title: Boeing C-32

text: The Trump administration included $6 million in its 2018 federal budget proposal to study replacements for the aging C-32A. In June 2021, Pentagon leaders in the Biden administration cut funding for the study from its fiscal 2022 budget request. Said Air Force General Jacqueline Van Ovost, head of Air Mobility Command, the C-32A is still "a very capable aircraft... right now, we are not moving forward." Instead, the Air Force redirected the nominal amount of funding to research and development contracts for three American startup companies: Exosonic and Boom Supersonic, which are developing supersonic passenger jets; and Hermeus, which is developing a hypersonic passenger aircraft. Budget documents state the revised investment “will bolster evaluation and maturation of advanced high speed transport scale aircraft with potential to expand the defense industrial base and serve as C-32A replacements at the appropriate time.” All three programs are many years away from delivery of production aircraft.


title: Boeing C-32

text: The C-32A is not planned to leave Air Mobility Command service until 2040, however discussion of the aircraft's age has continued, prompted by high profile reliability issues. For the duration the C-32A will remain in the fleet, the Air Force will not pursue investment in the airframe beyond already planned modifications, according to the service's fiscal 2022 budget request. Boeing (the sole producer which can fulfill Buy American Act purchasing restrictions for government passenger aircraft) has neglected the middle of the market since the 757 was discontinued in 2000, repeatedly shelving upgrade plans since 2014. In 2021, the company announced a clean sheet restart of plans for a successor aircraft, slated to enter service in the late 2020s.


title: Boeing C-32

text: The 45-seat C-32B Gatekeeper provides airlift to the U.S. government's Gate Keeper (GK) mission, a special access program which provides clandestine support to foreign nations through State Department Foreign Emergency Support Team missions and classified special operations and intelligence missions. The aircraft are operated by two different units, the New Jersey Air National Guard's 150th Special Operations Squadron at Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, New Jersey, and the 486th Flight Test Squadron at Eglin Air Force Base, Florida. The C-32Bs operate at the direction of the Commander of U.S. Special Operations Command, though when serving a civilian agency, approval for the use of the aircraft is on the recommendation of the committee of Deputy Secretaries of Defense with the consent of the Secretary of Defense. The development of the two aircraft emerged from the 2001 Air Force budget, where they were procured for $144.963 million to fill an Air Force request for transportation capabilities for the Foreign and Domestic Emergency Support Teams. The Gate Keeper mission predates the aircraft, which are successors to previous fleets based on other models of aircraft. The planes have been spotted throughout the world, including such locations as Area 51 and the Tonopah Test Range. The C-32B became known during the George W. Bush administration for unsubstantiated theories which circulated that they were connected to the CIA's extraordinary rendition flights, giving them the onetime nickname “torture taxi.”


title: Boeing C-32

text: The C-32Bs serve as on-call global transport, and are variants of the 757, designated the 757-023A, which differ significantly from their VIP-carrying counterparts, outfitted with advanced communications and designed for ultra long-range capability. Most cargo must be stored in the rear of the aircraft as enlarged fuel tanks replace much of the below-deck cargo hold, extending the aircraft's unrefueled maximum range to . The craft also have an aerial refueling capability via an unmarked, unilluminated conformal Universal Aerial Refueling Receptacle Slipway Installation (UARRSI) located atop the fuselage, behind the cockpit windows, allowing the planes to remain airborne nearly indefinitely. The aircraft are also fitted with an airstair allowing passengers to deplane without access to a jet bridge or stair truck, a heavy and uncommon modification in modern commercial aviation. For additional support in austere environments, the aircraft are also fitted with a winch-based baggage loading system, designed to load baggage at airfields that do not have adequate material handling equipment available.


title: Boeing C-32

text: In 2014, the C-32Bs received audio and visual equipment upgrades, in addition to installation of upgraded satellite communications systems and secure Ku bandwidth communications management systems to replace commercial-grade Inmarsat installations, in use since 2002. Around the same time, the craft acquired an additional protruding faring on the roof of the rear of the craft. Similar modifications have appeared on the C-32As, the presidential VC-25A’s, the E-4B and E-6 “doomsday planes”, and the E-11A BACN. The protrusion reportedly houses Northrop Grumman’s Multi-Role Tactical Common Data Link (MR-TCDL), a Ka and Ku band telecommunications suite designed for war zones but which has proved to be just as relevant over a disaster zone as a battlefield. The system functions as a flying wireless router and server, providing communications where traditional communications infrastructure is unavailable. Budget requests show that around 2016 the cockpit avionics were upgraded to include heads up displays. Depot level maintenance on the C-32B is performed by Big Safari (the 645th Aeronautical Systems Squadron).


title: Boeing C-32

text: According to Air Force Manual 11-2C-32B (2020), at least two members of the C-32B aircrew are always armed.


title: Boeing C-32

text: There are two C-32B aircraft as of 2021: 00-9001 and 02-4452. At times the Air National Guard has appeared to deny the existence of one of the two aircraft. The 2012 edition of the National Guard's Weapons System Modernization Priorities report states "the 150th Special Operations Squadron of the New Jersey Air National Guard operates the C-32B from Joint Base McGuire-Dix-Lakehurst, NJ and is the "only" U.S Air Force C-32B", while all prior and successive editions describe a need to support upgrades to two aircraft. Both planes are painted gloss white, and lack any recognizable external markings other than serial numbers, although they have been spotted with "United States Air Force" emblazoned on the cheatline and the Air Force roundel on the tail section of the fuselage at times, and solely a small American flag on the same area of the rear fuselage at other times. There are only two identified visual differences between the two aircraft: one has larger emergency ramp openings under the doorsills, and one has the rearward window removed from the forward bank of windows on the starboard side. Both planes are known for adopting a range of different serial numbers on a regular basis to confuse their activities and identities. Numbers appearing on the aircraft in the past have included: 00-9001, 98-6006, 99-6143, 02-5001, and 02-4452.


title: Boeing C-32

text: The true identity of the older of the two aircraft is MSN 25493/523 (02-4452), originally delivered to Ansett Worldwide as N59AW on 26 February 1993, it saw service with ATA airlines as 84WA before shuffling through private brokers, and ultimately being sold to the Air Force by Kodiak Associates LLC in 2000. The later aircraft is MSN 25494/611 (00-9001), delivered to Avianca as N987AN on April 22, 1994, it passed through the hands of Raytheon E-Systems before Air Force purchase in 2001 Both aircraft are powered by Rolls-Royce RB211 engines, rather than the Pratt & Whitney PW2000 used on the C-32A.


title: Boeing C-32

text: Sparsely marked secretive white 757s often conflated with the C-32B include N226G and N610G, a pair of 757's operated by L3Harris subsidiary L-3 Capital. The aircraft have been observed operating with various tail numbers, and previously featured the text "COMCO" in prominent black lettering on the tail, later replaced by a conservative blue swoosh design. The near identical equipment of the so-called COMCO aircraft, including airstair, Rolls-Royce engines, roof communications faring, and an unexplained rectangular modification applied to the fuselage of both aircraft have fueled rumors that they are in fact C-32B's with hasty paint or decals applied, however such claims have never been substantiated. Other similar aircraft include N119NA and N874TW, a pair of 757s based at Richmond International Airport, acquired by the U.S. Department of Justice in 2015 displaying an American flag on their tail and are distinguished from the C-32B by their winglets.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Immortals Fenyx Rising (originally known as Gods and Monsters) is an action-adventure video game developed by Ubisoft Quebec and published by Ubisoft. The game was released for Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Stadia, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, on December 3, 2020, and for Amazon Luna on December 4, 2020 to favorable reviews.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: The game tells the story, as narrated by Prometheus to Zeus, of Fenyx, a mortal who in order to rescue Fenyx's brother must stop the evil Typhon after his escape from the underworld.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: "Immortals" is an action-adventure video game played from a third-person perspective. At the beginning of the game, players can customize the gender, voice, and the appearance of Fenyx. After unlocking the Hall of Gods, the player can use Aphrodite's Beauty Chair to make further changes at any point in the game. The game is set in a large open world consisting of seven distinct regions inspired by the Greek gods. The player is accompanied by Phosphor, a bird who can identify locations of interest on the map. Fenyx can traverse the world quickly through climbing cliffs, riding on a mount, and flying using the wings of Daedalus. The full open world is accessible from the start of the game. As players explore the world, they encounter rifts which teleport them to the Vaults of Tartaros, which are a series of platforming challenges that require players to utilize both Fenyx's combat and traversal abilities. Players can complete various side-objectives and optional puzzles.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: The world of the Golden Isle is occupied with various enemies inspired by Greek mythology, including minotaurs to cyclopes. There are two modes of melee attack: fast and weak light attacks with a sword and slow and strong heavy attacks with an axe. Fenyx can use bow and arrows to defeat enemies. Players need to manage Fenyx's stamina during combat as they will become exhausted after repeated attacks. As players progress in the game, they can unlock powerful godlike abilities. For instance, Fenyx can unlock Ares' Wrath, a group of spears that thrust enemies into the air. Armor and weapons can be upgraded by collecting sufficient crafting resources.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: After spending eons imprisoned under a mountain by Zeus, Typhon escapes and takes his revenge on the Olympian gods, severing them from their godly essences and robbing them of their powers. Zeus flees and meets Prometheus, seeking to secure his aid in battling Typhon. Prometheus instead makes a wager with Zeus that if Typhon can be beaten by a mortal, then he will be freed from his imprisonment. Prometheus uses his power of foresight to tell the story of Fenyx.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Fenyx, a young Greek shield-bearer of the Delian League, survives a shipwreck and washes up on the Golden Isle. They are shocked to find that the surviving crew and the Golden Isle's residents have all turned to stone. After recovering several artifacts belonging to legendary Greek heroes and receiving a prophecy, Fenyx rescues a young stranger who later turns out to be Hermes. He informs them about the situation and the grave threat Typhon poses as he seeks to break the barrier between the mortal realm and Tartaros and reform the world in his own image. Determined to stop Typhon and save humanity, Fenyx agrees to venture out into the Golden Isle to restore the deposed Olympian gods. Through their efforts, Fenyx befriends a magical bird companion named Phosphor and manages to restore Aphrodite (who became a tree without her passion), Ares (who turned into a rooster without pride), Hephaistos (who became one of his automatons without suffering), and Athena (who turned into a child with no judgment). Fenyx defeats the spirits of Achilles, Atalanta, Herakles, and Odysseus, who had all been corrupted by Typhon.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Despite the gods having been restored, they revert to their usual bickering and infighting when they cannot agree on a plan to stop Typhon. Fenyx's older brother Ligyron, who escaped the petrification curse, arrives and tells the gods of his plan to steal Hephaistos' chains from Typhon, enchant them using the blood of the gods, and use them to imprison Typhon once again. The gods agree to Ligyron's plan, but Fenyx is frustrated that he refuses to bring them along in order to protect him from danger. The gods encourage Fenyx to go after Ligyron so as not to let him steal the glory Fenyx deserves.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Fenyx scales the mountain at the center of the Golden Isle and manages to witness Ligyron collaborating with Typhon, collecting all the ingredients necessary to create a poison capable of killing the gods. In return, Typhon will allow Ligyron to become a god in his new world and rule the Golden Isle. Fenyx confronts Ligyron and defeats him, forcing Ligyron to flee to Tartaros. Fenyx follows him and confronts Typhon himself, being able to best him in battle. With his last breath, Typhon reveals that Fenyx is actually a demigod and Hermes' child.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Throughout the story, Zeus comes to realize how much he has mistreated his children and the other gods and becomes regretful at how he had become such a poor parent and husband. He interrupts the story when he hears Fenyx is supposed to be Hermes' child, pointing out it should not be possible. Prometheus admits that he had manipulated and fabricated parts of the story. He arranged his Titan brother Atlas to free Typhon and shipwreck Fenyx on the Golden Isle. In addition, he hid details that Fenyx is actually one of Zeus' children and that in reality, Typhon told him that it was Zeus who turned all of humanity to stone. At that moment, Fenyx arrives with Typhon's poison, confirming the entire story was part of Prometheus' plot to have Zeus killed.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Zeus admits that even though he created them, he wanted to destroy humanity due to their flaws, but has come to realize that humanity's flaws are merely a reflection of the flaws the gods and he himself possess as well. He feels he does not deserve to live and does not put up any resistance. Fenyx reveals they do not have any intention of killing Zeus, wanting instead to inspire him to be a better father to his children and a better god. Typhon reappears, furious that Fenyx will not kill Zeus as planned. He consumes the poison to empower himself and captures Zeus, taunting Fenyx to come and try to stop him. Fenyx follows Typhon back to Tartaros and battles him again, but Typhon manages to slay Phosphor and Fenyx begins to lose ground against him until Zeus escapes and rallies the other gods to come to Fenyx's aid. Working together, they are able to defeat Typhon once and for all as he succumbs to the poison he consumed.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Afterward, as a reward for helping defeat Typhon, Zeus agrees to return humanity to normal, restores Phosphor as a new creature, the phoenix, and invites Fenyx to live on the Golden Isle with the gods. Fenyx agrees, as long as they get to keep an eye on Zeus to make sure he is committed to becoming a better god and father. Meanwhile, Zeus sends Ligyron to free Prometheus as part of the wager, but not before tormenting Prometheus by having Ligyron tell his own story of Fenyx, much to Prometheus' annoyance.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: "Immortals Fenyx Rising" was developed by Ubisoft Quebec, the team which created "Assassin's Creed Odyssey". Game director Scott Phillips added that the project originated from a software bug the team discovered during the development of "Odyssey", which changed the humans on the player's crew into giant cyclopses, and decided that it would be a good idea to create a separate game that embraces the mythological side of Greece. Due to the positive reception of "Odyssey", Ubisoft's management agreed to greenlight the project.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: The game was announced as "Gods and Monsters" during E3 2019. Initially set to be released on February 26, 2020, the game was delayed in October 2019 after another Ubisoft tentpole release, "Tom Clancy's Ghost Recon Breakpoint", failed to be commercially successful. According to Ubisoft, the delay gave additional time for the development team to "ensure that their respective innovations are perfectly implemented so as to deliver optimal experiences for players." Quebec studio used the additional time to add Zeus and Prometheus as the game's duo narrators, replacing Greek poet Homer, who was initially intended to fulfill this role. A work-in-progress build of the game was leaked on Stadia under the codename "Orpheus" in June 2020. It was re-revealed as "Immortals Fenyx Rising" on September 10, 2020. The studio decided to rename the game to reflect its narrative focus and put more emphasis on Fenyx, the game's protagonist. The change appeared to be a result from a trademark dispute with Monster Energy, which challenged the "Gods and Monsters" name, believing it would cause confusion.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Jeffrey Yohalem, who wrote for previous Ubisoft titles such as "Assassin's Creed II", "Far Cry 3", and "Child of Light", served as narrative director and lead writer for the game. The humour of the game – particularly that involving the bickering between the narrators Zeus and Prometheus – was inspired by films such as "", "The Princess Bride", and "The Naked Gun". In regards to adaptating Greek mythology for modern audiences, Yohalem explained that he did not want to avoid the darker aspects of its gods and heroes (providing the example of Theseus's kidnapping of Helen of Troy), and instead wanted to specifically highlight those elements through a modern perspective, as it "[speaks] to our current political climate and who we are as human beings on social media." Yohalem believed that the capability of Greek gods and heroes to commit evil acts made them more human, saying that "[the] Greeks believed in balance where what makes us human and makes us complete are both our strengths and weaknesses."


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: Gareth Coker, who previously worked on "Ori and the Blind Forest" and its sequel "Ori and the Will of the Wisps", composed the score for the game. Ancient Greek instruments such as lyre and kithara were used when he was recording the music. Coker commissioned these instruments from a Greek luthier and had them transported across the Atlantic.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: The game was released on December 3, 2020 for Windows, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Stadia, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S, and Stadia. A free demo for the game was released for Stadia users before the game's official launch. A version for Amazon Luna released the following day. The first of three DLC packs for the game, "A New God", was released on January 28, 2021. This story arc is set in Olympos, there Fenyx must overcome the trials from the Gods to earn a place among the Gods. The second DLC pack, "Myths of the Eastern Realm" was released on March 25, 2021. Based on Chinese mythology, the player plays as Ku, a brave new hero that must help the Goddess Nuwa to restore the balance between Heaven and Earth. The final DLC pack, "The Lost Gods", was released on April 22, 2021. In this story arc, the players plays as Ash, a new hero on an epic journey to reunite the Greek Gods including Poseidon and Hades, and bring them back to the Pantheon.


title: Immortals Fenyx Rising

text: "Immortals Fenyx Rising" received "generally favorable" reviews, according to review aggregator Metacritic. Its narrative, humor, combat, progression-systems, soundtrack, and open world-design received praise. Criticism was directed towards its lack of innovation, with many critics and players criticizing its similarities to "".


title: The The

text: In November 1977, Matt Johnson placed an advertisement in "NME", asking for "Bass/lead guitarist into The Velvet Underground/Syd Barrett". Johnson later placed a second advertisement in the "NME", stating his new influences as "The Residents/Throbbing Gristle".


title: The The

text: While trying to get his band going, in 1978 Johnson had recorded a demo solo album ("See Without Being Seen") which he continued to sell at various underground gigs on cassettes. In 1979, working with Colin Lloyd-Tucker (a friend and colleague at De Wolfe Music, the Soho music publisher/recording studio) Johnson recorded his first album proper, "Spirits". This album remains unreleased, although the track "What Stanley Saw" was later licensed to Cherry Red Records for their "Perspectives & Distortion" compilation album, which also featured Virgin Prunes, Lemon Kittens, Thomas Leer, Kevin Coyne and Mark Perry.


title: The The

text: As was now getting underway, Johnson was simultaneously working with experimental synth-pop combo the Gadgets, a studio group he formed with Colin Lloyd Tucker, his colleague at De Wolfe recording studios.


title: The The

text: Peter Ashworth, then known as 'Triash' and later to become a noted photographer, became drummer in 1980, and Tom Johnston (also managing at this point and later to become a cartoonist for the "Evening Standard", "Daily Mirror" and "The Sun" newspapers) was added on bass. Although both Ashworth and Johnston were credited with appearing on debut single ("Controversial Subject"/"Black and White") on 4AD Records, neither actually played on the recordings, which were produced by Wire members Bruce Gilbert and Graham Lewis. All instruments were played by Johnson and Laws. Johnston and Ashworth soon dropped out of and returned to their respective day jobs. As a duo (Johnson and Laws), began performing concerts with Wire, Cabaret Voltaire, DAF, This Heat, the Birthday Party and Scritti Politti.


title: The The

text: In early 1981 also contributed the composition 'Untitled' to the Some Bizzare Album. In September of that year Johnson and Laws signed a deal with Some Bizzare Records and released the 7" single "Cold Spell Ahead". By this stage Matt Johnson had begun playing all the instruments himself so Laws left to pursue his studies, leaving Johnson as a solo artist using a group moniker.


title: The The

text: Johnson was signed up later in 1981 to 4AD Records by Ivo Watts-Russell to record a solo album, "Burning Blue Soul". Although all of the instruments and vocals were performed by Johnson, the album featured various producers including Wire's Bruce Gilbert and Graham Lewis, Ivo and Johnson himself. Years later, owing to a request from Johnson, it would be re-issued and credited to so all of his albums would be in the same rack together.


title: The The

text: Towards the end of 1981, Colin Lloyd-Tucker and Simon Fisher-Turner joined the band for a series of stripped down acoustic concerts in London.


title: The The

text: Now freed from the politics of a permanent group line-up, Johnson was able to take up to the next level, and spent the next few years collaborating with a diverse range of creative individuals, freely changing personnel from project to project.


title: The The

text: In 1982, the intended debut album by ("The Pornography of Despair") was recorded, but was never officially mixed nor released. Johnson apparently ran off some cassette copies for friends, and several tracks ("Mental Healing Process", "Leap into The Wind", "Absolute Liberation") were subsequently issued as additional tracks on the "This Is the Day" single. "Three Orange Kisses from Kazan" and "Waitin' for the Upturn" (featuring Steve James Sherlock playing flute and saxophone) also date from this era, and appeared as B-sides. Some of the previously-mentioned cuts, along with the tracks "The Nature of Virtue" and "Fruit of the Heart" (which were similarly recorded around the same time), appeared as bonus selections on a cassette-only issue of the band's eventual debut album, but "The Pornography of Despair" album as a whole remains unissued.


title: The The

text: Around 1982 played a series of four concerts at the Marque Club in Wardour Street, Soho, entitled 'An evening of Rock n Roll with '. These concerts were weekly for four weeks and featured Marc Almond on guitar and vocals.


title: The The

text: During more prolific period of releases, from "Soul Mining" (1983) to "Dusk" (1992), most artwork used on the albums and single releases was produced by Johnson's brother Andrew Johnson, using the pseudonym Andy Dog. The artwork has a distinctive style, and sometimes courted controversy, most notably the initial release of the 1986 single "Infected", which featured a masturbating devil and was withdrawn from sale and re-issued with an edited version of the same drawing.


title: The The

text: For the 1986 album "Infected", still consisted only of Johnson, but was augmented by session musicians and featured friends such as Manyika and Rip Rig + Panic singer Neneh Cherry and Anna Domino. This album spawned four charting singles in the UK, notably "Heartland", which made the UK top 30. It was also unusual for having a full-length accompanying film. Costing hundreds of thousands of pounds, "Infected: The Movie" was shot on locations in Bolivia, Peru and New York. Different songs were directed by different directors, mainly Tim Pope and Peter 'Sleazy' Christopherson (of Throbbing Gristle).


title: The The

text: Throughout 1986-1987 Johnson toured the world extensively with "Infected: The Movie", showing the film in cinemas in place of performing live concerts. The film was also shown twice in its entirety on Channel 4 in the UK and on MTV's 120 Minutes in the US.


title: The The

text: In 1987 Johnson also took some tentative steps back into live performance. Whilst promoting "Infected: The Movie" in Australia he had a chance encounter with Billy Bragg, who persuaded him to return to Britain and support Red Wedge, a coalition of like-minded musicians supporting the British Labour Party in its election campaign. Johnson agreed and enrolled longtime friend and collaborator Manyika to join him in performing shows in London featuring stripped-down versions of political songs such as "Heartland". This experience convinced Johnson to put a band together once again.


title: The The

text: By 1988, was an actual band again, Johnson having recruited ex-Smiths guitarist Johnny Marr, ex-Nick Lowe bassist James Eller and ex-ABC drummer David Palmer as fully-fledged members. This line-up, plus guest singer Sinéad O'Connor, recorded the album "Mind Bomb", which debuted at No. 4 in the UK Albums Chart and featured the band's highest charting single to that time, "The Beat(en) Generation", which peaked at No. 18 in the UK Singles Chart. The first single from "Mind Bomb" was actually scheduled to be "Armageddon Days Are Here (again) but with its chorus of "Islam is rising, the Christians mobilising" and sensitivities over the Salman Rushdie affair that had recently erupted, this song was deemed unsuitable for release by Epic/CBS.


title: The The

text: Keyboardist D.C. Collard was added to the official line-up in 1989 (keyboard player Steve Hogarth, who'd played on "Infected", had initially been asked to join but opted instead to become the new lead vocalist of Marillion). The band embarked on a lengthy world tour in 1989–90 called " Versus the World". The live film of the same name, directed by Tim Pope, was filmed during the three nights performed at London's Royal Albert Hall at the end of the tour. Vocalist Melanie Redmond, who had just completed a world tour with Duran Duran, joined the tour during the European leg as a session musician.


title: The The

text: The studio EP "Shades of Blue" was released in 1990. This included cover versions of Fred Neil's "Dolphins" and Duke Ellington's "Solitude" as well as a new original song "Jealous of Youth" and a live version of "Another Boy Drowning" from "Burning Blue Soul". This and a later EP of remixes, 1993's "Dis-infected", were compiled into a 1994 full-length album for the North American market called "Solitude".


title: The The

text: In 1993, with Johnson, Marr, Collard, Eller and Palmer, Some Bizzare Records/Epic issued the album "Dusk", which debuted at No. 2 in the UK and spun off three top 40 singles in the UK, led by "Dogs of Lust". Another world tour followed, the "Lonely Planet" tour, at which point the band's line-up was reshuffled; Marr and Eller left, and were replaced by Atlanta-based guitarist Keith Joyner and New York bassist Jared Michael Nickerson after Johnson relocated the band to the U.S. Also added was Boston harmonica player Jim Fitting (formerly of Treat Her Right), who auditioned in New York in early 1993. Palmer bowed out partway through the tour and was replaced by ex-Stabbing Westward drummer Andy Kubiszewski. The band headlined the main stage at the 1993 Reading Festival.


title: The The

text: Another full-length film, directed by longtime collaborator Tim Pope, was made for this album. "From Dusk Til Dawn" was shot in New Orleans and New York, and along with Johnson and Johnny Marr also featured various characters from the New York underground scene such as sexologist Annie Sprinkle, writer and raconteur Quentin Crisp, Guardian Angels founder Curtis Sliwa, and porn star Rick Savage amongst many carnival characters.


title: The The

text: Now permanently relocated to New York, next project was 1995's "Hanky Panky", an album that consisted entirely of Hank Williams cover tunes. "Hanky Panky" was recorded by a new group consisting of Johnson, Collard, Fitting, ex Iggy Pop guitarist Eric Schermerhorn, ex David Bowie bass guitarist Gail Ann Dorsey (billed as "Hollywood" Dorsey), and drummer the "Reverend" Brian MacLeod. Their cover version of "I Saw the Light" hit No. 31 UK.Released by Some Bizzare Label / Epic


title: The The

text: An experimental album called "Gun Sluts" was recorded in 1997, but left unreleased by the band after it was rejected for being too uncommercial by their label. severed their eighteen-year relationship with Sony and moved to Interscope, on Trent Reznor's Nothing Records imprint.


title: The The

text: In 2000, , now consisting of Johnson, Schermerhorn, Nashville bassist Spencer Campbell and New Jersey drummer Earl Harvin, released "NakedSelf" and embarked on yet another lengthy world tour, the "Naked Tour", this one lasting 14 months. Not counting soundtrack albums, "NakedSelf" remains final released studio album to date.


title: The The

text: This same line-up also recorded two new tracks, "Deep Down Truth", featuring Angela McCluskey on vocals and "Pillar Box Red". Both songs were produced by Clive Langer and Alan Winstanley for the 2002 compilation album '45 RPM: The Singles of The The".


title: The The

text: In June 2002 made a sole live appearance at the Meltdown Festival at London's Royal Festival Hall as guests of David Bowie. At this point, the band consisted solely of Johnson and longtime friend and collaborator J. G. Thirlwell aka Foetus on tapes and loops, and young film director on film and video.


title: The The

text: This was the last live performance by for sixteen years; Johnson had stated on the official website in the FAQ section that "There are no plans for one-off shows or tours in the near future but there will undoubtedly be another tour at some point."


title: The The

text: Since 2003, the reclusive Johnson has kept well away from the public eye and has concentrated primarily on soundtrack work, scoring numerous documentaries, films and art installations. music has featured in a diverse range of cinema over many years, from cult classics such as Jürgen Muschalek's (Muscha) "Decoder" ("Three Orange Kisses From Kazan") and Gregg Araki's "Nowhere" ("Love is Stronger Than Death") to big-budget epics such as Sylvester Stallone's "Judge Dredd" ("Darkness Falls"), prompting Johnson's move into film soundtrack composition.


title: The The

text: For English director Nichola Bruce it has included the documentary "One Man Show: Dramatic Art of Steven Berkoff" (1995) and a documentary feature film about the Apollo moon landings, "Moonbug", which was completed in autumn 2010 and won the Special Jury Remi Award for Theatrical Feature Documentary at the 2011 Houston International Film Festival. The soundtrack was released in 2012 as volume 2 in the series of original soundtrack albums produced through Johnson's Cineola imprint.


title: The The

text: For Swedish filmmaker Johanna St Michaels this has included "Best Wishes Bernhard" (prize winning film of Dokumentär Films Premien Nordic Panorama 2003), "Snapshots From Reality" (Nominated for Best International Short at the Birds Eye View Film festival at London's ICA 2007) "The Track" (2007), "Going Live" (2008), "The Island Amid the Worlds" (2010) and "Bilder av Dina" (2010). The latest collaboration between Johnson and St Michaels, "Penthouse North" premiered at the Hot Docs Canadian International Documentary Festival in May 2014.


title: The The

text: In June 2009 it was announced that had created an original soundtrack to the Gerard Johnson debut feature film "Tony", released February 2010 on Cineola imprint in March 2010, as the first volume of several forthcoming soundtrack and instrumental albums.


title: The The

text: In May 2014, completed an original soundtrack for Gerard Johnson's subsequent film, "Hyena". Starring Peter Ferdinando, Stephen Graham and Neil Maskell. The album was released on 6 March 2015 as the third part in the Cinéola series.


title: The The

text: "Je t'aime Infiniment", a film co-directed by Lebanese filmmaker Corine Shawi and Danish director Nikolaj Bendix Skyum Larsen, was completed in 2010. The latest film collaboration between Johnson and Larsen is "End of Season" a Turkish film which premiered at the SALT (institution) in Istanbul in January 2014.


title: The The

text: In May 2007 released a new download-only single on their web site. Entitled "Mrs. Mac", the track is an autobiographical song about Johnson's first day at school as a child in Stratford, East London. All instruments and vocals on the track were performed by Johnson.


title: The The

text: A press release was issued along with this track, announcing a forthcoming album called "The End of the Day" with various songs from catalogue being performed by some of Johnson's favourite artists including Elysian Fields, J.G. Thirlwell, Thomas Leer, Elbow, Rob Ellis, John Parish, Anna Domino, Meja, Angela McCluskey, Ergo Phizmiz, "Rustin Man" aka Paul Webb among others. To date, the album remains a work in progress, although a preview can be heard at the band's official site.


title: The The

text: Since 2009, "This Is the Day" has been extensively used in high-profile advertising campaigns for Levi's Dockers, M&M's and Amazon. It was used as the opening song for the movie "I Feel Pretty" (2018).


title: The The

text: In the spring of 2014, it was announced by Sony Music Entertainment that they plan to release a "Soul Mining 30th Anniversary Deluxe Edition Boxset" in the summer of 2014. The reissue was remastered by Matt Johnson at Abbey Road Studios.


title: The The

text: HarperCollins imprint The Friday Project announced in the spring of 2014 that they would be publishing the first official biography of . Authored by Neil Fraser, it will apparently have the full cooperation of Matt Johnson.


title: The The

text: Johnson told "Uncut" magazine in early 2015 that he was starting to write the first new vocal-based album since 2000's "Nakedself". This has not yet materialised.


title: The The

text: For 2017's Record Store Day, after premiering the song on a Radio Cineola broadcast, released a new 7" record called "We Can't Stop What's Coming", collaborating once again with Johnny Marr. On 10 September, it was announced that Johnson would be touring as again for the first time in 17 years. Two dates were announced, in Denmark on 1 June 2018 and at Royal Albert Hall on 5 June 2018. The Royal Albert Hall tickets sold out, with two extra performances added at O2's Brixton Academy and The Troxy, both in London. Several more shows around the UK and Europe were subsequently added, as well as eight shows in the US. also played on 2 & 3 October 2018 in the Sydney Opera House.


title: The The

text: The touring announcement came subsequent to announcing a new triple-vinyl limited-edition box set, Radio Cineola: Trilogy, to be released when they kick off their first gigs since 2002. Featuring three albums – "The End of the Day", "The Inertia Variations", and "Midnight to Midnight" – the triple box set package, available for pre-order from 6 October 2017, also came with 48-page bound book which included album lyrics and exclusive photos. "The End of the Day" contains interpretations of a selection of songs from singers across the globe and includes recent single "We Can't Stop What's Coming". "The Inertia Variations" features Johnson narrating John Tottenham's epic poetic cycle. ""Midnight To Midnight" includes interviews and soundscapes taken from Johnson's 12-hour UK Election Day Radio Cineola shortwave broadcast plus the electronic score from "The Inertia Variations" documentary," said a spokesperson for the band, speaking to The Quietus.


title: The The

text: In January 2021, the soundtrack to the 2019 film "Muscle", directed by Gerard Johnson, was released. The first track on this EP was "I Want 2 B U", a new song that was released as a 7" single for Record Store Day 2020.


title: The The

text: On 29 October 2021, released "The Comeback Special" on Cinéola/earMUSIC, a live album recorded at the Royal Albert Hall gig in 2018. This album was released in a number of formats, including one release with an art book and a film of the performance.


title: The The

text: Matt Johnson is the only permanent member of . From 1983 to 1988, and again from 2002 to the present, he was the only official member.


title: The The

text: The following artists were not official members of , but made notable contributions to various projects by the band.


title: The The

text: The recording career of /Matt Johnson features numerous full-length albums that have never seen commercial release. Despite their unavailability on disc, Johnson includes these albums in almost every official discography issued by the band.


title: The The

text: See also: "Solitude" (EP) which was released in December 1999 and contained remixes of songs—most notably, "That Was the Day", a version of their single, "This Is the Day".


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: The waist–hip ratio or waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) is the dimensionless ratio of the circumference of the waist to that of the hips.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: This is calculated as waist measurement divided by hip measurement (). For example, a person with a 30″ () waist and 38″ () hips has a waist–hip ratio of about 0.78.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: The WHR has been used as an indicator or measure of health, fertility, and the risk of developing serious health conditions. WHR correlates with perceptions of physical attractiveness.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: According to the World Health Organization's data gathering protocol, the waist circumference should be measured at the midpoint between the lower margin of the last palpable ribs and the top of the iliac crest, using a stretch-resistant tape that provides constant tension. Hip circumference should be measured around the widest portion of the buttocks, with the tape parallel to the floor. Other organizations use slightly different standards. The United States National Institutes of Health and the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey used results obtained by measuring at the top of the iliac crest. Waist measurements are usually obtained by laypersons by measurings around the waist at the navel, but research has shown that these measurements may underestimate the true waist circumference.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: For both measurements, the individual should stand with feet close together, arms at the side and body weight evenly distributed, and should wear little clothing. The subject should be relaxed, and the measurements should be taken at the end of a normal respiration. Each measurement should be repeated twice; if the measurements are within 1 cm of one another, the average should be calculated. If the difference between the two measurements exceeds 1 cm, the two measurements should be repeated.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Practically, however, the waist is more conveniently measured simply at the smallest circumference of the natural waist, usually just above the belly button, and the hip circumference may likewise be measured at its widest part of the buttocks or hip. Also, in case the waist is convex rather than concave, such as with different body types, and obesity, the waist may be measured at a horizontal level 1″ () above the navel.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: The WHR has been used as an indicator or measure of health, and as a risk factor for developing serious health conditions.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: WHR is used as a measurement of obesity, which in turn is a possible indicator of other more serious health conditions. The WHO states that abdominal obesity is defined as a waist–hip ratio above 0.90 for males and above 0.85 for females, or a body mass index (BMI) above 30.0. The National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (NIDDK) states that "total cholesterol levels are usually higher in persons with predominant abdominal obesity, defined as a waist-to-hip circumference ratio of ≥ 0.8 for women and ≥ 1.0 for men.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: WHR has been found to be a more efficient predictor of mortality in older people (>75 years of age) than waist circumference or BMI. If obesity is redefined using WHR instead of BMI, the proportion of people categorized as at risk of heart attack worldwide increases threefold. WHR may be less accurate in individuals with a BMI of 35 or higher, and more complex to interpret since an increased WHR may result from increased abdominal fat or decreased lean muscle mass around the hips. The body fat percentage is considered to be an even more accurate measure of relative weight. Of these three measurements, only the waist–hip ratio takes account of the differences in body structure. Hence, it is possible for two people of the same sex to have different body mass indices but the same waist–hip ratio, or to have the same body mass index but different waist–hip ratios.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: WHR has been shown to be a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than simple waist circumference and body-mass index. The study by American Heart Association has shown that measuring waistline and comparing it to hip size might be a better way to predict heart disease risk than a widely used body mass index. However, other studies have found waist circumference (particularly Waist-to-height ratio) to be a better indicator of cardiovascular risk factors than the waist–hip ratio, body fat distribution, and hypertension in type 2 diabetes.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: The stress hormone cortisol is regulated by the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis and has been associated with higher levels of abdominal fat and therefore a higher WHR.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Abdominal fat is a marker of visceral fat (stored around important internal organs such as the liver, pancreas and intestines) and has greater blood flow and more receptors for cortisol than peripheral fat. The greater the number of cortisol receptors, the more sensitive the visceral fat tissue is to cortisol. This heightened sensitivity to cortisol stimulates fat cells to further increase in size.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Women who have a combination of normal BMI and high WHR experience elevated cortisol reactivity to acute stressors and failure to habituate to repeated stressors, compared to women with normal WHR. This suggests that high WHR might also indicate HPA-axis dysregulation and over-exposure to cortisol.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Evidence for the relationship between cortisol and central fat distribution has primarily been studied in individuals with Cushing's syndrome.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: This is characterized by over-exposure to cortisol due to elevated activity of the HPA axis. A primary component of Cushing's syndrome is the accumulation of fat in the abdominal region, and it is hypothesized that elevated cortisol levels contribute to this accumulation. However, this hypothesis remains contested as cortisol levels only modestly explain variation in central fat distribution. It is more likely that a complex set of biological and neuroendocrine pathways related to cortisol secretion contribute to central adiposity, such as leptin, neuropeptide y, corticotropin releasing factor and the sympathetic nervous system.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: In general, adults with growth hormone deficiencies also have increased WHRs. Adults with untreated congenital isolated growth hormone deficiency have increased WHRs, possibly from increased cortisone–cortisol ratios and insulin sensitivities. Since these individuals have increased visceral obesity, it has been suggested that a minimal growth hormone secretion would theoretically increase insulin resistance. However, because of the growth hormone deficiency, this insulin resistance point cannot be reached and these individuals are more sensitive to insulin. Increased adipose deposits are therefore more likely to form in these individuals, causing the high WHR. Growth hormone deficiencies have also been correlated with WHRs in prepubertal children; the specific baseline body statistics, such as WHRs, of pre-pubertal children with growth hormone deficiencies can predict growth response effectiveness to artificial growth hormone therapies, such as rhGH treatments.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Women with high WHR (0.80 or higher) have significantly lower pregnancy rates than women with lower WHRs (0.70–0.79), independent of their BMIs. Men with WHRs around 0.9, similarly, have been shown to be more healthy and fertile with less prostate cancer and testicular cancer.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Evidence suggests that WHR is an accurate somatic indicator of reproductive endocrinological status and long-term health risk. Among girls with identical body weights, those with lower WHRs show earlier pubertal endocrine activity, as measured by high levels of lutenizing hormone and follicle-stimulating hormone, as well as sex steroid (estradiol) activity. A Dutch prospective study on outcome in an artificial insemination program provides evidence for the role of WHR and fecundity. These investigators report that a 0.1 unit increase in WHR decreases the probability of conception per cycle by 30% after adjustment for age, obesity, reasons for artificial insemination, cycle length and regularity, smoking, and parity.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Menopause, the natural or surgical cessation of the menstrual cycle, is due to an overall decrease in ovarian production of the hormones estradiol and progesterone. These hormonal changes are also associated with an increase in WHR independent of increases in body mass. Significantly, studies find that large premenopausal WHRs are associated with lower estradiol levels and variation in age of menopause onset. Circulating estrogen preferentially stores lipid deposits in the gluteofemoral region, including the buttocks and thighs, and evidence suggests that menopause-associated estrogen deficiency results in an accumulation of adipose deposits around the abdomen. These menopause-induced changes in body fat distribution can be counteracted with hormone replacement therapy. In contrast, aging males gradually accumulate abdominal fat, and hence increased WHR, in parallel with declining androgen levels.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Using data from the U.S. National Center for Health Statistics, William Lassek at the University of Pittsburgh in Pennsylvania and Steven Gaulin of the University of California, Santa Barbara, found a child's performance in cognitive tests correlated to their mother's waist–hip ratio, a proxy for how much fat she stores on her hips.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Children whose mothers had wide hips and a low waist–hip ratio scored highest, leading Lassek and Gaulin to suggest that fetuses benefit from hip fat, which contains long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids, critical for the development of the fetus's brain. In addition, evidence suggests that children of low-WHR teens were protected from the cognitive deficits often associated with teen birth.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Studies in twins have suggested that between 22% and 61% of variability in waist-to-hip ratio may be accounted for by genetic factors.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Research has found waist-to-chest ratio to be the largest determinant of male attractiveness, with body mass index and waist-to-hip ratio not as significant.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: WHR is considered as one of the three determinants of female attractiveness, the other two being body mass index (BMI), and curvaceousness. The concept and significance of WHR as an indicator of attractiveness was first theorized by evolutionary psychologist Devendra Singh at the University of Texas at Austin in 1993. Singh argued that the WHR was a more consistent estrogen marker than the bust–waist ratio (BWR) studied at King's College, London by Glenn Wilson in the 1970s.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Some researchers have found that the waist–hip ratio is a significant measure of female attractiveness. Women with a 0.7 WHR are usually rated as more attractive by men from Indo-European cultures. Preferences may vary, according to some studies, ranging from 0.6 in China, South America, and some of Africa to 0.8 in Cameroon and among the Hadza tribe of Tanzania, with divergent preferences according to the ethnicity of the observed being noted.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: It appears that men in westernized societies are more influenced by female waist size than hip size: "Hip size indicates pelvic size and the amount of additional fat storage that can be used as a source of energy. Waist size conveys information such as current reproductive status or health status ... in westernized societies with no risk of seasonal lack of food, the waist, conveying information about fecundity and health status, will be more important than hip size for assessing a female's attractiveness".


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: By western standards, women in foraging populations have high numbers of pregnancies, high parasite loads, and high caloric dependence on fibrous foods. These variables change across cultures, suggesting that


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Thus, a WHR that indicates pubertal onset, sex, fertility, hormonal irregularities, and/or differentiates male from female in one population may not do so in another.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: In a series of 1993 studies done by Singh, men used WHR and overall body fat to determine a woman's attractiveness. In his first study, men were shown a series of 12 drawings of women with various WHRs and body fat. Drawings with normal weight and a low WHR were associated with the most positive traits (i.e. attractive, sexy, intelligent and healthy). The drawings of thin female figures were not associated with any positive traits except youthfulness.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Through this study, Singh suggests that males and females may have developed innate mechanisms which detect and make use of the WHR to assess how healthy an individual is and (particularly for men), infer possible mate value. Having a healthy mate improves the chances of producing offspring with inherited genetic protection from various diseases and a healthy mate is more likely to be a good parent (Hamilton & Zuk, 1982; Thornhill, 1993).


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Other studies discovered WHR as a signal of attractiveness as well, beyond just examining body fat and fertility. Barnaby Dixson, Gina Grimshaw, Wayne Linklater, and Alan Dixson conducted a study using eye-tracking techniques to evaluate men's fixation on digitally altered photographs of the same woman, as well as asking the men to evaluate the images based on attractiveness. What they found was while men fixated on the woman's breasts in each photo, they selected the images where the woman had a 0.7 WHR as most attractive, regardless of breast size. Pazhoohi et al. (2019) using eye tracking confirmed that lower than optimal WHRs when posing in contrapposto, which causes one side of the body to have a lower than optimal view-dependent WHR, are perceived more attractive and are supernormal stimuli.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Furthermore, referencing a 2005 study conducted by Johnson and Tassinary looking at animated human walking stimuli, Farid Pazhoohi and James R. Liddle proposed that men do not solely use WHR to evaluate attractiveness, but also a means of sex-differentiation, with higher WHR perceived as more masculine and lower WHR as an indicator of femininity. Pazhoohi and Liddle used this idea as a possible additional explanation as to why men perceive a lower WHR as more attractive – because it relates to an expression of femininity, as opposed to masculinity and a higher WHR. On this basis, it was shown that men with lower, more feminine, WHRs feel less comfortable and self-report lower body esteem and self-efficacy than men with higher, more masculine, WHRs.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: To enhance their perceived attractiveness, some women may artificially alter their apparent WHR. The methods include the use of a corset to reduce the waist size and hip and buttock padding to increase the apparent size of the hips and buttocks. In an earlier attempt to quantify attractiveness, corset and girdle manufacturers of the 20th century used a calculation called "hip spring" (or "hip-spring" or "hipspring"), calculated by subtracting the waist measurement from the hip measurement. However this calculation fell into disuse because it is a poor indicator of attractiveness; for example, a hip spring of would likely be considered quite attractive for an average-sized adult woman, but a child or petite woman with the same number would more likely be seen as malnourished.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: WHR versus BMI attractiveness is related to fertility, not fat content. A study performed by Holliday used computer generated female body shapes to construct images which covary with real female body mass (indexed with BMI) and not with body shape (indexed with WHR), and vice versa. Twelve observers (6 male and 6 female) rated these images for attractiveness during an fMRI study. The attractiveness ratings were correlated with changes in BMI and not WHR. The results demonstrated that in addition to activation in higher visual areas, changes to BMI had a direct impact on activity within the brain's reward system. This shows that BMI, not WHR, modulates reward mechanisms in the brain and that this may have important implications for judgements of ideal body size in eating-disordered individuals.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Another study, conducted by Adrian Furnham, was used as an extension of Singh and Young's 1995 investigation. A total of 137 participants were in the study. There were 98 female participants. The age range was between 16 and 67. The majority of participants were undergraduates, and 90% were white British, the remainder being Asian (East Indian) and African. Their educational and socio-economic backgrounds (nearly all middle class) were fairly homogenous, and none had previously participated in any studies involving female body shape or attractiveness. It was predicted that the effect of breast size on judgment of attractiveness and age estimation would be dependent on overall body fat and the size of the waist-to-hip ratio.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: All the participants were given a booklet with eight pictures in total. Each figure was identified as heavy or slender, feminine WHR or masculine WHR, and large-breasted or small-breasted. The participants rated the figures for four personal attributes (attractiveness, healthiness, femininity, and kindness/understanding).


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: When ratings of the figures' attractiveness were made, generally it appeared that bust size, WHR, and their weight were all important contributory elements. The female participants rated the figures with a low WHR as more attractive, healthy, feminine-looking, and in the case of the heavy figure, more kind and understanding than did male participants. This is a particularly interesting finding, as most previous studies report that young women idealize female bodies solely on the basis of thinness. As far as the breast sizes of the slender figures is concerned, whether they had large or small breasts did not appear to have any effect on the ratings of attractiveness or kindness or understanding, and having larger breasts only increased the mean ratings of health and femininity very slightly. However, a heavy figure with a high WHR and a large bust was rated as the least attractive and healthy by all participants.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Waist–hip ratio is also a reliable cue to one's sex and it is hypothesised that the "individuals who represent a mismatch based on the cue provided by WHR (e.g., women with high WHR values or men with low WHR values) would likely be viewed as unattractive by the opposite sex."


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: A 2017 University of Wroclaw study of around one thousand women across different culturesdesigned to address the conflicting theoriesconcluded that an attractive WHR is not a predictor of peak fertility, but actually a predictor of the onset of fertility and therefore a predictor of maximal long term reproductive potential and minimal chance of raising a competing male's children. The study authors concluded "Hence, it can be predicted that the preference for a low WHR results from male preference for women at peak residual reproductive value, just prior to first probably fertile ovulatory cycle (and with no previous children).


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: A number of studies have been carried out with focus on food composition of diets in relation to changes in waist circumference adjusted for body mass index.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: Whole-grain, ready-to-eat, oat cereal diets reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and waist circumference in overweight or obese adults more than low-fibre control food diets. Weight loss did not vary between groups.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: In an American sample of 459 healthy men and women participating in the ongoing 'Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging', the mean annual increase [with age] in waist circumference was more than 3 times as great for the participants in the white-bread cluster compared with the participants using a diet that is high in fruit, vegetables, reduced-fat dairy and whole grains and is low in red or processed meat, fast food and soft drink.


title: Waist–hip ratio

text: A 2011 study suggests that dietary pattern high in fruit and dairy and low in white bread, processed meat, margarine, and soft drinks may help to prevent abdominal fat accumulation.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: Cheryl Christina Crane (born July 25, 1943) is an American retired real estate broker, author and former model. She is the only child of actress Lana Turner. Her father was Turner's second husband, actor-turned-restaurateur Steve Crane. She was the subject of significant media attention in 1958 when, at fourteen years old, she stabbed to death her mother's lover, Johnny Stompanato, during a domestic struggle; she was not charged, and his death was deemed a justifiable homicide.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: In the years following Stompanato's death, Crane's rebellious behavior was well-documented in the press. Upon graduating from high school, she briefly worked as a model before entering the restaurant business, working at the Luau, a Polynesian restaurant owned by her father. She would later study restaurant management and hospitality at Cornell University, hoping to become a restaurateur.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: In the 1980s, Crane shifted her career focus to real estate, becoming a broker in Hawaii and Palm Springs, California. In 1988, she authored a memoir titled "", and in 2011 published her first fiction work, "The Bad Always Die Twice".


title: Cheryl Crane

text: Crane was born July 25, 1943 at Hollywood Hospital in Los Angeles to actress Lana Turner and actor Steve Crane. At the time of her birth, Crane suffered near-fatal erythroblastosis fetalis due to her mother's Rh-negative blood. Her parents divorced in August 1944. She was raised primarily in Bel Air, Los Angeles, and described her early life as: "famous at birth and pampered silly." She attended St. Paul the Apostle School, a Catholic primary and secondary school in Los Angeles, and later, Emerson Junior High School. In 1957, she began attending the Happy Valley School in Ojai, California.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: On April 4, 1958, at age 14, Crane stabbed her mother's boyfriend, Johnny Stompanato, to death. The killing was ruled a justifiable homicide: she was deemed to have been protecting her mother. Stompanato was well known to have been abusive, extremely jealous of Turner and had previously pointed a gun at actor Sean Connery, her co-star in "Another Time, Another Place", only to have Connery "take the gun from him, beat him, and force him from the movie set" after which "Scotland Yard had him deported."


title: Cheryl Crane

text: Following Stompanato's death, Crane was made a ward of the State of California and was placed in the El Retiro School for Girls in Sylmar, Los Angeles for "psychiatric therapy" in March 1960. Six weeks later she and two other girls climbed a wall and fled. They were eventually returned to the school after she telephoned her father. Five weeks later, she again fled the campus with two other girls. They walked into Sylmar and were driven by a new acquaintance to Beverly Hills, where they were taken into custody a few hours later after being seen near her grandmother's home. She was released from the school in January 1961 to the custody of her mother and stepfather, Frederick D. May. Worried she was still suffering from the trauma of Stompanato's death, Turner sent Crane to the Institute of Living in Hartford, Connecticut.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: Standing at , Crane initially decided to pursue a career as a model after high school, and modeled for several Los Angeles women's clothing stores. After a stint working as a model, Crane instead chose to work for her father at his restaurant, the Luau, on Rodeo Drive. "It took the restaurant business to get me out of my shyness," she would later say. "To realize I could greet people in the Luau and they wouldn't bite me. A restaurant is make-believe too, you know. It's always opening night." After working as a hostess for several years, Crane decided to pursue a career in the restaurant business; she enrolled in the School of Hotel Administration at Cornell University where she studied restaurant and hospitality management for one year.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: In April 1970, Crane was detained by the Los Angeles Police Department when three half-grown marijuana plants were discovered in the back seat of her car. In that same year, she began dating model Joyce LeRoy, to whom she was introduced by Marlon Brando at a party held by Wally Cox. After the closure of the Luau in 1979, Crane relocated with LeRoy to Honolulu, Hawaii, where she worked as a real estate broker. Around 1986, the couple relocated to San Francisco.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: In 1988, Crane published a memoir titled "" (1988), in which she discussed the Stompanato killing publicly for the first time and admitted to the stabbing. She further alleged that she was subject to a series of sexual assaults at the hands of her stepfather and her mother's fourth husband, actor Lex Barker. The book went on to become a "New York Times" Best Seller. In it, Crane also publicly revealed how at age thirteen she had come out as a lesbian to her parents:


title: Cheryl Crane

text: Turner would later state that she regarded Crane's partner, LeRoy, "as a second daughter." Upon Turner's death in 1995, Crane and LeRoy inherited Turner's personal effects as well as $50,000 (her estate was estimated in court documents to be worth $1.7 million [$ million in dollars]) with the majority of her estate being left to Carmen Lopez Cruz, her maid and companion for 45 years. Crane challenged the will and Lopez claimed that the majority of the estate was consumed by probate costs, legal fees, and medical expenses.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: In 1998, Crane was diagnosed with breast cancer and successfully underwent a double mastectomy as well as radiation and chemotherapy to treat the cancer.


title: Cheryl Crane

text: She published her second memoir in 2008, titled "Lana: The Memories, the Myths, the Movies", which focused on her mother. She wrote her first fictional work, a mystery novel titled "The Bad Always Die Twice", which was published in 2011. As of 2011, Crane resided in the Palm Springs, California area, working in real estate. In 2013 and 2014 she published two additional novels, "Imitation of Death," and "The Dead and the Beautiful." Both are mystery novels featuring Nikki Harper, a real estate agent featured in "The Bad Always Die Twice".


title: Cheryl Crane

text: In November 2014, Crane married LeRoy, her longtime partner, after having been together for over four decades. Crane still works as a real-estate agent as of 2018.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: , also known as , is a Japanese Yakuza, the sixth and current "kumicho" (supreme kingpin, or chairman) of the Yamaguchi-gumi, Japan's largest yakuza organization.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: After graduating from Oita Prefectural Fisheries High School (currently Oita Prefectural High School of Marine Science), he got a job at a major local fisheries company.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: He began his Yakuza career in 1962 when he joined the Hirota-gumi, a Nagoya-based Yamaguchi-gumi affiliate. Following the disbanding of the Hirota-gumi, he founded the Kodo-kai with Kiyoshi Takayama among others in 1984 as the successor to the Hirota-gumi.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: Under Shinoda and his long-term partner Takayama, the Kodo-kai was a successful branch of the Yamaguchi-Gumi, establishing branches in 18 prefectures—including expansion into the Kantō region, traditionally not Yamaguchi territory.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: Shinoda took control of the 40,000-strong gang on July 29, 2005 after the retirement of previous don Yoshinori Watanabe. Under Shinoda, the Kobe-based Yamaguchi-gumi is expected to continue that expansion into Tokyo and Eastern Japan. According to both yakuza and police, this movement would inevitably create conflict between the Yamaguchi-gumi and the Kanto-Hatsukakai, a federation of Tokyo-based yakuza groups including the Inagawa-kai and the Sumiyoshi-kai.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: Shinoda is the first Yamaguchi-gumi "kumicho" not to hail from the Kansai region. He also eschews the "supreme Godfather" image, at least in public; after his appointment as "kumicho", he insisted on taking the train to his induction ceremony instead of a chauffeured limousine. He also reportedly stopped in a street ramen noodle restaurant on the way to the lavish yakuza banquet arranged in his honor.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: In the early 1970s, Shinoda was convicted of murdering a rival yakuza boss with a katana, and spent 13 years in prison. He was also involved, as the head of the Kodo-kai, in the Yamaguchi-gumi's numerous historic yakuza wars. Notably his achievements at the "Yama-Ichi War" in the late 1980s was a major reason for his entrance into the Yamaguchi-gumi's Kobe headquarters.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: On December 4, 2005, only four months after being named "kumicho", Shinoda began serving a six-year prison sentence for gun possession after the Japanese Supreme Court finally rejected his appeal of a 1997 conviction. In the 1997 case, one of his bodyguards was caught with an illegal pistol, and Shinoda was convicted of "conspiring" with the bodyguard.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: In September of 2011, Shinoda responded to an interview with a Sankei newspaper and criticized the police authorities for the gang exclusion ordinance.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: In 2012, it was reported that he and his executives had visited Kobe Gokoku Shrine in Hyogo Prefecture, HQ early on New Year's Day, which was closed to the general public. [13] At midnight on January 1, 2016, he visited Kobe Gokuni Shrine for the first time since the Yamaguchi-Gumi split.


title: Kenichi Shinoda

text: In 2012, the Obama administration of the United States imposed sanctions on him as the leader of the Yamaguchi-gumi, along with his second-in-command Kiyoshi Takayama. The sanctions also targeted several individuals linked to three other transnational organized crime groups, the Brothers' Circle of Russia, the Camorra of Italy, and Los Zetas of Mexico.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Kia Seltos () is a subcompact crossover SUV manufactured by Kia. Introduced in mid-2019, the Seltos is positioned between the smaller Stonic, Soul, or Sonet and the larger Sportage in Kia's global SUV lineup.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Seltos is designated as a global product with three variations introduced for different markets. The first variation is the largest version of the Seltos, which is manufactured in South Korea (codename: "SP2") mainly aimed for developed markets, including North America and Australasia. The two other variations are the Indian-made Seltos (codename: "SP2i") and the closely related Chinese version badged as the Kia KX3 (codename: "SP2c"). The SP2i and SP2c models are the low-cost versions of the Seltos to penetrate emerging markets, built on the Hyundai-Kia K2 platform and closely related to the second-generation Hyundai Creta/ix25. Despite being a globally marketed model, the Seltos is not sold in the European market.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The name "Seltos" is derived from "Celtos", the son of Hercules and Celtine in Greek mythology. According to Kia, the Seltos is aimed directly at millennials and "youthful, tech-savvy buyers" looking for a vehicle that stands out from the crowd.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Seltos started as two concept cars, the SP Concept, which was showcased at the 2018 Auto Expo in February 2018, and the SP Signature showcased at the 2019 Seoul Motor Show in March 2019. Both concept cars have a close resemblance with the current mass-production versions. The SP Concept previewed the SP2i Seltos built in India, while the SP Signature is the concept version of the South Korean-made SP2 Seltos.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Seltos was launched in South Korea on 18 July 2019, India on 22 August 2019, and the Philippines on 6 November 2019 with a release in various global markets except Europe by the end of the year. The Seltos was also launched in Indonesia on 20 January 2020. The Seltos was launched in the United States, Canada, and Mexico in early 2020 for the 2021 model year. It was also introduced in Russia in June 2020.


title: Kia Seltos

text: Kia Motors Europe COO Emilio Herrera has confirmed the automaker would not sell the new Seltos in Europe due to the popularity of larger SUV offerings such as the Sportage and Sorento, and the release of the Stonic and XCeed in the small SUV segment.


title: Kia Seltos

text: In 2020 and 2021, the Seltos was the second best-selling Kia model globally after the Sportage, with India as its largest single market.


title: Kia Seltos

text: SP2 is the internal codename designated to the version manufactured in South Korea, which is also assembled by knock-down kits in Russia and Uzbekistan. The SP2 Seltos is built on a platform shared with the Hyundai Kona and the Kia Soul.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The SP2 Seltos debuted in South Korea on 18 July 2019. Positioned above the Stonic, it is offered with two engine options, the 1.6-litre "Gamma" turbo petrol engine that runs on maximum of and of torque with a claimed fuel efficiency of , and the other is a 1.6-litre "U-Line" diesel engine is equipped with maximum of and of torque with a claimed fuel economy of . Both engines are equipped with a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission. It is also available with an all-wheel drive option.


title: Kia Seltos

text: Several driver-assist functions including forward collision-avoidance assist, lane-following assist, lane-keeping assist, driver-attention warning, and high-beam assist are available as standard for all trims.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The design of the new Seltos facelift model of the SP2 model, was first unveiled on July 22, 2022. The front of the vehicle is equipped with a mesh radiator grille, star map signature lighting, and LED projection. In addition, fog lamps and skid plates were applied. 18-inch front processing type wheels are used to the side. The rear part is applied with star map signature lighting designed horizontally, a backup lamp, and a rear reflector. Inside, a panoramic display that connects a 10.25-inch cluster and a 10.25-inch infotainment system screen is applied. In addition, functions such as integrated controllers and electronic shift dials have been added. The gravity model is equipped with a radiator grille with dark metal, upper and lower garnish, headlamp upper garnish, and front and rear skid plates. In addition, 18-inch black alloy wheels and black outside mirrors were applied.


title: Kia Seltos

text: Launched for the 2021 model year, the Seltos for the U.S. and Canada is positioned between the Soul and Sportage. It has a redesigned front bumper to maximize the front approach angle. Trim levels for the 2021 Seltos are LX, S, S Turbo, EX, and SX Turbo.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The North American Kia Seltos offers a naturally aspirated 2.0-liter with and of torque, standard on LX, S, and EX trims with a CVT gearbox marketed as "Intelligent Variable Transmission" (IVT). Also offered is a 1.6-liter turbo engine producing and of torque. Standard on the Seltos SX and optional on the S, the 1.6 Turbo comes with a seven-speed dual-clutch automatic transmission. All-wheel drive is available and standard on most trims except for the S model, where it is optional and has similar mechanical components as the larger Telluride.


title: Kia Seltos

text: For the 2022 model year, the Seltos received a new Kia badge with the updated Kia logo and a Nightfall Edition trim that replaced the Turbo S model.


title: Kia Seltos

text: In Mexico, the SP2 Seltos is not offered, as the Indian-sourced SP2i Seltos is sold in the country instead.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Seltos launched in October 2019 in the Australian market. The five grades consist of S, Sport, Sport+, Sport+ AWD, and GT-Line. Engine choice for lower end variants consist of the "Nu" 2.0-litre petrol engine mated to CVT, while higher end AWD models are powered by the 1.6-litre "Gamma" T-GDi engine with a seven-speed DCT. It is equipped with a region-specific suspension tuning to suit the road conditions in Australia.


title: Kia Seltos

text: In September 2020, Kia Australia issued a recall on 2,465 units of the Seltos sold between 25 October 2019 and 25 August 2020. The affected units are to be fitted with an antitheft locking mechanism in the steering wheel column shaft to meet Australian design rules. The Seltos was the 25th-highest selling vehicle in Australia in 2020.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The SP2 model is also offered in the Philippines and Russia. CKD assembly of the SP2 Seltos commenced in Avtotor plant in Kaliningrad from April 2020.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The SP2 Seltos received a five-star rating from Australasian New Car Assessment Program, and a four-star rating from the U.S. National Highway Traffic Safety Administration.


title: Kia Seltos

text: SP2i is the internally designated codename for the Seltos model manufactured in India and exported mostly to emerging markets. The SP2i Seltos is shorter by in length and in wheelbase compared to the SP2.


title: Kia Seltos

text: Visually, the SP2i Seltos can be identified from the SP2 Seltos by the hood line that ends by the grille that creates a seamless "clamshell" hood design, while for the SP2 Seltos, the hood line ends behind the Kia logo. The front end region is also slightly shorter and the rear bumper is flatter in design. The SP2i Seltos along with the Chinese KX3 also has a different interior dashboard design compared to the SP2 Seltos with a simpler HVAC vent design and an integrated infotainment screen housing.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Seltos is the first product of Kia India following its entry in the country. The crossover was unveiled in New Delhi on 20 June 2019. By the time of its launch on 22 August 2019, Kia had received more than 50,000 bookings for the Seltos. Later, the Seltos emerged as the best-selling SUV in the country by delivering 12,854 units in October 2019. As of 1 April 2020, the Seltos sales crossed the 80,000 mark in India.


title: Kia Seltos

text: In India, the Seltos is offered in two submodels, which are the Tech Line and GT Line. Three engine options are offered in India, consisting of two petrol engines and one diesel engine. The petrol engines are the 1.5-litre, naturally aspirated engine that makes paired with six-speed manual transmission or CVT, and a 1.4-liter Kappa turbo engine that produces paired with six-speed manual transmission or a seven-speed dual-clutch transmission (DCT). The diesel engine is a 1.5-litre U-Line unit that produces paired with six-speed manual transmission or six-speed torque-converter automatic.


title: Kia Seltos

text: In August 2021, a new sub-model named X-Line was introduced in India. The new X-Line consist only of cosmetic changes rather than mechanical changes. The trim is available in two engine options, 1.4-litre turbo petrol engine and the 1.5-litre CRDi diesel. Upgrades included 18-inch alloy wheels and piano black trim highlights.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Indian-built Seltos is exported to several regions, which mostly are emerging markets, including South Africa, North Africa, Southeast Asia (except the Philippines), Latin America, the Middle East, and other South Asian markets. It is also assembled by kits in Vietnam starting from July 2020. The exported Seltos from India is available with a 1.6-litre petrol engine, which is not offered in the Indian domestic market.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Indian-specification Seltos is equipped as standard with two frontal airbags, two front side thorax-protecting airbags (made standard in April 2022 and 6 airbags also made standard in July 2022), antilock brakes, electronic stability control (made standard in April 2022), all-wheel disc brakes, rear parking sensors and front seatbelt reminders. Head-protecting curtain airbags are available on higher trim levels, as are tyre pressure monitoring and blind spot detection.


title: Kia Seltos

text: Global NCAP crash-tested the Indian-market Kia Seltos in its basic safety specification (of the time) of two airbags and anti-lock brakes in 2020 (similar to Latin NCAP 2013). The car scored three stars out of five for adult occupant protection in a 64 km/h frontal offset impact. The head faced a small penalty for 'bottoming out' of the frontal airbags (indicated by a sufficiently severe and long spike in the deceleration pulse). The passenger compartment showed symptoms of instability during the test and chest protection was downrated by a point for this. The major cause for the low score was excessive rearward movement of the pedals due to intrusion which affected protection of the feet and tibias.


title: Kia Seltos

text: The Seltos did not score any points for dynamics for child occupants because Kia refused to nominate child seats for the test.


title: Kia Seltos

text: Body-in-white repair manuals confirm that the SP2i has different dimensions, shapes and parts from the SP2, and also show that hot-formed reinforcements that aid energy dissipation in the IIHS driver-side small overlap test, which are present in the SP2, are missing in the SP2i.


title: Kia Seltos

text: In September 2019, the Seltos was unveiled at the Chengdu Motor Show as the second-generation Kia KX3. Coded internally as SP2c, the car debuted in the Chinese market in December 2019. The KX3 has a wheelbase, longer than any other versions of the Seltos.


title: Kia Seltos

text: "U.S. News & World Report" ranked the Kia Seltos at No. 4 on its list of Best Subcompact SUVs for 2022, giving it a score of 8.2 out of 10.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: The following is a list of magical objects used in the fictional universe of "Harry Potter" in the original book series, as well as in the adapted film series.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: In "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", Hermione Granger creates fake, enchanted Galleons (wizard money) that are used for communication between members of Dumbledore's Army (DA). Like non-enchanted Galleons, the coins have numerals around the edge. On non-enchanted Galleons these serial numbers signify the goblin who cast the coin; on the enchanted Galleons, the numbers represent the time and date of the next DA meeting. Due to the coins being infused with a Protean Charm, once Harry Potter alters his, every coin changes to suit. The coins grow hot when the numbers change to alert the members to look at their coins.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: In "Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince", Draco Malfoy uses a pair of enchanted coins to bypass the communication limits imposed on Hogwarts, thus managing to keep in contact with Madam Rosmerta, whom he had placed under the Imperius Curse. Draco reveals he got the idea from Hermione's DA coins, which were themselves inspired by Lord Voldemort's use of the Dark Mark to communicate with his Death Eaters.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: In "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows", Neville Longbottom uses the DA's coins to alert people such as Luna Lovegood and Ginny Weasley that Harry, Ron and Hermione have returned to Hogwarts.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: A Howler is a scarlet-red letter sent to signify extreme anger or to convey a message very loudly and publicly. When it is opened, the sender's voice, which has been magically magnified to a deafening volume, bellows a message at the recipient and then self-destructs itself by burning. If it is not opened or there is a delay in opening it, the letter smoulders, explodes violently, and shouts the message out even louder than normal. In the film version, the Howler folds itself into an origami-style set of lips and teeth and shouts the message out, and then shreds itself into scraps of paper before it burns itself.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: In "Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets", Ron Weasley receives a Howler from his mother, Molly Weasley, after he steals his father's enchanted car and flies it to Hogwarts with Harry. Neville Longbottom confesses that he had once gotten a Howler from his grandmother Augusta, stating that he ignored it and that the result was horrible. Subsequently, Neville receives another Howler from his grandmother after Sirius Black uses his list of passwords to enter the Gryffindor common room in "Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban". Hermione receives one in "Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire" after Rita Skeeter publishes a false article about a relationship between Hermione and Harry. In "Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix", Dumbledore sends Harry's aunt Petunia Dursley a Howler to remind her of the agreement to allow Harry to live at Privet Drive when Harry's Uncle Vernon attempts to throw him out.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: A deluminator is a device invented by Albus Dumbledore that resembles a cigarette lighter. It is used to remove or absorb (as well as return) the light from any light source to provide cover to the user. In "Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone", Dumbledore uses the deluminator (then referred to as the Put-Outer) to darken Privet Drive, where the Dursley family's house is located. It was seen in "Order of the Phoenix" where Dumbledore loans the deluminator to Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody, who uses it when transporting Harry from the Dursleys' home to Sirius's home at Number 12, Grimmauld Place. In "Half-Blood Prince", Dumbledore uses the deluminator again to darken Privet Drive before collecting Harry.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: In "Deathly Hallows", it is bequeathed to Ron by Dumbledore in his will. Later in the book, after Ron had left his friends in anger, the deluminator demonstrated an additional capability, similar to a homing device. Ron hears Hermione through the device as she says his name for the first time since he left, and, when he clicks it, the emitted ball of light enters his body and allows him to locate and apparate to the vicinity of Harry and Hermione's camp. J. K. Rowling stated Dumbledore left it to Ron because he believed he might have needed a little more guidance than Harry and Hermione.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: Within the "Harry Potter" universe, an invisibility cloak is used to make the wearer invisible. All are very rare and expensive. In "Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them" it is said invisibility cloaks may be spun from pelts of the Demiguise. Invisibility cloaks can also be ordinary cloaks with a Disillusionment Charm or a Bedazzlement Hex placed on them. Over time, these cloaks will lose their invisibility ability, eventually becoming opaque and vulnerable to penetration by various spells.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: Moody is known to possess two invisibility cloaks. One of these was borrowed by Sturgis Podmore in the course of work for the Order of the Phoenix. Barty Crouch Sr. possessed one as well, which he used to hide his son Barty Crouch Jr. to prevent him from being found and returned to Azkaban, the wizarding prison. Several times in the series, characters have been shown to either suspect or in some other fashion "sense" that Harry is wearing his cloak: Snape is seen to be suspicious when being followed by Harry, even reaching out to grab at (what appears to be) thin air; in "Half-Blood Prince", Draco Malfoy realises Harry is in his train carriage and successfully immobilizes him with a Petrificus Totalus (Body-Bind) curse, as despite wearing his cloak Harry inadvertently moved objects near him; and in "Chamber of Secrets", Albus Dumbledore senses Harry and Ron beneath it in Hagrid's cabin while talking to Lucius Malfoy during the event when Cornelius Fudge comes to take Hagrid to Azkaban and Lucius Malfoy hands over to Dumbledore his suspension letter. Dumbledore was able to sense Harry and Ron beneath the invisibility cloak by discreetly performing a non-verbal Human-presence-revealing Spell.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: The Deathly Hallows are three magical objects that are the focus of "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" – the Elder Wand, the Resurrection Stone, and the Cloak of Invisibility. When owned by one person, they are said to give mastery over death. The objects are generally remembered only as part of a wizard's fairy tale called "The Tale of the Three Brothers", and have become mythological over time, but a small number of wizards including Dumbledore still believe in their existence and seek them. According to J. K. Rowling, the story about how these objects came into existence is based upon Geoffrey Chaucer's "The Pardoner's Tale".


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: According to the tale, three brothers evaded Death, who gave them a choice of anything they wanted. The first brother chose a wand that could not be defeated in battle, the second brother asked for a way to bring back someone from the dead, and the third brother selected a cloak that made the wearer invisible, even to Death himself. Eventually, the first brother was killed, the second committed suicide, and finally, the third brother made Death a friend and gave the cloak to his son. The story is generally believed to refer to the Peverell brothers centuries ago, although very few actually believe the story to be fully true. Dumbledore believed that the Peverells were simply particularly powerful and ingenious wizard inventors. The sign of the Deathly Hallows had also been adopted as a personal symbol by dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald; therefore many wizards, such as Viktor Krum, mistakenly understood it to be a symbol of dark magic.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: Dumbledore had sought the Hallows, initially in his youth as a friend of Grindelwald for the power they were said to bestow, but later on as a means to undo the accidental death of his sister. He eventually concluded he was "unworthy" to possess them. He feels Harry could be a more worthy custodian but also fears Harry would be enamoured of their power, therefore he guides Harry to them in a circuitous manner.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: By contrast, Voldemort simply sought the wand for its supposedly unbeatable power, after his previous wand unaccountably failed to kill Harry Potter. He had not realised that the wand was one of three Hallows, nor sought the other two Hallows. He also possessed the Resurrection Stone but only made use of it as a Horcrux. Dumbledore says that he doubts Voldemort would have any interest in the Cloak or the Stone even if he did know about them.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: Harry eventually comes to possess all three Hallows – the cloak being inherited from his father James Potter, later understood to be a descendant of one of the Peverell brothers, the Resurrection Stone in the Golden Snitch bequeathed to him by Dumbledore, and the allegiance and mastery of the Elder Wand when he defeats and disarms its prior owner, Draco Malfoy, who unwittingly won it from Dumbledore just before Dumbledore's death.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: After Voldemort's death, Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his own damaged wand, then decides to return it to Dumbledore's tomb, so that when Harry has a natural death, ownership of the Elder Wand will die with him. In the film, Harry realises that the Elder Wand is too dangerous to fall into the wrong hands again, so he snaps it in two and throws it off a bridge. He also drops the Resurrection Stone in the Forbidden Forest but decides not to look for it in the hope that no wizard or witch will ever be able to own all three Hallows. He keeps the Cloak he had inherited, with the thought that he might pass it on to his children someday.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: The Elder Wand, also known as, Deathstick or the Wand of Destiny, is an extremely powerful wand made of elder wood with a core of Thestral tail hair. In the book it is a thing of legend and is believed to have changed owners throughout history.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: The wand's allegiance is thought to be won by killing its previous owner, and therefore its "bloody trail" had become "splattered across the pages of wizarding history", making it the Hallow most easily verified to be a real object. However, Harry discovers from Garrick Ollivander the wandmaker that this popular understanding is incorrect; the Elder Wand actually transfers its loyalty upon the defeat or disarmament, and not necessarily the killing, of its previous master. It will never work fully for a new owner otherwise. This subtle distinction becomes the basis upon which Voldemort is finally defeated, when he believes he has won the wand's allegiance by killing Snape, who killed Dumbledore, while Harry realises in fact he had disarmed the wand's true owner, Draco Malfoy, who had disarmed Dumbledore before Snape killed him. This left Harry and not Voldemort as the wand's true master in their final encounter, even though neither Draco nor Harry had physically possessed the Elder Wand at that point.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: According to wizard folklore, the Elder Wand used by its true master cannot be defeated in a duel; this is incorrect, for Dumbledore was able to defeat the legendary dark wizard Gellert Grindelwald, who was the master of the Elder Wand at that point. It also appears, as the wand is somewhat sentient (as are all wands), that it will not allow itself to cause real harm to its true master. If its master dies naturally without ever being defeated or disarmed, the wand's exceptional power will end for any following owner, since it was never won from the former.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: The power of the Elder Wand was first shown in history, as Antioch Peverell, the eldest of the mythical Three Brothers, had a duel with an enemy he had long wanted to defeat. He won, and left his enemy dead on the floor; however, after boasting of his unbeatable wand, Antioch was robbed and killed in his sleep by a rival wanting to take the wand. It eventually came to the possession of Mykew Gregorovitch, a Bulgarian wandmaker. Gregorovitch boasted about possessing the Elder Wand, believing it would boost his popularity, and he tried to reverse engineer its secrets as he faced competition from Ollivander. It was stolen from him by Grindelwald, a former friend of Dumbledore who sought to impose wizard power in the world. Grindelwald was defeated "at the height of his power" by Dumbledore, who in his later years considered it the "only hallow [he] was fit to possess, not to boast of it or kill with it, but to tame it".


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: Dumbledore arranged his own death with Severus Snape, intending in part for Snape to "end up with the Elder Wand." Because his death would have been pre-arranged and not the result of his defeat, he had hoped this might break the wand's power. However, Draco Malfoy disarmed Dumbledore before his death at the hands of Snape, causing the plan to fail; the wand was buried in Dumbledore's tomb, but Draco had already unwittingly become its new master, even though he never took physical possession of it from Dumbledore. After Harry disarms Draco (even though Draco is not using the Elder Wand), the wand becomes loyal to Harry instead.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: In the final book, Voldemort seeks the wand in order to defeat Harry – his previous wands having failed – and breaks into Dumbledore's tomb to claim the wand as his own. During the Battle of Hogwarts, he understands that the wand is not performing for him as legend says it should, and mistakenly concludes this is because it had become loyal to Snape when Snape killed Dumbledore, and would only become loyal to him upon his killing of Snape. He therefore kills Snape, and believes the wand will thereafter serve him and be unbeatable, but during his final duel with Harry his Killing Curse rebounds and he dies – as Harry had warned him – since the Elder Wand will not allow itself to be used by him against its true master.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: After Voldemort's death, Harry uses the Elder Wand to repair his own broken holly and phoenix-feather wand, which he says he was "happier with." He decides to return the Elder Wand to Dumbledore's grave, feeling that if he dies peacefully, its superior power will end. In the film, Harry snaps the wand in two and throws the pieces off a bridge.


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: Ron stated that the Elder Wand would be the Hallow he would choose, simply because it is the "unbeatable wand", arguing that it was only dangerous to the brother who requested it because he kept on talking about his ownership of it and encouraging people to fight him. Hermione (who said she would choose the Cloak) is sceptical, reminding him that the Wand, by its very nature, would make its possessor overconfident and braggadocious. J. K. Rowling revealed in an interview that the first working title for "Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows" was "Harry Potter and the Elder Wand".


title: Magical objects in Harry Potter

text: The Resurrection Stone allows the holder to bring back deceased loved ones, in a semi-physical form, and communicate with them. The form of Sirius Black generated by the stone tells Harry that he and the other forms created by the stone are part of him and invisible to others. This seems to suggest that these apparitions are conjured from memories and are not really resurrected people. According to the fairy tale concerning the origin of the Deathly Hallows, using the Resurrection Stone drove the owner to kill himself because he brought his late fiancée back from the dead, and she was very unhappy in the real world because she did not belong there. By the time the stone was seen in Marvolo Gaunt's possession, it had been set into a ring that bore the symbol of the Deathly Hallows, which the ignorant Gaunt believed to be the Peverell coat of arms; he used the ring to boast about his ancestry and blood purity. Both Dumbledore and Grindelwald desired the stone, but for different reasons. While Dumbledore wanted it to communicate with his dead family, Grindelwald allegedly intended to use it to create an army of zombie-like Inferi. Harry said this is the Hallow he would desire most, as like Dumbledore he could name people he would like to communicate with again. Voldemort became aware of the ring's antiquity and eventually used it as a Horcrux, a container for part of his soul, being unaware of the stone's additional magical properties.