title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: The 2021 SummerSlam was the 34th annual SummerSlam professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on Saturday, August 21, 2021, at Allegiant Stadium in the Las Vegas suburb of Paradise, Nevada, and was the first SummerSlam to air on the livestreaming service Peacock. It was not the first SummerSlam to take place on a Saturday, but it was the first to air live on a Saturday, as well as the first SummerSlam to take place in a stadium since the 1992 event. It was also WWE's first event to air in theaters in the United States in addition to the other broadcast outlets. Due to April's WrestleMania 37 having to be held at a reduced capacity because of the COVID-19 pandemic, SummerSlam was promoted as WWE's "biggest event of 2021". The event had an attendance of 51,326, marking the second-largest crowd in the event's history and becoming the highest-grossing SummerSlam event of all time. This was the last SummerSlam event in which Vince McMahon was the CEO and Chairman of WWE, as he announced his retirement in July 2022.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Eleven matches were contested at the event, including one match on the Kickoff pre-show. In the main event, Roman Reigns defeated John Cena to retain SmackDown's Universal Championship. In other prominent matches, Bobby Lashley defeated Goldberg to retain Raw's WWE Championship, Edge defeated Seth Rollins, Charlotte Flair defeated defending champion Nikki A.S.H. and Rhea Ripley in a triple threat match to win her record sixth Raw Women's Championship, Damian Priest defeated Sheamus to win Raw's United States Championship, and in the opening bout, RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle) defeated AJ Styles and Omos to win the Raw Tag Team Championship.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: SummerSlam is an annual pay-per-view (PPV) and WWE Network event, produced every summer by WWE since 1988. Dubbed "The Biggest Party of the Summer," it is one of the promotion's original four pay-per-views, along with WrestleMania, SummerSlam, and Survivor Series, referred to as the "Big Four". It has since become considered WWE's second biggest event of the year behind WrestleMania. The 2021 event was the 34th event in the SummerSlam chronology and featured wrestlers from the Raw and SmackDown brands. WWE planned for SummerSlam 2021 to be more grandiose than April's WrestleMania 37 event, mostly because the latter had to be held at a reduced venue capacity due to the COVID-19 pandemic, with the company going as far as to promote SummerSlam as their "biggest event of 2021".


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: On May 28, 2021, WWE announced that SummerSlam would take place live on Saturday, August 21, marking the first SummerSlam to be held on a Saturday since the 1992 event (which was pre-taped on a Saturday and aired on tape delay on a Monday), as well as the first SummerSlam to not be held on a Sunday since the 1994 event, which took place on a Monday. During the 2021 Belmont Stakes' pre-race show on June 5, the Allegiant Stadium in the Las Vegas district of Paradise, Nevada was confirmed as the host venue for SummerSlam. While WWE typically hosts PPVs on a Sunday night, the "Wrestling Observer Newsletter" reported that it was the Allegiant Stadium that wanted SummerSlam held on a Saturday. This marked the second SummerSlam to be held in a football stadium, with the foremost being the 1992 event at Wembley Stadium in Wembley, London, England, but the first to be held in a National Football League stadium in the United States. Travel packages became available on June 11 while individual tickets went on sale on June 18. In addition to traditional PPV and the WWE Network in other countries, it was the first SummerSlam to air on Peacock in the United States after the American version of the WWE Network merged under Peacock in March. SummerSlam also aired in movie theaters across the United States, thus marking WWE's first pay-per-view event to air in theaters in the country.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: As part of SummerSlam Week, WWE held a multi-day tryout in the Las Vegas area to sign new wrestlers to developmental contracts. Additionally, following John Cena's return to WWE at the previous PPV, Money in the Bank, the company began a tour titled the "Summer of Cena." The tour had Cena appearing on "Raw", "SmackDown", and at WWE Live events in the weeks leading up to and including SummerSlam. WWE also partnered with TikTok to host a contest to select one guest ring announcer for SummerSlam. Music producer and disc jockey Valentino Khan opened the event with a musical performance. Following the event, actress, comedian, and author Tiffany Haddish hosted the official SummerSlam afterparty; additionally, WWE made a donation in support of her foster care charity, the She Ready Foundation.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: SummerSlam was held on the same night as the Manny Pacquiao vs. Yordenis Ugás boxing match, which took place at the nearby T-Mobile Arena. WWE planned for SummerSlam to end before the card's main event, so that those attending in-person would have enough time to travel from Allegiant Stadium to T-Mobile Arena in time for the fight, and to avoid counterprogramming for PPV watchers who ordered both shows. SummerSlam ended just as Pacquiao made his entrance.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: With COVID-19 cases declining due to vaccinations in the United States and most establishments lifting pandemic protocols, WWE resumed live touring in mid-July, running shows at full venue capacity. Shortly after, however, COVID-19 cases began rising again due to the emergence of the Delta variant of the virus. On July 27, Nevada Governor Steve Sisolak ordered an indoor mask mandate for counties in "high" or "substantial" transmission levels, as deemed by new mask guidance from the CDC, effective July 30. On August 4, Allegiant Stadium and Ticketmaster released the following statement:


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: "Allegiant Stadium takes the health and safety of its guests, employees, and staff very seriously. In response to rising COVID-19 cases, and in accordance with the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and State of Nevada Emergency Directive 047, all individuals, regardless of vaccination status, must wear a face mask while inside the stadium. The State of Nevada & CDC do not currently require proof of vaccination to attend events. Allegiant Stadium's COVID-19 protocols are subject to change as additional information is discovered or provided by the State of Nevada & the CDC. Individual events held at Allegiant Stadium may also implement heightened COVID-19 protocols, so please read all correspondence regarding an individual event carefully."


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: The event comprised eleven matches, including one on the Kickoff pre-show. The matches resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown."


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Following Roman Reigns' successful defense of the Universal Championship at Money in the Bank, he declared that everyone could now acknowledge him. John Cena then made a surprise return to WWE, marking his first appearance with the company since WrestleMania 36 in April 2020, where he had a brief stare down with Reigns before performing his signature "You Can't See Me" taunt at Reigns. Instead of waiting until "SmackDown", Cena appeared on "Raw" the next night to explain himself, declaring that he wanted to put Reigns in his place. He then officially challenged Reigns for the Universal Championship at SummerSlam. On "SmackDown", Cena appeared to confront Reigns, however, Reigns rejected the challenge and instead accepted a challenge from Finn Bálor, who himself had returned to SmackDown the previous week. During the contract signing the following week, Reigns signed the contract first, however, as Bálor attempted his signature, he was attacked by Baron Corbin, who instead tried to sign it. Cena then came out, attacked Corbin, and signed the contract himself, thus booking Reigns to defend the Universal Championship against Cena at SummerSlam. After getting into a heated promo on the "SmackDown" the night before SummerSlam, Reigns said he would leave WWE if he could not defeat Cena.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: At Money in the Bank, Nikki A.S.H. won the women's Money in the Bank ladder match, earning a contract for a women's championship match of her choice at anytime of her choosing, while later that night, Charlotte Flair defeated Rhea Ripley to win the Raw Women's Championship. The following night on "Raw", Flair defended the title against Ripley in a rematch; however, Flair was disqualified after striking Ripley with the title belt, thus Ripley won the match but not the championship. Ripley and Flair then brawled and Ripley performed the Riptide on Flair at ringside. Nikki then ran out and cashed in her Money in the Bank contract on Flair to win the Raw Women's Championship. The following week, Flair and Ripley staked their claims to challenge Nikki for the title at SummerSlam. WWE officials Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville resolved the matter by scheduling Nikki to defend the championship against Flair and Ripley in a triple threat match at the event.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Following his dominant victory at Money in the Bank, Bobby Lashley (accompanied by MVP) held an open challenge for the WWE Championship on the following night's episode of "Raw". The challenge was accepted by a returning Keith Lee, who had been inactive due to health issues since February. After Lashley defeated Lee, Lashley and MVP were confronted by WWE Hall of Famer Goldberg, appearing for the first time since the Royal Rumble in January. Goldberg proclaimed that he would be Lashley's next challenger for the title. The following week, however, Lashley rejected Goldberg's challenge. On the August 2 episode, Goldberg appeared and confronted the champion face-to-face, stating that he would defeat Lashley for the title. The match was subsequently confirmed for SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: After Edge was granted a Universal Championship match at Money in the Bank, Seth Rollins took issue with this decision, feeling that he deserved the opportunity. At the event, Rollins cost Edge the championship and following the match, the two brawled into the crowd. On the following episode of "SmackDown", Edge called out Rollins and stated that their issues date back to December 2014 when Rollins had attempted to injure Edge's surgically repaired neck and definitively put an end to his career. Rollins then came out and claimed he despised older wrestlers like Edge and John Cena for coming back and taking opportunities from the current wrestlers who earned them. A brawl then ensued. The following week, Rollins attacked Edge during his entrance and declared that if he cannot be Universal Champion, then neither can Edge. On the August 6 episode, Edge challenged Rollins to a match at SummerSlam which Rollins accepted.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: On the July 5 episode of "Raw", Drew McIntyre faced and defeated his old 3MB stablemate Jinder Mahal (accompanied by Shanky and Veer) after Mahal felt that McIntyre had cost him an opportunity to compete in the men's Money in the Bank ladder match. Following the match, Mahal, Shanky, and Veer attacked McIntyre and stole McIntyre's family sword that he uses for his entrance theatrics. The following week, Mahal, Shanky, and Veer dismantled the sword only for McIntyre to reveal that it was a replica. McIntyre then proceeded to dismantle Mahal's motorcycle. At Money in the Bank, Mahal, Shanky, and Veer cost McIntyre the men's Money in the Bank ladder match. On the following night's episode of "Raw", Mahal, Shanky, and Veer gloated about costing McIntyre the match only for McIntyre to attack all three with a steel chair. McIntyre would then defeat Shanky and Veer in matches over the next couple of weeks. On August 13, a match between McIntyre and Mahal was scheduled for SummerSlam. On the August 16 episode of "Raw", McIntyre defeated Shanky and Veer in a handicap match, thus banning the two from ringside at SummerSlam.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: On Night 1 of WrestleMania 37, Bianca Belair defeated Sasha Banks to win the SmackDown Women's Championship. On the July 30 episode of "SmackDown", both Carmella and Zelina Vega staked their claims to challenge Belair for the title. The two then attacked Belair, who was saved by Banks, making her first appearance since the "SmackDown" after WrestleMania. Banks and Belair then teamed up and defeated Carmella and Vega in a tag team match. Following the match, however, Banks ambushed Belair from behind, thereby turning heel in the process. The subsequent week, Banks challenged Belair to a match for the title at SummerSlam, which Belair accepted.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: During the SummerSlam Kickoff pre-show, Big E faced Baron Corbin. In the end, as Corbin tried to leave the match with Big E's Money in the Bank briefcase, Big E tackled Corbin into the barricade. Big E performed the Big Ending on Corbin to win the match and regain possession of his Money in the Bank contract.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: The actual pay-per-view opened with AJ Styles and Omos defending the Raw Tag Team Championship against RK-Bro (Randy Orton and Riddle). In the end, Orton performed the RKO on Styles to win the title.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Next, Alexa Bliss took on Eva Marie (accompanied by Doudrop). Before the match began, Bliss placed Lilly (a scary looking doll which is part of Bliss' gimmick) atop a turnbuckle. Marie taunted Bliss by taking the doll and slapping it which enraged Bliss. As Bliss attempted Twisted Bliss on Marie, Marie moved out of the way. In the end, Bliss performed a DDT on Marie to win the match. Following the match, Doudrop announced Marie as the loser of the match and proceeded to wear Marie's robe.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: After that, Sheamus defended the United States Championship against Damian Priest. In the closing moments of the match, as Sheamus applied a Leg Lock on Priest, Priest grabbed and removed Sheamus' protective face mask (as Sheamus had broken his nose a few weeks prior in a match against Humberto Carillo). As Sheamus attempted a Brogue Kick, Priest performed a Spinning Kick and the Reckoning on Sheamus to win the title.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: In the fourth match, The Usos (Jey Uso and Jimmy Uso) defended the SmackDown Tag Team Championship against (The Mysterios) Rey Mysterio and Dominik Mysterio. In the end, after an evenly competitive match, The Usos performed a Double Superkick on Rey and Jimmy performed a Uso Splash on Rey to retain the title.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Following this, a brief segment then occurred with Rick Boogs playing the entrance theme of Intercontinental Champion King Nakamura to the ring. Nakamura eventually made his entrance alongside Boogs, where they danced alongside SmackDown commentator Pat McAfee.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Next, Bianca Belair was scheduled to defend the SmackDown Women's Championship against Sasha Banks. However, it was announced that Banks was not cleared to compete and would be replaced by Carmella. Before the match began, Becky Lynch (in her first appearance since the "Raw" after Money in the Bank in May 2020) returned from her maternity leave and attacked Carmella. Lynch then challenged Belair for the title, which Belair accepted. As Lynch offered a handshake to which Belair accepted, Lynch struck Belair with a forearm and performed the Manhandle Slam to win the title in 26 seconds.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Following this, a brief segment occurred where U.S. Olympic gold medalists (in wrestling), Tamyra Mensah-Stock and Gable Steveson, came out and the crowd cheered them while the two Olympians proudly displayed their respective medals.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: In the sixth match, Drew McIntyre took on Jinder Mahal in which Mahal's teammates Shanky and Veer were banned from ringside. In the end, McIntyre performed the Future Shock DDT and the Claymore Kick on Mahal to win the match. Afterwards, Veer and Shanky came out to check on Mahal and McIntyre chased all three of them off with his sword.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Next, Nikki A.S.H. defended the Raw Women's Championship in a triple threat match against Rhea Ripley and Charlotte Flair. At the start, Flair shoved Nikki. Both Nikki and Flair countered the Riptide from Ripley. Nikki performed a Crossbody off the top rope onto Ripley and Flair who were outside the ring. Flair countered a Double Suplex into a Double DDT on Ripley and Nikki. Flair then performed a Moonsault on Ripley and Nikki off the top rope. As Flair applied the Figure Eight on Ripley, Nikki performed a Splash to avoid the submission. In the end, after moving out of the way of a Splash from Nikki, Flair forced Nikki to submit to the Figure Eight to win her record sixth Raw Women's Championship, making her 14th overall singles title in WWE, and her 15th title overall, although WWE has promoted it as her 12th singles title, not counting her two NXT Women's Championship reigns.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: In the eighth match, Edge took on Seth Rollins. Edge reenacted The Brood's entrance (a group Edge was once a member of earlier in his WWE career in 1998–1999) before coming to the ring to his regular entrance. Rollins began to target the surgically repaired neck of Edge by slamming it into the steel steps. Rollins performed a Frog Splash on Edge for a nearfall. Edge performed a Swinging Neckbreaker from the top rope on Rollins. As Edge went back to the top rope, Rollins performed a Superplex and a Falcon Arrow on Edge for a nearfall. Edge countered The Stomp and a Pedigree from Rollins and performed a Glam Slam for a nearfall. As Rollins went for The Stomp on the apron, Edge countered and performed a Spear on Rollins sending both of them out of the ring. Rollins countered a Spear attempt by Edge into a Pedigree for another nearfall. Edge performed a Corkscrew Moonsault and a Spear on Rollins for a nearfall. In the end, Edge countered The Stomp again and locked in an Edgecator and a Crossface. Edge rammed Rollins' head into the ring mat several times and locked in a Bulldog Choke, submitting Rollins to win the match.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: After that, John Morrison and The Miz came to the ring to reveal their surprise, the Drip Stick 2000. The New Day's Xavier Woods came out with the device and sprayed Miz and Morrison out of the ring.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: In the penultimate match, Bobby Lashley (accompanied by MVP) defended the WWE Championship against Goldberg. Goldberg performed a Spear on Lashley outside the ring. As Lashley rolled out the ring to recover, MVP struck Goldberg's knee with his cane. Lashley attacked the injured knee with multiple chop blocks and rammed it into the ring post. Goldberg was unable to continue, resulting in the referee calling the match, thus Lashley retained the title. Afterwards, Lashley attacked Goldberg's knee with a steel chair. Following the match, Goldberg's 15-year-old son, Gage, came to his father's aid only for Lashley to apply the Hurt Lock on Gage.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: In the main event, Roman Reigns (accompanied by Paul Heyman) defended the Universal Championship against John Cena with a stipulation that Reigns would leave WWE if he lost. Cena started with Roll-Up and Inside Cradle pin attempts. Reigns countered the Attitude Adjustment into a DDT for a nearfall. Reigns locked in a Guillotine Choke, however, Cena escaped. As Reigns attempted a Spear, Cena countered with a kick and a Five Knuckle Shuffle. Cena performed an Attitude Adjustment on Reigns for a nearfall. As Cena applied the STF, Reigns reached the rope to void the submission. Cena performed a second Attitude Adjustment on Reigns through the announce table, after which, Cena rolled Reigns back in the ring for a nearfall. As Cena attempted another Attitude Adjustment, Reigns performed a Superman Punch for a nearfall. Reigns attempted another Spear on Cena, however, Cena moved out of the way and Reigns rammed into the ring post. Cena performed a Super Attitude Adjustment off the top rope for a nearfall. In the end, as Cena taunted Reigns and attempted his own Spear, Reigns performed the Superman Punch twice and a Spear on Cena to retain the title and stay in WWE. Following the match, Brock Lesnar returned for the first time since WrestleMania 36 and confronted Reigns much to Heyman's surprise. After a stare down, Reigns left the ring as the crowd cheered Lesnar to end the event. After the event went off the air, Lesnar executed multiple German suplexes and an F-5 on Cena, reminiscent of their match from SummerSlam in 2014.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: "SummerSlam" received generally positive reviews overall with two matches especially praised by multiple reviewers, those being (Cena-Reigns, Edge-Rollins), while the rest of the undercard was not as well received with mixed reviews and criticisms.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: After SummerSlam, Goldberg was off television for the next month due to his (kayfabe) knee injury while Bobby Lashley lost the WWE Championship to Big E in the latter's Money in the Bank cash-in match. Goldberg returned on the October 4 episode of "Raw" and proclaimed that he would kill Lashley for what he did to his son. Lashley stated that his attack on Gage was a misunderstanding, which Goldberg refused to believe. Lashley then stated he would face Goldberg at Crown Jewel on the condition that the match was a No Holds Barred match, which Goldberg gladly accepted.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: On the August 30 episode of "Raw", new United States Champion Damian Priest defended the title against Sheamus and Drew McIntyre in a triple threat match where Priest retained. On the following episode, Sheamus defeated McIntyre to earn a rematch against Priest at Extreme Rules. On the September 20 episode, Jeff Hardy defeated Sheamus to earn a spot in the title match at Extreme Rules, thus making it a triple threat match.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: On September 4, following his appearance at SummerSlam, it was announced that U.S. Olympic Gold Medalist Gable Steveson had reportedly signed a contract with WWE. Five days later, WWE confirmed they had signed Steveson to a Next In Line (NIL) deal. As part of the 2021 WWE Draft in October, Steveson was drafted to the Raw brand.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: On the September 10 episode of "SmackDown", Brock Lesnar again appeared to confront Roman Reigns and claimed that his former advocate, Paul Heyman, who had been serving as Reigns' special counsel since August 2020, knew Lesnar would be at SummerSlam in an attempt to cause dissension between Reigns and Heyman. Lesnar then challenged Heyman to accept a match against Reigns for the Universal Championship. On September 16, WWE announced that the match would occur at Crown Jewel. Before that, however, Finn Bálor received his promised championship match against Reigns at Extreme Rules where Reigns defeated Bálor, who had competed in his "Demon" persona, to testing the title.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: On the first "SmackDown" after SummerSlam, Bianca Belair challenged Becky Lynch to a rematch for the SmackDown Women's Championship, however, Lynch refused. Belair then won a fatal four-way match to become the number one contender. After Lynch refused to defend her title the next week, stating she would defend the title when she was ready, WWE officials Adam Pearce and Sonya Deville scheduled Lynch to defend the title against Belair at Extreme Rules. At that event, Sasha Banks made her return, and attacked both Belair and Lynch, thus the match was ruled a no contest. A triple threat match between the three for the SmackDown Women's Championship was scheduled for Crown Jewel.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: Unsatisfied with his loss to Edge, Seth Rollins challenged Edge to a rematch that occurred on the September 10 episode of "SmackDown" that Rollins won. Rollins was still unsatisfied, however, as he was offended that Edge had called him "Edge Lite" and that Edge did not announce his retirement. After Rollins made it more personal by breaking into Edge's home, Edge challenged Rollins to a Hell in a Cell match, which was scheduled for Crown Jewel.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: The following year's SummerSlam event was held in July, the first time a SummerSlam event was held in that month.


title: SummerSlam (2021)

text: The 2021 SummerSlam event was the final SummerSlam event in which Vince McMahon was the CEO and Chairman of WWE, as he announced his retirement in July 2022. Stephanie McMahon and Nick Khan would take over as Co-CEOs, with the former also taking over as Chairwoman of WWE.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Devotion is a 2022 American biographical war film based on the 2015 book "Devotion: An Epic Story of Heroism, Friendship, and Sacrifice" by Adam Makos, which retells the comradeship between naval officers Jesse Brown and Tom Hudner during the Korean War. It is directed by J. D. Dillard and written by Jake Crane and Jonathan Stewart. The film stars Jonathan Majors as Brown and Glen Powell as Hudner, with Christina Jackson, Joe Jonas, Nick Hargrove, Spencer Neville, Thomas Sadoski, and Daren Kagasoff in supporting roles.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: "Devotion" premiered at the Toronto International Film Festival in IMAX at the Ontario Place Cinesphere on September 12, 2022, and was released in the United States on November 23, 2022. It received generally positive reviews from critics and has grossed $19.4 million worldwide against a $90 million budget.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: In early 1950, Lieutenant Tom Hudner transfers to Fighter Squadron 32 (VF-32) at Quonset Point Naval Air Station, where he meets Ensign Jesse Brown, the only African American member of the unit. Hudner integrates well into the squadron, which is assigned F4U-4 Corsairs - powerful planes with a reputation for fatal accidents if not handled properly. After Brown's car breaks down, Hudner starts giving him rides and eventually meets his wife Daisy and their young daughter Pam. The Browns are doing well, but struggle with racist neighbors, and Brown has resorted to shouting racist abuse at himself in the mirror to motivate himself before missions.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: VF-32 passes their carrier tests with the Corsair and transfer to the USS "Leyte", which is deployed to the Mediterranean Sea to deter Soviet aggression. Before they leave, Daisy has Hudner promise that he will be there for Jesse. On the voyage, squadron member Mohring is killed in a crash while attempting to land a Corsair. Hudner questions why Mohring didn't follow instructions, but Brown explains that one cannot always follow directions - if Brown had solely done what he was told, he would have been stopped early in his career by the many racist superior officers who wanted him to fail.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: The unit has shore leave in Cannes, France, where Brown encounters actress Elizabeth Taylor on the beach and secures invitations for the squadron to a casino, impressing them. After Hudner gets in a drunken fight with a Marine who had previously harassed Brown, Brown tells Hudner not to fight his battles for him, but simply to be there for him. Brown is given an expensive watch by "Leyte"'s black crewmen, who admire him for his work.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: The next day, the squadron is informed that war has broken out between North and South Korea, and "Leyte" is redeploying to support the South. In November 1950, VF-32 arrives in Korea and learns that Chinese troops have entered the war on the North Korean side and begun to push American forces back. The squadron deploys to destroy a pair of bridges on the Yalu River between China and North Korea, though they are only permitted to fire on the Korean side of the border. Brown and Hudner fight off a MiG-15 fighter jet while the others attack the bridges, but one remains standing. While Hudner orders a retreat in the face of anti-air fire from the Chinese side of the river, Brown disobeys him and attacks the bridge solo, successfully crippling it.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Hudner's after-action report praises Brown but also mentions that he was acting against orders, which Brown tells Hudner will be used as an excuse to deny him promotions for the rest of his career, despite Hudner's attempt to revise the report. On another mission to support besieged Marines at Chosin Reservoir (including the Marine who earlier harassed Brown), Brown's Corsair is crippled, and he is forced to crash-land in a clearing in the mountains of North Korea. Hudner sees that Brown is alive but trapped in his cockpit and deliberately crashes his own plane in the clearing in order to aid Brown. Though he puts out an engine fire, Hudner is unable to extract the wounded Brown from the wreckage, and Brown dies shortly after a Marine helicopter arrives to assist him. Back on "Leyte", Hudner's commander determines that it is too risky to attempt to recover Brown's body from the Chinese-controlled area, and VF-32 (minus the injured Hudner) is instead sent on a "funeral flight" to destroy the downed Corsairs, with Brown's corpse still inside.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Several months later, a heartbroken Hudner receives the Medal of Honor from President Harry Truman for his attempts to save Brown. Hudner speaks with Daisy after the ceremony and apologizes for failing to rescue her husband. Daisy remarks that she only made him promise to be with Jesse, not to save him, and Hudner tells her that Jesse's final words were about how much he loved her.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: The film ends with a note that Brown's remains have never been recovered from North Korea, and that Hudner and Brown's families remain close friends to this day.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: In March 2018, Black Label Media optioned the rights to "Devotion" on Glen Powell's recommendation, coming aboard as a producer and commitment to play Tom Hudner. In December 2019, it was announced that Jonathan Majors was cast as Jesse Brown and J. D. Dillard was set to direct. In September 2020, it was announced that Sony Pictures would distribute in the United States, while STXinternational would handle international sales. In February 2021, Serinda Swan was cast as Elizabeth Taylor.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Dillard felt a close personal connection to the subject as the son of a naval aviator himself, relied on stories related by his father as the lone black man in a predominantly white aviation community. In an interview with "Deadline Hollywood", he said, "Both technically and socially, they both dealt with isolation and there’s so many pieces there that I think ultimately just became the DNA of the film." Dillard's father also visited the set and served as a technical advisor for the film. His contribution to the film is recognized by a separate card in the end credits.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Powell, who read Adam Makos' book when it first came out in 2015, brought it to Molly Smith of Black Label to option and went to visit Thomas J. Hudner Jr. shortly before he died in 2017. He was struck by the photographs and mementos of Jesse Brown around the house, remarking that, "I saw what weight that was on him. It wasn’t a celebration, it was a constant reminder of a friend he lost and I carried that weight into this role."


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Principal photography began on February 4, 2021, in Savannah, Georgia. Filming also took place in Charleston, South Carolina, Wenatchee, Washington, Statesboro, Georgia, and from March 17 to April 13, 2021, at the Statesboro-Bulloch County Airport.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Dillard was determined to create practical effects using real aircraft as much as possible, including several F4U Corsairs, an AD Skyraider, two F8F Bearcat fighters, one of the only remaining flyable HO5S-1 helicopters, and a MiG-15. Dillard hired aerial stunt coordinator Kevin LaRosa, who created the flight sequences for "". A modified L-39 Albatros trainer was used as an air-to-air camera platform. Interior footage of actors flying the Bearcat was created using a Hawker Sea Fury with its rear seat modified to resemble a Bearcat cockpit and visible parts of the aircraft painted like a VF-32 Bearcat, allowing actors to simulate piloting the aircraft during actual aerial maneuvers.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Chanda Dancy, a graduate of USC Thornton School of Music, composes the movie soundtrack, which is released by Lakeshore Records. Joe Jonas and Khalid write and perform in a duet to the end credits song called "Not Alone", but the single is not part of the soundtrack.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: "Devotion" had its world premiere at the Toronto International Film Festival in IMAX at the Ontario Place Cinesphere on September 12, 2022, and also as the opening night film of Film Fest 919 on October 19, 2022. It had its U.S. premiere at the 58th Chicago International Film Festival on October 22, 2022. It was theatrically released on November 23, 2022. It was originally scheduled to be released in limited theaters on October 14, 2022, followed by the wide expansion of October 28, 2022.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: "Devotion" was released during the overall lowest-grossing Thanksgiving weekend box office in decades. In the United States and Canada, "Devotion" was released alongside "Strange World" and "" along with the expansions of "The Fabelmans" and "Bones and All" to wide release, and was projected to gross around $7–8 million from 3,400 theaters over its five-day opening weekend. The film made $1.8 million on its first day, including $615,000 from Tuesday night previews.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 81% of 99 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 6.8/10. The website's critics consensus reads, "Honoring real-life history while delivering impactful drama, "Devotion" is a straightforward biopic elevated by standout performances from a talented cast." Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, assigned the film a score of 66 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, while those at PostTrak gave the film an overall 91% positive score.


title: Devotion (2022 film)

text: Matthew Creith from "Screen Rant" wrote "Stylized and cultured, "Devotion" soars when least expected and is brought to life by its talented ensemble cast led by Jonathan Majors and Glen Powell."


title: Quaternary

text: The Quaternary ( ) is the current and most recent of the three periods of the Cenozoic Era in the geologic time scale of the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS). It follows the Neogene Period and spans from 2.58 million years ago to the present. The Quaternary Period is divided into two epochs: the Pleistocene (2.58 million years ago to 11.7 thousand years ago) and the Holocene (11.7 thousand years ago to today, although a third epoch, the Anthropocene, has been proposed but is not yet officially recognized by the ICS).


title: Quaternary

text: The Quaternary Period is typically defined by the cyclic growth and decay of continental ice sheets related to the Milankovitch cycles and the associated climate and environmental changes that they caused.


title: Quaternary

text: In 1759 Giovanni Arduino proposed that the geological strata of northern Italy could be divided into four successive formations or "orders" (). The term "quaternary" was introduced by Jules Desnoyers in 1829 for sediments of France's Seine Basin that clearly seemed to be younger than Tertiary Period rocks.


title: Quaternary

text: The Quaternary Period follows the Neogene Period and extends to the present. The Quaternary covers the time span of glaciations classified as the Pleistocene, and includes the present interglacial time-period, the Holocene.


title: Quaternary

text: This places the start of the Quaternary at the onset of Northern Hemisphere glaciation approximately 2.6 million years ago (mya). Prior to 2009, the Pleistocene was defined to be from 1.805 million years ago to the present, so the current definition of the Pleistocene includes a portion of what was, prior to 2009, defined as the Pliocene.


title: Quaternary

text: Quaternary stratigraphers usually worked with regional subdivisions. From the 1970s, the International Commission on Stratigraphy (ICS) tried to make a single geologic time scale based on GSSP's, which could be used internationally. The Quaternary subdivisions were defined based on biostratigraphy instead of paleoclimate.


title: Quaternary

text: This led to the problem that the proposed base of the Pleistocene was at 1.805 million years ago, long after the start of the major glaciations of the northern hemisphere. The ICS then proposed to abolish use of the name Quaternary altogether, which appeared unacceptable to the International Union for Quaternary Research (INQUA).


title: Quaternary

text: In 2009, it was decided to make the Quaternary the youngest period of the Cenozoic Era with its base at 2.588 mya and including the Gelasian Stage, which was formerly considered part of the Neogene Period and Pliocene Epoch. This was later revised to 2.58 mya.


title: Quaternary

text: The Anthropocene has been proposed as a third epoch as a mark of the anthropogenic impact on the global environment starting with the Industrial Revolution, or about 200 years ago. The Anthropocene is not officially designated by the ICS, but a working group has been working on a proposal for the creation of an epoch or sub-period.


title: Quaternary

text: The 2.58 million years of the Quaternary represents the time during which recognizable humans existed. Over this geologically short time period there has been relatively little change in the distribution of the continents due to plate tectonics.


title: Quaternary

text: The major geographical changes during this time period included the emergence of the Strait of Bosphorus and Skagerrak during glacial epochs, which respectively turned the Black Sea and Baltic Sea into fresh water lakes, followed by their flooding (and return to salt water) by rising sea level; the periodic filling of the English Channel, forming a land bridge between Britain and the European mainland; the periodic closing of the Bering Strait, forming the land bridge between Asia and North America; and the periodic flash flooding of Scablands of the American Northwest by glacial water.


title: Quaternary

text: The current extent of Hudson Bay, the Great Lakes and other major lakes of North America are a consequence of the Canadian Shield's readjustment since the last ice age; different shorelines have existed over the course of Quaternary time.


title: Quaternary

text: The climate was one of periodic glaciations with continental glaciers moving as far from the poles as 40 degrees latitude. There was a major extinction of large mammals in Northern areas at the end of the Pleistocene Epoch. Many forms such as saber-toothed cats, mammoths, mastodons, glyptodonts, etc., became extinct worldwide. Others, including horses, camels and American cheetahs became extinct in North America.


title: Quaternary

text: Glaciation took place repeatedly during the Quaternary Ice Age – a term coined by Schimper in 1839 that began with the start of the Quaternary about 2.58 Mya and continues to the present day.


title: Quaternary

text: In 1821, a Swiss engineer, Ignaz Venetz, presented an article in which he suggested the presence of traces of the passage of a glacier at a considerable distance from the Alps. This idea was initially disputed by another Swiss scientist, Louis Agassiz, but when he undertook to disprove it, he ended up affirming his colleague's hypothesis. A year later, Agassiz raised the hypothesis of a great glacial period that would have had long-reaching general effects. This idea gained him international fame and led to the establishment of the Glacial Theory.


title: Quaternary

text: In time, thanks to the refinement of geology, it has been demonstrated that there were several periods of glacial advance and retreat and that past temperatures on Earth were very different from today.


title: Quaternary

text: In particular, the Milankovitch cycles of Milutin Milankovitch are based on the premise that variations in incoming solar radiation are a fundamental factor controlling Earth's climate.


title: Quaternary

text: During this time, substantial glaciers advanced and retreated over much of North America and Europe, parts of South America and Asia, and all of Antarctica. The Great Lakes formed and giant mammals thrived in parts of North America and Eurasia not covered in ice. These mammals became extinct when the glacial period ended about 11,700 years ago. Modern humans evolved about 315,000 years ago. During the Quaternary Period, mammals, flowering plants, and insects dominated the land.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Julen Lopetegui Agote (; born 28 August 1966) is a Spanish former professional footballer, currently manager of Premier League club Wolverhampton Wanderers.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: A goalkeeper, he played 149 La Liga matches over nine seasons, representing Real Madrid, Logroñés, Barcelona and Rayo Vallecano in the competition. He added 168 appearances in the Segunda División for three clubs, winning one cap for Spain and being a member of the squad at the 1994 World Cup.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Lopetegui started working as a manager in 2003, and spent several years in charge of Spain's youth teams, leading the under-19 and under-21 sides to European titles. He was also head coach of the senior national team for two years, but was dismissed before the start of the 2018 World Cup following the announcement of his agreement to join Real Madrid after the tournament. In club football, he has managed Rayo Vallecano, Castilla, Porto, Real Madrid and Sevilla, winning the 2020 Europa League with the latter side.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Born in Asteasu, Gipuzkoa, Lopetegui started his professional career at local Real Sociedad. In 1985, he accepted an offer from Real Madrid, where the 19-year-old played in the B team.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: After a loan spell at UD Las Palmas Lopetegui returned, but could never dislodge another veteran, Francisco Buyo, only managing one La Liga appearance during two seasons, a 3–3 away draw against Atlético Madrid as Real were already crowned league champions. He subsequently signed with CD Logroñés, being instrumental as the modest Riojan club consistently managed to retain its top-flight status.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: When Andoni Zubizarreta left for Valencia CF in 1994, Lopetegui joined FC Barcelona, battling – and losing – for first-choice status with longtime understudy Carles Busquets. After the Catalans bought FC Porto's Vítor Baía he was further demoted to third string, and returned to Madrid with Segunda División club Rayo Vallecano in 1997.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Lopetegui was a starter in his first two seasons at Rayo, culminating with their play-off final win over CF Extremadura in June 1999. After returning to the top tier he lost his place to American international Kasey Keller and then Imanol Etxeberria; he played 36 top-flight games from 1999 to 2002. He was nonetheless favoured for the team's run to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Cup in 2000–01, where they were eliminated by compatriots Deportivo Alavés. He retired at the age of 36.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Lopetegui's performances at Logroñés earned him his sole cap with Spain, coming on as a substitute for Zubizarreta for the final 30 minutes of a 0–2 friendly loss to Croatia in Valencia, on 23 March 1994. He was subsequently picked for the squad at that year's FIFA World Cup.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Lopetegui was one of Spain coach Juan Santisteban's assistants at the 2003 UEFA European Under-17 Championship. After the tournament, he had his first head coaching spell at Rayo, with the club in the second level, but was sacked after the tenth match of the 2003–04 campaign, which ended in relegation to division three. After working as a sports commentator, including for LaSexta in the 2006 FIFA World Cup, he returned to coaching, with Real Madrid Castilla, who he played for in the 1980s, now in the third tier.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: From 2010 to 2014, Lopetegui worked with the Spanish youth teams, winning the 2012 European Under-19 Championship and the 2013 Under-21 Championship. He left the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 30 April 2014, following the expiration of his contract.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Lopetegui returned to club duties on 6 May 2014, being appointed at Portugal's FC Porto. He signed seven Spanish players to the club that summer.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: In his first season at the Estádio do Dragão, with the club's biggest budget ever, Lopetegui led them to the quarter-finals of the UEFA Champions League, where they equalled the club's biggest defeat in European competitions losing 6–1 against FC Bayern Munich (having lost by the same score to AEK Athens FC in 1978). He failed to win any silverware, contributing to the longest drought during Jorge Nuno Pinto da Costa's presidency.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: On 8 January 2016, after a 1–3 home loss to C.S. Marítimo in the Taça da Liga, as Porto had already been eliminated from the Champions League and was ranked third in the domestic league after an away loss and a home draw, Lopetegui was relieved of his duties and replaced by Rui Barros. A week later, the club announced that it had terminated the former's contract unilaterally.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: On 21 July 2016, after being strongly linked to English side Wolverhampton Wanderers which was under new ownership, Lopetegui was announced as the new manager of the Spain national team following Vicente del Bosque's retirement. In his first match in charge, on 1 September, he led them to a 2–0 friendly victory over Belgium at the King Baudouin Stadium; the nation qualified for the 2018 World Cup, winning nine and drawing one of their group matches.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: On 12 June 2018, with the team already in Russia for the tournament, it was announced that Lopetegui would take over as the head coach of Real Madrid on a three-year contract after the conclusion of Spain's involvement at the World Cup. The following day, he was dismissed from his job with the national team and replaced by Fernando Hierro.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Lopetegui's first competitive game in charge took place on 15 August 2018, in a 4–2 loss to rivals Atlético Madrid in the UEFA Super Cup after extra time. He thus became the second Real manager to start his tenure by conceding four goals, after Englishman Michael Keeping who began in 1948 being downed 4–1 by RC Celta de Vigo.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Following a string of bad results and, ultimately, a 5–1 away defeat to Barcelona in "El Clásico" on 28 October 2018, Lopetegui was fired a day later, being replaced by Santiago Solari.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: On 5 June 2019, Lopetegui was appointed as the new Sevilla FC manager on a three-year contract. In his first year, they finished fourth to qualify for the Champions League, and on 21 August they defeated Inter Milan 3–2 in the 2020 UEFA Europa League Final, his first club honour.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: Lopetegui agreed to a further two-year extension on 10 January 2021. On 5 October 2022, however, following five losses in eight matches in the new season – the last being 4–1 at home against Borussia Dortmund in the Champions League – he was dismissed.


title: Julen Lopetegui

text: After leaving Sevilla, Lopetegui was interviewed by Wolverhampton, who had dismissed Bruno Lage. He turned down the offer, due to his 92-year-old father's ill health. He was approached again and, on 5 November 2022, announced he would become their new head coach nine days later.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The Symphony No. 5 in C minor of Ludwig van Beethoven, Op. 67, was written between 1804 and 1808. It is one of the best-known compositions in classical music and one of the most frequently played symphonies, and it is widely considered one of the cornerstones of western music. First performed in Vienna's Theater an der Wien in 1808, the work achieved its prodigious reputation soon afterward. E. T. A. Hoffmann described the symphony as "one of the most important works of the time". As is typical of symphonies during the Classical period, Beethoven's Fifth Symphony has four movements.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The symphony, and the four-note opening motif in particular, are known worldwide, with the motif appearing frequently in popular culture, from disco versions to rock and roll covers, to uses in film and television.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Like Beethoven's Eroica (heroic) and Pastorale (rural), Symphony No. 5 was given an explicit name besides the numbering, though not by Beethoven himself. It became popular under "Schicksals-Sinfonie" (Fate Symphony), and the famous five bar theme was called the "Schicksals-Motiv" (Fate Motif). This name is also used in translations.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The Fifth Symphony had a long development process, as Beethoven worked out the musical ideas for the work. The first "sketches" (rough drafts of melodies and other musical ideas) date from 1804 following the completion of the Third Symphony. Beethoven repeatedly interrupted his work on the Fifth to prepare other compositions, including the first version of "Fidelio", the "Appassionata" piano sonata, the three "Razumovsky" string quartets, the Violin Concerto, the Fourth Piano Concerto, the Fourth Symphony, and the Mass in C. The final preparation of the Fifth Symphony, which took place in 1807–1808, was carried out in parallel with the Sixth Symphony, which premiered at the same concert.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Beethoven was in his mid-thirties during this time; his personal life was troubled by increasing deafness. In the world at large, the period was marked by the Napoleonic Wars, political turmoil in Austria, and the occupation of Vienna by Napoleon's troops in 1805. The symphony was written at his lodgings at the Pasqualati House in Vienna. The final movement quotes from a revolutionary song by Claude Joseph Rouget de Lisle.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The Fifth Symphony premiered on 22 December 1808 at a mammoth concert at the Theater an der Wien in Vienna consisting entirely of Beethoven premieres, and directed by Beethoven himself on the conductor's podium. The concert lasted for more than four hours. The two symphonies appeared on the programme in reverse order: the Sixth was played first, and the Fifth appeared in the second half. The programme was as follows:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Beethoven dedicated the Fifth Symphony to two of his patrons, Prince Franz Joseph von Lobkowitz and Count Razumovsky. The dedication appeared in the first printed edition of April 1809.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: There was little critical response to the premiere performance, which took place under adverse conditions. The orchestra did not play well—with only one rehearsal before the concert—and at one point, following a mistake by one of the performers in the Choral Fantasy, Beethoven had to stop the music and start again. The auditorium was extremely cold and the audience was exhausted by the length of the programme. However, a year and a half later, publication of the score resulted in a rapturous unsigned review (actually by music critic E. T. A. Hoffmann) in the "Allgemeine musikalische Zeitung". He described the music with dramatic imagery:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Radiant beams shoot through this region's deep night, and we become aware of gigantic shadows which, rocking back and forth, close in on us and destroy everything within us except the pain of endless longing—a longing in which every pleasure that rose up in jubilant tones sinks and succumbs, and only through this pain, which, while consuming but not destroying love, hope, and joy, tries to burst our breasts with full-voiced harmonies of all the passions, we live on and are captivated beholders of the spirits.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Apart from the extravagant praise, Hoffmann devoted by far the largest part of his review to a detailed analysis of the symphony, in order to show his readers the devices Beethoven used to arouse particular affects in the listener. In an essay titled "Beethoven's Instrumental Music", compiled from this 1810 review and another one from 1813 on the op. 70 string trios, published in three installments in December 1813, E.T.A. Hoffmann further praised the "indescribably profound, magnificent symphony in C minor":


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: How this wonderful composition, in a climax that climbs on and on, leads the listener imperiously forward into the spirit world of the infinite!... No doubt the whole rushes like an ingenious rhapsody past many a man, but the soul of each thoughtful listener is assuredly stirred, deeply and intimately, by a feeling that is none other than that unutterable portentous longing, and until the final chord—indeed, even in the moments that follow it—he will be powerless to step out of that wondrous spirit realm where grief and joy embrace him in the form of sound...


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The symphony soon acquired its status as a central item in the orchestral repertoire. It was played in the inaugural concerts of the New York Philharmonic on 7 December 1842, and the [US] National Symphony Orchestra on 2 November 1931. It was first recorded by the Odeon Orchestra under Friedrich Kark in 1910. The First Movement (as performed by the Philharmonia Orchestra) was featured on the Voyager Golden Record, a phonograph record containing a broad sample of the images, common sounds, languages, and music of Earth, sent into outer space aboard the Voyager probes in 1977. Groundbreaking in terms of both its technical and its emotional impact, the Fifth has had a large influence on composers and music critics, and inspired work by such composers as Brahms, Tchaikovsky (his 4th Symphony in particular), Bruckner, Mahler, and Berlioz.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Since the Second World War, it has sometimes been referred to as the "Victory Symphony". "V" is coincidentally also the Roman numeral character for the number five and the phrase "V for Victory" became a campaign of the Allies of World War II after Winston Churchill starting using it as a catchphrase in 1940. Beethoven's Victory Symphony happened to be his Fifth (or vice versa) although this is coincidental. Some thirty years after this piece was written, the rhythm of the opening phrase – "dit-dit-dit-dah" – was used for the letter "V" in Morse code, though this is also coincidental. During the Second World War, the BBC prefaced its broadcasts to Special Operations Executives (SOE) across the world with those four notes, played on drums. This was at the suggestion of intelligence agent Courtenay Edward Stevens.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The first movement opens with the four-note motif discussed above, one of the most famous motifs in Western music. There is considerable debate among conductors as to the manner of playing the four opening bars. Some conductors take it in strict allegro tempo; others take the liberty of a weighty treatment, playing the motif in a much slower and more stately tempo; yet others take the motif "molto ritardando" (a pronounced slowing through each four-note phrase), arguing that the fermata over the fourth note justifies this. Some critics and musicians consider it crucial to convey the spirit of [pause]and-two-and "one", as written, and consider the more common one-two-three-"four" to be misleading. Critic Michael Steinberg stated that with the "ta-ta-ta-Taaa", "Beethoven begins with eight notes". He points out that "they rhyme, four plus four, and each group of four consists of three quick notes plus one that is lower and much longer (in fact unmeasured)." As well, the "space between the two rhyming groups is minimal, about one-seventh of a second if we go by Beethoven's metronome mark".


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: In addition, "Beethoven clarifies the shape by lengthening the second of the long notes. This lengthening, which was an afterthought, is tantamount to writing a stronger punctuation mark. As the music progresses, we can hear in the melody of the second theme, for example (or later, in the pairs of antiphonal chords of woodwinds and strings (i.e. chords that alternate between woodwind and string instruments)), that the constantly invoked connection between the two four-note units is crucial to the movement." Steinberg states that the "source of Beethoven's unparalleled energy ... is in his writing long sentences and broad paragraphs whose surfaces are articulated with exciting activity." Indeed, "the double 'ta-ta-ta-Taaa' is an open-ended beginning, not a closed and self-sufficient unit (misunderstanding of this opening was nurtured by a nineteenth-century performance tradition in which the first five measures were read as a slow, portentous exordium, the main tempo being attacked only after the second hold)." He notes that the "opening [is] so dramatic" due to the "violence of the contrast between the urgency in the eighth notes and the ominous freezing of motion in the unmeasured long notes". He states that "the music starts with a wild outburst of energy but immediately crashes into a wall".


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Steinberg also asserts that "[s]econds later, Beethoven jolts us with another such sudden halt. The music draws up to a half-cadence on a G major chord, short and crisp in the whole orchestra, except for the first violins, who hang on to their high G for an unmeasured length of time. Forward motion resumes with a relentless pounding of eighth notes."


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The first movement is in the traditional sonata form that Beethoven inherited from his Classical predecessors, such as Haydn and Mozart (in which the main ideas that are introduced in the first few pages undergo elaborate development through many keys, with a dramatic return to the opening section—the recapitulation—about three-quarters of the way through). It starts out with two dramatic fortissimo phrases, the famous motif, commanding the listener's attention. Following the first four bars, Beethoven uses imitations and sequences to expand the theme, these pithy imitations tumbling over each other with such rhythmic regularity that they appear to form a single, flowing melody. Shortly after, a very short "fortissimo" bridge, played by the horns, takes place before a second theme is introduced. This second theme is in E major, the relative major, and it is more lyrical, written "piano" and featuring the four-note motif in the string accompaniment. The codetta is again based on the four-note motif. The development section follows, including the bridge. During the recapitulation, there is a brief solo passage for oboe in quasi-improvisatory style, and the movement ends with a massive coda.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The second movement, in A major, the subdominant key of C minor's relative key (E major), is a lyrical work in double variation form, which means that two themes are presented and varied in alternation. Following the variations there is a long coda.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The movement opens with an announcement of its theme, a melody in unison by violas and cellos, with accompaniment by the double basses. A second theme soon follows, with a harmony provided by clarinets, bassoons, and violins, with a triplet arpeggio in the violas and bass. A variation of the first theme reasserts itself. This is followed up by a third theme, thirty-second notes in the violas and cellos with a counterphrase running in the flute, oboe, and bassoon. Following an interlude, the whole orchestra participates in a fortissimo, leading to a series of crescendos and a coda to close the movement.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The third movement is in ternary form, consisting of a scherzo and trio. While most symphonies before Beethoven's time employed a minuet and trio as their third movement, Beethoven chose to use the newer scherzo and trio form.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The movement returns to the opening key of C minor and begins with the following theme, played by the cellos and double basses:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: <score>\relative c{ \clef bass \key c \minor \time 3/4 \tempo "Allegro" \partial 4 g(\pp | c ees g | c2 ees4 | d2 fis,4) | g2.~ | g2.}</score>


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The opening theme is answered by a contrasting theme played by the winds, and this sequence is repeated. Then the horns loudly announce the main theme of the movement, and the music proceeds from there. The trio section is in C major and is written in a contrapuntal texture. When the scherzo returns for the final time, it is performed by the strings pizzicato and very quietly. "The scherzo offers contrasts that are somewhat similar to those of the slow movement ["Andante con moto"] in that they derive from extreme difference in character between scherzo and trio ... The Scherzo then contrasts this figure with the famous 'motto' (3 + 1) from the first movement, which gradually takes command of the whole movement." The third movement is also notable for its transition to the fourth movement, widely considered one of the greatest musical transitions of all time.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The fourth movement begins without pause from the transition. The music resounds in C major, an unusual choice by the composer as a symphony that begins in C minor is expected to finish in that key. In Beethoven's words: Many assert that every minor piece must end in the minor. Nego! ...Joy follows sorrow, sunshine—rain.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The triumphant and exhilarating finale is written in an unusual variant of sonata form: at the end of the development section, the music halts on a dominant cadence, played fortissimo, and the music continues after a pause with a quiet reprise of the "horn theme" of the scherzo movement. The recapitulation is then introduced by a crescendo coming out of the last bars of the interpolated scherzo section, just as the same music was introduced at the opening of the movement. The interruption of the finale with material from the third "dance" movement was pioneered by Haydn, who had done the same in his Symphony No. 46 in B, from 1772. It is unknown whether Beethoven was familiar with this work or not.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The Fifth Symphony finale includes a very long coda, in which the main themes of the movement are played in temporally compressed form. Towards the end the tempo is increased to presto. The symphony ends with 29 bars of C major chords, played fortissimo. In "The Classical Style", Charles Rosen suggests that this ending reflects Beethoven's sense of proportions: the "unbelievably long" pure C major cadence is needed "to ground the extreme tension of [this] immense work."


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The 19th century musicologist Gustav Nottebohm first pointed out that the third movement's theme has the same sequence of intervals as the opening theme of the final movement of Mozart's famous Symphony No. 40 in G minor, K. 550. Here are the first eight notes of Mozart's theme:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: <score>\relative c' { \key g \minor \time 2/2 \tempo "Allegro assai" \partial 4 d4\p(g) bes-. d-. g-. bes2(a4) cis,8\f }</score>


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: While such resemblances sometimes occur by accident, this is unlikely to be so in the present case. Nottebohm discovered the resemblance when he examined a sketchbook used by Beethoven in composing the Fifth Symphony: here, 29 bars of Mozart's finale appear, copied out by Beethoven.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Much has been written about the Fifth Symphony in books, scholarly articles, and program notes for live and recorded performances. This section summarizes some themes that commonly appear in this material.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The initial motif of the symphony has sometimes been credited with symbolic significance as a representation of Fate knocking at the door. This idea comes from Beethoven's secretary and factotum Anton Schindler, who wrote, many years after Beethoven's death:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The composer himself provided the key to these depths when one day, in this author's presence, he pointed to the beginning of the first movement and expressed in these words the fundamental idea of his work: "Thus Fate knocks at the door!"


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Schindler's testimony concerning any point of Beethoven's life is disparaged by many experts (Schindler is believed to have forged entries in Beethoven's so-called "conversation books", the books in which the deaf Beethoven got others to write their side of conversations with him). Moreover, it is often commented that Schindler offered a highly romanticized view of the composer.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: There is another tale concerning the same motif; the version given here is from Antony Hopkins's description of the symphony. Carl Czerny (Beethoven's pupil, who premiered the "Emperor" Concerto in Vienna) claimed that "the little pattern of notes had come to [Beethoven] from a yellow-hammer's song, heard as he walked in the Prater-park in Vienna." Hopkins further remarks that "given the choice between a yellow-hammer and Fate-at-the-door, the public has preferred the more dramatic myth, though Czerny's account is too unlikely to have been invented."


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: In his "Omnibus" television lecture series in 1954, Leonard Bernstein likened the Fate Motif to the four note coda common to symphonies. These notes would terminate the symphony as a musical coda, but for Beethoven they become a motif repeating throughout the work for a very different and dramatic effect, he says.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Evaluations of these interpretations tend to be skeptical. "The popular legend that Beethoven intended this grand exordium of the symphony to suggest 'Fate Knocking at the gate' is apocryphal; Beethoven's pupil, Ferdinand Ries, was really author of this would-be poetic exegesis, which Beethoven received very sarcastically when Ries imparted it to him." Elizabeth Schwarm Glesner remarks that "Beethoven had been known to say nearly anything to relieve himself of questioning pests"; this might be taken to impugn both tales.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The key of the Fifth Symphony, C minor, is commonly regarded as a special key for Beethoven, specifically a "stormy, heroic tonality". Beethoven wrote a number of works in C minor whose character is broadly similar to that of the Fifth Symphony. Pianist and writer Charles Rosen says, Beethoven in C minor has come to symbolize his artistic character. In every case, it reveals Beethoven as Hero. C minor does not show Beethoven at his most subtle, but it does give him to us in his most extroverted form, where he seems to be most impatient of any compromise.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: It is commonly asserted that the opening four-note rhythmic motif (short-short-short-long; see above) is repeated throughout the symphony, unifying it. "It is a rhythmic pattern (dit-dit-dit-dot) that makes its appearance in each of the other three movements and thus contributes to the overall unity of the symphony" (Doug Briscoe); "a single motif that unifies the entire work" (Peter Gutmann); "the key motif of the entire symphony"; "the rhythm of the famous opening figure ... recurs at crucial points in later movements" (Richard Bratby). The "New Grove" encyclopedia cautiously endorses this view, reporting that "[t]he famous opening motif is to be heard in almost every bar of the first movement—and, allowing for modifications, in the other movements."


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: There are several passages in the symphony that have led to this view. For instance, in the third movement the horns play the following solo in which the short-short-short-long pattern occurs repeatedly:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: In the finale, Doug Briscoe suggests that the motif may be heard in the piccolo part, presumably meaning the following passage:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: On the other hand, some commentators are unimpressed with these resemblances and consider them to be accidental. Antony Hopkins, discussing the theme in the scherzo, says "no musician with an ounce of feeling could confuse [the two rhythms]", explaining that the scherzo rhythm begins on a strong musical beat whereas the first-movement theme begins on a weak one. Donald Tovey pours scorn on the idea that a rhythmic motif unifies the symphony: "This profound discovery was supposed to reveal an unsuspected unity in the work, but it does not seem to have been carried far enough." Applied consistently, he continues, the same approach would lead to the conclusion that many other works by Beethoven are also "unified" with this symphony, as the motif appears in the "Appassionata" piano sonata, the Fourth Piano Concerto , and in the String Quartet, Op. 74. Tovey concludes, "the simple truth is that Beethoven could not do without just such purely rhythmic figures at this stage of his art."


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: To Tovey's objection can be added the prominence of the short-short-short-long rhythmic figure in earlier works by Beethoven's older Classical contemporaries such as Haydn and Mozart. To give just two examples, it is found in Haydn's "Miracle" Symphony, No. 96 () and in Mozart's Piano Concerto No. 25, K. 503 (). Such examples show that "short-short-short-long" rhythms were a regular part of the musical language of the composers of Beethoven's day.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: It seems likely that whether or not Beethoven deliberately, or unconsciously, wove a single rhythmic motif through the Fifth Symphony will (in Hopkins's words) "remain eternally open to debate".


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Folia is a dance form with a distinctive rhythm and harmony, which was used by many composers from the Renaissance well into the 19th and even 20th centuries, often in the context of a theme and variations. It was used by Beethoven in his Fifth Symphony in the harmony midway through the slow movement (bars 166–177). Although some recent sources mention that the fragment of the Folia theme in Beethoven's symphony was detected only in the 1990s, Reed J. Hoyt analyzed some Folia-aspects in the oeuvre of Beethoven already in 1982 in his "Letter to the Editor", in the journal "College Music Symposium 21", where he draws attention to the existence of complex archetypal patterns and their relationship.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: The last movement of Beethoven's Fifth is the first time the piccolo, and contrabassoon were used in a symphony. While this was Beethoven's first use of the trombone in a symphony, in 1807 the Swedish composer Joachim Nicolas Eggert had specified trombones for his Symphony No. 3 in E major.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: In the autograph score (that is, the original version from Beethoven's hand), the third movement contains a repeat mark: when the scherzo and trio sections have both been played through, the performers are directed to return to the very beginning and play these two sections again. Then comes a third rendering of the scherzo, this time notated differently for pizzicato strings and transitioning directly to the finale (see description above). Most modern printed editions of the score do not render this repeat mark; and indeed most performances of the symphony render the movement as ABA' (where A = scherzo, B = trio, and A' = modified scherzo), in contrast to the ABABA' of the autograph score. The repeat mark in the autograph is unlikely to be simply an error on the composer's part. The ABABA' scheme for scherzi appears elsewhere in Beethoven, in the Bagatelle for solo piano, Op. 33, No. 7 (1802), and in the Fourth, Sixth, and Seventh Symphonies. However, it is possible that for the Fifth Symphony, Beethoven originally preferred ABABA', but changed his mind in the course of publication in favor of ABA'.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: Since Beethoven's day, published editions of the symphony have always printed ABA'. However, in 1978 an edition specifying ABABA' was prepared by Peter Gülke and published by Peters. In 1999, yet another edition, by Jonathan Del Mar, was published by Bärenreiter which advocates a return to ABA'. In the accompanying book of commentary, Del Mar defends in depth the view that ABA' represents Beethoven's final intention; in other words, that conventional wisdom was right all along.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: In concert performances, ABA' prevailed until the 2000s. However, since the appearance of the Gülke edition, conductors have felt more free to exercise their own choice. Performances with ABABA' seem to be particularly favored by conductors who specialize in authentic performance or historically informed performance (that is, using instruments of the kind employed in Beethoven's day and playing techniques of the period). These include Caroline Brown, Christopher Hogwood, John Eliot Gardiner, and Nikolaus Harnoncourt. ABABA' performances on modern instruments have also been recorded by the New Philharmonia Orchestra under Pierre Boulez, the Tonhalle Orchester Zürich under David Zinman, and the Berlin Philharmonic under Claudio Abbado.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: In the first movement, the passage that introduces the second subject of the exposition is assigned by Beethoven as a solo to the pair of horns.


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: At this location, the theme is played in the key of E major. When the same theme is repeated later on in the recapitulation section, it is given in the key of C major. Antony Hopkins writes:


title: Symphony No. 5 (Beethoven)

text: In fact, even before Hopkins wrote this passage (1981), some conductors had experimented with preserving Beethoven's original scoring for bassoons. This can be heard on many performances including those conducted by Caroline Brown mentioned in the preceding section as well as in 2003 recording by Simon Rattle with the Vienna Philharmonic. Although horns capable of playing the passage in C major were developed not long after the premiere of the Fifth Symphony (they were developed in 1814), it is not known whether Beethoven would have wanted to substitute modern horns, or keep the bassoons, in the crucial passage.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The Sanhedrin (Hebrew and Aramaic: סַנְהֶדְרִין; Greek: , "synedrion", 'sitting together,' hence 'assembly' or 'council') was an assembly of either 23 or 71 elders (known as "rabbis" after the destruction of the Second Temple), appointed to sit as a tribunal in every city in the ancient Land of Israel.


title: Sanhedrin

text: There were two classes of Rabbinite Jewish courts which were called Sanhedrin, the Great Sanhedrin and the Lesser Sanhedrin. A lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges was appointed to sit as a tribunal in each city, but there was only supposed to be one Great Sanhedrin of 71 judges, which among other roles acted as the Supreme Court, taking appeals from cases which were decided by lesser courts. In general usage, "the Sanhedrin" without qualifier normally refers to the Great Sanhedrin, which was presided over by the "Nasi", who functioned as its head or representing president, and was a member of the court; the "Av Beit Din" or the chief of the court, who was second to the ; and 69 general members.


title: Sanhedrin

text: In the Second Temple period, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Temple in Jerusalem, in a building called the Hall of Hewn Stones. The Great Sanhedrin convened every day except festivals and the sabbath day (Shabbat).


title: Sanhedrin

text: After the destruction of the Second Temple and the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt, the Great Sanhedrin moved to Galilee, which became part of the Roman province of Syria Palaestina. In this period the Sanhedrin was sometimes referred as the "Galilean Patriarchate" or "Patriarchate of Palaestina", being the governing legal body of Galilean Jewry. In the late 200s CE, to avoid persecution, the name "Sanhedrin" was dropped and its decisions were issued under the name of (house of learning). The last universally binding decision of the Great Sanhedrin appeared in 358 CE, when the Hebrew calendar was established. The Great Sanhedrin was finally disbanded in 425 CE after continued persecution by the Eastern Roman Empire.


title: Sanhedrin

text: Over the centuries, there have been attempts to revive the institution, such as the Grand Sanhedrin convened by Napoleon Bonaparte, and modern attempts in Israel.


title: Sanhedrin

text: In the Hebrew Bible (, ; , ) Moses and the Israelites were commanded by God to establish courts of judges who were given full authority over the people of Israel, who were commanded by God through Moses to obey the judgments made by the courts and every Torah-abiding law they established. Judges in ancient Israel were the religious leaders and teachers of the nation of Israel. The Mishnah (Sanhedrin 1:6) arrives at the number twenty-three based on an exegetical derivation: it must be possible for a "community" to vote for both conviction and exoneration (). The minimum size of a "community" is 10 men, thus 10 vs 10. One more is required to achieve a majority (11 vs. 10), but a simple majority cannot convict (), and so an additional judge is required (12 vs. 10). Finally, a court should not have an even number of judges to prevent deadlocks; thus 23 (12 vs. 10 and 1). This court dealt with only religious matters. In regard to the Sanhedrin of 70 Elders to help Moses, years before in Egypt these men had been Hebrew officials under Egyptian taskmasters; they were beaten by the Egyptians when they refused to beat fellow Jews in order to finish building projects. As a reward they became the Sanhedrin of 70 Elders.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The Hasmonean court in Judea, presided over by Alexander Jannaeus, until 76 BCE, followed by his wife, Queen Salome Alexandra, was called or "Sanhedrin." The exact nature of this early Sanhedrin is not clear. It may have been a body of sages or priests, or a political, legislative and judicial institution. The first historical record of the body was during the administration of Aulus Gabinius, who, according to Josephus, organized five in 57 BCE as Roman administration was not concerned with religious affairs unless sedition was suspected. Only after the destruction of the Second Temple was the Sanhedrin made up only of sages.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The first historic mention of a "Synhedrion" (Greek: ) occurs in the Psalms of Solomon (XVII:49), a Jewish religious book written in Greek.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The Mishnah tractate Sanhedrin (IV:2) states that the Sanhedrin was to be recruited from the following sources: Priests (Kohanim), Levites (Levi'im), and ordinary Jews who were members of those families having a pure lineage such that their daughters were allowed to marry priests.


title: Sanhedrin

text: In the Second Temple period, the Great Sanhedrin met in the Hall of Hewn Stones in the Temple in Jerusalem. The court convened every day except festivals and the sabbath day (Shabbat).


title: Sanhedrin

text: A is mentioned 22 times in the Greek New Testament, including in the Gospels in relation to the trial of Jesus, and in the "Acts of the Apostles", which mentions a "Great " in chapter 5 where rabbi Gamaliel appeared, and also in chapter 7 in relation to the stoning death of Saint Stephen.


title: Sanhedrin

text: After the destruction of the Second Temple in 70 CE, the Sanhedrin was re-established in Yavneh with reduced authority. The seat of the Patriarchate moved to Usha under the presidency of Gamaliel II in 80 CE. In 116 it moved back to Yavneh, and then again back to Usha.


title: Sanhedrin

text: Rabbinic texts indicate that following the Bar Kokhba revolt, southern Galilee became the seat of rabbinic learning in the Land of Israel. This region was the location of the court of the Patriarch which was situated first at Usha, then at Bet Shearim, later at Sepphoris and finally at Tiberias.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The Great Sanhedrin moved in 140 to Shefaram under the presidency of Shimon ben Gamliel II, and subsequently to Beit She'arim (Roman-era Jewish village) and later to Sepphoris, under the presidency of Judah ha-Nasi. Finally, it moved to Tiberias in 220, under the presidency of Gamaliel III (220–230), a son of Judah ha-Nasi, where it became more of a consistory, but still retained, under the presidency of Judah II (230–270), the power of excommunication.


title: Sanhedrin

text: During the presidency of Gamaliel IV (270–290), due to Roman persecution, it dropped the name Sanhedrin; and its authoritative decisions were subsequently issued under the name of "Beth HaMidrash".


title: Sanhedrin

text: In the year 363, the emperor Julian (r. 355–363 CE), an apostate from Christianity, ordered the Temple rebuilt. The project's failure has been ascribed to the Galilee earthquake of 363, and to the Jews' ambivalence about the project. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire. Divine intervention was the common view among Christian historians of the time. As a reaction against Julian's pro-Jewish stance, the later emperor Theodosius I (r. 379–395 CE) forbade the Sanhedrin to assemble and declared ordination illegal. Capital punishment was prescribed for any Rabbi who received ordination, as well as complete destruction of the town where the ordination occurred.


title: Sanhedrin

text: However, since the Hebrew calendar was based on witnesses' testimony, which had become far too dangerous to collect, rabbi Hillel II recommended change to a mathematically based calendar that was adopted at a clandestine, and maybe final, meeting in 358 CE. This marked the last universal decision made by the Great Sanhedrin.


title: Sanhedrin

text: Gamaliel VI (400–425) was the Sanhedrin's last president. With his death in 425, Theodosius II outlawed the title of Nasi, the last remains of the ancient Sanhedrin. An imperial decree of 426 diverted the patriarchs' tax () into the imperial treasury. The exact reason for the abrogation of the patriarchate is not clear, though Gamaliel VI, the last holder of the office who had been for a time elevated by the emperor to the rank of prefect, may have fallen out with the imperial authorities. Thereafter, Jews were gradually excluded from holding public office.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The Talmud tractate Sanhedrin identifies two classes of rabbinical courts called Sanhedrin, a Great Sanhedrin () and a Lesser Sanhedrin (). Each city could have its own lesser Sanhedrin of 23 judges, but there could be only one Great Sanhedrin of 71, which among other roles acted as the Supreme Court, taking appeals from cases decided by lesser courts. The uneven numbers of judges were predicated on eliminating the possibility of a tie, and the last to cast his vote was the head of the court.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The Sanhedrin as a body claimed powers that lesser Jewish courts did not have. As such, they were the only ones who could try the king, extend the boundaries of the Temple and Jerusalem, and were the ones to whom all questions of law were finally put. Before 191 BCE the High Priest acted as the "ex officio" head of the Sanhedrin, but in 191 BCE, when the Sanhedrin lost confidence in the High Priest, the office of "Nasi" was created. After the time of Hillel the Elder (late 1st century BCE and early 1st century CE), the Nasi was almost invariably a descendant of Hillel. The second highest-ranking member of the Sanhedrin was called the "Av Beit Din", or 'Head of the Court' (literally, means 'father of the house of judgment'), who presided over the Sanhedrin when it sat as a criminal court.


title: Sanhedrin

text: During the Second Temple period, the Sanhedrin met in a building known as the Hall of Hewn Stones (), which has been placed by the Talmud and many scholars as built into the northern wall of the Temple Mount, half inside the sanctuary and half outside, with doors providing access variously to the Temple and to the outside. The name presumably arises to distinguish it from the buildings in the Temple complex used for ritual purposes, which could not be constructed of stones hewn by any iron implement.


title: Sanhedrin

text: In some cases, it was necessary only for a 23-member panel (functioning as a Lesser Sanhedrin) to convene. In general, the full panel of 71 judges was convened only on matters of national significance ("e.g.", a declaration of war) or when the 23-member panel failed to reach a conclusive verdict.


title: Sanhedrin

text: By the end of the Second Temple period, the Sanhedrin reached its pinnacle of importance, legislating all aspects of Jewish religious and political life within parameters laid down by Biblical and Rabbinic tradition.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The following is a summary of the powers and responsibilities of the Patriarchate from the onset of the third century, based on rabbinic sources as understood by L.I. Levine:


title: Sanhedrin

text: Up to the middle of the fourth century, the Patriarchate retained the prerogative of determining the Hebrew calendar and guarded the intricacies of the needed calculations, in an effort to constrain interference by the Babylonian community. Christian persecution obliged Hillel II to fix the calendar in permanent form in 359 CE. This institution symbolized the passing of authority from the Patriarchate to the Babylonian Talmudic academies.


title: Sanhedrin

text: In 2004, excavations in Tiberias conducted by the Israel Antiquities Authority uncovered a structure dating to the 3rd century CE that may have been the seat of the Sanhedrin when it convened in that city. At the time it was called .


title: Sanhedrin

text: Before 191 BCE the High Priest acted as the "ex officio" head of the Sanhedrin, but in 191 BCE, when the Sanhedrin lost confidence in the High Priest, the office of Nasi was created. The Sanhedrin was headed by the chief scholars of the great Talmudic Academies in the Land of Israel, and with the decline of the Sanhedrin, their spiritual and legal authority was generally accepted, the institution itself being supported by voluntary contributions by Jews throughout the ancient world. Being a member of the house of Hillel and thus a descendant of King David, the Patriarch, known in Hebrew as the "Nasi" (prince), enjoyed almost royal authority. Their functions were political rather than religious, though their influence was not limited to the secular realm. The Patriarchate attained its zenith under Judah ha-Nasi who compiled the Mishnah, a compendium of views from Judean thought leaders of Judaism other than the Torah.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The Sanhedrin is traditionally viewed as the last institution that commanded universal authority among the Jewish people in the long chain of tradition from Moses until the present day. Since its dissolution in 358 CE by imperial decree, there have been several attempts to re-establish this body either as a self-governing body, or as a puppet of a sovereign government.


title: Sanhedrin

text: There are records of what may have been attempts to reform the Sanhedrin in Arabia, in Jerusalem under the Caliph 'Umar, and in Babylon (Iraq), but none of these attempts were given any attention by Rabbinic authorities and little information is available about them.


title: Sanhedrin

text: The "Grand Sanhedrin" was a Jewish high court convened by Napoleon I to give legal sanction to the principles expressed by the Assembly of Notables in answer to the twelve questions submitted to it by the government (see "Jew. Encyc. v. 468, s.v. France").


title: Sanhedrin

text: On October 6, 1806, the Assembly of Notables issued a proclamation to all the Jewish communities of Europe, inviting them to send delegates to the Sanhedrin, to convene on October 20. This proclamation, written in Hebrew, French, German, and Italian, speaks in extravagant terms of the importance of this revived institution and of the greatness of its imperial protector. While the action of Napoleon aroused in many Jews of Germany the hope that, influenced by it, their governments also would grant them the rights of citizenship, others looked upon it as a political contrivance. When in the war against Prussia (1806–07) the emperor invaded Poland and the Jews rendered great services to his army, he remarked, laughing, "The sanhedrin is at least useful to me." David Friedländer and his friends in Berlin described it as a spectacle that Napoleon offered to the Parisians.


title: Sanhedrin

text: Since the dissolution of the Sanhedrin in 358 CE, there has been no universally recognized authority within Halakha. Maimonides (1135–1204) was one of the greatest scholars of the Middle Ages, and is arguably one of the most widely accepted scholars among the Jewish people since the closing of the Talmud in 500. Influenced by the rationalist school of thought and generally showing a preference for a natural (as opposed to miraculous) redemption for the Jewish people, Maimonides proposed a rationalist solution for achieving the goal of re-establishing the highest court in Jewish tradition and reinvesting it with the same authority it had in former years. There have been several attempts to implement Maimonides' recommendations, the latest being in modern times.


title: Sanhedrin

text: There have been rabbinical attempts to renew Semicha and re-establish a Sanhedrin by Rabbi Jacob Berab in 1538, Rabbi Yisroel Shklover in 1830, Rabbi Aharon Mendel haCohen in 1901, Rabbi Zvi Kovsker in 1940 and Rabbi Yehuda Leib Maimon in 1949.


title: Sanhedrin

text: In October 2004 (Tishrei 5765), a group of rabbis representing varied Orthodox communities in Israel undertook a ceremony in Tiberias, where the original Sanhedrin was disbanded, in which it claimed to re-establish the body according to the proposal of Maimonides and the Jewish legal rulings of Rabbi Yosef Karo. The controversial attempt has been subject to debate within different Jewish communities.


title: Anne Francis

text: Anne Francis (also known as Anne Lloyd Francis; September 16, 1930 – January 2, 2011) was an American actress known for her ground-breaking roles in the science-fiction film "Forbidden Planet" (1956) and the television action-drama series "Honey West" (1965–1966). "Forbidden Planet" marked a first in color, big-budget, science-fiction-themed motion pictures. Nine years later, Francis challenged female stereotypes in "Honey West", in which she played a perky blonde private investigator who was as quick with body slams as witty one-liners. She earned a Golden Globe Award and Emmy Award nomination for her performance.


title: Anne Francis

text: Francis was known largely for her physical assets, including a trademark mole near her lower lip. The beauty mark was even written into the script of one of her films. In 2005, "TV Guide" ranked Francis at number 18 on its "50 Sexiest Stars of All Time" list.


title: Anne Francis

text: Francis was born in Ossining, New York, on September 16, 1930. Contrary to some sources, which erroneously claim she was born Ann Marvak (rather than Francis), her parents' marriage registration and census records from 1925 and 1930 confirm that their names were Philip Ward Francis (19001974) and Edith (née Albertson) Francis (19011995). She was their only child.


title: Anne Francis

text: Francis entered show business as a child, working as a model at 5 years old to assist her family during the Great Depression. She made her Broadway debut at the age of 11.


title: Anne Francis

text: Francis made her first film appearance in "This Time for Keeps" (1947). She played supporting roles in the films "So Young, So Bad" (1950), "Susan Slept Here" (1954), and "Bad Day at Black Rock" (1955); her first leading role was in "Blackboard Jungle" (1955). Her best-known film role is that of Altaira in "Forbidden Planet" (1956), a science-fiction classic that was nominated for a best-effects Oscar.


title: Anne Francis

text: Her movie roles were then confined to low-budget efforts: a call girl in "Girl of the Night" (1960); a scheming trophy wife in "Brainstorm" (1965); the role of Georgia James in "Funny Girl" (1968); as Jerry Lewis's wife in "Hook, Line & Sinker" (1969) and as co-star to a young Burt Reynolds in the adventure movie "Impasse" (1969). An exception was her role as lead chorine in "Funny Girl" (1968).


title: Anne Francis

text: When motion picture opportunities became scarcer for Francis near the close of the 1950s she moved - successfully - to television.


title: Anne Francis

text: Beginning as a guest on "The Untouchables" and as the title character in "The Doreen Maney Story", she appeared in two episodes of "The Twilight Zone" ("The After Hours" and "Jess-Belle"), two episodes of "Alfred Hitchcock Presents" ("Hooked" and in "Keep Me Company"), and three episodes of "The Alfred Hitchcock Hour" ("What Really Happened", "Blood Bargain", and "The Trap"). In 1961, she appeared twice in "Route 66", first in "Play it Glissando" and then "A Month of Sundays". Francis appeared in two episodes of the Western series "The Virginian", two episodes of "Columbo" ("Short Fuse" and "A Stitch in Crime") and the episode "Incident of the Shambling Man" on the CBS Western "Rawhide". She was cast in an episode of Gene Kelly's drama series, "Going My Way", based on the 1944 film of the same name. During 1964, she guest-starred in "Hideout" and "Rachel's Mother" in "The Reporter", as well as two successive appearances in "The Man from U.N.C.L.E.". She appeared Season 4, Episode 10 of Mission Impossible titled "The Double Circle".


title: Anne Francis

text: "Honey West" was an action drama: the character formally introduced in the April 21, 1965 episode of "Burke's Law" titled "Who Killed the Jackpot?", after which it was spun off as a series that lasted one season of 30 half-hour episodes. Honey was a shrewd, high-energy private investigator who collaborated with assistant Sam Bolt (John Ericson) in a company that was inherited from her father. At home, she cared for her pet ocelot named Bruce.


title: Anne Francis

text: The show was cancelled due to budgetary considerations and ABC executives importing from the UK the similarly themed hit show "The Avengers".


title: Anne Francis

text: Francis made a guest appearance in a 1967 episode of "The Fugitive" and in "The Invaders" the same year. She guest-starred in a 1973 episode of "Barnaby Jones", "Murder in the Doll's House".


title: Anne Francis

text: At the start of the final season of "My Three Sons" in 1971, Francis played bowling-alley waitress Terri Dowling, who married character Laird Fergus McBain Douglas of Sithian Bridge, Scotland, and returned to his homeland as royalty. (Fred MacMurray played the dual-character roles of Steve Douglas and Fergus McBain Douglas in this four-part story arc.) She appeared twice as a guest star on "Columbo", once as the manipulated lover of the murderer ("Short Fuse", 1972) and once as the murder victim ("A Stitch in Crime", 1973).


title: Anne Francis

text: In 1974, Francis appeared as Ida, the madame of a bawdy house on the series "Kung Fu" in the episode "Night of the Owls, Day of the Doves". In 1975, she appeared as Abby in an episode of "Movin' On" titled "The Price of Loving". In 1976, she appeared as Lola Flynn in an episode of "Wonder Woman", entitled "Beauty on Parade". In 1977, she appeared as Lieutenant Commander Gladys Hope, the head nurse in two episodes of the World War II series "Baa Baa Black Sheep". She portrayed Melissa Osborne in the episode "How Do I Kill Thee?" of "The Eddie Capra Mysteries" in 1978.


title: Anne Francis

text: During the 1980–81 season of "Dallas", Francis had a recurring role as Arliss Cooper, the mother of Mitch and Afton Cooper. In 1982, she played the armored car-robbing mother in "In the Best of Families" episode of "CHiPs". She later played Mama Jo in the first few episodes of the 1984 TV-detective series "Riptide". In that same year, she guest-starred in the premiere episode of "Murder, She Wrote", credited as Anne Lloyd Francis; she went on to guest-star in two more episodes during the show's run. In December 1984 and again credited as Anne Lloyd Francis, she guest-starred in a Christmas-themed episode of "The Love Boat" playing the mother of Kim Lankford's character, Carol, in the storyline of "Noel's Christmas Carol". She appeared on episodes of "Matlock" and "The Golden Girls".


title: Anne Francis

text: In 1996, Francis appeared in the "Wings" episode "The Lady Vanishes", as Vera, a 1940s gun moll-type character. In 1997, in the "Home Improvement" episode "A Funny Valentine", she appeared as Liddy, Tim Allen's high-school classmate's mother. She guest-starred in 1998 on "The Drew Carey Show" as the mother of Drew's girlfriend Nicki in the episodes "Nicki's Parents" and "Nicki's Wedding". Francis' final television acting role was in "Shadows", a 2004 episode of "Without a Trace".


title: Anne Francis

text: Francis was married to United States Air Force pilot Bamlet Lawrence Price, Jr., from May 1952 through April 1955, and to Robert Abeloff from 1960 through 1964; she never remarried after divorcing Abeloff.


title: Anne Francis

text: Francis was a Democrat and supported Adlai Stevenson's campaign during the 1952 presidential election.