title: Television (band)

text: Television's first album, "Marquee Moon", was received positively by music critics and audiences and entered the "Billboard" 200 albums chart – it also sold well in Europe and reached the Top 30 in many countries there. Upon its initial release in 1977, Roy Trakin wrote in the "SoHo Weekly" "forget everything you've heard about Television, forget punk, forget New York, forget CBGB's ... hell, forget rock and roll—this is the real item." Critics have since ranked the album number 83 on cable music channel VH1's 2000 list of the 100 Greatest Albums of Rock and Roll and number 128 on "Rolling Stone"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 2003 list of the 500 greatest albums of all time. It was ranked number two in "Uncut" magazine's "100 Greatest Debut Records" and number 3 on Pitchfork Media's list of the best albums of the 1970s. Stephen Thomas Erlewine of AllMusic writes that the album was "revolutionary" and composed "entirely of tense garage rockers that spiral into heady intellectual territory, which is achieved through the group's long, interweaving instrumental sections."


title: Television (band)

text: Television's second album, "Adventure", was recorded and released in 1978. Softer and more reflective than their debut album, "Adventure" was well received by critics despite modest sales.


title: Television (band)

text: The members' independent and strongly held artistic visions, along with Richard Lloyd's drug abuse, led to the band's break-up in July 1978. Both Lloyd and Verlaine pursued solo careers, while Ficca became the drummer for the new wave band The Waitresses.


title: Television (band)

text: Television reformed in 1992, released a self-titled third album and have performed live sporadically thereafter. Since being wooed back on stage together for the 2001 All Tomorrow's Parties festival at Camber Sands, England, they've played a number of dates around the world and continue to perform on an irregular basis.


title: Television (band)

text: In 2007, Richard Lloyd announced he would be amicably leaving the band after a midsummer show in New York City's Central Park. Due to an extended hospital stay recovering from pneumonia, he was unable to make the Central Park concert. Jimmy Rip substituted for him that day and was subsequently asked to join the band full-time in Lloyd's place. On July 7, 2011, the new lineup performed at the Beco 203 music festival in São Paulo, Brazil. In an MTV Brazil interview, the band confirmed that an album with about ten new tracks was close to being finished, but as of 2020, that album has not surfaced.


title: Television (band)

text: As with many emerging punk bands, the Velvet Underground was a strong influence. Television also drew inspiration from minimalist composers such as Steve Reich. Tom Verlaine has often cited the influence of surf bands the Ventures and Dick Dale to Television's approach to the guitar, and he has also expressed a fondness for the bands Love and Buffalo Springfield, two groups noted for their dual-guitar interplay. Television's ties to punk were underscored by their late '60s garage rock leanings; the band often covered the Count Five's "Psychotic Reaction" and the 13th Floor Elevators' "Fire Engine" in concert.


title: Television (band)

text: Lester Bangs heard in Television's music the influence of Quicksilver Messenger Service, noting a similarity between Verlaine's guitar playing and John Cipollina's. Tom Verlaine has downplayed the comparison, citing The Ventures as a more apt reference point.


title: Television (band)

text: Though Verlaine and Lloyd were nominally "rhythm" and "lead" guitarists, they often rendered such labels obsolete by crafting interlocking parts, where the ostensible rhythm role could be as intriguing as the lead. Al Handa writes, "In Television's case, Lloyd was the guitarist who affected the tonality of the music more often than not, and Verlaine and the rhythm section the ones who gave the ear its anchor and familiar musical elements. Listen only to Lloyd, and you can hear some truly off the wall ideas being played." The opening of the song "Marquee Moon" from the album of the same name displays the band's characteristic interlocking melodic and rhythmic guitar lines.


title: Marcus Allen

text: Marcus LeMarr Allen (born March 26, 1960) is an American former football running back who played in the National Football League (NFL) for 16 seasons, primarily with the Los Angeles Raiders. Considered one of the greatest goal line and short-yard runners in NFL history, he was selected 10th overall by the Raiders in the 1982 NFL Draft, following a successful college football career at USC. He was a member of the Raiders for 11 seasons and spent his last five seasons with the Kansas City Chiefs.


title: Marcus Allen

text: During his professional career, Allen ran for 12,243 yards and caught 587 passes for 5,412 yards. He also scored 145 touchdowns, including a then-league-record 123 rushing touchdowns, and was elected to six Pro Bowls. While with the Raiders, he helped the team win Super Bowl XVIII. He was the first NFL player to gain more than 10,000 rushing yards and 5,000 receiving yards during his career. Allen has the distinction of being the only player to have won the Heisman Trophy, an NCAA national championship, the Super Bowl, and be named NFL MVP and Super Bowl MVP. He was inducted to the College Football Hall of Fame in 2000 and the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2003. After his playing career, he became a football analyst and actor.


title: Marcus Allen

text: Allen played football at Abraham Lincoln High School in San Diego, California, where he played the quarterback and safety positions. Watching Allen in the 1977 CIF Title game against Kearny High School, one saw the emergence of a superstar. Allen led the Lincoln team to a 34-6 victory, scoring five touchdowns, including one after intercepting a pass. Allen rushed for 195 yards.


title: Marcus Allen

text: Allen played running back with the University of Southern California (USC) from 1978 to 1981, playing on the same team as fellow hall of famer Ronnie Lott for his first three seasons and hall of famer Anthony Munoz for his first two. He was recruited as a safety, but head coach John Robinson switched him to tailback. As a freshman in 1978, Allen was a member of the Trojans' National Championship team (as recognized by the coaches poll), playing as a backup to eventual Heisman Trophy winning running back Charles White.


title: Marcus Allen

text: In 1979, he was moved to fullback, recording 879 yards from scrimmage. Eventually, in 1980, Allen became the starter at tailback and rushed for 1,563 yards, the third-most in the nation that year (behind George Rogers of S. Carolina - 1,781 yards and Herschel Walker of Georgia - 1,616). In 1981, Allen rushed for 2,342 yards, becoming only the second player in NCAA history to rush for over 2,000 yards in one season, passing the 2,000-yard mark in a win at Cal. He also gained a total of 2,683 offensive yards, led the nation in scoring, and won the Heisman Trophy, the Maxwell Award, and Walter Camp Award. He was also the Pac-10 Player of the Year. Allen shares the NCAA record for most 200-yard rushing games with Ricky Williams and Ron Dayne, each completing the feat twelve times.


title: Marcus Allen

text: Allen finished his four college seasons with 4,664 rushing yards, 5,232 total yards, and 46 touchdowns, while averaging 5.2 yards per carry.


title: Marcus Allen

text: Allen was drafted as the 10th overall pick of the 1982 NFL Draft by the Los Angeles Raiders. Allen was pleased that he didn't have to travel as the team had just relocated from Oakland. Allen has recalled that shortly before being drafted the Raiders asked him his weight (he answered 200 or 212) and then drafted him soon after. Though his rookie season was shortened by a league strike, Allen rushed for 697 yards and led the Raiders to the best record in the AFC at 8-1. He was voted the NFL Offensive Rookie of the Year. The Raiders lost to the New York Jets in the AFC Divisional Playoffs.


title: Marcus Allen

text: The next season, Allen broke the 1,000-yard mark for the first time, an accomplishment he would repeat the two following years. During the 1985 season, he rushed for 1,759 yards and scored 11 touchdowns on 380 carries, leading the Raiders to a 12-4 record and the AFC West Division Championship. In addition, Allen was named the NFL MVP.


title: Marcus Allen

text: In Super Bowl XVIII on January 22, 1984, Allen ran for 191 yards, caught two passes for 18 yards, and scored two touchdowns in the Raiders' 38–9 victory over the Washington Redskins. Included in his stats was a 74-yard touchdown run, a feat that remained the longest run in Super Bowl history until Willie Parker's 75-yard run in Super Bowl XL. Allen's 191 rushing yards were also a Super Bowl record, which stood until Timmy Smith of the Redskins topped it with 204 yards in Super Bowl XXII. Upon winning the game, Allen joined a small group of players to win both the Heisman Trophy and Super Bowl MVP (Roger Staubach, Jim Plunkett, and later Desmond Howard). In total, Allen rushed 58 times for 466 yards and four touchdowns during the playoffs. He also added 118 yards and one touchdown on 14 receptions.


title: Marcus Allen

text: Allen ended the 1985 season on a strong note, finishing the year as the NFL rushing leader with 9 consecutive 100-yard games.


title: Marcus Allen

text: From 1987 through 1990, Allen shared the backfield with Bo Jackson. Initially, Allen was commended for his gracious nature and team spirit for sharing the spotlight during the prime of his career. In later seasons with the Raiders, Allen had a stormy relationship with owner Al Davis stemming from a contract dispute; Davis referred to Allen as a "cancer to the team." He also missed most of the 1989 season with a knee injury. Allen was relegated to back-up duty in his final three seasons with the Raiders and, at one time, fell to fourth on the depth chart. Allen's strained relationship with Davis reached an all-time low in December 1992. During halftime of the Raiders-Dolphins game on Monday Night Football, a taped interview between Al Michaels and Allen was broadcast in which Allen said that Davis "told me he was going to get me", adding, "I think he [Davis] tried to ruin the latter part of my career, tried to devalue me. He's trying to stop me from going to the Hall of Fame. They don't want me to play."


title: Marcus Allen

text: Allen eventually left Los Angeles and joined the Kansas City Chiefs in 1993. Although he only rushed for 764 yards that year, he scored 12 touchdowns, leading the AFC, as he and Joe Montana led the Chiefs to the AFC Championship Game. Allen scored touchdowns in all three Chiefs playoff games that year, and was named the NFL Comeback Player of the Year by the Pro Football Writers Association. With the retirement of Eric Dickerson in 1993, Allen became the active leader in career rushing yards, a position he maintained until being passed by Barry Sanders in Game 1 of 1997. Allen went on to play for the Chiefs for four more seasons, leading the team in rushing every year but his last.


title: Marcus Allen

text: Allen retired after the 1997 season. In 1999, he was ranked 72nd on "The Sporting News"' list of the 100 Greatest Football Players. Allen was inducted into the Pro Football Hall of Fame in 2003. Allen was also inducted into the California Sports Hall of Fame in 2007.


title: Marcus Allen

text: In 2008, Allen joined as a spokesman for the sports website OPENSports.com, the brainchild of Mike Levy, founder and former CEO of CBS Sportsline.com. Allen wrote a blog and occasionally answered member questions for the company during this time.


title: Marcus Allen

text: In 1986, Allen met Kathryn Edwards and the two later got engaged. They married in 1993 at O.J. Simpson's Rockingham estate, since Allen was friends with Simpson. Allen played the role of Rick Lambert in the sitcom 1st & Ten with Simpson in the mid-80’s. Allen and Edwards' engagement was mentioned in Faye Resnick's book, "Nicole Brown Simpson: The Private Diary of a Life Interrupted", which was published during Simpson's murder trial. Resnick claimed Nicole Brown Simpson was having an affair with Allen and Edwards was aware of Allen's womanizing ways and if she knew of the affair she would have to call off the wedding. The couple was asked to testify in the trial but fought the subpoena as they wanted to stay out of it. The couple divorced in 2001.


title: Fan (film)

text: directed by Maneesh Sharma and co-written by Sharma and Habib Faisal. Produced by Aditya Chopra and Red Chillies, the film stars Shah Rukh Khan in a dual role as filmstar Aryan Khanna and his obsessive fan Gaurav Chandna, who looks just like him. Gaurav beats up a rival actor to appease Aryan, but is instead punished by his idol; heartbroken, the fan plans revenge.


title: Fan (film)

text: Sharma had originally conceived the idea of "Fan" in 2006 and recited the story to Chopra, who advised him against the challenging project for his directorial debut. In the same year, Yash Chopra read it to Khan, who expressed interest in being part of the project. The project was revived in late 2013, and Khan underwent 3D scanning in 2014. Principal photography began in July 2014 and was completed by November 2015. "Fan" was a songless film; a soundtrack album consisting of a marketing song in different languages was composed by Vishal–Shekhar and the original score was done by Andrea Guerra.


title: Fan (film)

text: "Fan" was heavily marketed; after several delays, it was released internationally on 15 April 2016. The film opened to positive reviews from critics, who praised Khan's performance, visual effects and action sequences, with criticism focused on the editing and the loosely written script. The film collected 1.2 billion in India and 679 million from overseas territories, for a total of 1.88 billion against a production budget of 1.20 billion. At the 63rd Filmfare Awards, "Fan" received the Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects. The film was commercially unsuccessful at the Indian Box office, but managed to succeed at the overseas box office.


title: Fan (film)

text: Gaurav Chandna is a Delhi-based hardcore and obsessive fan of Bollywood superstar Aryan Khanna. He harbours a crush on Neha, his friend and neighbour who works at a call centre. Gaurav's face bears an uncanny similarity to Aryan's, which helps him win the local talent show by impersonating Aryan. Encouraged by his parents, he embarks on a train journey to Mumbai to meet Aryan and present him with the trophy won by impersonating him.


title: Fan (film)

text: When Sid Kapoor, a fellow actor, expresses harsh sentiments about Aryan to the press, an infuriated Gaurav beats him and makes him apologise to Aryan while he records it. The video is uploaded to the Internet, where Aryan sees it and has Gaurav arrested. Gaurav is mercilessly beaten in jail, where Aryan angrily reprimands him, declaring that Gaurav is not his fan and that he had Gaurav arrested. Gaurav asks for five minutes of Aryan's time, at which Aryan scoffs at giving the fan even five seconds. Devastated, Gaurav returns home and burns all of his Aryan memorabilia, vowing revenge against Aryan for turning away his fan.


title: Fan (film)

text: A year later in London, Gaurav goes to Madame Tussauds, impersonating Aryan and purposely creating havoc which leads to Aryan being arrested by police. Released on bail, Aryan receives a call from Gaurav, who reveals what he did and offers to stop troubling Aryan if he will apologise. Aryan refuses, and Gaurav disguises himself as a crew-member on Aryan's show.


title: Fan (film)

text: Aryan is scheduled to perform at the wedding of a billionaire's daughter in Dubrovnik, Croatia. After performing a dance show, Aryan receives a card with the message "Say sorry", and realises that Gaurav is nearby. Meanwhile, Gaurav poses as Aryan and molests one of the lady guests. The billionaire berates the real Aryan and makes him leave the event. Outside, Aryan spots Gaurav and chases him, though Gaurav escapes. The molestation incident is reported by the media, resulting in a tarnished reputation and boycotts of Aryan's shows.


title: Fan (film)

text: Gaurav invades Aryan's home in India and vandalizes his trophy collection, even frightening his wife Bela and Aryan's children. Aryan visits Gaurav's parents and meets Neha, Gaurav's neighbour and crush. With their help, Aryan impersonates Gaurav at the local talent show; he declares Gaurav's love to Neha and tells about Gaurav's acts, to the ire of the audience. This provokes Gaurav, who shoots at Aryan with a gun. Aryan chases Gaurav and subdues him after a bloody fight. Aryan asks Gaurav to give up impersonating him and live a normal life. Gaurav responds by telling Aryan that he has destroyed his life and reminds him that he has not apologised yet. Gaurav flings himself off the roof, dying with a smile.


title: Fan (film)

text: Aryan's name is cleared from all the controversies, but the ordeal haunts him, and his name is linked with Gaurav's both in his mind and in the eyes of the public. On his next birthday, Aryan goes out to the roof to greet his fans. When he is about to turn, he sees a haunting glimpse of Gaurav in the crowd, smiling up at him, upon which he turns back to the crowd with greater respect and appreciation.


title: Fan (film)

text: After serving as an assistant director in the Yash Raj Films productions "Fanaa" and "Aaj Nachle", Maneesh Sharma read the story of "Fan" to Aditya Chopra in 2006. Chopra felt that the film was too ambitious and expensive for a debut and advised him to abandon the idea, after which Sharma took up "Band Baaja Baaraat". Yash Chopra brought the story to Shah Rukh Khan in 2006, and Khan was interested in the project. The idea of "Fan" came from Sharma's observation of the desires and expectations of fans upon the celebrities they admired. Sharma felt that the concept hadn't been greatly explored in cinema.


title: Fan (film)

text: On 16 December 2013, Yash Raj Films announced the project with Shah Rukh Khan as the main lead and Maneesh Sharma as the director. The project was discussed for over a year before Khan agreed to sign the deal. On 25 March 2014, it was announced that Greg Cannom would develop the look of Khan in the film and be responsible for special make-up effects. Khan underwent 3D scanning for his look as a young boy. Though it had at one time been reported that Khan was scheduled to play a 17-year-old boy in the film, Khan later denied the claim. Khan started working on the film prior to the release of his previous venture, "Happy New Year", and underwent a makeover for the film. According to Khan, "Fan" is a "family" film. He wanted to do an "intense yet commercially viable film".


title: Fan (film)

text: Amid speculation, Khan confirmed the film would have two heroines, but added that the film "did not require a big female star". Model Waluscha de Sousa played an important role in the film. She was cast following an audition with Shanoo Sharma. Ileana D'Cruz, Vaani Kapoor, and Parineeti Chopra were each considered for the role before de Sousa was cast. She had previously acted with Khan in a few commercials.


title: Fan (film)

text: It marked the debut role of Shriya Pilgaonkar, the daughter of Sachin Pilgaonkar, who had an important role in "Fan". She was selected after an audition. The dialogue was written by Sharat Kataria and Habib Faisal. Manu Anand and Namrata Rao were hired as the cinematographer and editor, respectively. Parveen Shaikh and Oh Sea Young served as the film's action directors. Sayani Gupta, Deepika Amin, and Yogendra Tiku also had roles in the film. Gupta was chosen after Shanoo was impressed with her performance in "Margarita with a Straw".


title: Fan (film)

text: Principal photography began in July 2014. The film was shot in Mumbai, Dubrovnik, London and Delhi. In October 2014, Khan reported that he had finished shooting a 20-day schedule for "Fan". Parts of the film were shot outside Khan's residence in Mannat. In April 2015, "Fan" became the first film to shoot at the Madame Tussauds in London. Khan's statue was temporarily moved to the London Eye for filming. In February 2015, Khan was spotted shooting in the Delhi neighbourhood. Filming continued in Dubrovnik despite Khan suffering a knee injury while filming an action sequence. "India Today" reported that Khan was back in Mumbai in April. Khan simultaneously shot for "Dilwale" and "Raees" along with "Fan".


title: Fan (film)

text: Khan was injured again when he travelled back to Mumbai. In November, Khan revealed that the film used dialogues from his previous ventures, one being "Baazigar". On 16 November 2015, Khan returned to Delhi for additional filming.


title: Fan (film)

text: In November 2015, it was announced that the filming of the project was complete. In January 2016, the filming visual of the song "Jabra Fan" was revealed. The song was shot in the streets of Delhi.


title: Fan (film)

text: For dubbing the role for Gaurav, Khan had to modulate his voice. Along with visual effects, prosthetics were used to make Khan seem younger. The production was made on an estimated budget of ₹850 million. Produced by Chopra under the label Yash Raj Films, which distributed the film, its final cut ran for a total of 142 minutes. The dialogues were written by Sharat Kataria, while Habib Faisal co-wrote the script with Sharma.


title: Fan (film)

text: "Fan" was a songless film. A. R. Rahman was initially roped in to compose the score of the film. But due to reasons unknown, he opted out. Then, the soundtrack of "Fan" consisted of a marketing track that was not present in the film, which was composed by Vishal–Shekhar with lyrics written by Varun Grover. The original score was composed by Italian composer Andrea Guerra. The first song "Jabra Fan", was released as a single track on 7 February 2016. The soundtrack was released on 13 March 2016 and included 13 tracks, with one theme music and 12 songs, which were each different versions of "Jabra Fan". The song was in 9 Indian languages sung by regional singers, 2 foreign languages sung by foreign singers and a mashup version of "Jabra Fan", which is a remix version of all the 11 languages.


title: Fan (film)

text: The logo of the film, the first of its kind with a collage of pictures of Khan's real fans, was released on 23 October 2015. The makers released a 2-minute teaser for the film on Shah Rukh Khan's birthday on 2 November 2015. This was followed by the music video of the song "Jabra Fan", released on 16 February 2016 for promotional purposes. The official trailer of "Fan" was released on 29 February 2016 and was viewed 4 million times on the Internet in the first 24 hours. The 3-minute video later garnered over 20 million views on YouTube with more than 170 thousand likes, a record for a Bollywood film. The film's teaser was released on Khan's birthday. A game based on the film was in development in February 2016 and released in 2017. A contest titled 'Tu Nahi Samjega' was organised by Yash Raj Films.


title: Fan (film)

text: "Fan" was scheduled for release in early 2015, but owing to the injuries sustained by Khan during the filming of "Happy New Year", the film's release date was postponed to 14 August 2015. The complex post-production visual-effects work further pushed the release of "Fan" to early 2016. After several delays, the film was released on 15 April 2016 in 3,500 screens in India and about 1,100 screens abroad. It was produced on a budget of and an additional was spent on publicity, for a combined cost of approximately . The studio recouped part of their investment before release by selling the satellite rights to Sony Pictures Networks at around .


title: Fan (film)

text: "Fan" received highly positive response from critics. Critics praised Khan's performance, visual effects and action sequences while they criticised the loosely written script and editing. Raja Sen from Rediff.com gave the film 4.5 out of 5 stars and called "Fan" a brilliant film with Shah Rukh Khan at his best. Zee News also awarded the film 4.5 stars, saying "The movie encapsulates the fandom which SRK as a star enjoys and why his fans must watch this to understand how he achieved what he did." "The Times of India" rated the film 4 out of 5 and commented, ""Fan" is Shah Rukh Khan's triumph all the way. He pulls off a terrifically dramatic double act, altering his look, feel and intensity, but as Gaurav, Shah Rukh makes you forget everything – except feeling scared." "Mid-Day" also saw the film worthy of 4/5 and reviewed, "Right from the beginning of this thriller, which undoubtedly boasts of one, oops, two of his best performances, it is evident why Shah Rukh Khan is needed for a film of this sort, and why only someone in his position and with his caliber could do it too." Aditya Sinha from Asianet News called it Khan's "greatest performance" to date.


title: Fan (film)

text: Taran Adarsh from Bollywood Hungama gave the film 3.5 stars out of 5 and opined, "On the whole, "Fan" has a brilliant first half, but loses track in the second hour, only to pick up again towards the pre-climax. The writing should've been tighter, but what works is the terrific act by SRK as the fan." "The Hindu" called the film Khan's return to form and said, "SRK couldn't have found a better vehicle than "Fan", both as an actor and as a celebration of the highs and the lows of his own stardom. A stardom whose enormity he'd himself find difficult to wrap around his head." "The Indian Express" also gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, ""Fan" is a triumph. Shah Rukh Khan is played to all his strengths, and he plays it just right, gliding in and out of the star and the fan, creating distinct identities and outlines in one scene, and blurring the lines just so in the next." Anna M. M. Vetticad of "Firstpost" writes, "Much of its appeal lies in the fact that the central characters are not stereotyped. Besides, when Shah Rukh Khan decides to go real and understated, it always makes for compelling viewing."


title: Fan (film)

text: "India Today" gave the film 3.5 stars and commented, "Maneesh Sharma and Shah Rukh Khan hand-deliver the mindscape – of both the fan and the star – on screen. And brilliantly," but felt that unnecessary scenes could have been cut from the film. Anupama Chopra of "Hindustan Times" also rated it 3.5 out of 5 and said that she "can guarantee that the next time you see a horde of screaming fans, you'll observe them more keenly. You might even wonder what their stories are." NDTV Movies gave the film 3 stars out of 5 and opined, ""Fan" works for the most part because it has the fabulous SRK act as a 'young' star-struck boy. His energetic performance is worth the price of the ticket – if not more." Rajeev Masand of "CNN-IBN" gave 3 stars out of 5, commenting "As I left the cinema having watched the film, I found myself conflicted about my feelings. There is so much to admire here, but it’s evident the filmmakers think they’ve made a smarter film than they actually have. Still, Fan works for the most part. And anyone who – like me – had grown tired and disappointed with Shah Rukh's unwillingness to step out of his comfort zone will have reason to be a fan again."


title: Fan (film)

text: On Rotten Tomatoes the film has a rating of 79%, based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 6.5/10. Mark Kermode of "The Guardian" rates the film 4/5 and writes, "Shah Rukh Khan outdoes himself twice in this dual-role psychological thriller." Sonali Kokra of "The National" rates the film 3.5/5 and writes, "Just for these rare moments inspired by Shah Rukh Khan's real life, you should go and watch "Fan"." Manjusha Radhakrishnan of "Gulf News" rates the film 3/5 and opines, "It's engaging to watch a powerful actor and his seemingly powerless admirer indulge in a twisted battle of wills." Anil Sinanan of "Time Out" rates the film 3/5 felt, "A little more restraint in maintaining the tonal consistency would have resulted in a much darker and satisfying cautionary tale about the perils of fame and blind love." Wendy Ide of "Screen International" wrote, "Despite the slapdash plotting, the film – taken from the point of view of the star – gives an uneasy insight into the celebrity's co-dependent relationship with the people who make him, and can destroy him."


title: Fan (film)

text: Lisa Tsering of "The Hollywood Reporter" criticised the plot and wrote, "Sharma pads out the songless film with well-executed but overlong action pieces that become even more frustrating when you consider the ways time could have been better spent exploring Aryan's fascinating backstory." Majira of "Cairo 360" shared the view, writing, "[The] story could have benefitted from being a bit more restrained." J Hurtado of "ScreenAnarchy" wrote, "This is a mediocre film saved by the presence of its overpowered, overexposed, and overconfident star." In contrast, Itrat Syed of "Georgia Straight" wrote that the film is "An insightful rumination on the codependency between idols and their devotees, disguised as a psychological thriller." Prathna Sarkar of "International Business Times" wrote, "With "Fan", SRK proves why he is considered one of the finest actors in business."


title: Fan (film)

text: On its opening day, "Fan" collected 19.20 crore in India, the fourth-highest for a Khan film at the time. Compared to the total gross of 52.35 crore collected in the first week, "Fan" collected only 7.75 crore in the second week, indicating a drop of 85 percent. "Fan"s gross in India was 120 crore. However, it was successful overseas, where its gross had crossed 10 million, more than the overseas gross of "Ra.One". The worldwide gross of "Fan" was around 188.4 crore.


title: Fan (film)

text: Red Chillies VFX received the Filmfare Award for Best Special Effects at the 62nd Filmfare Awards for their work with visual effects in "Fan".


title: Bhangarh Fort

text: The Bhangarh Fort is a 16th-century fort built in the Rajasthan state of India. The town was established during the rule of Bhagwant Das as the residence of his second son, Madho Singh. The fort and its precincts are well preserved.


title: Bhangarh Fort

text: The Bhangarh Fort is located on the border of the Sariska Reserve in the Aravali range of hills in Alwar district of Rajasthan. The nearest village is Gola ka Baas.The fort is situated at the foot of the hills on sloping terrain. The ruins of the king's palace are located on the lower slope of the hills; trees surround the pond area and a natural stream falls into the pond within the premises of the palace.


title: Bhangarh Fort

text: The fort is located from Delhi and the approach to the entrance gate of the fort in the last stretch of the road is unpaved. The fort is from Thana Ghazi. The nearest airport is Jaipur International Airport, which is 88.2 km from the fort.


title: Bhangarh Fort

text: According to legend, a sadhu lived within the fort area, and it was his injunction that any house built in the precinct of the fort should not be taller than his own, and if the shadow of any such house fell on his, it would result in destruction of the fort town. When columns were added to the fort that cast a shadow on the sadhu's house, the result was destruction of the fort and surrounding towns. According to another tale, a priest who was a practitioner of black magic fell in love with a beautiful Bhangarh princess with many suitors. One day, the priest followed the princess to the marketplace and offered her a love potion. However, she refused it, throwing it onto a large rock that consequently rolled onto the priest and crushed him to death. Before he died, the priest cursed the entire village, condemning it to destruction and desolation.


title: Bhangarh Fort

text: Entering through the main gate of the completely ruined fort city, one can find temples, palaces, and havelis. In addition, there are four more points of entry to the fort: the "Lahori Gate", the "Ajmeri Gate", the "Phulbari Gate", and the "Delhi Gate". At the entrance of the main gate are many Hindu temples, such as "Hanuman Temple", "Gopinath Temple", "Someshwar Temple", "Keshav Rai Temple", "Mangla Devi Temple", "Ganesh Temple", and "Navin Temple". The Gopinath Temple is built above a 14 ft raised plinth, and yellow stones are used for the carvings of the temple. The residence of the priest, called the "Purohitji Ki Haveli", is located in the precincts of the temple complex. Next in order is the "Nachan Ki Haveli" (dancer's palace) and "Jauhari Bazar" (market place), followed by the Gopinath Temple. The Royal Palace is located at the extreme end of the fort's limits.


title: Bhangarh Fort

text: The temples dedicated to Hanuman and Shiv Mahadev are built in the style of cenotaphs rather than temples. Jhiri marble has been used in their construction. A Muslim tomb found outside the gate of the fort is reported to be that of one of the sons of King Hari Singh.


Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility (RJDCF or RJD) is a California state prison located in unincorporated southern San Diego County, California, near San Diego. It is a part of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation. It is a facility. It is the only state prison in San Diego County.


title: Richard J. Donovan Correctional Facility

text: The prison is situated on a mesa about from the Mexico–United States border, in the foothills of Otay Mesa overlooking the Mexican border. The Otay Mesa site is shared with six other properties related to law enforcement:


text: The prison cells were designed to house one person each, however, due to overcrowding, many house two prisoners each. For example, in March 2012, the facility's total population was more than 166.6% of its design capacity.


text: As of July 31, 2022, RJDCF was incarcerating people at 102.7% of its design capacity, with 3,074 occupants.


text: In 1989, RJDCF opened a reception center which accepted newly-sentenced inmates from across Southern California. However, in 2012, the institution changed from its previous reception center mission, and completed the conversion of three of its five facilities to sensitive needs yards. Other missions have included housing and providing treatment to inmates with severe mental illnesses, and inmates who have been identified as having medium to high risk medical concerns.


text: Donovan has five interfaith chapels. Each religion represented at Donovan gets a series of lockers to store materials.


text: The prison includes a bakery that serves the facility and five other CDCR facilities. Each day, it produces about 9,760 loaves. About 85 prisoners work in the bakery, as of 2010. During that year, the monthly salary of a prisoner working in the bakery was between $90 ($ when adjusted for inflation) and $100 ($ when adjusted for inflation). KPBS said that bakery jobs were "desirable" compared to clerk and custodial jobs, which pay a monthly salary between $24 and $48.


text: The prison also includes a shoe factory; it manufactures shoes used by prisoners throughout CDCR. It makes both high-top and low-top versions. About 1,000 shoes are produced every day. In 2010, the monthly salary for an employee was between $90 and $100, so the shoe factory positions are prized in Donovan.


text: The prison formerly housed an eyeglass factory. It built glasses for Medi-Cal patients. About 115 prisoners worked in the factory. It closed in 2009. As of 2010, there are discussions about a possible reopening.


text: On November 22, 2013, Sirhan Sirhan was transferred to Donovan. Sirhan was convicted of assassinating Robert F. Kennedy. The transfer to Donovan occurred, coincidentally, on the 50th anniversary of the assassination of Robert Kennedy's brother, John F. Kennedy.


text: In 2010, Donovan Correctional Facility had about 4,800 prisoners. Between 150 and 200 of the prisoners were Native Americans.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Jack Monroe (born 17 March 1988) is a British food writer, journalist and activist known for campaigning on poverty issues, particularly hunger relief. She initially rose to prominence for writing a blog titled "A Girl Called Jack" (now renamed "Cooking on a Bootstrap"), and has since written for publications such as "The Echo", "The Huffington Post", "The Guardian" and "The New Yorker," as well as publishing several cookbooks focusing on "austerity recipes" and meals which can be made on a tight budget.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe was born in Southend-on-Sea in 1988 to David Hadjicostas and Evelyn Hadjicostas (née Beatty), a former nurse. Her father is of Greek-Cypriot heritage; he served in the British Army for seven years, then with the fire service for 30 years. He was awarded an MBE in 2007 Birthday Honours for services to children and families. Monroe has three siblings.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe has described herself variously as working class and as middle class. She passed the 11-plus examinations and attended Westcliff High School for Girls, a grammar school in Westcliff-on-Sea. She left school at age 16, "bullied and disillusioned", with insufficient GCSEs to progress to A Level (she sat 7 and passed 4 and a half of them). Despite her future career, she only achieved a low D grade in her home economics GCSE.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe left home and worked in a chip shop, before taking a job as a call handler for Essex County Fire and Rescue Service. After having a child, she was unable to arrange the work around childcare responsibilities, and was unable to negotiate adjustments to her working pattern to make continued employment feasible. Monroe resigned the post after serving between 2007 and 2011. After leaving the fire service, Monroe began going by the forename Jack – being short for "Jack of all trades". She spent the following 18 months on benefits and looking for work, and moved from relative affluence to poverty and financial hardship. At the end of 2011 and after the birth of her son, she changed her name to Jack Monroe via deed poll.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe came to prominence in the media through writing the blog "A Girl Called Jack", sharing cheap recipes created as a single parent with a young child, and aiming to provide family meals for less than £10 per week. In December 2015, the blog was renamed as "Cooking on a Bootstrap".


title: Jack Monroe

text: In 2012, Monroe became a weekly columnist for "The Echo", a south Essex daily newspaper, and in February 2013, was taken on by the same as a trainee reporter – the timing was fortunate, as she was having difficulty affording nursery fees. Monroe was later retained as an unpaid columnist for "The Huffington Post", before signing a publishing deal with Penguin Group. The book deal, reported as worth £25,000, resulted in housing benefit being cut off and Monroe came close to being evicted, which led to moving into cheaper accommodation. Despite working every day, she was unable to make ends meet. By January 2014, finances had improved, and Monroe was able to move into a small two-bedroom flat with her son.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe formerly wrote a twice-monthly food and recipe column for "The Guardian" and additionally contributed a number of political columns, as well as being featured in "The New York Times" and "The New Yorker". Monroe has written several budget cooking recipe books.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In April 2020, it was announced that Monroe would co-host "Daily Kitchen Live" on BBC One alongside Matt Tebbutt. The programme, made in response to issues stemming from the COVID-19 pandemic, offered tips and guidance to families struggling with limited resources, and aired daily for a two-week period that commenced on 14 April 2020.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe has been an active campaigner for a number of causes in the UK, particularly those concerned with poverty and hunger, campaigning alongside organisations such as Unite, The Trussell Trust, Child Poverty Action Group and Oxfam.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In 2013, Monroe appeared in a six-week advertising campaign for Sainsbury's supermarket. Monroe accepted the equivalent of the living wage for the six weeks that the campaign ran and donated the remainder of the fee to charities including a food bank.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe appeared in a Labour Party campaign video in October 2013. She left the Labour Party in March 2015, after disagreeing with its rhetoric on immigration, and became a member of the Green Party of England and Wales, also in March 2015. In April 2016, Monroe appeared online supporting the Women's Equality Party. In the 2017 United Kingdom general election, Monroe intended to stand in Southend West as a candidate for the National Health Action Party, but withdrew after receiving death threats and because of health problems. In January 2021, Monroe tweeted that they were a "fully paid up member of the Labour Party and have been for quite some time now." Monroe has voiced her support for Scottish independence. "Scotland deserves better than the scraps that Westminster reluctantly throws every now and then while bleeding your resources dry," she tweeted on 7 July 2022. "Happy to come and campaign for the #indyref2 any time - have a lot of love for your beautiful country."


title: Jack Monroe

text: Speaking in 2014, Monroe described life as having "changed beyond recognition", but said that she is still affected by her experience of poverty. The University of Essex announced in May 2015 that it would be awarding Monroe an honorary degree.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In 2015, Monroe won the Women of the Future Award in the media category. Monroe was "surprised", saying "I'm not sure I'll even "be" a woman in the future". The award was won after Monroe came out as non-binary, which created some controversy. The subsequent "gender debate" angered Monroe and she questioned the headlines of some newspapers, saying "Because of my trans identity, I'm attacked for accepting a real woman's award."


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe appeared on BBC television's late night political programme "This Week" in June 2015 and again in May 2019.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In May 2017, Monroe participated in a "blind election date" with British television personality Georgia Toffolo in which they discussed politics.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In January 2022, Monroe complained that food prices were rising faster than the official inflation rate, which hit poor people hardest. The Office for National Statistics agreed that one inflation rate did not reflect everybody's experience, and noted that they were already working since 2021 to revise the Consumer Price Index, to more accurately measure changes in consumer prices. Monroe stated, "Delighted to be able to tell you that the ONS have just announced that they are going to be changing the way they collect and report on the cost of food prices and inflation to take into consideration a wider range of income levels and household circumstances." Monroe announced plans to launch a new price index, called the Vimes Boots Index (VBI), highlighting the greater cost of poverty.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In March 2022, Monroe complained that due to inflation poor people could not afford food, fuel and rent, and were having to go without food or fuel, or were eating unhealthily because they could not afford healthy food. Monroe called for social security benefits to be raised in line with inflation. In May 2022, Monroe criticised Conservative MP Lee Anderson's praise in the House of Commons for a food bank which has a compulsory cooking and budgeting class for those accepting food parcels.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In November 2014, Monroe said on Twitter that then-Prime Minister of the United Kingdom David Cameron "uses stories about his dead son as misty-eyed rhetoric to legitimise selling our NHS to his friends". The "Daily Mail" journalist Sarah Vine criticised Monroe for using the death of Cameron's son for political purposes and "choosing" a life of poverty. "The Independent" described this as a "caustic attack", and Monroe replied on Twitter that the column was "homophobic, transphobic, deadnaming [and] ignorant".


title: Jack Monroe

text: In May 2022, Member of Parliament for Ashfield Lee Anderson stated that Monroe was "taking money off some of the most vulnerable people in society and making an absolute fortune [off] the back of people." In response, Monroe indicated they intended to sue Anderson for libel. In August 2022, journalist Katie Roche published an investigative report on Monroe in which she stated "there are many troubling inconsistencies in Monroe's story" and "there is a concerning lack of transparency and separation of personal finances and money for charity". Writing for "Pink News" in September 2022, Lily Wakefield noted that Monroe had "faced accusations of inventing experiences of living in poverty", while in October 2022 Killian Fox noted in "The Guardian" that "critics claim that she makes herself out to be poorer than she actually is". These accusations came about amid relentless online abuse and trolling directed at Monroe in aspects including homophobia and anti-LGBTQ+ hatred.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe came out as non-binary in October 2015, and goes by they/them and she/her pronouns. She said she did not change her name to Jack while still working at the fire service, out of concern over "the potential for deadnaming and bullying in a not-particularly-tolerant organisation. Not a great place to be gay, let alone genderqueer." She also did not take part in a fire-service passing out ceremony, because protocol would have required her to wear a skirt. During this period, Monroe had a brief relationship with a male friend which resulted in a son. She also had a long-term relationship with a woman which ended shortly after Monroe told her partner she was considering a mastectomy.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe had previously identified as a cisgender lesbian. In a February 2014 interview, she described herself as a "lefty, liberal, lezzer cook".


title: Jack Monroe

text: In 2014, it was reported that Monroe and her son were living with Monroe's then girlfriend Allegra McEvedy; the relationship ended in October 2015.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In 2017, Monroe said she was suffering from acute arthritis, citing the affliction as a partial cause for her suspending her campaign for candidacy in the National Health Action Party. In January 2019, Monroe stated that she was recovering from alcoholism, discussing how drinking had affected her work and personal life. Later that month, Monroe announced her engagement.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe was diagnosed with autism and ADHD as a child, though was not made aware of this until she was an adult.


title: Jack Monroe

text: Monroe initiated legal action in 2015 after the "Daily Mail" claimed that "Jack" was not her "real" name, and has requested that her birth name not be used by the media. In 2014, three years after she legally changed her name, she stated that she still experienced deadnaming by people.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In 2017, Monroe won a libel case against newspaper columnist and television personality Katie Hopkins, after Hopkins suggested on Twitter that Monroe was supportive of vandalism of a war memorial, having confused Monroe with journalist Laurie Penny. Instead of apologising, Hopkins then labelled Monroe "social anthrax". The High Court awarded Monroe £24,000 in damages plus costs.


title: Jack Monroe

text: In May 2022, Monroe instructed libel lawyers to prepare to sue Lee Anderson because he alleged that she makes money from poor people. Monroe wrote on Twitter that Anderson was "playing a very expensive game of chicken with someone who has a proven track record of crossing this particular road without fear nor favour".


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The Community Charge, commonly known as the poll tax, was a system of taxation introduced by Margaret Thatcher's government in replacement of domestic rates in Scotland from 1989, prior to its introduction in England and Wales from 1990. It provided for a single flat-rate, per-capita tax on every adult, at a rate set by the local authority. The charge was replaced by Council Tax in 1993, two years after its abolition was announced.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The abolition of the rating system of taxes (based on the notional rental value of a house) to fund local government had been unveiled by Margaret Thatcher when she was Shadow Environment Secretary in 1974, and was included in the manifesto of the Conservative Party in the October 1974 general election. In the 1979 elections the Conservative manifesto stated that lowering income tax took priority. The Government published a green paper in 1981 under the title "Alternatives to Domestic Rates". It considered a flat-rate per-capita tax as a supplement to another tax, noting that a large flat-rate 'poll tax' would be seen as unfair.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The 1980s saw a period of general confrontation between central government and Labour-controlled local authorities, which eventually led to the abolition of the Greater London Council and the six metropolitan county councils. The commitment to abolish the rates was replaced in the 1983 general election manifesto with a commitment to introduce the ability for central government to cap rates which it saw as excessive. This was introduced by the Rates Act 1984.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: Although the rates system was supposed to have regular revaluations to minimise discrepancies, the revaluations in England and Wales had been cancelled in 1978 and 1983. The Scottish revaluation of 1985/1986 led to a great deal of criticism and gave added urgency to rates reform or replacement.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The green paper of 1986, "Paying for Local Government", produced by the Department of the Environment from consultations between Lord Rothschild, William Waldegrave and Kenneth Baker, proposed the poll tax. This was a fixed tax per adult resident, although there was a reduction for poor people. This charged each person for the services provided in their community. Owing to the variations in the amount of local taxes paid and the amount of grant provided by central government to individual local authorities, there were differences in the amount charged between councils.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The term 'Poll tax' was coined as an alternative name because the tax had a passing resemblance to historical capitation taxes, in particular the English poll tax of 1379.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: This proposal was contained in the Conservative manifesto for the 1987 General Election. The legislation introducing the poll tax was passed in 1987, 1988 and the new tax replaced the rates in Scotland from the start of the 1989/90 financial year and in England and Wales from the start of the 1990/91 financial year. Additionally, the Uniform Business Rate, levied by local government at a rate set by central government and then apportioned between local authorities in proportion to their population, was introduced.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The tax was not implemented in Northern Ireland, which continued, as it still does , to levy the rating system, despite some unionists calling for the region to have the same taxation system as Great Britain.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The poll tax when implemented encountered a number of administrative and enforcement difficulties. Some renters did not pay, knowing they would have left Scotland when the bills arrived. Councils of towns with highly mobile populations, such as university towns, were faced with big store rooms of unprocessed "gone-aways". The initial register, which was based on the rates register for "owned" houses, contained many irregularities from supplementary data sources such as housing benefit recipients.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: A significant collection issue was the 20 per cent /100 per cent split. People in employment had to pay 100 per cent, while students and the registered unemployed paid 20 per cent. The nature of the shared house market meant that not even the landlord knew exactly who was living there; tenants were replaced and may have shared a "single" room with their partner. Therefore, the local council did not know who was living where and when.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: Councils were burdened with the task of pursuing the large numbers of defaulters, many of whom were acting as part of organised resistance to the charge. There is also some evidence that the poll tax had a lasting effect of people not registering themselves on the electoral register to evade collection attempts, possibly because of the false impression that the alternative name, 'poll tax' created. This may have had an effect on the results of the 1992 general election, which ended in a fourth successive Conservative victory, despite most opinion polls pointing to a hung parliament or narrow Labour majority.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The change from payment based on the worth of one's house to a fixed rate was widely criticised as being unfair, and needlessly burdensome on those less well-off. Mass protests were co-ordinated by the All Britain Anti-Poll Tax Federation, other national networks such as 3D (Don't Register, Don't Pay, Don't Collect) and by hundreds of local Anti-Poll Tax Unions (APTUs), which were not aligned to any particular political grouping. In Scotland, where the tax was implemented first, the APTUs called for mass non-payment. As the tax neared its implementation in England, protests against it began to increase. That culminated in a number of poll tax riots. The most serious of those was on 31 March 1990a week before the implementation of the taxwhen between 70,000 and 200,000 people demonstrated against the tax. The demonstration around Trafalgar Square left 113 people injured and 340 under arrest, with over 100 police officers needing treatment for injuries. There were further conflicts and protests, but none on the scale of the Trafalgar Square riot.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: As the amount of the poll tax began to rise and the inefficiency of local councils in their collection of the tax became apparent, large numbers of people refused to pay. Local councils tried to respond with enforcement measures, but they were largely ineffective given the huge numbers of non-payers. According to the BBC, up to 30 per cent of former ratepayers in some areas refused to pay.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The anti-poll-tax organisations encouraged non-payers not to register, to clog up the courts by contesting local council attempts to gain liability orders, and ultimately, not to attend court hearings arising from their non-compliance. In November 1990, South Yorkshire Police said they were planning to refuse to arrest poll tax defaulters, even when instructed to by the courts, because it would be "physically impossible for the police because of the large number of defaulters".


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The opposition Labour Party, at its 1988 annual conference, decided against support for a non-payment campaign. In July 1991, Terry Fields, Labour Member of Parliament (MP) for Liverpool Broadgreen, and a member of the Militant tendency, was imprisoned for sixty days for refusing to pay. At the time of Fields' jailing, Labour leader Neil Kinnock commented: "Law makers must not be law breakers."


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: In popular culture, the punk band The Exploited featured the song "Don't Pay The Poll Tax" in their album "The Massacre", which was released on 15 April 1990.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: Over 40 people collaborated on Punk Aide’s 1989 compilations "Axe The Tax, Can’t Pay Won’t Pay" and "Fuck The Poll Tax". Oi Polloi and Chumbawamba released and toured an EP called "Smash the Poll Tax". A compilation album, "A Pox Upon The Poll Tax", was also released in 1989. The Orchids released ‘Defy The Law’ in response to the Poll Tax.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: On their 22 March 1990 "Top Of The Pops" appearance, Orbital performed "Chime" while wearing hoodies with a crosshair and seemingly-abstract imagery on them. Upon closer inspection, the hoodies read (when read left-to-right) "no poll tax".


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: After the poll tax was announced, opinion polls showed the Labour opposition opening a strong lead over the Conservative government. Following the Poll Tax Riots, Conservative ministers contemplated abolition of the tax but knew that, as a flagship Thatcherite policy, its abolition would not be possible while Thatcher was still Prime Minister. Kinnock had vowed to abolish the poll tax if he won the next general election.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: For this, among other reasons, Thatcher was challenged by Michael Heseltine for the Conservative leadership in November 1990. Although she prevailed by a margin of fifty votes, she narrowly missed the threshold to avoid a second vote, and on 22 November 1990 she announced her resignation after more than a decade in office. All three of the contenders to succeed her pledged to abandon the tax.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The successful candidate, John Major, appointed Heseltine to the post of Environment Secretary, responsible for replacing the poll tax. In early 1991 the Chancellor of the Exchequer, Norman Lamont, announced a rise in Value Added Tax from 15 to 17.5 per cent to pay for a £140 reduction in the tax. The abolition of the poll tax was announced on 21 March 1991.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: The Conservative government was re-elected for a fourth successive term in office at the 1992 general election, shaking off the strong challenge from the Labour Party. This election defeat prompted the resignation of Labour Party leader Neil Kinnock.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: By the time of the 1992 general election, legislation had been passed replacing the poll tax with the Council Tax from the start of the 1993/1994 financial year. The VAT rate of 17.5 per cent remained despite an earlier policy of charging a higher poll tax.


title: Poll tax (Great Britain)

text: Council Tax strongly resembled the "rates" system tax that it had replaced. The main differences were at the tax's inception: that properties were placed in bands, thereby capping the maximum amount, and it was levied on capital value, rather than the notional rental value of a property. Households with only one occupant were also entitled to a 25 per cent discount. The only substantial change since the introduction of the Council Tax form of direct taxation is the gradual introduction of certain exemptions and discounts.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: Edoardo Ponti (born 6 January 1973) is an Italian director. He is the younger son of actress Sophia Loren and producer Carlo Ponti Sr. and the brother of conductor Carlo Ponti Jr.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: Ponti was born on 6 January 1973 in Geneva, Switzerland. Ponti's mother is Sophia Loren, the actress. Ponti's father is Carlo Ponti Sr., a film producer. Ponti grew up in Geneva, Switzerland.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: In 1994, Ponti graduated magna cum laude from the University of Southern California with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English Literature and Creative Writing. In 1998, Ponti earned his Master of Fine Arts degree in Film Directing & Production from the University of Southern California School of Cinema and Television.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: "Between Strangers" was the first feature film which Ponti wrote and directed. It was produced by Gabriella Martinelli and starred an ensemble cast which included Sophia Loren (his mother), Mira Sorvino, Deborah Kara Unger, Gérard Depardieu, Pete Postlethwaite, and Malcolm McDowell. The film premiered at the Venice and Toronto International Film Festivals. It won five Genie nominations, the Canadian equivalent to the Academy Award. Ponti earned the best first-time filmmaker award from the Newport Beach Film Festival, as well as an award of merit from the Los Angeles Italian Film Festival.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: In 2011, Ponti wrote and directed the romantic comedy "Coming & Going" starring Rhys Darby, Fionnula Flanagan, and Sasha Alexander, as well as "Away we Stay", a branded short for W Hotel Chain starring Helena Christensen and David Gandy, which premiered in London.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: In 2012, Ponti directed, "Il Turno di Notte lo fanno le stelle", his first Italian-language film, written by Erri De Luca, and starring Nastassja Kinski, Enrico Lo Verso, and Julian Sands. The same year, he starred as an actor in Michel Comte's directorial debut, a film adaptation of "Madam Butterly", in which he played the lead character, Pinkerton.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: In 2014, he directed "Voce umana" ("Human Voice"), a short film adaptation of Jean Cocteau’s one-act play "The Human Voice", starring Sophia Loren. He was also attached to direct the British motion picture "Payment Deferred" starring Malcolm McDowell based on CS Forester’s bestselling novel and the period piece "Behind her Smile" produced by Fred Roos.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: Ponti’s past film credits include a starring role in the film "Aurora" directed by Maurizio Ponzi, for which he earned a "Nastro d’Argento" nomination, Italy's prestigious film critics' prize. The first short Ponti wrote and directed entitled "Liv" was executive produced by Robert Altman and Michelangelo Antonioni, and was premiered at the Venice International Film Festival.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: Ponti also produced and directed Eugène Ionesco's play "The Lesson". He then went on to adapt for the stage, produce, and direct Nick Bantock’s best-selling epistolary trilogy "Griffin & Sabine" at the Spoleto Theatre Festival in Italy. He wrote and directed an opera with renowned Polish composer Zbigniew Preisner, entitled "Requiem for my Friend" for which Warner Bros. awarded Ponti a platinum record.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: Ponti next directed "The Life Ahead" starring Loren, Ibrahima Gueye, Abril Zamora, Renato Carpentieri and Babak Karimi, based upon the novel "The Life Before Us" by Romain Gary, for Netflix.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: In 2008, Ponti co-founded TakeHollywood.com, an online service, which provides knowledge to those wanting to enter the world of show business from A-list actors, directors, producers, casting directors, managers, and agents.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: Ponti is fluent in English, French, and Italian. In his late teens he dated Chiara Mastroianni, daughter of Marcello Mastroianni and Catherine Deneuve.


title: Edoardo Ponti

text: On 12 August 2007, Ponti married actress Sasha Alexander, in Geneva. They have two children, Lucia Sofia Ponti (born 12 May 2006) and Leonardo Fortunato Ponti (born 20 December 2010).


title: Brussels Airport

text: Brussels Airport is an international airport northeast of Brussels, the capital of Belgium. In 2019, more than 26 million passengers arrived or departed at Brussels Airport, making it the 24th busiest airport in Europe. It is located in the municipality of Zaventem in the Province of Flemish Brabant in the Flemish Region of Belgium. It is home to around 260 companies, together directly employing 20,000 people and serves as the home base for Brussels Airlines and TUI fly Belgium.


title: Brussels Airport

text: The company operating the airport is known as The Brussels Airport Company N.V./S.A.; before 19 October 2006, the name was BIAC (Brussels International Airport Company), which was created by Belgian law through a merger of BATC with the ground operations departments of the RLW/RVA. Since 2011, the airport has been owned by the Toronto-based Ontario Teachers' Pension Plan (39%), Macquarie Group (Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund I and Macquarie European Infrastructure Fund III) (36%) and the Belgian State (25%).


title: Brussels Airport

text: On 22 March 2016, the airport's departures hall was severely damaged by two terrorist bomb blasts. The airport was closed until 3 April 2016, when it was reopened with temporary facilities at less than 20% of its previous capacity. It has since returned to full operations, with a record of 90,000 passengers on 29 July 2016.


title: Brussels Airport

text: The origins of Brussels Airport at Zaventem date back to 1940, when the German occupying force claimed of agricultural fields reserved as a back-up airfield ("Steenokkerzeel"). There the Luftwaffe established Fliegerhorst Melsbroek and constructed 3 runways in the shape of a triangle: runway 02/20, runway 07L/25R (both of which are still in use today) and runway 12/30. The airport buildings were constructed in the nearby municipality of Melsbroek and not of Zaventem, which is why the airfield was known to the locals as Melsbroek (in Dutch) (or "Fliegerhorst Melsbroek" in German). There is an urban legend that the site of the airport was chosen by the Germans after asking locals where to build it–the Belgians then pointed to this location as it was often foggy.


title: Brussels Airport

text: After the liberation on 3 September 1944, the German infrastructure at Melsbroek fell into the hands of the British. When the old civilian airport in Haren became too small, the Belgian authorities decided to use the aerodrome at Melsbroek for the new national airport. By 1948, a new terminal building was constructed to replace the old wooden building. In the same year, the lengths of both runways 02/20 and 07L/25R were increased, to and respectively, whereas 12/30 remained at . The civil aerodrome of Melsbroek was officially opened by Prince Charles, Count of Flanders, the prince regent, on 20 July 1948. From 1948 to 1956 many more buildings and facilities were erected, mostly on the Melsbroek side of the site.


title: Brussels Airport

text: In 1955, a railway line from Brussels city centre to the airport was constructed. The line was officially opened by King Baudouin on 15 May 1955.


title: Brussels Airport

text: In 1956 a new runway was constructed, 07R/25L, which almost runs parallel with 07L/25R. The runway is still in use today and saw its length later increased to . In April 1956 the Belgian government decided to build a new airport, using the same runways, but with the buildings located within the municipality of Zaventem. In April 1957, construction started of the new terminal, preparing the airport for the 1958 World Fair. The grass runway 12/30 had to make way to allow for the new passenger terminal. This new airport was inaugurated 5 July 1958, almost just in time for the 1958 World Fair. The buildings on the Melsbroek side are still in use by the Belgian Air Force (15th Air Transport Wing), and this is still known as Melsbroek airfield. Both Zaventem Airport and Melsbroek Air Base, the military airfield, share the same runways.


title: Brussels Airport

text: During the boom of commercial aviation in the 1960s and 1970s, several hangars were constructed. A new cargo terminal was constructed in 1976. In 1994, a brand new terminal was constructed adjacent to the old 1958 building. Two old piers were torn down and replaced by modern ones. In 2002, amidst the turmoil surrounding the demise of the national airline Sabena, a new pier was opened.


title: Brussels Airport

text: In 2005, the airport was awarded Best Airport in Europe by Airports Council International/International Air Transport Association (ACI/IATA), based on a survey of over 100,000 passengers worldwide. Brussels Airport continued to appear in top airports lists as of 2012. A direct train link with Leuven and Liège was opened on 12 December 2005.


title: Brussels Airport

text: In 2007, the airport served 17.8 million passengers, an increase of 7% over 2006. The cargo volume in the same year amounted to 780,000 tonnes, an increase of 8.9% over 2006. In 2008, the airport served 18.5 million passengers, which was an increase of 3.7% over the previous year.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Sabena's demise meant a sharp fall in passenger traffic, a blow from which the airport only slowly recovered. The airport's future is threatened by disagreement between the governments of Flanders and the Brussels Capital Region concerning night-time air traffic routes.


title: Brussels Airport

text: In March 2009, the old mechanical Flight information display systems were replaced by electronic ones. In September 2009, CEO Wilfried Van Assche resigned. One of the (unofficial) reasons was the delay in the construction of the low-cost terminal and the possible lawsuit by 52 airlines active at Brussels Airport, on the grounds of tax discrimination. It was Van Assche who started expanding the Long-Haul network (Jet Airways, Hainan Airlines, Etihad Airways and US Airways) at Brussels Airport. In February 2010 Arnaud Feist was appointed CEO. The Chairman of the Board is .


title: Brussels Airport

text: On 22 March 2016, two explosions took place in Brussels Airport at 07:58 local time. One occurred near the American Airlines and Brussels Airlines check-in desks and the other next to a Starbucks coffee shop. A third bomb was found in the airport and detonated in a controlled explosion. The airport was closed after the attacks until 3 April, when it reopened with temporary facilities at less than 20% of its previous passenger capacity. Flights bound to Brussels Airport were either canceled or diverted to nearby airports such as Brussels South Charleroi Airport, Ostend–Bruges International Airport, and Schiphol. At 09:11 CET, an explosion took place at Maelbeek/Maalbeek metro station. ISIL claimed responsibility for the attacks as an act of revenge against Belgium for participation in the ongoing Military intervention against ISIL.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Brussels Airport uses a one terminal concept, meaning that all the facilities are located under a single roof. The terminal building consists of several levels. The railway station is located on −1, buses and taxis arrive at 0, arrivals are located on level 2 and departures on level 3. Levels 2 and 3 are connected to the airport's two piers (A and B).


title: Brussels Airport

text: The newest pier in Brussels airport was pier A, opened on 15 May 2002. This pier was destined to support flights from and to the Schengen countries (A-gates). However, since 15 October 2008 all Brussels Airlines flights to African destinations are also handled at this pier. Therefore, border control was installed towards the end of the pier in order to create a new pier. As a result, gates A61-72 were renamed T61-72. Later, Brussels Airlines' daily flight to New York was also moved here from pier B.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Until 26 March 2015, Pier A was connected to the main building via a tunnel under the apron. Each pier used to have its own security zone, so transfer between the piers involved a security check, which for practical purposes made it to be two terminals. This tunnel was replaced by the "Connector", a new building that links both piers above ground and allows passengers to walk straight from the check-in desk to their gate in pier A or B, without changing floors. In the opposite direction, the building provides arriving passengers with a smooth and convenient passage to the baggage reclaim hall and the exit. Furthermore, border control has been relocated behind the 25-lane screening platform (Europe's largest) inside the Connector which means that changing planes no longer requires a security check.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Pier B is the oldest pier still in use at Brussels Airport and is only used for flights outside the Schengen Area. Pier B is connected immediately to the main departure hall and consists of two decks. The upper deck (level 3) is at the same level as the departure halls and is used for the departing passengers, whereas the lower deck (level 2) is used for arriving passengers and connects immediately to border control and the baggage claim area.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Pier A West is a planned expansion of Pier A, and is meant to relieve Pier B by also handling flights from non-Schengen countries. Pier A West was due to open in 2016, but because of the slow passenger growth, Brussels Airport announced in July 2013 that the works would be delayed. However, in November 2015, Brussels Airport announced a major 550 million euro investment and pointed out that within this investment the extension of the pier is included.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Just as is the case for Pier A West, the construction of a new low-cost pier is currently on hold. It will be built roughly where the old south pier used to be. At present, several low-cost airlines including Ryanair and Wizz Air fly to Brussels-South Charleroi Airport, away from Brussels. In autumn 2013, low-cost carrier Pegasus Airlines announced it would end its flights between Brussels Airport and Turkey. The service between Brussels and Istanbul–Sabiha Gökçen would relocate to Brussels-South Charleroi Airport. However, Turkish Airlines announced on 26 November 2013 it would offer one daily flight on the same route, starting one month after Pegasus terminated its operations at the airport. One day later, Ryanair announced the opening of a second Belgian base at Brussels Airport, giving a boost to low-cost traffic at Brussels Airport. Ryanair announced on 27 November 10 new routes from Brussels Airport, although Brussels-South Charleroi Airport will remain the low-cost carrier's primary Belgian base.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Drinking water fountains are found all over the airport. After security check-in, water bottles are available for a small fee.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Shops, bars and restaurants are scattered throughout the building. A few facilities are located in the departure area. These are mostly convenience stores and small shops such as the airport shop, a pharmacy, Relay stores and a coffee shop. But most of the facilities can only be accessed after Security control –and are tax free. Several brands and chains have a branch in both piers, however several only operate in pier A. The airport also features places of worship (for Catholics, Jews, Muslims, Orthodox Christians and Protestants), as well as a place for meditation for humanists. The airport provides meeting facilities and can host congresses up to 600 participants, either in the Regus Skyport Meeting Center or in the Sheraton Brussels Airport Hotel. The latter is the only hotel located on the airport grounds, opposite the terminal. Shuttle services are provided to 14 nearby hotels.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Several airlines have or had its head offices at the grounds of Brussels Airport. Brussels Airlines has its corporate head office in the b.house, Airport Building 26, located in Diegem, Machelen. European Air Transport had its head office in Building 4–5, in Zaventem. Before Sabena went out of business, its head office was in the Sabena House on the grounds of Brussels Airport. When it existed, Virgin Express had its head office in Building 116 in Zaventem. SN Brussels, which formed in 2002, had its head office in Airport Building 117 in Zaventem when it existed. Prior to its disestablishment, Sobelair had its head office in Building 45 in Zaventem. CityBird was based in building 117D. The cargo airline Cargo B Airlines had its head office in the Brucarco Building 706 in Zaventem.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Brussels Airport can be reached by car via the A201, which is directly connected to the Brussels Ring Road. From there, the main highways of Belgium can directly be accessed. Private partners provide three car parks at the airport, offering in total 10,600 parking spaces. Shell operates a self-service gas station near the exit of the airport complex.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Several car rental services are located in the airport as well. Europcar, Hertz, Sixt and Thrifty all operate at Brussels Airport. DriveNow also offers a car-sharing service at Brussels airport located at P3 Holiday Parking, and Zipcar has parking spaces. Taxi2Share provides sharing cab service from airport.


title: Brussels Airport

text: De Lijn provides bus transportation to and from various cities in Flanders from platforms A and B (via Brucargo). The MIVB/STIB provides transportation into Brussels city centre from Schuman railway station, Brussels Luxembourg Station and Trône Metro Station via line 12 from platform C. Platform E is used by the Hotel Shuttles, offering shuttle services to several hotels near the area.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Taxis are permanently available in front of the arrivals hall. Licensed taxis can be recognized by the blue and yellow emblem.


title: Brussels Airport

text: The Airport Railway Station is located under the airport building at level −1. The train station has direct services to Antwerp, Brussels, De Panne, Ghent, Hasselt, Landen, Leuven, Mechelen, Nivelles and Quévy. At least four trains per hour serve the most used link to Brussels South Railway Station, where international connections are offered by Eurostar (to London), Thalys (to Amsterdam, Avignon, Cologne, Essen, Lille, Marseille, Paris and Valence), ICE (to Cologne and Frankfurt), and Eurocity (to Basel, Bern, Chur, Luxembourg and Zürich).


title: Brussels Airport

text: A direct train link with Leuven was opened on 12 December 2005. A direct link with Antwerp and Mechelen via the so-called Diabolo line was opened for public service on 10 June 2012. The Diabolo project is a public-private partnership. It has been decided that all rail passengers to the Brussels National Airport railway station pay a "Diabolo supplement" to finance the ongoing and planned work.


title: Brussels Airport

text: As of December 2014, a direct train link between Bruges and the Airport will be offered, just as an Intercity service to Schiphol and Amsterdam.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Since the new Schuman-Josaphat tunnel has been finished, a new connection has been established to connect Brussels Airport directly to the stations of the EU quarter, being Brussels-Schuman and Brussels-Luxembourg. This brought the travel time between the Airport and the EU quarter to 15 minutes. The Belgian Railways announced the line to open as an hourly service. However, the line now sees a train every 30 minutes on weekdays.


title: Brussels Airport

text: In an attempt to alleviate gridlock around Brussels, the Flemish regional transport company De Lijn started the Brabantnet project, which was then scheduled to be finished by 2020.


title: Brussels Airport

text: To speed up the process, testing started in August 2016 with a Trambus, a Bus rapid transit system developed by Belgian bus builder Van Hool, which requires less investment than a tram. The "Ringtrambus" started service on 28 July 2020, using 14 24-metre double-articulated buses. The initial half-hourly service is to be upgraded to quarter-hourly on 1 September 2020. Route 820 runs between Brussels Airport and the Brussels University Hospital in Jette, via Brucargo, the station and the centre of Vilvoorde, the Kassei neighbourhood, the employment area around the Medialaan, Strombeek and the Heysel. This solution is presented as an in-between step until the tram line is finished.


title: Brussels Airport

text: The Airport Tram will be an extension of present Brussels Tram line 55 and line 62, and will roughly follow the , but will need a large bridge to cross the Brussels Ring into the Airport.


title: Brussels Airport

text: Brussels Airport has a special separated road that provides access to the airport for bikers and pedestrians. There is also a special place to park bikes. Since 2019, the airport has a direct connection from the bicycle freeway Brussels – Leuven ("Fietssnelweg F3"). In 2016, merely 1% of employees were commuting by bike. In an effort to further increase this number, bicycle leasing was introduced to employees, and in 2020 almost 10% of the Brussels Airport employees signed up for this.


title: Body Double

text: Body Double is a 1984 American erotic thriller film directed, co-written, and produced by Brian De Palma. It stars Craig Wasson, Gregg Henry, Melanie Griffith and Deborah Shelton. The film is a direct homage to the 1950s films of Alfred Hitchcock, specifically "Rear Window", "Vertigo" and "Dial M for Murder", taking plot lines and themes (such as voyeurism and obsession) from the first two.


title: Body Double

text: At the time of its release, the film received lukewarm success at the box office and mixed reviews, though Melanie Griffith's performance earned praise and brought her a Golden Globe nomination. Subsequently, it has been better received and is now considered to be a cult film.


title: Body Double

text: Struggling actor Jake Scully has recently lost his role as a vampire in a low-budget horror film after his claustrophobia thwarts shooting. After returning home to discover his girlfriend cheating on him, Scully splits up with her and is left homeless, as the residence belongs to her. At a method acting class, where he meets Sam Bouchard, Scully reveals his fears and the childhood cause of his claustrophobia. They go to a bar where Scully is offered a place to stay; Sam's rich friend has gone on a trip to Europe and needs a house-sitter for his ultra-modern home in the Hollywood Hills.


title: Body Double

text: While touring the house with Scully, Sam is especially enthusiastic about showing him one feature: a telescope, and through it a female neighbor, Gloria Revelle, who erotically dances at a specific time each night. Scully voyeuristically watches Gloria until he sees her being abused by a man she appears to know. The next day, he follows her when she goes shopping. Gloria makes calls to an unknown person who she promises to meet. Scully also notices a disfigured "Indian", a man he had noticed watching Gloria a few days prior. Scully follows Gloria to a seaside motel where she is apparently stood up by the person she was there to meet. On the beach, the Indian suddenly appears and snatches her purse. Scully chases him into a nearby tunnel, but his claustrophobia overcomes him. Gloria walks him out of it, and they impulsively and passionately kiss before she retreats. That night, Scully again is watching through the telescope when the Indian returns and breaks into Gloria's home. Scully races to save Gloria, but her vicious white German Shepherd attacks him, and the Indian murders Gloria with a huge handheld drill.


title: Body Double

text: Scully alerts the police, who rule the murder a botched robbery. However, Detective Jim McLean becomes suspicious after finding a pair of Gloria's panties in Scully's pocket. Although McLean does not arrest him, he tells Scully that his voyeuristic behavior and failure to alert police sooner helped cause Gloria's death. Later that night, suffering from insomnia and watching a pornographic television channel, Scully sees porn actress Holly Body dancing sensually, exactly as Gloria did. In order to meet Holly, he pretends to be a porn producer hiring for a new film.


title: Body Double

text: Scully learns from Holly that Sam hired her to impersonate Gloria each night, dancing in the window, knowing Scully would be watching and later witness the real Gloria's murder. Offended when he suggests she was involved in a killing, Holly storms out of the house. The Indian picks her up, knocks her unconscious and drives away with her. Scully follows them to a reservoir where the Indian is digging a grave. Scully attacks him, and in the scuffle peels his face off to reveal it as a mask worn by Sam. Scully has been set up as a scapegoat by Sam, really Gloria's abusive husband Alex, to provide him with an alibi during the murder. Scully is overpowered and thrown into the grave. Though his claustrophobia initially incapacitates him again, he overcomes his fear and climbs out, and Sam is knocked into the aqueduct by the dog and drowned.


title: Body Double

text: During the ending credits, Scully is shown having been recast in his previous vampire role as Holly watches from the sidelines.


title: Body Double

text: The film includes appearances from real-life adult performers Linda Shaw, Alexandra Day, Cara Lott, Melissa Scott, Barbara Peckinpaugh and Annette Haven. Steven Bauer, from De Palma's previous film "Scarface" and Griffith's then-husband, has a cameo as a male porn actor.


title: Body Double

text: After De Palma's successes of "Carrie", "Dressed to Kill" and his remake of "Scarface", Columbia Pictures offered him a three-picture deal with "Body Double" set to be the first.


title: Body Double

text: De Palma created the concept of the film after interviewing Angie Dickinson's body doubles for "Dressed to Kill". " I started thinking about the whole idea of the body double," he said. "I wondered what I would do if I wanted to make sure to get somebody's attention, to have them looking at a certain place at a certain time." The erotic thriller was also becoming a popular genre to audiences, with the box offices successes of "Dressed to Kill" and "Body Heat". After fighting with censorship boards over the rating of "Scarface" — they rated it X and he had to battle to make it R — De Palma resolved to make "Body Double" as pushback. At the time, he said "If this one doesn't get an X, nothing I ever do is going to. This is going to be the most erotic and surprising and thrilling movie I know how to make...I'm going to give them everything they hate and more of it than they've ever seen. They think "Scarface" was violent? They think my other movies were erotic? Wait until they see "Body Double"."


title: Body Double

text: Having been impressed with the horror film "Blood Bride", De Palma enlisted its director and writer Robert J. Avrech to write the "Body Double" script with him. Both were fans of Alfred Hitchcock, and screened "Rear Window" and "Vertigo" to gather inspiration. Avrech later described his work on the film as "working off of De Palma's ideas of Hitchcock's ideas."


title: Body Double

text: De Palma initially wanted pornographic actress Annette Haven to play Holly, but she was rejected by the studio due to her pornographic filmography. Nonetheless, Haven did appear in a minor role and consulted with DePalma about the adult film industry. De Palma then offered the role to Linda Hamilton, who declined to begin pre-production on "The Terminator". Jamie Lee Curtis, Carrie Fisher, and Tatum O'Neal were considered for the role before Griffith won the role. De Palma later said Haven "was an enormous amount of help" to him in his understanding of the adult film industry and what Holly's background might be, and Griffith brought "a comic edge that I wanted to be a major part of the tone of the second half of the movie." Griffith initially was reluctant to take the role, thinking she "didn't want any more nymphet roles, but now I think I can bring a lot of life to that kind of character...I think I gave her a great amount of intelligence."


title: Body Double

text: De Palma also considered Dutch erotic actress Sylvia Kristel for the role of Gloria, but she was unavailable. Although he cast Shelton, he found her voice to be unsuitable and had her lines dubbed by Helen Shaver in post-production.


title: Body Double

text: "Body Double" contains a film within a film sequence in which pop band Frankie Goes to Hollywood performs their song "Relax" on the set of a pornographic film, and in which scream queen Brinke Stevens, and adult actresses Cara Lott and Annette Haven appear. Voice actor Rob Paulsen makes a cameo as a cameraman who utters "Where's the cum shot?".


title: Body Double

text: Principal photography began in Los Angeles on January 30, 1984. Several locations in and around the area were used, including: Tail o' the Pup, the Beverly Center, Barney's Beanery, the LA Farmer's Market, the Rodeo Collection mall on Rodeo Drive, the Spruce Goose dome in Long Beach, the Hollywood Tower and adjacent Hollywood Freeway, Tower Records, and the Chemosphere house.


title: Body Double

text: The film was given an X by the Motion Picture Association of America Rating Board. Because many theaters refused to show X-rated films, De Palma had to re-edit the film as he did on "Dressed to Kill" and "Scarface". De Palma cut what he called "a few minor things from the porno movie scene" and got an R. De Palma said the studio did not support the film due to its excessive violence. "Do you think the guys who run Coca-Cola (Columbia Pictures' parent company) want publicity about violence? They are very aware of their public images, and when they start seeing articles in "The New York Times" about their product and violence, they go crazy. They're not showmen They're corporation types."


title: Body Double

text: "Body Double" debuted to mixed reviews and intense controversy due to its sex and violence. De Palma says that Columbia Pictures executives were at first enthusiastic about the film until it was previewed in Van Nuys. Response from the audience was not strong "and the studio started to get really worried," he said. "The only people crazier than the people who criticize me for violence are the people at the studios. I can't stand that sort of cowardice." De Palma and Columbia mutually agreed to end the three-picture deal.


title: Body Double

text: Roger Ebert praised the film, giving it three and a half out of four stars and calling it "an exhilarating exercise in pure filmmaking, a thriller in the Hitchcock tradition in which there's no particular point except that the hero is flawed, weak, and in terrible danger -- and we identify with him completely." Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that De Palma "again goes too far, which is the reason to see it. It's sexy and explicitly crude, entertaining and sometimes very funny. It's his most blatant variation to date on a Hitchcock film ("Vertigo"), but it's also a De Palma original, a movie that might have offended Hitchcock's wryly avuncular public personality, while appealing to his darker, most private fantasies." Todd McCarthy of "Variety" stated "To his credit, DePalma moves his camera as beautifully as any director in the business today and on a purely physical level 'Body Double' often proves quite seductive as the camera tracks, swirls, cranes and zooms towards and around the objects of DePalma's usually sinister contemplation. Unfortunately, most of the film consists of visual riffs on Alfred Hitchcock, particularly 'Vertigo' and 'Rear Window.'"


title: Body Double

text: Gene Siskel of the "Chicago Tribune" gave the film two-and-a-half stars out of four and wrote "When the drill came onto the screen, De Palma lost me and control of his movie. At that point 'Body Double' ceased to be a homage to Hitchcock and instead became a cheap splatter film, and not a very good one at that." Sheila Benson of the "Los Angeles Times" panned the film as "elaborately empty, silly and desperately derivative," and suggested that De Palma "finally may have exhausted the patience of even his most tenacious admirers." Paul Attanasio of "The Washington Post" wrote "A lewd, gory, twisty-turny murder mystery swirling around Hollywood's porn industry, 'Body Double' finds Brian De Palma at the zenith of his cinematic virtuosity. The movie has been carefully calculated to offend almost everyone—and probably will. But, like Hitchcock, De Palma makes the audience's reaction the real subject; 'Body Double' is about the dark longings deep inside us."


title: Body Double

text: The film was criticized for its violence towards women. "Women in peril work better in the suspense genre," said De Palma. "It all goes back to the "Perils of Pauline"...I don’t think morality applies to art. It’s a ludicrous idea. I mean, what is the morality of a still life? I don’t think there’s good or bad fruit in the bowl." A specific scene where a character is killed by a drill was controversial, as many saw it as a sexual image. De Palma said it "was not my intention to create a sexual image with the drill, although it could be construed that way." The London Clinic for Battered Women asked Columbia Pictures for a percentage of the profits from the film, claiming it was "blood money" for using "the victimization of women as a source of massive profit."


title: Body Double

text: "Body Double" opened at number three at the box office, earning $2.8 million in its opening weekend. The film earned $8.2 million over its first three weeks, before being pulled in its fourth week. The film earned $8.8 million on a $10 million budget, making it a box office bomb.


title: Body Double

text: In following decades, "Body Double" underwent a critical reassessment and developed a cult following; perhaps due to its directorial and aesthetic indulgences, its early 1980s new wave soundtrack, and the use of iconic Los Angeles locations. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes reports that 77% of critics have given the film a positive review based on 35 reviews, with an average rating of 6.2/10. The critical consensus reads: "Exemplifying Brian De Palma's filmmaking bravura and polarizing taste, "Body Double" is a salacious love letter to moviemaking."


title: Body Double

text: Griffith later gave credit to the film and the accolades she garnered for her performance for helping launch her career. The film helped reintroduce the song "Relax" in America, where it recharted and reached the top 10 of the "Billboard" Hot 100 in March 1985.


title: Body Double

text: In a 2016 interview with "The Guardian", De Palma reflected on the film's initial critical reception, saying ""Body Double" was reviled when it came out. Reviled. It really hurt. I got slaughtered by the press right at the height of the women’s liberation movement...I thought it was completely unjustified. It was a suspense thriller, and I was always interested in finding new ways to kill people.”


title: Body Double

text: The Bret Easton Ellis novel "American Psycho" repeatedly refers to "Body Double" as the favorite film of the serial killer Patrick Bateman. He mentions that he has seen the film 37 times and rents the tape of it from a video store several times in the story. He also repeats scenes from the film to the reader or to other characters.


title: Body Double

text: "Body Double" was remade in 1993 in India as "Pehla Nasha". The film was directed by Ashutosh Gowariker in his directorial debut. Deepak Tijori plays the lead role and the movie features Pooja Bhatt, Raveena Tandon and Paresh Rawal.


title: Airline alliance

text: An airline alliance is an aviation industry arrangement between two or more airlines agreeing to cooperate on a substantial level. Alliances may provide marketing branding to facilitate travelers making inter-airline codeshare connections within countries. This branding may involve unified aircraft liveries of member aircraft.


title: Airline alliance

text: In 2015, Star Alliance was the largest with 23% of total scheduled traffic in Revenue passenger kilometres (RPKs)/revenue passenger miles (RPMs), followed by SkyTeam with 20.4% and Oneworld with 17.8%, leaving 38.8% for others.


title: Airline alliance

text: In 2019, by number of passengers, Star Alliance was leading 762 million, followed by SkyTeam (630 million) and Oneworld (535 million).


title: Airline alliance

text: Benefits can consist of an extended network, often realised through codeshare agreements. Many alliances started as only codeshare networks. Cost reductions come from sharing operation facilities (e.g. catering or computer systems), operation staff (e.g. ground handling personnel, at check-in and boarding desks), investments and purchases (e.g. in order to negotiate extra volume discounts). Traveller benefits can include lower prices due to lowered operational costs for a given route, different times to choose from, more destinations within easy reach, shorter travel times, more options of airport lounges shared with alliance members, fast track access on all alliance members if having frequent flyer status, faster mileage rewards by earning miles for a single account on several different carriers, round-the-world tickets, enabling travellers to fly over the world for a relatively low price.


title: Airline alliance

text: Airline alliances may also create disadvantages for the traveller, such as higher prices when competition is erased on a certain route or less frequent flights; for instance, if two airlines separately fly three and two times a day respectively on a shared route, their alliance might fly less than 5 (3+2) times a day on the same route. This might be especially true between hub cities for each airline. e.g., flights between Detroit Metropolitan Wayne County Airport (a Delta Air Lines fortress hub) and Amsterdam Airport Schiphol (a KLM fortress hub).


title: Airline alliance

text: The first airline alliance was formed in the 1930s, when Panair do Brasil and its parent company Pan American World Airways agreed to exchange routes to Latin America. In 1990, the African Joint Air Services (AJAS) Accord between Tanzania, Uganda and Zambia led to the launch of Alliance Air in 1994, with South African Airways, Air Tanzania, Uganda Airlines and the governments of Uganda and Tanzania as shareholders.


title: Airline alliance

text: The first large alliance began in 1989, when Northwest Airlines and KLM agreed to large-scale codesharing. In 1992, the Netherlands signed the first open skies agreement with the United States, in spite of objections from the European Union, which gave both countries unrestricted landing rights on the other's soil. Normally landing rights are granted for a fixed number of flights per week to a fixed destination. Each adjustment requires negotiations, often between governments rather than between the companies involved. In return, the United States granted antitrust immunity to the alliance between Northwest Airlines and KLM. Other alliances would struggle for years to overcome the transnational barriers and lack of antitrust immunity, and still do so.


title: Airline alliance

text: Star Alliance was founded in 1997, which brought competing airlines to form Oneworld in 1999 and SkyTeam in 2000.


title: Airline alliance

text: In 2007 Tai Tung Alliance was founded. There are three airlines, Korean based City Express, Japan based Super Flyer and Spain based Vacation Line.