title: The Devil's Backbone

text: As the orphans and faculty prepare to leave, Conchita discovers Jacinto pouring gasoline around the kitchen. She shoots him in the arm after he mocks her, causing a furious Jacinto to start a fire before fleeing the building. Carmen and fellow teacher Alma attempt to put out the fire, but fail to prevent an explosion; Alma is killed by the blast, as are several of the children. Casares finds a mortally wounded Carmen inside the building, and tearfully stays with her as she dies. Casares decides to remain in the charred orphanage with the surviving children, arming himself for Jacinto's return.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: The following night, Jaime reveals to Carlos the details of Santi's disappearance: Jaime and Santi had been collecting slugs at the cistern, when they spotted Jacinto attempting to open the safe where the gold was kept. Jaime managed to escape, but Jacinto cornered Santi and attempted to threaten him into keeping silent. In anger, Jacinto shoved Santi against a stone wall, giving him a severe head injury and sending him into shock. A panicked Jacinto then tied stones to Santi before sinking his body in the cistern. A terrified Jaime then ran into the courtyard, only to have the bomb land several feet from him moments later.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: Jaime insists that he is no longer scared of Jacinto, and will kill him if he returns. Conchita attempts to walk to the nearest town for help when she encounters Jacinto and two associates driving back to the orphanage to claim the gold. Jacinto threatens her with a knife, telling her to apologize for shooting him, but she insults him instead, and he stabs her to death.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: Carlos has a final encounter with Santi's ghost, who he is no longer afraid of after hearing the circumstances of his death. The ghost quietly demands that Carlos bring Jacinto to him.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: Casares dies of his injuries as Jacinto and his associates reach the orphanage and imprison the orphans while they search for the gold. The two other men eventually grow impatient and leave, but Jacinto finds and takes the stash. Meanwhile, Jaime encourages the children to fight back. They fashion weapons from sharpened sticks and broken glass and attack Jacinto in the cellar, finally pushing him into the cistern where he had dumped Santi's body. Weighed down by the gold he was carrying, Jacinto struggles to resurface, but Santi's ghost appears from the depths and drags him to his death.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: As the remaining children leave the orphanage and head to town, Casares' ghost watches them from the doorway.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: It was independently produced by Agustín Almodóvar as an international co-production between Spain and Mexico, and was filmed in Madrid.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: Del Toro wrote the first draft before writing his debut film "Cronos". This "very different" version was set in the Mexican Revolution and focused not on a child's ghost but a "Christ with three arms". According to del Toro, and as drawn in his notebooks, there were many iterations of the story, some of which included antagonists who were a "doddering ... old man with a needle," a "desiccated" ghost with black eyes as a caretaker (instead of the living Jacinto who terrorizes the orphans), and "beings who are red from head to foot."


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: As mentioned in the "Spanish Gothic" interview on the DVD, the name of the movie was initially to be taken from the "Devil's Backbone" mountain range setting in Mexico; this was changed when the movie wound up being set in Spain. One scene showed jars of a liqueur the doctor owned, each containing spiced rum called “Limbo water”, preserving a fetus that died from spina bifida. The doctor said the drink was rumored to cure impotence and was sold to fund the school. This became the origin of the name.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: As to motivation for the villain, according to the actor who portrayed him (Eduardo Noriega), Jacinto "suffered a lot when he was a child at this orphanage. Somebody probably treated him wickedly: this is his heritage. And then there is the brutalizing effect of the War." Noriega further notes that "What Guillermo did was to write a biography of Jacinto (which went into Jacinto's parents, what they did in life, and more) and gave it to me."


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: DDT Studios in Barcelona created the final version of the crying ghost (victim and avenger) Santi, with his temple that resembled cracked, aged porcelain.


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: The response was overwhelmingly positive, though it did not receive the critical success that "Pan's Labyrinth" would in 2006. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a 92% rating based on 119 reviews, with an average rating of 7.6 out of 10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Creepily atmospheric and haunting, "The Devil's Backbone" is both a potent ghost story and an intelligent political allegory." It also has a weighted average score of 78 out of 100 on Metacritic based on 30 critic reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: Roger Ebert awarded the film 3 stars out of 4 and compared it favorably to "The Others", another ghost story released later in the same year. Christopher Varney, of "Film Threat", claimed: "That 'The Devil's Backbone' makes any sense at all – with its many, swirling plotlines – seems like a little wonder." A. O. Scott, of "The New York Times" gave the film a positive review, and claimed that "The director, Guillermo del Toro, balances dread with tenderness, and refracts the terror and sadness of the time through the eyes of a young boy, who only half-understands what he is witnessing."


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: Steve Biodrowski from "Cinefantastique Online" described the film as "rich in texture, characterization and themes. Besides being genuinely creepy, it is also surprisingly moving. It is, quite probably (and this is not a back-handed compliment) the saddest horror movie ever made." He also praised the performances as well as the special effects, which he declared as "some of the best ever seen, easily matching work from the best US facilities; in fact, in at least one way they are even better."


title: The Devil's Backbone

text: The film was ranked at number 61 on Bravo's list "100 Scariest Movie Moments" for its various scenes in which the ghost is seen. Bloody Disgusting ranked the film at number 18 in their list "Top 20 Horror Films of the Decade", with the article calling the film "elegant and deeply-felt... it’s alternately a gut-wrenching portrait of childhood in a time of war and a skin-crawling, evocative nightmare."


title: Scarlet macaw

text: The scarlet macaw (Ara macao) is a large red, yellow, and blue Central and South American parrot, a member of a large group of Neotropical parrots called macaws. It is native to humid evergreen forests of the Neotropics. Its range extends from south-eastern Mexico to Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Bolivia, Venezuela and Brazil in lowlands of (at least formerly) up to , the Caribbean island of Trinidad, as well as the Pacific island of Coiba. Formerly, it ranged north to southern Tamaulipas. In some areas, it has suffered local extinction because of habitat destruction, or capture for the parrot trade, but in other areas, it remains fairly common. It is the national bird of Honduras. Like its relative the blue-and-yellow macaw, the scarlet macaw is a popular bird in aviculture as a result of its striking plumage.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: The scarlet macaw was formally described by the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus in 1758 in the tenth edition of his "Systema Naturae" under the binomial name "Psittacus macao". The scarlet macaw is now placed in the genus "Ara" (Lacépède, 1799), one of 6 genera of Central and South American macaws.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: In May 2013, it was announced that a team of scientists, led by Dr. Christopher M. Seabury and Dr. Ian Tizard of Texas A&M University had sequenced the complete genome of the scarlet macaw. Based on this genome, species-specific microsatellite genetic markers were developed to aid genetic studies throughout the range of the species.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: It is about long, of which more than half is the pointed, graduated tail typical of all macaws, though the scarlet macaw has a larger percentage of tail than the other large macaws. The average weight is about . The plumage is mostly scarlet, but the rump and tail-covert feathers are light blue, the greater upper wing coverts are yellow, the upper sides of the flight feathers of the wings are dark blue as are the ends of the tail feathers, and the undersides of the wing and tail flight feathers are dark red with metallic gold iridescence. Some individuals may have green in the wings.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: There is bare white skin around the eye and from there to the bill. Tiny white feathers are contained on the face patch. The upper mandible is mostly pale horn in color and the lower is black. Juveniles have dark eyes; adults have light yellow eyes.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: It is frequently confused with the slightly larger green-winged macaw, which has more distinct red lines in the face and no yellow in the wing.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: Scarlet macaws make very loud, high and sometimes low-pitched, throaty squawks, squeaks and screams designed to carry many kilometers to call for their groups.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: The scarlet macaw can live up to 75 or even 90 years in captivity, although a more typical lifespan is 40 to 50 years.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: A typical sighting is of a single bird or a pair flying above the forest canopy, though in some areas flocks can be seen. They often gather at clay licks. Scarlet macaws communicate primarily through raucous honks; however, vocal communication is highly variable, and captive macaws are known to be adept mimics of human speech.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: They also love to eat insects and larvae. They are seen feeding heavily on bugs, snails and foliage. Snails and bugs are great source of protein, as they need additional protein during breeding seasons.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: In Costa Rica's Central Pacific they have learned to feed on introduced Teak trees ("Tectona grandis") and Almond Beach Trees (Terminalia sp). The local non-profit organizations have planted hundreds of those trees along the coastline from Tarcoles River basin to Esterillos Beach which had helped increase the population drastically. The combined efforts and the correct ecotourism has also an important role in the conservation of such majestic birds. Tour companies along the Tarcoles River and its mangroves have bet on the importance of birdwatching as an asset for the growth on its population.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: While comparatively docile at most times of the year, scarlet macaws may be formidably aggressive during periods of breeding. Scarlet macaws are monogamous birds, with individuals remaining with one partner throughout their lives. The hen lays two or three white eggs in a large tree cavity. The female incubates the eggs for about five weeks, and the chicks fledge from the nest about 90 days after hatching and leave their parents about a year later. Juveniles reach sexual maturity at five years of age.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: The South American range is extensive and covers the Amazon forest, extending to Peru east of the Andes, to Bolivia. In Bolivia, it is very present in the Aquicuana Reserve, located in the Beni Department, near the city of Riberalta, the Capital of the Bolivian Amazon.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: In Central America, the range extends from extreme eastern and southern Mexico and Panama through Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras and Belize, the island of Coiba and infrequently on the mainland of Panama, and in Costa Rica in isolated regions on the Pacific Coast; the Nicoya Peninsula the Carara National Park and Peninsula de Osa.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: The scarlet macaw has escaped or been deliberately released in to Florida, but there is no evidence that the population is breeding and may only persist due to continuing releases or escapes.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: Scarlet macaws inhabit humid lowland subtropical rain forests, open woodlands, river edges, and savannas.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: The habitat of scarlet macaws is also considered to have the greatest latitudinal range for any bird in the genus "Ara", as the estimated maximum territorial range covers 6,700,000 km. Nevertheless, the scarlet macaw's habitat is fragmented, and the bird is mostly confined to tiny populations scattered throughout its original range in Middle America. However, as they still occur in large numbers over most of their original range in South America, the species is classified by IUCN as least concern. Its wild population is currently estimated between 20,000 and 50,000 individuals.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: Commercial international trade in the species (including parts and derivatives) is prohibited by the bird's listing under CITES Appendix 1 due to predation for the pet and cage bird trade. Both subspecies are listed by USFWS as endangered.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: The scarlet macaw is an early example of a parrot breeding in captivity. Captive breeding occurred in Northern Mexico at Paquime (also called Casas Grandes) and very likely Southwest New Mexico Mimbres Valley in the 11th century. Breeding pens, perches, bones, and eggshell fragments have been uncovered. The straightforward nature of scarlet macaw breeding and the value of their plumes in trade created a market for trade wherein the animals were used in religious rites north to the Colorado Plateau region.


title: Scarlet macaw

text: Today the scarlet macaw is found worldwide in captivity, but is best represented in captivity in the Americas. Captive techniques developed from the pet trade have positively affected wild populations: in areas with low macaws populations, the "extra" babies that typically die in the nest may be reared by humans hands and released into the wild to bolster the population, as has been done by the Tambopata Macaw Project. Their captive diet, egg incubation, assisted hatching, hand rearing, co-parenting, parent-rearing, fledgling, maturation, and breeding are well understood within the avicultural community (AFA Watchbird magazine).


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The Eight-Nation Alliance was a multinational military coalition that invaded northern China in 1900 with the stated aim of relieving the foreign legations in Beijing, then besieged by the popular Boxer militia, who were determined to remove foreign imperialism in China. The Allied forces consisted of about 45,000 troops from the eight nations of Germany, Japan, Russia, Britain, France, the United States, Italy, and Austria-Hungary. Neither the Chinese nor the foreign allies issued a formal declaration of war.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: No treaty or formal agreement bound the Alliance together. Some western historians define the first phase of hostilities, starting in August 1900, as "more or less a civil war", though the Battle of the Taku Forts in June pushed the Qing government to support the Boxers. With the success of the invasion, the later stages developed into a punitive expedition, which pillaged Beijing and North China for more than a year. The fighting ended in 1901 with the signing of the Boxer Protocol.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The Boxers, a peasant movement, had attacked and killed foreign missionaries, nationals, and Chinese Christians across northern China in 1899 and 1900. The Qing government, in its public capacities, and the Imperial Army supported the Boxers and, under the Manchu general Ronglu, besieged foreign diplomats and civilians taking refuge in the Legation Quarter in Beijing.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The diplomatic compound was under siege by the Wuwei Rear Division of the Chinese Army and some Boxers ("Yihetuan"), for 55 days, from 20 June to 14 August 1900. A total of 473 foreign civilians, 409 soldiers from eight countries, and about 3,000 Chinese Christians took refuge in the Legation Quarter. Under the command of the British minister to China, Claude Maxwell MacDonald, the legation staff and security personnel defended the compound with small arms and one old muzzle-loaded cannon discovered and unearthed by Chinese Christians, who turned it over to the Allies. It was nicknamed the "International Gun" because the barrel was British, the carriage Italian, the shells Russian and the crew American.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Also under siege in Beijing was the North Cathedral, the Beitang of the Catholic Church. The Beitang was defended by 43 French and Italian soldiers, 33 foreign Catholic priests and nuns, and about 3,200 Chinese Catholics. The defenders suffered heavy casualties from lack of food and Chinese mines that exploded in tunnels dug beneath the compound.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The allied troops invaded and occupied Beijing on 14 August 1900. They defeated the Qing Imperial Army's Wuwei Corps in several engagements and quickly brought an end to the siege and also the Boxer Rebellion. Empress Dowager Cixi, the Emperor and high government officials fled the Imperial Palace for Xi'an and sent Li Hongzhang for peace talks with the Alliance.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: As Allied troops moved from Beijing into the North China countryside, they executed unknown numbers of people accused or suspected of being or resembling Boxer rebels, which became the subject of an early short film. A US Marine wrote that he witnessed German and Russian troops raping and then bayoneting women. While the Allies were in Beijing, they looted the palaces, yamens, and government buildings inflicting incalculable loss of cultural relics, books on literature and history (including the famous "Yongle Dadian") and damage to cultural heritage (including the Forbidden City, the Summer Palace, Xishan and the Old Summer Palace).


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: More than 3,000 gold-plated bronze Buddhas, 1,400 artistic products and 4,300 bronzes in (嵩祝寺) were looted. The gold plating on the copper tanks in front of the Forbidden City palaces was scraped off by the Alliance, leaving scratch marks that can be seen even now. The "Yongle Dadian" that was compiled by 2,100 scholars during the Ming Yongle period (1403–1408), with a total of 22,870 volumes, was partially destroyed in the Second Opium War in 1860. Later, it was collected in the Imperial Palace on Nanchizi Street. It was found and destroyed completely by the Alliance in 1900. Part of the "Yongle Dadian" was used for the construction of fortifications.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The "Siku Quanshu" was compiled by 360 scholars during the Qing Qianlong period. It collected 3,461 ancient books, totaling 79,309 volumes. The whole book consisted of seven sets. One set was destroyed in 1860 during the Arrow War. Another 10,000 plus volumes were destroyed in 1900 by the Eight-Nation Alliance. The Hanlin Academy houses a collection of precious books, orphans, books of the Song dynasty, literature and history materials, and precious paintings. The Eight-Nation Alliance looted the collections. Some of these looted books remain in the custody of museums in London and Paris.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Austria-Hungary had a single cruiser, , on station at the beginning of the rebellion, based at the Russian concession of Port Arthur. Detachments of sailors from the "Zenta" were the only Austro-Hungarian forces to see action. Some were involved in defending the legations under siege, and another detachment was involved in the rescue attempts.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: In June, the Austro-Hungarians helped hold the Tianjin railway against Boxer forces and fired upon several armed junks on the Hai River near Tong-Tcheou in Peking. They took part in the seizure of the Taku Forts commanding the approaches to Tianjin, and the boarding and capture of four Chinese destroyers by Capt. Roger Keyes of .


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The Austro-Hungarian Navy sent the cruisers , , and a company of marines to China. Arriving in September they were too late since most of the fighting had ended, and the legations had been relieved. The cruisers and the "Zenta" were involved in the shelling and capture of several Chinese forts. The Austro-Hungarians suffered minimal casualties during the rebellion. After the Boxer Uprising, a cruiser was maintained permanently on the Chinese coast, and a detachment of marines was deployed at the Austro-Hungarian embassy in Peking (now Beijing). Lieutenant Georg Ludwig von Trapp, made famous in the 1959 musical "The Sound of Music", was decorated for bravery aboard SMS "Kaiserin und Königin Maria Theresia" during the rebellion.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: At the outset of the Boxer Rebellion, Britain was engaged in the Second Boer War in South Africa. Consequently, with the army tied down by the war, the British had to rely on the China Squadron and troops largely from India. The Royal Navy's China Squadron, stationed off Tientsin, consisted of the battleships and , the cruisers , , , , and , and the destroyers and .


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: British forces were the third-largest contingent in the alliance and consisted of the following units: Naval Brigade, 12th Battery Royal Field Artillery, Hong Kong & Singapore Artillery, 2nd Battalion Royal Welsh Fusiliers, 1st Bengal Lancers, 7th Rajput Infantry, 24th Punjab Infantry, 1st Sikh Infantry, Hong Kong Regiment, 1st Chinese Regiment, Royal Engineers, and other support personnel.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The Australian colonies did not become a unified federation until 1901. As such, several of the colonies, independently of each other, sent contingents of naval and army personnel to support the British contingent. For example, South Australia sent its entire navy: the gunboat HMCS "Protector". Australia was not an official member of the eight-nation alliance, and its forces arrived too late to see significant action.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Britain provided 10,000 troops, many of whom were Indian troops, made out of units of Baluchis, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Rajputs and Punjabis.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Germany had gained a presence in China after the Juye Incident in which two German missionaries had been murdered in November 1897. The concession in Kiaochow with the port of Tsingtao, was used as a naval base for the East Asia Squadron and a trading port. The German concession was governed and garrisoned by the Imperial German Navy. At the outbreak of the Boxer Rebellion in June 1900, the garrison of the concession was composed of the "III. Seebataillon", with 1,126 men, a marine/naval artillery battery, about 800 men of a "Kommando" Detachment and sailors from the East Asian Squadron.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: With the increasing threat of the Boxers, a small armed group from the "III. Seebatallion" was sent to Peking and Tientsin to protect German interests there while the majority of the remaining forces stayed behind to prevent attacks against Tsingtao. The siege of the foreign legations in Peking soon convinced Germany and the other European powers that more forces were needed to be sent to China to reinforce the allied forces. The first troops dispatched from Germany were the Marine-Expeditionskorps which consisted of the "I." and "II. Seebatallions".


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: They were soon followed by the "Ostasiatisches Expeditionskorps" (East Asian Expeditionary Corps), which was a force of about 15,000 of mostly volunteers from the regular Army under the command of Gen Alfred Count von Waldersee. It comprised initially four and later six two-battalion infantry regiments and a Jäger company, single regiments of cavalry and field artillery and various support and logistics units. On arrival in China, it incorporated the Marine-Expeditionskorps that had preceded it to China by a few weeks.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Most of the German forces arrived too late to take part in any of the major actions. The first elements of the Corps arrived at Taku on September 21, after the legations had been relieved. As a result, most of the Corps was mainly employed for garrison duties. They fought a number of smaller engagements against pockets of remaining Boxers. The Corps was later disbanded and recalled to Germany in early 1901.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Three battalions of marines, the II/9th, and the I and II/11th RIMa which were stationed in French Indochina were sent to China. They joined the 1st brigade of Marines commanded by general Henri-Nicolas Frey. In July 1900, the 2nd and 3rd battalions of infantry embarked from Toulon but did not reach China until September. In October, following losses and rotations of duty, the first three battalions sent were included in the 16th regiment of marines by order of general Régis Voyron, commander in chief of the French Expeditionary Corps in China. On 1 January 1901, the 16th RIMa was renamed the 16th regiment of colonial infantry. At the end of the campaign, it moved to a new base in Tianjin, with its headquarters in the former buildings of the Chinese admiralty.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: In 1898, the Italians had demanded San Mun Bay as a concession, but the Chinese refused. The Italian Navy then dispatched a squadron to San Mun Bay, but no further action was taken. The squadron remained there, and in the summer of 1900, when the Boxer Rebellion broke out, detachments from Italian cruisers were sent to Peking. Italian forces were initially made up of sailors from warships. Some of them helped the French defend the Pei Tang Catholic cathedral, and another defended the European Legations in Peking during the famous fifty-five-day siege. Italian sailors also took part in the attacks on the Dagu forts and in capturing Tientsin. However, a larger contingent was later dispatched from Italy, including 83 officers, 1,882 troops, and 178 horses. The contingent included a battalion of Bersaglieri, which was formed from one company each from the 1st, 2nd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 8th, 9th, and 11th Bersaglieri Regiments. In addition, the 24th Line Regiment, volunteers from the Alpini, a battery of machine guns, and some engineers were also sent to China. A battery of field guns was also supplied by the Italian Navy. The total force of 1,965 officers and men, which composed the Italian expeditionary force against the Boxers, was officially referred to as the Italian Royal Troops in China. In August 1900, when the larger force reached the capital, the Italians had seven cruisers and 2,543 men in the country. They were involved in numerous operations along the coast and in the interior of northern China.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The larger part of the approximately 2,000 Italian soldiers and officers who fought in the campaign against the Boxers were recalled from Peking after the end of the conflict. Italy obtained a 151-acre concession area in Tianjin and the right to occupy the Shanhaiguan fort. A small naval squadron and a naval garrison were maintained in China to protect Italian interests there.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Japan provided the largest contingent of troops; 20,840, as well as 18 warships. Of the total number, 20,300 were Imperial Japanese Army troops of the 5th Infantry Division under Lieutenant General Yamaguchi Motoomi; the remainder were 540 naval "rikusentai" (Marines) from the Imperial Japanese Navy.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: At the beginning of the Boxer Rebellion, the Japanese had only 215 troops in northern China stationed at Tientsin, nearly all of whom were naval "rikusentai" from the and the , under the command of Captain Shimamura Hayao. The Japanese were able to contribute 52 men to the Seymour Expedition. On June 12, the advance of the Seymour Expedition was halted some 30 miles from the capital, by mixed Boxer and Chinese regular army forces. The vastly-outnumbered allies withdrew to the vicinity of Tianjin and had suffered more than 300 casualties.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: The army general staff in Tokyo had become aware of the worsening conditions in China and had drafted ambitious contingency plans, but the government, in the wake of the Triple Intervention five years earlier, refused to deploy a large contingent of troops unless it was requested by the western powers. However, three days later a provisional force of 1,300 troops, commanded by Major General Fukushima Yasumasa, was deployed to northern China. Fukushima was chosen because of his ability to speak fluent English, which enabled him to communicate with the British commander. The force landed near Tianjin on July 5.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: On June 17, naval "Rikusentai" from the "Kasagi" and "Atago" had joined British, Russian and German sailors to seize the Dagu forts, near Tianjin. The British, in light of the precarious situation, were compelled to ask Japan for additional reinforcements since the Japanese had the only readily available forces in the region. Britain at the time was heavily engaged in the Boer War and so much of the British Army was tied down in South Africa. In addition, deploying large numbers of troops from its garrisons in India would take too much time and weaken internal security there.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Overriding personal doubts, Foreign Minister Aoki Shūzō calculated that the advantages of participating in an allied coalition were too attractive to ignore. Prime Minister Yamagata likewise concurred, but others in the cabinet demanded that guarantees from the British in return for the risks and costs of the major deployment of Japanese troops. On July 6, the 5th Infantry Division was alerted for possible deployment to China, but no timetable was set for its deployment. Two days later, on July 8, with more ground troops urgently needed to lift the siege of the foreign legations at Peking, the British ambassador offered the Japanese government one million pound sterling in exchange for Japanese participation.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Shortly afterward, advance units of the 5th Division departed for China, bringing Japanese strength to 3,800 members of the 17,000-strong allied force. The commander of the 5th Division, Lt. General Yamaguchi Motoomi had taken operational control from Fukushima. Japanese troops were involved in the storming of Tianjin on July 14, and the allies later consolidated and awaited the remainder of the 5th Division and other coalition reinforcements. The siege of legations was lifted on August 14; the Japanese force of 13,000 was the largest single contingent, making up about 40 percent of the approximately 33,000-strong allied expeditionary force.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Japanese troops involved in the fighting had acquitted themselves well although a British military observer felt that their aggressiveness, densely-packed formations, and overwillingness to attack cost them excessive and disproportionate casualties. For example, during the Tianjin fighting, the Japanese suffered more than half of the allied casualties, 400 out of 730, but made up less than one quarter (3,800) of the force of 17,000. Similarly at Beijing, the Japanese accounted for almost two thirds of the losses, 280 of 453, but constituted slightly less than half of the assault force.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: Russia supplied the second largest force, after Japan, with 12,400 troops consisting mainly of garrisons from Port Arthur and Vladivostok. On 30 November 1900, Admiral Yevgeni Ivanovich Alekseyev compelled the Chinese military governor of Shenyang, Zeng Qi, to sign an agreement that effectively ended Chinese sovereignty over Manchuria and placed it under Russian control.


title: Eight-Nation Alliance

text: In the United States, the suppression of the Boxer Rebellion was known as the "China Relief Expedition". The United States was able to play a major role in suppressing the Boxer Rebellion largely because of the presence of American forces deployed in the Philippines since the US annexation after the Spanish–American War in 1898. Of the foreigners under siege in Beijing, there were 56 American Sailors and Marines from the USS "Oregon" and USS "Newark". The main American formations deployed to relieve the siege were the 9th Infantry and 14th Infantry regiments, elements of the 6th Cavalry regiment, the 5th Artillery regiment, and a Marine battalion, all under the command of Adna Chaffee. Future President Herbert Hoover and First Lady Mrs. Lou Henry Hoover were living in the foreign compound during the siege when Mr. Hoover was working for the Chinese Engineering and Mining Company. Mr. Hoover helped erect barricades and formed a protective force of the able bodied men. Mrs. Hoover helped set up a hospital, nursed the wounded, set up a dairy, took part in the night watch, took tea to sentries and carried a Mauser .38 semi-automatic pistol.


title: Clerks II

text: Clerks II is a 2006 American comedy film written and directed by Kevin Smith, the sequel to his 1994 film "Clerks", and his sixth feature film to be set in the View Askewniverse. The film stars Brian O'Halloran, Jeff Anderson, Rosario Dawson, Trevor Fehrman, Jennifer Schwalbach Smith, Jason Mewes, and Smith, and picks up with the original characters from "Clerks": Dante Hicks, Randal Graves and Jay and Silent Bob ten years after the events of the first film. Unlike the first film, which was shot in black-and-white, this film was shot in color.


title: Clerks II

text: The film screened out of competition at the 2006 Cannes Film Festival and won the Audience Award at the 2006 Edinburgh International Film Festival before receiving a theatrical release on July 21, 2006 to critical and commercial success, grossing $27 million worldwide from a $5 million budget. A third film was released in 2022.


title: Clerks II

text: Ten years after the events of the first film, Dante opens the Quick Stop convenience store to find that it is on fire as Randal had left the coffee pot on after closing the night before. Because Quick Stop and the adjacent RST Video have been destroyed in the fire, Dante and Randal begin working at a Mooby's fast food restaurant along with teenager Elias Grover and their manager Becky Scott.


title: Clerks II

text: A year later, Dante is planning to leave his minimum wage lifestyle in favor of a family life in Florida with his fiancée Emma Bunting, whose rich father will provide them with a home and a car wash business to run. Afraid of losing his best friend, Randal becomes resentful towards Dante and Emma's relationship. Jay and Silent Bob have followed Dante and Randal, and now loiter outside of Mooby's. Although they continue to sell drugs, Jay and Silent Bob have become sober after they were arrested for possession and sent to rehab; they become devout Christians after their release.


title: Clerks II

text: Dante tells Becky that he is worried about dancing at his wedding, so she takes him up to the restaurant's roof to teach him some moves. Dante soon releases his inhibitions and begins dancing. When the song ends, Dante, caught up in the moment, confesses his love for Becky, and she reveals that she's pregnant as a result of a one-night stand they had at work a few weeks prior. Becky tells Dante not to tell anyone about the baby; however, he tells Randal, and an angered Becky leaves when she finds out.


title: Clerks II

text: Randal encourages Dante to leave Mooby's in search of Becky, so he can set up a surprise going away party for him. Randal hires "Kinky Kelly and the Sexy Stud," a donkey show, with a fog machine for the party. When Dante returns, he mistakes the fog for fire and calls the fire department, but upon discovering that it's not a fire, proceeds to watch with Randal, Jay, Silent Bob, and Elias.


title: Clerks II

text: The group discovers that "Kinky Kelly" is, in fact, the donkey, while the man, whom Randal thought to be the pimp, is "The Sexy Stud". When Becky returns, she admits that she too loves Dante. As they kiss, Emma arrives with a cake she made for Dante. She throws her engagement ring at Becky, dumps the cake over Dante's head, knees him in the crotch, and storms off.


title: Clerks II

text: The fire and police departments arrive, and Dante, Randal, Elias, Jay, Silent Bob, and The Sexy Stud are arrested as a result of the show. Although they are informed they'll be released without being charged, Dante blames Randal for ruining his life and expresses his eagerness to start a new life without him, while Randal condemns Dante for his willingness to live his life under the standards of others and for abandoning their friendship.


title: Clerks II

text: During the argument, Randal proposes that they buy the Quick Stop and re-open it themselves, although Dante says that neither have the money to do it. Jay and Silent Bob offer to lend them the money (from the royalties they collected from the "Bluntman and Chronic" movie in "Jay and Silent Bob Strike Back") provided that they can hang out outside of the store anytime they want without the police being called. Randal accepts their offer, but Dante is uncertain, prompting Randal to emotionally confess his fear of losing Dante.


title: Clerks II

text: Moved by Randal's confession, Dante agrees to the proposition. After the group are released, Dante proposes to Becky, who happily accepts. After the Quick Stop and RST Video are rebuilt, Elias applies for a job and is hired at RST Video.


title: Clerks II

text: In the very last scene, with the store open, Dante tells Randal, "Can you feel it? Today is the first day of the rest of our lives." The color evaporates from the film and the camera pulls back to reveal the milk maid from the first movie still going through all the gallons.


title: Clerks II

text: In 1999, the original title was slated to be "Clerks 2: Hardly Clerkin" (cf. Jerry Lewis's "Hardly Working"), as seen in the credits of "Dogma". Smith later modified the title to "The Passion of the Clerks", lampooning the title of Mel Gibson's "The Passion of the Christ". According to the DVD documentary, the title was changed to simply "Clerks II", due to negative reaction to the "Passion" title. The film was shot from September to November 2005. It was originally scheduled for a 2005 release, and then a January 2006 release, but the production was pushed back due to other projects and Kevin Smith's involvement in the romantic comedy "Catch and Release".


title: Clerks II

text: Smith released production diaries on the "Clerks II" website (see links below). They chronicle the entire making of the film from the first rehearsals all the way through to the final release. Some of these web diaries are also available on the two-disc DVD of the film. Smith released a Web-only teaser trailer on the "Clerks II" website on January 9, 2006, and a web-only trailer on April 2, 2006. Smith also released several shorts featuring action figures from his previous films to promote the film.


title: Clerks II

text: Before the release of the film, Smith had mentioned releasing an MP3 file commentary to be downloaded and listened to in movie theaters via iPod. Ultimately, theater owners and exhibitors objected, and the plan was scrapped. The abandoned commentary, featuring Smith, Scott Mosier and Jeff Anderson, is included on the DVD.


title: Clerks II

text: The bookend Quick Stop scenes are in black and white (to simulate the original visual style of "Clerks"), while the rest of the film is in color. Smith has said that much of the film's color was desaturated almost to the point where the film had a similar texture to the first film. The contrast in color saturation used can be seen in the "ABC" sequence in which a more vibrant and saturated color temperature is used to give a warm and sunny look that adds to the playful nature of the piece.


title: Clerks II

text: On the film's MySpace account, a contest was held in which the first 10,000 MySpace users who added "Clerks II" as a friend would have their name in the theatrical and DVD end credits; the list follows the View Askew and Weinstein Company logos. The names are not present in the credits on the Region 2 DVD.


title: Clerks II

text: The Mooby's restaurant was a shut-down Burger King at 8572 Stanton Ave in Buena Park, California (near Knott's Berry Farm), that has since been demolished. The final days of principal photography were filmed at the Quick Stop and RST Video store in Leonardo, New Jersey, with some exceptions, the most notable being the go-kart scene, which was shot at Speedzone in Industry, California. The opening sequence where Randal and Dante are driving to work is a montage of Route 35, mostly in Middletown, New Jersey.


title: Clerks II

text: Brian O'Halloran, Jeff Anderson, Jason Mewes, and Kevin Smith all reprised their roles from the first film.


title: Clerks II

text: According to the DVD commentary, Kevin Smith originally wanted to cast his wife Jennifer Schwalbach Smith as Becky. Executive producer Harvey Weinstein objected, however, wanting a known actress to play the role for marketing reasons. Other actresses that Smith had met with were Sarah Silverman and Bryce Dallas Howard who both declined. Smith recalls having lunch with Howard who said she was interested in the film but ultimately passed in order to do "Lady in the Water". Silverman said she didn't want to play the Becky character as she had been cast as girlfriends in numerous other productions and feared type-casting, but loved the script and would have been more than willing to play the part of Randal Graves. Rachel Weisz was another name the studio considered, but Smith figured she would turn the role down and never offered her the part. Ellen Pompeo expressed an interest but could not commit due to scheduling difficulties with "Grey's Anatomy". Finally, the role was offered to Rosario Dawson who loved the script. She later said that reading the "donkey show" scene sealed the deal for her. Schwalbach Smith was given the secondary female role of Emma. Smith also cast his daughter Harley Quinn Smith as the little girl Dante waves to in the window and his mother Grace as the Milk Maid, reprising her role from the first film. Walt Flanagan makes a cameo appearance as a customer who asks for a "pack of cigarettes" (after the scheme changes from color to black 'n' white), in a nod to the first film as well.


title: Clerks II

text: The character of Elias was played by Trevor Fehrman who had previously worked in Anderson's film "Now You Know". Smith saw him in the film and was impressed enough to give him a part. In keeping with Smith's tradition of casting actors that he has previously worked with, both Jason Lee and Ben Affleck had parts in the film. Lee played Lance Dowds and Affleck played a random Mooby's customer. After finding no one else who could pull off being the Sexy Stud, Smith turned to crew member Zak Charles Knutson to fill the role.


title: Clerks II

text: The film was originally planned to be released without an MPAA film rating, in order to avoid receiving an NC-17. Smith claimed "If we put it in front of the ratings board they'd be like, 'You're insane. We have to create a new rating for that.'" However, he later submitted it, and it received an R rating without any edits.


title: Clerks II

text: The film opened in 2,150 theaters and grossed $10.1 million domestically in its first weekend. The film's theatrical gross was $24.1 million domestically, plus an additional $2.8 million from other territoires foreign, against its production budget of $5 million.


title: Clerks II

text: The film holds a 63% approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, based on 166 reviews with an average rating of 6.10/10. The website's critical consensus reads, ""Clerks II" dishes up much of the graphic humor and some of the insight that made the 1994 original a cult hit." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 65 out of 100, based on 29 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Clerks II

text: In a review for "The New York Times", A. O. Scott wrote that "What makes "Clerks II" both winning and (somewhat unexpectedly) moving is its fidelity to the original "Clerks" ethic of hanging out, talking trash and refusing all worldly ambition. If anything, the sequel is more defiant in its disdain for the rat race, elevating the white-guy-doing-nothing prerogative from a lifestyle choice to a moral principle." Justin Chang's review at "Variety" called it a "softer, flabbier and considerably higher-budgeted follow-up to Kevin Smith's 1994 indie sensation that nevertheless packs enough riotous exchanges and pungent sexual obscenities to make its 97 minutes pass by with ease."


title: Clerks II

text: At an advance screening for critics, Joel Siegel walked out of the film approximately 40 minutes in, during a scene in which the characters attempt to procure a donkey for sexual purposes. Smith claimed on his website that Siegel "bellowed" the phrase "Time to go! This is the first movie I've walked out on in thirty fucking years!" "TV Guide" film critic Maitland McDonagh, who said she was sitting next to Siegel, largely confirms Smith's account but insists that Siegel did not curse or "bellow." However, she reports that he left from the farthest possible exit, thereby making sure everyone noticed his departure. On his blog, Smith criticized Siegel for unprofessional conduct, in a profanity-laced tirade in which he referred to the critic performing sexual acts on director M. Night Shyamalan in regard to his praise for "The Village" before having seen it. Smith later confronted Siegel in a live interview on "Opie and Anthony"; Siegel apologized for cursing and causing a scene, and told Smith that he thinks he is a "fine filmmaker," while still defending his decision to walk out.


title: Clerks II

text: British entertainer and film-critic Jonathan Ross has been largely critical of the film, saying he disliked it even more than the first film; he expressed distaste that the film was voted by viewers of his "Film 2006" show into the top ten of the year, in which it ranked sixth. It made other Best of 2006 lists, including being named movie of the year by MTV India, being voted the third-funniest film of 2006 by IMDb users and the ninth-best reviewed comedy by Rotten Tomatoes.


title: Clerks II

text: "Music from the Motion Picture Clerks II", the soundtrack to the film, was released on August 22, 2006 by Bulletproof Records. It includes songs from the film, which are of various artists and genres, as well as many soundclips of dialog from the film. One notable exception is that The Smashing Pumpkins' "1979", which was featured in the film, is not included. It has been replaced by All Too Much's "Think Fast", which was not featured in the film.


title: Clerks II

text: "The Hollywood Reporter" reported that the film opened to #4 in terms of rental and DVD sales, and made approximately $6 million in rentals, or a quarter of the total box office gross of $24.2 million.


title: Clerks II

text: "Clerks II" was released on HD DVD on January 16, 2007. The release featured the film in 1080p high definition on one disc and the same extras as the DVD, also presented in 1080p, on a second disc. After the conclusion of the high definition optical disc format war in February 2008, "Clerks II" was released on Blu-ray Disc on February 3, 2009 with two additional special features.


title: Clerks II

text: On February 9, 2017, Smith revealed on Facebook that although a script had been completed, "Clerks III" had been cancelled as "one of the four leads opted out of the flick". He later revealed that Jeff Anderson was the one who opted out. On October 1, 2019, Smith announced on Instagram that "Clerks III" was happening and that Anderson agreed to reprise his role as Randal. "It'll be a movie that concludes a saga. It'll be a movie about how you're never too old to completely change your life. It'll be a movie about how a decades-spanning friendship finally confronts the future. It'll be a movie that brings us back to the beginning - a return to the cradle of civilization in the great state of #newjersey. It'll be a movie that stars Jeff and @briancohalloran, with me and Jay in supporting roles. And it'll be a movie called CLERKS III!"


title: Clerks II

text: Principal photography began on August 2, 2021 in Red Bank, New Jersey. Filming wrapped on August 31, 2021. The film is scheduled to be released on September 13, 2022 by Lionsgate (whose film studio acquired the catalogue of The Weinstein Company from Spyglass.) and Fathom Events.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: According to the "Sunday Times Rich List" in 2021, Lewis has a net worth of £4.33 billion, an increase of £338 million from 2020. Lewis is majority owner of the Premier League football team Tottenham Hotspur.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Lewis was born to a Jewish family above a public house in Roman Road, Bow, London. Lewis left school at 15 to help run his father's West End catering business, Tavistock Banqueting. When he took the reins, he quickly expanded it by selling luxury goods to American tourists, and also owned West End club the Hanover Grand, where he gave Robert Earl his first job. He later sold the business in 1979 to make his initial wealth.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: After selling the family business in the late 1970s, Lewis moved into currency trading in the 1980s and 1990s, resulting in his move to the Bahamas where he is now a tax exile. In September 1992, Lewis teamed up with George Soros to bet on the pound's crashing out of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism. The event, which was dubbed Black Wednesday, made Lewis very wealthy. It has been suggested by some that he made more money from the event than Soros. Lewis is still an active foreign exchange trader.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Lewis hosted the Tavistock Cup tournament every March from 2004 through 2013, in Florida, raising millions of dollars for charity, and owns three of the six clubs that competed in 2013: Albany, Lake Nona Golf & Country Club and Isleworth Golf & Country Club. Lewis built a golf community in the Bahamas called Albany, which opened in October 2010. Lewis currently resides in Albany. Tiger Woods and Ernie Els are also major shareholders in the luxury resort community located in New Providence. Lewis made a £70 million investment in Bulgarian property development.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Lewis seeded Lake Nona, covering 7,000 acres next to Orlando's international airport, with $100 million in gifts and land which was cultivated into a large-scale community offering research and educational facilities, hospitals for veterans and children, a town center, and a range of workspaces and residential options.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Since Lewis bought a property in Río Negro Province, Argentina, public access to Escondido lake has been under discussion. The Argentine law asserts that every water course is public and of free access. In 2009 Lewis was ordered by the Superior Tribunal de Justicia (STJ) to create and keep access to the lake, with "sufficient signage and to keep it transitable", but the ruling has not been enforced. Lewis' frontman Van Ditmer stated: "We are going to defend the private property with the Winchester in the hands; with blood if needed".


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: He is currently planning to use a huge protected area, four times the size of the city of Buenos Aires, for another private development, against the wishes of the locals. The property was bought for 69 pesos per hectare, currently about US$4. This low price was secured by using the name of a local 'poblador' on the deed, after which it was transferred to him. It is suggested that the Hidden Lake property is needed to supply water and (hydraulic) energy to this new property, dubbed the private state in Patagonia. In January 2017, new mass protests have started in El Bolson against this project.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: On 10 September 2007, Lewis paid US$860.4 million in an all-cash purchase of a 7% stake in Bear Stearns. By December 2007 Lewis had raised his stake at the brokerage firm to 9.4%, a total of 11 million shares, for which he paid an average price of $107 apiece. After the purchase of Bear Stearns by JP Morgan for $10 a share, it was estimated that Lewis lost $1.16 billion on his investment.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Lewis is the largest shareholder in the British public house group Mitchells & Butlers, controlling 26.85% of the issued share capital through his investment vehicle Piedmont, which he built up since 2008.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: His first marriage to Esther Browne ended in divorce. They had two children: Vivienne Lewis Silverton and Charles Lewis.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Vivienne Lewis Silverton is seen as his "heir" and serves on Tavistock's board of directors. She is divorced from Toby Silverton, the former chairman of Bristol Cars, once fully owned by Tavistock. She was engaged to the ex-Liverpool footballer Craig Johnston for 18 years in the 2000s to 2010s. Charles Lewis lives in Argentina, Lewis is now married to Jane Lewis.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Lewis' art collection is estimated to be worth $1 billion and includes works by Picasso, Matisse, Lucian Freud and sculptor Henry Moore. Lewis bought Francis Bacon's "Triptych 1974–1977" in 2008 for £26.3 million, then a record for postwar artwork bought in Europe. In November 2018 Joe Lewis sold his "Portrait of an Artist (Pool with Two Figures)" by David Hockney in Christie's salesroom for $90.3 million.


title: Joe Lewis (British businessman)

text: Lewis is the owner of several versions of Arturo Di Modica's iconic "Charging Bull", including the original, which the artist installed during the middle of the night on 15 December 1989 on Wall Street with no prior permission from the authorities.


title: Worth (film)

text: Worth is a 2020 biographical film directed by Sara Colangelo from a screenplay by Max Borenstein and starring Michael Keaton, Amy Ryan, Stanley Tucci, Tate Donovan, Shunori Ramanathan, and Laura Benanti. The film depicts Kenneth Feinberg's handling of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund. The picture had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2020 and was exhibited in a limited theatrical release and on Netflix beginning September 3, 2021.


title: Worth (film)

text: The film opens with Kenneth Feinberg detailing the law's recognition of the monetary value of a person's life to his class at Columbia University. Some time later, the September 11 attacks occur. Feinberg is appointed the Special Master of the September 11th Victim Compensation Fund while his law partner, Camille Biros, is appointed as his administrative deputy. Feinberg develops a rigid formula for each payout based on the victim's income, and is instructed that if he cannot convince at least 80 percent of the 7,000 estimated victims to sign on then they will be eligible to file a lawsuit which they may lose (as well as the pressure from the political administrations to save the airlines from being sued, leading to financial disaster). Feinberg is given until December 22, 2003 to accomplish this.


title: Worth (film)

text: At an introductory meeting with victims in which he attempts to explain the rules governing the fund, Feinberg is perceived as insensitive to the losses suffered by attendees. The hostile group is calmed when Charles Wolf, the husband of a woman killed in the attacks, who demands that they listen to what Feinberg has to say. After the meeting, Feinberg is confronted by Frank Donato, the brother of a deceased New York City Fire Department (FDNY) firefighter, Nick. His brother had re-entered the tower to find him after communication, which may not have reached Nick, warned that the building would fail. Frank demands that Feinberg include this information in the report to remedy this flaw in the communication system for first responders. Feinberg deflects that demand in lawyerly fashion. Feinberg also is disturbed to learn that Wolf was offended by the callous nature of the fund's formula and has started a protest group.


title: Worth (film)

text: Biros leads the staff in holding meetings with victims and is moved by the story of a gay man, Graham Morris, whose partner (whose parents vehemently denied that their son was gay) was killed in the attack. Due to the rules governing the fund, he cannot be compensated as he is a resident of the state of Virginia, which does not recognize civil partnerships. Feinberg also meets with several lawyers representing the loved ones of upper-class victims of the attacks, who want more money, which threatens the success of the group as a whole. As the months drag on, the fund manages to attract only a fraction of the necessary applicants, leading Feinberg to hold a private meeting with Wolf in which the latter accuses Feinberg of serving only the interests of the Bush administration.


title: Worth (film)

text: A lawyer representing Donato's extra-marital partner calls Feinberg to inform him that Donato has two daughters from that relationship who qualify for compensation. This leads Feinberg to try to inform Donato's widow to convince her to sign on after she had earlier refused. As the months drag on, Feinberg is increasingly unsuccessful in convincing victims to file for compensation from the government fund. After Wolf approaches him one evening at the opera and recounts an anecdote from years earlier in which his deceased wife encouraged him to persevere in the face of failure, Feinberg finds his spirit renewed.


title: Worth (film)

text: Feinberg and Biros begin to use the discretion government gave him to expand the rules to cover as many victims as they can under the fund. Feinberg begins to meet victims. He constructs a shrine in his office from the various mementos given to him by fund applicants. When Wolf sees that Feinberg truly cares for the victims of the attacks, he is able to convince his fellow victims to trust Feinberg. By the deadline, the vast majority of those eligible for compensation sign the forms, ensuring the success of the project. Feinberg is visited by Donato's widow to sign on behalf of her husband's children. Biros tearfully calls Morris to inform him that while she was unable to help him as the gay partner of a victim, because his state did not recognize their relationship, the fund did compensate many other gay couples who lived in states that recognized same-sex unions. The film ends with a title card stating that Feinberg and Biros were able to distribute billions in government money to 97 percent of eligible victims and that they continue to work on similar cases.


title: Worth (film)

text: The project was announced during the 2018 Berlin Film Festival, with David Frankel directing from a screenplay by Max Borenstein, which was featured in the 2008 Black List. Michael Keaton was cast to play the role of Kenneth Feinberg. Sales for the film took place at the 2018 Cannes Film Festival. In February 2019, Sara Colangelo replaced Frankel as director and Stanley Tucci was added to the cast. In March, Shunori Ramanthan and Victor Slezak were cast. In April 2019, Laura Benanti, Amy Ryan, Talia Balsam and Tate Donovan joined the cast of the film.


title: Worth (film)

text: It had its world premiere at the Sundance Film Festival on January 24, 2020. In February 2021, Netflix and Higher Ground Productions acquired distribution rights to the film. It was released in a limited release and on Netflix on September 3, 2021.


title: Worth (film)

text: According to review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, of critic reviews are positive, with an average rating of . The website's critics consensus reads, "It isn't as hard-hitting as one might expect, but "Worth" remains a powerfully performed and rewardingly complex dramatization of real-life events." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 67 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews".


title: Ellie Rowsell

text: Ellen Ciara Rowsell (born 19 July 1992) is an English singer and musician from North London. She serves as the lead vocalist and guitarist of the Mercury Prize winning indie rock band Wolf Alice. Rowsell is known for her soprano voice.


title: Ellie Rowsell

text: Rowsell was born on 19 July 1992 in Archway, North London, and grew up in an Irish community, with her father who is from Dublin. She studied at the Camden School for Girls from 2003 to 2010. At the school, Rowsell wrote stories and poetry, picking up the guitar at the age of 14 and later developing her songwriting using GarageBand.


title: Ellie Rowsell

text: In February 2021, Rowsell publicly accused rock singer Marilyn Manson of upskirting her with a GoPro backstage at a music festival. Her accusations came in the wake of a wave of abuse allegations made against Manson.


title: Ellie Rowsell

text: During the 2017 United Kingdom General Election, Rowsell endorsed the Labour Party, calling the vote "a vote between the fair and the unfair." She is a vocal supporter of former Labour Party leader Jeremy Corbyn.


title: Ellie Rowsell

text: In October 2017, Corbyn encouraged his supporters via Twitter to buy the Wolf Alice album, "Visions of a Life", to try to send it to No. 1 in the UK Albums Chart during its high-profile race against the Shania Twain album "Now", saying he was "returning the favour" following the group's support of him during the 2017 general election.


title: Burgundy (color)

text: The color burgundy takes its name from the Burgundy wine in France. When referring to the color, "burgundy" is not usually capitalized.


title: Burgundy (color)

text: The color burgundy is similar to Bordeaux (#4C1C24), Merlot (#73343A), Berry (#A01641), and Redberry (#701f28). Burgundy is made of 50% red, 0% green, and 13% blue. The CMYK percentages are 0% cyan, 100% magenta, 75% yellow, 50% black.


title: Josh Keaton

text: Joshua Luis Wiener (born February 8, 1979), known by his stage name Josh Keaton, is an American voice actor. He is known for his roles as Takashi 'Shiro' Shirogane in "", Spider-Man in various media in addition to Electro in the video game "Marvel's Spider-Man", Jack Darby in "" and the adolescent Hercules in "Hercules". He was also the voice of Ryu Hayabusa in the console versions of "Ninja Gaiden", and the voice of Revolver Ocelot in "".


title: Josh Keaton

text: Keaton was born in Hacienda Heights, California, to a father from Brooklyn, New York, and a mother from Lima, Peru. He has three sisters: Danielle, Alitzah (Ali Navarro), and Sabrina. He is fluent in Spanish which he learned first as a child, and later English. As a child, he learned to speak some Quechua from his maternal grandparents. His father is Jewish and his mother is Catholic.


title: Josh Keaton

text: His career has included television, video game and film work, with a mixture of live acting and voice work for animations. As an infant, he appeared in an OshKosh B'gosh commercial. He was in the 1990s boy band No Authority and was signed to MJJ Music and later RCA Records as a solo artist.


title: Josh Keaton

text: Keaton voiced Jules Brown in "Back to the Future: The Animated Series" during 1991–1992 and Major Ocelot during "" and "".


title: Josh Keaton

text: From 2008 to 2009, he voiced Peter Parker / Spider-Man in "The Spectacular Spider-Man" animated series on The CW. He was originally supposed to voice the character in the 2002 "Spider-Man" video game but his voice work was scrapped and reworked as Harry Osborn / Green Goblin when Tobey Maguire came on to voice the character. He also reprised the role of New Goblin in the 2007 video game "", and Spider-Man again in several video games ("", "Marvel vs. Capcom 3" and ""). From 2017 to 2020, Keaton provided the voice of several recurring characters in "Marvel's Spider-Man" on Disney XD. He would also portray the villain Max Dillon / Electro in the 2018 "Spider-Man" video game developed by Insomniac Games, providing both the physical motion capture and voice for the character.


title: Josh Keaton

text: In 2011, Keaton was the voice for Spyro the Dragon in the "Skylanders" reboot of the franchise, Jack Darby and Tailgate on "", and Hal Jordan / Green Lantern in "".


title: Josh Keaton

text: Since 2012, he is the voice for Anduin Wrynn in the video games "World of Warcraft", "Hearthstone" and "Heroes of the Storm.


title: Josh Keaton

text: At "Wondercon" 2016, it was announced that Keaton would play Shiro, one of the main characters of the "Voltron" animated series "" that premiered on June 10, exclusively on Netflix.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: James Hunter Renfrow (born December 21, 1995) is an American football wide receiver for the Las Vegas Raiders of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Clemson and was drafted by the Raiders in the fifth round of the 2019 NFL Draft.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow attended Socastee High School in Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, where his father, Tim, was the football coach. He played quarterback for Socastee's football team and was rated by Rivals.com as a two-star recruit. He received offers from Appalachian State, Gardner-Webb, Presbyterian, and Wofford, where his father played.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Despite receiving scholarship offers to play football and baseball at schools in the Football Championship Subdivision (FCS), Renfrow enrolled at Clemson University, and walked on to the Clemson Tigers football team. He was and weighed only . He took a redshirt in 2014. By 2015, when he had increased to , he received a scholarship. Renfrow played in all 13 games as a redshirt freshman in 2015, making ten starts, and recording 492 yards and five touchdowns. He caught two touchdown passes in the 2016 College Football Playoff National Championship. In 2016, Renfrow played in just nine games as a sophomore due to injury. He recorded 353 yards and caught four touchdown passes. In the 2017 College Football Playoff National Championship against the Alabama Crimson Tide, he caught the game-winning touchdown


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: In 2018, Renfrow won the Burlsworth Trophy, given to the best college player who began his career as a walk-on. In his final collegiate season in 2018, his receiving total declined slightly, as he recorded 49 receptions for 544 receiving yards and one receiving touchdown. However, he did help Clemson win its second national championship in three years.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow was drafted by the Oakland Raiders with the 149th overall pick in the fifth round of the 2019 NFL Draft, the 17th of 28 wide receivers, one of three Clemson players taken by the Raiders, and the only offensive player drafted from the National Championship team.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow was listed as a starting wide receiver on the Raiders' depth chart since the first release. Renfrow made his NFL debut in Week 1 against the Denver Broncos on "Monday Night Football", with two catches for 13 yards in the 24–16 win. In Week 8 against the Houston Texans, Renfrow caught four passes for 88 yards including a 65-yard touchdown reception, the first of his career in the 27–24 loss. In Week 12 against the New York Jets, Renfrow caught three passes for 31 yards before exiting the game due to a rib injury in the third quarter. After the game, Raiders' head coach Jon Gruden said that Renfrow broke a rib and punctured a lung which could force him to miss the rest of the season. Renfrow returned from injury in Week 16 against the Los Angeles Chargers. During the game, Renfrow caught seven passes for 107 yards and a touchdown during the 24–17 win. In the following week's game against the Denver Broncos, Renfrow caught six passes for 102 yards and a touchdown during the 16-15 loss. Overall, Renfrow finished the 2019 season with 49 receptions for 605 receiving yards and four receiving touchdowns.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow was fined by the NFL on October 5, 2020, for attending a maskless charity event hosted by teammate Darren Waller during the COVID-19 pandemic in violation of the NFL's COVID-19 protocols for the 2020 season. In 2020, Renfrow played in 16 games, started 6, and caught 56 passes for 656 yards, as well as scoring two touchdowns.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: In Week 12, Renfrow had 8 receptions for 134 yards in a 36–33 win over the Dallas Cowboys. In Week 13, Renfrow had 9 receptions for 102 yards in a 17–15 loss against the Washington Football Team. In Week 14, Renfrow had 13 receptions for 117 yards and a 4-yard touchdown pass from Derek Carr in a 9–48 loss to the Kansas City Chiefs. Overall, Renfrow finished the 2021 regular season setting a career high in receptions (103), receiving yards (1,038) and receiving touchdowns (9).


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow made his playoff debut in the Wild Card Round against the Cincinnati Bengals, catching 8 passes for 58 yards in the 26–19 loss.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: On June 10, 2022, Renfrow signed a two-year, $32 million contract extension with the Las Vegas Raiders. In Week 2 against the Arizona Cardinals, Renfrow had seven catches for 59 yards, but fumbled twice with one recovered and returned for a touchdown by Byron Murphy in overtime in the 23-29 loss. Renfrow also suffered a concussion after being hit by Isaiah Simmons during the play that caused the fumble. He was placed on injured reserve on November 10, 2022 and reactivated on December 17, 2022.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow is one of six children. His mother, Suzanne, and brother, Jordan, both graduated from Clemson. Renfrow's father, Tim Renfrow, is one of eleven children.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow married his high school sweetheart, Camilla, on April 13, 2019, in DeBordieu, South Carolina. They have one daughter together.


title: Hunter Renfrow

text: Renfrow is a Christian. Renfrow has said “We’re trying to win every game but at the end of the day, that’s ultimately what matters, what your relationship is with Christ. Whenever football is long and gone and 100 years from now, [God will] still be there and that’s kind of driven me.”


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys is a 2020 American documentary film directed by Brian Herzlinger and produced by Corey Feldman and Arthur Jameson. Feldman also stars in the film. The film showcases allegations that Feldman and fellow actor Corey Haim were sexually abused as children to young adolescents by several men connected to the entertainment industry.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: Feldman and Haim were child actors during the 1980s; the two were close friends and were referred to as "The Two Coreys". Feldman and Haim appeared in a total of nine films together. Following a long battle with drug addiction, Haim died of pneumonia in 2010.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: The film begins with a recording of the 9-1-1 call in which Corey Haim's mother states that she had found him unresponsive.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: The documentary explores the friendship between Haim and Feldman and asserts that both were sexually abused as children in the industry. Feldman names Charlie Sheen, registered sex offender Marty Weiss, convicted child molester Jon Grissom, and Alphy Hoffman as abusers that sexually assaulted him and Haim. Feldman asserts that Sheen raped Haim during the filming of the 1986 film "Lucas". Haim was 13 years of age during the filming of "Lucas", while Sheen was 19.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: Feldman also claims that a "Wolfpack" group is after him and working to try and discredit him. Feldman states that he suspects Judy Haim, Corey Haim's mother, of fronting the group.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: Child singer Ricky Garcia also discusses the sexual abuse he experienced at the hands of his manager.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: The film premiered in Los Angeles on March 9, 2020. The film was intentionally released on the eve of the ten-year anniversary of Corey Haim's death.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: The "Los Angeles Times" story byline read: "Inside Corey Feldman's wild screening of his sexual abuse film as it went off the rails". The film was said to have been streamed simultaneously for the world premiere. A short time into the screening, Feldman stopped the film and took to the stage, claiming he was having technical issues with the online stream. Many believed that the technical disruption was a hoax; however, "the server showing the movie came under attack from an unknown source". After the interruption, the film screening resumed.


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: Haim's mother Judy and sister Cari disputed the allegations in the documentary. On March 10, 2020, "Rolling Stone" staff reporter Tim Chan reported: "Some will question whether the story of Haim's alleged rape is appropriate for Feldman to tell given a grieving mother's vehement opposition to the film and the fact that we've never actually heard Haim comment on the allegations himself".


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: Charlie Sheen strongly denied the allegations made against him in the film, issuing a formal statement:


title: My Truth: The Rape of 2 Coreys

text: In my nearly 35 years as a celebrated entertainer, I have been nothing shy of a forthright, noble and valiant courier of the truth. Consistently admitting and owning a laundry list of shortcomings, wrongdoings and indiscretions this traveler hath traveled—however, every man has a breaking point. These radically groundless and unfounded allegations end now. I now take a passionate stand against those who wish to even entertain the sick and twisted lies against me, GAME OVER.


title: Medjay

text: Medjay (also "Medjai", "Mazoi", "Madjai", "Mejay", Egyptian "mḏꜣ.j", a nisba of "mḏꜣ",) was a demonym used in various ways throughout ancient Egyptian history to refer initially to a nomadic group from Nubia and later as a generic term for desert-ranger police.


title: Medjay

text: In the archaeological record, a culture known as the Pan-Grave Culture is generally considered by experts to represent the Medjay. This culture is named for its distinctive circular graves, found throughout Lower Nubia and Upper Egypt, which date to the late Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period (1800-1550 BCE). The sudden appearance of these graves in the Nile Valley suggests that they represent an immigrant population, while the presence of "Nerita" shells in many of them suggests their occupants came from the Eastern Desert between the Nile and the Red Sea. Other objects commonly found in these graves include the painted skulls of various horned animals, which are found either arranged in a circle around the burial pit or placed in separate offering pits.


title: Medjay

text: The first mention of the Medjay in written records dates back to the Old Kingdom, when they were listed among other Nubian peoples in the "Autobiography of Weni", who was at the time a general serving under Pepi I Meryre (reigned 2332–2287 BC). During this time the term "Medjay" referred to people from the land of Medja, a district thought to be located just east of the Second Nile Cataract in Nubia. Nubia was referred to as Ta-Seti, meaning "Land of the bow", by the Egyptians and the people there (including the Medjay) were renown for their military skills, particularly as archers. A decree from Pepi I's reign, which lists different officials (including an Overseer of the Medja, Irtjet and Satju), illustrates that Medja was at least to some extent subjugated by the Egyptian government. Since the time of Alan Gardiner, a common account has been that the Medjay constituted an ethnic group. More recent work suggests that the term was initially an Egyptian exonym, and that those identified as Medjay may not have considered themselves to have a shared ethnicity, and certainly were not a unified polity.


title: Medjay

text: Written accounts from the Middle Kingdom such as the "Semna Despatches" describe the Medjay as nomadic desert people. Egyptian sources are inconsistent in distinguishing between "Nehesy" people generally and Medjay until the latter portion of the Middle Kingdom. Senwosret III enacted a prohibition on Nehesy movement north of Semna, while the administration began making a distinction between these two categories of people. Liszka hypothesizes that this may have motivated people to take on "Medjay" as an ethnic identity.


title: Medjay

text: They also were sometimes employed as soldiers (as we know from the stele of Res and Ptahwer). And during the Second Intermediate Period, they were even used during Kamose's campaign against the Hyksos and became instrumental in making the Egyptian state into a military power. The Medjay were also hired as soldiers and guards in the Kushite military as well as the Roman Egypt army.


title: Medjay

text: By the Eighteenth Dynasty during the New Kingdom, the Medjay were an elite paramilitary police force. No longer did the term refer to an ethnic group, and over time the new meaning became synonymous with policing in general. As an elite force, the Medjay were often used to protect valuable areas, especially areas of pharaonic interest like capital cities, royal cemeteries, and the borders of Egypt. Though they are best known for their protection of the royal palaces and tombs in Thebes and the surrounding areas, the Medjay were used throughout Upper and Lower Egypt. Each regional unit had its own captains. Chiefs of the Medjay are also known from the New Kingdom, but that title is more likely to refer to a person in charge of building and building material procurement.


title: Medjay

text: At first, the group just consisted of ethnic Medjay and those descended from that ancient tribal group. This changed over time as more and more Egyptians took up their occupation. Records show that various Medjay chiefs and captains had Egyptian names and were depicted as such. Why this change occurred is not known, but it is assumed that, because of the Medjay's elite status, Egyptians joined them.


title: Medjay

text: After the 20th Dynasty, the term Medjay is no longer found in Egyptian records. It is unknown whether the Medjay as an occupation had been abolished or the name of the force had changed. However, there is speculation that a group of people called the Meded who fought against the Kush during the 5th and 4th centuries B.C. might have been related to the Medjay.


title: Medjay

text: Linguistic evidence indicates that the Medjay spoke an ancient Cushitic language related to the Cushitic Beja language and that the Blemmyes were a subdivision of the Medjay. Rilly (2019) mentions historical records of a powerful Cushitic speaking group which controlled Lower Nubia and some cities in Upper Egypt. Rilly (2019) states:


title: Medjay

text: The Blemmyes are another Cushitic speaking tribe, or more likely a subdivision of the Medjay/Beja people, which is attested in Napatan and Egyptian texts from the 6th century BC on.


title: Medjay

text: From the end of the 4th century until the 6th century AD, they held parts of Lower Nubia and some cities of Upper Egypt.


title: Medjay

text: He mentions the linguistic relationship between the modern Beja language and the ancient Cushitic Blemmyan language which dominated Lower Nubia and that the Blemmyes can be regarded as a particular tribe of the Medjay:


title: Medjay

text: The Blemmyan language is so close to modern Beja that it is probably nothing else than an early dialect of the same language. In this case, the Blemmyes can be regarded as a particular tribe of the Medjay.


title: Medjay

text: In the 1932 film "The Mummy", the Medjay are mentioned as Pharaoh Seti I's personal bodyguards in ancient Egypt. They also feature in the 1999 remake "The Mummy", and the sequel "The Mummy Returns" (2001).


title: Medjay

text: In the 2017 video game "Assassin's Creed Origins", the protagonist, Bayek of Siwa, is considered "the last Medjay".


title: Medjay

text: In the game, the Medjay are depicted as a police force whose job is to protect the pharaoh. However, Bayek abandons his duty when he learns that the pharaoh Ptolemy XIII is an ally to a dark and mysterious organization called "The Order of the Ancients"


title: Medjay

text: In the 2020 graphic novel "20s A Difficult Age: The Blue Madjai", by Marcus Orelias, the protagonist of the series goes by the moniker "the Blue Madjai".


title: Medjay

text: In the 2017 video game "For Honor", in the July 2022 "Curse of the Scarab: Title Update 2" software update, a playable character named for and inspired by the Medjay was released.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: Urban Cowboy is a 1980 American romantic Western film directed by James Bridges. The plot concerns the love-hate relationship between Buford Uan "Bud" Davis (John Travolta) and Sissy (Debra Winger). The film's success was credited for spurring a mainstream revival of country music. Much of the action revolves around activities at Gilley's Club, a football-field-sized honky tonk in Pasadena, Texas.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: Buford "Bud" Davis, a native of Spur, Texas, moves to Houston to take a job at an oil refinery where his uncle, Bob Davis, is employed. His goal is to make enough money to return to Spur and buy some land. While staying with Bob and his family, Bud embraces the local nightlife, including spending many nights at Gilley's, a bar and nightclub in Pasadena.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: One night, Bud meets a woman named Sissy at Gilley's. They fall in love, marry soon after and move into a brand-new mobile home. Although they love each other, they quarrel often. Sissy is feisty and independent, while hot-tempered Bud believes in traditional gender roles. Their lives settle into a routine of working during the day and spending time at Gilley's at night, where Bud likes to ride the mechanical bull. When Sissy expresses interest in riding it herself, Bud forbids it.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: Recently-paroled convict Wes Hightower lands a job at Gilley's operating the mechanical bull. When he flirtatiously tips his hat at Sissy, a drunken Bud becomes enraged and gets into a fistfight with him. Sissy, along with her friend Jessie, spends time during the day at Gilley's where Wes teaches Sissy how to ride the mechanical bull. One night at Gilley's, wanting to impress Bud, Sissy rides the bull, but Bud becomes angry that she defied him. When Bud falls off during his second ride, Wes intentionally swings the bull around hard, breaking Bud's arm. At home, Bud and Sissy debate over her riding the bull again. When she insists that she will and assumes Bud was jealous of her riding it better than he does, Bud slaps her and throws her out of the mobile home. Soon after, Bud sees Sissy at Gilley's. She refuses to speak to him, so Bud retaliates by dancing with a beautiful girl named Pam, the daughter of a rich oilman. He leaves with Pam, making sure that Sissy sees them in order to make her jealous. The next morning, she moves in with Wes who lives in a run-down trailer behind Gilley's.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: Bud wants to compete in Gilley's upcoming mechanical bull riding contest in which the winner will be awarded $5,000. While Bud is away training with Bob, a former rodeo champion, Sissy returns to Bud's mobile home to gather her belongings. While there, she cleans the mobile home and leaves Bud a note saying that she hopes that they can get back together. Pam arrives while Sissy is still there, but Sissy leaves shortly thereafter. Pam then discovers Sissy's note and throws it away after reading it. Pam lets Bud believe that she cleaned the mobile home while he was out. Sissy arrives back at Wes's trailer and catches him with Marshalene, a woman who works at Gilley's. After Marshalene leaves, an angry Sissy throws a carton of cigarettes at him and refuses to fix him a meal. In response, Wes physically abuses her.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: Bob urges Bud to make up with Sissy, citing how his own formerly bad behavior nearly ended his marriage. Shortly after, Bob is killed in an accidental explosion at the refinery. Sissy attends the funeral and tells Bud that Wes was fired from Gilley's and is unable to find another job. She says that she and Wes plan to go to Mexico after Wes wins the $5,000 award money at the mechanical bull riding contest that night.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: Bud plans to skip the competition, but his Aunt Corene encourages him to go, saying that Bob would have wanted him to compete. Bud wins the contest but then expresses disappointment that Sissy is not there to see the $5,000 awarded. Pam realizes that Bud still loves Sissy. She tells Bud about Sissy's note that she discarded and that she does not really love him, then urges Bud to reconcile with Sissy. While Sissy is waiting in her car in the parking lot, Wes goes inside Gilley's to rob Bud's $5,000 award money. Bud finds Sissy in the parking lot, tells her that he still loves her and apologizes for hitting her. They reconcile, but after seeing Sissy's bruised face, a furious Bud goes after Wes, and a fight ensues inside the bar. Wes drops his gun, and the stolen cash falls from his jacket. Gilley's staff, discovering the robbery, apprehend Wes. Bud and Sissy leave together, heading for home.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: The film's screenplay was adapted by Aaron Latham and James Bridges from an article by the same name in "Esquire" Magazine written by Latham. The original Esquire article centered on the romance between two Gilley's regulars named Dew Westbrook and Betty Helmer. Westbrook and Helmer's real-life relationship became the inspiration for the on-screen romance between John Travolta's and Debra Winger's characters "Bud" and "Sissy". The movie was directed by Bridges. Some film critics referred to the movie as a country music version of "Saturday Night Fever". The film grossed almost $47 million in the United States alone and represented a temporary recovery for Travolta from 1978's poorly received "Moment by Moment", but the film was not nearly as successful as either "Saturday Night Fever" ($94 million) or "Grease" ($188 million).


title: Urban Cowboy

text: While filming "Urban Cowboy", Travolta had a private corner at the Westheimer Road location of the Ninfa's restaurant chain in Houston.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: "Urban Cowboy" was the first motion picture to be choreographed by Patsy Swayze, which launched her career as a film choreographer.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: The film received generally positive reviews from critics. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film received a 70% "Fresh" rating based on 23 reviews. ""Urban Cowboy" is not only most entertaining but also first-rate social criticism," said Vincent Canby of "The New York Times". "Variety" wrote, "Director James Bridges has ably captured the atmosphere of one of the most famous chip-kicker hangouts of all: Gilley's Club on the outskirts of Houston."


title: Urban Cowboy

text: The film gave Pasadena and Houston a brief turn under the Hollywood spotlight. Andy Warhol, Jerry Hall, and many other celebrities attended the premiere in Houston. Mickey Gilley's career was re-lit after the film release, and the soundtrack started a music movement.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: As a result of the film's success, there was a mainstream revival of country music. The term "Urban Cowboy" was also used to describe the soft-core country music of the early 1980s epitomized by Kenny Rogers, Dolly Parton, Johnny Lee, Mickey Gilley, Janie Frickie and other vocalists whose trademarks were mellow sounds of the sort heard in the movie. This sound became a trademark in country music from the early to mid '80s in which record sales for the genre soared.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: The film featured a hit soundtrack album spawning numerous Top 10 "Billboard" Country Singles, such as #1 "Lookin' for Love" by Johnny Lee, #1 "Stand by Me" by Mickey Gilley, #3 (AC chart) "Look What You've Done to Me" by Boz Scaggs, #1 "Could I Have This Dance" by Anne Murray, and #4 "Love the World Away" by Kenny Rogers. It also included songs that were hits from earlier years such as #1 "The Devil Went Down to Georgia" by the Charlie Daniels Band and "Lyin' Eyes" by the Eagles. The film is said to have started the 1980s boom in pop-country music known as the "Urban Cowboy Movement" also known as Neo-Country or Hill Boogie. In December 2018 the soundtrack was certified triple platinum by the RIAA for sales of three million copies.


title: Urban Cowboy

text: On May 28, 2015, it was announced that 20th Century Fox Television had teamed with Paramount Television to adapt the 1980s film "Urban Cowboy" into a television series, and set Craig Brewer to write and direct the pilot, while to executive produce the whole series. Chris Levinson was set as the showrunner and would executive produce the series along with Robert Evans and Sue Naegle. In December, FOX cancelled the pilot. On February 1, 2022, it was announced that a television adaption was in development at Paramount+, with James Ponsoldt serving as director and co-writer alongside Benjamin Percy.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: Georges Benjamin Clemenceau (, , ; 28 September 1841 – 24 November 1929) was a French statesman who served as Prime Minister of France from 1906 to 1909 and again from 1917 until 1920. A key figure of the Independent Radicals, he was a strong advocate of separation of church and state, amnesty of the Communards exiled to New Caledonia, as well as opposition to colonisation. Clemenceau, a physician turned journalist, played a central role in the politics of the Third Republic, most notably successfully leading France through the end of the First World War.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: After about 1,400,000 French soldiers were killed between the German invasion and Armistice, he demanded a total victory over the German Empire. Clemenceau stood for reparations, a transfer of colonies, strict rules to prevent a rearming process, as well as the restitution of Alsace–Lorraine, which had been annexed to Germany in 1871. He achieved these goals through the Treaty of Versailles signed at the Paris Peace Conference (1919–1920). Nicknamed "Père la Victoire" ("Father of Victory") or "Le Tigre" ("The Tiger"), he continued his harsh position against Germany in the 1920s, although not quite so much as President Raymond Poincaré or former Supreme Allied Commander Ferdinand Foch, who thought the treaty was too lenient on Germany, famously stating: "This is not peace. It is an armistice for twenty years." Clemenceau obtained mutual defence treaties with the United Kingdom and the United States, to unite against a possible future German aggression, but these never took effect.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: Clemenceau was a native of Vendée, born in Mouilleron-en-Pareds. During the period of the French Revolution, Vendée had been a hotbed of monarchist sympathies. The department was remote from Paris, rural, and poor. His mother, Sophie Eucharie Gautreau (1817–1903), was of Huguenot descent. His father, Benjamin Clemenceau (1810–1897), came from a long line of physicians, but lived off his lands and investments and did not practice medicine. Benjamin was a political activist; he was arrested and briefly held in 1851 and again in 1858. He instilled in his son a love of learning, devotion to radical politics, and a hatred of Catholicism. The lawyer Albert Clemenceau (1861–1955) was his brother. His mother was a devout Protestant; his father was an atheist and insisted that his children should have no religious education. Clemenceau was interested in religious issues. He was a lifelong atheist with a sound knowledge of the Bible. He became a leader of anti-clerical or "Radical" forces that battled against the Catholic Church in France and the Catholics in politics. He stopped short of the more extreme attacks. His position was that if church and state were kept rigidly separated, he would not support oppressive measures designed to further weaken the Catholic Church.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: After his studies in the Lycée in Nantes, Clemenceau received his French baccalaureate of letters in 1858. He went to Paris to study medicine and eventually graduated with the completion of his thesis ""De la génération des éléments anatomiques"" in 1865.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: In Paris, the young Clemenceau became a political activist and writer. In December 1861, he and some friends co-founded a weekly newsletter, "Le Travail". On 23 February 1862, he was arrested by the imperial police for having placed posters summoning a demonstration. He spent 77 days in the Mazas Prison. Around the same time, Clemenceau also visited the old French revolutionary Auguste Blanqui and another Republican activist, Auguste Scheurer-Kestner, in jail, further deepening his hatred of the Napoleon III regime and advancing his fervent republicanism.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: He was graduated as a doctor of medicine on 13 May 1865, founded several literary magazines, and wrote many articles, most of which attacked the imperial regime of Napoleon III. After a failed love affair, Clemenceau left France for the United States as the imperial agents began cracking down on dissidents and sending most of them to the "bagne de Cayennes" (Devil's Island Penal System) in French Guiana.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: Clemenceau worked in New York City during the years 1865–1869, following the American Civil War. He maintained a medical practice, but spent much of his time on political journalism for a Parisian newspaper, "Le Temps". He taught French in Great Barrington, Massachusetts, and also taught and rode horseback at a private girls' school in Stamford, Connecticut, where he would meet his future wife. During this time, he joined French exile clubs in New York that were opposing the imperial regime.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: As part of his journalistic activity, Clemenceau covered the country's recovery following the Civil War, the workings of American democracy, and the racial questions related to the end of slavery. From his time in America, he retained a strong faith in American democratic ideals as opposed to France's imperial regime, as well as a sense of political compromise that later would become a hallmark of his political career.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: On 23 June 1869, he married Mary Eliza Plummer (1849–1922), in New York City. She had attended the school where he taught horseback riding and was one of his students. She was the daughter of Harriet A. Taylor and William Kelly Plummer.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: Following their marriage, the Clemenceaus moved to France. They had three children together, Madeleine (born in 1870), Thérèse (1872) and Michel (1873).


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: Although Clemenceau had many mistresses, when his wife took a tutor of their children as her lover, Clemenceau had her put in jail for two weeks and then sent her back to the United States on a steamer in third class. The marriage ended in a contentious divorce in 1891. He obtained custody of their children. He then had his wife stripped of French nationality.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: Clemenceau had returned to Paris after the French defeat at the Battle of Sedan in 1870 during the Franco-Prussian War and the fall of the Second French Empire. After returning to medical practice as a physician in Vendée, he was appointed mayor of the 18th arrondissement of Paris, including Montmartre, and he also was elected to the National Assembly for the 18th arrondissement. When the Paris Commune seized power in March 1871, he tried unsuccessfully to find a compromise between the more radical leaders of the Commune and the more conservative French government. The Commune declared that he had no legal authority to be mayor and seized the city hall of the 18th arrondissement. He ran for election to the Paris Commune council, but received fewer than eight hundred votes and took no part in its governance. He was in Bordeaux when the commune was suppressed by the French Army in May 1871.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: After the fall of the commune, he was elected to the Paris municipal council on 23 July 1871 for the Clignancourt quarter and retained his seat until 1876. He first held the offices of secretary and vice-president, then he became president in 1875.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: In 1876, Clemenceau stood for the Chamber of Deputies (which replaced the National Assembly in 1875) and was elected for the 18th arrondissement. He joined the far left and his energy and mordant eloquence speedily made him the leader of the radical section. In 1877, after the Crisis of 16 May 1877, he was one of the republican majority who denounced the ministry of the Duc de Broglie. Clemenceau led resistance to the anti-republican policy of which the incident of 16 May was a manifestation. In 1879, his demand for the indictment of the Broglie ministry brought him prominence.


title: Georges Clemenceau

text: From 1876 to 1880, Clemenceau was one of the main defenders of the general amnesty of thousands of Communards, members of the revolutionary government of the 1871 Paris Commune who had been deported to New Caledonia. Along with other radicals and figures such as poet and then-Senator Victor Hugo, as well as a growing number of republicans, he supported several unsuccessful proposals. Finally a general amnesty was adopted on 11 July 1880. The "reconciliation" envisaged by Clemenceau could begin, as the remaining deported Communards returned to France, including his friend Louise Michel.