title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Chinese contributed a few terms such as "tai chi chuan" and "chá" ("tea"), also in European Portuguese.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The loan vocabulary includes several calques, such as "arranha-céu" ("skyscraper," from French "gratte-ciel") and "cachorro-quente" (from English "hot dog") in Portuguese worldwide.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Use of the reflexive "me", especially in São Paulo and the South, is thought to be an Italianism, attributed to the large Italian immigrant population, as are certain prosodic features, including patterns of intonation and stress, also in the South and Southeast.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Other scholars, however, notably Naro & Scherre, have noted that the same or similar processes can be observed in the European variant, as well as in many varieties of Spanish, and that the main features of Brazilian Portuguese can be traced directly from 16th-century European Portuguese. In fact, they find many of the same phenomena in other Romance languages, including Aranese Occitan, French, Italian and Romanian; they explain these phenomena as due to natural Romance drift.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Naro and Scherre affirm that Brazilian Portuguese is not a "decreolized" form, but rather the "nativization" of a "radical Romanic" form. They assert that the phenomena found in Brazilian Portuguese are inherited from Classical Latin and Old Portuguese.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: According to another linguist, vernacular Brazilian Portuguese is continuous with European Portuguese, while its phonetics are more conservative in several aspects, characterizing the nativization of a koiné formed by several regional European Portuguese varieties brought to Brazil, modified by natural drift.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The written language taught in Brazilian schools has historically been based by law on the standard of Portugal and until the 19th century, Portuguese writers often were regarded as models by some Brazilian authors and university professors. However, this aspiration to unity was severely weakened in the 20th century by nationalist movements in literature and the arts, which awakened in many Brazilians a desire for a national style uninfluenced by the standards of Portugal. Later, agreements were reached to preserve at least an orthographic unity throughout the Portuguese-speaking world, including the African and Asian variants of the language (which are typically more similar to EP, due to a Portuguese presence lasting into the second half of the 20th century).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: On the other hand, the spoken language was not subject to any of the constraints that applied to the written language, and consequently Brazilian Portuguese sounds different from any of the other varieties of the language. Brazilians, when concerned with pronunciation, look to what is considered the national standard variety, and never to the European one. This linguistic independence was fostered by the tension between Portugal and the settlers (immigrants) in Brazil from the time of the country's de facto settlement, as immigrants were forbidden to speak freely in their native languages in Brazil for fear of severe punishment by the Portuguese authorities. Lately, Brazilians in general have had some exposure to European speech, through TV and music. Often one will see Brazilian actors working in Portugal and Portuguese actors working in Brazil.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Modern Brazilian Portuguese has been highly influenced by other languages introduced by immigrants through the past century, specifically by German, Italian and Japanese immigrants. This high intake of immigrants not only caused the incorporation and/or adaptation of many words and expressions from their native language into local language, but also created specific dialects, such as the German "Hunsrückisch" dialect in the South of Brazil.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The written Brazilian standard differs from the European one to about the same extent that written American English differs from written British English. The differences extend to spelling, lexicon, and grammar. However, with the entry into force of the Orthographic Agreement of 1990 in Portugal and in Brazil since 2009, these differences were drastically reduced.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Several Brazilian writers have been awarded with the highest prize of the Portuguese language. The Camões Prize awarded annually by Portuguese and Brazilians is often regarded as the equivalent of the Nobel Prize in Literature for works in Portuguese.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Joaquim Maria Machado de Assis, João Guimarães Rosa, Carlos Drummond de Andrade, Graciliano Ramos, João Cabral de Melo Neto, Cecília Meireles, Clarice Lispector, José de Alencar, Rachel de Queiroz, Jorge Amado, Castro Alves, Antonio Candido, Autran Dourado, Rubem Fonseca, Lygia Fagundes Telles and Euclides da Cunha are Brazilian writers recognized for writing the most outstanding work in the Portuguese language.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The Brazilian spellings of certain words differ from those used in Portugal and the other Portuguese-speaking countries. Some of these differences are merely orthographic, but others reflect true differences in pronunciation.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Until the implementation of the 1990 orthographic reform, a major subset of the differences related to the consonant clusters "cc", "cç", "ct", "pc", "pç", and "pt". In many cases, the letters "c" or "p" in syllable-final position have become silent in all varieties of Portuguese, a common phonetic change in Romance languages (cf. Spanish "objeto", French "objet"). Accordingly, they stopped being written in BP (compare Italian spelling standards), but continued to be written in other Portuguese-speaking countries. For example, the word "acção" ("action") in European Portuguese became "ação" in Brazil, European "óptimo" ("optimum") became "ótimo" in Brazil, and so on, where the consonant was silent both in BP and EP, but the words were spelled differently. Only in a small number of words is the consonant silent in Brazil and pronounced elsewhere or vice versa, as in the case of BP "fato", but EP "facto". However, the new Portuguese language orthographic reform led to the elimination of the writing of the silent consonants also in the EP, making now the writing system virtually identical in all of the Portuguese-speaking countries.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: However, BP has retained those silent consonants in a few cases, such as "detectar" ("to detect"). In particular, BP generally distinguishes in sound and writing between "secção" ("section" as in "anatomy" or "drafting") and "seção" ("section" of an organization); whereas EP uses "secção" for both senses.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Another major set of differences is the BP usage of "ô" or "ê" in many words where EP has "ó" or "é", such as BP "neurônio" / EP "neurónio" ("neuron") and BP "arsênico" / EP "arsénico" ("arsenic"). These spelling differences are due to genuinely different pronunciations. In EP, the vowels "e" and "o" may be open ("é" or "ó") or closed ("ê" or "ô") when they are stressed before one of the nasal consonants "m", "n" followed by a vowel, but in BP they are always closed in this environment. The variant spellings are necessary in those cases because the general Portuguese spelling rules mandate a stress diacritic in those words, and the Portuguese


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Another source of variation is the spelling of the sound before "e" and "i". By Portuguese spelling rules, that sound can be written either as "j" (favored in BP for certain words) or "g" (favored in EP). Thus, for example, we have BP "berinjela "/ EP "beringela" ("eggplant").


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The linguistic situation of the BP informal speech in relation to the standard language is controversial. There are authors (Bortoni, Kato, Mattos e Silva, Bagno, Perini) who describe it as a case of diglossia, considering that informal BP has developed, both in phonetics and grammar, in its own particular way.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Accordingly, the formal register of Brazilian Portuguese has a written and spoken form. The written formal register (FW) is used in almost all printed media and written communication, is uniform throughout the country and is the "Portuguese" officially taught at school. The spoken formal register (FS) is essentially a phonetic rendering of the written form. (FS) is used in very formal situations, such as speeches or ceremonies or when reading directly out of a text. While (FS) is necessarily uniform in lexicon and grammar, it shows noticeable regional variations in pronunciation.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The main and most general (i.e. not considering various regional variations) characteristics of the informal variant of BP are the following. While these characteristics are typical of Brazilian speech, some may also be present to varying degrees in other Lusophone areas, particular in Angola, Mozambique and Cabo Verde, which frequently incorporate certain features common to both the South American and European varieties. Although these characteristics would be readily understood in Portugal due to exposure to Brazilian media, other forms are preferred there (except the points concerning "estar" and "dar").


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Modern linguistic studies have shown that Brazilian Portuguese is a topic-prominent or topic- and subject-prominent language. Sentences with topic are extensively used in Portuguese, perhaps more in Brazilian Portuguese most often by means of turning an element (object or verb) in the sentence into an introductory phrase, on which the body of the sentence constitutes a comment (topicalization), thus emphasizing it, as in "Esses assuntos eu não conheço bem," literally, "These subjects I don't know [them] well" (although this sentence would be perfectly acceptable in Portugal as well). In fact, in the Portuguese language, the anticipation of the verb or object at the beginning of the sentence, repeating it or using the respective pronoun referring to it, is also quite common, e.g. in "Essa menina, eu não sei o que fazer com ela" ("This girl, I don't know what to do with her") or "Com essa menina eu não sei o que fazer" ("With this girl I don't know what to do"). The use of redundant pronouns for means of topicalization is considered grammatically incorrect, because the topicalized noun phrase, according to traditional European analysis, has no syntactic function. This kind of construction, however, is often used in European Portuguese. Brazilian grammars traditionally treat this structure similarly, rarely mentioning such a thing as "topic". Nevertheless, the so-called anacoluthon has taken on a new dimension in Brazilian Portuguese. The poet Carlos Drummond de Andrade once wrote a short "metapoema" (a "metapoem", i. e., a poem about poetry, a specialty for which he was renowned) treating the concept of "anacoluto":


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In colloquial language, this kind of "anacoluto" may even be used when the subject itself is the topic, only to add more emphasis to this fact, e.g. the sentence "Essa menina, ela costuma tomar conta de cachorros abandonados" ("This girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs"). This structure highlights the topic, and could be more accurately translated as "As for this girl, she usually takes care of abandoned dogs."


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The use of this construction is particularly common with compound subjects, as in, e.g., "Eu e ela, nós fomos passear" ("She and I, we went for a walk"). This happens because the traditional syntax ("Eu e ela fomos passear") places a plural-conjugated verb immediately following an argument in the singular, which may sound unnatural to Brazilian ears. The redundant pronoun thus clarifies the verbal inflection in such cases.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Brazilian Portuguese seldom has the present continuous construct estar a" + infinitive, which, in contrast, has become quite common in European over the last few centuries. BP maintains the Classical Portuguese form of continuous expression, which is made by estar" + gerund.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Thus, Brazilians will always write "ela está dançando" ("she is dancing"), not "ela está a dançar". The same restriction applies to several other uses of the gerund: BP uses "ficamos conversando" ("we kept on talking") and "ele trabalha cantando" ("he sings while he works"), but rarely "ficamos a conversar" and "ele trabalha a cantar" as is the case in most varieties of EP.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: BP retains the combination "a" + infinitive for uses that are not related to continued action, such as "voltamos a correr" ("we went back to running"). Some varieties of EP [namely from Alentejo, Algarve, Açores (Azores), and Madeira] also tend to feature "estar" + gerund, as in Brazil.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In general, the dialects that gave birth to Portuguese had a quite flexible use of the object pronouns in the proclitic or enclitic positions. In Classical Portuguese, the use of proclisis was very extensive, while, on the contrary, in modern European Portuguese the use of enclisis has become indisputably majoritary.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Brazilians normally place the object pronoun before the verb (proclitic position), as in "ele me viu" ("he saw me"). In many such cases, the proclisis would be considered awkward or even grammatically incorrect in EP, in which the pronoun is generally placed after the verb (enclitic position), namely "ele viu-me". However, formal BP still follows EP in avoiding starting a sentence with a proclitic pronoun; so both will write "Deram-lhe o livro" ("They gave him/her the book") instead of "Lhe deram o livro", though it will seldom be spoken in BP (but would be clearly understood).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: However, in verb expressions accompanied by an object pronoun, Brazilians normally place it amid the auxiliary verb and the main one ("ela vem me pagando" but not "ela me vem pagando" or "ela vem pagando-me"). In some cases, in order to adapt this use to the standard grammar, some Brazilian scholars recommend that "ela vem me pagando" should be written like "ela vem-me pagando" (as in EP), in which case the enclisis could be totally acceptable if there would not be a factor of proclisis. Therefore, this phenomenon may or not be considered improper according to the prescribed grammar, since, according to the case, there could be a factor of proclisis that would not permit the placement of the pronoun between the verbs (e.g. when there is a negative adverb near the pronoun, in which case the standard grammar prescribes proclisis, "ela não me vem pagando" and not "ela não vem-me pagando"). Nevertheless, nowadays, it is becoming perfectly acceptable to use a clitic between two verbs, without linking it with a hyphen (as in "poderia se dizer", or "não vamos lhes dizer") and this usage (known as: "pronome solto entre dois verbos") can be found in modern(ist) literature, textbooks, magazines and newspapers like Folha de S.Paulo and O Estadão (see in-house style manuals of these newspapers, available on-line, for more details).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: BP rarely uses the contracted combinations of direct and indirect object pronouns which are sometimes used in EP, such as "me" + "o" = "mo", "lhe" + "as" = "lhas". Instead, the indirect clitic is replaced by preposition + strong pronoun: thus BP writes "ela o deu para mim" ("she gave it to me") instead of EP "ela deu-mo"; the latter most probably will not be understood by Brazilians, being obsolete in BP.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The mesoclitic placement of pronouns (between the verb stem and its inflection suffix) is viewed as archaic in BP, and therefore is restricted to very formal situations or stylistic texts. Hence the phrase "Eu dar-lhe-ia", still current in EP, would be normally written "Eu lhe daria" in BP. Incidentally, a marked fondness for enclitic and mesoclitic pronouns was one of the many memorable eccentricities of former Brazilian President Jânio Quadros, as in his famous quote "Bebo-o porque é líquido, se fosse sólido comê-lo-ia" ("I drink it [liquor] because it is liquid, if it were solid I would eat it")


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: There are many differences between formal written BP and EP that are simply a matter of different preferences between two alternative words or constructions that are both officially valid and acceptable.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Also, spoken BP usually uses the verb "ter" ("own", "have", sense of possession) and rarely "haver" ("have", sense of existence, or "there to be"), especially as an auxiliary (as it can be seen above) and as a verb of existence.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In many ways, Brazilian Portuguese (BP) is conservative in its phonology. That also is true of Angolan and São Tomean Portuguese, as well as other African dialects. Brazilian Portuguese has eight oral vowels, five nasal vowels, and several diphthongs and triphthongs, some oral and some nasal.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The reduction of vowels is one of the main phonetic characteristics of Portuguese generally, but in Brazilian Portuguese the intensity and frequency of that phenomenon varies significantly.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Vowels in Brazilian Portuguese generally are pronounced more openly than in European Portuguese, even when reduced. In syllables that follow the stressed syllable, ⟨o⟩ is generally pronounced as , ⟨a⟩ as , and ⟨e⟩ as . Some varieties of BP follow this pattern for vowels "before" the stressed syllable as well.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In contrast, speakers of European Portuguese pronounce unstressed ⟨a⟩ primarily as , and they elide some unstressed vowels or reduce them to a short, near-close near-back unrounded vowel , a sound that does not exist in BP. Thus, for example, the word "setembro" is in BP, but in European Portuguese.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The main difference among the dialects of Brazilian Portuguese is the frequent presence or absence of open vowels in unstressed syllables. In dialects of the South and Southeast, unstressed ⟨e⟩ and ⟨o⟩ (when they are not reduced to and ) are pronounced as the close-mid vowels and . Thus, "operação" (operation) and "rebolar" (to shake one's body) may be pronounced and . Open-mid vowels can occur only in the stressed syllable. An exception is in the formation of diminutives or augmentatives. For example, "cafézinho" (demitasse coffee) and "bolinha" (little ball) are pronounced with open-mid vowels although these vowels are not in stressed position.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Meanwhile, in accents of the Northeast and North, in patterns that have not yet been much studied, the open-mid vowels and can occur in unstressed syllables in a large number of words. Thus, the above examples would be pronounced and .


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Another difference between Northern/Northeastern dialects and Southern/Southeastern ones is the pattern of nasalization of vowels before ⟨m⟩ and ⟨n⟩. In all dialects and all syllables, orthographic ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ followed by another consonant represents nasalization of the preceding vowel. But when the ⟨m⟩ or ⟨n⟩ is syllable-initial (i.e. followed by a vowel), it represents nasalization only of a preceding "stressed" vowel in the South and Southeast, as compared to nasalization of "any" vowel, regardless of stress, in the Northeast and North. A famous example of this distinction is the word "banana", which a Northeasterner would pronounce , while a Southerner would pronounce .


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Vowel nasalization in some dialects of Brazilian Portuguese is very different from that of French, for example. In French, the nasalization extends uniformly through the entire vowel, whereas in the Southern-Southeastern dialects of Brazilian Portuguese, the nasalization begins almost imperceptibly and then becomes stronger toward the end of the vowel. In this respect it is more similar to the nasalization of Hindi-Urdu (see Anusvara). In some cases, the nasal archiphoneme even entails the insertion of a nasal consonant such as (compare ), as in the following examples:


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: One of the most noticeable tendencies of modern BP is the palatalization of and by most regions, which are pronounced and (or and ), respectively, before . The word "presidente" "president," for example, is pronounced in these regions of Brazil but in Portugal.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The pronunciation probably began in Rio de Janeiro and is often still associated with this city but is now standard in many other states and major cities, such as Belo Horizonte and Salvador, and it has spread more recently to some regions of São Paulo (because of migrants from other regions), where it is common in most speakers under 40 or so.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: It has always been standard in Brazil's Japanese community since it is also a feature of Japanese. The regions that still preserve the unpalatalized and are mostly in the Northeast and South of Brazil by the stronger influence from European Portuguese (Northeast), and from Italian and Argentine Spanish (South).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Another common change that differentiates Brazilian Portuguese from other dialects is the palatalization of and followed by the vowel , yielding and . "menina", "girl" ; "Babilônia", "Babylon" ; "limão", "lemon" ; "sandália", "sandal" .


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: A change that is in the process of spreading in BP and perhaps started in the Northeast is the insertion of after stressed vowels before at the end of a syllable. It began in the context of ("mas" "but" is now pronounced in most of Brazil, making it homophonous with "mais" "more").


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Also, the change is spreading to other final vowels, and at least in the Northeast and the Southeast, the normal pronunciation of "voz" "voice" is . Similarly, "três" "three" becomes , making it rhyme with "seis" "six" ; this may explain the common Brazilian replacement of "seis" with "meia" ("half", as in "half a dozen") when pronouncing phone numbers.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: BP tends to break up consonant clusters, if the second consonant is not , , or , by inserting an epenthetic vowel, , which can also be characterized, in some situations, as a schwa. The phenomenon happens mostly in the pretonic position and with the consonant clusters "ks", "ps", "bj", "dj", "dv", "kt", "bt", "ft", "mn", "tm" and "dm": clusters that are not very common in the language ("afta": ; "opção" : > ).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: However, in some regions of Brazil (such as some Northeastern dialects), there has been an opposite tendency to reduce the unstressed vowel into a very weak vowel so "partes" or "destratar" are often realized similarly to and . Sometimes, the phenomenon occurs even more intensely in unstressed posttonic vowels (except the final ones) and causes the reduction of the word and the creation of new consonant clusters ("prática" ; "máquina" ; "abóbora" ; "cócega" ).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Syllable-final is pronounced , and syllable-final is uvularized to or weakened to in the North and Northeast, while the state of São Paulo and the South conserve apical varieties of these phonemes. This, along with other adaptations, sometimes results in rather striking transformations of common loanwords.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The brand name "McDonald's," for example, is rendered , and the word "rock" (the music) is rendered as . (Both initial and doubled are pronounced in BP as , as is syllable-final .) Given that historical and no longer appear in syllable-final position (having been replaced by nasalization of the preceding vowel), these varieties of BP have come to strongly favor open syllables.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: A related aspect of BP is the suppression of phrase-final , even in formal speech. In most of Brazil, in formal situations, it may still be pronounced, as or , at the end of a phrase. (Meanwhile, within a phrase where the following word begins with a vowel, it is pronounced as an apical flap: .) Thus, verb infinitives like "matar" and "correr" in final position are normally pronounced and . (But compare "matar o tempo" .) The same suppression also happens occasionally in EP, but much less often than in BP. ("Compare: linking r in non-rhotic English dialects").


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Nasalization is very common in many BP dialects and is especially noticeable in vowels before or before by a vowel. For the same reason, open vowels (which are not normally under nasalization in Portuguese) cannot occur before or in BP, but can in EP. That sometimes affects the spelling of words. For example, "harmónico" "harmonic" is "harmônico" in BP. It also can affect verbal paradigms: Portuguese distinguishes "falamos" "we speak" from 'falámos' "we spoke," but in BP, it is written and pronounced "falamos" for both.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Related is the difference in pronunciation of the consonant represented by "nh" in most BP dialects. It is always in Portuguese, but in some regions of Brazil, it represents a nasalized semivowel , which nasalizes the preceding vowel as well: "manhãzinha" ("early morning").


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: European Portuguese consistently realizes syllable-final and as palatal and , while most dialects of BP maintain them as dentals. Whether such a change happens in BP is highly variable according to dialect. Rio de Janeiro and a few states in the Northeast are particularly known for such pronunciation; São Paulo, on the other hand, along with most other Brazilian dialects, is particularly known for lacking it.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In the Northeast, it is more likely to happen before a consonant than word-finally, and it varies from region to region. Some dialects (such as that of Pernambuco) have the same pattern as Rio, while in several other dialects (such as that of Ceará), the palatal and replace and only before the consonants and .


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Several sound changes that historically affected European Portuguese were not shared by BP. Consonant changes in European Portuguese include the weakening of , , and to fricative , , and , while in BP these phonemes are maintained as stops in all positions. A vowel change in European Portuguese that does not occur in BP is the lowering of to before palatal sounds (, , , , and ) and in the diphthong "em" , which merges with the diphthong "ãe" normally, but not in BP.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: There are various differences between European Portuguese and Brazilian Portuguese, such as the dropping of the second-person conjugations (and, in some dialects, of the second-person pronoun itself) in everyday usage and the use of subject pronouns () as direct objects.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Spoken Brazilian Portuguese usage differs from Standard Portuguese usage. The differences include the placement of clitic pronouns and, in Brazil, the use of subject pronouns as objects in the third person. Nonstandard verb inflections are also common in colloquial Brazilian Portuguese.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Spoken Portuguese rarely uses the affirmation adverb sim ("yes") in informal speech. Instead, the usual reply is a repetition of the verb of the question (as in the Celtic languages):


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In BP, it is common to form a yes/no question as a declarative sentence followed by the tag question "não é?" ("isn't it?"), contracted in informal speech to "né?" (compare English "He is a teacher, isn't he?"). The affirmative answer to such a question is a repetition of the verb "é":


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: It is also common to negate statements twice for emphasis, with "não" ("no") before and after the verb:


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In some cases, the redundancy of the first "não" results in its omission, which produces an apparent reversal of word order:


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Standard Portuguese forms a command according to the grammatical person of the subject (who is ordered to do the action) by using either the imperative form of the verb or the present subjunctive. Thus, one should use different inflections according to the pronoun used as the subject: "tu" ('you', the grammatical second person with the imperative form) or "você" ('you', the grammatical third person with the present subjunctive):


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Currently, several dialects of BP have largely lost the second-person pronouns, but even they use the second-person imperative in addition to the third-person present subjunctive form that should be used with "você":


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Brazilian Portuguese uses the second-person imperative forms even when referring to "você" and not "tu", in the case of the verb "ser" 'to be (permanently)' and "estar" 'to be (temporarily)', the second-person imperative "sê" and "está" are never used; the third-person subjunctive forms "seja" and "esteja" may be used instead.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The negative command forms use the subjunctive present tense forms of the verb. However, as for the second person forms, Brazilian Portuguese traditionally does not use the subjunctive-derived ones in spoken language. Instead, they employ the imperative forms: "Não anda," rather than the grammatically correct "Não andes."


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: As for other grammatical persons, there is no such phenomenon because both the positive imperative and the negative imperative forms are from their respective present tense forms in the subjunctive mood: "Não jogue papel na grama" (Don't throw paper on the grass); "Não fume" (Don't smoke).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Perhaps as a means of avoiding or clarifying some ambiguities created by the fact that "este" ( > ) and "esse" have merged into the same word, informal BP often uses the demonstrative pronoun with some adverb that indicates its placement in relation to the addressee: if there are two skirts in a room and one says, "Pega essa saia para mim" (Take this skirt for me), there may be some doubt about which of them must be taken so one may say "Pega essa aí" (Take this one there near you") in the original sense of the use of "essa", or "Pega essa saia aqui" (Take this one here).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In many dialects of BP, você (formal "you") replaces tu (informal "you"). The object pronoun, however, is still te (). Also, other forms such as "teu" (possessive), ti (postprepositional), and contigo ("with you") are still common in most regions of Brazil, especially in areas in which "tu" is still frequent.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Hence, the combination of object "te" with subject "você" in informal BP: "eu te disse para você ir" (I told you that you should go). In addition, in all the country, the imperative forms may also be the same as the formal second-person forms, but it is argued by some that it is the third-person singular indicative which doubles as the imperative: "fala o que você fez" instead of "fale o que você fez" ("say what you did").


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In areas in which você has largely replaced tu, the forms "ti/te" and "contigo" may be replaced by "você" and "com você". Therefore, either "você" (following the verb) or "te" (preceding the verb) can be used as the object pronoun in informal BP.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: A speaker may thus end up saying "I love you" in two ways: "eu amo você" or "eu te amo". In parts of the Northeast, most specifically in the states of Piauí and Pernambuco, it is also common to use the indirect object pronoun "lhe" as a second-person object pronoun: "eu lhe amo".


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In parts of the South, in most of the North and most of the Northeast, and in the city of Santos, the distinction between semi-formal 'você' and familiar 'tu' is still maintained, and object and possessive pronouns pattern likewise. In the Paraná state capital, Curitiba, 'tu' is not generally used.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In Rio de Janeiro and minor parts of the Northeast (interior of some states and some speakers from the coast), both "tu" and "você" (and associated object and possessive pronouns) are used interchangeably with little or no difference (sometimes even in the same sentence). In Salvador, tu is never used and is replaced by você.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Most Brazilians who use "tu" use it with the third-person verb: "tu vai ao banco." "Tu" with the second-person verb can still be found in Maranhão, Pernambuco, Piauí, Santa Catarina, and in the Amazofonia dialect region (e.g. Manaus, Belém).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: A few cities in Rio Grande do Sul (but in the rest of the state speakers may or may not use it in more formal speech), mainly near the border with Uruguay, have a slightly different pronunciation in some instances ("tu vieste" becomes "tu viesse"), which is also present in Santa Catarina and Pernambuco. In the states of Pará and Amazonas, "tu" is used much more often than "você" and is always accompanied by a second-person verb ("tu queres", tu "viste").


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In São Paulo, the use of "tu" in print and conversation is no longer very common and is replaced by "você". However, São Paulo is now home to many immigrants of Northeastern origin, who may employ "tu" quite often in their everyday speech. "Você" is predominant in most of the Southeastern and Center Western regions; it is almost entirely prevalent in the states of Minas Gerais (apart from portions of the countryside, such as the region of São João da Ponte, where "tu" is also present) and Espírito Santo, but "tu" is frequent in Santos and all coastal region of São Paulo state as well as some cities in the countryside.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In most of Brazil "você" is often reduced to even more contracted forms, resulting "ocê" (mostly in the Caipira dialect) and, especially, "cê" because "vo-" is an unstressed syllable and so is dropped in rapid speech.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In spoken informal registers of BP, the third-person object pronouns 'o', 'a', 'os', and 'as' are virtually nonexistent and are simply left out or, when necessary and usually only when referring to people, replaced by stressed subject pronouns like "ele" "he" or "isso" "that": "Eu vi ele" "I saw him" rather than "Eu o vi".


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: When "você" is strictly a second-person pronoun, the use of possessive "seu/sua" may turn some phrases quite ambiguous since one would wonder whether seu/sua refers to the second person "você" or to the third person "ele/ela".


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: BP thus tends to use the third-person possessive 'seu' to mean "your" since "você" is a third-person pronoun and uses 'dele', 'dela', 'deles', and 'delas' ("of him/her/them" and placed after the noun) as third-person possessive forms. If no ambiguity could arise (especially in narrative texts), "seu" is also used to mean 'his' or 'her'.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Both forms ('seu' or 'dele(s) /dela(s)') are considered grammatically correct in Brazilian Portuguese.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In Portuguese, one may or may not include the definite article before a possessive pronoun ("meu livro" or "o meu livro", for instance). The variants of use in each dialect of Portuguese are mostly a matter of preference: it does not usually mean a dialect completely abandoned either form.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In Southeastern Brazilian Portuguese, especially in the standard dialects of the cities of Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo, the definite article is normally used as in Portugal, but many speakers do not use it at the beginning of the sentence or in titles: "Minha novela", "Meu tio matou um cara".


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: In Northeastern BP dialects and in Central and Northern parts of the state of Rio de Janeiro (starting from Niterói), rural parts of Minas Gerais, and all over Espírito Santo State, speakers tend to but do not always drop the definite article, but both "esse é o meu gato" and "esse é meu gato" are likely in speech.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Formal written Brazilian Portuguese tends, however, to omit the definite article in accordance with prescriptive grammar rules derived from Classical Portuguese even if the alternative form is also considered correct, but many teachers consider it inelegant.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Some of the examples on the right side of the table below are colloquial or regional in Brazil. Literal translations are provided to illustrate how word order changes between varieties.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Word order in the first Brazilian Portuguese example is frequent in European Portuguese. Similar to the subordinate clauses like "Sabes que eu te amo" "You know "that I love you,"" but not in simple sentences like "I love you."


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: However, in Portugal, an object pronoun would never be placed at the start of a sentence, as in the second example. The example in the bottom row of the table, with its deletion of "redundant" inflections, is considered ungrammatical, but it is nonetheless dominant in Brazil throughout all social classes.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Just as in the case of English, whose various dialects sometimes use different prepositions with the same verbs or nouns ("stand in/on line, in/on the street"), BP usage sometimes requires prepositions that would not be normally used in Portuguese for the same context.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: "Chamar" 'call' is normally used with the preposition "de" in BP, especially when it means 'to describe someone as':


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Brazil, due to its continental size and the immigration to Brazil that colonized and populated the country for centuries, has different dialects throughout the national territory, even so it is perfectly possible for a Brazilian to understand a different dialect from the other end of the country, because writing is the same, and often the pronunciation is the same, just changing the sound of some letter or group of letters, like what happens too in the different Regions of the United States. And as for Portuguese from Portugal, it's the same thing about the difference in accent between English from United States and English from United Kingdom.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: According to some contemporary Brazilian linguists (Bortoni, Kato, Mattos e Silva, Perini, and most recently, with great impact, Bagno), Brazilian Portuguese may be a highly diglossic language. This theory claims that there is an L-variant (termed "Brazilian Vernacular"), which would be the mother tongue of all Brazilians, and an H-variant (standard Brazilian Portuguese) acquired through schooling.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: L-variant represents a simplified form of the language (in terms of grammar, but not of phonetics) that could have evolved from 16th-century Portuguese, influenced by Amerindian (mostly Tupi) and African languages, while H-variant would be based on 19th-century European Portuguese (and very similar to Standard European Portuguese, with only minor differences in spelling and grammar usage).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Mário A. Perini, a Brazilian linguist, even compares the depth of the differences between L- and H- variants of Brazilian Portuguese with those between Standard Spanish and European Portuguese. However, his proposal is not widely accepted by either grammarians or academics. Milton M. Azevedo wrote a chapter on diglossia in his monograph: "Portuguese language (A linguistic introduction)", published by Cambridge University Press in 2005.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: From this point of view, the L-variant is the spoken form of Brazilian Portuguese, which should be avoided only in very formal speech (court interrogation, political debate) while the H-variant is the written form of Brazilian Portuguese, avoided only in informal writing (such as song lyrics, love letters, intimate friends correspondence). Even language professors frequently use the L-variant while explaining students the structure and usage of the H-variant; in essays, nevertheless, all students are expected to use H-variant.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The L-variant may be used in songs, movies, soap operas, sitcoms and other television shows, although, at times, the H-variant is used in historic films or soap operas to make the language used sound more 'elegant' or 'archaic'. The H-variant used to be preferred when dubbing foreign films and series into Brazilian Portuguese, but nowadays the L-variant is preferred, although this seems to lack evidence. Movie subtitles normally use a mixture of L- and H-variants, but remain closer to the H-variant.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Most literary works are written in the H-variant. There would have been attempts at writing in the L-variant (such as the masterpiece "Macunaíma" by Brazilian modernist Mário de Andrade and "Grande Sertão: Veredas" by João Guimarães Rosa), but, presently, the L-variant is claimed to be used only in dialogue. Still, many contemporary writers like using the H-variant even in informal dialogue. This is also true of translated books, which never use the L-variant, only the H one. Children's books seem to be more L-friendly, but, again, if they are translated from another language ("The Little Prince", for instance) they will use the H-variant only.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: This theory also posits that the matter of diglossia in Brazil is further complicated by forces of political and cultural bias, though those are not clearly named. Language is sometimes a tool of social exclusion or social choice.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: "There are two languages in Brazil. The one we write (and which is called "Portuguese"), and another one that we speak (which is so despised that there is not a name to call it). The latter is the mother tongue of Brazilians, the former has to be learned in school, and a majority of population does not manage to master it appropriately... Personally, I do not object to us writing Portuguese, but I think it is important to make clear that Portuguese is (at least in Brazil) only a written language. Our mother tongue is not Portuguese, but Brazilian Vernacular. This is not a slogan, nor a political statement, it is simply recognition of a fact... There are linguistic teams working hard in order to give the full description of the structure of the Vernacular. So, there are hopes, that within some years, we will have appropriate grammars of our mother tongue, the language that has been ignored, denied and despised for such a long time."


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: "The relationship between Vernacular Brazilian Portuguese and the formal prescriptive variety fulfills the basic conditions of Ferguson's definition [of diglossia]...[...] Considering the difficulty encountered by vernacular speakers to acquire the standard, an understanding of those relationships appears to have broad educational significance. The teaching of Portuguese has traditionally meant imparting a prescriptive formal standard based on a literary register (Cunha 1985: 24) that is often at variance with the language with which students are familiar. As in a diglossic situation, vernacular speakers must learn to read and write in a dialect they neither speak nor fully understand, a circumstance that may have a bearing on the high dropout rate in elementary schools..."


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: According to Bagno (1999), the two variants coexist and intermingle quite seamlessly, but their status is not clear-cut. Brazilian Vernacular is still frowned upon by most grammarians and language teachers. Some of this minority, of which Bagno is an example, appeal to their readers by their ideas that grammarians would be detractors of the termed Brazilian Vernacular, by naming it a "corrupt" form of the "pure" standard, an attitude which they classify as "linguistic prejudice". Their arguments include the postulate that the Vernacular form simplifies some of the intricacies of standard Portuguese (verbal conjugation, pronoun handling, plural forms, etc.).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Whether Bagno's points are valid or not is open to debate, especially the solutions he recommends for the problems he claims to have identified. Whereas some agree that he has captured the feelings of the Brazilians towards Brazil's linguistic situation well, his book ("Linguistic Prejudice: What it Is, What To Do") has been heavily criticized by some linguists and grammarians, due to his unorthodox claims, sometimes asserted to be biased or unproven.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: The cultural influence of Brazilian Portuguese in the rest of the Portuguese-speaking world has greatly increased in the last decades of the 20th century, due to the popularity of Brazilian music and Brazilian soap operas. Since Brazil joined Mercosul, the South American free trade zone, Portuguese has been increasingly studied as a foreign language in Spanish-speaking partner countries.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: Many words of Brazilian origin (also used in other Portuguese-speaking countries) have also entered into English: samba, bossa nova, cruzeiro, milreis and capoeira. While originally Angolan, the word "samba" only became famous worldwide because of its popularity in Brazil.


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: After independence in 1822, Brazilian idioms with African and Amerindian influences were brought to Portugal by returning Portuguese Brazilians ("luso-brasileiros" in Portuguese).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: codice_1 is a language code for "Portuguese", defined by ISO standards (see ISO 639-1 and ISO 3166-1 alpha-2).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: codice_2 is a language code for the "Brazilian Sign Language", defined by ISO standards (see ISO 639-3).


title: Brazilian Portuguese

text: codice_3 is a language code for the "Brazilian Portuguese", defined by Internet standards (see IETF language tag).


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: The Copacabana is a New York City nightclub that has existed in several locations. In earlier locations, many entertainers, such as Danny Thomas, Pat Cooper and the comedy team of Martin and Lewis, made their New York debuts at the Copacabana. The Barry Manilow song "Copacabana" (1978) is named after, and set in, the club. The nightclub was used as a setting in the films "Goodfellas", "Raging Bull", "Tootsie", "The Purple Rose of Cairo", "Carlito's Way", "The French Connection", "Martin and Lewis", "Green Book", "Beyond the Sea", "The Irishman", and "One Night in Miami". It was also used in several plays, including Barry Manilow's "Copacabana". Also, the musical film "Copacabana" (1947), starring Groucho Marx and Carmen Miranda, takes place in the Copacabana, as does the made-for-television film based on the Manilow hit song, in which Manilow himself starred.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: The Copacabana opened on November 10, 1940, at 10 East 60th Street in New York City. Although Monte Proser's name was on the lease, he had a powerful partner: mob boss Frank Costello. Proser (1904–1973), a native Englishman, was a well-connected nightclub owner and press agent whose various clients included Walt Disney, Maria Montez, Mary Pickford, and the Ziegfeld Follies. Costello put Jules Podell on the scene to look after his interests; Podell had a police record and would not have been an acceptable front man for the business, and indeed, the club faced tax problems and a racketeering investigation in 1944. However, by 1948, such pressure had lessened; Proser was out, and Podell was the official owner.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: The Copacabana had Brazilian decor and Latin-themed orchestras, while the menu featured Chinese food. The club was also known for its chorus line, "The Copacabana Girls".


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: Podell originally had a strict "no blacks" policy. In 1944, Harry Belafonte, then a member of the U.S. Navy, was denied entry with a date. Eventually, Podell was persuaded to change his policy and Belafonte returned in the 1950s as a headliner at the club. Sammy Davis Jr. shattered attendance records with his run in May 1964 and Sam Cooke performed there on July 8, 1964, resulting in the LP "Sam Cooke at the Copa". In July 1965, the Supremes made their debut there, resulting in Motown Records booking the Temptations, Martha and the Vandellas, and Marvin Gaye to perform at the Copa over the next few years. The Supremes also recorded a live album there in 1965 that just missed the Top 10, peaking at #11. Marvin Gaye also recorded a live album, as did The Temptations. The Supremes, who proved to be the most successful of all the Motown acts, released " Expanded Edition" in 2012, featuring the much-sought-after original repertoire.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: Dean Martin and Jerry Lewis were frequent performers at the club and performed their last show there on July 25, 1956, which can be seen in the TV movie "Martin and Lewis" (2002).


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: This nightclub achieved a degree of notoriety due to a May 16, 1957, incident involving members of the New York Yankees. On that evening, teammates Mickey Mantle, Whitey Ford, Hank Bauer, Yogi Berra, Johnny Kucks, and Billy Martin, along with the wives of all but Martin, arrived at the nightclub to celebrate Martin's birthday. Sammy Davis Jr. happened to be the headliner. During the performance, a group of apparently intoxicated bowlers started to interfere with Davis' act, even hurling racial slurs at him. This behavior incensed the Yankees, especially Martin, since his teammate was Elston Howard, the first black player to join the Yankees. Tensions erupted between the two groups, and the resulting fracas made newspaper headlines. Several of the Yankees were fined. One of the bowlers, a Bronx deli owner, ended up with a concussion and a broken jaw, and sued Bauer for aggravated assault; the case was thrown out for insufficient evidence. Martin was later traded from the Yankees to the Kansas City Athletics, with this incident cited as a main cause.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: Until 1972, mafioso Joe Gallo operated the venue. It was closed for three years in 1973 after Jules Podell died; after it reopened in 1976, at the height of the disco era, it operated as a discothèque. Barry Manilow's hit 1978 song "Copacabana (At The Copa)" referred to the club; the song later became the basis for the made-for-television film in which Manilow himself starred; as of February 2021, it was not known how much of the film's shooting used it as an actual location.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: In 1992, then-owner Peter Dorn moved the club from its original location to 617 West 57th Street. Dorn charged landlord Nicola Biase with "not liking Hispanics", the stated reason for the move.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: In 2001, the club was forced to move for a third time to 560 West 34th Street and Eleventh Avenue on the west side of Manhattan, when its landlord terminated its lease early to build office towers on the site. Since then it has presented mostly hip-hop and salsa acts.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: On January 20, 2007, the club announced that it would have to move by July 1 because its current location was condemned due to the construction of the extension of the 7 line of the New York City Subway, as well as the construction of the now-cancelled World Product Center. June 30 of the same year was the last night the club was open, with El Gran Combo performing there. From late 2007 until the club reopened in 2011, the club was sharing space with the Columbus 72 nightclub, which shares the same owners.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: In April 2010, the club owners were approved for a liquor license to operate the club in a new location at 760-766 8th Avenue, on the second and third floors. In November 2010, the club owners were granted permission to allow dancing by restaurant patrons as well as the general public, not limited to private parties and catered events. On July 12, 2011, the club re-opened to the public in Times Square at 268 West 47th Street. The first performer at the new location was world-renowned salsa musician Willie Colón.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: On May 26, 2020, the club announced that it had closed due to the COVID-19 pandemic, and that it planned to reopen in 2021 at another location. As of October 2021, no location had been announced, it eventually reopened in February 2022 at 625 West 51 Street between 11th and 12th Ave, New York, NY 10019.


title: Copacabana (nightclub)

text: A second Copacabana—the first outside New York—was readied for a grand opening in Fort Lauderdale, Florida on September 13, 2012, in the historic Las Olas District at 219 S. Andrews Avenue. On January 24, 2013, the location was closed.


title: Josee, the Tiger and the Fish (2020 film)

text: It is directed by Kotaro Tamura from a screenplay by Sayaka Kuwamura, with original character designs by Nao Emoto (who also created a tie-in manga), animation character designs by Haruko Iizuka (who also served as chief supervising animator), and animation production by Bones.


text: The film opened in 9th place at the Japanese box office in its initial week of release, and received highly positive reviews from critics.


text: Tsuneo Suzukawa is a 22-year-old university student studying marine biology. He works part-time at a diving shop, where he bonds with coworkers Mai and Hayato. On his way home after a lecture, he saves a paraplegic young woman named Kumiko Yamamura, who insists on being called "Josee". After being invited over for dinner as a token of gratitude, Tsuneo receives a job offer from Josee's grandmother, Chizu, to become a caretaker for Josee.


text: At first, Josee is hostile toward Tsuneo, calling him an intruder. She ordered him to do unreasonable things such as kneeling for a long time. Deflated by the job, Tsuneo decides to quit the caretaker job. Nevertheless, just before he makes the resignation, he finds that Josee has gone missing. When Tsuneo finally finds Josee, he figures out that she wants to see the sea. Therefore, he takes her to the sea, and they had a wonderful time together.


text: After this incident, Josee and Tsuneo travel to many places together. On a trip to a library, Josee tries to read books to children, which bored them. However, her drawing is appealing to them. She then slowly comes to the realization that she wants to become an illustrator.


text: Unfortunately, Josee's grandmother dies not long after this. Being left with little money to live on, Josee gives up on her dream and becomes an office worker. Meanwhile, Tsuneo received a scholarship from a university in Mexico, and will leave in a few months. Notwithstanding his bright future, he is still very worried of Josee's situation. Worried about Tsuneo, Mai, who is Tsuneo's co-worker in a diving shop, tells Josee to set Tsuneo free.


text: Josee then calls Tsuneo to visit the sea together to farewell. Nonetheless, Josee is trapped in the middle of a road. To save her, Tsuneo rushes to her, ending up being hit by a car.


text: Tsuneo is then found to suffer from a bone fracture in his feet and is told he may not walk again like he did before, let alone go diving. Devastated by the news, Tsuneo gives up on his rehabilitation and his dream of seeing clarion angelfish in Mexico. Mai then finds Josee, telling her about Tsuneo's situation and ask her to prove her feelings of Tsuneo.


text: Josee then creates an illustration book indirectly featuring Tsuneo's and her story, with the main character representing Tsuneo successfully achieving his dream. She then asks Hayato, another co-worker in the diving shop, to bring Tsuneo to the library where Josee read the book to the children. Touched by the story, Tsuneo regained his spirit and dream, and actively rehabilitate.


text: On the day Tsuneo is discharged from the hospital, Josee has gone missing. Worried, Tsuneo visits many places and eventually starts running despite his injury. After a long search, he finds Josee at the zoo facing the tiger and the road which intimidates her before, by herself and succeeds. As they meet, Tsuneo and Josee confesses their love to each other, and kiss.


text: Tsuneo heads to Mexico to study. During Tsuneo's spring break, Josee meets Tsuneo again under a fully bloomed cherry blossom tree.


text: The anime adaptation of the short story was announced on December 3, 2019, when Kadokawa Corporation approached the director Kotaro Tamura and laid out a set of books to choose from. They wanted to adapt a piece of classic Japanese literature; Josee was chosen in this meeting and the movie entered production. Tamura decided that he wanted the film to have a happy ending, in contrast to other darker films that focused on disability. He stated that "We wanted to have a very uplifting and positive message" The director noted that Josee's condition was inherited from birth, and that she didn't get it during her life. Rather than having the character develop from outside sources, they would instead have her change internally, like a normal character.


text: Production of this anime film officially started on December 3, 2019 and the website, poster and main staffs were released. On January 3, 2020, they announced that this film would be shown the summer of that year. On March 3, 2020, movie scenes and Josee and Tsuneo's character illustrations got released. However, due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the film's show date was delayed. On August 13, 2020, it was officially announced that the new release date is December 25, 2020.


text: Evan Call composed the film's music. He also composed the opening theme "Take Me Far Away" which was performed by Ai Ichikawa. Eve performed the film's insert song "Shinkai" and ending theme "Ao no Waltz".


text: The film premiered at the 25th Busan International Film Festival on October 30, 2020, as the festival's closing film. It was later released theatrically in Japan on December 25, 2020, after being delayed from a mid-2020 release due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


text: Funimation acquired the film for release in North American theaters in July 2021 (Canada and the United States), with both the original Japanese and an English dub for the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival premiere. Anime Limited has acquired the film for release in the British Isles (the United Kingdom and Ireland), while Madman Entertainment has acquired the film for Oceania, and screened it in Australia and New Zealand on May 13, 2021, and June 10, 2021. The film screened in competition at the Annecy International Animation Film Festival taking place from June 14 to 19, 2021.


title: Thessaly

text: Thessaly (, ; ancient Thessalian: , ) is a traditional geographic and modern administrative region of Greece, comprising most of the ancient region of the same name. Before the Greek Dark Ages, Thessaly was known as Aeolia (, ), and appears thus in Homer's "Odyssey".


title: Thessaly

text: Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after four and a half centuries of Ottoman rule. Since 1987 it has formed one of the country's 13 regions and is further (since the Kallikratis reform of 2011) sub-divided into five regional units and 25 municipalities. The capital of the region is Larissa. Thessaly lies in northern Greece and borders the regions of Macedonia on the north, Epirus on the west, Central Greece on the south, and the Aegean Sea on the east. The Thessaly region also includes the Sporades islands.


title: Thessaly

text: Thessaly is named after the "Thessaloi", an ancient Greek tribe. The meaning of the name of this tribe is unknown, and many theories have been made about its etymology. According to the Dutch linguist Robert S. P. Beekes, the name predates Greek presence in the region and could come from Proto-Indo-European . The Greek linguist Georgios Babiniotis also assigns the origin of the name of the Thessalians to pre-Greek times, although he does not try to explain its etymology. In Aromanian it is referred to as .


title: Thessaly

text: In Homer's epic, the "Odyssey", the hero Odysseus visited the kingdom of Aeolus, which was the old name for Thessaly.


title: Thessaly

text: The Plain of Thessaly, which lies between Mount Oeta/Othrys and Mount Olympus, was the site of the battle between the Titans and the Olympians.


title: Thessaly

text: According to legend, Jason and the Argonauts launched their search for the Golden Fleece from the Magnesia Peninsula.


title: Thessaly

text: Thessaly was home to extensive Neolithic and Chalcolithic cultures around 6000–2500 BC (see Cardium pottery, Dimini and Sesklo). Mycenaean settlements have also been discovered, for example at the sites of Iolcos, Dimini and Sesklo (near Volos). In Archaic and Classical times, the lowlands of Thessaly became the home of baronial families, such as the Aleuadae of Larissa or the Scopads of Crannon.


title: Thessaly

text: In the summer of 480 BC, the Persians invaded Thessaly. The Greek army that guarded the Vale of Tempe evacuated the road before the enemy arrived. Not much later, Thessaly surrendered to the Persians. The Thessalian family of Aleuadae joined the Persians subsequently.


title: Thessaly

text: In the 4th century BC, after the Greco-Persian Wars had long ended, Jason of Pherae transformed the region into a significant military power, recalling the glory of Early Archaic times. Shortly after, Philip II of Macedon was appointed "Archon" of Thessaly, and Thessaly was thereafter associated with the Macedonian Kingdom for the next centuries.


title: Thessaly

text: Thessaly later became part of the Roman Empire as part of the province of Macedonia; when that was broken up, the name resurfaced in two of its late Roman successor provinces: Thessalia Prima and Thessalia Secunda.


title: Thessaly

text: Thessaly remained part of the East Roman "Byzantine" Empire after the collapse of Roman power in the west, and subsequently suffered many invasions, such as by the Slavic tribe of the Belegezites in the 7th century AD. The Avars had arrived in Europe in the late 550s. They asserted their authority over many Slavs, who were divided into numerous petty tribes. Many Slavs were galvanized into an effective infantry force, by the Avars. In the 7th century the Avar-Slav alliance began to raid the Byzantine Empire, laying siege to Thessalonica and even the imperial capital Constantinople itself.


title: Thessaly

text: By the 8th century, Slavs had occupied most of the Balkans from Austria to the Peloponnese, and from the Adriatic to the Black seas, with the exception of the coastal areas and certain mountainous regions of the Greek peninsula. Relations between the Slavs and Greeks were probably peaceful apart from the (supposed) initial settlement and intermittent uprisings. Being agriculturalists, the Slavs probably traded with the Greeks inside towns. It is likely that the re-Hellenization had already begun by way of this contact. This process would be completed by a newly reinvigorated Byzantine Empire.


title: Thessaly

text: With the abatement of Arab-Byzantine Wars, the Byzantine Empire began to consolidate its power in those areas of mainland Greece occupied by Proto-Slavic tribes. Following the campaigns of the Byzantine general Staurakios in 782–783, the Byzantine Empire recovered Thessaly, taking many Slavs as prisoners. Apart from military expeditions against Slavs, the re-Hellenization process begun under Nicephorus I involved (often forcible) transfer of peoples.


title: Thessaly

text: Many Slavs were moved to other parts of the empire such as Anatolia and made to serve in the military. In return, many Greeks from Sicily and Asia Minor were brought to the interior of Greece, to increase the number of defenders at the Emperor's disposal and dilute the concentration of Slavs.


title: Thessaly

text: In 977 Byzantine Thessaly was raided by the Bulgarian Empire. In 1066 dissatisfaction with the taxation policy led the Aromanian and Bulgarian population of Thessaly to revolt against the Byzantine Empire under the leadership of a local lord, Nikoulitzas Delphinas. The revolt, which began in Larissa, soon expanded to Trikala and later northwards to the Byzantine-Bulgarian border. In 1199–1201 another unsuccessful revolt was led by Manuel Kamytzes, son-in-law of Byzantine emperor Alexios III Angelos, with the support of Dobromir Chrysos, the autonomous ruler of Prosek. Kamytzes managed to establish a short-lived principality in northern Thessaly, before he was overcome by an imperial expedition.


title: Thessaly

text: Following the siege of Constantinople and the dissolution of the Byzantine Empire by the Fourth Crusade in April 1204, Thessaly passed to Boniface of Montferrat's Kingdom of Thessalonica in the wider context of the "Frankokratia". With his Greek ties, Boniface won the support of the Greek population and of various important Greek families. In 1212, Michael I Komnenos Doukas, ruler of Epirus, led his troops into Thessaly. Larissa and much of central Thessaly came under Epirote rule, thereby separating Thessalonica from the Crusader principalities in southern Greece. Michael's work was completed by his half-brother and successor, Theodore Komnenos Doukas, who by 1220 completed the recovery of the entire region, and assigned "pronoiai" to aristocratic Greek families


title: Thessaly

text: The Vlachs (Aromanians) of Thessaly (originally a chiefly transhumant Romance-speaking population) first appear in Byzantine sources in the 11th century, in the "Strategikon of Kekaumenos" and Anna Komnene's "Alexiad"). In the 12th century, the Jewish traveller Benjamin of Tudela records the existence of the district of "Vlachia" near Halmyros in eastern Thessaly, while the Byzantine historian Niketas Choniates places "Great Vlachia" () near Meteora. The term is also used by the 13th-century scholar George Pachymeres, and it appears as a distinct administrative unit in 1276, when the "pinkernes" Raoul Komnenos was its governor ("kephale").


title: Thessaly

text: From 1271 to 1318 Thessaly was an independent despotate that extended to Acarnania and Aetolia, run by the dynasty founded by John I Doukas. John ruled from 1271 until his death in 1289 and was succeeded by his sons Constantine and Theodore. At this time, Thessaly came under Byzantine suzerainty, though it largely retained its independence. After Constatine's death in 1303, it was ruled by John II Doukas until his death in 1318. From 1306 to 1310, the Almogavars or Catalan Company of the East ("Societas Catalanorum Magna"), plundered Thessaly. In 1310, they occupied a series of forts in the south. From there they departed to the Duchy of Athens, called by the duke Walter I, whom they eventually killed in battle and took over the Duchy of Athens. In 1318, with the death of John II, Thessalian independence came to an end, and the Almogavars occupied Siderokastron and southern Thessaly (1319) and formed the Duchy of Neopatria. The other parts of Thessaly either came under Byzantine rule or were ruled by their own nobility. These local magnates eventually started fighting amongst themselves. Those in the south, such as the Melissenos family of Volos, sought the help of the Catalans, while those in the north, such as the Gavrilopoulos family of Trikala, turned towards Byzantium. At this time, some of Thessaly's ports came under Venetian rule. In 1332, most of Thessaly was taken by the Byzantines following a campaign by Andronikos III Paleologos. He left its administration to Michael Monomachos, who governed it for the next 10 years.


title: Thessaly

text: Groups of Albanians moved into Thessaly as early as 1268 as mercenaries of Michael Doukas. The Albanian tribes of Bua, Malakasioi and Mazaraki were described as "unruly" nomads living in the mountains of Thessaly in the early 14th century in Emperor John VI Kantakouzenos’ ‘History’. They numbered approximately 12,000. Kantakouzenos describes a pact they made to serve the Byzantine Emperor and pay tribute to him ca. 1332 in exchange for using the lowland areas of Thessaly in the summer months. Albanian groups were given military holdings Fanari in the 1330s and by the end of the 14th century and the Ottoman takeover of the region, they were an integral part of the military structures of Thessaly. Two of their military leaders known in Byzantine sources as Peter and John Sebastopoulos controlled the small towns of Pharsala and Domokos.


title: Thessaly

text: In 1348, Thessaly was invaded and occupied by the Serbian Empire of Stefan Dušan, under the general Preljub. After the latter's death in 1356, the region was conquered by Nikephoros Orsini after he won the support of the local Greek population. After his death three years later, it was taken over by the self-proclaimed Serbian emperor Simeon Uroš. Simeon's son John Uroš succeeded in 1370 but abdicated in 1373, and Thessaly was administered by the Greek Angeloi-Philanthropenoi clan until the Ottoman conquest c. 1393.


title: Thessaly

text: Ottoman control began in the late 14th century with the capture of Larissa in 1392-93 and consolidated in the early 15th century. Nevertheless, Ottoman control was threatened throughout this era by groups of Greeks, Albanians and Aromanians who based themselves in the mountainous areas of Thessaly. Turahan Bey settled Turkomans in the province and founded the town of Tyrnavos. The territory was ruled through the Sanjak of Tirhala administrative division during the Ottoman period.


title: Thessaly

text: Rigas Feraios, the important Greek intellectual and forerunner of the Greek War of Independence was from the region. He was born in Velestino, near the ancient town of Pherae.


title: Thessaly

text: In 1821, parts of Thessaly and Magnesia participated in the initial uprisings in the Greek War of Independence, but these revolts were swiftly crushed. Thessaly became part of the modern Greek state in 1881, after the Convention of Constantinople except the area around the town of Elassona, which remained in Ottoman hands until 1912. It was briefly captured by Ottomans during the Greco-Turkish War of 1897. After the Treaty of Constantinople (1897), Greece was forced to cede minor border areas and to pay heavy reparations. The remaining part of Thessaly held by the Ottomans was finally regained by the Greeks during the First Balkan War in 1912.


title: Thessaly

text: During World War II, Thessaly was occupied by the Kingdom of Italy from April 1941 to September of 1943. After the Armistice of Cassibile, Germany occupied Thessaly until October 1944.


title: Thessaly

text: The Aeolic dialect of Greek was spoken in Thessaly. This included several local varieties, in particular the variants of Pelasgiotis and Thessaliotis. The language was not written.


title: Thessaly

text: Apart of Greek, Aromanian is also spoken in Thessaly. Some Aromanian dialects from the region have some unique peculiarities of their own, such as that of Krania, which is one of the few with differential object marking (DOM) along with those dialects spoken at the west of Ohrid in North Macedonia.


title: Thessaly

text: Thessaly occupies the east side of the Pindus watershed, extending south from Macedonia to the Aegean Sea. The northern tier of Thessaly is defined by a generally southwest-northeast spur of the Pindus range that includes Mount Olympus, close to the Macedonian border. Within that broken spur of mountains are several basins and river valleys.


title: Thessaly

text: The easternmost extremity of the spur extends southeastward from Mount Olympus along the Aegean coast, terminating in the Magnesia Peninsula that envelops the Pagasetic Gulf (also called the Gulf of Volos), and forms an inlet of the Aegean Sea. Thessaly's major river, the Pineios, flows eastward from the central Pindus Range just south of the spur, emptying into the Thermaic Gulf.


title: Thessaly

text: The Trikala and Larissa lowlands form a central plain which is surrounded by a ring of mountains. It has distinct summer and winter seasons, with summer rains augmenting the fertility of the plains. This has led to Thessaly occasionally being called the "breadbasket of Greece".


title: Thessaly

text: The region is well delineated by topographical boundaries. The Chasia and Kamvounia mountains lie to the north, the Mount Olympus massif to the northeast. To the west lies the Pindus mountain range, to the southeast the coastal mountains of Óssa and Pelion.


title: Thessaly

text: Most of the province has a hot summer Mediterranean climate (Köppen: "Csa"), but also found is a cold semi-arid climate ("BSk") including the capital Larissa (on its Mediterranean edge of category). Even in the north of Thessaly a rare humid subtropical climate ("Cfa") can be found, although it is different from a climate typically below or above the tropics, it also marks the limit of this rare "Cf" subtype on the European continent (e. g. the small village of Kalvia).


title: Thessaly

text: The population of the region of Thessaly was 687,527 in 2021 census. The region has shrunk by 45,235 people between 2011 and 2021, experiencing a population loss of 6.2%.


title: Thessaly

text: In 2011, the population of the region of Thessaly was 732,762 and represented 6.8% of the total population of Greece. A 2.8% decrease in the population since 2001 was noted, but Thessaly remains Greece's third most populous region.


title: Thessaly

text: The population break-down is 44% urban, 40% agrarian, and 16% semi-urban. A decrease in the agrarian population has been accompanied by an increase in the semi-urban population.


title: Thessaly

text: The metropolitan area of Larissa, the capital of Thessaly, is home to more than 230,000 people, making it the biggest city of the region.


title: Thessaly

text: An Aromanian minority resides in Thessaly. This region, along with Epirus and Macedonia, are the regions with the biggest concentrations of Greek Aromanians. Another notable population group of Thessaly are the Karagounides, an ethnic Greek subgroup.


title: Thessaly

text: The alluvial soils of the Pineios Basin and its tributaries make Thessaly a vital agricultural area, particularly for the production of grain, cattle, and sheep. Modernization of agricultural practices in the mid-20th century has controlled the chronic flooding that had restricted agricultural expansion and diversification in the low-lying plains. Thessaly is the leading cattle-raising area of Greece, and Aromanian shepherds move large flocks of sheep and goats seasonally between higher and lower elevations.


title: Thessaly

text: In the last few decades, there has been a rise in the cultivation of dried nuts such as almonds, pistachios, and walnuts, especially in the region of Almyros. An increase in the number of olive oil trees has been also observed. The nearly landlocked Gulf of Pagasai provides a natural harbor at Volos for shipping agricultural products from the plains and chromium from the mountains.


title: Thessaly

text: The Gross domestic product (GDP) of the province was 9.7 billion € in 2018, accounting for 5.2% of Greek economic output. GDP per capita adjusted for purchasing power was 16,100 € or 53% of the EU27 average in the same year. The GDP per employee was 65% of the EU average.


title: Thessaly

text: There are a number of highways such as E75, and the main railway from Athens to Thessaloniki (Salonika) crosses Thessaly. The region is directly linked to the rest of Europe through International Airport of Central Greece, which is located in Nea Anchialos, a small distance from Volos and Larisa. Charter flights link the region and bring tourists to the wider area, mainly in Pelion and Meteora. The new infrastructure includes a brand new terminal ready to serve 1500 passengers per hour and new airplanes.


title: Thessaly

text: Although the historical region of Thessaly extended south into Phthiotis and at times north into West Macedonia, today the term 'Thessaly' is identified with the modern Administrative Region which was established in the 1987 administrative reform. With the 2010 Kallikratis plan, the powers and authority of the region were redefined and extended.


title: Thessaly

text: Along with Central Greece, it is supervised by the Decentralized Administration of Thessaly and Central Greece, based at Larissa. The region of Thessaly is divided into five regional units (four were pre-Kallikratis prefectures), Karditsa, Larissa, Magnesia, the Sporades and Trikala, which are further subdivided into twenty-five municipalities.


title: Thessaly

text: The region's governor is (New Democracy), who was elected in the 2010 local elections and re-elected in 2014 and 2019.


title: Lizard (character)

text: The Lizard (Dr. Curtis "Curt" Connors) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko, he first appeared in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #6 (November 1963) as an enemy of the superhero Spider-Man. While the character has retained this role throughout most of his subsequent appearances, he has also been portrayed as a tragic antihero and occasional ally of Spider-Man. Connors is sometimes an ally of Spider-Man just as himself, and not necessarily as his alter ego.


title: Lizard (character)

text: In the original version of the story, Curt Connors was a geneticist researching the ability of certain reptiles to regrow missing limbs. He developed a lizard DNA-based serum that would allow humans to do the same, and tested it on himself, hoping to regain his missing right arm; instead, he transformed into a feral anthropomorphic lizard. Although Spider-Man was able to undo the transformation, the Lizard remained a part of Connors' subconscious and would resurface time and time again, often retaining Connors' intelligence and attempting to replace mankind with a race of reptilian creatures like himself. Many stories featuring the Lizard deal with the effects he has on Connors' life and psyche since the latter lives in constant fear that the Lizard will one day completely and irreversibly take over his body. Because of this, he works tirelessly to find a permanent cure for his alternate personality, much to the worry of his wife, Martha Connors, and son, Billy.


title: Lizard (character)

text: The character has appeared in numerous "Spider-Man" adaptations, including films, animated series, and video games. In live-action, he was played by Dylan Baker in the films "Spider-Man 2" (2004) and "Spider-Man 3" (2007), and by Rhys Ifans in the film "The Amazing Spider-Man" (2012) as well as the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "" (2021). In 2009, the Lizard was ranked IGN's 62nd Greatest Comic Villain of All Time.


title: Lizard (character)

text: The Lizard first appeared in "The Amazing Spider-Man" #6 (November 1963), and was created by Stan Lee and Steve Ditko.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Curtis "Curt" Connors was born in Coral Gables, Florida. He was a gifted surgeon who enlisted in the U.S. Army. He performed emergency battlefield surgery on wounded GIs. However his right arm was terribly injured in a wartime blast, resulting in its amputation.


title: Lizard (character)

text: After his return to civilian life as a research technologist, Connors became obsessed with uncovering the secrets of reptilian limb regeneration. Working from his home in the Florida Everglades with the help of war buddy Ted Sallis, he finally developed an experimental serum taken from reptilian DNA. The serum successfully regrew the missing limb of a rabbit, so then Connors chose to test the serum on himself. He ingested the formula and he did indeed grow a new arm.


title: Lizard (character)

text: However, the formula had an unfortunate side effect: Connors was subsequently transformed into a reptilian humanoid monster. Spider-Man discovered this situation during a trip to Florida to investigate newspaper reports of the Lizard after his employer the "Daily Bugle" challenged him. After discovering the Lizard's true identity and origin, Spider-Man used Connors' notes to create an antidote to restore him to his human form and mentality. Another attempt to develop this serum for safe use again resulted in Connors transforming into the Lizard, but on this occasion he was saved thanks to his former colleague Professor X and his first team of X-Men, the Beast and the Angel tracking the Lizard down in the swamps so that the Iceman could send him into hibernation long enough to develop a cure.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Later, Curt Connors relocated to New York City. He was able to repay Spider-Man by developing a formula to save May Parker's life after Peter Parker had given his aunt his radioactive blood during a transfusion, unintentionally putting her in mortal peril. It later became clear that the success of Connors' apparent cure from the Lizard persona was short-lived. A repeating pattern soon occurred, with stress or a chemical reaction turning Connors into the Lizard, Spider-Man fighting him, and then forcing him to swallow the antidote in order to reverse the transformation until the next time. A second personality had formed with the Lizard, one with the familiar goal shared by many villains of taking over the world. The Lizard envisioned a world where all humans had been transformed into (or replaced by) super-reptiles like himself. Despite the Lizard's overall hatred of humans, he was often shown to be unwilling to harm his wife Martha or young son Billy.


title: Lizard (character)

text: As Connors, he aided Spider-Man in defeating the Rhino by developing a formula to dissolve the Rhino's bulletproof hide, but accidentally transformed himself into the Lizard due to exposure to the chemicals needed to create the formula and was restored by Spider-Man. Connors was later abducted and forced to create a rejuvenation serum for Silvermane. However, the stress from this caused Connors to again transform; the Lizard then battled Spider-Man and the Human Torch, and was restored to normal once again by Spider-Man.


title: Lizard (character)

text: During another encounter with Spider-Man after Peter's attempts to remove his powers resulted in him growing four extra arms, a bite from Morbius endowed the Lizard with Connors' personality via the infection of a strange enzyme. Connors then synthesized an antidote for himself and Spider-Man using the Morbius enzyme. Curt Connors later aided Spider-Man, Ka-Zar, and the Black Panther against Stegron the Dinosaur Man. After the apparent death of the Jackal, Dr. Connors determined that Spider-Man was not a clone. Later, the Lizard battled both Stegron and Spider-Man after Stegron kidnapped Billy Connors. For a time, Peter Parker worked as a teaching assistant to Dr. Connors at Empire State University, although Connors had no idea that Peter was actually Spider-Man. During this time, Spider-Man and Connors dealt with one of Connors' previous experiments in the form of the Iguana.


title: Lizard (character)

text: During the first of the Secret Wars, the Lizard refused to participate on either side of the conflict. Although he was collected by the Beyonder along with other villains, he broke away from the main group after the first battle to settle in a swamp, where he befriended the Wasp, who had helped him treat an injury that he had sustained in the first battle. After the Lizard was blasted by the magic of the Enchantress, he reverted to human form.


title: Lizard (character)

text: After Connors' return from this event, his wife Martha, unable to take it anymore since Connors had said that he had been permanently cured, only to disappear for many days and then return home in tattered clothing with no plausible explanation as to where he had been, took their son Billy and separated from Curt. The Lizard had apparently been affected by inter-dimensional teleportation so that Connors' mind presided over the Lizard, and he battled the Owl alongside Spider-Man. However, mystical activity during the "Inferno" crisis once again brought the Lizard's bestial nature to the fore, and Spider-Man cured him again.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Connors then tried to straighten out his life and control the Lizard, with some degree of success. This ended when the villainess Calypso used her voodoo magic to take control of the Lizard (during the "Torment" storyline) for her own purposes, reducing him to a mindless, savage state. After a series of bloody battles, the Lizard and Calypso were defeated by Spider-Man, and Spider-Man assumed that he perished under Calypso's spell. Connors once again gained control of the Lizard's mind and body, although it was very weak. Curt carried out a plan to cure himself temporarily, after which he voluntarily submitted to incarceration in the supervillain prison the Vault. When Calypso forced the transformation and attempted to control the Lizard once again, the creature killed her and escaped from the Vault. After this escape, the Lizard fell and sank into a quicksand pit during a battle in the Everglades with Spider-Man and the bounty hunter Warrant and was believed to have died.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Later, a huge bestial Lizard appeared, shortly after Connors was called in to investigate Peter Parker's sudden sickness (the result of Peter's recently lost spider-powers returning). Spider-Man (Ben Reilly) realized that not only had the Lizard survived, but revealed later his new monstrous transformation seemed to be permanent and the personality of Curt Connors appeared completely lost. However, when this savage mindless Lizard later unexpectedly encountered Dr. Connors himself while Connors was helping Peter, Curt became the true Lizard once again and saved his family by killing the "Lizard-clone". It was revealed that the Lizard-clone was a scientific accident resulting from an experimental formula being tested on a piece of the original Lizard's tail, which had then grown into a fully formed second creature.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Although reunited after Curt's apparent death, Martha and Billy were diagnosed with cancer after being exposed to carcinogens from living near an industrial lab in Florida. Spider-Man assisted Curt in successfully forcing Monnano, the lab's owner, to admit culpability, but Martha died from her cancer. Billy recovered but remained bitter towards his father. Curt's guilt and internalized anger led him to become the Lizard once again, and once human, Curt attempted a bank robbery so that he would be sent to prison. After a short-lived term, Connors was released and changed into the Lizard once more, this time due to a scheme by Norman Osborn to form the Sinister Twelve to kill Spider-Man. The Sinister Twelve were defeated and captured by the combined forces of Daredevil, the Fantastic Four, and the Avengers.


title: Lizard (character)

text: The Lizard resurfaced to face Spider-Man with the aid of Billy Connors, who was changed into an adolescent Lizard by his father. Both the Lizard and his son were captured and reverted. Billy's transformational ability has been ignored since. A new Sinister Six team, including new member the Lizard, appeared during the superhero "Civil War", but it was stopped by Captain America and his Secret Avengers.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Post-"Civil War", Curt Connors aided Spider-Man in developing a cure for the victims of Mister Hyde who were mutated with unstable versions of Spider-Man's powers. Dr. Connors has also monitored the progress of the hero Komodo, a female grad student who stole a sample of Connors' Lizard formula. She modified the formula for her own DNA to grow back her missing legs and to give herself reptilian powers.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Doctor Curt Connors appeared in the 2008 "" storyline, where he experimented with animal stem cells as well as aiding forensic specialist Carlie Cooper. The third Freak mistook Connors' stem cells experiment for drugs. Connors helped Spider-Man defeat the Freak during their second encounter.


title: Lizard (character)

text: During the events of "The Gauntlet", Curt Connors was working for the pharmaceutical company Phelcorp under executive Brian King. Connors had lost custody of his son, Billy, and started hearing the voice of the Lizard persona goading him to let it have control. After Connors' assistant slept with King, Connors began struggling to contain the Lizard, ultimately losing control when King stopped him from taking a dose of his Lizard suppressing antidote. When Connors changed into the Lizard, he devoured King as a rival male. Knowing that the Lizard has targeted Connors' son Billy in the past, Peter Parker decides to protect Billy and swings to his foster parents' home. There, he finds that Billy was kidnapped and his new parents are being held hostage by Ana Kravinoff. Ana had left Billy in an alley, where the Lizard ate him, the trauma of which functionally destroyed the Connors persona. Without Connors internally warring with the Lizard, he enters a metamorphasis, emerging in a new form, sporting a leaner physique, long brown spikes on its head, spikes on its right forearm, human intelligence, and the ability to telepathically communicate with the underdeveloped "lizard hindbrain" portion of human brains. He demonstrated the latter ability by triggering the instinctual prey response of Spider-man's lizard brain, temporarily overwhelming the superhero and causing him to flee in terror. Back on the street, the Lizard mentally triggered the lizard portion of numerous people's brains, causing them to behave in savage and often violent ways. Away from the Lizard, Spider-Man ingested Connors' Lizard suppressant formula, temporarily making him immune to the Lizard's mind controlling powers. Spider-Man then injected the Lizard with some of the formula, hoping that Connors would be able to resume control. Although Connors is no longer present, the formula does increase the prominence of the Lizard's "monkey brain", aka the human intelligence portion of its brain. This causes him to consider (and regret) some of his actions, including killing Billy and trying to make people embrace their lizard instincts. Reverting most of the people he had affected with his telepathic powers, The Lizard disappeared into the sewers after the fight.


title: Lizard (character)

text: During the "Origin of the Species", the Lizard joined Doctor Octopus's supervillain team and stole Menace's baby. As Doctor Octopus and Spider-Man fought within the Lizard's hideout, the Lizard at first attacked Spider-Man, but then gladly returned the baby. He revealed that he already took a blood sample from the baby and found out that Norman Osborn was not the father; therefore, the baby was useless to him and all of the villains. Doctor Octopus, angry about the Lizard's hypnotism obstructing his intellect, attacked him while Spider-Man escaped with the baby. Both Doctor Octopus and the Lizard survived this fight.


title: Lizard (character)

text: A short time later, while investigating kidnappings in New York, the X-Men found themselves working with Spider-Man after they discovered that the abductor is the Lizard, who had been turning the victims into lizard people, while maintaining his control over the city's reptile population. The X-Men and Spider-Man discovered that the Lizard was being used by the Dark Beast, who had given the Lizard his 'reptilian shift' abilities by using a machine. During the battle, the Lizard shifted Gambit, Storm, and Wolverine into lizard people. Emma Frost and Spider-Man escaped the machine's effects, released the Lizard and used him to defeat the Dark Beast, who was arrested while the Lizard escaped.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Sometime later, Dr. Michael Morbius discovered that the Lizard had used DNA samples from Billy Connors' corpse to restore Curt Connors to humanity. Unfortunately, the Lizard's psyche was still present and was pretending to be Connors so that he would be left alone. The Lizard/Connors released blood into the air supply to provoke Morbius into attacking the other lab workers. The Lizard/Connors then tried to recreate his original Lizard formula so that he could change again, but Morbius' cure instead only allowed him to regrow his missing arm. The Lizard/Connors then injected Max Modell and other Horizon Lab personnel with his formula to discover how to "cure" himself. Attempting to appear to be the "normal" Connors, the Lizard/Connors cut off his regrown limb, but the Lizard began to appreciate human life, to the point that when he found the correct Lizard serum, he contemplated remaining human, but he took the cure when Spider-Man arrived and threatened him with custody. This resulted in yet another streamlined, new form. A new cure was developed for the lab employees that he had changed, but this formula failed on the Lizard's new form; he was instead knocked out and taken to the Raft. Visiting him in the Raft, Spider-Man was unaware that the serum had restored Connors' psyche and Connors remained in prison willingly, as he felt that he deserved it for his actions as the Lizard.


title: Lizard (character)

text: During the "Dying Wish" storyline, Peter Parker (whose mind was trapped within Doctor Octopus' dying body) was freed from the Raft by the Trapster, Hydro-Man, and the Scorpion. The Trapster offered to free the Lizard, but Connors declined. When Morbius the Living Vampire managed to escape his cell, the Lizard pointed out that he still had nowhere to go. For unknown reasons, Morbius then freed the Lizard.


title: Lizard (character)

text: The Lizard was then seen back in his cell, being one of the few inmates left to be transported out of the decommissioned Raft. When Alistair Smythe attempted an escape from the Raft, he temporarily shut down the Raft's power, letting the Lizard out of his cell. The Lizard protected J. Jonah Jameson from the Scorpion, revealing that he had the mind of Curt Connors, and that he "will never let the monsters win again." Jameson defended the Lizard from the Raft's warden, calling him a hero, and protesting the use of a restraining device, though the Lizard himself preferred to be cautious. During Smythe's final escape attempt, the Lizard was impaled through the shoulder, but survived.


title: Lizard (character)

text: As part of the "All-New, All-Different Marvel" as part of the lead-up to the "" storyline, the Lizard was shown at the Andry Corrections Facility. He was escorted to the visitor's room and his restraints were removed. After the guards left the visitor's room, the Lizard met the mysterious red-suited man where he claimed to have met Curt Connors before. The Lizard detected familiar scents accompanying the man, scents that could not be there, and warned him not to toy with the Lizard. The red-suited man replied that he was not the Lizard; inside he was Curt Connors, a model prisoner who saved Mayor J. Jonah Jameson and various civilians before and was trapped in a monster's body. The Lizard lashed out at him, demanding to know how can the people that he was smelling be there. The man said that the Lizard had abilities that he could use and if he escaped and joined him, he could give him anything. He snapped his fingers and Martha Connors and Billy Connors stepped forward, where they were somehow alive. The red-suited man asked if they have a deal. The Lizard tearfully accepted his deal. It was revealed that the revived Martha Connors and Billy Connors were clones that the red-suited man had gathered to grow clones with false memories that span all the way to their deaths. The Lizard and a depowered Electro were later sprung from Andry Corrections Facility by the Rhino on the red-suited man's behalf. The Lizard worked with the Jackal on a procedure that would repower Electro. The first time it was interrupted, the Lizard was present when the Jackal summoned a somehow-revived Francine appears in order to convince Maxwell to go through with it. The second time it was interrupted was when Martha Connors informed everyone present about a fire in Edmond, Oklahoma that neither of them was responsible for. While escaping from New U Technologies, Spider-Man and Spider-Woman of Earth-65 quickly incapacitate the Lizard. When Doctor Octopus pulled a switch which activated the Carrion Virus in all of the clones and caused them to start rapidly decaying, the Lizard saw that Martha Connors and Billy Connors were affected. During the ensuing battle, the Lizard escaped with Martha and Billy as he vowed to find a way to keep them from dying. In the sewers of San Francisco, the Lizard saved Martha and Billy Connors from the Carrion Virus by injecting them with the Lizard formula, turning his wife and son into lizard people like himself.


title: Lizard (character)

text: Connors was later shown having returned to Empire State University, now using a special chip implanted in the back of his neck to control his Lizard persona, with the chip acting as an inhibitor that stopped him from attacking humans. Teaching once again, Connors offered to support Peter Parker's efforts to re-apply for his doctorate after he was academically disgraced by accusations of plagiarism of Otto Octavius' thesis since Doctor Octopus' mind was in Peter's body at the time. The inhibitor proved to be a disadvantage when Connors' class was attacked by the Taskmaster and the Black Ant and he could not defend himself.


title: Lizard (character)

text: When Connors was captured by Kraven the Hunter as part of his organized hunt for various animal-themed villains, he was locked in a cell with Spider-Man while the two of them watched live footage of the Black Cat and the Lizard-esque Billy Connors being hunted, with Billy admitting that he actually remembers his original death. Faced with a threat to his son, Connors asked Spider-Man to tear out the inhibitor chip so that he could rescue his son, despite the risk of this action leaving Connors paralyzed at best, the two unaware that Kraven had set the situation up precisely to force Spider-Man into a position where he would become the ruthless warrior that Kraven believes that he 'should' be. However, Connors managed to maintain control and retrieve Billy without killing anyone.