title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Some authors also identify the mere penetration of the wavefunction into the barrier, without transmission on the other side as a tunneling effect. Quantum tunneling is not predicted by the laws of classical mechanics where surmounting a potential barrier requires potential energy.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunneling plays an essential role in physical phenomena such as nuclear fusion and alpha radioactive decay of atomic nuclei. It has applications in the tunnel diode, quantum computing, and in the scanning tunneling microscope.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The effect was predicted in the early 20th century. Its acceptance as a general physical phenomenon came mid-century.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunneling limits the minimum size of devices used in microelectronics because electrons tunnel readily through insulating layers and transistors that are thinner than about 1 nm.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Tunneling may be explained in terms of the Heisenberg uncertainty principle in that a quantum object can be "known" as a wave or as a particle in general. In other words, the uncertainty in the exact location of light particles allows these particles to break rules of classical mechanics and move in space without passing over the potential energy barrier.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunneling was developed from the study of radioactivity, which was discovered in 1896 by Henri Becquerel. Radioactivity was examined further by Marie Curie and Pierre Curie, for which they earned the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1903. Ernest Rutherford and Egon Schweidler studied its nature, which was later verified empirically by Friedrich Kohlrausch. The idea of half-life and the possibility of predicting decay was created from their work.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: In 1901, Robert Francis Earhart discovered an unexpected conduction regime while investigating the conduction of gases between closely spaced electrodes using the Michelson interferometer. J. J. Thomson commented that the finding warranted further investigation. In 1911 and then 1914, then-graduate student Franz Rother directly measured steady field emission currents. He employed Earhart's method for controlling and measuring the electrode separation, but with a sensitive platform galvanometer. In 1926, Rother measured the field emission currents in a "hard" vacuum between closely spaced electrodes.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunneling was first noticed in 1927 by Friedrich Hund while he was calculating the ground state of the double-well potential. Leonid Mandelstam and Mikhail Leontovich discovered it independently in the same year. They were analyzing the implications of the then new Schrödinger wave equation.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Its first application was a mathematical explanation for alpha decay, which was developed in 1928 by George Gamow (who was aware of Mandelstam and Leontovich's findings) and independently by Ronald Gurney and Edward Condon. The latter researchers simultaneously solved the Schrödinger equation for a model nuclear potential and derived a relationship between the half-life of the particle and the energy of emission that depended directly on the mathematical probability of tunneling.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: After attending a Gamow seminar, Max Born recognised the generality of tunneling. He realised that it was not restricted to nuclear physics, but was a general result of quantum mechanics that applied to many different systems. Shortly thereafter, both groups considered the case of particles tunneling into the nucleus. The study of semiconductors and the development of transistors and diodes led to the acceptance of electron tunneling in solids by 1957. Leo Esaki, Ivar Giaever and Brian Josephson predicted the tunneling of superconducting Cooper pairs, for which they received the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973. In 2016, the quantum tunneling of water was discovered.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunneling falls under the domain of quantum mechanics: the study of what happens at the quantum scale. Tunneling cannot be directly perceived. Much of its understanding is shaped by the microscopic world, which classical mechanics cannot explain. To understand the phenomenon, particles attempting to travel across a potential barrier can be compared to a ball trying to roll over a hill.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum mechanics and classical mechanics differ in their treatment of this scenario. Classical mechanics predicts that particles that do not have enough energy to classically surmount a barrier cannot reach the other side. Thus, a ball without sufficient energy to surmount the hill would roll back down. A ball that lacks the energy to penetrate a wall bounces back. Alternatively, the ball might become part of the wall (absorption).


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: In quantum mechanics, these particles can, with a small probability, "tunnel" to the other side, thus crossing the barrier. The ball, in a sense, "borrows" energy from its surroundings to cross the wall. It then repays the energy by making the reflected electrons more energetic than they otherwise would have been.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The reason for this difference comes from treating matter as having properties of waves and particles. One interpretation of this duality involves the Heisenberg uncertainty principle, which defines a limit on how precisely the position and the momentum of a particle can be simultaneously known. This implies that no solutions have a probability of exactly zero (or one), though it may approach infinity. If, for example, the calculation for its position was taken as a probability of 1, its speed would have to be infinity (an impossibility). Hence, the probability of a given particle's existence on the opposite side of an intervening barrier is non-zero, and such particles will appear on the 'other' (a semantically difficult word in this instance) side in proportion to this probability.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The wave function of a particle summarizes everything that can be known about a physical system. Therefore, problems in quantum mechanics analyze the system's wave function. Using mathematical formulations, such as the Schrödinger equation, the wave function can be deduced. The square of the absolute value of this wavefunction is directly related to the probability distribution of the particle's position, which describes the probability that the particle is at any given place. The wider the barrier and the higher the barrier energy, the lower the probability of tunneling.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: A simple model of a tunneling barrier, such as the rectangular barrier, can be analysed and solved algebraically. In canonical field theory, the tunneling is described by a wave function which has a non-zero amplitude inside the tunnel; but the current is zero there because the relative phase of the amplitude of the conjugate wave function (the time derivative) is orthogonal to it.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The 2nd illustration shows the uncertainty principle at work. A wave impinges on the barrier; the barrier forces it to become taller and narrower. The wave becomes much more de-localized–it is now on both sides of the barrier, it is wider on each side and lower in maximum amplitude but equal in total amplitude. In both illustrations, the localization of the wave in space causes the localization of the action of the barrier in time, thus scattering the energy/momentum of the wave.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Problems in real life often do not have one, so "semiclassical" or "quasiclassical" methods have been developed to offer approximate solutions, such as the WKB approximation. Probabilities may be derived with arbitrary precision, as constrained by computational resources, via Feynman's path integral method. Such precision is seldom required in engineering practice.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The concept of quantum tunneling can be extended to situations where there exists a quantum transport between regions that are classically not connected even if there is no associated potential barrier. This phenomenon is known as dynamical tunneling.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The concept of dynamical tunneling is particularly suited to address the problem of quantum tunneling in high dimensions (d>1). In the case of an integrable system, where bounded classical trajectories are confined onto tori in phase space, tunneling can be understood as the quantum transport between semi-classical states built on two distinct but symmetric tori.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: In real life, most system are not integrable and display various degrees of chaos. Classical dynamics is then said to be mixed and the system phase space is typically composed of islands of regular orbits surrounded by a large sea of chaotic orbits. The existence of the chaotic sea, where transport is classically allowed, between the two symmetric tori then assists the quantum tunneling between them. This phenomenon is referred as chaos-assisted tunneling. and is characterized by sharp resonances of the tunneling rate when varying any system parameter.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: When formula_1 is small in front of the size of the regular islands, the fine structure of the classical phase space plays a key role in tunneling. In particular the two symmetric tori are coupled "via a succession of classically forbidden transitions across nonlinear resonances" surrounding the two islands.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Several phenomena have the same behavior as quantum tunneling, and can be accurately described by tunneling. Examples include the tunneling of a classical wave-particle association, evanescent wave coupling (the application of Maxwell's wave-equation to light) and the application of the non-dispersive wave-equation from acoustics applied to "waves on strings". Evanescent wave coupling, until recently, was only called "tunneling" in quantum mechanics; now it is used in other contexts.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: These effects are modeled similarly to the rectangular potential barrier. In these cases, one transmission medium through which the wave propagates that is the same or nearly the same throughout, and a second medium through which the wave travels differently. This can be described as a thin region of medium B between two regions of medium A. The analysis of a rectangular barrier by means of the Schrödinger equation can be adapted to these other effects provided that the wave equation has travelling wave solutions in medium A but real exponential solutions in medium B.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: In optics, medium A is a vacuum while medium B is glass. In acoustics, medium A may be a liquid or gas and medium B a solid. For both cases, medium A is a region of space where the particle's total energy is greater than its potential energy and medium B is the potential barrier. These have an incoming wave and resultant waves in both directions. There can be more mediums and barriers, and the barriers need not be discrete. Approximations are useful in this case.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Tunneling is the cause of some important macroscopic physical phenomena. Quantum tunnelling has important implications on functioning of nanotechnology.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Tunneling is a source of current leakage in very-large-scale integration (VLSI) electronics and results in the substantial power drain and heating effects that plague such devices. It is considered the lower limit on how microelectronic device elements can be made. Tunneling is a fundamental technique used to program the floating gates of flash memory.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Cold emission of electrons is relevant to semiconductors and superconductor physics. It is similar to thermionic emission, where electrons randomly jump from the surface of a metal to follow a voltage bias because they statistically end up with more energy than the barrier, through random collisions with other particles. When the electric field is very large, the barrier becomes thin enough for electrons to tunnel out of the atomic state, leading to a current that varies approximately exponentially with the electric field. These materials are important for flash memory, vacuum tubes, as well as some electron microscopes.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: A simple barrier can be created by separating two conductors with a very thin insulator. These are tunnel junctions, the study of which requires understanding quantum tunneling. Josephson junctions take advantage of quantum tunneling and superconductivity to create the Josephson effect. This has applications in precision measurements of voltages and magnetic fields, as well as the multijunction solar cell.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: QCA is a molecular binary logic synthesis technology that operates by the inter-island electron tunneling system. This is a very low power and fast device that can operate at a maximum frequency of 15 PHz.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Diodes are electrical semiconductor devices that allow electric current flow in one direction more than the other. The device depends on a depletion layer between N-type and P-type semiconductors to serve its purpose. When these are heavily doped the depletion layer can be thin enough for tunneling. When a small forward bias is applied, the current due to tunneling is significant. This has a maximum at the point where the voltage bias is such that the energy level of the p and n conduction bands are the same. As the voltage bias is increased, the two conduction bands no longer line up and the diode acts typically.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Because the tunneling current drops off rapidly, tunnel diodes can be created that have a range of voltages for which current decreases as voltage increases. This peculiar property is used in some applications, such as high speed devices where the characteristic tunneling probability changes as rapidly as the bias voltage.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The resonant tunneling diode makes use of quantum tunneling in a very different manner to achieve a similar result. This diode has a resonant voltage for which a lot of current favors a particular voltage, achieved by placing two thin layers with a high energy conductance band near each other. This creates a quantum potential well that has a discrete lowest energy level. When this energy level is higher than that of the electrons, no tunneling occurs and the diode is in reverse bias. Once the two voltage energies align, the electrons flow like an open wire. As the voltage further increases, tunneling becomes improbable and the diode acts like a normal diode again before a second energy level becomes noticeable.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: A European research project demonstrated field effect transistors in which the gate (channel) is controlled via quantum tunneling rather than by thermal injection, reducing gate voltage from ≈1 volt to 0.2 volts and reducing power consumption by up to 100×. If these transistors can be scaled up into VLSI chips, they would improve the performance per power of integrated circuits.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunneling is an essential phenomenon for nuclear fusion. The temperature in stellar cores is generally insufficient to allow atomic nuclei to overcome the Coulomb barrier and achieve thermonuclear fusion. Quantum tunneling increases the probability of penetrating this barrier. Though this probability is still low, the extremely large number of nuclei in the core of a star is sufficient to sustain a steady fusion reaction.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Radioactive decay is the process of emission of particles and energy from the unstable nucleus of an atom to form a stable product. This is done via the tunneling of a particle out of the nucleus (an electron tunneling into the nucleus is electron capture). This was the first application of quantum tunneling. Radioactive decay is a relevant issue for astrobiology as this consequence of quantum tunneling creates a constant energy source over a large time interval for environments outside the circumstellar habitable zone where insolation would not be possible (subsurface oceans) or effective.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunnelling may be one of the mechanisms of hypothetical proton decay.<ref name="url[nucl-th/9809006] Time-dependent properties of proton decay from crossing single-particle metastable states in deformed nuclei"></ref>


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: By including quantum tunneling, the astrochemical syntheses of various molecules in interstellar clouds can be explained, such as the synthesis of molecular hydrogen, water (ice) and the prebiotic important formaldehyde.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Quantum tunneling is among the central non-trivial quantum effects in quantum biology. Here it is important both as electron tunneling and proton tunneling. Electron tunneling is a key factor in many biochemical redox reactions (photosynthesis, cellular respiration) as well as enzymatic catalysis. Proton tunneling is a key factor in spontaneous DNA mutation.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Spontaneous mutation occurs when normal DNA replication takes place after a particularly significant proton has tunnelled. A hydrogen bond joins DNA base pairs. A double well potential along a hydrogen bond separates a potential energy barrier. It is believed that the double well potential is asymmetric, with one well deeper than the other such that the proton normally rests in the deeper well. For a mutation to occur, the proton must have tunnelled into the shallower well. The proton's movement from its regular position is called a tautomeric transition. If DNA replication takes place in this state, the base pairing rule for DNA may be jeopardised, causing a mutation. Per-Olov Lowdin was the first to develop this theory of spontaneous mutation within the double helix. Other instances of quantum tunneling-induced mutations in biology are believed to be a cause of ageing and cancer.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: While the Drude-Lorentz model of electrical conductivity makes excellent predictions about the nature of electrons conducting in metals, it can be furthered by using quantum tunneling to explain the nature of the electron's collisions. When a free electron wave packet encounters a long array of uniformly spaced barriers, the reflected part of the wave packet interferes uniformly with the transmitted one between all barriers so that 100% transmission becomes possible. The theory predicts that if positively charged nuclei form a perfectly rectangular array, electrons will tunnel through the metal as free electrons, leading to extremely high conductance, and that impurities in the metal will disrupt it significantly.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The scanning tunneling microscope (STM), invented by Gerd Binnig and Heinrich Rohrer, may allow imaging of individual atoms on the surface of a material. It operates by taking advantage of the relationship between quantum tunneling with distance. When the tip of the STM's needle is brought close to a conduction surface that has a voltage bias, measuring the current of electrons that are tunneling between the needle and the surface reveals the distance between the needle and the surface. By using piezoelectric rods that change in size when voltage is applied, the height of the tip can be adjusted to keep the tunneling current constant. The time-varying voltages that are applied to these rods can be recorded and used to image the surface of the conductor. STMs are accurate to 0.001 nm, or about 1% of atomic diameter.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: In chemical kinetics, the substitution of a light isotope of an element with a heavier one typically results in a slower reaction rate. This is generally attributed to differences in the zero-point vibrational energies for chemical bonds containing the lighter and heavier isotopes and is generally modeled using transition state theory. However, in certain cases, large isotope effects are observed that cannot be accounted for by a semi-classical treatment, and quantum tunneling is required. R. P. Bell developed a modified treatment of Arrhenius kinetics that is commonly used to model this phenomenon.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Some physicists have claimed that it is possible for spin-zero particles to travel faster than the speed of light when tunneling. This appears to violate the principle of causality, since a frame of reference then exists in which the particle arrives before it has left. In 1998, Francis E. Low reviewed briefly the phenomenon of zero-time tunneling. More recently, experimental tunneling time data of phonons, photons, and electrons was published by Günter Nimtz.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Other physicists, such as Herbert Winful, disputed these claims. Winful argued that the wavepacket of a tunneling particle propagates locally, so a particle can't tunnel through the barrier non-locally. Winful also argued that the experiments that are purported to show non-local propagation have been misinterpreted. In particular, the group velocity of a wavepacket does not measure its speed, but is related to the amount of time the wavepacket is stored in the barrier. But the problem remains that the wave function still rises inside the barrier at all points at the same time. In other words, in any region that is inaccessible to measurement, non-local propagation is still mathematically certain.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: An experiment done in 2020, overseen by Aephraim Steinberg, showed that particles should be able to tunnel at apparent speeds faster than light.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The solutions of the Schrödinger equation take different forms for different values of "x", depending on whether "M"("x") is positive or negative. When "M"("x") is constant and negative, then the Schrödinger equation can be written in the form


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The solutions of this equation represent travelling waves, with phase-constant +"k" or -"k". Alternatively, if "M"("x") is constant and positive, then the Schrödinger equation can be written in the form


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The solutions of this equation are rising and falling exponentials in the form of evanescent waves. When "M"("x") varies with position, the same difference in behaviour occurs, depending on whether M(x) is negative or positive. It follows that the sign of "M"("x") determines the nature of the medium, with negative M(x) corresponding to medium A and positive "M"("x") corresponding to medium B. It thus follows that evanescent wave coupling can occur if a region of positive "M"("x") is sandwiched between two regions of negative "M"("x"), hence creating a potential barrier.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: The mathematics of dealing with the situation where "M"("x") varies with "x" is difficult, except in special cases that usually do not correspond to physical reality. A full mathematical treatment appears in the 1965 monograph by Fröman and Fröman. Their ideas have not been incorporated into physics textbooks, but their corrections have little quantitative effect.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Substituting the second equation into the first and using the fact that the imaginary part needs to be 0 results in:


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: To solve this equation using the semiclassical approximation, each function must be expanded as a power series in formula_1. From the equations, the power series must start with at least an order of formula_13 to satisfy the real part of the equation; for a good classical limit starting with the highest power of Planck's constant possible is preferable, which leads to


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: In both cases it is apparent from the denominator that both these approximate solutions are bad near the classical turning points formula_24. Away from the potential hill, the particle acts similar to a free and oscillating wave; beneath the potential hill, the particle undergoes exponential changes in amplitude. By considering the behaviour at these limits and classical turning points a global solution can be made.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: To start, a classical turning point, formula_25 is chosen and formula_26 is expanded in a power series about formula_25:


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Taking these solutions for all classical turning points, a global solution can be formed that links the limiting solutions. Given the two coefficients on one side of a classical turning point, the two coefficients on the other side of a classical turning point can be determined by using this local solution to connect them.


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: Hence, the Airy function solutions will asymptote into sine, cosine and exponential functions in the proper limits. The relationships between formula_33 and formula_34 are


title: Quantum tunnelling

text: With the coefficients found, the global solution can be found. Therefore, the transmission coefficient for a particle tunneling through a single potential barrier is


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest is a Japanese manga series written and storyboarded by Hiro Mashima, and illustrated by Atsuo Ueda. It is a sequel to Mashima's "Fairy Tail" series, focusing on Natsu Dragneel and his team from the titular wizard guild as they aim to complete an unfinished, century-old mission. The manga was launched in Kodansha's "Magazine Pocket" manga app in July 2018, and is licensed by Kodansha USA for an English release in North America. As of November 2022, thirteen "tankōbon" volumes have been released in Japan. An anime television series adaptation has been announced.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: One year following the demise of Zeref and Acnologia, Natsu Dragneel and his team from the Fairy Tail wizard guild embark on the 100 Years Quest, a mission that has been unaccomplished for over a century, on the northern continent of Guiltina. There the team learns that their mission is to seal the Five Dragon Gods, a group of dragons whose power rivals Acnologia's and threatens to cause worldwide destruction. Meanwhile, Fairy Tail recruits a new member named Touka, who is possessed by a witch that aims to seize the dragons' powers for her own purposes.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: Touka is an Exceed girl who is possessed by Faris, a human shrine maiden who pretends to be the – the missing leader of the white magic cult – with her ability to steal others' magic and erase it or control their minds, for which she is thought to be as dangerous as Zeref, the Black Wizard. Both Touka and Faris are originally from a parallel universe called Elentear, which Faris attempts to save from the dragon god Selene by erasing powerful sources of magic in Earth-land, including Fairy Tail and the Five Dragon Gods, using Touka's "Aqua Aera" magic to travel between worlds. Touka appears to be enamored with Natsu, who unknowingly saved her from bandits during his training journey, but is later revealed to be in love with Happy, having mistaken Natsu's name as his.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: Elefseria is the founding master of Earth-land's first wizard guild, located on the northern continent of Guiltina. He serves as Fairy Tail's client for the 100 Years Quest, which he issued following a failed attempt at defeating the Five Dragon Gods by teaching himself Dragon Slayer magic, resulting in his transformation into a dragon. As such, he has remained alive for the 160 years since making his request, using magic to assume his original human appearance. As the he possesses knowledge of all things in the world.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: The are a group of dragons who survived the Dragon King Festival by fleeing to Guiltina to hide from Acnologia. Since then, they are each considered to have become as strong as Acnologia, and are viewed as deities by Guiltina's citizens. Several of the dragons have the ability to assume humanoid forms. To prevent them from causing a potential catastrophe, the object of the 100 Years Quest is for wizards to seal the dragons away.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: is a guild of "fifth-generation" Dragon Slayers called Dragon Eaters who gain their abilities by consuming dragons. Led by , the guild comes into conflict with Fairy Tail over the Five Dragon Gods, whose power is desired by the Dragon Eaters.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: The guild's strongest force is the a team of four Dragon Eaters who were given the powers of dragons killed by Georg. Its members are:


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: Following the conclusion of "Fairy Tail" on July 26, 2017, Hiro Mashima posted a tweet on April 5, 2018, announcing that sequel to the series was being developed as a spin-off manga, although he did not specify that he would be returning as the illustrator. On June 27, Mashima announced that the manga was tentatively titled , which was confirmed on July 4 to be drawn by Atsuo Ueda with original storyboards provided by Mashima.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: The manga was launched with two chapters in Kodansha's "Magazine Pocket" manga app on July 25, 2018, under the title "Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest", while the first chapter was simultaneously published in the 34th issue of "Weekly Shōnen Magazine". On August 28, 2018, Ueda tweeted that chapters would be released every two weeks beginning on September 5, 2018. The manga was published for an English language release by Kodansha USA in August 2019.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: These chapters have yet to be published in a "tankōbon" volume. They were originally serialized in "Magazine Pocket" app from October to December 2022.


title: Fairy Tail: 100 Years Quest

text: An anime television series adaptation was announced during the "Hiro Mashima Fan Meeting" livestream on September 11, 2021.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: The Game Awards 2020 was an award show that honored the best video games of 2020. It was produced and hosted by Geoff Keighley, and took place on December 10, 2020. The preshow ceremony was hosted by Sydnee Goodman. Unlike previous Game Awards, the show was broadcast virtually due to the COVID-19 pandemic; Keighley presented at a soundstage in Los Angeles, while musical performances took place virtually at stages in London and Tokyo. The show introduced the award's first Future Class, a list of individuals from the video game industry who best represent the future of video games, Innovation in Accessibility award, an award for games that featured notable accessibility options. The show was live streamed across 45 different platforms. It featured musical performances from Chvrches, Green Day, and Grimes, and presentations from celebrity guests, including Reggie Fils-Aimé, Gal Gadot, Brie Larson, and Keanu Reeves.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: "The Last of Us Part II" received the most nominations and wins in the show's history—eleven and seven, respectively—and was awarded Game of the Year. Neil Druckmann and Halley Gross won Best Narrative for their work on the game, while Laura Bailey was awarded Best Performance for her role as Abby. Several new games were announced, including "Ark II", "Perfect Dark", and an untitled "Mass Effect" game. The show was the most expensive ceremony to date. It was viewed by over 83 million streams, the most in its history to date, with 8.3 million concurrent viewers at its peak. It received a mixed reception from media publications, with praise directed at new game announcements, and criticism for not allowing developers more time to speak. Some critics and viewers shared concerns over the success of "The Last of Us Part II" due to its developer's crunch practices.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: As with previous iterations of The Game Awards, the 2020 show was hosted and produced by Canadian games journalist Geoff Keighley. He returned as an executive producer alongside Kimmie Kim, and Richard Preuss and LeRoy Bennett returned as director and creative director, respectively. Sydnee Goodman returned as host of the preshow. Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Keighley did not want to host a normal ceremony. Not wanting to take a hiatus and inspired by the success of Summer Game Fest, he considered hosting from his home but his board urged him to attempt a larger show on par with previous years. In case of a significant surge of COVID-19 cases in California, the crew had several back-up plans, including broadcasting from Keighley's house. He worked with his partners to develop a virtual show; he and his team took inspiration from other shows throughout the year, including the Democratic National Convention, in which the "audience" was featured on virtual screens, as well as the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards, wherein the hosts were isolated on stage and the winners accepted via video call.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: The presentation used three soundstages in Los Angeles, London, and Tokyo; each had minimal attendees, mostly related to production crew and presenters. Keighley said this allowed them to include additional presentation events as with past shows, as well as explore taking future shows to different venues. The 2020 show—featuring a production of more than 400 people, six of whom are full-time employees—had a budget of under and was the most expensive to date, partly due to the COVID-19 tests required for the crew and the worldwide remote camera set-ups. It remained profitable due to revenue from advertisers and sponsors, as well as minor earnings from streaming services. The show's theme was strength and comfort due to the impact of the pandemic. Keighley wanted to implore the theme of unity, given the release of the PlayStation 5 and Xbox Series X/S in November 2020; he cited The Game Awards 2018 as an example of this theme, which had led with Nintendo's Reggie Fils-Aimé, Microsoft's Phil Spencer, and Sony's Shawn Layden sharing the stage. Keighley felt the inclusion of film and television stars was an interesting way to show a wider appreciation for the industry. His team wanted to include Henry Cavill in the show, but he was busy working on "The Witcher".


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: While developing the show, Keighley spoke to hundreds of viewers via Zoom to discuss their own interests, often alongside industry figures like Valve Corporation president Gabe Newell and Epic Games creative director Donald Mustard. As with the previous show, the presentation ran alongside the Game Festival, consisting of playable demos and additional in-game content. The show introduced the award's first Future Class, a list of individuals from across the video game industry who best represent the future of video games. The inductees included industry professionals such as Kinda Funny's Blessing Adeoye Jr., Naughty Dog's Halley Gross, and "GameSpot" Kallie Plagge. The presentation was aired on December 10, 2020, live streamed across more than 45 online platforms. It aired on more than ten networks in China, including Bilibili, Douyin, and Huya Live, and on several networks in India including Disney+ Hotstar, JioTV, and MX Player.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: Around April and May in 2020, Keighley was worried about a potential lack of game announcements due to the impact of COVID-19 on the industry; however, several developers were able to submit their announcements and trailers for demonstration. Announcements on recently released and upcoming games were made for:


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: The nominees for The Game Awards 2020 were announced on November 18, 2020. Any game released on or before November 20, 2020 was eligible for consideration. The nominees were compiled by a jury panel with members from 96 media outlets globally; ballots were sent to outlets on October 29 and due back on November 6, though they had until November 13 to submit updated ballots. Outlets were required to submit three games for each category to determine the nominees. Winners were determined between the jury (90%) and public votes (10%); the latter was held via the official website and on social media platforms such as Facebook and Twitter, and closed on December 9. The two exceptions were the Most Anticipated Game and Player's Voice awards, which were fully nominated and voted-on by the public; the former was determined exclusively on Twitter and announced during the show, and the latter was announced on December 8 after several rounds of voting. A new Innovation in Accessibility award was added for games that featured notable accessibility options. Around 18.3 million people participated in the public vote, doubling from the previous show.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: "The Last of Us Part II" received eleven nominations, the most in the show's history. Other games with multiple nominations included "Hades" with nine, "Ghost of Tsushima" with eight, "Final Fantasy VII Remake" with six, and "Doom Eternal" with five. Sony Interactive Entertainment had 26 total nominations, more than any other publisher, followed by Supergiant Games and Xbox Game Studios with eight.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: "The Last of Us Part II" received the most wins in the show's history, with seven. Four games—"Among Us", "Final Fantasy VII Remake", "Ghost of Tsushima", and "Hades"—won two awards. Across its two winning games, Sony Interactive Entertainment won a total of nine awards, while Innersloth, Square Enix, Supergiant Games, and Xbox Game Studios won two.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: The following individuals, listed in order of appearance, presented awards or introduced trailers. All other awards were presented by Keighley or Goodman.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: The following individuals or groups performed musical numbers. A planned orchestral version of "Cyberpunk 2077"s music was scrapped when the game was delayed to the same day as the ceremony, rendering it ineligible for nomination.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: "Inverse"s Corey Plante felt the cutoff date led to several games getting snubbed, including "Demon's Souls" and "", as well as "Pokémon Sword" and "Shield", which was eligible for both the 2019 and 2020 awards but was unrecognized in both. He felt "Ghost of Tsushima" was more deserving of a Best Score and Music nomination than "Doom Eternal". "Den of Geek"s Matthew Byrd similarly lamented the lack of recognition for "Demon's Souls" and "Marvel's Spider-Man: Miles Morales". Kat Bailey of "USgamer" questioned "Doom Eternal" nomination for Game of the Year, describing it as "messy, unfocused, and, well, just not as good" as its predecessor. "Kotaku Australia"s Alex Walker similarly found the nomination misplaced and considered games like "" and "Microsoft Flight Simulator" more deserving.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: The show received a mixed reception from media publications. "VentureBeat" Dean Takahashi praised the ceremony, particularly applauding its celebration of diverse games such as "The Last of Us Part II" and "Tell Me Why" as well as the varied and interesting new game announcements. Todd Martens of "Los Angeles Times" felt the show should have allowed more time for the developers to speak and discuss their artistic visions behind the games, noting the presentation does little to demonstrate video games as art. "Eurogamer"s Martin Robinson said the show was understandably "low-key" but called it a "three-hour long advert". "Inverse"s Ana Diaz criticized the rapid announcement of winners between premieres and during the preshow, preventing developers from accepting the awards, and its focus on Hollywood actors over game creators.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: Similar to concerns over "Death Stranding" predominance in the nominations and ceremony for the 2019 awards due to its creator Hideo Kojima's friendship with Keighley, some viewers shared concerns related to "The Last of Us Part II" at the 2020 awards, both for its awards success and due to the developer's crunch practices. "The Last of Us Part II" was well-received at release but narrative elements polarized some critics and players, and the game had been subject to review bombing; Keighley clarified the awards were not rigged in the manner some viewers had suggested and there was no influence of Naughty Dog or its staff on the award selection, citing the game's popularity among players and media alike as proven by its runner-up placement in the Player's Voice award. "Kotaku" Ian Walker criticized the game's Best Game Direction win, noting "Hades" should have won due to developer Supergiant Games's less demanding work culture. "TheGamer"s Peter Glagowski similarly felt the game's awards were a message excusing crunch culture in game development. Keighley felt it would be difficult to incorporate criteria related to games developed under poor industry practices like crunch into the awards selection process without becoming a slippery slope, but believes discussions of these practices should be a conversation held by the larger community.


title: The Game Awards 2020

text: Over 83 million streams were used to view the ceremony, the most in the show's history to date, with 8.3 million concurrent viewers at its peak. On Twitch, the show had over 2.63 million concurrent viewers, more than double the previous year, with 9,000 creators co-streaming the ceremony. On YouTube, live viewership increased 84 percent over the previous year. In total, live hours viewed increased by over 129 percent across Facebook Gaming, Twitch, and YouTube. The show trended worldwide on Twitter, with a 31 percent increase in conversation from the previous year, while usage of the hashtag #TheGameAwards increased 107 percent. Keighley expressed his surprise by the consistent growth of the show over the years, but confessed it has led him to fear "that year where it doesn't grow ... There's going to be a year where we don't have the same viewers".


title: Live A Live

text: Live A Live is a 1994 role-playing video game developed and published by Square for the Super Famicom. A remake for Nintendo Switch was released in July 2022, published by Square Enix in Japan and Nintendo worldwide. The game follows seven distinct scenarios scattered across different time periods, with two more unlockable scenarios linking the narratives together through the recurring antagonist Odio. Gameplay is split between exploration with story-specific twists, and turn-based combat played out on a grid.


title: Live A Live

text: Production began in late 1993, and was the directorial debut of Takashi Tokita. Tokita wanted to tell multiple stories within a single game, with each section drawing inspiration from different sources. Character designs for the seven main scenarios were handled by different manga artists. The music was composed by Yoko Shimomura as her first large-scale project after joining Square.


title: Live A Live

text: Reception of the game has been positive, with praise going to its unique gameplay and narrative mechanics, though its short length was faulted. The remake was praised by Western reviewers, particularly its overall design and redone graphics and music, though several noted gameplay elements that had aged poorly. Selling 270,000 units, the original release was considered a failure, while the remake sold 500,000 copies worldwide. Tokita's work on "Live A Live" influenced his later projects.


title: Live A Live

text: "Live A Live" is a role-playing video game in which the player takes on the role of eight different protagonists through nine scenarios. While each narrative has the same basic mechanics, individual stories have unique gimmicks; these include the use of stealth, a lack of standard battles, or using telepathy to learn new facts to progress the narrative. With the exception of one scenario, the player character navigates themed environments, ranging from the overworld area to dungeon environments. Battles are triggered differently for each scenario; some are random encounters, some have enemy sprites which can be avoided, while others are entirely scripted.


title: Live A Live

text: The turn-based battle system is used across all scenarios, and features the player character and sometimes a party fighting enemies on a 7x7 grid, with characters able to move and perform actions such as attacking or using particular skills. Skills can be used without limit, though some take multiple turns to charge. Some abilities imbue tiles with extra properties, such as healing a character or dealing elemental damage. There are also different skill systems in place; there is gaining levels with experience points, which unlocks new abilities, though in others character progression is locked behind story events. In one scenario techniques are learned through seeing an opponent use them. Each character can also equip and use items, such as accessories to boost attack or items to recover health. If the player character, or party, is defeated, the game ends.


title: Live A Live

text: The 2022 remake carries over the basic gameplay from the original, though redesigned and updated for the new graphical style, and with some features intended for ease of play compared to the original. Bars are added representing a character's health and "charge" time before their move is executed. Other additions include a sparkling effect over items and materials that can be gathered, a display showing a move's area of effect, and an optional radar system which shows the position of objectives on the map.


title: Live A Live

text: "Live A Live" is split into seven chapters, covering prehistoric, ancient Chinese, feudal Japanese, Wild West, present day, near future, and distant future eras. In each scenario, the protagonist confronts a powerful enemy whose name is or incorporates the word "Odio". After completing these scenarios, an eighth chapter set in the Middle Ages is unlocked, which in turn unlocks a final chapter tying the narratives together.


title: Live A Live

text: In the final chapter, "Dominion of Hate", Odio draws the seven protagonists—Pogo, the Shifu's student, Oboromaru, the Sundown Kid, Masaru, Akira and Cube—to Lucrece, to his time. In this chapter, the player can choose to play as any of the protagonists from the previous chapters. Choosing Oersted begins a scenario where he fights each hero using their respective Odio incarnations, either living in a world devoid of life or obliterating the universe in a final devastating attack if he loses. Choosing any other protagonist has that character assemble and lead the party to a final battle with Odio's true form. The party can either kill Oersted, trapping them in Lucrece; or spare him, leading to final battles with each form of Odio, which Oersted describes as the physical incarnation of his hatred−in the remake, Oersted's hate goes berserk and overwhelms Oersted, but he is able to breaks free of its control thanks to the seven heroes and strikes the final blow. A repentant and dying Oersted sends each protagonist back to their time period with the warning that enough hate can create another Lord of Dark.


title: Live A Live

text: "Live A Live" was developed by Development Division 5 of Square, noted as creators of the "Final Fantasy" series. The game was the directorial debut of Takashi Tokita, who had previously worked in a designer role for "Hanjuku Hero" and "Final Fantasy IV". The original concept was born from the desire to make an RPG where players could experience multiple standalone stories at once, contrasting against "Final Fantasy" where smaller stories served a grand narrative arc. The production was made possible by the expanding storage capacity of the Super Famicom ROM, with the aim being for players to be able to complete each section within a day. Several staff members, including designer Nobuyuki Inoue and lead programmer Fumiaki Fukaya, had worked on either "Hanjuku Hero" or the "Final Fantasy" series. Active production began in December 1993, though the entire development including early planning lasted one and a half years. It was produced for the Super Famicom's 16-megabit cartridge.


title: Live A Live

text: Tokita had difficulty adjusting to his role as director, particularly as he could not be as hands-on with the graphical elements as he had been for "Final Fantasy IV". Except for menus and battles, Fukaya was responsible for all the game's programming. Tokita put an equal amount of effort into each world design. Many of the world suggestions came from other members of staff, with Tokita choosing what he thought were the best. The first world created was the Middle Ages edition, which informed both the wider narrative and the gameplay design. The scenarios originally had a graduating difficulty scale, but Tokita abandoned this so players could tackle the scenarios in any order they wished. Inoue was responsible for the battle system design, wanting to make a strategic experience which Tokita described as "real-time shogi". Another goal was to evolve the standard gameplay of RPGs at the time. One idea of Tokita's that was rejected involved not displaying hit points, but having the character physically act like they had been injured or look weakened as they took damage instead. Once production finished, the team split up to work on other projects within Square.


title: Live A Live

text: A notable feature of "Live A Live" were the artists brought in to design the lead cast of the seven main sections. The artists were Yoshihide Fujiwara ("Imperial China"), Yoshinori Kobayashi ("Prehistory"), Osamu Ishiwata ("The Wild West"), Yumi Tamura ("Distant Future"), Ryōji Minagawa ("Present Day"), Gosho Aoyama ("Twilight of Edo Japan") and Kazuhiko Shimamoto ("The Near Future"). This was possible due to Square's publishing ties with Shogakukan, who was associated with those artists. Additional character artwork, including designs for the "Lord of Dark" narrative, was done by Kiyofumi Katō of Square. Further in-game graphics were designed by Yukiko Sasaki, who worked as a map designer on "Final Fantasy IV". Sasaki encountered difficulties with the graphics, struggling to design the Edo Japan scenario and needed to cut elements such as telegraph poles from Present Day scenario. Having multiple character designers was not in the original plan, but emerged to complement the "omnibus" storytelling. This style of having one artist in charge for each world was unusual for Square, who previously had a single graphic designer in charge of all art direction.


title: Live A Live

text: Fujiwara was known for his work on the martial arts manga "Kenji". For the Imperial China protagonist's female student, Fujiwara deliberately went against stereotypes of martial arts heroines with large breasts, drawing her with a "tighter" figure. Shimamoto was originally going for an anime-styled design for his characters, but changed it to one based on traditional manga when he saw the other designers' work. Akira's partner Matsu was physically based on actor Yūsaku Matsuda. Ishiwata based the protagonist of the Wild West on the cowboy figures portrayed by Clint Eastwood. Aoyama designed Oboromaru very quickly, and at Tokita's request based Ode Iou's design on the Japanese warlord Oda Nobunaga. Tamura was in the middle of her work on "Basara" when she was approached about the project, and it was her only work in video game character design. Katō designed the sprites of the Middle Ages cast based on templates from the "Final Fantasy" series, with Orstead being directly based on the Warrior of Light.


title: Live A Live

text: The scenario was co-written by Tokita and Inoue. As with his other work, Tokita drew inspiration from the tone and dramatic moments of the manga "Devilman". He also based its structure on "Dragon Quest IV", with the script emulating the style of anime and manga. The Prehistory story drew inspiration from the manga series "First Human Giatrus", while the Wold West narrative was based on climactic scenes from classic Westerns including "Shane". The Near Future story made several references to classic mecha manga and anime. Along with its references to classic martial arts films, the name of the protagonist in the Present Day narrative was made up of kanji symbols taken from the names of four famous wrestlers. The Distant Future narrative was inspired by "" and "Alien". Cube's name, created by a member of the development staff, was a reference to Stanley Kubrick. The Middle Ages story paid homage to "Final Fantasy", with the relationship between Orstead and Streibough mirroring that between Cecil Harvey and Kain Highwind. Tokita was concerned about creating the Middle Ages story due to its similarity to the ongoing "Final Fantasy", "SaGa" and "Mana" series. The final chapter and its selectable lead protagonists emulated the freedom of choice present in "Romancing SaGa". Inoue created the recurring gag character of Watanabe, a normal man who suffers misfortune in each era, to represent the normal people who die during each scenario.


title: Live A Live

text: The music was composed and arranged by Yoko Shimomura. After writing music for Capcom on multiple projects including "Street Fighter II", Shimomura moved to Square in 1993, fuelled by the wish to compose for RPGs. "Live A Live" was Shimomura's first major RPG composition, and her first job after arriving at Square. Her only previous work on RPGs was minor work on "Breath of Fire" prior to leaving Capcom. As with the rest of the game, Shimomura's music reflected the different eras in which the narrative was set. The main theme appeared multiple times through the score in arranged versions, an idea shared by both Shimomura and Tokita. Shimomura wrote the score on a PC-9800 series, then ported it into the Super Famicom sound environment.


title: Live A Live

text: The boss theme "Megalomania" was written to be frenetic and exciting. For the motif of Odio, Shimomura used a simulated pipe organ, incorporating it into "Megalomania" to reference its recurring threat. The music for the Middle Ages period was the most difficult for Shimomura to write, though it was among the first asked for by Tokita. Upon hearing of her struggles, "Final Fantasy" composer Nobuo Uematsu offered to help. Writing the score for the Middle Ages became easier once the theme "Overlord Overture" and battle theme "Dignified Battle" were completed. The music for the Captain Square minigame in the Distant Future scenario was deliberately written to evoke the chiptune style of NES and early arcade titles.


title: Live A Live

text: A soundtrack album for the game was released in August 1994 by NTT Publishing. The album was reissued on iTunes in July 2008 as one of the first releases from "Square Enix Presents Legendary Tracks", a series of rare album re-releases. A physical re-release was published by Square Enix's music label in May 2012.


title: Live A Live

text: In 2008, the tracks "Birds in the Sky, Fish in the River" and "Forgotten Wings" were included on "Drammatica: The Very Best of Yoko Shimomura", a compilation of the composer's work at Square Enix. Remixed and karaoke versions of "Kiss of Jealousy" and "Megalomania" were released on the 2014 compilation album "Memoria", which also featured tracks from Shimomura's work with Square. "Birds in the Sky, Fish in the River" and "Megalomania" were later released in 2015 as downloadable content for "". Also in 2015, a tribute concert was held in Kichijoji at Club Seata, featuring performances by multiple musicians including Shimomura, and guest appearances from the game's staff including Tokita.


title: Live A Live

text: "Live A Live" was released on September 2, 1994. Originally meant to be released in Japan before "Final Fantasy VI", delays occurred in "Live A Live"s production and the release order was reversed. Prior to release, Tamura created a prequel manga to the Distant Future scenario, later noting that she drew the manga without Square's permission. The game was re-released through Nintendo's Virtual Console for Wii U on June 17, 2015. A Virtual Console port to Nintendo 3DS released on November 28, 2016. The release was prompted by fan demand for the title, and then-publisher Square Enix had to get permission from the guest illustrators before the re-release could happen. Characters from "Live A Live" were featured in 20th anniversary crossovers with the mobile games "Holy Dungeon" and "Final Fantasy Legends: The Space-Time Crystal".


title: Live A Live

text: Until 2022, "Live A Live" remained exclusive to Japan. A rumor reported by "GamePro" was that the title was originally planned for an English release. In an interview with the magazine "Super Play", Square localization staff member Ted Woolsey said that its overseas release was unlikely due to its low graphical quality compared to other popular titles at the time. A fan translation was created by noted online translation group Aeon Genesis. Speaking in later interviews, Tokita felt that his experience with "Live A Live" helped solidify his directing and storytelling.


title: Live A Live

text: On the subject of a remake, Tokita said it would depend entirely on fan demand. He later revealed that multiple attempts at a sequel or remake had fallen through over the years. After joining the Square Enix team developing "Octopath Traveler", known for its "HD-2D" graphical style which blended sprite art with 3D graphics, Tokita was inspired to remake "Live A Live" using the graphical style of "Octopath Traveler". The remake was made possible because Square Enix had been in talks over licencing from Shogakukan since the original's Virtual Console release.


title: Live A Live

text: Square Enix president Yosuke Matsuda had himself voiced a wish to remake older titles using the HD-2D design, and "Live A Live" was at the top of a list of proposed titles. Work on the remake began in 2019, with development proving challenging due to the COVID-19 pandemic and preserving the variety of playstyles. The remake was co-developed by Square Enix's Team Asano, and Japanese developer Historia. Tokita acted as producer, while Shun Sasaki of Historia worked as director, with much of the staff being young and unrelated to the original version. Sasaki expressed disbelief when approached about the remake, but accepted as many staff members were fans of "Live A Live". The UI and sound effects were updated, and the gameplay was rebalanced. It also saw gameplay additions of in-game radars and maps. The character designs were redrawn by Naoki Ikushima.


title: Live A Live

text: Shimomura returned to orchestrate and arrange the soundtrack. The original MIDI sound files had been lost, so the score had to be "copied" from the original, with her feeling pressure due to the soundtrack's popularity among fans. The Near Future chapter also included a vocal version of the theme "Go! Go! Buriki Daioh!", performed by Hironobu Kageyama. Known for performing "Dragon Ball Z" opening theme "Cha-La Head-Cha-La", Kageyama also recorded an English version for the Western release. The lyrics were taken from a 1994 Famitsu competition where readers sent in lyrics for the song. Voice acting for main and important characters was included with the cast being chosen by Tokita based on his initial concepts for what the characters would sound like. Voice actor Tomokazu Sugita, a fan of the original game, appeared in roles across all the time periods.


title: Live A Live

text: The remake was announced in February 2022 for Nintendo Switch. It was released on July 22, 2022; Square Enix published the game in Japan, while Nintendo published it in the West. In Japan, it comes in both a physical and digital version, and a Collector's Edition from Square Enix's website. The Collector's Edition includes a model of the Buriki Daioh mech designed by Shinamoto, a themed board game, a soundtrack collection with booklet, and a shoulder bag. A demo covering the opening chapters of the Imperial China, Edo and Far Future storylines, with progress being transferrable into the main game, was released in Japan on June 28. A soundtrack album, containing the same tracks as featured in the Collector's Edition, released in Japan on July 27.


title: Live A Live

text: The original release of "Live A live" sold 270,000 copies in Japan, which at the time was considered a failure compared to the company's "Final Fantasy" releases. Tokita attributed the low sales to its release as a new project competing against entries in established series. Between July and September 2022, the remake sold 500,000 copies worldwide, with over 140,000 units being sold in Japan.


title: Live A Live

text: The four "Famitsu" reviewers enjoyed the game's variety, but found the graphics lacking compared to other Super Famicom titles of the time. In its review, Micro Magazine's publication "Game Criticism" lauded the attempt at its omnibus storytelling style and use of popular manga artists, but ultimately felt it lacked substance and heavily criticized the final chapters and "imbalance" between the mature narrative and low-difficulty gameplay. "Retro Gamer" lauded both the omnibus narrative and battle system, but felt that the title was too short; the magazine concluded that the game was a "one-of-a-kind experience" Jenni Lada, writing for website "GamerTell", included the title in a list of the best Super Famicom titles exclusive to Japan, praising its variety compared to other titles for the platform. In 2011, "GamePro" included it on the list of the 14 best JRPGs that were not released in English, adding that "rumor has it the game was originally slated for a US release, making its absence here sting all the more."


title: Live A Live

text: The remake met with a "generally favorable" reception according to review aggregator website "Metacritic", earning a score of 81 points out of 100 based on 86 reviews. Critics focused praise on the graphics and audio design together with the redone musical score, praising its faithful reproduction for first-time Western players and variety of settings and narratives, with complaints mainly stemming from by-then archaic mechanics carried over from the original and lack of character development in its chapters.


title: Live A Live

text: The "Famitsu" reviewers were again positive, praising the remake's faithfulness to the original alongside the HD-2D conversion, with the main complaints being a lack of noticeable changes or maps for navigating levels. "Eurogamer"s Edwin Evans-Thirlwell described the remake as "essentially Sidequest: The Game", enjoying it for the most part and noting its variety as a positive, though noting a lack of empowered female characters. Andrew Reiner, writing for "Game Informer", was very positive about the remake and recommended it to genre fans, with his one complaint being pacing issues with some chapters, Heidi Kemps of "GameSpot" praised the game's subversion of genre and gaming tropes, citing it as a game that had aged well and benefited from the remake.


title: Live A Live

text: "IGN"s Rebekah Valentine described the remake positively as a time capsule showing the experimental style of RPGs of the time, noting the variety within the story and battle system and extra content tied to the overarching narrative. Alana Hagues, writing for "Nintendo Life", enjoyed her time with the remake despite some vague directions in the latter half of the game, additionally praising the localization for convincingly mimicking accents from each time period and location. Paige Chamberlain of "RPG Site" called the remake the best way to experience the game due to its translation and added features alongside the graphical upgrade, noting that the overall narrative was simple yet engaging and fun. "Nintendo World Report"s Jordan Rudek was less positive than many reviewers, lauding its release in the West after so long exclusive to Japan, but finding its design archaic enough to impact his enjoyment.


title: One (manga artist)

text: One (stylized as ONE) or Tomohiro is the pseudonym of a Japanese manga artist, who is best known for his web manga series "One-Punch Man", which was later remade into a digital manga illustrated by Yusuke Murata. "One" serializes the "One-Punch Man" webcomic on his own website under no official publisher, while the manga remake is serialized in the web version of "Weekly Young Jump". His other well-known series, "Mob Psycho 100", was serialized in the online version of "Weekly Shōnen Sunday", "Ura Sunday".


title: One (manga artist)

text: One was born in Niigata and grew up in Saitama. While visiting his grandparents in Niigata, his parents bought him a series of manga called "Crayon Shin-chan" by Yoshito Usui. One was a fan of the manga, which influenced his decision to become a manga artist, and began practising on his notebook during middle and high school.


title: One (manga artist)

text: In July 2009, One began publishing a short version of "One-Punch Man" in Shintosha, a comic-posting website. He later began irregularly uploading "One-Punch Man" to his web page FC2 on July 3, 2009. Originally, "One-Punch Man" was intended to be a one-off to further practice drawing, but became a series following positive reception. Due to its humorous setting and story, "One-Punch Man" became popular in Japan. One had a special interest in creating a protagonist that had already become the strongest in the world, which enabled him to concentrate on a different perspective of the background and storytelling. One stated that he envisioned the protagonist, Saitama, as a character capable of adapting to the world that surrounded him, with his primary obstacles being mundane things. Before One decided to become a full-time manga artist, he had taken several hiatuses from updating the webcomic, including a one-year hiatus in February 2010 to work at a full-time job, and a two-year hiatus after releasing the 109th chapter in January 2017.


title: One (manga artist)

text: Manga artist Yusuke Murata was interested in One's work and eventually reached out to One. The pair agreed to allow Murata to redraw "One-Punch Man". The remake was published by Shueisha's "Tonari no Young Jump" website. "One-Punch Man" would also receive an anime adaptation, announced in the 15th issue of "Weekly Young Jump" on March 10, 2015. The first season aired in Japan from October 5 to December 21, 2015. A live-action film adaptation is also in development. On November 26, 2022, "Versus" began serialization in Kodansha's "Shonen Sirius" magazine, written by One and illustrated by Kyōtarō Azuma.


title: Run Lola Run

text: Run Lola Run (, lit. "Lola Runs") is a 1998 German experimental thriller film written and directed by Tom Tykwer. The story follows a woman named Lola (Franka Potente) who needs to obtain 100,000 Deutschmarks in twenty minutes to save the life of her boyfriend Manni (Moritz Bleibtreu).


title: Run Lola Run

text: "Run Lola Run" screened at the Venice Film Festival, where it competed for the Golden Lion. Following its release, the film received critical acclaim and several accolades, including the Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics, the Audience Award at the Sundance Film Festival, Best Film at the Seattle International Film Festival, and seven awards at the German Film Awards. It was also selected as the German entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 71st Academy Awards, though it was not ultimately nominated.


title: Run Lola Run

text: Manni, a bagman responsible for delivering 100,000 Deutschmarks, frantically calls his girlfriend Lola. Manni says that he was riding the U-Bahn to drop off the money and fled upon seeing ticket inspectors, before realizing that he had left the money bag behind; he saw a homeless man examining it as the train pulled away. Manni's boss Ronnie will kill him in 20 minutes unless he has the money, so he is preparing to rob a nearby supermarket to replace the funds. Lola implores Manni to wait for her and decides to ask her father, a bank manager, for help.


title: Run Lola Run

text: Lola hangs up and runs down the staircase of her apartment building past a man with a dog. At the bank, her father is having a conversation with his mistress, who discloses her pregnancy. When Lola arrives, her conversation with her father turns into an argument. He tells her that he is leaving her mother and that Lola is not his biological daughter. Lola runs to meet Manni but arrives too late and sees him entering the supermarket with a gun. She helps him rob 100,000 marks but on leaving, they find it surrounded by police. Surrendering, Manni throws the money bag into the air, which startles a police officer who accidentally shoots Lola dead.


title: Run Lola Run

text: Events restart from the moment Lola leaves the house. This time, she trips over the man with the dog and now runs with a limp and arrives late to the bank, allowing her father's mistress to add that he is not the father of her unborn child. A furious Lola overhears the conversation, grabs a security guard's gun, holds her father hostage and robs the bank of 100,000 marks. When police mistake her for a bystander, she is able to leave and meet with Manni in time but a speeding ambulance that Lola had distracted moments earlier fatally runs him over.


title: Run Lola Run

text: Events begin again. Lola leaps over the man and his dog, arriving at the bank earlier but not triggering an auto accident as she did the first two times. Her father's colleague arrives before her and takes him away from the office. Lola now wanders aimlessly before entering a casino, where she hands over all her cash and plays roulette with a 100-mark chip. She bets it on the number 20, which wins. Roulette pays 35 to 1, so she wins 3,500 more marks, which she immediately adds to her original chip on 20. She now shrilly screams, causing 20 to come up again. She leaves with a bag containing 129,600 marks and runs to Manni's rendezvous. Manni spots the homeless man from the subway passing by on a bicycle with the money bag. Manni steals back the bag at gunpoint, exchanging his gun. A dishevelled and perspiring Lola arrives to witness Manni handing off the money to Ronnie. As the pair walk along, Manni casually asks Lola about her bag.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The film touches on themes such as free will vs. determinism, the role of chance in people's destiny, and obscure cause-effect relationships. Through brief flash-forward sequences of still images, Lola's fleeting interactions with bystanders are revealed to have surprising and drastic effects on their future lives, serving as concise illustrations of chaos theory's butterfly effect, in which minor, seemingly inconsequential variations in any interaction can blossom into much wider results than is often recognized. The film's exploration of the relationship between chance and conscious intention comes to the foreground in the casino scene, where Lola appears to defy the laws of chance through sheer force of will, improbably making the roulette ball land on her winning number with the help of a glass-shattering scream.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The thematic exploration of free will vs. determinism is made clear from the start. In the film's brief prologue, an unseen narrator asks a series of rhetorical questions that prime the audience to view the film through a metaphysical lens touching on traditional philosophical questions involving determinism vs. philosophic libertarianism, as well as epistemology. The theme is reinforced through the repeated appearance of a blind woman who briefly interacts with Manni in each alternative reality, and seems to have supernatural understandings of both the present and potential futures in those realities. The film ultimately seems to favor a compatibilist philosophical view to the free will question as evidenced by the casino scene and by the final telephone booth scene in which the blind woman redirects Manni's attention to a passerby, which enables him to make an important choice near the film's climax.


title: Run Lola Run

text: Several moments in the film allude to a supernatural awareness of the characters. For example, in the first reality, Manni shows a nervous Lola how to use a gun by removing the safety, while in the second timeline she removes the safety as though she remembers what to do. This suggests that she might have the memory of the events depicted in the previous timeline. Also, the bank's guard says to Lola "you finally came" in the third timeline, as if he remembered Lola's appearances in the previous two.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The theme of desire is expressed through the film as a driving force for Lola's actions. In Ingebord Majer O'Sickey's essay "Whatever Lola Wants, Lola Gets (Or Does She?): Time and Desire in Tom Tykwer's Run Lola Run" she argues that "what Lola really wants is to get into time sync with Manni in sexual terms". The conflict in the plot is driven by the initial phone conversation following Lola being late, leading to their timing to be out of sync. After the end of the first "episode", the bedside questioning by Lola reveals her dissatisfaction with the relationship, leading Manni to ask "Do you want to leave me?". O'Sickey makes the argument that each repeated return to the day is driven by Lola's continual attempt to adjust Manni's timing. The entirety of the film portrays Lola as "postmodern heroine who could leap over traditional time-constraints" giving the expectation that she ultimately would get what she wants. By the third arrival in the film, O'Sickey argues that "Lola not only loses her super heroine status, but her desire to desire". She claims the ending portrays "the tradition of classical Hollywood cinema's economy of desire". With Manni having reacquired the money, Lola's desire to be "in sync" disappears as she watches Manni's "metamorphosis from a bungling and fairly ineffective lover to a man in control of the situation". O'Sickey makes the claim that this deflates Lola's heroine status in the final act.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The film has drawn numerous comparisons to Polish director Krzysztof Kieślowski's "Blind Chance" (1982), which also features three scenarios, the outcome of which depends on split-second timing. After Kieślowski's death, Tykwer would go on to direct his planned next film, "Heaven".


title: Run Lola Run

text: "Run Lola Run" features two allusions to Alfred Hitchcock's film "Vertigo". Like that film, it features recurring images of spirals, such as the Spirale bar behind Manni's phone box, the spiral staircase down which Lola runs and the spirals on the bedsheet. In addition, the painting on the back wall of the casino of a woman's head seen from behind is based on a shot in "Vertigo": Tykwer disliked the empty space on the wall behind the roulette table and commissioned production designer Alexander Manasse to paint a picture of Kim Novak as she appeared in "Vertigo". Manasse could not remember what she looked like in the film; therefore, he decided to paint the famous shot of the back of her head. The painting took fifteen minutes to complete. The bed sheets in the red scenes also feature spiral designs which add to the allusion.


title: Run Lola Run

text: Coincidentally, the film "Sliding Doors" (also released in 1998) follows two timelines which diverge based on a seemingly minor decision: one in which the protagonist hesitates for a fellow pedestrian, and the delay causes her to miss a subway train; and another where she sidesteps the pedestrian and catches the train.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The soundtrack of the film, by Tykwer, Johnny Klimek, and Reinhold Heil, includes numerous musical quotations of the sustained string chords of "The Unanswered Question", an early 20th-century chamber ensemble work by American composer Charles Ives. In the original work, the chords are meant to represent "the Silences of the Druids—who Know, See and Hear Nothing."


title: Run Lola Run

text: The techno soundtrack established "dialectical relation" between motives of the movie: "Rhythm", "Repetition", and "Interval" among various spatio-temporal logics. This produces unification of contradictions like "Time and Space" or "The cyclical and the linear".


title: Run Lola Run

text: , the review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 93% of critics gave the film positive reviews based on 83 reviews, with an average rating of 7.70/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "More fun than a barrel of Jean-Paul Sartre, pic's energy riffs on an engaging love story and really human performances while offering a series of what-ifs and a blood-stirring soundtrack." On Metacritic, the film has an average score of 77 out of 100, based on 29 reviews, stating the film as having "generally favourable reviews".


title: Run Lola Run

text: In contrasting reviews, "Film Threat"s Chris Gore said of the film, "[It] delivers everything great foreign films should—action, sex, compelling characters, clever filmmaking, it's unpretentious (a requirement for me) and it has a story you can follow without having to read those annoying subtitles. I can't rave about this film enough—this is passionate filmmaking at its best. One of the best foreign films, heck, one of the best films I have seen", while Jonathan Rosenbaum of "The Chicago Reader" stated, "About as entertaining as a no-brainer can be—a lot more fun, for my money, than a cornball theme-park ride like "Speed", and every bit as fast moving. But don't expect much of an aftertaste."


title: Run Lola Run

text: The film was the highest-grossing German film released in 1998 with a gross of $13.8 million. It grossed $7.3 million in the United States and Canada and $22.9 million worldwide.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The film was nominated for dozens of awards, including the BAFTA Award for Best Film Not in the English Language. It won several, including the Grand Prix of the Belgian Syndicate of Cinema Critics, the Audience Award at the Sundance Film Festival, Best Film at the Seattle International Film Festival, and seven separate awards at the German Film Awards. "Lola Rennt" was ranked number 86 in "Empire" magazine's "The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema" in 2010. It was also nominated for the Golden Lion at the 55th Venice Film Festival, and a European Film Award in 1998.


title: Run Lola Run

text: "Run Lola Run" was selected as the German entry for the Best Foreign Language Film at the 71st Academy Awards, but not ultimately nominated.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The music video for "It's My Life" by Bon Jovi, released in 2000, was inspired by the film. The music video for "Ocean Avenue" by Yellowcard is also seen by some to have been inspired by the film, as is the opening scene of "Buffy The Vampire Slayer" episode "Beneath You", where a pink-haired girl is seen running through a German street to techno music reminiscent of the movie.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The film was the initial inspiration for the three-day cycle in "", a video game also released in 2000.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The movie has been referenced in various animated series. "The Simpsons" parodies "Run Lola Run" in 2001's "Trilogy of Error", "Phineas and Ferb" features a 2011 episode titled "Run, Candace, Run", and a 2021 "Pinky and the Brain" segment of "Animaniacs" (2020–present) called "Run Pinky Run" (season 2, episode 3). In the parody, Pinky must acquire $100,000 to save Brain, who is being held hostage after losing the bag with the money he was going to use to buy a rare isotope to power his latest invention.


title: Run Lola Run

text: The series "SMILF" includes a 2017 episode ("Run, Bridgette, Run or Forty-Eight Burnt Cupcakes & Graveyard Rum") which references the film. The music video for "Walk Me to the Bridge" (2014) by Manic Street Preachers directly references the movie.


title: Dornier 228

text: The Dornier 228 is a twin-turboprop STOL utility aircraft, designed and first manufactured by Dornier GmbH (later DASA Dornier, Fairchild-Dornier) from 1981 until 1998. Two hundred and forty-five were built in Oberpfaffenhofen, Germany. In 1983, Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) bought a production licence and manufactured another 125 aircraft in Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh, India. In July 2017, 63 aircraft were still in airline service.


title: Dornier 228

text: In 2009, RUAG started building a Dornier 228 New Generation in Germany. The fuselage, wings and tail unit are manufactured by Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) in Kanpur, India, and transported to Oberpfaffenhofen, where RUAG Aviation carries out aircraft final assembly. The Dornier 228NG use same airframe with improved technologies and performances, such as a new five-blade propeller, glass cockpit and longer range. The first delivery was made in September 2010 to a Japanese operator.


title: Dornier 228

text: In the late 1970s, Dornier GmbH developed a new kind of wing, the TNT ("Tragflügel neuer Technologie" – Aerofoil new technology), subsidized by the German Government. Dornier tested it on a modified Do 28D-2 "Skyservant" and with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT6A-110 turboprop engines. Finally, Dornier changed the engine and tested the new aircraft, which was named Dornier 128 with two Garrett AiResearch TPE-331-5 engines. The company developed a new fuselage for the TNT and TPE 331–5 in two variants (15- and 19-passenger) and named both project-aircraft E-1 (later Dornier 228-100) and E-2 (later Dornier 228-200). At the ILA Berlin Air Show in 1980, Dornier presented the new aircraft to the public. Both of the prototypes were flown on 28 March 1981 and 9 May 1981 for the first time.


title: Dornier 228

text: After German certification was granted on 18 December 1981, the first Dornier 228-100 entered service in the fleet of Norving in July 1982. The first operator of the larger Dornier 228-200 entered service with Jet Charters in late 1982. Certification from both British and American aviation authorities followed on 17 April and 11 May 1984 respectively. By 1983, the production rate of the Dornier 228 had risen to three aircraft per month; at this point, Dornier had targeted that 300 Dornier 228s would be produced by the end of the 1980s. In November 1983, a major license-production and phased technology-transfer agreement between Dornier and Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) was signed; a separate production line was established and produced its first aircraft in 1985. By 2014, a total of 125 Dornier 228s had been produced in India.


title: Dornier 228

text: Over the years, Dornier offered the 228 in upgraded variants and fitted with optional equipment for performing various special missions. In 1996, it was announced that all manufacturing operations would be transferred to India. In 1998, activity on the German production line was halted, in part to concentrate on the production of the larger Fairchild-Dornier 328 and in response to Dornier's wider financial difficulties.


title: Dornier 228

text: In 2002, RUAG took over the Services and Components divisions from Fairchild Dornier, including the Dornier 228 production rights.


title: Dornier 228

text: RUAG acquired the Dornier 228 type certificate in 2003. In December 2007, RUAG announced their intention to launch a modernized version of the aircraft, designated as the Dornier 228 Next Generation, or Dornier 228 NG.


title: Dornier 228

text: At the 2008 Berlin Air Show, HAL agreed on supplying the first three components sets — fuselage, wings and tail — for €5 million, as a part of an €80 million ($123 million) ten-year contract.


title: Dornier 228

text: In June 2010, the passenger aircraft was priced at €5.2 million ($7 million), €5.8–5.9 million with JAR-Ops equipment; restarting its production cost €20 million.


title: Dornier 228

text: On 18 August 2010, the Dornier 228NG received its airworthiness certification from the European Aviation Safety Agency (EASA). The final assembly for the type is located in Germany; however, most airframe subassemblies, such as the wings, tail and fuselage, are produced by HAL in India. The main changes from the previous Dornier 228-212 model were a new five-blade propeller made of composite material, more powerful engines and an advanced glass cockpit featuring electronic instrument displays and other avionics improvements.


title: Dornier 228

text: The first delivery, to the Japanese operator New Central Aviation, took place in September 2010. RUAG decided to suspend production of the Dornier 228 NG after the completion of an initial batch of eight aircraft in 2013. In 2014, RUAG and Tata Group signed an agreement for the latter to become a key supplier of the program. Production was restarted in 2015, with deliveries of four per year planned from 2016. In February 2016, RUAG announced that they were set to begin serial production of the Dornier 228 NG at its German production line in mid-2016; the assembly line is reportedly capable of producing a maximum of 12 aircraft per year.


title: Dornier 228

text: On 30 September 2020, US firm General Atomics bought the Dornier 228 production line in Oberpfaffenhofen, including the transfer of all 450 employees, pending regulatory approval.


title: Dornier 228

text: In late 2017, the Directorate General of Civil Aviation issued a type certificate to the Hindustan 228. The aircraft was so far being manufactured under licence from RUAG for Indian defence forces and European markets would now be allowed to operate in India for commercial purposes. The 228 made its public debut in 2020 at the Dubai Airshow. Alliance Air signed an agreement with Hindustan Aeronautics Limited (HAL) to lease two 17-seater Dornier 228 aircraft in September 2021. The first aircraft was delivered to Alliance Air on 7 April 2022. The HAL Dornier 228 had previously only been used by the Indian Armed Forces but was modified by HAL for commercial operations. Alliance Air deployed the aircraft on a new route connecting Dibrugarh, Assam and Pasighat, Arunachal Pradesh on 12 April 2022, becoming the first airline to use an Indian-made aircraft in civil aviation operations and the first commercial airline in the country to operate the Dornier 228 aircraft.


title: Dornier 228

text: Supported by Bavarian funding, the German DLR is modifying one of its two Dornier 228 into a demonstrator hybrid electric aircraft .


title: Dornier 228

text: The first fully electric flight is planned for 2020 and the first hybrid-electric flight for 2021, apparently from Cochstedt Airport.


title: Dornier 228

text: Partners include MTU Aero Engines and Siemens, of which Rolls-Royce plc is acquiring the electric propulsion unit.


title: Dornier 228

text: The Dornier 228 is a twin-engine general purpose aircraft, capable of transporting up to 19 passengers or various cargoes. It is powered by a pair of Garrett TPE331 turboprop engines. The Dornier 228 is commonly classified as a Short Takeoff and Landing (STOL)-capable aircraft, being capable of operating from rough runways and in hot climates. This capability has been largely attributed to the type's supercritical wing which generates large amounts of lift at slow speeds. The Dornier 228 is typically promoted for its versatility, low operational costs, and a high level of reliability – possessing a dispatch reliability of 99%. RUAG Aviation have claimed that no other aircraft in the same class may carry as much cargo or as many passengers over a comparable distance as fast as the Dornier 228 NG.


title: Dornier 228

text: The rectangular shape of the Dornier 228's fuselage section and large side-loading doors make it particularly suitable for utility operators, which is a market that Dornier had targeted with the type from the onset. According to Flight International, one of the more distinguishing features of the Dornier 228 is the supercritical wing used. The structure of the wing is atypical, consisting of a box formed from four integrally-milled alloy panels. Kevlar is used for the ribs, stringers, trailing edge and fowler flaps, and the wing's leading edge is conventional alloy sheet metal. Benefits of this wing over conventional methodology include a 15% reduction in weight, the elimination of 12,000 rivets, and lowering the per-aircraft manufacturing workload by roughly 340 man hours. Both the fuselage and tail are of a conventional design, but make use of chemical milling in order to save weight.


title: Dornier 228

text: The Dornier 228 has been promoted in various capacities, including as a commuter aircraft, a military transporter, cargo hauler, or as a special missions aircraft. Special missions include maritime surveillance, border patrol, medevac, search and rescue, paradrop and environmental research missions, in which capacity the type has proven useful due to a ten-hour flight endurance, a wide operating range, low operational cost, and varied equipment range. Special equipment available to be installed include a 360-degree surveillance radar, side-looking airborne radar, forward-looking infrared (FLIR) sensor, search light, operator station, real-time datalink, enlarged fuel tanks, satellite uplink, stretches, air-openable roller door, and infrared/ultraviolet sensors. In addition to a 19-seat commuter configuration for airlines, a VIP cabin configuration is also offered; the cabin can also be customized as per each client's specifications. The Dornier 228 is the only aircraft of its class to be fitted with air conditioning as standard.


title: Dornier 228

text: More than 350 design changes are present between the Dornier 228 and the re-launched Dornier 228 NG. Amongst the principal changes is the adoption of Universal's UNS-1 glass cockpit, which means that standard aircraft are equipped to be flown under single-pilot instrument flight rules (IFR) in addition to visual flight rules (VFR); according to RUAG Aviation, the Dornier 228 NG is the first aircraft in its class to be certified with equivalent electronics. A total of four large displays are used in the cockpit, two primary flight displays and two multifunction displays, to present all key flight data. The navigation system includes VHF omnidirectional range (VOR), distance measuring equipment (DME), automatic direction finder (ADF), radar altimeter, Global Positioning System (GPS), air data computer, and a flight management system. A three-axis autopilot can be optionally incorporated, as can a weather radar and high frequency (HF) radio. While designed for two-pilot operation, the Dornier 228 can be flown by only one crewmember.


title: Dornier 228

text: Additional changes include the Garrett TPE331-10 engines, which have been optimized to work with the redesigned five-bladed fibre-composite propellers now used by the type, which are more efficient, quick to start, and produces substantially less vibration and noise than the original metal four-bladed predecessor. Through its engines, the Dornier 228 NG has the longest time between overhaul (TBO) of any 19-seat aircraft, reportedly up to 7,000 hours. An engine-indicating and crew-alerting system (EICAS) is also present for safety purposes; additional optional safety equipment akin to much larger passenger aircraft, including airborne collision avoidance system (ACAS) and terrain awareness and warning system (TAWS), can be incorporated as well.


title: Dornier 228

text: In July 2018, 57 aircraft were in airline service. Other operators include police, law enforcement, paramilitary operators and military operators.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: Black Veil Brides is an American rock band based in Hollywood, California. The group formed in 2006 in Cincinnati, Ohio and is currently composed of lead vocalist Andy Biersack, rhythm guitarist and violinist Jinxx, lead guitarist Jake Pitts, drummer Christian "CC" Coma and bassist Lonny Eagleton. Black Veil Brides are known for their use of black makeup, body paint, tight black studded clothing, and long hair, which were all inspired by the stage personas of Kiss and Mötley Crüe, as well as other 1980s glam metal acts.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: Black Veil Brides were originally formed in Cincinnati, Ohio in 2006 by Andy Biersack, Johnny Herold, and Phil Cennedella. Eventually, Andy relocated to Los Angeles, California. In early 2009, he formed a new band using the current Black Veil Brides name, with the lineup consisting of Biersack, guitarist Chris Hollywood, and drummer Sandra Alvarenga, who were soon joined by bassist Ashley Purdy and guitarist Pan the Gypsy; they signed with the independent label StandBy Records. Chris Hollywood and Pan the Gypsy later departed the band and were replaced by Jinxx and Jake Pitts.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: Purdy also explained the meaning of the band name "Black Veil Brides": The writing process for a tour and a record began immediately. In December 2009, the band embarked on their first US tour, titled "On Leather Wings".


title: Black Veil Brides

text: The group's debut album "We Stitch These Wounds" was released July 20, 2010 and sold over 10,000 copies in its first week, ranking at No. 36 on the "Billboard" Top 200 chart, and No. 1 on the "Billboard" Independent chart. Shortly after the album's release, Sandra Alvarenga was replaced by Christian "CC" Coma. In late 2010, Black Veil Brides went on tour with bands The Birthday Massacre, Dommin and Aural Vampire.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: Black Veil Brides first came to the attention of Lava Records president Jason Flom when the chief music officer at Hot Topic, John Kirkpatrick, told him about the incredible buzz that was building around the band, with their T-shirt attracting the second biggest sales in the country at that point. What was even more impressive was that they had built their fanatical following in a "DIY" fashion, such as in making their own self-funded videos. When Flom then heard their music and met the group, he decided that they were exactly what he'd been looking for, later commenting to HitQuarters:


title: Black Veil Brides

text: Black Veil Brides supported the Murderdolls in the "God Save The Scream Tour" 2011 and also toured America on the AP Tour from March 18 to May 6. The band continued on to the Vans Warped Tour, which began June 24, 2011 and ended August 14 of the same year. However, on June 18, Andy fell from a pillar while performing and broke his ribs, which caused them to miss the first week of the tour. The band also performed at festivals such as the Download Festival in the UK and Bamboozle. The band also played at the Rock am Ring festival at the Nürburgring motorsport complex in Nürburg, Germany in June 2011. On April 20, it was revealed the band had won Revolver Magazine's Golden Gods Award for Best New Artist, the title for Kerrang!'s Best Newcomers, and were nominated for the title of Kerrang!'s Best International Newcomer.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: The band's second studio album, "Set the World on Fire" was released on June 14, 2011, through Lava Music/Universal Republic Records. The cover art was released in April. The title track from "Set the World on Fire" was planned for use in the movie "Scream 4". Upon learning that the song was not going to be used in the film, the band released a statement and an extended song preview. It was later announced on May 23 that the song was to be featured in the movie "".


title: Black Veil Brides

text: A clip of the album's lead single, "Fallen Angels", was released in late April. It was then fully released in the UK on May 1. The US release was pushed from May 3 to May 10 to be given for free with the pre-order of "Set the World on Fire" on iTunes. Because "Fallen Angels" was delayed, the band released a preview of the song "Youth and Whisky" on May 3. The album's next single was The Legacy, with a music video filmed by Patrick Fogarty that premiered on YouTube on June 6, 2011. Their third single from "Set the World on Fire" was "Rebel Love Song", which also had a music video directed by Patrick Fogarty. The video was released on YouTube on October 19. On October 25, the band announced that they had to cancel tour dates for "certain reasons". It was later announced that it was because Andy had broken his nose on the drum set rising platform during a performance. Despite the injury, which was bad enough for people to notice that he was having difficulty breathing and talking, he was determined to finish the show. After a visit from the doctor, he was told to sit back for a few weeks to rest and heal. They announced that they would return to tour for the beginning of the Buried Alive Tour with Avenged Sevenfold, Asking Alexandria, and Hollywood Undead.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: It was announced via Andy's Twitter that they would be releasing an EP titled ""Rebels"". They released a trailer on YouTube which shows Andy recording vocals for their cover of the song "Rebel Yell" by Billy Idol, which was to appear on the EP. Another trailer for the EP was released, in which Andy gives a few more details about it. The third and final trailer about the EP was released on November 14, in which Andy goes into detail about the track "Coffin" which was a left over song from the previous album "Set the World on Fire" that was to be released on the EP. In an interview with Chris Droney from Glasswerk National, they hinted that there would be a guest guitarist to appear on the EP, who eventually turned out to be Zakk Wylde (Ozzy Osbourne, Black Label Society), who plays the guitar solo on the cover of the song Unholy, originally performed by Kiss. "Rebels" was eventually released on December 13, 2011.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: A Black Veil Brides song, titled "Unbroken", appeared on to the movie "The Avengers" on May 1, 2012, and is the only track released by Black Veil Brides solely on a compilation album. On June 13, the official music video for the song "Coffin" from the "Rebels" EP, was released.


title: Black Veil Brides

text: Regarding the band's third album, guitarists Jinxx and Jake told Chris Droney in an interview for Glasswerk National that the band is constantly writing new music, and that they were planning on recording their next major full-length album in April 2012. On February 18, Jake tweeted, "Amazing stuff. This next record is going to kick your arses." In a February 2012 interview, Ashley Purdy announced that the band's third studio album was scheduled to be released at the end of 2012.