title: Monza Circuit

text: Although the accident did not occur on the oval section of the track, the high speeds were deemed unsafe and F1 use of the oval was ended; future Grands Prix were held on the shorter road circuit, with the banking appearing one last time in the film "Grand Prix". New safety walls, rails and fences were added before the next race and the refuelling area was moved further from the track. Chicanes were added before both bankings in 1966, and another fatality in the 1968 1000 km Monza race led to run-off areas added to the curves, with the track layout changing the next year to incorporate permanent chicanes before the banked curves – extending the track length by .


title: Monza Circuit

text: The banking held the last race in 1969 with the 1000 km of Monza, the event moving to the road circuit the next year. The banking still exists, albeit in a decayed state in the years since the last race, escaping demolition in the 1990s. It is used once a year for the Monza Rally, which served part of the 2021 World Rally Championship, which was the first FIA championship event since 1969. The banked oval was used several times for record breaking until the late 1960s, although the severe bumping was a major suspension and tyre test for the production cars attempting endurance records, such as the Ford Corsair GT which in 1964 captured 13 records.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Both car and Grand Prix motorcycle racing were regular attractions at Monza. These races involved drivers constantly slipstreaming competing cars, which produced several close finishes, such as in 1967, 1969, and 1971.


title: Monza Circuit

text: As the speed of the machines increased, two chicanes were added in 1972 to reduce racing speeds – the Variante del Rettifilo at the middle of the start/finish straight, and the Variante "Ascari". This resulted in a new circuit length of . Grand Prix motorcycles continued to use the un-slowed road track until two serious accidents resulted in five deaths, including Renzo Pasolini and Jarno Saarinen, in 1973, and motorcycle racing did not return to Monza until 1981. The 1972 chicanes were soon seen to be ineffective at slowing cars; the "Vialone" was remade in 1974, the other, "Curva Grande" in 1976, and a third also added in 1976 before the "Lesmo", with extended run-off areas. The Grand Prix lap after these alterations was increased to long.


title: Monza Circuit

text: With technology still increasing vehicle speeds the track was modified again in 1979 with added safety measures such as new kerbs, extended run-off areas and tyre-barriers to improve safety for drivers off the track. The infrastructure was also improved, with pits able to accommodate 46 cars, and an upgraded paddock and scrutineering facilities. These changes encouraged world championship motorcycling to return in 1981, but further safety work was undertaken through the 1980s. Also in the 1980s the podium, paddock and pits complex, stands, and camp site were either rebuilt or improved.


title: Monza Circuit

text: As motorsport became more safety conscious following the deaths of Ayrton Senna and Roland Ratzenberger in at the Imola circuit, the three main long curves were "squeezed" in order to install larger gravel traps, shortening the lap to . In the stands were reworked to expand capacity to 51,000. In , the chicane on the main straight was altered, changing from a double left-right chicane to a single right-left chicane in an attempt to reduce the frequent accidents at the starts due to the conformation of the braking area, although it is still deemed unsafe in terms of motorcycle racing. The second chicane was also re-profiled. In the Formula 1 Grand Prix of the same year, the first to use these new chicanes, a fire marshal, Paolo Gislimberti, was killed by flying debris after a big pileup at the second chicane.


title: Monza Circuit

text: In 2007, the run-off area at the second chicane was changed from gravel to asphalt. The length of the track in its current configuration is . At the 2010 Monza Superbike World Championship round, Italian rider Max Biaggi set the fastest ever motorcycle lap of Monza when he rode his Aprilia RSV4 1000 F to pole position in a time of 1:42.121. In the Superpole qualification for the 2011 race, he improved on this lap time, for a new lap record of 1:41.745 and his speed was captured at 205+ MPH.


title: Monza Circuit

text: In late 2016, work was planned on a new first bend, which would have bypassed the first chicane and the Curva Grande. Drivers were to go through a fast right hand kink and into a new, faster chicane. Work was planned for to be completed by 2017 in hopes of a renewed contract for Formula 1. Gravel would have also returned to the run-off area at the Parabolica bend. However, plans for the track's change were suspended due to the track being in the historic Monza Park.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Monza, throughout its long and storied history has been known for its high-speed, simplistic (compared to "harder" circuits such as Singapore or Monaco, which are tight, unforgiving street circuits with lots of corners) nature thanks to its 1920s design and the few alterations it has received, and is currently the fastest track on the Formula One calendar and has been so since 1991. Monza consists of very long straights and tight chicanes, putting a premium on good braking stability and traction. The circuit is very hard on engines; Formula 1 engines are at full throttle for nearly 80% of the lap, with engine failures common, notably Fernando Alonso in the 2006 Italian Grand Prix or Nico Rosberg in the 2015 Italian Grand Prix.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Drivers are on full throttle for most of the lap due to its long straights and fast corners, and is usually the scenario in which the open-wheeled Formula One cars show the raw speed of which they are capable: during the mid-2000s V10 engine formula, although in 2012 with the 2.4L V8 engines, top speeds in Formula One rarely reached over ; the 1.6L turbocharged hybrid V6 engine, reduced-downforce formula of 2014 displayed top speeds of up to . The circuit is generally flat, but has a gradual gradient from the second Lesmos to the Variante Ascari. Due to the low aerodynamic profile needed, with its resulting low downforce, the grip is very low; understeer is a more serious issue than at other circuits; however, the opposite effect, oversteer, is also present in the second sector, requiring the use of a very distinctive opposite lock technique. Since both maximum power and minimal drag are keys for speed on the straights, only competitors with enough power or aerodynamic efficiency at their disposal are able to challenge for the top places.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Formula One cars are set up with one of the smallest wing angles on the F1 calendar to ensure the lowest level of drag on the straights. There are only 6 corner complexes at Monza: the first two chicanes, the two "Lesmos", the "Ascari" complex and the "Parabolica". Thus cars are set up for maximum performance on the straights.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Cars approach the first corner at in eighth gear, and brake at about before the first chicane—the "Variante del Rettifilo"—entering at in second gear, and exiting at in second gear. This is the scene of many first-lap accidents. Higher kerbs were installed at the first two chicanes in 2009 to prevent cutting.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Good traction out of the first corner is imperative for a quick lap. Conservation of speed through the first chicane is made possible by driving the straightest line, as a small mistake here can result in a lot of time being lost through the "Curva Grande" down to the "Variante della Roggia" chicane in eighth gear, at . The braking point is just under the bridge. The kerbs are brutal and it is very easy for a car to become unbalanced and a driver to lose control, as Kimi Räikkönen did in 2005. This chicane is probably the best overtaking chance on the lap, as it is the only one with the "slow corner, long straight, slow corner"; one of the characteristics of modern circuits.


title: Monza Circuit

text: The "Curve di Lesmo" are two corners that are not as fast as they used to be, but are still challenging corners. The first is blind, entered at in sixth gear, apexing at , and has a slight banking. The second is a seventh gear entry at , apexing in fifth gear at , and it is very important that all the kerb is used. A mistake at one of these corners will result in a spin into the gravel, while good exits can set a driver up for an overtaking move into "Variante Ascari".


title: Monza Circuit

text: The downhill straight down to "Variante Ascari" is very bumpy under the bridge. "Variante Ascari" is a very tricky sequence of corners and is key to the lap time.


title: Monza Circuit

text: The final challenge is the "Curva Parabolica": approaching at in eighth gear, cars quickly dance around the corner, apexing in sixth gear at and exiting in sixth gear at , accelerating onto the main start/finish straight. A good exit and slipstream off a fellow driver along the main straight can produce an overtaking opportunity under heavy braking into "Variante del Rettifilo"; however, it is difficult to follow a leading car closely through the "Parabolica" as the tow will reduce downforce and cornering speed.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Maximum speed achieved in a 2022 Formula One car is , established at the end of the start/finish straight. They experience a maximum g-force of 4.50 during deceleration, and the track has many dramatic high to low speed transitions.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Lewis Hamilton recorded the fastest pole position lap at Monza in 2020, when he lapped in 1:18.887 at an average speed of – the fastest average lap speed recorded in qualifying for a World Championship event. The official race lap record for the current circuit layout is 1:21.046, set by Rubens Barrichello during the 2004 Italian Grand Prix. The official race lap records of Autodromo Nazionale di Monza are listed as:


title: Fan fiction

text: Fan fiction or fanfiction (also abbreviated to fan fic, fanfic, fic or FF) is fictional writing written in an amateur capacity by fans, unauthorized by, but based on an existing work of fiction. The author uses copyrighted characters, settings, or other intellectual properties from the original creator(s) as a basis for their writing. Fan fiction ranges from a couple of sentences to an entire novel, and fans can retain the creator's characters and settings and/or add their own. It is a form of fan labor. Fan fiction can be based on any fictional (and occasional non-fictional) subject. Common bases for fan fiction include novels, movies, musical groups, cartoons, anime, manga, and video games.


title: Fan fiction

text: Fan fiction is rarely commissioned or authorized by the original work's creator or publisher and is rarely professionally published. It may infringe on the original author's copyright, depending on the jurisdiction and on legal questions such as whether or not it qualifies as "fair use" (see Legal issues with fan fiction). Attitudes of authors and copyright owners of original works to fan fiction have ranged from indifference to encouragement to rejection. Copyright owners have occasionally responded with legal action.


title: Fan fiction

text: The term came into use in the 20th century as copyright laws began to delineate between stories using established characters that were authorized by the copyright holder and those that were not.


title: Fan fiction

text: Fan fiction is defined by being related to its subject's canonical fictional universe, either staying within those boundaries but not being of the canon itself, or else branching outside of it into an "alternative universe". Thus, what is "fanon" is separate from what is "canon". Fan fiction is often written and published within circles of fans, and therefore would usually not cater to readers who have no knowledge of the original fiction.


title: Fan fiction

text: The term "fan fiction" has been used in print as early as 1939; in this earliest known citation, it is used in a disparaging way to refer to amateurish science fiction (as opposed to "pro fiction"). The term also appears in the 1944 "Fancyclopedia", an encyclopedia of fandom jargon. It is defined there as "fiction about fans, or sometimes about pros, and occasionally bringing in some famous characters from [science fiction] stories". The book also mentions that the term is "sometimes improperly used to mean fan science fiction, that is, ordinary fantasy published in a fan magazine".


title: Fan fiction

text: Before the adoption of copyright in the modern sense, it was not unusual for authors to copy characters, if not entire plots. For example, Shakespeare's plays "Romeo and Juliet", "Much Ado About Nothing", "Othello", "As You Like It" and "The Winter's Tale" were all based on relatively recent fiction by other authors.


title: Fan fiction

text: In 1614 Alonso Fernández de Avellaneda wrote a sequel to Cervantes' "Don Quixote", before Cervantes finished and published his own second volume.


title: Fan fiction

text: Among 19th-century literature subject to notable depictions not initially authorized by the original author, is included Bram Stoker's "Dracula"s depiction in the translated adaptation "Powers of Darkness". The works of Jane Austen remain one of the most popular works to make unauthorized depictions of, with one notable Jane Austen fan fiction being "Old Friends and New Fancies". Many unauthorized stories of Sherlock Holmes by Arthur Conan Doyle have been created, including "The Adventure of the Two Collaborators" by J. M. Barrie. Also created has been "The Space Machine" based on "The War of the Worlds" and "Morlock Night" based on "The Time Machine" by H. G. Wells; "A New Alice in the Old Wonderland" based on "Alice's Adventures in Wonderland" by Lewis Carroll; and "Wide Sargasso Sea" based on "Jane Eyre" by Charlotte Bronte.


title: Fan fiction

text: The modern phenomenon of fan fiction as an expression of fandom and fan interaction was popularized and defined via "Star Trek" fandom and their fanzines published in the 1960s. The first "Star Trek" fanzine, "Spockanalia" (1967), contained some fan fiction; many others followed its example. These fanzines were produced via offset printing and mimeography, and mailed to other fans or sold at science fiction conventions for a small fee to help recoup costs. Unlike other aspects of fandom, women dominated fan fiction authoring; 83% of "Star Trek" fan fiction authors were female by 1970, and 90% by 1973. One scholar states that fan fiction "fill[s] the need of a mostly female audience for fictional narratives that expand the boundary of the official source products offered on the television and movie screen."


title: Fan fiction

text: Fan fiction has become more popular and widespread since the advent of the World Wide Web. According to one estimate, fan fiction comprises one-third of all content about books on the web. In addition to traditional fanzines and conventions, Usenet newsgroups and electronic mailing lists were established for fan fiction as well as fan discussion. Online, searchable fan fiction archives were also established. The online archives were initially non-commercial hand-tended and fandom, or topic, specific. These archives were followed by non-commercial automated databases. In 1998, the not-for-profit site FanFiction.Net came online, which allowed anyone to upload content in any fandom. The ability to self-publish fan fiction at an easily accessible common archive that did not require insider knowledge to join, and the ability to review the stories directly on the site, became popular quite quickly.


title: Fan fiction

text: One popular example of modern fan fiction is E. L. James's "Fifty Shades of Grey". This series was originally written as fan fiction for the "Twilight" series of books and movies and played off the characters of Bella and Edward. In order to not infringe on copyright issues, James changed the character names to Ana and Christian for the purposes of her novels, which is a practice known as 'pulling-to-publish'. Anna Todd's 2013 fan fiction "After" about the English boy band One Direction secured a book and movie deal with renamed characters in 2014. The movie "After" was released on April 12, 2019.


title: Fan fiction

text: On May 22, 2013, the online retailer Amazon.com established a new publishing service, Kindle Worlds. This service enabled fan fiction stories of certain licensed media properties to be sold in the Kindle Store with terms including 35% of net sales for works of 10,000 words or more and 20% for short fiction ranging from 5,000 to 10,000 words. However, this arrangement includes restrictions on content, copyright violations, poor document formatting, and use of misleading titles. Amazon shut down Kindle Worlds in August 2018.


title: Fan fiction

text: A similar trend in Japan also began appearing around the 1960s and 1970s, where independently published manga and novels, known as "dōjinshi", are frequently published by dōjin circles; many of these dōjinshi are based on existing manga, anime, and video game franchises. Manga authors like Shotaro Ishinomori and Fujiko Fujio formed dōjin groups such as Fujio's . At this time, dōjin groups were used by artists to make a professional debut. This changed in the coming decades with dōjin groups forming as school clubs and the like. This culminated in 1975 with the Comiket in Tokyo.


title: Fan fiction

text: In a study done in 2010, it was found that 75.2% of account holders on FanFiction.Net allowed for the website to disclose their location. It was found that 57% of accounts originated from the United States, followed by 9.2% created in the United Kingdom, 5.6% in Canada and 4% in Australia.


title: Fan fiction

text: More recently, a 2020 study of Archive Of Our Own users found that of the surveyed profiles which stated a nationality, 59.7% were located in North America, 16.1% were in Great Britain with an additional 10% otherwise located in Mainland Europe, 6.3% were in Oceania, 2.8% were Scandinavian, 2.2% were in Asia, 1.8% were in South America and the Caribbean, and 0.2% were in the Middle East. This study did not include profiles written in Chinese, Greek, Indonesian, Japanese, Korean, Polish, Russian, or Turkish, which may affect these demographics.


title: Fan fiction

text: A 2020 study looking at Harry Potter fan fiction writers on Archive of Our Own found that of users who disclose their gender in their profiles, 50.4% are female or femme-leaning and 13.4% are masculine or masc-leaning. 11% of users disclose that they are transgender, and over 21% identify as nonbinary, genderfluid, and/or genderqueer, with an additional 3.9% indicating that they identify as agender or genderless.


title: Fan fiction

text: Overwhelmingly, fan fiction writers appear to be in their early- to mid-20s. Demographics have been assessed as being 56.7% university students and other young adults, while 21.3% register as being 30 years and older. 0.2% specify that they are of retirement age; teenagers make up the remaining 19.8%.


title: Fan fiction

text: In addition to the "regular" list of genres, there are a few genres which are particularly associated with fan fiction. These genres can overlap and include:


title: Fan fiction

text: A story with an angst-ridden mood centered on a character/characters who are brooding, sorrowful, or in anguish.


title: Fan fiction

text: "What if" fan fiction featuring characters set in a universe other than their canonical one. There are multiple types of alternative universe settings: an alternative universe may make dramatic alterations to the setting (for instance, a "Fantasy AU" that places characters from a non-fantasy canon into a world of magic); it may alter characterization (often referred to simply as someone being "Out of Character" (OOC) rather than an AU proper); or it may alter major plot events to suit the author's purposes (see, for example, "Fix-It Fic").


title: Fan fiction

text: Works featuring characters, items, and/or set pieces from multiple fandoms. This is also called "Fusion Fic" if the two worlds are merged into one.


title: Fan fiction

text: The soulmate AU is a popular genre that envisions characters in a world, often very similar to canon, where soulmates are demonstrably real. Common mechanics for soulmates include each person having the name of their soulmate written on their skin at birth, or a specific change that occurs when two soulmates see or touch each other for the first time. The most common trope in this genre is one character being convinced they don't have/want/deserve a soulmate, only to be proven wrong as they fall in love over the course of the fic.


title: Fan fiction

text: A story in which one of the characters is sent back in time to get a second chance with knowledge of the original plot. This is also called the "Peggy Sue", after the movie "Peggy Sue Got Married", in which this happens to the titular character. This term may have fallen into disuse due to its similarity to "Mary Sue".


title: Fan fiction

text: "Groundhog Day," named after the film, is a variation of this trope in which time travel happens repeatedly; typically until the time-traveling character "gets it right."


title: Fan fiction

text: Stories that are considerably more grim or depressing than the original, often in deliberate contrast to the canonical work(s). Not all stories tagged as "dark" count as darkfic. This is sometimes done with fandoms that are meant to be light-hearted or for children. Darkfic can also refer to content that is "intentionally disturbing" (i.e. physical/emotional violence or abuse).


title: Fan fiction

text: Fix-it fic refers to stories which rewrite canonical events that the fan fiction author disliked or otherwise wished to "fix". This may refer to an authorial misstep- i.e. "fixing" major plot holes- or to a tragic event or ending (for instance, "everyone lives" alternate universes). Fix-it fic that focuses on correcting flaws in the original work is also called "rebuild fic", named for the "Rebuild of Evangelion" series; if it focuses heavily on critical thinking skills and deductive reasoning, it can be considered a "rationalist rewrite", as popularized by "Harry Potter and the Methods of Rationality".


title: Fan fiction

text: "Feel good" fan fiction designed to be emphatically happy and uplifting. The plot is often less relevant in these works, as the main focus is to be cheerful. Another term for this genre is WAFF, short for "warm and fuzzy feelings."


title: Fan fiction

text: A story in which a character is put through a traumatizing experience in order to be comforted. The climax of these stories is typically when one character witnesses another character's suffering and alleviates it; however, a variation that prioritizes focus on the character's suffering (their "hurt"), sometimes to the exclusion of "comfort", is referred to as "whump". Excessive whump may also be considered darkfic.


title: Fan fiction

text: A genre of fan fiction in which a version of the author is transported to, or discovers they are inside, the world that the fan fiction is based on. Almost always written in the first person.


title: Fan fiction

text: Instead of a single fictional universe, the inserted author is taken to many in a row, and must usually solve some problems or complete some challenges in each place before moving on. Gaining new powers and occasionally companions from each world is common.


title: Fan fiction

text: Occasionally, a fan fiction will obtain enough popularity to inspire readers to write fan fiction based on that fic. On Archive of Our Own, this kind of recursive fan fiction is called a "remix".


title: Fan fiction

text: Songfic, also known as song fic or song-fic, is a genre of fan fiction that features a fictional work interspersed with the lyrics of a relevant song. The term is a combination of "song" and "fiction"; as such, one might also see the genre referred to as "songfiction". As many lyrics are under copyright, whether songfics are a violation of that copyright law is a subject of debate. Some fan fiction websites, such as FanFiction.Net, have barred authors from posting songfics with lyrics outside the public domain.


title: Fan fiction

text: In an essay in "Music, Sound, and Silence in Buffy the Vampire Slayer", University of Sydney professor Catherine Driscoll commented that the genre was "one of the least distinguished modes of fan production" and that "within fan fiction excessive attachment to or foregrounding of popular music is itself dismissed as immature and derivative".


title: Fan fiction

text: Uberfic is a form of AU fan fiction with characters who physically resemble and share personality traits with their canon counterparts, but have new names and backgrounds in a different setting. The term originated in "" fandom and was inspired by the series episode "The Xena Scrolls", which featured 1940s-era descendents of the characters Xena, Gabrielle, and Joxer, all played by their respective actors, on an archaeological dig in an "Indiana Jones" pastiche. The Uberfic style lends itself well to original fiction, and many Uberfic authors such as Melissa Good, Radclyffe, and Lori L. Lake have legally published their "Xena" Uberfic as original lesbian literature.


title: Fan fiction

text: Vent fic refers to literature written by an author under duress or for therapeutic purposes, normally to calm themselves following a stressful or upsetting situation.


title: Fan fiction

text: An abbreviation of "author's note". Author's notes can be written at any point during a fan fiction (in some cases interrupting the flow of the piece by appearing within the body of a fan fiction), but are typically found directly before the beginning of a fan fiction or after it has concluded, and also at the starts or ends of chapters if the story is updated periodically. A/Ns are used to convey direct messages from the author to the reader regarding the piece. This term has fallen somewhat out of use.


title: Fan fiction

text: Canon is the original story. This means anything related to the original source including the plot, settings, and character developments.


title: Fan fiction

text: Disclaimers are author's notes typically informing readers about who deserves credit for the original source material, and often containing pseudo-legal language disavowing any intent of copyright infringement or alluding to fair use. Such "disclaimers" are legally ineffective and based on misunderstandings of copyright law, particularly confusion between illegal copyright infringement and unethical plagiarism. Disclaimers have fallen out of use since the Archive of Our Own rose in popularity.


title: Fan fiction

text: A form of flash fiction writing also popular outside of fan fiction, a drabble is typically a piece of writing that is only 100 words.


title: Fan fiction

text: A fandom is a group of fans of a particular work of fiction (e.g. novel, film, television show or video game). Members of a fandom are typically interested in even minor details of the plot/characters of their fandom and often spend a significant portion of their time and energy involved with their interest, that is why most fan fictions are written by members of a particular fandom(s).


title: Fan fiction

text: An individual who is an extremely enthusiastic member of one or more fandoms. Furthermore, the term fangirling/fanboying refers to a moment where a person gets excited about a fandom.


title: Fan fiction

text: Fanon (portmanteau of fan and canon) is an "unofficial canon" idea that is widely accepted to be true among fans, but is neither confirmed nor officially endorsed by the original author or source creator, preventing it from being labeled as canon. Fanon may refer to a whole interpretation of the original work or particular details within it.


title: Fan fiction

text: Headcanon is a fan's personal interpretation of canon, such as the backstory of a character or the nature of relationships between characters. It may represent a teasing out of subtext present in the canon, but it cannot directly contradict canon. If many other fans share this interpretation, it may become fanon.


title: Fan fiction

text: Also of note is the concept of the "Mary Sue" (occasionally "MS"), a term credited as originating in "Star Trek" fan fiction that has crossed over to the mainstream, at least among editors and writers. In early "Trek" fan fiction, a common plot was that of a minor member of the USS "Enterprise"s crew saving the life of Captain Kirk or Mister Spock, often being rewarded with a sexual relationship as a result. The term "Mary Sue", originating in a parody of stories in this wish fulfillment genre, thus tends to refer to an idealized or overpowered character lacking flaws, often taken to represent the author.


title: Fan fiction

text: An abbreviation of the term "one true pairing", where the author or reader ships (wishes for a romantic relationship between) certain characters from a fandom. Additionally, OTPs are also subsetted as OT3s, which reference the reader's one true bonding with three people; this number can be changed to refer to a larger bonding of people.


title: Fan fiction

text: A single piece of writing, as opposed to a multichapter work, that can be of any length. May also have sequel works, while still being a one shot.


title: Fan fiction

text: Fan fiction works that tell stories about real people, usually celebrities, instead of fictional characters. The book "After" by Anna Todd, later adapted into a film of the same name, was originally a real person fan fiction about One Direction member Harry Styles.


title: Fan fiction

text: Shipping is a variant of romance focused on exploring a relationship between two or more characters from the original fandom(s). It has several fandom-specific subgenres, chief among which are slash (which focuses on homosexual pairings, usually of the male variety) and femslash (same as slash, but exclusively female/female). In another context, the term "shipping" within the community may mean that a fan is heavily invested in a relationship between two characters. Writers of fan fiction often use the genre to explore homosexual pairings for popular characters who are not in (or not specified as being in; see queerbaiting) homosexual relationships in the canon work. A subcategory of this, depicting romantic couples in mundane domestic situations (such as picking out curtains), was previously called "curtainfic", though the term has fallen somewhat out of use.


title: Fan fiction

text: Smut, also called porn and (rarely) erotica, is sexually explicit or pornographic fan fiction. This could refer to either a small portion of a story or the story in its entirety. Historically, the terms "lemon" (i.e. explicit pornography) and "lime" (i.e. sexually suggestive works) were euphemisms used to allude to explicit material. These terms were in common use in the 2000s, and fell into disuse before resurging in December 2018 due to Tumblr's censorship on adult content. The use of the terms lemon and lime allow writers to circumnavigate the "explicit terminologies" that may get work flagged by platforms like Tumblr, while still tagging their work as explicit for their readers.


title: Fan fiction

text: Trigger warnings are intended to warn people of content in fan fiction that could be harmful or "triggering" to those who have dealt with traumatic situations. Fan fiction is often tagged using various TWs so that readers may prepare for or avoid certain content. Sometimes CW, an abbreviation of "content warning," is used, either instead of or in addition to a TW.


title: Fan fiction

text: Trigger warnings are usually inserted when the subject matter of a piece of work deals with things issues like drug abuse, mental illness, abuse, or extreme violence. Archive of Our Own has notably codified a system of common warnings into its core tags, requiring authors to either disclose or explicitly choose not to disclose if their work contains graphic violence, major character death, rape, or underage sex.


title: Fan fiction

text: Reviews can be given by both anonymous and registered users of most sites, and sites are often programmed to notify the author of new feedback, making them a common way for readers and authors online to communicate directly. This system is intended for a type of bond between the reader and the writer, as well as helping the author improve their writing skills through constructive criticism, enabling them to produce a better work next time. Occasionally, unmoderated review systems are abused to send flames, spam, or trolling messages. As a result, the author of the story can either disable or enable anonymous reviews, depending on their preference. Internet fan fiction allows young writers access to a wider audience for their literary efforts than ever before, resulting in improved literacy.


title: Fan fiction

text: There are other ways that fandom members may participate in their fandom community such as gift exchanges or fic exchanges. A gift exchange is an organized challenge in which participants create fan fiction specifically for other participants. They may research what the user receiving their gift enjoys or submissions may include a Dear Creator Letter explaining exactly what the receiver wants or does not want. Awards may even be given at the end of a gift/fic exchange to recognize particularly well-written or enjoyable contributions to the exchange.


title: Fan fiction

text: There is ongoing debate about to what extent fan fiction is permitted under contemporary copyright law.


title: Fan fiction

text: Some argue that fan fiction does not fall under fair use, as it is derivative work. The 2009 ruling by United States District Court Judge Deborah A. Batts, permanently prohibiting publication in the United States of a book by Ryan Cassidy, a Swedish writer whose protagonist is a 76-year-old version of Holden Caulfield of "The Catcher in the Rye", may be seen as upholding this position regarding publishing fan fiction, as the judge stated, "To the extent Defendants contend that 60 Years and the character of Mr. C direct parodied comment or criticism at "Catcher" or Holden Caulfield, as opposed to Salinger himself, the Court finds such contentions to be post-hoc rationalizations employed through vague generalizations about the alleged naivety of the original, rather than reasonably perceivable parody."


title: Fan fiction

text: Others such as the Organization for Transformative Works uphold the legality of non-profit fan fiction under the fair use doctrine, as it is a creative, transformative process.


title: Fan fiction

text: In 1981, Lucasfilm Ltd. sent out a letter to several fanzine publishers, asserting Lucasfilm's copyright to all "Star Wars" characters and insisting that no fanzine publish pornography. The letter also alluded to possible legal action that could be taken against fanzines that did not comply.


title: Fan fiction

text: The Harry Potter Lexicon is one case where the encyclopedia-like website about everything in the Harry Potter series moved towards publishing and commercializing the Lexicon as a supplementary and complementary source of information to the series. Rowling and her publishers levied a lawsuit against the website creator, Steven Vander Ark, and the publishing company, RDR Books, for a breach of copyright. While the lawsuit did conclude in Vander Ark's favor, the main issue in contention was the majority of the Lexicon copied a majority of the Series' material and does not transform enough of the material to be held separately from the series itself.


title: Fan fiction

text: While the HP Lexicon case is an example of Western culture treatment of fan fiction and copyright law, in China, Harry Potter fan fiction is less addressed in legal conflicts but is used as a cultural and educational tool between Western and Chinese cultures. More specifically, while there are a number of "fake" Harry Potter books in China, most of these books are said to be addressing concepts and issues found in Chinese culture. This transformative usage of Harry Potter in fan fiction is allegedly from the desire to enhance and express value to Chinese tradition and culture.


title: Fan fiction

text: Some prominent authors have given their blessings to fan fiction, notably J.K. Rowling. By 2014, there were already almost 750,000 Harry Potter fan stories on the web, ranging from short stories to novel-length tomes. Rowling said she was "flattered" that people wanted to write their own stories based on her fictional characters. Similarly, Stephenie Meyer has put links on her website to fan fiction sites about her characters from the "Twilight" series. The "Fifty Shades" trilogy was developed from a "Twilight" fan fiction originally titled "Master of the Universe" and published episodically on fan-fiction websites under the pen name "Snowqueen's Icedragon". The piece featured characters named after Stephenie Meyer's characters in "Twilight", Edward Cullen and Bella Swan.


title: Fan fiction

text: However, in 2003, a British law firm representing J.K. Rowling and Warner Bros. sent a letter to webmasters requesting that adult Harry Potter fan fiction ("stories containing graphically violent and sexual content") be removed from a prominent fan fiction website, citing concerns that children might stumble upon the illicit content. In response, the webmasters from several websites hosting adult Harry Potter fan fiction, among other types of fan fiction, "made claims of 'fair use' and nonprofessional status" to justify their right to continue hosting the adult content.


title: Fan fiction

text: As an example of changing views on the subject, author Orson Scott Card (best known for the "Ender's Game" series) once stated on his website, "to write fiction using my characters is morally identical to moving into my house without invitation and throwing out my family." He changed his mind completely and since has assisted fan fiction contests, arguing to the "Wall Street Journal" that "Every piece of fan fiction is an ad for my book. What kind of idiot would I be to want that to disappear?"


title: Fan fiction

text: However, Anne Rice has consistently and aggressively prevented fan fiction based on any of her fictional characters (mostly those from her famous "Interview with the Vampire" and its sequels in "The Vampire Chronicles"). She, along with Anne McCaffrey (whose stance has been changed by her son, Todd McCaffrey, since her death) and Raymond Feist, have asked to have any fiction related to their series removed from FanFiction.Net. George R.R. Martin is also strongly opposed to fan fiction, believing it to be copyright infringement and a bad exercise for aspiring writers. Sharon Lee and Steve Miller, creators of the Liaden universe, strongly oppose fan fiction written in their universe, with Lee saying that "Nobody else is going to get it right. This may sound rude and elitist, but honestly, it's not easy for us to get it right sometimes, and we've been living with these characters ... for a very long time."


title: Arnold Allen

text: Arnold Billy Allen (born 22 January 1994) is an English professional mixed martial artist. He currently competes in the Featherweight division in the Ultimate Fighting Championship (UFC). As of November 8, 2022, he is #4 in the UFC featherweight rankings.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Born and raised in Suffolk, Allen began training in mixed martial arts as a teenager and took part in several amateur fights before turning professional in 2012.


title: Arnold Allen

text: He made his professional debut competing as a featherweight for various regional promotions across Great Britain, including a stint in Cage Warriors. He was able to compile a record of 9–1 in his first three years along the way.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen made his promotional debut on 20 June 2015 as a short notice replacement filling in for an injured Mike Wilkinson against Alan Omer at UFC Fight Night 69. After probably dropping the first two rounds, Allen won the fight via submission in the third round. He was also awarded a "Performance of the Night" bonus.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen next faced Yaotzin Meza on 27 February 2016 at UFC Fight Night 84. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen was expected to face Mirsad Bektic on 8 October 2016 at UFC 204. However, due to injury, Allen withdrew from the fight and was replaced by Russell Doane.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen faced Makwan Amirkhani on 18 March 2017 at UFC Fight Night 107. He won the fight by split decision.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen was scheduled to face Enrique Barzola at UFC 220 on 20 January 2018. However, Allen was pulled from the fight on January 11 due to alleged visa issues which restricted his ability to travel. Following this announcement, It was determined that Allen would be replaced by Matt Bessette at UFC 220.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen faced Mads Burnell on 27 May 2018 at UFC Fight Night 130. He won the fight via front choke submission in the third round. This win earned him the Performance of the Night award.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen was expected to face Gilbert Melendez on 30 November 2018 at . However, Melendez pulled out of the fight on 5 November and was replaced by Ricky Glenn. In turn, Allen pulled out of the fight on 16 November citing a cut he received while training.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen faced Jordan Rinaldi on 16 March 2019 at UFC Fight Night 147. He won the fight by unanimous decision.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen was expected to face Josh Emmett on 25 January 2020 at UFC Fight Night 166. However Emmett was pulled from the event for an undisclosed reason, and he was replaced by Nik Lentz whose original featherweight opponent also dropped out of the event. Allen won the fight via unanimous decision. Lentz would later claim he lost 40% of his vision after being poked in the eye by Allen.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen was scheduled to face Jeremy Stephens on 7 November 2020 at . However, Stephens was forced to withdraw from the event, citing injury. In turn, the bout was cancelled.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen faced Sodiq Yusuff on 10 April 2021 at UFC on ABC 2. After knocking Yusuff down twice, he won the fight via unanimous decision.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen faced Dan Hooker at UFC Fight Night 204. He won the fight via technical knockout in the first round. With this win, he received the "Performance of the Night" award.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen faced Calvin Kattar on October 29, 2022 at UFC Fight Night 213, winning via technical knockout following a knee injury to Kattar.


title: Arnold Allen

text: Allen was issued a five-month suspended sentence after he pleaded guilty to affray, for his role in a 23 December 2016 brawl near Ipswich which left a man and five women injured. As a result, Allen could face travel restrictions due to the conviction.


title: Spy Game

text: Spy Game is a 2001 American action thriller film directed by Tony Scott and starring Robert Redford and Brad Pitt. The film grossed $62 million in the United States and $143 million worldwide on a $115 million budget, and received mostly positive reviews from film critics.


title: Spy Game

text: In 1991, the United States and China are close to a major trade agreement, with the President due to visit China to seal the deal. The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) learns that its asset Tom Bishop has been arrested at a People's Liberation Army prison in Suzhou and will be executed in 24 hours, unless the U.S. government claims him and bargains for his release. Bishop's actions, unsanctioned by the CIA, risk jeopardizing the agreement. A group of CIA executives summon Nathan D. Muir, a veteran case officer and Bishop's mentor, who plans to retire from the Agency at the end of the day. While purportedly interviewing Muir to learn his history with Bishop, the executives seek a pretext for not intervening on Bishop's imprisonment. Unknown to them, Muir was tipped off about Bishop's capture by a fellow CIA veteran Harry Duncan in Hong Kong.


title: Spy Game

text: Muir leaks the story to CNN through an MI6 contact, Digby 'Digger' Gibson in Hong Kong, believing that public pressure would force American intervention. They are stalled briefly before a phone call to the FCC from Deputy Director for Operations Charles Harker results in CNN retracting the story as a hoax. Muir met Bishop in 1975, when Bishop was a United States Marine Corps Scout Sniper during the Vietnam War. Muir gives Bishop a mission to eliminate a high-ranking North Vietnamese military officer. Bishop and his spotter Tran are able to assassinate the target despite being compromised, though Bishop takes out a pursuing enemy attack chopper. Bishop escorts the now wounded Tran to safety, impressing Muir. In 1976, Muir recruited Bishop as a CIA asset in Berlin, where Bishop was tasked with procuring assets in East Germany. Then he discusses Bishop's spy work in Beirut in 1985, during the War of the Camps, which was their last mission together.


title: Spy Game

text: In a series of flashbacks, Bishop is troubled by Muir's conviction that civilian "assets" who endangered a mission should be sacrificed to preserve the "greater good." After Bishop attempts to countermand Muir during a mission to save the life of an asset, Muir emphasizes that he will not tolerate dissent, and would not rescue Bishop if he was captured going "off the reservation". During a mission in Lebanon, Bishop, posing as a photojournalist, meets relief worker Elizabeth Hadley. While using her to connect with an asset for the mission, they became romantically involved. Muir distrusts Hadley, and reveals to Bishop that she was exiled from the United Kingdom. Hadley later confesses to Bishop that she was involved in the bombing of a Chinese building in Britain, which was supposed to be empty but contained Chinese nationals. Bishop reveals to Hadley his true identity. Muir elects again to sacrifice a civilian asset for the sake of their mission, and Bishop cuts professional ties with Muir. Muir, fearing that Hadley could threaten the Agency and potentially Bishop, makes a deal with the Chinese, exchanging Hadley in return for an arrested U.S. diplomat. Chinese agents kidnap Hadley, and a Dear John letter is forged and left for Bishop.


title: Spy Game

text: In the present, Muir realizes that Bishop went to China for Hadley. In a series of misdirections, he forges a directive signed by the Director of Central Intelligence to begin "Operation Dinner Out", a rescue mission spearheaded by a SEAL team that Bishop had developed as a "Plan B" for his own attempt at rescuing Hadley. Using $282,000 of his life savings and a misappropriated file on Chinese coastline satellite imagery, Muir enlists Duncan to assist him in bribing a Chinese energy official to cut power to the prison for 30 minutes, during which time the SEAL rescue team will retrieve Bishop and Hadley. Harker is suspicious that Muir is working against the CIA, but when he confronts Muir before the gathered executives, Muir "confesses" to unprofessionally using company resources to gather information about his intended retirement home, which he has distorted the evidence to support. Bishop is rescued along with Hadley, and surmises that Muir was responsible for saving him when he hears the helicopter pilot refer to "Operation Dinner Out", which was also the code name for an operation Bishop used to get a birthday gift for Muir while they were in Lebanon. When the CIA officials are belatedly informed of the rescue, Muir has already left the building and is seen driving safely off into the countryside.


title: Spy Game

text: The film was made in Morocco between November 5, 2000, to March 19, 2001, and was originally to be directed by Mike van Diem. Pitt passed on playing the title role in "The Bourne Identity" for this project. It made its worldwide premiere at the Mann National Theatre on November 19, 2001.


title: Spy Game

text: "Spy Game" opened at number three behind "Monsters, Inc." and "Harry Potter and the Sorcerer's Stone", earning $21.6 million during its opening weekend, combined with $30.6 million from its first five days. The film grossed $62,362,785 in the United States and $143,049,560 worldwide.


title: Spy Game

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the movie an approval rating of 66% based on 133 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "The outcome of the kinetic "Spy Game" is never in doubt, but it is fun watching Robert Redford and Brad Pitt work." Metacritic gave the film a score of 63 out of 100 based upon reviews by 29 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film a grade B+.


title: Spy Game

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" gave the film two and a half stars out of four and said, "It is not a bad movie, mind you; it's clever and shows great control of craft, but it doesn't care, and so it's hard for us to care about."


title: Jake Paltrow

text: Jake Paltrow is an American film director, screenwriter and actor. Coming from a family of actors, he is the younger brother of Gwyneth Paltrow and the son of Bruce Paltrow and Blythe Danner.


title: Jake Paltrow

text: Paltrow is the son of producer-director Bruce Paltrow and actress Blythe Danner. He had a Bar Mitzvah. He is a first cousin of actress Katherine Moennig and a second cousin of former US Congresswoman Gabby Giffords.


title: Jake Paltrow

text: In 1999, Paltrow met photographer and artist Taryn Simon, whom he married in 2010; they have two children together.


title: Jake Paltrow

text: Paltrow's most prominent job was directing some "NYPD Blue" episodes, such as: "Andy Appleseed" (2003), "Brothers Under Arms" (2000) and "Big Bang Theory" (1999), following in his father's footsteps as a television director.


title: Jake Paltrow

text: In 2006, he made his debut as a film director with the movie "The Good Night", which featured his sister Gwyneth. The movie was released at the 2007 Sundance Film Festival. Paltrow has produced short films about actors for the "New York Times". In 2014, he wrote, directed and produced the dystopian sci-fi Western "Young Ones".


title: Suraj Venjaramoodu

text: Suraj Vasudevan (born 30 June 1976), professionally credited as Suraj Venjaramoodu, is an Indian actor, comedian, impressionist, and television presenter, who appears in Malayalam films, television and stage plays. He has acted in more than 250 films. He has won a National Film Award and three Kerala State Film Awards.


title: Suraj Venjaramoodu

text: Throughout the 2000s and towards mid-2010s, he played comedic roles in numerous films and won the Kerala State Film Award for Best Comedian three times (2009, 2010, 2013). In his later career, he found success in playing character and leading roles. In 2013, Suraj won the National Film Award for Best Actor for his lead role in "Perariyathavar". In 2019, he won Kerala State Film Award for Best Actor for "Android Kunjappan Version 5.25" and "Vikruthi".


title: Suraj Venjaramoodu

text: Suraj is the youngest of the three children of Venjaramood K. Vasudevan Nair, a retired soldier from the Indian Army and Vilasini, a housewife. He was called "Kuttappan" by his parents and relatives. His elder V. Saji, was also an officer in Indian Army. His other sister Sunitha V. V. is married and settled in Thiruvananthapuram. Suraj also wanted to serve the Army after completing his Secondary School Leaving Certificate, but had to give up as he broke his arm in a bicycle accident. He received his primary education from K.V.M.L.P.S, Venjaramoodu. He completed his Mechanical diploma course from Government ITI, Attingal and turned to mimicry soon after. His breakthrough with "Jagapoka", a comedy program which was broadcast on Kairali TV.


title: Suraj Venjaramoodu

text: Suraj started his career as a stand-up comedian. His mimicry shows were a success with the audience and he was noted for his artificial mockery of the Thiruvananthapuram accent. Later, he was also criticised for this from some audience during his early film career. He first acted in a film named "Jagapoka" which was a spoof of Malayalam movies. He played the role of Pachan as well as "Dadasahib" in this film. However the movie was a box office flop and received negative reviews. Suraj then went on to act in several minor roles in films such as "Rasikan", "Achuvinte Amma", "Bus Conductor" and "Rasathanthram". Suraj grabbed the attention in Malayalam film industry after he assisted Mammootty with the Thiruvananthapuram accent in "Rajamanikyam" (2005). He would go on to act alongside Mammootty in many comedy films. The duo is considered one of the most memorable onscreen duos in Malayalam cinema. His first breakthrough came with "Thuruppugulan" (2006) where he played the sidekick role for the character of Mammootty. Suraj then went on to play the comedy roles in several hit films such as "Classmates", "Pachakkuthira", "Chotta Mumbai" and "Hallo". In 2007, he got his first major supporting role in "Mayavi", which became another major breakthrough in his career. Suraj received appreciation for his role as "Peethamparan" in "Annan Thambi" and "Jabbar" in "Lollipop", both of which released in 2008. He played the lead role for the first time with "Duplicate" (2009). Suraj's iconic comedy character "Dasamoolam Damu" came out with the movie "Chattambinaadu" (2009). The character became popular several years after the release of "Chattambinaadu" and eventually attained a cult status. He won his first Kerala State Film Award in 2009, by winning the award for the Best Comedian for his performance in "Ivar Vivahitharayal". He won the award again two times in 2010 and 2013 for the movies "Oru Naal Varum" and "Daivathinte Swantham Cleetus" respectively. Suraj's another popular comedy character is "Idivettu Sugunan" which came out with "Pokkiriraja" (2010). He was also praised for his role as "Vadivelu" in the Dileep starrer comedy movie "Karyasthan". Suraj played some memorable roles in the movies "China Town" and "Teja Bhai & family", both released in 2011. His other memorable comedy roles came out with the movies such as "Mallu Singh", "Mr. Marumakan", "101 Weddings", "Manthrikan", "Sound Thoma," "Pullipulikalum Aattinkuttiyum", "Ring Master", "Bhaiyya Bhaiyya", "Cousins" and "Two Countries".


title: Suraj Venjaramoodu

text: Suraj's potential to play the character and lead roles came out in 2013 as he won that year's National Award for his performance in "Perariyathavar", at the 61st National Film Awards. Noted filmmaker and jury chairman Saeed Mirza, while announcing Suraj's award in a press meet, said: "Suraj has played a municipal sweeper [in the film] but it is an incredibly dignified performance. He excels in comedy but in this film Suraj has brilliantly played a reticent character. I would not have been able to sleep had his name not been in the list of awardees".


title: Suraj Venjaramoodu

text: Suraj received critical appreciation for his acting with a potent cameo in "Action Hero Biju" (2016). This movie was also a turning point in his career and a breakthrough performance as he underwent a complete evolution with his acting. In "Karinkunnam 6's", he portrayed a ruthless police officer and in "Oru Muthassi Gadha", he played the lead role. Suraj returned to do the comedy role with the 2016 blockbuster "Pulimurugan". In the movie "Aby" (2017) he played the character of a selfish neighbour. Suraj's another critically acclaimed performance came out with "Thondimuthalum Driksakshiyum" (2017), where he played a lead character alongside Fahad Fasil, who also received appreciation for his performance. He went on to play lead roles in "Varnyathil Aashanka" and "Kuttanpillayude Sivarathri" (2018). He bagged the Kerala State Film Award for the Best Actor in 2019 for his performance in "Vikruthi" and "Android Kunjappan Version 5.25", both the films in which he played a lead role alongside Soubin Shahir. His performance in "Driving License" alongside Prithviraj also received appreciation. In 2021, Suraj played the lead role in "The Great Indian Kitchen" which received positive reactions from various film critics and was well received by the audience. In 2022, he played a pivotal role in Prithviraj starrer "Jana Gana Mana" which was critically acclaimed and was a commercial success.


title: Suraj Venjaramoodu

text: In 2005, Suraj married Supriya at Vaikuntam Auditorium, near Padmanabhaswamy Temple. They have three children: Kashinathan, Vasudev and Hridya. Kashinathan has acted in the films "Annan Thampi" and "Teja Bhai & Family".


title: Brendan Hines

text: Brendan Patrick Hines (born December 28, 1976) is an American actor and singer/songwriter. He has had a number of television roles, including as part of the main cast of "Lie to Me" as well as recurring roles in "Scandal", "Betrayal", "Suits", "Scorpion", "Secrets and Lies", and a regular role in Amazon Video's "The Tick" and Netflix's "Locke & Key". Hines has also had leading roles in a handful of films, and released three albums.


title: Brendan Hines

text: Hines was born the youngest of four children on December 28, 1976, in Baltimore, Maryland, where he graduated from Loyola Blakefield. His mother, Mary Hines, was a former nun and his father a former Jesuit priest who both appealed to dissolve their religious vows so they could marry. They left Brooklyn and eventually settled in Baltimore to teach philosophy. His mother was president of Carlow University in Pittsburgh.


title: Brendan Hines

text: Hines' acting career began on-stage where he performed in several plays in New York. His first major film role was in the 2001 independent film "Ordinary Sinner". In 2004 and 2005, he appeared in one episode each of both "Angel" and "Love, Inc.", respectively. In 2007, Hines starred in "Heavy Petting" opposite Malin Åkerman. One of his first major television roles was portraying Andy Goode in several episodes of the "Terminator" television series, "". Hines went on to play a recurring role in "The Middleman". He then returned to film in "Deep in the Valley" (2009) co-starring Chris Pratt.


title: Brendan Hines

text: In 2009, Hines began appearing as part of the regular cast of "Lie to Me". Hines was part of all three seasons of the series playing the character of Eli Loker. In 2011, he appeared in an episode of "Castle". In May 2011, Hines portrayed the dual characters of Pip/Theo in South Coast Repertory's theatre production of "Three Days of Rain". Hines has stated this was perhaps his favorite and most challenging acting role.


title: Brendan Hines

text: In 2012, he appeared in an episode of "Body of Proof" and also began appearing in a recurring role in first season of "Scandal". In 2013, he gained a recurring role in "Betrayal". In 2014, he played Logan Sanders in the fourth season of "Suits". He has also appeared in several episodes of "Scorpion" and the second season of "Secrets and Lies".


title: Brendan Hines

text: In August 2017, Amazon Video released the first season of "The Tick", a television series based on the comic book of the same name written by Ben Edlund. Among the many ridiculous comic book characters in the series, Hines portrays Superian who is perhaps the most recognizable as an archetypal superhero.


title: Brendan Hines

text: In early 2008, he released "Good For You Know Who," an album of 10 original songs under the band name The Brendan Hines. The song “Miss New York” from the same album was featured in the 2010 film "Happythankyoumoreplease", the directorial debut of Josh Radnor. In August 2012, he released “Could've Sworn”, a single from his 6-song EP entitled "Small Mistakes". In support of the release of "Small Mistakes", Hines toured with the indie folk duo The Milk Carton Kids in the fall of 2012.


title: Brendan Hines

text: Hines is a vocal supporter of Bernie Sanders. In the lead up to the 2016 Democratic Primaries, he joined the Vermont Senator at several events to campaign for Sanders' bid to become the democratic candidate for President of the United States. In September 2017, Hines released "Average Is", the debut single from his upcoming solo album "Qualms", a collection of songs written and recorded in the Joshua Tree Desert after the 2016 presidential election.


title: Helen Horton

text: Helen Virginia Horton (November 21, 1923 – September 28, 2007) was an American actress. She was born in Chicago and had a brief career in New York. She married Hamish Thomson and lived near London. She worked extensively in British television, radio and theatre, and had three children; her granddaughter is the English actress Lily James. Horton voiced the ship's computer, "Mother", in the 1979 film "Alien".


title: Helen Horton

text: Horton attended Northwestern University where she became lifelong friends with Patricia Neal (Helen Benson in "The Day the Earth Stood Still"). She was well thought of in the drama department and was cast as Viola, the lead role in "Twelfth Night", with Neal cast as Olivia, in a university production of the Shakespeare play.


title: Helen Horton

text: In September 1945, Horton and Neal took a shared apartment in New York and looked for work. They both got parts in a production of "Seven Mirrors" at the Blackfriars Theatre.


title: Helen Horton

text: Horton took over from Vivien Leigh as Blanche in "A Streetcar Named Desire" after the play's London run was completed and it began to tour the United Kingdom. When Neal mentioned the connection to Leigh, she remarked "No one takes over for me, dear. When I leave a play, it's over."


title: Megamouth shark

text: The megamouth shark (Megachasma pelagios) is a species of deepwater shark. It is rarely seen by humans and is the smallest of the three extant filter-feeding sharks alongside the relatively larger whale shark and basking shark. Since its discovery in 1976, fewer than 100 specimens have been observed or caught. Like the other two planktivorous sharks, it swims with its mouth wide open, filtering water for plankton and jellyfish. It is recognizable from its large head with rubbery lips. The megamouth is so unlike any other type of shark that it is usually considered to be the sole extant species in the family Megachasmidae, though some scientists have suggested it may belong in the family Cetorhinidae.


title: Megamouth shark

text: The appearance of the megamouth is distinctive, but little else is known about it. It has a brownish-black colour on top, is white underneath, and has an asymmetrical tail with a long upper lobe, similar to that of the thresher shark. The interior of its gill slits are lined with finger-like gill rakers that capture its food. A relatively poor swimmer, the megamouth has a soft, flabby body and lacks caudal keels. The megamouth is considerably less active than the other filter-feeding sharks, the basking shark and the whale shark. The megamouth has a stout body and a long, wide bulbous head.


title: Megamouth shark

text: Megamouths are large sharks, able to grow to in length. Mature males average at and females at . Weights of up to have been reported. A 2019 study suggested that it would have reached in maximum length. Megamouth sharks can be found as far northward as northern Japan; southern California (LACM 43745-1) and near Punta Eugenia, Baja California, and Hawaii. Megamouth sharks can be found at a depth of up to 1,000 m (3,280 ft). Megamouth sharks are dark blue, brownish-black, or gray above, lighter below; with a white band along the upper jaw; while the posterior margin of its fins are white.


title: Megamouth shark

text: As their name implies, megamouths have a large mouth with small teeth, and a broad, rounded snout, causing observers to occasionally mistake the megamouth for a young orca. The protruding inside of the upper lip is a brilliant silvery-white, which is very visible when the mouth is open. This lip was initially thought to be possibly embedded by luminous photophores when the first shark was examined in the early 1980s, which may act as a lure for plankton, while the team examining the second shark in the mid-1980s instead proposed that the lower lip might glow with the white band used as a reflector of sorts, but neither theory has been proven. In 2020, a study concluded that this species of shark does not in fact produce any light; the white band was found to merely be highly reflective of light. This white band is present in both sexes and could be either a feeding mechanism or possibly be used as a means of identifying other individuals of megamouth sharks. Their mouths can reach up to in width. Megamouth sharks have up to 50 rows of teeth in their upper-jaw and up to 75 rows of teeth in their lower-jaw.


title: Megamouth shark

text: Researchers have predicted the feeding patterns of megamouth sharks in relation to the other two planktivorous sharks; the three plankivourous sharks have ram feeding in common, as it evolved from ram feeding swimming-type ancestors that developed their filtering mechanism to capture small prey like plankton. In addition to the living "M. pelagios", however, two extinct megamouth species – the Priabonian "M. alisonae" and the Oligocene–Miocene "M. applegatei" – have also recently been proposed on the basis of fossilized tooth remains. An early ancestor of the recent species "Megachasma pelagios" was reported from the early Miocene (Burdigalian) of Belgium. However, the Cretaceous-aged "M. comanchensis" has been recently reclassified as an odontaspid shark in the genus "Pseudomegachasma", and is in fact unrelated to the megamouth shark despite similar teeth morphology. The megamouth's filter-feeding adaptations likely evolved independently from other extant filter-feeding sharks, even the lamniform basking shark, making it an example of convergent evolution.


title: Megamouth shark

text: In 1990, a 4.9-m (16-foot) male megamouth shark was caught near the surface off Dana Point, California. This individual was eventually released with a small radio tag attached to its soft body. The tag relayed depth and time information over a two-day period. During the day, the shark swam at a depth around , but as the sun set, it would ascend and spend the night at depths between . Both day and night, its progress was very slow, around . This pattern of vertical migration is seen in many marine animals as they track the movement of plankton in the water column. The shark captured in March 2009 was reportedly netted at a depth of .


title: Megamouth shark

text: Reproduction is ovoviviparous, meaning that the young sharks develop in eggs that remain within the mother's body until they hatch. Tissue samples were obtained from twenty-seven megamouths caught in a two-year period off the Hualien coast (eastern Taiwan), and two caught in Baja California, Mexico, and samples taken from GenBank to perform a population genetic analyses of the megamouth shark; the results indicated no genetic diversity between populations found in different geographical locations, which indicates the species forms a single, highly migratory, interbreeding population.


title: Megamouth shark

text: The first megamouth shark was captured on November 15, 1976, about 25 miles northeast of Kahuku, Hawaii, when it became entangled in the sea anchor of United States Navy ship "AFB-14" at a depth of about 165 m (541 ft) in water about 4,600 m (15,092 ft) deep. The species was identified as being of a new genus within the planktivorous shark species. Examination of the 4.5-m (14.7-ft), 750-kg (1,650-lb) specimen by Leighton Taylor showed it to be an entirely unknown type of shark, making it – along with the coelacanth – one of the more sensational discoveries in 20th-century ichthyology. The pectoral fin of the megamouth shark was studied, along with its skeletal and muscular system, to show its phylogenetic relationship to the other two sharks.


title: Megamouth shark

text: , only 99 megamouth specimens had been caught or sighted. They have been found in the Pacific, Atlantic, and Indian Oceans. Japan, the Philippines and Taiwan have each yielded at least 10 specimens, the most of any single area, amounting to more than half the worldwide total. Specimens have also been sighted in or come out of the waters near Hawaii, California, Mexico, Indonesia, Australia, Brazil, Senegal, South Africa, Puerto Rico, Ecuador, and possibly Vietnam.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Marshall William Faulk (born February 26, 1973) is an American former professional football player who was a running back in the National Football League (NFL) for 13 seasons with the Indianapolis Colts and St. Louis Rams. He played college football at San Diego State, where he was a two-time consensus All-American. He was selected by the Colts as the second overall pick in the 1994 NFL Draft; he was with the Colts for five seasons and played the last eight seasons of his career with the Rams. He was a member of the Greatest Show on Turf, a name given to the St. Louis Rams team that appeared in two Super Bowls and won Super Bowl XXXIV over the Tennessee Titans. In 2000, he was named the Most Valuable Player of the NFL.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk is one of only three NFL players to reach at least 10,000 rushing yards and 5,000 receiving yards and the only one to amass 12,000 yards rushing and 6,000 yards receiving. He was also an analyst for various programs on the NFL Network until December 2017. He was inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011 and the College Football Hall of Fame in 2017. He is widely regarded as one of the greatest running backs of all time.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk was born and raised in New Orleans, Louisiana. He attended Carver High School in the Ninth Ward of New Orleans, where he played for the Carver Rams high school football team. Also a standout track sprinter, Faulk was timed at 10.3 seconds in the 100 meters, 21.74 over 200 meters, and 49.4 in the 400 meters. While growing up he sold popcorn at New Orleans Saints games in the Louisiana Superdome.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: During his final two years playing for Carver High, Faulk rushed 1,800 yards and scored thirty-two touchdowns. In his senior season, he also played defensive back, intercepting 11 passes and returning six of them for touchdowns.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk was heavily recruited by several major colleges, but due to his standout performance on defense, most of them recruited him to play the cornerback position. However, Faulk strongly desired to play the running back position in college. "I didn't love playing cornerback, so I knew I wouldn't be as successful in that position," Faulk told "Sports Illustrated Kids". "You have to really love what you do to be a star." Ultimately he accepted an athletic scholarship to attend San Diego State University, because they were the first team to offer him a scholarship to play running back.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: One of the best performances of his career was against the University of the Pacific on September 14, 1991, in just his second collegiate game. In 37 carries, he amassed 386 yards and scored seven touchdowns, both records for freshmen (the 386 yards were a then-NCAA record). "Faulk had scoring runs of 61, 7, 47, 9, 5, 8 and 25 yards." That performance sparked one of the greatest freshman seasons in NCAA history, gaining 1,429 yards rushing, with 23 total touchdowns (21 rushing), and 140 points scored. Faulk went on to better 1,600 yards rushing in his sophomore year. In Faulk's junior season in 1993, he was finally able to showcase his all-purpose ability by catching 47 passes for 640 yards and 3 touchdowns to go with 1,530 yards and 21 touchdowns on the ground. These numbers put Faulk 3rd in the nation in all-purpose yardage that year, and 2nd in scoring. Faulk left San Diego State University with many of the school's offensive records, among them 5,562 all-purpose yards and 62 career touchdowns, which is the 8th most in NCAA history.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: After his 1992 season at SDSU, Faulk finished second in the Heisman Trophy award voting, losing to quarterback Gino Torretta in what was considered a notable snub in the history of the award. Torretta's 1992 Miami Hurricanes football team was undefeated in the regular season and ranked No. 1 in the country before the Heisman balloting, Faulk's team finished with a middling 5–5–1 record, continuing a trend of the Heisman going to the most notable player on one of the nation's best teams. ESPN analyst Lee Corso led a campaign supporting Torretta for the Heisman and left Marshall Faulk off of his ballot. Faulk was a Heisman finalist as well in 1991 (9th) and 1993 (4th).


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Along with defensive tackle Dan Wilkinson and quarterbacks Heath Shuler and Trent Dilfer, Faulk was regarded as "one of the four players who rank well above the others in this draft". and on March 31, he ran a 4.35 forty-yard time at the San Diego State Pro Day. The Bengals had the No. 1 pick in the 1994 NFL Draft, and contemplated combining their heavy-duty runner Harold Green with the explosive Faulk, but eventually picked Wilkinson, leaving Faulk for the Indianapolis Colts.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk was drafted 2nd overall in the 1994 NFL Draft by the Indianapolis Colts, who were in desperate need of a running game. On July 25, 1994, Faulk signed a seven-year $17.2 million contract and received a $5.1 million signing bonus. Faulk responded by rushing for 1,282 yards, 11 touchdowns, and one receiving touchdown. The Colts improved to 8–8. Marshall Faulk, later that season, would become the first NFL player to win both the Offensive Rookie of the Year Award and the Pro Bowl's Most Valuable Player Award in the same season. He was also the first rookie to win Pro Bowl MVP.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: The next season Faulk rushed for 1,078 yards and 14 total touchdowns. The Colts made the postseason, going 9–7, and narrowly missed the Super Bowl after a close loss to the Pittsburgh Steelers in the , which Faulk missed due to a nagging toe injury.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: The next year was a miserable one for Faulk. Because of a toe injury he suffered earlier in the season, he rushed for only 587 yards, with a 3 yards-per-carry average. He led the Colts in yards from scrimmage with 1,015. He recovered from the injury and rushed for 1,000+ yards in each of the next two seasons, setting a new personal high with 1,319 in 1998. He also caught 86 passes for 906 yards that year (playing alongside rookie quarterback Peyton Manning) and was the NFL's leader in total yards from scrimmage with 2,227, beating out Denver's MVP running back Terrell Davis by 2 yards, while also finishing 4th in the league in receptions. It would also be the first of an NFL-record 4 consecutive 2,000+ total-yard seasons.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk missed practices and was considering holding out for a new contract, and Colts president Bill Polian did not want his young team's chemistry damaged (especially with the budding Manning at the quarterback position).


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk was traded to the St. Louis Rams the following season for second- and fifth-round picks in the upcoming draft (which the Colts used to draft LB Mike Peterson and DE Brad Scioli). The Colts moved on at the position, drafting Edgerrin James in the first round. Faulk held out for 12 days as the details of his contract were worked out. On August 4, 1999, Faulk signed a seven-year, $45.2 million contract with the Rams, which was the biggest deal in team history at the time. In it, Faulk was guaranteed $9.6 million including a $7-million signing bonus. The problem in negotiations was the proposed fifth year, in which Faulk would get $7 million in salary and a $5-million roster bonus. The deal was structured to prevent Faulk from ever being tagged a transition or franchise player.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: In his first year in St. Louis, Faulk was the catalyst for "The Greatest Show on Turf", a nickname given to coordinator Mike Martz's aggressive Coryell-style offense. In this offense, he put up some of the best all-purpose numbers in the history of the NFL. Faulk's patience and diligence in learning the Rams' offense paid off when he totaled an NFL record 2,429 yards from scrimmage, eclipsing Barry Sanders's record of 2,358 yards set in 1997 (Faulk's mark has since been broken by Chris Johnson in 2009). With 1,381 yards rushing (5.5 yards-per-carry average), 1,048 receiving yards, and scoring 12 touchdowns, Faulk joined Roger Craig as the only men at that time to total 1,000+ yards in each category in a season. He also broke the NFL season record for most receiving yards by a running back, previously held by Lionel James. The Rams eventually went on to win Super Bowl XXXIV. In the game, Faulk was contained on the ground by Tennessee Titans head coach Jeff Fisher's defensive scheme, limiting him to just 17 rushing yards. This was perhaps due to the Titans' inability to stop the Rams' passing game, of which Faulk was a major part, recording 5 receptions for 90 yards. His 90 receiving yards were the second-highest total by a running back in Super Bowl history. At the end of the season, he received the NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award and was a starter for the NFC squad in the 1999 Pro Bowl.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: The following year, Faulk became the first running back in NFL history to lead his team in receptions five separate seasons (three in Indianapolis and twice in St. Louis). In addition, he was the NFL MVP and again the Offensive Player of the Year in 2000. He had 1,359 yards rushing in 14 games and set a new NFL record with 26 total touchdowns, (a record that would soon be broken by Priest Holmes and then later by Shaun Alexander and LaDainian Tomlinson), despite missing two games due to injury. He also averaged 5+ yards per carry again, this time with 5.4. The Rams, however, were not able to replicate the record they had the year prior. Even with the offense scoring the most points and yards during "The Greatest Show on Turf" era, the defense gave up 470 points.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: The Rams returned to the Super Bowl the next year as their defense returned to form, allowing only 273 points, and the offense once again scored over 500 points, with 503. Faulk had another excellent season, rushing 260 times for a career-high 1,382 yards (5.3 yards per carry), and catching 83 passes for 765 yards, for an NFC-leading total of 2,147 yards from scrimmage (second in the NFL only to Priest Holmes, who totaled 2,169 yards) and scoring 21 touchdowns despite once again missing 2 games to injuries. Faulk won, for the third year in a row, the NFL's Offensive Player of the Year award, but finished second in a close vote to teammate Kurt Warner in the MVP vote. These years would be the climax of Faulk's career.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk's injuries and age would soon catch up to him; 2001 was the last of his 1,000-yard rushing seasons, and though he was still employed as the Rams' primary running back following the 2001 season, he was no longer the player he was in his prime, despite remaining a respected and effective player.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: On July 29, 2002, Faulk signed a new seven-year, $43.95 million contract with the Rams. Faulk was about to enter the fourth year of his 1999 contract. In this new contract Faulk received a $10.7 million signing bonus. In the 2002 season the Rams struggled and finished the year at 7–9. Faulk played in 14 games and started 10 and ended with 953 yards and 80 receptions. The following season, he played in and started 11 games, finishing with 818 yards and 45 receptions as the Rams rebounded with a 12–4 record.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: In 2004, Faulk split time with rookie Steven Jackson and played in 14 games and rushing for 774 yards. In February 2005, Faulk agreed to a restructured contract to reduce his contract cap number. He was scheduled to make about $7.5 million in 2005. In the new contract received a total of $6 million in the next two seasons and a $2 million signing bonus was included. The 2005 season was Faulk's last in the NFL. He rushed for only 292 yards on 65 carries and caught 44 passes for 291 yards and one touchdown. This marked the only time in his career where he did not have a rushing touchdown.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: On July 21, the Rams announced that Faulk would undergo reconstructive knee surgery and miss the entire 2006 NFL season. During the season Faulk served as an analyst for the NFL Network's "NFL Total Access".


title: Marshall Faulk

text: During an NBC Sunday Night Football halftime show, Faulk was asked by one of the announcers, "So are you retired or not?" Faulk said that he was still a Ram, and would be a Ram for the rest of his life. He then said that if the Rams would have him back, he would play next year, as he was able to run full speed on his re-built knees, but on March 26, 2007, Faulk announced his retirement from football.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: On November 29, 2007, the Rams announced that they would be retiring Faulk's number. The ceremony was during halftime of the Thursday night game against the Pittsburgh Steelers on December 20, 2007. In 2010 on the NFL Network's "", Faulk was voted the number 70 player of all time.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: In 2011, Faulk's first year of eligibility, he was elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame. As a running back, he placed first in receiving yards (6,875), second in pass receptions (767), second in receiving touchdowns (36), third in yards from scrimmage (19,154), and tenth in rushing yards (12,280).


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk scored seven two-point conversions and it is an NFL record. He also has NFL records with five games of 250+ yards from scrimmage and 14 games of 200+ yards from scrimmage. He is the only player to have 70+ rushing touchdowns and 30+ receiving touchdowns.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk was a longtime NFL Network analyst. He served as an analyst on "NFL Total Access", where he provided a player's perspective on today's game. He also appeared on "Thursday Night Football"’s pre-game, halftime and post-game shows, and Sunday's "NFL GameDay Morning". Faulk was suspended from the network on December 12, 2017, along with fellow ex-players Heath Evans and Ike Taylor, after sexual harassment allegations were made against the three by a former network wardrobe stylist.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk played himself in season 1, episode 12 of the sitcom "Life in Pieces". This episode first aired on January 7, 2016, on CBS.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2011 in his first year of eligibility. He was also inducted into the Indianapolis Colts Ring of Honor during the week 15 game against the Houston Texans on December 15, 2013, along with Eric Dickerson, another former Colt running back (who also played for the Rams, albeit when they were in Los Angeles).


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk was married to Lindsay Stoudt from 2006 to 2014. He has six children, including three with Stoudt. His son, Marshall Faulk Jr., played running back for the Central Washington Wildcats.


title: Marshall Faulk

text: Faulk has a charitable foundation in San Diego. His childhood friend Tyrone Wilson helped him start his foundation. Faulk is a cousin of Kevin Faulk, a former NFL running back.


title: Mnemosyne

text: In Greek mythology and ancient Greek religion, Mnemosyne (; , ) is the goddess of memory and the mother of the nine Muses by her nephew Zeus. In the Greek tradition, Mnemosyne is one of the Titans, the twelve divine children of the earth-goddess Gaia and the sky-god Uranus. The term "Mnemosyne" is derived from the same source as the word "mnemonic", that being the Greek word "mnēmē", which means "remembrance, memory".


title: Mnemosyne

text: A Titaness, Mnemosyne is the daughter of Uranus and Gaia. Mnemosyne became the mother of the nine Muses, fathered by her nephew, Zeus:


title: Mnemosyne

text: Hyginus in his "Fabulae" gives Mnemosyne a different parentage, where she was the daughter of Zeus and Clymene.


title: Mnemosyne

text: In Hesiod's "Theogony", kings and poets receive their powers of authoritative speech from their possession of Mnemosyne and their special relationship with the Muses.


title: Mnemosyne

text: Zeus, in a form of a mortal shepherd, and Mnemosyne slept together for nine consecutive nights, thus conceiving the nine Muses. Mnemosyne also presided over a pool in Hades, counterpart to the river Lethe, according to a series of 4th-century BC Greek funerary inscriptions in dactylic hexameter. Dead souls drank from Lethe so they would not remember their past lives when reincarnated. In Orphism, the initiated were taught to instead drink from the Mnemosyne, the river of memory, which would stop the transmigration of the soul.


title: Mnemosyne

text: Although she was categorized as one of the Titans in the "Theogony", Mnemosyne did not quite fit that distinction. Titans were hardly worshiped in Ancient Greece, and were thought of as so archaic as to belong to the ancient past. They resembled historical figures more than anything else. Mnemosyne, on the other hand, traditionally appeared in the first few lines of many oral epic poems—she appears in both the "Iliad" and the "Odyssey", among others—as the speaker called upon her aid in accurately remembering and performing the poem they were about to recite. Mnemosyne is thought to have been given the distinction of "Titan" because memory was so important and basic to the oral culture of the Greeks that they deemed her one of the essential building blocks of civilization in their creation myth.


title: Mnemosyne

text: Later, once written literature overtook the oral recitation of epics, Plato made reference in his "Euthydemus" to the older tradition of invoking Mnemosyne. The character Socrates prepares to recount a story and says "ὥστ᾽ ἔγωγε, καθάπερ οἱ (275d) ποιηταί, δέομαι ἀρχόμενος τῆς διηγήσεως Μούσας τε καὶ Μνημοσύνην ἐπικαλεῖσθαι." which translates to "Consequently, like the poets, I must needs begin my narrative with an invocation of the Muses and Memory" (emphasis added). Aristophanes also harked back to the tradition in his play "Lysistrata" when a drunken Spartan ambassador invokes her name while prancing around pretending to be a bard from times of yore.


title: Mnemosyne

text: While not one of the most popular divinities, Mnemosyne was the subject of some minor worship in Ancient Greece. Statues of her are mentioned in the sanctuaries of other gods, and she was often depicted alongside her daughters the Muses. She was also worshipped in Lebadeia in Boeotia, at Mount Helicon in Boeotia, and in the cult of Asclepius.


title: Mnemosyne

text: There was a statue of Mnemosyne in the shrine of Dionysos at Athens, alongside the statues of the Muses, Zeus and Apollo, as well as a statue with her daughters the Muses in the Temple of Athena Alea. Pausanias described the worship of Mnemosyne in Lebadeia in Boeotia, where she played an important part in the oracular sanctuary of Trophonios:


title: Mnemosyne

text: Mnemosyne was also sometime regarded as being not the mother of the Muses but as one of them, and as such she was worshiped in the sanctuary of the Muses at Mount Helicon in Boeotia:


title: Mnemosyne

text: Mnemosyne was one of the deities worshiped in the cult of Asclepius that formed in Ancient Greece around the 5th century BC. Asclepius, a Greek hero and god of medicine, was said to have been able to cure maladies, and the cult incorporated a multitude of other Greek heroes and gods in its process of healing. The exact order of the offerings and prayers varied by location, and the supplicant often made an offering to Mnemosyne. After making an offering to Asclepius himself, in some locations, one last prayer was said to Mnemosyne as the supplicant moved to the holiest portion of the Asclepeion to incubate. The hope was that a prayer to Mnemosyne would help the supplicant remember any visions had while sleeping there.


title: Marta Kauffman

text: Marta Fran Kauffman (born September 21, 1956) is an American television writer and producer. She is best known as the co-creator of the NBC sitcom "Friends" with her longtime friend, David Crane. Both Kauffman and Crane were also executive producers of the show, along with Kevin Bright. Kauffman and Crane produced "Veronica's Closet" and "Jesse". From 2005 to 2006 she was an executive producer on "Related". Both writers were the creators of the HBO series "Dream On". Without Crane, she co-created the Netflix series "Grace and Frankie".


title: Marta Kauffman

text: Born to a Jewish family in the Philadelphia suburbs, Kauffman attended Marple Newtown High School, located in the Marple Newtown School District near Philadelphia, where she was a thespian and student director of the school play "Our Town" in 1974. Kauffman attended Brandeis University and received her BA in theater in 1978. During her time there, she was a sister of Sigma Delta Tau sorority. Kauffman also studied acting at The Neighborhood Playhouse School of the Theater in New York City.


title: Marta Kauffman

text: Kauffman married Michael Skloff, who would later be the composer of the "Friends" theme song, and lived in Los Angeles. The couple had three children together.


title: Marta Kauffman

text: Okay Goodnight production company was headed by partners Kauffman, Robbie Rowe Tollin and Hannah KS Canter. Fox 21 Television Studios signed Okay Goodnight to multi-year first-look agreement in January 2020 starting with "The Dreamers" novel adaptation together with The Littlefield Company.


title: TUI Airways

text: TUI Airways Limited (formerly Thomsonfly and Thomson Airways") is a British charter airline, offering scheduled and charter flights from the United Kingdom and Ireland to destinations in Europe, Africa, Asia and North America.


title: TUI Airways

text: The airline is the world's largest charter airline, carrying 11.8 million passengers in 2019. It is also the fourth-largest UK airline by total passengers carried, after EasyJet, British Airways and Jet2.com. TUI Airways is also the world's tenth-largest airline by number of route pairings served. Its UK and associated regional arm is TUI Airways Ltd which holds a United Kingdom Civil Aviation Authority (CAA) Type A Operating Licence permitting it to carry passengers, cargo and mail on aircraft with 20 or more seats. Its head office and Registered Office is Wigmore House in Luton, Bedfordshire.


title: TUI Airways

text: TUI Airways has its origins in several rival airlines. "Euravia" (later renamed Britannia Airways in December 1964.), an airline which was founded in January 1962. Orion Airways, founded in 1979 by Horizon Holidays and later owned by the large brewing firm Bass Brewery and InterContinental Hotels Group, was sold and merged with Britannia Airways in 1989 but retained the Britannia name. "(These events happened before TUI came to the UK.)" Britannia was rebranded to Thomsonfly in May 2005 as their parent company Thomson Travel Group were bought by TUI Group as part of a wider reorganisation of TUI's operations in the UK. The other airline, Air 2000 that was founded in 1987, and which integrated the operations of Leisure International Airways in 1998. They became First Choice Airways in 2004 after being bought by First Choice and became their in-house airline.


title: TUI Airways

text: Thomsonfly and First Choice Airways merged following the merger of the travel divisions of TUI Group and First Choice Holidays in September 2007. The Thomson Airways brand was launched for the combined airline on 1 November 2008.


title: TUI Airways

text: The new brand retained the Thomsonfly colour scheme, and aircraft in the fleet were gradually repainted. Several First Choice Airways aircraft remained in the First Choice livery as they were due to be phased out of service. A new livery, named "Dynamic Wave" (which will also be applied on Thomson Cruises ships), was introduced in May 2012.


title: TUI Airways

text: TUI Airways became the first UK airline to take delivery of the Boeing 787 Dreamliner, receiving the first aircraft in May 2013. Passenger services with the aircraft began on 21 June 2013 with a flight between London Gatwick and Menorca. Also in 2013, the parent group TUI Travel, now known as TUI Group, ordered 70 Boeing 737 MAX for delivery to group airlines.


title: TUI Airways

text: On 13 May 2015, it was announced by the TUI Group that all five of TUI's airline subsidiaries would be named TUI, whilst keeping their separate Air Operators Certificate, a process taking over three years to complete. TUI Airways was the last airline to be completed in late 2017. The rebrand began in mid-2016, with the addition of the new 'TUI' titles to its fleet.


title: TUI Airways

text: In December 2016, Thomson Holidays launched their final television advertisement using the 'Thomson' brand, before integrating into the 'TUI' brand. During the rebrand in 2017, the "TOMSON" callsign was dropped and replaced with "TUI AIR" and then changed again to "TOMJET".


title: TUI Airways

text: In May 2017, the brand TUI Airways began to be used in several areas and was implemented on all flight tracker applications. Most of the aircraft had been branded with 'TUI' titles, and onboard items such as glasses and napkins carried the new brand. Thomson Airways officially changed its legal name to TUI Airways on 2 October 2017. TUI's sister company, TUI UK (formerly Thomson Holidays), has ceased using the 'Thomson' brand, adopting the TUI UK brand on 18 October 2017.


title: TUI Airways

text: The airline is part of a single-branded group, being the product of two mergers: the travel division of TUI Group with First Choice Holidays in September 2007 to form TUI Travel, under which their respective airlines, Thomsonfly and First Choice Airways, were merged under the former's Air Operator's Certificate in May 2008 and rebranded as Thomson Airways on 1 November 2008. The investable enterprise and overall leadership formally merged with TUI to form London (LSE) and Frankfurt (DAX) listed TUI Group since December 2014. TUI Airways officially changed its legal name from Thomson Airways to TUI Airways on 2 October 2017. This was in line with sister companies TUI fly Belgium, TUI fly Deutschland, TUI fly Netherlands and TUI fly Nordic.


title: TUI Airways

text: The airline's head office is in the Wigmore House near Luton, Bedfordshire. The facility is adjacent to Luton Airport.


title: TUI Airways

text: Most scheduled flights operated by TUI Airways are on behalf of tour operators. The airline offers flights to destinations around the Mediterranean, the Caribbean and the Indian Ocean from 19 base airports in the United Kingdom. Additionally, seasonal charter routes are served from Copenhagen, Dublin, Helsinki, Oslo and Stockholm.


title: Johann Hari

text: Johann Eduard Hari (born 21 January 1979) is a British-Swiss writer and journalist who has written for "The Independent" and "The Huffington Post". In 2011, Hari was suspended from "The Independent" and later resigned, after admitting to plagiarism and fabrications dating back to 2001, and making malicious edits to the Wikipedia pages of journalists who had criticised his conduct. He has since written books on the topics of depression, the war on drugs, and the effect of technology on attention spans.


title: Johann Hari

text: Hari was born in Glasgow, Scotland to a Scottish mother and Swiss father, before his family relocated to London when he was an infant. Hari states he was physically abused in his childhood while his father was away and his mother was ill.


title: Johann Hari

text: He attended The John Lyon School, an independent school affiliated with Harrow, and then Woodhouse College, a state sixth form in Finchley. Hari graduated from King's College, Cambridge in 2001 with a double first in social and political sciences.


title: Johann Hari

text: In 2000, Hari was joint winner of "The Times" Student News Journalist of the Year award for his work on the Cambridge student newspaper, "Varsity". He was allegedly forced to leave "Varsity" as a result of unethical behaviour.


title: Johann Hari

text: After university, he joined the "New Statesman", where he worked between 2001 and 2003, and then wrote two columns a week for "The Independent". At the 2003 "Press Gazette" Awards, he won Young Journalist of the Year. A play by Hari, "Going Down in History", was performed at the Garage Theatre in Edinburgh, and his book "God Save the Queen?" was published by Icon Books in 2002.


title: Johann Hari

text: In addition to being a columnist for "The Independent", Hari's work also appeared in "The Huffington Post", "The New York Times", the "Los Angeles Times", "The New Republic", "The Nation", "Le Monde", "El País", "The Sydney Morning Herald", and "Haaretz", and he reported from locations around the world, such as Congo and Venezuela. He appeared regularly as an arts critic on the BBC Two programme "The Review Show" and was a book critic for "Slate". In 2009, he was named by "The Daily Telegraph" as one of the most influential people on the left in Britain.


title: Johann Hari

text: In June 2011, bloggers at "Deterritorial Support Group", as well as "Yahoo! Ireland" editor Brian Whelan, asserted that Hari had plagiarised material published in other interviews and writings by his interview subjects. For example, a 2009 interview with Afghan women's rights activist Malalai Joya included quotations from her book "Raising My Voice" in a manner that made them appear as if spoken directly to Hari. Hari initially denied any wrongdoing, stating that the unattributed quotes were for clarification and did not present someone else's thoughts as his own. However, he later said that his behaviour was "completely wrong" and that "when I interviewed people, I often presented things that had been said to other journalists or had been written in books as if they had been said to me, which was not truthful". Hari was suspended for two months from "The Independent" and in January 2012, it was announced he was leaving the newspaper.