qaba") and a hat ("kulah"). She rode on elephants through the streets of Delhi, making public appearances like the earlier Sultans.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia's increasing assertiveness and her appointment of non-Turkic people to important posts created resentment among the Turkic nobles. The post of "Amir-i Akhur" had previously been held by officers of Turkic origin, and Yaqut was of Abyssinian origin: therefore, Razia's Turkic officers resented this appointment. Chroniclers such as Isami, Sirhindi, Badauni, Firishta, and Nizamuddin Ahmad attribute Razia's intimacy with Yaqut as a major cause of her downfall.


title: Razia Sultana

text: In 1238–1239, "Malik" Izudin Kabir Khan Ayaz – the governor of Lahore – rebelled against Razia, and she marched against him, forcing him to flee to Sodhra. Because the area beyond Sodhra was controlled by the Mongols, and because Razia continued to pursue him, Izzuddin was forced to surrender and accept Razia's authority once again. Razia treated him leniently; she took away the iqta of Lahore from him, but assigned him the iqta of Multan, which Iltutmish had assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Qaraqash Khan Aitigin.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia had recalled Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin, a Turkic slave purchased by Iltutmish, to her court in Delhi, and made him "Amir-i Hajib". She had also bestowed favours upon another slave of Iltutmish – Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, by assigning him first the iqta of Baran, and then, the iqta of Tabarhinda. However, these two officers conspired with other Turkic officers to overthrow her, while she was away on the Lahore campaign. Razia arrived in Delhi on 3 April 1240, and learned that Altunia had rebelled against her in Tabarhinda. Unaware that other nobles in Delhi had joined Altunia in conspiring against her, Razia marched towards Tabarhinda ten days later. At Tabarhinda, the rebel forces killed her loyalist Yaqut, and imprisoned her.


title: Razia Sultana

text: When the news of Razia's arrest reached Delhi, the rebel nobles there appointed Muizuddin Bahram – a son of Iltutmish – on the throne. He formally ascended the throne on 21 April 1240, and the nobles pledged allegiance to him on 5 May 1240. The nobles expected the new king to be a figurehead, and intended to control the affairs of the state through the newly created office of "naib-i mamlakat" (equivalent to regent), which was assigned to Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin. However, the new king had Ikhtiyaruddin Aitigin assassinated within 1–2 months.


title: Razia Sultana

text: After deposing Razia, the nobles at Delhi had distributed important offices and iqtas among themselves, ignoring claims of Ikhtiyaruddin Altunia, who had arrested Razia at Tabarhinda. After Aitigin's death, Altunia lost all hope of realizing any benefits from Razia's overthrow, and decided to ally with her. Razia also saw this as an opportunity to win back the throne, and married Altunia in September 1240. The two were supported by some other disgruntled Turkic nobles, including "Malik" Qaraqash and "Malik" Salari.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Altunia assembled an army, which according to Abdul Malik Isami, included Khokhars, Jats, and Rajputs. In September–October 1240, Sultan Muizuddin Bahram led an army against the forces of Altunia and Razia, and defeated them on 14 October 1240. Altunia and Razia were forced to retreat to Kaithal, where they were deserted by their soldiers, and were killed by a group of Hindus. Razia was killed on 15 October 1240.


title: Razia Sultana

text: The grave of Razia is located at Mohalla Bulbuli Khana near Turkman Gate in Old Delhi. The 14th century traveler Ibn Batuta mentions that Razia's tomb had become a pilgrimage centre: A dome had been built over it, and people sought blessings from it.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Razia's grave is said to have been built by her successor and half-brother Bahram. Another grave, said to be of her sister Shazia, is located beside her grave. Razia was a devotee of the Sufi saint Shah Turkman Bayabani, and the place where she is buried is said to be his hospice (khanqah).


title: Razia Sultana

text: Today, the site is largely neglected: the Archaeological Survey of India performs annual maintenance to it, but has been unable to beautify it further because it is surrounded by illegal construction, and is approachable only through a narrow, congested lane. In the late 20th century, the local residents constructed a mosque near it.


title: Razia Sultana

text: Coins of Razia are found in silver and billon; one gold coin of Bengal style is also known. Silver Tankas were issued from both Bengal (Lakhnauti) and Delhi. Initially she issued coins from Delhi in the name of her father Iltumish citing the title "Nasrat" i.e. female title of "Nasir".


title: Razia Sultana

text: Several Indian films have portrayed the empress. "Razia Begum" (1924) was an Indian silent film by Nanubhai B. Desai and Bhagwati Prasad Mishra. Devendra Goel directed "Razia Sultana", a 1961 Indian Hindi-language film which starred Nirupa Roy in the titular role. A notable portrayal was by Hema Malini in the 1983 biopic "Razia Sultan" by Kamal Amrohi.


title: Razia Sultana

text: In 2015, And TV started airing "Razia Sultan", a TV series on the life of Razia, starring Pankhuri Awasthy as Razia and Rohit Purohit as Altunia.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a condition caused by bacterial toxins. Symptoms may include fever, rash, skin peeling, and low blood pressure. There may also be symptoms related to the specific underlying infection such as mastitis, osteomyelitis, necrotising fasciitis, or pneumonia.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: TSS is typically caused by bacteria of the "Streptococcus pyogenes" or "Staphylococcus aureus" type, though others may also be involved. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome is sometimes referred to as toxic-shock-like syndrome (TSLS). The underlying mechanism involves the production of superantigens during an invasive streptococcus infection or a localized staphylococcus infection. Risk factors for the staphylococcal type include the use of very absorbent tampons, skin lesions in young children characterized by fever, low blood pressure, rash, vomiting and/or diarrhea, and multiorgan failure. Diagnosis is typically based on symptoms.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Treatment includes intravenous fluids, antibiotics, incision and drainage of any abscesses, and possibly intravenous immunoglobulin. The need for rapid removal of infected tissue via surgery in those with a streptococcal cause, while commonly recommended, is poorly supported by the evidence. Some recommend delaying surgical debridement. The overall risk of death is about 50% in streptococcal disease, and 5% in staphylococcal disease. Death may occur within 2 days.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: In the United States, streptococcal TSS occurs in about 3 per 100,000 per year, and staphylococcal TSS in about 0.5 per 100,000 per year. The condition is more common in the developing world. It was first described in 1927. Due to the association with very absorbent tampons, these products were removed from sale.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Symptoms of toxic shock syndrome (TSS) vary depending on the underlying cause. TSS resulting from infection with the bacterium "Staphylococcus aureus" typically manifests in otherwise healthy individuals via signs and symptoms including high fever, accompanied by low blood pressure, malaise and confusion, which can rapidly progress to stupor, coma, and multiple organ failure. The characteristic rash, often seen early in the course of illness, resembles a sunburn (conversely, streptococcal TSS will rarely involve a sunburn-like rash), and can involve any region of the body including the lips, mouth, eyes, palms and soles of the feet. In patients who survive, the rash desquamates (peels off) after 10–21 days.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: STSS caused by the bacterium "Streptococcus pyogenes", or TSLS, typically presents in people with pre-existing skin infections with the bacteria. These individuals often experience severe pain at the site of the skin infection, followed by rapid progression of symptoms as described above for TSS.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: In both TSS (caused by "S. aureus") and TSLS (caused by "S. pyogenes"), disease progression stems from a superantigen toxin. The toxin in "S. aureus" infections is TSS Toxin-1, or TSST-1. The TSST-1 is secreted as a single polypeptide chain. The gene encoding toxic shock syndrome toxin is carried by a mobile genetic element of "S. aureus" in the SaPI family of pathogenicity islands. The toxin causes the non-specific binding of MHC II, on professional antigen presenting cells, with T-cell receptors, on T cells.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: In typical T-cell recognition, an antigen is taken up by an antigen-presenting cell, processed, expressed on the cell surface in complex with class II major histocompatibility complex (MHC) in a groove formed by the alpha and beta chains of class II MHC, and recognized by an antigen-specific T-cell receptor. This results in polyclonal T-cell activation. Superantigens do not require processing by antigen-presenting cells but instead, interact directly with the invariant region of the class II MHC molecule. In patients with TSS, up to 20% of the body's T-cells can be activated at one time. This polyclonal T-cell population causes a cytokine storm, followed by a multisystem disease.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: For staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome, the diagnosis is based upon CDC criteria defined in 2011, as follows:


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: The severity of this disease frequently warrants hospitalization. Admission to the intensive care unit is often necessary for supportive care (for aggressive fluid management, ventilation, renal replacement therapy and inotropic support), particularly in the case of multiple organ failure. Treatment includes removal or draining of the source of infection—often a tampon—and draining of abscesses. Outcomes are poorer in patients who do not have the source of infection removed.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Antibiotic treatment should cover both "S. pyogenes" and "S. aureus". This may include a combination of cephalosporins, penicillins or vancomycin. The addition of clindamycin or gentamicin reduces toxin production and mortality.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: In some cases doctors will prescribe other treatments such as blood pressure medications (to stabilize blood pressure if it is too low), dialysis, oxygen mask (to stabilize oxygen levels), and sometimes a ventilator. These will sometimes be used to help treat side affects of contracting TSS.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: With proper treatment, people usually recover in two to three weeks. The condition can, however, be fatal within hours. TSS has a mortality rate of 30%–70%. Children who are affected by TSS tend to recover easier than adults do.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Staphylococcal toxic shock syndrome is rare and the number of reported cases has declined significantly since the 1980s. Patrick Schlievert, who published a study on it in 2004, determined incidence at three to four out of 100,000 tampon users per year; the information supplied by manufacturers of sanitary products such as Tampax and Stayfree puts it at one to 17 of every 100,000 menstruating females per year.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: TSS was considered a sporadic disease that occurred in immunocompromised people. It was not a more well-known disease until the 1980s, when high-absorbency tampons were in use by menstruating women. Due to the idea of the tampons having a high absorbency this led women to believe that they could leave a tampon in for several hours. Doing this allowed the bacteria to grow and infect women. This resulted in a spike of cases of TSS.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Philip M. Tierno Jr. helped determine that tampons were behind TSS cases in the early 1980s. Tierno blames the introduction of higher-absorbency tampons in 1978. A study by Tierno also determined that all-cotton tampons were less likely to produce the conditions in which TSS can grow; this was done using a direct comparison of 20 brands of tampons including conventional cotton/rayon tampons and 100% organic cotton tampons from Natracare. In fact, Dr Tierno goes as far to state, "The bottom line is that you can get TSS with synthetic tampons, but not with an all-cotton tampon."


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: A rise in reported cases occurred in the early 2000s: eight deaths from the syndrome in California in 2002 after three successive years of four deaths per year, and Schlievert's study found cases in part of Minnesota more than tripled from 2000 to 2003. Schlievert considers earlier onset of menstruation to be a cause of the rise; others, such as Philip M. Tierno and Bruce A. Hanna, blame new high-absorbency tampons introduced in 1999 and manufacturers discontinuing warnings not to leave tampons in overnight.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Toxic shock syndrome is commonly known to be an issue for females who menstruate. TSS although can occur in people of all ages and genders. Around fifty percent of Toxic Shock Syndrome cases are in non menstruating cases. TSS in these cases can be caused by skin wounds, surgical sites, nasal packing, and burns.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: The term "toxic shock syndrome" was first used in 1978 by a Denver pediatrician, James K. Todd, to describe the staphylococcal illness in three boys and four girls aged 8–17 years. Even though "S. aureus" was isolated from mucosal sites in the patients, bacteria could not be isolated from the blood, cerebrospinal fluid, or urine, raising suspicion that a toxin was involved. The authors of the study noted reports of similar staphylococcal illnesses had appeared occasionally as far back as 1927, but the authors at the time failed to consider the possibility of a connection between toxic shock syndrome and tampon use, as three of the girls who were menstruating when the illness developed were using tampons. Many cases of TSS occurred after tampons were left in after they should have been removed.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: Following controversial test marketing in Rochester, New York, and Fort Wayne, Indiana, in August 1978, Procter and Gamble introduced superabsorbent Rely tampons to the United States market in response to women's demands for tampons that could contain an entire menstrual flow without leaking or replacement. Rely used carboxymethylcellulose (CMC) and compressed beads of polyester for absorption. This tampon design could absorb nearly 20 times its own weight in fluid. Further, the tampon would "blossom" into a cup shape in the vagina to hold menstrual fluids without leakage.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: In January 1980, epidemiologists in Wisconsin and Minnesota reported the appearance of TSS, mostly in those menstruating, to the CDC. "S. aureus" was successfully cultured from most of the subjects. The Toxic Shock Syndrome Task Force was created and investigated the epidemic as the number of reported cases rose throughout the summer of 1980. In September 1980, CDC reported users of Rely were at increased risk for developing TSS.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: On 22 September 1980, Procter and Gamble recalled Rely following release of the CDC report. As part of the voluntary recall, Procter and Gamble entered into a consent agreement with the FDA "providing for a program for notification to consumers and retrieval of the product from the market". However, it was clear to other investigators that Rely was not the only culprit. Other regions of the United States saw increases in menstrual TSS before Rely was introduced.


title: Toxic shock syndrome

text: It was shown later that higher absorbency of tampons was associated with an increased risk for TSS, regardless of the chemical composition or the brand of the tampon. The sole exception was Rely, for which the risk for TSS was still higher when corrected for its absorbency. The ability of carboxymethylcellulose to filter the "S. aureus" toxin that causes TSS may account for the increased risk associated with Rely.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva () is a 2022 Indian Hindi-language fantasy action-adventure film written and directed by Ayan Mukerji. It is produced by Karan Johar, Apoorva Mehta, Namit Malhotra, and Mukerji (in his debut production)under the production companies Dharma Productions, Starlight Pictures, and Prime Focus in association with Star Studios, along with Ranbir Kapoor and Marijke DeSouza. The film serves as the first installment of a planned trilogy, which is itself planned to be part of a cinematic universe titled "Astraverse". It stars Amitabh Bachchan, Ranbir Kapoor, Alia Bhatt, Nagarjuna Akkineni and Mouni Roy with Shah Rukh Khan and Deepika Padukone making cameo appearances within the film. Drawing inspiration from stories in Hindu mythology, the film follows Shiva, an orphan with pyrokinetic powers who discovers that he is an "astra", a weapon of enormous energy. He attempts to prevent the strongest of the "astras", the "Brahmāstra", from falling into the hands of dark forces that share a history with him.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: The Film's production took 8 years to complete. It was first conceived by Mukerji in 2011, with core elements being inspired by Indian history and stories he heard in his childhood. Its development was first revealed in July 2014 with a planned release for 2016, but its official announcement by Johar would only arrive in October 2017; initially named "Dragon", the announcement also revealed that the film would be titled "Brahmāstra" and have two sequels. Principal photography lasted for five years from February 2018 to March 2022, with filming locations including Bulgaria, London, New York City, Edinburgh, Thailand, Manali, Mumbai and Varanasi. Production and release of the film was delayed multiple times, first due to production delays and monetary constraints, and later due to the COVID-19 pandemic. The film score is composed by Simon Franglen, while the soundtrack is composed by Pritam and written by Amitabh Bhattacharya.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: "Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva" was theatrically released on 9 September 2022 in standard formats, 3D, IMAX 3D and 4DX 3D by Star Studios in India, 20th Century Studios in North America, and by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures worldwide. It is the first production released under the Star Studios name following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney. The film received mixed reviews with praise for its performances, visual effects, music, score and action sequences while criticism was mostly directed towards the story, writing and dialogue. The film has estimated grossed over worldwide, making it ultimately the highest-grossing Hindi film of 2022, the 5th highest grossing Indian film of 2022 and the 20th highest-grossing Indian film of all time. Two sequels are being developed simultaneously and a spin-off is also being considered.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: In ancient India, a group of sages in the Himalayas collide with the energy "Brahm-shakti", which produces many celestial weapons of great power called "astras". The strongest among them, the "Brahmāstra", has the capacity to destroy the world. The sages use their respective "astras" to tame the unstable "Brahmāstra" and become the "Brahmānsh", a secret society to protect the world from the powers of "astras".


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: In present-day Mumbai, Shiva, a disc jockey (played by Ranbir Kapoor), falls in love at first sight with Isha Chatterjee (played by Alia Bhatt), a London resident who is visiting India for the Durga Puja festival at her grandfather's "pandal". Soon, Isha reciprocates and expresses her feelings for Shiva. Shiva tells her that he is an orphan who never knew his father, and that his mother died in a fire when he was a baby. Meanwhile, in Delhi, scientist and "Brahmānsh" member Mohan Bhargav (played by Shahrukh Khan) is attacked by Zor and Raftar for a piece of "Brahmāstra" he safeguards. Mohan fights back using the "Vānarāstra" but is ultimately subdued by Junoon, who works for the mysterious Dev. Under Junoon's possession, Mohan reveals that the second piece of "Brahmāstra" is protected by an artist and archaeologist named Anish Shetty in Kashi. Before he can reveal the current location and "guru" of the "Brahmānsh" ("Āshram"), Mohan throws himself out of a balcony.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Shiva has a vision of Mohan's encounter with Junoon. He and Isha head for Kashi to warn Anish but are interrupted by Raftar, who now wields Mohan's "Vānarāstra". Anish defeats him using the "Nandi Astra" before escaping with Shiva and Isha. While going to Himachal Pradesh, where "Āshram" is located, they are chased by Junoon and Zor in a truck. Anish gives the second piece of the Brahmāstra to Shiva and stays to fight Junoon and Zor, only to be killed. Shiva and Isha are chased by Raftar to "Āshram" where Shiva kills him using the "Agnyāstra" after he tried to kill Isha. At "Āshram", they learn about other "astras" and Shiva is forced to join "Brahmānsh" by the "guru" Raghu for information on his parents. He meets other new recruits Rani, Raveena, Sher and Tenzing, who are all trained by Raghu on how to use their respective astras and Shiva also gains control over fire. As Junoon gets closer to them, Raghu reveals that Shiva is the son of former "Brahmānsh" members, Dev and Amrita. Dev actually awoke the "Brahmāstra" as he was the only person who was able to control multiple "astras" at once.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Amrita (pregnant with Dev's child), who wielded the "Jalāstra", defeated him in a battle on a remote island and both of them seemingly perished from the battle. Amrita's boat was found in the ruins of the battle, brought back from the island, with two broken pieces of the "Brahmāstra". The pieces of the "Brahmāstra" were given to both Mohan and Anish. The third piece was believed to be missing, with Raghu and Shiva concluding that they both survived the battle. The third piece of the "Brahmāstra" is in Amrita's "Mayāstra" disguised into a conch shell, which Raghu releases by dropping Shiva's blood on the conch. Junoon and her army arrive at Āshram for the "Brahmāstra" and hold everyone hostage. Shiva defeats Junoon while also killing Zor, who wielded "Nandi Astra" and releases everyone. But Junoon manages to take the third piece from Isha. She seemingly sacrifices herself to activate the "Brahmāstra". The destruction starts to begin and Isha is in danger, but Shiva gains control over the "Brahmāstra" with newfound strength stemming from his protectiveness of Isha and reunites with her.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Before the credits, due to Junoon having activated the Brahmāstra, Dev, who was imprisoned as a statue on an unknown island, is released.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: The idea of "Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva" first came to Mukerji in 2011 while writing the script for his second film "Yeh Jawaani Hai Deewani" (2013). Mukerji first announced that he was working on a new project in July 2014. At the time, the film was titled "Dragon". In October 2017, "Brahmāstra" was officially announced by producer Karan Johar. Mukerji was signed as the director while Ranbir Kapoor and Alia Bhatt were set to star. Initially, the film's title was rumoured to be "Dragon", but was later confirmed as "Brahmāstra". Mukerji explained that the title "Brahmāstra" "resonates with the ancient wisdom, energies and power." Mukerji also revealed that it is a "contemporary film with ancient elements." In 2017, Johar revealed his plan to make the film into a film trilogy. The preparation for the film started in January 2018.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: In an interview, Kapoor stated that Mukerji "has spent six years of his life working really hard to make an original story" and that the trilogy would be made over a period of 10 years and refuted rumours suggesting that it is a romantic superhero film. Instead, Kapoor confirmed that the film is a "romantic-fairytale in a supernatural format". and that the film is not something which "doesn't have truth to it, or which is unbelievable". Nagarjuna Akkineni also confirmed that he would be playing a "pivotal" role. Mouni Roy revealed in an interview that she is the "only antagonist" in the film.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: In June 2022, Mukerji announced the film would be a part of a trilogy franchiseserving as the first instalmentunder the "Astraverse", a cinematic universe centered around various mystical "astras". In August 2022, Roy confirmed Shah Rukh Khan had a cameo appearance in the film.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Ayan Mukherjee started work 9 years before the theatrical release. Pre-production work started in 2014 and filming began in 2018. In February 2018, Bachchan and Kapoor did look tests in the presence of Mukerji.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: In July 2022, a video was released featuring Mukerji explaining the mystical universe of various "astras". He explained how from the "Brahm-Shakti", "astras" were born, which compose all the different energies that are found in nature like "Jalāstra" (water), "Pawanāstra" (wind), and "Agnyastra" (fire). He also talked about "astras" that store the powers of different animals like the "Vanarāstra", which can give the power of a "divine" monkey to the person who controls it, and the "Nandiāstra", which contains the power and strength of a thousand bulls, within itself. The last āstra to emerge from the universe, carrying the collective power of the Brahm-Shakticalled the "lord of all the "āstras""is explained to be one of the most powerful celestial weapons of gods (or Devas) in Hindu mythology, the "Brahmāstra". Mukerji stated that the core idea was inspired by stories of Hindu mythology he heard in his childhood from his grandfather.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Mukerji revealed that the inspiration behind actor Kapoor's character came from Rumi who also inspired the first look of his character. Mukerji also drew inspiration from Rumi's work: "love is the bridge between you and everything", to build the foundation of the film. Later, he revealed that the Rumi-inspired look was scrapped and Kapoor had gotten a haircut instead. Kapoor revealed his experience with look tests for the film, expressing that it is a "tedious job: sticking, removing applying, de-applying, and applying again, until some decision is reached".


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Principal photography began in February 2018 with the commencement of the first schedule of the film on 24 February 2018. The first schedule of the film was wrapped up in Bulgaria on 24 March 2018. The second schedule of filming continued in said country and then London on 8 July 2018, in New York in late July, and then back in Bulgaria by the end of the month. Extensive shooting started on 1 February 2019 at Edinburgh, Scotland. The 20-day schedule started in the Ramnagar Fort and Chet Singh Fort in Varanasi on 30 July 2019. The filming was halted in March 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and later resumed in November 2020. Filming wrapped up on 29 March 2022 in Varanasi. After S. S. Rajamouli's father, K.V. Vijayendra Prasad, proposed some changes in the film to Mukerji, reshoots were conducted for four days.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: It was reported that the production budget for the film , which would make it one of the most expensive Indian films and the most expensive Hindi film ever at the time of its release. However, the lead actor Ranbir Kapoor later clarified that the reported budget was for production of all three main installments of the franchise, and the assets built during the production of the first film will be used in future installments.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: In the post-production, it is estimated that 150 crore Indian rupees spent on VFX by makers. The VFX work of this film is done by DNEG- Prime focus company. Editing was supervised by Prakash Kurup. "Jam8" music and sound design studio lead by Pritam provided sound effects. VFX studio DNEG and ReDefine's foreign team created visual effects. Chiranjeevi gave the voice-over for the Telugu version. Ranbir and Alia Bhatt did their dubbing portion in September 2020 in a studio in Bandra.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: The film score is by Pritam along with Prasad Shaste, Jim Satya, Meghdeep Bose, Tanuj Tiku & Ketan Sodha. while the original songs featured in the film are composed by Pritam and produced and mixed by British musician Steel Banglez, with songs written by Amitabh Bhattacharya. The film's titular soundtrack album was officially released on October 6 to streaming formats and digital retailers, coinciding with the occasion of Dussehra.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: "Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva" was one of the most anticipated Hindi releases of 2022. The title logo of the film was revealed on 4 March 2019. The same day, it was unveiled on Maha Shivratri at Kumbh Mela; 150 drones were used to lit the sky up to form it. The official logo of "Brahmāstra" was released on 6 March 2019, while SS Rajamouliwho serves as the film's presenter for its South Indian language versionsand Dhanush presented it in the Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada versions on 12 March 2019. A forty-second motion logo was also released, with Bachchan's voiceover in it. Also on 12 March, a promotional behind-the-scenes video of the making of the music score for the motion logo, featuring the film's music composer Pritam, was released. On 5 April 2019, a promotional behind-the-scenes video of the execution of the title logo's unveiling in the sky was released. A motion poster featuring Kapoor's then undisclosed character was released on 14 December 2021. The following day, another motion poster featuring his character, Shiva, was released on 15 December 2021, while a fan event in support of the poster launch was held some hours prior to it in New Delhi, and was broadcast live by the film's streaming partner, Disney+ Hotstar, on its platform and social media. An event was held in Hyderabad to launch the Telugu, Tamil, Malayalam and Kannada versions of the motion poster, on 19 December 2021. On 16 March 2022, a poster and the first prologue of Bhatt's character, Isha, was released.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: On 26 March 2022, Mukerji, Kapoor and Bhatt were featured in Byju's' "Cricket Live" segment as part of Star Sports' post cricket show during the inaugural IPL 2022 game between Chennai Super Kings and Kolkata Knight Riders while Kapoor appeared and announced the game in a television commercial. A promotional announcement video commemorating the film's wrap was released on 29 March 2022. On 10 April 2022, a motion poster featuring Kapoor and Bhatt's characters, and set to the song "Kesariya"sung by Arijit Singhwas released, along with a still version. The teaser of said song's Telugu version, titled "Kumkumala", sung by Sid Sriram, was released and presented by Rajamouli on 27 May 2022. On 31 May 2022, the film's teaser trailer was released, which also unveiled the release date of the official trailer; an event and fan "meet-and-greet" was held in Visakhapatnam in support of its release. First look posters of Bachchan's character, Guru, and Nagarjuna's character, Anish, were released during the second week of June. On 13 June 2022, an announcement video was released, revealing that actor Chiranjeevi will be lending his voice to Kapoor's character, Shiva, for the film's Telugu dubbed version. A first look motion poster of Roy's character, Junoon, was released the following day. On 15 June 2022, the film's official trailer was released, with an event in support of it, that included a preview screening of the trailer being held a day prior to its release in Mumbai. A 4K version of the trailer was released four days later. On 13 July 2022, a promotional featurette titled "The Vision of "Brahmāstra"", featuring Mukerji explaining the mystical universe of various "āstras" named as "Astraverse" and the creative vision behind it, was released. On 17 July 2022, hours prior to its release, the song "Kesariya", was unveiled in a livestream hosted by Bhatt and Mukerji on Instagram, in which they also discussed about the making of the track. On 31 July 2022, an Instagram filter featuring visuals of various "āstras", was released. On 6 August 2022, a featurette was released featuring Mukerji sharing his complete journey and process till "Part One – Shiva" from the beginning of his vision for the Brahmāstra film trilogy. A 3D preview screening of the second song from the film's soundtrack, "Deva Deva", sung by Singh, was held in Mumbai that day as well, two days before the single's release"."


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: In the second week of August, hoardings of the film's songs were held up in New York City and LA, in collaboration with YouTube Premium, in promotion of an "afterparty" livestream that was announced to take place on 18 August on the service. On 17 August 2022, a video was released, featuring Mukerji explain his inspirations behind the film, which dates back to anecdotes he heard as a child. A day later, the previously teased "afterparty" livestream session took place exclusively via YouTube Premiumon Sony Music India's channel, in support of the film's third song, "Dance Ka Bhoot"with Mukerji, Kapoor and Bhatt interacting with fans and discussing the film's music, production, and promotional campaign. A poster of Kapoor's character, featuring a snippet of the song's background music as well as teasing the music video, was released. On 24 August 2022, a promotional event in support of the film was held in Chennai, led by Kapoor, Rajamouli, and Nagarjuna. On 27 August 2022, a promotional summit as well as another "meet-and-greet" was held at IIT Bombay, with Kapoor and Bhatt. A pre-release event was also announced, which scheduled to be held on 2 September 2022, at Ramoji Film City, Hyderabad, with actor Jr NTR as the special guest. However, it was cancelled last-minute due to undisclosed reasons. On 30 August 2022, a clip featuring an excerpts of Kapoor's character, Shiva, from the film was shared, as part of a ten-day countdownwhich ran from 30 August to 8 Septemberto the film's release. Another clip was released as part of the countdown, featuring Bachchan's character, Guru, the following day, with Mukerji stating he chose 9 September 2022 as the release date as he believes nine is his lucky number. Kapoor and Bhatt co-starred together in an advertisement campaign of Spotify India, which was released in association with the film, featuring two of the film's songs, "Kesariya" and "Dance Ka Bhoot".


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: On 1 September 2022, Telugu, Tamil and Kannada versions of the "Vision of "Brahmāstra"" featurette, featuring Rajamouli explain the "Astraverse"'s themes, were released. The film's release countdown continued with a clip introducing the "Vānarāstra", released the same day, with media outlets speculating it to be part of Shah Rukh Khan's confirmed cameo appearance. On 3 September 2022, a pre-release promo was released in Hindi, Telugu and Tamil to announce the opening of advance bookings for tickets in theatres. On 4 September, a featurette of the film's action sequences and their filming and choreography, was shared. On 6 September 2022, a 3D exclusive fan preview screening of the film was announced, which was held in Mumbai the day before the film's release, on 8 September with Kapoor, Bhatt, and Mukerji. Tickets were available via PVR Cinemas' web store, and sold out within minutes of the announcement. A fan-meet and press conference with Mukerji, Kapoor, and Bhatt was also held in New Delhi to promote the film.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: "Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva" was released on 9 September 2022, in standard formats, 3D, IMAX 3D, and 4DX 3D. The film was released by Star Studios in India in Hindi, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam, and Kannada languages, with Telugu film director S. S. Rajamouli presenting the dubbed versions in the latter four South Indian languages. It is the first film released under the Star Studios name following the acquisition of 21st Century Fox by Disney and rebranding of Fox Star Studios. The film was also released in North America by 20th Century Studios and worldwide on the same day by Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures. It was shown in 5000 screens in India and 3000 overseas, for a worldwide total of 8000 screens, the widest for an Indian film. The film had planned paid previews in the United States on 8 September 2022, a day before its release.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: The film was originally planned to release on 23 December 2016 but was delayed by several years owing to production delays and monetary constraints, and later due to the COVID-19 pandemic. In October 2017, the film was announced for a 15 August 2019 release; "Brahmāstra" was pushed to Christmas 2019 and then to the summer of 2020 due to pending work on the film's visual effects and music. In February 2020, its release date was announced as 4 December 2020. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India, the release was delayed indefinitely. In December 2021, a final release date of 9 September 2022 was announced.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: On 2 September 2022, the Delhi High Court, under an interim order, restrained eighteen piracy websites from illegally streaming the film on the Internet, following a lawsuit filed by Star India.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: Before its release, there were calls for boycotting the film by right-wing Hindu nationalists who were opposed to all films from Bollywood, alleging that anti-Hindu sentiments were prevalent in the industry. An old interview of Kapoor where he had mentioned that he likes eating beef regained traction on social media platforms; cows are venerated in Hinduism. Consequently, Kapoor and Bhatt were stopped from entering the Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga in Ujjain by members of the Bajrang Dal, a Hindu nationalist militant organization.


title: Brahmāstra: Part One – Shiva

text: On September 17, 2022, Rebecca Campbell, Chairman of International Content and Operations for Disney, confirmed while speaking with "The Economic Times" about the success of Disney+ Hotstar that the film will be streaming on Hulu in the US, Star+ in Latin America and Disney+ internationally. The film digitally premiered on Hulu in the U.S. and Disney+ Hotstar in India and overall Asia on November 4, 2022. An English dub of the film was also released on the former the same day. The film, alongside its English dub, was released on Disney+ on December 7, 2022.