title: The Onion

text: In the fall of 1996, Ben Karlin, who had been a writer/editor for the publication since graduating from the University of Wisconsin in 1993, moved to Los Angeles and joined other former "Onion" staff members to create a pilot for a news parody titled "Deadline: Now" for the Fox Network. While the 15-minute pilot, which was completed in 1997, was never picked up as a series for production, its creation led to steady writing work for Karlin and other former "Onion" staffers, such as writing some episodes of "Space Ghost Coast to Coast" on the Cartoon Network. In the wake of Karlin's departure, Siegel assumed the publication's duties as editor of the publication.


title: The Onion

text: Sometime after "The Onion" appeared online in 1996, the publication was threatened with a lawsuit from Janet Jackson because of the article "Dying Boy Gets Wish: To Pork Janet Jackson". "We were very nearly sued out of existence by Janet Jackson", said Siegel, adding that in the past he was forbidden to talk about the legal matter and the celebrity involved.


title: The Onion

text: On January 27, 1998, MTV premiered "Virtual Bill", a collaboration between writers of "The Onion" and 3-D character studio Protozoa. The titular "Virtual Bill" character was a quasi-realistic CGI version of Bill Clinton created by studio Protozoa who introduced music videos and told jokes written by the staff of "The Onion". The voice of "Virtual Bill" was provided by then editor Dikkers. After the initial premiere, "Virtual Bill" returned to MTV on December 17, 1998, with another TV special and an interactive web special produced by Pulse that ported the 3D data into a web compatible format using Pulse's proprietary plug-in.


title: The Onion

text: In January 1999, when Jon Stewart became the host of "The Daily Show" he tapped former "Onion" writer/editor Karlin to be head writer of the newly restructured show. "He had heard about this group of Onion people in L.A. and, in a weird way, I was the "de facto" ringleader of our group in L.A. I came to New York. Jon and I connected. It was kind of like a slightly awkward, but successful, first date. When I got back to Los Angeles, they offered me the head writer job".


title: The Onion

text: From March 3–7, 1999, writers and editors of "The Onion" attended U.S. Comedy Arts Festival in Aspen, Colorado in part to promote the forthcoming "Our Dumb Century" anthology and were met with effusive praise for their work from notable comedians such as Conan O'Brien, Dave Foley and Dave Thomas as well as cartoonist Peter Bagge and musician Andy Prieboy.


title: The Onion

text: On March 23, 1999, "The Onion"s first fully original book, "" was released. The book featured mocked-up newspaper front pages from the entire 20th century, presented under the premise that the publication had been continuously in print since before 1900. In the wake of the book's success, networks such as HBO and NBC were in talks to bring "The Onion" to TV with a special based on "Our Dumb Century".


title: The Onion

text: Despite nearly two years of work spent on conceiving and producing "Our Dumb Century", the writers only received bonuses of a few thousand dollars, despite the fact that the two-book publishing deal netted "The Onion" $450,000.


title: The Onion

text: In April 2000, DreamWorks Studios optioned two stories from the satirical newspaper, "Canadian Girlfriend Unsubstantiated"—which was to be written by former "Onion" editor and writer Rich Dahm—and "Tenth Circle Added to Rapidly Growing Hell" with an eye toward producing the latter as a family comedy. "The story is so dark and hate filled—I was shocked", said head writer Todd Hanson. "It's like an Onion joke. I mean, what are they going to do? Add a sickly-but-adorable moppet?" added editor Robert Siegel. DreamWorks planned for the finished "Tenth Circle Added to Rapidly Growing Hell" to involve animation as well as musical singalongs.


title: The Onion

text: In June 2000, writers and editors of "The Onion" participated in Comedy Central panel discussion moderated by Jeff Greenfield titled "The State of "The Onion"" during the "Toyota Comedy Festival 2000".


title: The Onion

text: In July 2000, "The Onion"s editor Robert Siegel was named one of "People" magazine's most eligible bachelors. "If a person is beautiful on the inside", Siegel said, "looks don't really matter".


title: The Onion

text: Beginning in the fall of 2000 to early 2001, the company relocated its editorial offices from Madison, Wisconsin, to a renovated warehouse in the Chelsea neighborhood of Manhattan (New York City) to raise "The Onion"s profile, expand the publication from being simply a humor newspaper into a full production company, as well as develop editorial content in other media—including books, television and movies—and engage more directly with Internet companies as far as advertising revenue goes.


title: The Onion

text: In February 2001, Miramax Films head Harvey Weinstein announced they had reached a first look agreement to develop scripts and features with "The Onion". "As lifelong New Yorkers, we're proud to welcome "The Onion" to our city with this first-look deal", said Harvey Weinstein. "With their witty, sophisticated humor, they will undoubtedly soon be the toast of the town", Weinstein added.


title: The Onion

text: On September 27, 2001, "The Onion" debuted its New York City print edition with an issue focused on the September 11 attacks. The popularity, and critical praise, of the issue resulted in "The Onion"s website's online traffic nearly doubling in the weeks following the attacks.


title: The Onion

text: In November 2002, a humorous op-ed piece in "The Onion" that was satirically bylined by filmmaker Michael Bay titled "Those Chechen Rebels Stole My Idea" was removed from the site without explanation. Entertainment industry trade magazine Variety theorized, "It's not clear if Bay—a frequent object of "The Onion"s satire—requested the move."


title: The Onion

text: In 2003, "The Onion" was purchased by David Schafer, who had previously managed the $2.5 billion investment fund, from previous long time owners Peter Haise and Scott Dikkers. The sale was a process that had been in the works since July 2001 and according to a memo from then owner Haise, "[Schafer] understands our quirky company and knows that we need some time to get to a higher level of operations and sales." In a 2003 CNN profile of "The Onion", Schafer stated with regards to the company and the purchase, ""The Onion"s strong point was never accounting, financial management, or business. Buying it was a bit of a shot in the dark, but we felt we could get a handle on it." Also in 2003, editor Robert Siegel quit his day-to-day role at "The Onion" to focus on writing screenplays full-time. "After the 14,000th headline I felt the itch to use a different part of my brain", he said. "You can go mad thinking in headline form." In the wake of his departure, long time staff writer Carol Kolb assumed the publication's duties as editor of the publication.


title: The Onion

text: In 2005, "The Onion" moved its New York City offices from its initial Chelsea location to downtown on Broadway in the SoHo neighborhood of Manhattan (New York City).


title: The Onion

text: In 2006, "The Onion" had reached a print circulation of 549,000; it was distributed for free in several cities. The same year, it launched a YouTube channel, which was structured as a parody of modern American television news programs. In June 2006, it was also announced that Siegel had been tapped by Miramax Films to write the screenplay for a comedy titled "Homeland Insecurity" which was slated to be about a pair of Arab-Americans who are mistaken for terrorists while traveling to Texas. Additionally, rumors of a potential sale of "The Onion" to media conglomerate Viacom began appearing in various news outlets during July 2006 with The New York Times: DealBook expanding on the discussion by stating, "While a source tells DealBook that such a deal has indeed been discussed, it is in very early stages and may never happen."


title: The Onion

text: In April 2007, "The Onion" launched the Onion News Network, a parody of "the visual style and breathless reporting of 24-hour cable news networks like CNN."


title: The Onion

text: In 2008 Carol Kolb became the head writer of the Onion News Network with the role of the publication's editor being taken over by writer Joe Randazzo. Randazzo first became a writer for "The Onion" in 2006 and—in his role as an editor—became the first editor of the publication that had no connection to "The Onion" during the publication's initial Madison, Wisconsin, era.


title: The Onion

text: In April 2009, "The Onion" was awarded a 2008 Peabody Award noting that the publication provides "...ersatz news that has a worrisome ring of truth."


title: The Onion

text: In November 2009, "The Onion" released "Our Front Pages: 21 Years of Greatness, Virtue, and Moral Rectitude From America's Finest News Source" which was notable in not only compiling dozens of front pages from the publication's history as a news parody but also showcasing front pages from the publication's early, more casual campus humor focused era during the 1980s when the publication featured headlines such as, "Depressed? Try Liposuction on that Pesky Head."


title: The Onion

text: In July 2009, various news outlets began reporting rumors of an impending sale of "The Onion" with further details of the sale to be made on Monday, July 20, 2009. The purported sale was revealed as fictional Publisher Emeritus T. Herman Zweibel stating he'd sold the publication to a Chinese company—Yu Wan Mei Corporation—resulting in a week-long series of Chinese-related articles and features throughout the publication's website and print editions. On Wednesday, July 22, 2009, the publication's editor (Joe Randazzo) clarified the issue on National Public Radio's "All Things Considered", stating: "I'm sure there are many Chinese conglomerates out there that would love to buy "The Onion". We are, in fact, still a solvent independently owned American company."


title: The Onion

text: In August 2011, "The Onion"s website began testing a paywall model, requiring a $2.95 monthly/$29.95 annual charge from non-U.S. visitors who wish to read more than about five stories within 30 days. "We are testing a meter internationally as readers in those markets are already used to paying directly for some (other) content, particularly in the UK where we have many readers", said the company's CTO Michael Greer.


title: The Onion

text: In September 2011, it was announced that "The Onion" would move its entire editorial operation to Chicago by the summer of 2012. The news of the move left many of the writers—who moved with the publication from Madison to New York City in 2000—"blindsided", putting them in a position to decide whether to uproot themselves from New York City and follow the publication to Chicago, which was already home to the company's corporate headquarters. At a comedy show on September 27, 2011, then editor Joe Randazzo announced that he would not be joining the staff in Chicago.


title: The Onion

text: With the publication's core editorial staff now based in Chicago, in March 2012 Cole Bolton—a Brown University graduate of business economics, former associate economist at the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago and research associate at Harvard Business School—was named the new editor-in-chief of "The Onion". "I was never in an improv group, never in a sketch group, never wrote for an "Onion" parody in college", said Bolton in a 2014 interview with comedy publication "Splitsider". "It was just sort of a decision that I decided, two years out of college, that I didn’t like where I was going in my life, and I wanted to do something that I cared about more, so I ended up just sending stuff in to "The Onion"."


title: The Onion

text: Additionally, in March 2012 more insight into the internal issues surrounding the Chicago move—including an attempt made by the writers to find a new owner—are explored by articles in "The Atlantic Wire" and "New York" magazine's "Daily Intelligencer". According to an article in the "Chicago Tribune", founding editor Scott Dikkers returned to the publication in light of the Chicago move stating that he hopes to find a "younger and hungrier" pool of talent in Chicago than what was available in New York City. ""The Onion" is obviously always going to draw talent from wherever it is", Dikkers said. "In Madison, people used to just come in off the street [...] and we'd give them a shot. "The Onion" has always thrived on the youngest, greenest people."


title: The Onion

text: In August 2012, it was announced that a group of former "The Onion" writers had teamed up with Adult Swim to create comedy content on a website called "Thing X". According to the comedy website Splitsider, ""The Onion" writers had nothing else going on, and AdultSwim.com wanted to take advantage of that. But only because they smelled a business opportunity. Adult Swim is just looking at it from a business standpoint." In June 2013, it was announced that "Thing X" would be shutting down with some staff moving over to parent website adultswim.com on June 18, 2013. In February 2013 "The Onion" was added to "Advertising Age"s "Digital A-List 2013" because the publication "...has not just survived, it's thrived..." since the publication's 2012 move to consolidate operations and staff in Chicago.


title: The Onion

text: In November 2013, the publication announced in "Crain's Chicago Business" that "The Onion" would move to an all-digital format by December 2013, citing a 30% year-over-year growth in pageviews to the publication's website.


title: The Onion

text: In 2013, "The Onion" received an email from Michael Cohen claiming that an article published about Donald Trump was defamation, and demanded that it be removed with an apology.


title: The Onion

text: In June 2014, "The Onion" launched the spinoff website ClickHole, which satirizes and parodies so-called "clickbait" websites such as BuzzFeed and Upworthy that capitalize on viral content to drive traffic.


title: The Onion

text: In November 2014, "Bloomberg News" reported that "The Onion" had hired a financial adviser for a possible sale. Additionally, in a memo addressing potential sale rumors provided to Walt Mossberg's tech site Re/code Onion CEO Steve Hannah states, "We have had follow-up conversations with numerous parties in recent months. Our advisors will continue to have those conversations and, hopefully, they will lead to the right outcome."


title: The Onion

text: In June 2015 Steve Hannah—the publication's CEO since 2004— stepped down from the position with the new CEO role passed onto current president of the organization, Mike McAvoy.


title: The Onion

text: On September 21, 2015, "StarWipe"—a spinoff sister site of "The A.V. Club" centered on celebrity culture—was launched. It was closed on June 17, 2016.


title: The Onion

text: In October 2015, CEO Mike McAvoy announced a restructuring of the organization, layoffs as well as a series of management changes. "But even though we’ve done well, we have not been able to keep pace with our ambitious goals for Onion Inc." Kurt Mueller—the company's COO—elaborated on the details stating, "We were overstaffed for the non-media-agency part of the business. We have less demand for a ton of new content for a brand. There's demand, but we just overestimated what the demand is."


title: The Onion

text: In January 2016, Univision Communications purchased a 40% stake in Onion, Inc. "As an independent media company, we’ve always been forced to run a tight financial ship, which has made us smart and lean, but not always ready to invest in the great new ideas that we come up with," Mr. McAvoy said in a memo to staff. "I’m excited to see what we can do with Univision behind us." This brings "The Onion" into the Fusion Media Group arm of Univision, the same media family as the Gizmodo collection of sites (Kotaku, Lifehacker, Deadspin, etc.), which also has led to a consolidated media management platform and aligned content presentation styles with these sister sites.


title: The Onion

text: In January 2017, "The Onion" partnered with Lionsgate Films and production company Serious Business to develop multiple film projects. "We've plotted our takeover of the film industry for some time", said Kyle Ryan, vice president of Onion Studios, in a wry statement. "With the help of Serious Business and Lionsgate, we'll make room on our award shelf for some Oscars. To the basement you go, Pulitzers." Serious Business is a production company run by former UTA Online co-founder Jason U. Nadler, "@midnight" co-creator Jon Zimelis and writer/producer Alex Blagg.


title: The Onion

text: In September 2017, the site's editor-in-chief Cole Bolton and executive editor Ben Berkley were stepped down from their posts. Chad Nackers—"The Onion"’s head writer—will take over as the role of editor-in-chief. The departures were partially due to disagreements about the direction the site was taking under the ownership of Univision.


title: The Onion

text: In April 2018 the employees of the company unionized with The Writers Guild Of America, East. The union comprises "all of the creative staffs at Onion Inc.: "The A.V. Club", "The Onion", "ClickHole", "The Takeout", Onion Labs, and Onion Inc.’s video and art departments." and reached a contract agreement with management on December 20, 2018.


title: The Onion

text: In July 2018, rumors of pending layoffs at "The Onion" and related websites "Clickhole" and "The A.V. Club" were reported. Corporate parent Univision Communications is said to be looking to reduce the staff of the humor publication by around 15% amidst news of a pending sale of "The Onion" and related websites as well as Gizmodo Media Group assets. As stated an official Univision press release on the topic, "Univision Communications Inc. (UCI) […] today announced that the Company has initiated a formal process to explore the sale of the assets comprising the Gizmodo Media Group (GMG) and "The Onion"."


title: The Onion

text: On April 8, 2019, private equity firm Great Hill Partners acquired Gizmodo Media Group—including "The Onion", "The A.V. Club", and "Clickhole"—from Univision for an undisclosed amount. The properties will be formed into a new company named G/O Media Inc.


title: The Onion

text: During "The Onion" print edition's 25-year run—from the publication's initial creation in 1988 to the end of the print edition in 2013—it was distributed for free in various cities across the United States and Canada as well as via paid mail order subscription to subscribers around the world. By the time the print edition of "The Onion" ceased publication in December 2013, it was only available in Chicago, Milwaukee and Providence. At its peak, "The Onion" had a print circulation of about 500,000 while the publication's websites brought in more than 10 million unique monthly visitors. Below is a list of all of the cities in which "The Onion" was distributed freely at different points from 1988 to 2013.


title: The Onion

text: As of 2022, the current editor of "The Onion" is Chad Nackers. Past editors and writers have included:


title: The Onion

text: Since the first publication of "Our Dumb Century" in 1999, "The Onion" has produced various books that often compile already produced material into collected volumes. The 2007 publication of "Our Dumb World" and the 2012 publication of "The Onion Book Of Known Knowledge" are the only other fully original books content-wise—other than "Our Dumb Century"—that "The Onion" has released.


title: The Onion

text: In April 2007, "The Onion" launched "Onion News Network"—a daily web video broadcast—with a story about an illegal immigrant taking an executive's $800,000-a-year job for $600,000 a year. The publication reportedly initially invested about $1 million in the production and initially hired 15 new staffers to focus on the production of this video broadcast. On February 3, 2009, "The Onion" launched a spin-off of the "Onion News Network" called the "Onion Sports Network."


title: The Onion

text: In a "Wikinews" interview in November 2007, former "Onion" President Mills said the "Onion News Network" had been a huge hit. "We get over a million downloads a week, which makes it one of the more successful produced-for-the-Internet videos", said Mills. "If we're not the most successful, we're one of the most.'


title: The Onion

text: In January 2011, "The Onion" launched two TV shows on cable networks: "Onion SportsDome" which premiered January 11 on Comedy Central, and the "Onion News Network" which premiered January 21 on Independent Film Channel (IFC). Later in the year IFC officially announced the renewal of the "Onion News Network" for a second season in March 2011 while Comedy Central officially announced the cancellation of "Onion SportsDome" in June 2011.


title: The Onion

text: In August 2011, the Writers Guild of America, East, AFL–CIO, announced the unionization of the "Onion News Network" writing staff, averting a potential strike which hinged on pay and benefits. It is also not the first time Onion, Inc. has been criticized for the way it treats its employees: In June 2011 "A.V. Club" Philadelphia city editor Emily Guendelsberger was the victim of an attack and—according to the "Philadelphia Daily News"—her job did not provide health insurance to cover hospital bills. According to the WGA, "Onion News Network" was the only scripted, live-action program that had employed non-union writers. "The ONN writers stood together and won real improvements", said WGAE Executive Director Lowell Peterson. "We welcome them into the WGAE and we look forward to a productive relationship with the company." Peterson noted that more than 70 Guild members from all of the New York-based comedy shows signed a letter supporting the "Onion News Network" writers, and hundreds of Guild members sent emails to the producers.


title: The Onion

text: In March 2012, IFC officially announced the cancellation of the "Onion News Network". After the show's cancellation, a pilot for a new comedy series titled "Onion News Empire" premiered on Amazon.com in April 2013, which presented as a behind-the-scenes look of "The Onion"s newsroom. The pilot was one of several candidates for production on Amazon, but was not ultimately selected.


title: The Onion

text: In 2008, "The Onion" launched a series of YouTube videos produced by its 'Onion Digital Studios' division, funded in part by a grant from YouTube and exclusive to the site. Series produced were:


title: The Onion

text: "The Onion Movie" is a direct-to-video film written by then-"Onion" editor Robert D. Siegel and writer Todd Hanson and directed by Tom Kuntz and Mike Maguire. Created in 2003, Fox Searchlight Pictures was on board to release the movie, originally called "The Untitled Onion Movie", but at some point in the process, directors Kuntz and Maguire—as well as writer Siegel—walked away from the project. In 2006, New Regency Productions took over the production of the troubled project. After two years of being in limbo, the film was released directly on DVD on June 3, 2008. Upon its release it was credited as being directed under the pseudonym of James Kleiner but is still directed by Kuntz and Maguire.


title: The Onion

text: In the spring of 2014, former president, publisher, and CEO of "The Onion" Peter Haise filed a lawsuit Palm Beach County court against the publication's current chairman David K. Schafer regarding a missing "Executive Producer" credit on the failed film. As stated in the lawsuit, "Onion, Inc. has admitted that Haise was involved in and should have been named as an Executive Producer of the Film, and that the omission in the credits listed for the Film was an error."


title: The Onion

text: The "Onion Radio News" was an audio podcast/radio show produced by "The Onion" from 1999 and 2009. The core voice of the podcast was that of a fictional newsreader named "Doyle Redland" who was voiced by Pete S. Mueller. At its peak "Onion Radio News" was picked up by the Westwood One radio network as well as Audible.com.


title: The Onion

text: On February 5, 2018, "The Onion" published its first podcast, titled "A Very Fatal Murder". It was released in six parts and parodies other true crime podcasts such as "Serial" and "My Favorite Murder". The story follows Onion Public Radio reporter David Pascall (voiced by David Sidorov) as he tries to investigate the murder of a 17-year-old girl named Hayley Price in the fictional town of Bluff Springs, Nebraska.


title: The Onion

text: On January 16, 2020, "The Onion" expanded its podcast formula to include "The Topical", a news podcast which parodies the style and format of NPR drive-time news broadcasts.


title: The Onion

text: Occasionally, the straight-faced manner in which "The Onion" reports non-existent events, happenings and ideas has resulted in third parties mistakenly citing "The Onion" stories as real news.


title: The Onion

text: Several commentators have characterized "The Onion"s satire as overtly political. Noreen Malone characterized the publication as having a left-leaning outlook by stating:


title: The Onion

text: Malone—like other pundits—specifically noted the publication's sharp take on the Syrian Civil War, with David Weigel characterizing the publication's stance as effectively being "…advocacy for intervention in Syria." Weigel attributed the trend toward more news satire—including political news satire—as being a byproduct of the publication's shorter turnaround times after the Internet edition became the main outlet for the publication's voice, endangering "The Onion" of becoming a "…hivemind version of Andy Borowitz, telling liberals that what they already think is not only true but oh-so-arch." Slate's Farhad Manjoo similarly attributed the publication's "…faster, bigger, more strident, and, to me, a little inconsistent…" vibe to the exigencies of the Internet.


title: The Onion

text: Emmett Rensin claimed "The Onion" is an important if unintentional fomenter of Marxist thought in America:


title: The Onion

text: According to Rensin, examples of indictments of false consciousness, commodity fetishization and valorization of the invisible hand also abound. Rensin attributes the material to the humorists' need to work from "obvious, intuitive truth—the kind necessary for any kind of broadly appealing humor" rather than a conscious decision to promote Marxism.


title: The Onion

text: Some of the publication's political impact is unintentional. For example, the "Onion"s long-running caricature of Joe Biden as a blue-collar "creepy but harmless uncle" character is often believed to have positively affected the real Joe Biden's public image. In May 2019, the former "Onion" editor Joe Garden published an op-ed in "Vice" to express his regret over the character, which he felt had distracted from serious concerns about Biden's political record and personal behavior.


title: The Onion

text: In 2017, President Donald Trump expressed confidence that his son-in-law Jared Kushner, whom he had just appointed as an advisor on foreign affairs, could bring peace to the Middle East. An Onion article then made fun of the idealistic way in which Trump treated the long, complicated and bloody conflict as a mere organisational issue he could delegate, reporting that peace between Israel and Arabia was just too big for Kushner to achieve within the already started office week and now had to be shifted into the subsequent week. The article was then passed around by White House staffers who were apparently alienated by Kushner's appointment.


title: The Onion

text: In September 2005, the assistant counsel to President George W. Bush, Grant M. Dixton, wrote a cease-and-desist letter to "The Onion", asking the publication to stop using the presidential seal, which it used in an online parody of Bush.


title: The Onion

text: "The Onion" responded with a formal request to use the seal in accordance with the executive order, while maintaining that its use was legitimate. The letter stated, "It is inconceivable that anyone would think that, by using the seal, "The Onion" intends to 'convey... sponsorship or approval' by the president", but then went on to ask that the letter be considered a formal application requesting permission to use the seal.


title: The Onion

text: During the 85th Academy Awards, a post on "The Onion"s Twitter account called 9-year-old Best Actress nominee Quvenzhané Wallis "a cunt". The post was deleted within an hour, but not before hundreds of angry responses. CEO Steve Hannah issued an apology to Wallis and the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, calling the remarks "crude and offensive" and "No person should be subjected to such a senseless, humorless comment masquerading as satire." Scott Dikkers—who was Vice President Creative Development for the publication at the time—said in an interview with NBC 5 Chicago that the publication had sent an apology note to Quvenzhané and her family but also stated, "She's a big star now. I think she can take it." The publication's public apology was denounced by some former "Onion" writers, with one stating, "It wasn't a great joke, but big deal."


title: The Onion

text: On June 16, 2017, "The Onion" featured an article describing professional wrestler The Big Show being killed by WWE after a seven-year-old boy wandered into a steel cage during a live event in Indianapolis. The article, meant to lampoon the real-life killing of Harambe, a gorilla in a Cincinnati zoo, received criticism for satirizing the murder of an actual person as well as leading many wrestling fans to believe Big Show was dead.


title: The Onion

text: In October of 2022, "The Onion" filed its first "amicus curiae" brief with the Supreme Court of the United States, in the case "Novak v. City of Parma". "The Onion" supported the certiorari petition of Anthony Novak, who was seeking civil damages after having been arrested and unsuccessfully prosecuted over a Facebook page parodying the page of the Parma Police Department. "The Onion" brief contained numerous jokes, including a claimed readership of 4.3 trillion, a remark that "the federal judiciary is staffed entirely by total Latin dorks", and a boast regarding Jonathan Swift that "its writers are far more talented, and their output will be read long after that hack Swift's has been lost to the sands of time".


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks is a painting by Ilya Repin. It is also known as Cossacks of Saporog Are Drafting a Manifesto and in Russian, ().


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: Repin began the 2.03 m (6 foot 8 inch) by 3.58 m (11 foot 9 inch) canvas in 1880 and finished in 1891. He recorded the years of work along the lower edge of the canvas. Alexander III bought the painting for 35,000 rubles. Since then, the canvas has been exhibited in the State Russian Museum in Saint Petersburg with another version by Repin in the Kharkiv Art Museum in Kharkiv, Ukraine.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: "Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks" depicts a supposedly historical tableau, set in 1676, and based on the legend of Cossacks sending an insulting reply to an ultimatum from the Sultan of the Ottoman Empire, Mehmed IV.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: According to the story, the Zaporozhian Cossacks (from "beyond the rapids", Ukrainian: "za porohamy"), inhabiting the lands around the lower Dnieper River in Ukraine, had defeated Ottoman Empire forces in battle. However, despite his army having suffered this loss to them, Mehmed demanded that the Cossacks submit to Ottoman rule. The Cossacks, led by Ivan Sirko, replied in a characteristic manner; they wrote a letter, replete with insults and profanities. The painting exhibits the Cossacks' pleasure at striving to come up with ever more base vulgarities.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: In the 19th century, the historical Zaporozhian Cossacks were sometimes the subject of picturesque tales demonstrating admiration of their primitive vitality and contemptuous disregard for authority (in marked contrast to the more civilized subjects of the authoritarian Russian state). Whether the incident portrayed actually happened or is just another of these tales is not known, but no concrete or reliable evidence exists that it did happen, although the question remains disputed.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: U.S.-based Slavic and Eastern European historian Daniel C. Waugh (1978) observed: "The correspondence of the sultan with the Chyhyryn Cossacks had undergone a textual transformation sometime in the eighteenth century whereby the Chyhyryntsy became the Zaporozhians and the controlled satire of the reply was debased into vulgarity. In this vulgar version, the Cossack correspondence spread quite widely in the nineteenth century. (...) The best-known reflection of the nineteenth-century popularity of the Cossack correspondence is the famous painting by II'ia Repin showing the uproarious Zaporozhians penning their reply."


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: According to Ukrainian historian Volodymyr Pylypenko (2019), the letter is 'perhaps the most famous forgery in Ukrainian history, a fake with a long and vibrant history (...). The text has undergone numerous translations and rewritings.' A French and a German translation became the best-known versions, as these made the text accessible to a large European readership. Pylypenko pointed out that the letter bears many stylistic similarities to other fake documents and forgeries that appeared in the 17th century, including the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth and the Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy), which purported to be genuine correspondence between various Eastern European Christian monarchs and the Ottoman sultan, but were in fact works of political-religious propaganda.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: Nikolai Gogol's 1842 romantic-historical novella "Taras Bulba" describes the incident in passing. Repin associated with Savva Mamontov and his artistic circle and probably heard the story there; at any rate, Repin made his first sketches for the painting in Mamontov's home.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: While working on the original version, Repin in 1889 began work on a second version. This work remained unfinished. The artist tried to make the second version of "The Cossacks" more "historically authentic". In 1932 it was transferred by the Tretyakov Gallery to the M. F. Sumtsov Kharkiv Historical Museum. In 1935, it was moved to the , where it is now stored. This canvas is slightly smaller than the original version.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: In the novel "Compartment No. 6" by the Finnish author Rosa Liksom, she describes a train trip across Russia during the last days of the Soviet Union. In a town where the train stopped, she writes: "On the main wall of the dining room was a fair reproduction of Ilya Repin's painting 'Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks to Sultan Mehmed.' At the place on the painting where the angry letter is being written someone had used a ball-point pen to scrawl the words: To Stalin." She must have been describing the second version of the painting.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: During the Russian invasion of eastern Ukraine in March 2022, when the Kharkiv region came under heavy artillery and air fire, the museum staff rushed to remove their artworks from the museum to a safer place. The second version of "The Cossacks" was amongst the artworks relocated for safety.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: The "Cossacks” who posed for the painting were friends of Repin and academics from Saint Petersburg University, and included men of Ukrainian, Russian, Cossack, Jewish and Polish ancestry.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: The image has become a well-known reference in Russian culture, parodied or emulated by other work such as political cartoons, including "Members of Duma drafting a reply to Stolypin" and "Soviet leaders write the letter of defiance to George Curzon", seen below. It is also referenced in other works, such as both the 2009 Russian film "Taras Bulba", which depicts the scene itself, and the American film of the same name (which includes the painting in its opening credits); both are adaptations of a historical novella by that name, though the novella does not include the scene.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: Beyond Russia, the painting is frequently used as a symbol or metonymy for Cossacks in general. The "Cossacks" expansion to the video game "Europa Universalis IV" adapted the text of the reply for its trailer and included artwork based on the original painting, the game "" has the central detail of the picture in its logo, and the game "Cossacks 3" has the painting as the background of the main menu.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: The text has inspired several adaptations; most notable is probably the French versification by Guillaume Apollinaire, included as "Réponse des Cosaques Zaporogues au Sultan de Constantinople" as part of his poem "La Chanson du mal-aimé", in his 1913 collection "Alcools". This version was set to music by Dmitri Shostakovich in his Symphony No. 14, amongst other poets, and by French singer-songwriter Léo Ferré, in a full oratorio on "La Chanson du mal-aimé" in 1953.


title: Reply of the Zaporozhian Cossacks

text: Not all treatment of the painting has been positive. Particularly, art critic Clement Greenberg's influential 1939 essay "Avant-Garde and Kitsch" selected Repin's painting as an example of "kitsch".


title: Gracie family

text: The Gracie Family () are a prominent martial arts family originally from Belém, state of Pará, Brazil whose ancestors came from Paisley, Scotland. They are known for creating the self-defense martial arts system of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu, also known as Brazilian Jiu-Jitsu.


title: Gracie family

text: They have been successful in combat sports competitions for over 80 years representing their self-defense system (Gracie Jiu-Jitsu) including mixed martial arts (MMA), Vale tudo and submission wrestling events. Several members were involved in the creation of the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC) along with the promoter Art Davie.


title: Gracie family

text: As a family, the Gracies upheld the "Gracie Challenge", a martial arts challenge intended to showcase the effectiveness of their style of jiu-jitsu, against other martial arts disciplines. Members have affinity to, and are consanguineously related to the Machado family.


title: Gracie family

text: Gastão Gracie from Rio de Janeiro, the grandson of George Gracie through his son Pedro married Cesarina Pessoa Vasconcellos, the daughter of a wealthy Ceará family, in 1901 and decided to settle in Belém do Pará. Gastão Gracie became a business partner of the American Circus in Belém. In 1916, the Italian Argentine Queirolo Brothers staged circus shows there and presented Mitsuyo Maeda, a Japanese "judoka" and prize fighter. Gastão Gracie also was responsible for helping Maeda establishing a Japanese community in Brazil. In 1917, Carlos Gracie, the eldest son of Gastão Gracie, watched a demonstration by Mitsuyo Maeda at the Da Paz Theatre and decided to learn judo. Mitsuyo Maeda, also known as Conde Koma thus accepted to teach Gastão's son Carlos as a thank you to Gastão for helping him get settled. In 1921, however, following financial hardship and his own father Pedro's demise, Gastão Gracie returned to Rio de Janeiro with his family.


title: Gracie family

text: Maeda's teachings were then passed on through local Rio de Janeiro coaches to Carlos and brothers Oswaldo, Gastão Jr., George, and Hélio. There's a version saying that Helio was too young and slow at that time to learn the art and due to his medical imposition was prohibited to physically partake in training, but it is now known that he became a coxswain for the local rowing team as well as a competitive swimmer. Hélio successfully learned the art of Jiu Jitsu by watching his older brothers train, but due to his fragile condition instead of using pure strength Hélio learned to use leverage and specific body movements to successfully submit his opponents. Therefore, today Hélio Gracie is considered the man responsible for developing Brazilian jiu-jitsu into what it is today.


title: Gracie family

text: For a number of years, the Gracie family ran a competitive monopoly on vale tudo events. Through their competitive rise, the men allocated power and influence with which they sought to promote Gracie family members within the vale tudo community.


title: Gracie family

text: Roger Gracie won the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship 10 times in various weight divisions (6 times at 100 kg, once at 100+kg, and 3 times in the Absolute division). He also won the Pan-American Championship in the Absolute division in 2006 and the European Championships in 2005 in the 100+kg and Absolute divisions.


title: Gracie family

text: Kron Gracie won the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship in the under 77 kg division in 2013 and the European Championships in the 82 kg division in 2009.


title: Gracie family

text: Kyra Gracie won the ADCC Submission Wrestling World Championship in the Women's under 60 kg division in 2005, 2007, and 2011 and the World Jiu-Jitsu Championship four times (three times in the Women's under 64 kg division and once in the Women's Absolute Division).


title: Gracie family

text: The Gracie philosophy goes beyond the application of simply submitting opponents. The Gracie philosophy prepares practitioners for life, enabling them to live a healthy life and use their body and mind to its full potential. The philosophy promotes a life free of drugs, alcohol, and cigarettes. The reason being that taking care of your body is crucial in reaching your full potential in Jiu Jitsu. Staying connected with family and friends is also a must in the family's philosophy, as it develops mental and spiritual strength among practitioners. Jiu Jitsu to the Gracie's is a way of life, that had been established by founders of Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ), Grand Masters Carlos and Hélio Gracie.


title: Gracie family

text: In the early 1990s, Rorion Gracie collaborated with promoter Art Davie to create an eight-man single-elimination tournament for the purpose of showcasing the effectiveness of Gracie jiu-jitsu against other martial arts. The tournament would be no-holds-barred combat, much like the vale tudo matches the family had participated in for years in Brazil. The event was to be televised and would aim to publicly determine the best martial art.


title: Gracie family

text: The inaugural tournament took place on November 12, 1993. Rorion's younger brother Royce served as a combatant in the tournament, representing the family's martial art. Despite being the smallest competitor, Royce was able to win all three of his matches, and was crowned champion.


title: Gracie family

text: As more events were held, Royce would go on to win two more early UFC tournaments. His victories brought widespread attention to the family's style of jiu-jitsu, attracting many martial artists, especially in America, to begin training the art that proved so effective against the various styles showcased in the early UFC tournaments.


title: Gracie family

text: The Gracie triangle is considered by some to be the symbol of Jiu-Jitsu, and can be traced back to the first Brazilian jiu-jitsu (BJJ) academies which were operated by Carlos and Hélio Gracie. The triangle symbol came into existence when the two brothers Carlos and Hélio were photographed demonstrating a specific technique. The way their bodies were shaped during the demonstration formed a perfect triangle. This same photograph was later used as the cover of the first book written by Carlos Gracie, and featured detailed information about fundamental attacks and defenses in BJJ. The triangle then became a symbol of the Gracie family and much more. Each side of the triangle represents an element of Gracie Jiu-Jitsu of which each BJJ athlete must focus: mind, body, and spirit.


title: Gracie family

text: Gracie family patriarch Hélio Gracie was a member of the Brazilian movement Integralism, which first appeared in Brazil in 1932. Today, many members of the Gracie family are also close to Brazilian President Jair Bolsonaro, who received an honorary black belt from Robson Gracie in 2018.


title: Gwynne Gilford

text: Gloria Gwynne Gilford is an American psychotherapist and former actress. She appeared in several television series in the 1970s and 1980s, including "A New Kind of Family", "The Young Lawyers" and "The Waverly Wonders", and had roles in the films "Beware! The Blob" (1972), "Satan's School for Girls" (1973), "Ruby and Oswald" (1978), "Fade to Black" (1980), "Kate's Secret" (1986) and "Masters of the Universe" (1987).


title: Gwynne Gilford

text: Gilford is the daughter of actress Anne Gwynne (born Marguerite Gwynne Trice) and entertainment lawyer Max M. Gilford. According to Gilford, her mother wouldn't allow her to act in film as a child.


title: Gwynne Gilford

text: Gilford studied at the University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) and in New York. She played Abby Stone, a divorcée and head of the household, in the 1979 comedy "A New Kind of Family".


title: Gwynne Gilford

text: She is married to actor Robert Pine. They are the parents of the actor Chris Pine and Katherine Pine. After retiring from acting, she and Katherine studied to become practicing psychotherapists.


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: Michael O'Keefe (born Raymond Peter O'Keefe, Jr.; April 24, 1955) is an American actor, known for his roles as Danny Noonan in "Caddyshack", Ben Meechum in "The Great Santini," for which he received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor, and Darryl Palmer in the Neil Simon movie "The Slugger's Wife". He also appeared as Fred on the television sitcom "Roseanne" from 1993 to 1995.


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: Raymond Peter O'Keefe Jr. was born in Mount Vernon, New York, the oldest of seven children in an Irish American family. He is the son of Stephanie (née Fitzpatrick) and Raymond Peter O'Keefe, who was a law professor at Fordham University and who also taught at St. Thomas University. O'Keefe was raised in Larchmont, New York.


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: He graduated from Mamaroneck High School. He attended the American Academy of Dramatic Arts and New York University. He holds an MFA in creative writing from Bennington College.


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: O'Keefe is known for his role as Danny Noonan in the comedy film "Caddyshack". He received a Best Supporting Actor Oscar nomination for his role as Ben, the oldest son of a Marine aviator in "The Great Santini" (1979) starring Robert Duvall, who was also nominated for an Academy Award for the film. He played a Marine in the CBS miniseries "A Rumor of War" (1980) as the friend of Brad Davis' character, Philip Caputo.


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: O’Keefe played the lead role in the 1982 film "Split Image" as a college athlete who is lured into a religious cult by a beautiful girl (Karen Allen). He appeared in the Neil Simon movie "The Slugger's Wife" (1985) as Darryl Palmer, a baseball player for the Atlanta Braves who enjoys the fame and fringe benefits of bachelor life until he meets rock singer Debby Huston, falls in love, and decides to settle down.


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: He appeared in the thriller film "The Glass House" and starred with Tommy Lee Jones in the 1983 pirate adventure "Nate and Hayes". O'Keefe appeared with George Clooney in "Michael Clayton". He has appeared twice with Jack Nicholson, as his son in "Ironweed" and as the father of a murdered girl in "The Pledge". He appeared in the film "Frozen River". He played the district attorney Calvin Beckett in the film "American Violet".


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: O'Keefe's Broadway theatre credits include "Side Man" (1998), "Mass Appeal" (1981), "Fifth of July" (1980), and "Reckless" with Mary-Louise Parker (2004). He starred in the play "A Few Good Men" in 1992 with a national tour as Lt. Jg. Daniel Kaffee.


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: O'Keefe's highest-profile television role was as Fred, the husband of Jackie Harris (Laurie Metcalf) on the ABC series "Roseanne" from 1993 to 1995. He played the husband in the series "Life's Work" from 1996 to 1997. Additional television credits include the lead role of Simon MacHeath in the short-lived Boston-based series "Against the Law", which aired on Fox during the 1990–91 season, and the role of Ron Steffey in the 1992 CBS drama "Middle Ages".


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: O'Keefe has guest-starred on "Saving Grace", "The West Wing", "Criminal Minds", "The Closer", "Law & Order", "", "", "House", "M*A*S*H", "Ghost Whisperer", "Brothers and Sisters", "Leverage", "Blue Bloods" and "The Waltons". In 2014, he appeared in a recurring role in "Homeland" as CIA agent and former interim station chief John Redmond and as Detective Winslow in the Amazon Prime original TV series "Sneaky Pete".


title: Michael O'Keefe

text: O'Keefe was married to rock/blues singer Bonnie Raitt from April 27, 1991, to November 1999, when they divorced.


title: Ken Loach

text: Kenneth Charles Loach (born 17 June 1936) is a British film director and screenwriter. His socially critical directing style and socialist ideals are evident in his film treatment of social issues such as poverty ("Poor Cow", 1967), homelessness ("Cathy Come Home", 1966), and labour rights ("Riff-Raff", 1991, and "The Navigators", 2001).


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach's film "Kes" (1969) was voted the seventh greatest British film of the 20th century in a poll by the British Film Institute. Two of his films, "The Wind That Shakes the Barley" (2006) and "I, Daniel Blake" (2016), received the Palme d'Or at the Cannes Film Festival, making him one of only nine filmmakers to win the award twice.


title: Ken Loach

text: Kenneth Charles Loach was born on 17 June 1936 in Nuneaton, Warwickshire, the son of Vivien (née Hamlin) and John Loach. He attended King Edward VI Grammar School and at the age of 19 went to serve in the Royal Air Force. He read law at St Peter's College, Oxford and graduated with a third-class degree. As a member of the Oxford University Experimental Theatre Club he directed an open-air production of "Bartholomew Fair" for the Shakespeare Memorial Theatre, Stratford, in 1959 (when he also took the role of the shady horse-dealer Dan Jordan Knockem). After Oxford, he began a career in the dramatic arts.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach worked first as an actor in regional theatre companies and then as a director for BBC Television. His 10 contributions to the BBC's "Wednesday Play" anthology series include the docudramas "Up the Junction" (1965), "Cathy Come Home" (1966) and "In Two Minds" (1967). They portray working-class people in conflict with the authorities above them. Three of his early plays are believed to be lost. His 1965 play "Three Clear Sundays" dealt with capital punishment, and was broadcast at a time when the debate was at a height in the United Kingdom. "Up the Junction", adapted by Nell Dunn from her book with the assistance of Loach, deals with an illegal abortion while the leading characters in "Cathy Come Home", by Jeremy Sandford, are affected by homelessness, unemployment, and the workings of Social Services. "In Two Minds", written by David Mercer, concerns a young schizophrenic woman's experiences of the mental health system. Tony Garnett began to work as his producer in this period, a professional connection which would last until the end of the 1970s.


title: Ken Loach

text: During this period, he also directed the absurdist comedy "The End of Arthur's Marriage", about which he later said that he was "the wrong man for the job". Coinciding with his work for "The Wednesday Play", Loach began to direct feature films for the cinema, with "Poor Cow" (1967) and "Kes" (1969). The latter recounts the story of a troubled boy and his kestrel, and is based on the novel "A Kestrel for a Knave" by Barry Hines. The film was well received, although the use of Yorkshire dialect throughout the film restricted its distribution, with some American executives at United Artists saying that they would have found a film in Hungarian easier to understand. The British Film Institute named it No 7 in its list of best British films of the twentieth century, published in 1999.


title: Ken Loach

text: During the 1970s and 1980s, Loach's films were less successful, often suffering from poor distribution, lack of interest and political censorship. His documentary "The Save the Children Fund Film" (1971) was commissioned by the charity, who subsequently disliked it so much they attempted to have the negative destroyed. It was only screened publicly for the first time on 1 September 2011, at the BFI Southbank. Loach concentrated on television documentaries rather than fiction during the 1980s, and many of these films are now difficult to access as the television companies have not released them on video or DVD. At the end of the 1980s, he directed some television advertisements for Tennent's Lager to earn money.


title: Ken Loach

text: "Days of Hope" (1975) is a four part drama for the BBC directed by Loach from scripts by dramatist Jim Allen. The first episode of the series caused considerable controversy in the British media owing to its critical depiction of the military in World War I, and particularly over a scene where conscientious objectors were tied up to stakes outside trenches in view of enemy fire after refusing to obey orders. An ex-serviceman subsequently contacted "The Times" newspaper with an illustration from the time of a similar scene.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach's documentary "A Question of Leadership" (1981) interviewed members of the Iron and Steel Trades Confederation (the main trade union for Britain's steel industry) about their 14-week strike in 1980, and recorded much criticism of the union's leadership for conceding over the issues in the strike. Subsequently, Loach made a four-part series named "Questions of Leadership" which subjected the leadership of other trade unions to similar scrutiny from their members, but this has never been broadcast. Frank Chapple, leader of the Electrical, Electronic, Telecommunications and Plumbing Union, walked out of the interview and made a complaint to the Independent Broadcasting Authority. A separate complaint was made by Terry Duffy of the Amalgamated Engineering and Electrical Union. The series was due to be broadcast during the Trade Union Congress conference in 1983, but Channel 4 decided against broadcasting the series following the complaints. Anthony Hayward claimed in 2004 that the media tycoon Robert Maxwell had put pressure on Central Television's board (Central was the successor to the original production company Associated Television), of which he had become a director, to withdraw "Questions of Leadership" at the time he was buying the "Daily Mirror" newspaper and needed the co-operation of union leaders, especially Chapple.


title: Ken Loach

text: "Which Side Are You On?" (1985), about the songs and poems of the UK miners' strike, was originally due to be broadcast on "The South Bank Show", but was rejected on the grounds that it was too politically unbalanced for an arts show. The documentary was eventually transmitted on Channel 4, but only after it won a prize at an Italian film festival. Three weeks after the end of the strike, the film "End of the Battle ... Not the End of the War?" was broadcast by Channel 4 in its "Diverse Strands" series. This film argued that the Conservative Party had planned the destruction of the National Union of Mineworkers' political power from the late 1970s.


title: Ken Loach

text: Working again with Jim Allen, Loach was due to direct Allen's play "Perdition" at the Royal Court Theatre in 1987. In the play Jewish leaders in Nazi-occupied Hungary allow half a million Jews to be killed in pursuit of a Zionist state in Palestine. However, following protests and allegations of antisemitism, the play was cancelled 36 hours before its premiere.


title: Ken Loach

text: In 1989, Loach directed a short documentary "Time to go" that called for the British Army to be withdrawn from Northern Ireland, which was broadcast in the BBC's "Split Screen" series.


title: Ken Loach

text: From the late 1980s, Loach directed theatrical feature films more regularly, a series of films such as "Hidden Agenda" (1990), dealing with the political troubles in Northern Ireland, "Land and Freedom" (1995), examining the Republican resistance in the Spanish Civil War, and "Carla's Song" (1996), which was set partially in Nicaragua. He directed the courtroom drama reconstructions in the docu-film "McLibel", concerning McDonald's Restaurants v Morris & Steel, the longest libel trial in English history. Interspersed with political films were more intimate works such as "Raining Stones" (1993) a working-class drama concerning an unemployed man's efforts to buy a communion dress for his young daughter.


title: Ken Loach

text: On 28 May 2006, Loach won the Palme d'Or at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival for his film "The Wind That Shakes the Barley", a political-historical drama about the Irish War of Independence and the subsequent Irish Civil War during the 1920s. Like "Hidden Agenda" before it, "The Wind That Shakes the Barley" was criticised for allegedly being too sympathetic to the Irish Republican Army and Provisional Irish Republican Army. This film was followed by "It's a Free World..." (2007), a story of one woman's attempt to establish an illegal placement service for migrant workers in London.


title: Ken Loach

text: Throughout the 2000s, Loach interspersed wider political dramas such as "Bread and Roses" (2000), which focused on the Los Angeles janitors strike, and "Route Irish" (2010), set during the Iraq occupation, with smaller examinations of personal relationships. "Ae Fond Kiss..." (a.k.a. "Just a Kiss", 2004) explored an inter-racial love affair, "Sweet Sixteen" (2002) concerns a teenager's relationship with his mother and "My Name Is Joe" (1998) an alcoholic's struggle to stay sober. His most commercial later film is "Looking for Eric" (2009), featuring a depressed postman's conversations with the ex-Manchester United footballer Eric Cantona appearing as himself. The film won the Magritte Award for Best Co-Production. Although successful in Manchester, the film was a flop in many other cities, especially cities with rival football teams to Manchester United.


title: Ken Loach

text: "The Angels' Share" (2012) is centered on a young Scottish troublemaker who is given a final opportunity to stay out of jail. Newcomer Paul Brannigan, then 24, from Glasgow, played the lead role. The film competed for the Palme d'Or at the 2012 Cannes Film Festival where Loach won the Jury Prize. "Jimmy's Hall" (2014) was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or in the main competition section at the 2014 Cannes Film Festival. Loach announced his retirement from film-making in 2014 but soon after restarted his career following the election of a Conservative government in the UK general election of 2015.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach won his second Palme d'Or for "I, Daniel Blake" (2016). In February 2017, the film was awarded a BAFTA as "Outstanding British Film".


title: Ken Loach

text: In May 2010, Loach referred in an interview to the three films that have influenced him most: Vittorio De Sica's "Bicycle Thieves" (1948), Miloš Forman's "Loves of a Blonde" (1965) and Gillo Pontecorvo's "The Battle of Algiers" (1966). De Sica's film had a particularly profound effect. He noted: "It made me realise that cinema could be about ordinary people and their dilemmas. It wasn't a film about stars, or riches or absurd adventures".


title: Ken Loach

text: Throughout his career, some of Loach's films have been shelved for political reasons. In a 2011 interview with "The Guardian" newspaper he said:


title: Ken Loach

text: A thematic consistency throughout his films, whether they examine broad political situations or smaller intimate dramas, is his focus on personal relationships. The sweeping political dramas ("Land and Freedom", "Bread and Roses", "The Wind that Shakes the Barley") examine wider political forces in the context of relationships between family members ("Bread and Roses", "The Wind that Shakes the Barley", "Carla's Song"), comrades in struggle ("Land and Freedom") or close friends ("Route Irish"). In a 2011 interview for the "Financial Times", Loach explains how "The politics are embedded into the characters and the narrative, which is a more sophisticated way of doing it".


title: Ken Loach

text: Many of Loach's films include a large amount of traditional dialect, such as the Yorkshire dialect in "Kes" and in "The Price of Coal", Cockney in "Up the Junction" and "Poor Cow", Scouse in "The Big Flame", Lancashire dialect in "Raining Stones", Glaswegian in "My Name Is Joe" and the dialect of Greenock in "Sweet Sixteen". Many of these films have been subtitled when shown in other English-speaking countries. When asked about this in an interview with Cineaste, Loach replied:


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach was amongst the first British directors to use swearing in his films. Mary Whitehouse complained about swearing in "Cathy Come Home" and "Up The Junction", while "The Big Flame" (1969) for the BBC was an early instance of the word "shit", and the certificate to "Kes" caused some debate owing to the profanity, but these films have relatively few swear words compared to his later work. In particular, the film "Sweet Sixteen" was awarded an 18 certificate on the basis of the very large amount of swearing, despite the lack of serious violence or sexual content, which led Loach to encourage under-18s to break the law to see the film.


title: Ken Loach

text: Feminist writer Julie Bindel has criticised Loach's recent films for a lack of female characters who are not simply love interests for the male characters, although she praised his early film, "Cathy Come Home". Bindel also wrote, "Loach appears not to know gay people exist".


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach first joined the Labour Party from the early 1960s. In the 1980s, he was in the Labour Party because of the presence of "a radical element that was critical of the leadership", but Loach had left the Labour Party by the early to mid-1990s after being a member for 30 years. During the 1960s and 1970s, he was associated with (or a member of) the Socialist Labour League (later the Workers Revolutionary Party), the International Socialists (later the Socialist Workers Party or SWP) and the International Marxist Group.


title: Ken Loach

text: He was involved in Respect - The Unity Coalition from its beginnings in January 2004, and stood for election to the European Parliament on the Respect list in 2004. Loach was elected to the national council of Respect the following November. When Respect split in 2007, Loach identified with Respect Renewal, the faction identified with George Galloway. Later, his connection with Respect ended.


title: Ken Loach

text: Together with John Pilger and Jemima Khan, Loach was among the six people in court who offered surety for Julian Assange when he was arrested in London on 7 December 2010. The money was forfeited when Assange skipped bail to seek asylum in the Embassy of Ecuador, London.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach supported the Trade Unionist and Socialist Coalition in the 2012 London Assembly election. With the support of the activist Kate Hudson and academic Gilbert Achcar, Loach launched a campaign in March 2013 for a new left-wing party which was founded as Left Unity on 30 November. Left Unity candidates gained an average of 3.2% in the 2014 local elections. Loach gave a press conference during the launch of Left Unity's manifesto for the 2015 general election.


title: Ken Loach

text: In a letter sent to "The Guardian" in 2009, Loach advocated support for the Palestine Campaign for the Academic and Cultural Boycott of Israel (PACBI) along with his regular colleagues Paul Laverty (writer) and Rebecca O'Brien (producer).


title: Ken Loach

text: In 2007, Loach was one of more than 100 artists and writers who signed an open letter calling on the San Francisco International LGBT Film Festival "to honour calls for an international boycott of Israeli political and cultural institutions, by discontinuing Israeli consulate sponsorship of the LGBT film festival and not co-sponsoring events with the Israeli consulate". Loach also joined "54 international figures in the literary and cultural fields" in signing a letter that stated, in part, "celebrating 'Israel at 60' is tantamount to dancing on Palestinian graves to the haunting tune of lingering dispossession and multi-faceted injustice". The letter was published in the "International Herald Tribune" on 8 May 2008.


title: Ken Loach

text: Responding to a report, which Loach described as "a red herring", on the growth of antisemitism since the beginning of the Gaza War of 2008–2009, he said: "If there has been a rise I am not surprised. In fact, it is perfectly understandable because Israel feeds feelings of anti-Semitism". He added that "no-one can condone violence". Speaking at the launch of the Russell Tribunal on Palestine on 4 March 2009, he said that "nothing has been a greater instigator of antisemitism than the self-proclaimed Jewish state itself".


title: Ken Loach

text: In May 2009, organisers of the Edinburgh International Film Festival (EIFF) returned a £300 grant from the Israeli Embassy to fund Israeli filmmaker Tali Shalom Ezer's travel to Edinburgh after speaking with Loach. He was supporting a boycott of the festival called for by the PACBI campaign. In response, former Channel 4 chief executive Sir Jeremy Isaacs described Loach's intervention as an act of censorship, saying: "They must not allow someone who has no real position, no rock to stand on, to interfere with their programming". Later, a spokesman for the EIFF said that although it had returned £300 to the Israeli Embassy, the festival itself would fund Shalom-Ezer's travel from its own budget. Her film "Surrogate" (2008) is a comedy set in a sex-therapy clinic which is unconcerned with war or politics. In an open letter to Shalom-Ezer, Loach wrote: "From the beginning, Israel and its supporters have attacked their critics as anti-semites or racists. It is a tactic to undermine rational debate. To be crystal clear: as a film maker you will receive a warm welcome in Edinburgh. You are not censored or rejected. The opposition was to the Festival's taking money from the Israeli state". To his critics, he added later: "The boycott, as anyone who takes the trouble to investigate knows, is aimed at the Israeli state". Loach said he had a "respectful and reasoned" conversation with event organisers, saying they should not be accepting funds from Israel.


title: Ken Loach

text: In June 2009, Loach, Laverty and O'Brien withdrew their film "Looking For Eric" from the Melbourne International Film Festival, where the Israeli Embassy is a sponsor, after the festival declined to withdraw that sponsorship. The festival's chief executive, Richard Moore, compared Loach's tactics to blackmail, stating that "we will not participate in a boycott against the State of Israel, just as we would not contemplate boycotting films from China or other nations involved in difficult long-standing historical disputes". Australian politician Michael Danby also criticised Loach's tactics stating that "Israelis and Australians have always had a lot in common, including contempt for the irritating British penchant for claiming cultural superiority. Melbourne is a very different place to Londonistan". An article in "The Scotsman" by Alex Massie noted that Loach had not called for the same boycott of the Cannes Film Festival, where his film was in competition with some Israeli films.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach had rejoined the Labour Party by 2017, and was a member until his expulsion in the summer of 2021. In August 2015, he endorsed Jeremy Corbyn's Labour leadership campaign. In September 2016, Loach's one-hour documentary "In Conversation with Jeremy Corbyn" was released during the second leadership election.


title: Ken Loach

text: In May 2017, he directed an election broadcast featuring a profile of Jeremy Corbyn for the Labour Party's general election campaign. In all, he has made three broadcasts for the party.


title: Ken Loach

text: In interviews in September and October 2019 Loach said MPs around Corbyn had not acted as a team and that most would prefer a rightwing leader. He said the Labour leadership had "compromised too much with the Labour right". He accused the right of the party, including Tom Watson, of aiming to destroy the socialist programme put forward by Corbyn. He suggested that sitting Labour MP's and councillors should reapply for their jobs before each election so that they could be judged on their record. He also demanded that Labour people make a case for socialism including "[en]hancing trade union rights, planning the economy, investing in the regions, kicking out the privatised elements of the NHS". He considered issues such as health, schools, poverty, inequality and climate change as more important than Brexit.


title: Ken Loach

text: In November 2019, Loach endorsed the Labour Party in the 2019 general election. In December 2019, along with 42 other leading cultural figures, he signed a letter endorsing the Labour Party under Corbyn's leadership in the 2019 general election. The letter stated that "Labour's election manifesto under Jeremy Corbyn's leadership offers a transformative plan that prioritises the needs of people and the planet over private profit and the vested interests of a few."


title: Ken Loach

text: In August 2021, Loach was expelled from the Labour Party because of his membership of an organisation, Labour Against the Witchhunt, proscribed by the party the previous month, saying he was removed for failing to "disown" Labour members who had been expelled from the party. In an interview with "Jacobin" the same month, Loach stated that he was not a member of any of the organisations which had recently been proscribed by the party, but that he "support(ed) many of the people who have been expelled, because they are good friends and comrades". He also argued that his expulsion was an "ex post facto" action as the evidence the party cited in their letter informing him of their decision dated from before the organisations he was accused of being a member of had been banned by the party. Former shadow chancellor John McDonnell said, "To expel such a fine socialist who has done so much to further the cause of socialism is a disgrace". His expulsion was also opposed by the Socialist Campaign Group but supported by the Jewish Labour Movement.


title: Ken Loach

text: At the Labour Party Conference in September 2017, Loach said he had been going to Labour Party, trade union and left wing meetings for over 50 years and had never heard antisemitic or racist remarks, although such views certainly existed in society. When asked about allegations of antisemitic abuse made by Ruth Smeeth MP, he suggested that they were raised to destabilise Corbyn's leadership, due to his support for Palestinian rights. He was also asked about a conference fringe event at which Miko Peled suggested people should be allowed to question whether the Holocaust had happened. Loach responded: "I think history is for all of us to discuss. The founding of the state of Israel, for example, based on ethnic cleansing, is there for us all to discuss, so don't try and subvert that by false stories of antisemitism". Following the publication of articles by Jonathan Freedland and Howard Jacobson which were critical of him, he said it was not acceptable to question or challenge the reality of the Holocaust, which was as real a historical event as the Second World War itself.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach was an official sponsor of the group Labour Against the Witchhunt, launched in 2017 to campaign against what it sees to be politically motivated allegations of antisemitism in the Labour Party.


title: Ken Loach

text: In April 2018, Loach was reported to have said, at a screening of "I, Daniel Blake" organised by Kingswood Labour Party, that those Labour MPs who had attended a rally in Parliament Square the previous month opposing alleged antisemitism in the Labour Party should be deselected or, as he reputedly expressed it, "kicked out" because of their lack of support for the current manifesto. Asked for clarification, Loach said the quoted remarks "do not reflect my position" and that "Reselecting an MP should not be based on individual incidents but reflect the MP's principles, actions and behaviour over a long period."


title: Ken Loach

text: In July 2019, BBC's "Panorama" aired an episode entitled "Is Labour Anti-Semitic?", in which eight former members of Labour Party staff said that senior Labour figures had intervened to downgrade punishments handed out to members over antisemitism. Loach commented saying "it raised the horror of racism against Jews in the most atrocious propagandistic way, with crude journalism … and it bought the propaganda from people who were intent on destroying Corbyn".


title: Ken Loach

text: In February 2021, Judith Buchanan, the Master of St Peter's College, Oxford, apologised to Jewish students for interviewing Loach.


title: Ken Loach

text: In 2016, Loach, a social campaigner for most of his career, said the criteria for claiming benefits in the UK were "a , "Catch-22" situation designed to frustrate and humiliate the claimant to such an extent that they drop out of the system and stop pursuing their right to ask for support if necessary".


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach lives with his wife, Lesley, in Bath. His son Jim Loach has also become a television and film director. A younger son died in a car accident, aged five, and he also has another son and two daughters, one of whom is Emma Loach (born 1972), a documentary film maker who is married to the actor Elliot Levey.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach is a patron of the British Humanist Association and a secularist, saying "In particular, the indoctrination of children in separate faith schools is pernicious and divisive. I strongly support the British Humanist Association."


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach has been awarded honorary doctorates by the University of Bath, the University of Birmingham, Staffordshire University, and Keele University. Oxford University awarded him an honorary Doctor of Civil Law degree in June 2005. He is also an honorary fellow of his "alma mater", St Peter's College, Oxford. In May 2006, he was awarded the BAFTA Fellowship at the BAFTA TV Awards.


title: Ken Loach

text: In 2003, Loach received an honorary doctorate from Heriot-Watt University and received the 2003 Praemium Imperiale (lit. "World Culture Prize in Memory of His Imperial Highness Prince Takamatsu") in the category Film/Theatre. In 2014, he was presented with the Honorary Golden Bear at the 64th Berlin International Film Festival. The Raindance Film Festival announced in September 2016 that it would be honouring Loach with its inaugural Auteur Award, to recognise his "achievements in filmmaking and contribution to the film industry." He was also made Honorary Associate of London Film School.


title: Ken Loach

text: In November 2012, Loach turned down the Turin Film Festival award, upon learning that the National Museum of Cinema in Turin had outsourced cleaning and security services. The museum outsourced this labour after dismissing workers who opposed a wage cut, in addition to raising allegations of intimidation and harassment. Loach publicly stated that his refusal to accept the award from the museum was an act of solidarity with these workers.


title: Ken Loach

text: In April 2018, Loach was awarded an honorary doctorate by the Université libre de Bruxelles (Free University of Brussels). Belgium's Prime Minister Charles Michel objected. Belgian Jewish organisations campaigned for Loach not to receive the honorary doctorate. The previous evening, during a speech at Brussels Grand Synagogue, to mark the 70th anniversary of Israel's foundation, Michel said: "No accommodation with antisemitism can be tolerated, whatever its form. And that also goes for my own alma mater". His office told the Belgian "De Standaard" news website the comments could apply to Loach's honorary doctorate. At a press conference before the award, Loach asked: "Is the law so badly taught here? Or did he not pass his exam?" In a press release, Loach said the claim about his alleged antisemitism was "malicious". The rector of the Free University of Brussels, Yvon Englert, supported Loach.


title: Ken Loach

text: Loach is arguably the most successful director in the history of the prestigious Cannes Film Festival. Films of his have won the Palme d'Or, the festival's top award, a joint-record twice ("The Wind That Shakes the Barley" in 2006 and "I, Daniel Blake" in 2016), the Jury Prize a joint-record three times ("Hidden Agenda" in 1990, "Raining Stones" in 1993, and "The Angels' Share" in 2012) as well as the FIPRESCI Prize three times ("Black Jack" in 1979, "Riff-Raff" in 1991 and "Land and Freedom" in 1995) and the Prize of the Ecumenical Jury twice ("Land and Freedom" in 1995 and "Looking for Eric" in 2009). Loach's collaborators have also won awards at the festival for their work on his films: Peter Mullan won Best Actor for "My Name Is Joe" in 1998, and Paul Laverty won Best Screenplay for "Sweet Sixteen" in 2002.


title: Ken Loach

text: While Loach's films have only occasionally been entered into the Venice and Berlin Film Festivals (generally regarded as the main rivals of Cannes), he has won awards at both, including, most notably, their respective lifetime achievement awards: the Honorary Golden Lion in 1994, and the Honorary Golden Bear in 2014.


title: Ken Loach

text: Other major awards won by Loach include the BAFTA for Outstanding British Film ("I, Daniel Blake" in 2016) and BIFA Award for Best British Independent Film ("My Name is Joe" in 1998 and "Sweet Sixteen" in 2002), the Cesar Award for Best Foreign Film ("Land and Freedom" in 1995 and "I, Daniel Blake" in 2016), the European Film Award for Best Film ("Riff-Raff" in 1992 and "Land and Freedom" in 1995), and the Belgian Film Critics Association Grand Prix ("Raining Stones" in 1993).


title: Ken Loach

text: In addition, Loach's 1969 classic "Kes" was judged the 7th best British film of the 20th century by the British Film Institute, and the 4th best British film ever made by "Time Out", while his 1966 television play "Cathy Come Home" was ranked the second best British TV programme, also by the BFI, and the best ever single television drama in a readers' poll conducted by the "Radio Times". Loach's 1997/2005 documentary "McLibel", meanwhile, featured in the BFI's landmark "Ten Documentaries which Changed the World" series.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The Subaru Outback is an automotive nameplate used by the Japanese automaker Subaru for two different vehicles: a crossover station wagon, the Outback (1994–present, also sold as in some markets), and an Impreza-derived hatchback, the Outback Sport (1994–2011).


title: Subaru Outback

text: The original Outback station wagon was derived from the wagon variant of the second-generation Subaru Legacy. The first-generation Legacy, which made its debut in 1989, did not receive the cosmetic and suspension modifications to create an Outback version, although Subaru offered an Outdoor option package for the 1994 model year Legacy L all-wheel drive model, which added an compressed air strut height adjustable suspension, a luggage rack, a skidplate, and mud flaps.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Earlier, a raised-roof "Touring Wagon" variant had been offered on the preceding Subaru Leone for the 1988 and 1989 model years. Subaru also sold a raised-roof variant (chassis code BF) of the first-generation Legacy wagon outside the United States. North American Legacy wagons were only offered as the flat-roof variant (chassis code BJ) until a special "GT" model was marketed for the 1994 model year.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The second-generation Legacy wagon became the first generation of the Outback crossover series, called the "Legacy Grand Wagon" in Japan in 1995, and the "Legacy Outback" in most other markets. Compared to the existing Legacy wagon, the "Outback" variant added partial protective plastic side body cladding for off-road conditions, used a raised roof, and would later raise the suspension to provide additional ground clearance. It was introduced at the 1994 New York Auto Show. Aside from other small differences in trim, the Outback shares almost all of its components with the Legacy donor model.


title: Subaru Outback

text: When launched in Australia in 1996, the name "Legacy Outback" was shortened to "Outback", followed in other markets afterwards. In the United States, Subaru also retailed the Legacy SUS sedan between the 1997 and 2007 model years, with similar modifications to distinguish it from the equivalent Legacy model sedan. The Impreza Outback Sport was introduced at the 1996 New York Auto Show, but for the 1997 model year, the donor model names were dropped, and the cars were known as the "Outback" and "Outback Sport".


title: Subaru Outback

text: In 1994 Subaru used the second generation of the Legacy wagon as the basis for the first generation of the Outback wagon, which came equipped with the same 2.2L "EJ22" engine used in the Legacy. The 1995 model year Legacy Outback wagon was largely limited to cosmetic changes, featuring two-tone paint, larger wheels and tires, mud flaps, a roof rack, and upgraded upholstery, similar to the modifications on the previous 1994 model year Legacy Outdoor trim. Production of the Outback was approved by Fuji Heavy Industries CEO Isamu Kawai.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The 1996 model year Outback, released in September 1995, incorporated more substantial mechanical changes, including a raised suspension increasing ground clearance to , a raised roof borrowed from the Legacy Touring Wagon variant, and an optional 2.5L "EJ25" engine (the "EJ22" remained standard). This change was brought about in response to changing consumer tastes for a more durable and utility based wagon. It was marketed as the world's first sport-utility wagon. In Japan, the "Legacy Grand Wagon" was the equivalent of the Outback, released almost simultaneously in August 1995.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Encapsulating the sport theme of the Outback wagon, Subaru hired Paul Hogan, star of the movie "Crocodile Dundee", as a pitchman for the vehicle. The ad campaign, which debuted in fall 1995 for the 1996 model year, cost an estimated $20–22 million and included TV ads in which Hogan and an unnamed female companion outrun competing sport-utility vehicles by virtue of the Outback's superior stability, handling, braking, and fuel economy. The advertisements successfully raised sales, with nearly 20,000 Outbacks sold in the nine months following the start of the campaign. Hogan, a former car salesman, reportedly warned Subaru "You better be able to build a lot of these [Outbacks] because I'm going to sell the hell out of them."


title: Subaru Outback

text: The sedan version of the Outback, which debuted for the 1997 model year, was initially marketed as an experimental limited run of 300 units exclusively available in New England. Known as the Legacy SUS (Sport Utility Sedan), it was developed at the urging of Ernie Boch Jr., the owner of the independent Subaru distributor for the Northeast. The model moved to nationwide availability for the 1998 model year.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Subaru released a similarly altered second generation Outback as part of the third generation Legacy lineup in 1998. The second generation Outbacks were longer and wider than their predecessors.


title: Subaru Outback

text: In North America, the new Outback and Legacy were introduced in 1999 for model year 2000. The Legacy SUS became the Outback sedan.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Although most markets used the Outback nameplate, the raised-suspension version was called the "Legacy Lancaster" in Japan. The new Legacy family was released in Japan in December 1998.


title: Subaru Outback

text: This generation also saw the introduction of the 3.0-liter "EZ30", the first Subaru six-cylinder engine outside of the sporty Alcyone and SVX lines. The "EZ30" was introduced at the New York Auto Show in April 2000, equipped in two separate models, including one that was co-branded with the Maine-based retailer L.L.Bean. The equivalent Lancaster 6 was marketed in Japan starting in May 2000.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The fourth-generation Legacy formed the basis for a third-generation Outback. The third-generation Outback was unveiled at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2003, offered with either the 2.5-liter "EJ25" or 3.0-liter "EZ30" engine.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Introduction was delayed in North America until January 2004 for the 2005 model year. A turbocharged 2.5-liter "EJ25" was added to the range in North America. The 2.5XT trim was sold as a limited edition in Japan starting in 2008 to celebrate the 50th anniversary of Subaru. Wheelbase and overall length grew for the new generation.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The interior and exterior styling of the entire Legacy series, including the Outback, was updated in mid-2006. The Outback sedan, which had been limited to the North American market, was discontinued after the 2007 model year. At the same time, the Legacy wagon was dropped, leaving Subaru with only a single sedan (Legacy) and wagon (Outback) for the mid-size car market in North America.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The fourth-generation Outback arrived with the 2009 debut of the fifth generation Legacy, marketed as 2010 model year vehicles in North America, and called the Outback worldwide. The fourth-generation Outback was introduced at the New York International Auto Show in April 2009. A concept Legacy previewing size, styling, and the new "EZ36" flat-6 had been shown at the North American International Auto Show in Detroit three months earlier, in January 2009.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Compared to the third generation, the new Outback was wider and taller, but overall length was reduced by . The wheels were pushed out towards the corners of the car, with reductions in front and rear overhangs by and a longer wheelbase, by , primarily realized as increased rear passenger legroom.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The "EZ30" was replaced with a new 3.6-liter "EZ36", offering increased displacement with the same exterior dimensions. The "EZ36" also provided increased power using regular unleaded fuel. The 2.5-liter "EJ25" flat-4 was retained for the base model. In Europe, the Outback was also available with the 2.0-liter "EE20" turbodiesel. The turbocharged "EJ25" was dropped from the line.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Japanese dealers began selling the new Outback in May 2009. The European debut of the Outback in August 2009 was accompanied by a press release billing the model as a pioneer in the crossover segment.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The styling was refreshed for the 2013 model year and base models switched to the 2.5-liter "FB25" engine, as announced at the 2012 New York Auto Show. The 2013 model year was also the first time Subaru's advanced driver-assistance system, a stereoscopic camera-based system branded EyeSight, was available in North America.


title: Subaru Outback

text: One of the more interesting features introduced from 2016 was tailgate PIN access. Found only on push-button start models, the tailgate features an extra button to the right of the tailgate release button that can be used to enter a PIN, morse-code style, to unlock the car in the lieu of having the fob. The promoted purpose is to allow access to the car where you have deliberately locked the fob inside the car (e.g.: when going to the beach), or if a child or pet has locked themselves inside the car (saves breaking a window). This feature is now available across all Subaru models (including sedans) across all year models that feature push-button start.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The fifth-generation Outback appeared in 2014 for the 2015 year model with the sixth generation Legacy, still badged the Legacy Outback for Japan. The sixth-generation Legacy was previewed as a concept at the Los Angeles Auto Show in November 2013; the Legacy sedan was premiered at Chicago in February 2014, with the Outback following at New York in April. An unrelated Legacy-based "sports tourer" wagon, the Subaru Levorg, was shown in 2013 and first sold in 2014. Elsewhere, the Outback became a free-standing model line of its own, independent of the Legacy, thus bringing greater product differentiation between the two.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Subaru billed the exterior styling evolution as being shaped by the concept of 'more Outback', claiming to combine the strengths of passenger cars and sport-utility vehicles and capitalizing on the brand recognition gained from selling the Outback since 1995. EyeSight was offered for the first time in the European market on the new Outback. Chassis stiffness was improved for the fifth-generation Outback.


title: Subaru Outback

text: From 2018, some world markets also offered Subaru Adaptive Driving Beam (ADB) that allow a driver to leave their high beam switched on at all times, and in combination with EyeSight, adjust a series of shutters that cover portions of the high beam light projection to prevent dazzling oncoming drivers whilst maintaining visibility of the rest of the road, or to "draw a box" of low beam around a lead vehicle that adjusts left and right working with SRH in line with that vehicle's movement. Other additions include front and side cameras along with Apple Carplay and Android Auto, and the ability to change the colour of the combination meter illuminated rings to one of eleven different colours.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The fifth-generation Subaru Outback is now classified as a 'crossover', with the body and wheelbase set larger than previous models. Other technical changes such as the larger 3.6L "EZ36" engine have pushed it into this classification. The Outback received a Top Safety Pick award from the IIHS, an ASV+ rating from JNCAP, and five stars from NHTSA.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The fifth-generation Outback retained the same 2.5-liter "FB25" and 3.6-liter "EZ36" engines from the 2013 refresh; the "FB25" was slightly revised to improve mid-range torque. In China, the uplevel engine was a turbocharged 2.0-liter "FA20F" instead of the "EZ36". In the United States, the Outback was only offered with a single transmission choice, Subaru's continuously variable transmission branded Lineartronic. In Canada, a manual transmission was available with the 2.5-litre Base and Touring models until 2017.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The sixth-generation Subaru Outback for the North American market was unveiled at the New York Auto Show on April 17, 2019. Full production started from July 29, 2019. This redesigned Outback keeps the same body style (wagon/crossover SUV), while still receiving a few changes, such as new taillights (similar to the ones on the Forester and upcoming Legacy) and an updated, modern interior.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Internally, the 2020 Outback moves to the Subaru Global Platform, which is stiffer and offers a common base to allow use of alternative powertrains, such as hybrid or all-electric. The base model sixth-generation Outback was offered with the 2.5-liter gasoline direct-injection "FB25D"; a turbocharged 2.4-liter "FA24F" that was first used on the Subaru Ascent was offered as the uplevel engine, providing improved power, torque, and consumption compared to the discontinued "EZ36".


title: Subaru Outback

text: In addition to all-wheel drive coming standard on every trim, the 2021 model year also added LED adaptive steering-responsive headlights (SRH) on premium variants and a seat-belt reminder standard for all passengers.


title: Subaru Outback

text: World markets outside of North America, including Japan, did not launch the sixth generation Outback until 2021.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Australia launched on the 20th February 2021 with a number of differences over the North American version including updated LED headlights with combined Day Running Light and turn/direction indicator with SRH (Steering Responsive Headlights) and ADB (Adaptive Driving Beam) standard across all variants, as is pushbutton-start with tailgate PIN access. There is improved camera resolution for rear, side and front driver assistance cameras, EyeSight 4.0 with roadside speed sign reading, adjustable speed limiting, and intersection crash avoidance utilising new EyeSight cameras with a wider field of view and a lower profile inside the cabin. Subaru claim the sole engine fitted to Australian Outbacks, the revised 2.5-litre "FB25D", is made of 90% new components compared to the Gen5 engine as well. The Japanese Outback was announced on October 7, 2021; in Japan the Outback is offered exclusively with the 1.8-litre "CB18" gasoline direct-injection turbo engine instead.


title: Subaru Outback

text: In September 2021, the European variant received a five-star rating by the European New Car Assessment Programme (EuroNCAP) 2021.


title: Subaru Outback

text: For the 2022 model year, Subaru added a new trim level, the Wilderness. Outback Wilderness features 9.5 inches of ground clearance, turbocharged 2.4-liter "FA24F" engine, and re-tuned transmission gearing with revised front and rear gear ratios. Marketed for off-road use, the Outback Wilderness has 17" wheels with standard all-terrain tires, enhanced body cladding, and synthetic upholstery.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Subaru also released the first generation Impreza-based Outback Sport in 1994 to North America only for the 1995 model year. Derived from the Impreza hatchback, the Outback Sport initially featured an off-road appearance package with two-tone paint; otherwise, the mechanics of the platform were unchanged.


title: Subaru Outback

text: The first Impreza Outback Sport was introduced for the 1995 model year as a trim line based on the "L Active Safety Group", which included all-wheel-drive and front and rear disc anti-lock brakes. The standard engine was a 1.8-liter "EJ18" with a manual transmission, but an automatic transmission was available exclusively with the larger 2.2-liter "EJ22" from the Legacy. In addition, the Outback Sport received a roof rack and mud flaps, but ground clearance was unchanged from the Impreza wagon on which it was based at . The 1997 model year Outback Sport had larger tires than the Impreza and an increased ground clearance of .


title: Subaru Outback

text: The Outback Sport was priced lower and aimed at a younger buyer than the Legacy-based Outback. Advertisements for the Outback Sport featured an actor who referred to Paul Hogan as his "uncle".


title: Subaru Outback

text: Subaru in North America launched the subsequent generation in 2001 for the 2002 model year based on the second generation Impreza. In Australia, the Impreza RV incorporated similar styling changes.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Subaru in North America launched the subsequent generation in 2007 for model year 2008 based on the third generation Impreza.


title: Subaru Outback

text: Subaru introduced the Impreza XV exclusively for the European market at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show. The XV adopted the same changes that were made for the USDM Outback Sport, but the concept XV used the 2.0-liter turbodiesel "EE20" or 2.0-liter turbo "EJ20" engines available in other European Impreza variants. In Australia, the XV replaced the RV line, equipped with the naturally aspirated "EJ20". It is succeeded by the Subaru XV/Crosstrek.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The Zakarpattia Oblast () is an administrative oblast located in western Ukraine, mostly coterminous with the historical region of Carpathian Ruthenia. Its administrative centre is the city of Uzhhorod, Other major cities within the oblast include Mukachevo, Khust, Berehove, and Chop, the last of which is home to railroad transport infrastructure.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Zakarpattia Oblast was established on 22 January 1946, after Czechoslovakia gave up its claim to the territory of "Subcarpathian Ruthenia" () under a treaty between Czechoslovakia and the Soviet Union. The territory of "Subcarpathian Ruthenia" was then taken over by the Soviet Union and became part of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Some scholars say that during the Ukrainian independence referendum held in 1991, Zakarpatska Oblast voters were given a separate option on whether or not they favoured autonomy for the region. Although a large majority favoured autonomy, it was not granted. However, this referendum was about self-government status, not about autonomy (like in Crimea).


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: Situated in the Carpathian Mountains of western Ukraine, except the southwestern Hungarian-populated region that belongs to the Hungarian plain, Zakarpattia Oblast is the only Ukrainian administrative division which borders upon four countries: Poland, Slovakia, Hungary, and Romania. The Carpathians are an important tourist and travel destination housing many ski and spa resorts, meaning that they play a major part in the oblast's economy.


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: With a land area of almost , the oblast is ranked 23rd by area and 15th by population as according to the 2001 Ukrainian Census, the population of Zakarpatska Oblast was 1,254,614. The current population is This total includes people of many different nationalities of which Hungarians, Romanians, and Rusyns constitute significant minorities in some of the province's cities, while in others, they form the majority of the population (as in the case of Berehove).


title: Zakarpattia Oblast

text: The oblast is also referred to as the Transcarpathian Oblast, Transcarpathia, Zakarpattia (), or historically as Subcarpathian Rus'. In other languages the oblast is named: