title: CC Sabathia

text: In 2021, Sabathia's original team, the Cleveland Indians, dedicated a Cleveland baseball field in his honor, named "CC Sabathia Field at Luke Easter Park" (Easter himself also being a former Indian).


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: Edward Harrison Leslie (born April 21, 1957) is an American retired professional wrestler, best known for his work in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) under the ring name Brutus "The Barber" Beefcake. He later worked for World Championship Wrestling (WCW) under a wide variety of names.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: Leslie held nine titles throughout his career, and is a former WWF World Tag Team Champion with Greg Valentine. He also competed for major singles titles on pay-per-view and television, headlining the Starrcade 1994, in a match against then-WCW World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan. Leslie was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2019 by Hogan.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: Leslie began his career at the side of Terry Bollea in 1977. At the time, the two were billed as brothers. Leslie was Ed Boulder when Bollea wrestled as "Terry Boulder", and Dizzy Hogan when Bollea became "Hulk Hogan". In later years this created confusion among fans, many of whom actually believed that Leslie and Bollea were real life brothers. Leslie briefly wrestled in Bill Watts' Mid-South territory and in the World Wrestling Federation (WWF) in 1980. In a 2000 shoot interview, he recalled his first match was a tag match with Ron Slinker, against Ox Baker and Eric the Red.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: Leslie rejoined the WWF as a heel named Brutus Beefcake in late 1984, managed by "Luscious" Johnny Valiant. Introduced in a vignette that portrayed him as a male stripper, Beefcake was a vain character who dressed in outlandish outfits. As a singles wrestler, he feuded with David Sammartino whom he fought to a double DQ at the inaugural WrestleMania at Madison Square Garden, and WWF World Heavyweight Champion Hulk Hogan. Hogan sought revenge on Beefcake after he and Valiant injured Hogan's protégé, Hillbilly Jim (at a show in San Diego in February 1985), Hillbilly had appeared in Hogan's corner for a match between Hogan and Beefcake. In the summer of 1985, Beefcake began teaming with Greg "The Hammer" Valentine. They became known as The Dream Team. They soon began challenging The U.S. Express (Mike Rotundo and Barry Windham) for the WWF Tag Team Championship. Initially, the U.S. Express successfully met these challenges but, at the August 24 show in the Philadelphia Spectrum, The Dream Team won the titles after Beefcake rubbed Valiant's lit cigar into Windham's eye. They defended the belts for eight months, primarily from a reformed U.S. Express (Dan Spivey replaced the departed Windham) and The British Bulldogs. At WrestleMania 2, in Rosemont, Illinois, The Dream Team lost the title to The British Bulldogs. They were unsuccessful in rematches for the title and soon dropped to mid-card status.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: The Dream Team broke up at WrestleMania III. After defeating The Rougeau Brothers at the pay-per-view, the team had an argument and Beefcake was left in the ring while Valentine and Valiant left with Dino Bravo. This provided the impetus for Beefcake to turn face. In the immediate next match on the show, Beefcake helped Roddy Piper to defeat Adrian Adonis, reviving Piper after Adonis had rendered him unconscious. Per match stipulations, Adonis would have his head shaved. Beefcake undertook this task and earned the nickname "The Barber". Thereafter, Beefcake started bringing garden shears (with the handles taped to resemble barber poles) to the ring, and using a sleeper hold (hitherto a speciality of both Piper and Adonis, used heavily by both in their WrestleMania III match) as his finishing move. After a match, he would strut around the ring, "snipping" his fingers like scissors to indicate he was about to cut his defeated opponent's hair. As he did (using either his shears or an electric razor) he would throw handfuls of hair into the air for the amusement of his fans.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: After coming out on top of a feud with former partner Valentine and ex-manager Valiant, Beefcake feuded with Intercontinental Heavyweight Champion The Honky Tonk Man. Beefcake vowed to not only win the title, but put Honky to sleep and cut his duck's tail. Beefcake never made good on that vow, since Honky got himself disqualified from most of their matches (wrestling titles generally do not change hands on a disqualification). Honky often had assistance from a mysterious pig-tailed and sunglassed blonde named Peggy Sue (WWF Women's Champion Sherri Martel usually played this character during television tapings and PPV events, but at house shows "she" was Jimmy Hart in drag). Beefcake countered with a "woman" of his own: "Georgina" (George "The Animal" Steele in drag). The feud concluded at WrestleMania IV, where Honky was again disqualified, after interference from Hart. Though Honky escaped with the title and his hair, Beefcake caught Hart towards the end of the match and humiliated him with a partial haircut.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: Beefcake also feuded with "Outlaw" Ron Bass in 1988, beginning when Bass attacked him after a match on "Superstars of Wrestling", lacerating his head with a spur. As a result, the injured Beefcake missed his scheduled Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship match against The Honky Tonk Man at the first SummerSlam event on August 29. He ultimately defeated Bass in a grudge match on "Saturday Night's Main Event XIX". He then had a feud with Randy Savage during 1989. On "The Brother Love Show" (an interview segment on "WWF Superstars of Wrestling"), Beefcake called Savage's new manager, Sensational Sherri, "Scary Sherri," and an angered Savage attacked him and, with the help of Sherri, humiliated him with a haircut. Eventually, the feud became intertwined with one between Hulk Hogan and Zeus (based around the movie "No Holds Barred"). Hogan was simultaneously involved in his own feud with Savage over the WWF World Heavyweight Title. During his match against Savage, Beefcake was assaulted by Zeus. At SummerSlam, Hogan and Beefcake with their manager, Miss Elizabeth teamed to defeat Savage and Zeus. The rivalry resumed when, on December 27, "No Holds Barred" was shown as part of a pay-per-view special called "No Holds Barred: The Movie-The Match." In the match portion of the show (taped two weeks earlier in Nashville, Tennessee), Hogan and Beefcake defeated Savage and Zeus in a steel cage match.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: At WrestleMania VI, Beefcake became the first person to pin Mr. Perfect on PPV. During the spring and summer of 1990, Beefcake was involved in the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship tournament and, along with opponent Dino Bravo, were counted-out in the first round. Beefcake was scheduled for a WrestleMania VI re-match, this time for the Intercontinental Heavyweight Championship against Mr. Perfect at SummerSlam.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: In July 1990, a serious parasailing accident put Leslie out of action. He was helping his parasailer friend prepare for takeoff, when the driver of the boat mistook a cue to take off and pulled the friend's knees hard into Leslie's face, crushing his facial skeleton. Over 100 feet of wire and 32 screws were required to construct a new face. Leslie lost his nasal cavity, jaw, and had no ability to breathe on his own. Leslie's wrestling career was put on hold for almost two years.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: For a short time in early 1991, a masked character played by Leslie appeared on TV. The character would run in during matches and attack various heels (notably Rick Martel, Dino Bravo and Earthquake). He would run in on their matches, punch them a few times, throw a headbutt and immediately retreat. He never wrestled a match and was never given an official name. Dave Meltzer at this time reported that most wrestlers were against his return due to concerns about his safety and their ability to have quality matches while avoiding injuring him further. Leslie returned as Brutus Beefcake in a special appearance on the April 23, 1991 episode of "WWF Prime Time Wrestling", and then as a full-time regular in the summer of 1991, hosting an interview segment called "The Barber Shop." The Rockers split up on The Barber Shop when Shawn Michaels superkicked partner Marty Jannetty and threw him through a plate glass window; this turned Michaels heel and began his singles run to stardom. The final Barber Shop segment took place in February 1992. Newly turned heel Sid Justice attacked Beefcake and destroyed the set, building heat for his feud with Hulk Hogan. After this, Beefcake disappeared once again.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: In early 1993, Beefcake once again returned to the WWF, appearing on "Monday Night Raw". Beefcake's facial injury was used in an angle with Money Inc. (Ted DiBiase and Irwin R. Schyster). In what was billed as Beefcake's "comeback match", he defeated DiBiase on "Raw" by disqualification when DiBiase and Schyster double-teamed him. Schyster then tried to reinjure Beefcake, hitting him with a steel briefcase. Longtime heel manager (and manager of Money Inc.) Jimmy Hart turned face by trying to stop his team from hurting Beefcake, and Hulk Hogan returned to the WWF after a one-year hiatus. Hogan and Beefcake teamed for the first time since December 1989, as The Mega-Maniacs, with Hart as their manager. The Mega-Maniacs (with Beefcake wearing a protective facemask) challenged Money Inc. for the Tag Team Championship at WrestleMania IX. and, though gaining some revenge, lost via disqualification. WrestleMania IX was Leslie's final wrestling appearance on WWF television, although he remained active on the house show circuit. He teamed with Hogan in multiple matches against Money Inc. in June 1993, winning by disqualification. He also defeated Masa Saito on May 3 in Fukuoka, Japan. Following a final tour of Europe from July 9 to August 6, (defeating Terry Taylor in eight straight matches), Leslie left the WWF.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: After leaving WWF, Beefcake wrestled for a few appearances in New Japan Pro-Wrestling. On April 16, 1994 Beefcake defeated Nailz for the WWWA Heavyweight Title. Then on April 13, 1996 he defeated Jim Neidhart for IPWA. He lost to his former tag partner Greg Valentine on May 31, 1997 for Wrestling International Pro.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: In 1994, Leslie debuted in World Championship Wrestling (WCW). At first, he only made short appearances with Hulk Hogan, who referred to him as Brother Bruti (as he did when they were WWF tag team partners in 1989 and 1993). At that year's Halloween Havoc, following Hogan's cage match victory over Ric Flair, Leslie was revealed as the masked man who had attacked Hogan just before his title match with Flair at Clash of the Champions XXVIII. Leslie subsequently became The Butcher, and formed The Three Faces of Fear with Kevin Sullivan and Avalanche. The Butcher-Hogan feud culminated in a WCW World Heavyweight title match at Starrcade, which The Butcher lost.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: The Butcher continued wrestling for some time after The Three Faces of Fear broke up in May 1995, then became amnesic, as The Man with No Name. Leslie rejoined Sullivan in his new stable The Dungeon of Doom, as The Zodiac, a character wearing black and white face paint and only ever saying, "Yes, no, yes, no!" The Dungeon of Doom feuded with Hogan for most of the remainder of 1995. Hogan eventually turned Zodiac against his stablemates by revealing him as a mole. After leaving The Dungeon of Doom, Leslie became The Booty Man, and his gimmick was that of a man infatuated with his own buttocks, shaking them on the way to the ring and during matches. His signature move was a high knee (a homonym of ""). He was accompanied to the ring by Kimberly Page (who became known as The Booty Babe), and feuded with Diamond Dallas Page (at the time, Kimberly's real-life husband). The Booty Man, like Leslie's other WCW gimmicks, did not last long. When the nWo started, he attempted to join by wearing an nWo shirt and presenting a birthday cake to Hollywood Hogan after the latter won the WCW World Heavyweight Championship at WCW Hog Wild, but was instead attacked by Scott Hall, Kevin Nash and Hogan. Leslie then left WCW in December 1996.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: In the final segment of the February 23, 1998 edition of "Monday Nitro", Leslie returned as The Disciple, the bodyguard of Hollywood Hogan. He was almost unrecognizable at first, with a full beard, sunglasses, and nWo-styled biker attire. His true identity was later revealed onscreen by Roddy Piper, during his feud with Hogan. The Disciple accompanied Hogan to the ring for his matches, and would often be called on to assist in beating down an opponent, often using his new finishing move, "The Apocalypse". After Hogan became the WCW World Heavyweight Champion in April, these beatdowns often included the title belt itself, which The Disciple would drape over his shoulder before performing The Apocalypse, driving its centerplate into the victim's face on the way down.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: The Disciple was abducted by The Warrior during Warrior's feud with Hogan, and was later seen hanging from his feet backstage. After being brainwashed by The Warrior, he turned on Hogan and became the second member of Warrior's One Warrior Nation. After Warrior left WCW, The Disciple's push largely diminished and he spent the remainder of his time in WCW as a jobber. His last WCW PPV match was the World War 3 battle royal on November 22, 1998. In his final televised match, aired on the November 6, 1999 "WCW Worldwide", he wore attire much like he did in his early WWF days as Brutus Beefcake (though still under the Disciple ring name) as he lost to Hacksaw Jim Duggan.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: In May 2000, Beefcake wrestled for the Extreme Wrestling Federation, in a match against Rex Diamond. On June 30, 2000 he lost to The Barbarian in a hardcore match for i-Generation Superstars of Wrestling in Australia. After retiring, Leslie became part of the Christian wrestling group, World Impact Wrestling. He also started a wrestling school. He made an appearance at Pro Wrestling Syndicate's debut show in Garfield, New Jersey on June 24, 2007. He has appeared at several Memphis wrestling shows, including the 2007 Ultimate Clash of the Legends. Leslie was a coach on "Hulk Hogan's Celebrity Championship Wrestling".


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: On January 26, 2008, Leslie was inducted into the XWF Hall of Fame by Jack Blaze. After it became the LPW Hall of Fame, Blaze honored Beefcake again, on March 26, 2010, in Wheeling, West Virginia. On July 24, 2009, Leslie competed in "Celebrity Boxing 10" in Philadelphia, losing in the first round to local competitive eater Bill "El Wingador" Simmons. He took part in the "" tour in late 2009, wrestling across Australia, including Perth and Sydney.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: On August 28, 2010, Beefcake wrestled for Dynamic Wrestling Alliance, based in Middletown, Ohio. On November 28, 2015, he participates in a real battle to be the contender for the AML Title losing. Being his last match to date, he quietly announced his retirement from professional wrestling.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: In June 2016, Beefcake made appearances in Montana for the Big Time Wrestling event. On April 6, 2019 Leslie was inducted into the WWE Hall of Fame class of 2019 by Hulk Hogan.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: Leslie Married Kirsten Georgi on July 1, 1987. They divorced in 1991. He has a daughter, Alana, with Barbara McGondel,


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: Leslie Married Melissa DeGloria in 2013 Brutus has a grandson named Gino, who is a fan of All Elite Wrestling star Jungle Boy.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: In February 2004, Leslie caused an anthrax scare at one of Boston's MBTA stations, Downtown Crossing, where he was working at the time. He had left a bag of cocaine in his booth, which a subway rider spotted and assumed to be anthrax. The building was evacuated as a precaution. Leslie checked into a drug rehabilitation facility after admitting that the cocaine was his.


title: Brutus Beefcake

text: On November 7, 2013, Leslie appeared at Toronto City Hall with a pair of shears and a submarine sandwich, claiming mayor Rob Ford "needed an intervention" in the wake of a high-profile crack cocaine scandal. Leslie offered to be Ford's "angel of mercy", saying "Maybe if he gets his body right, he will be able to get his mind right". Security escorted him from the property when it became apparent that Leslie was attempting to promote a brand of submarine sandwiches. The day before, fellow wrestler The Iron Sheik also tried to visit Ford, and challenge him to an arm-wrestling match.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: F2: Fun and Frustration is a 2019 Indian Telugu-language comedy drama film written and directed by Anil Ravipudi. Produced by Dil Raju and Sirish–Laxman under Sri Venkateswara Creations, the film stars Venkatesh, Varun Tej, Tamannaah, and Mehreen Pirzada. The music is composed by Devi Sri Prasad. The plot follows two men who try to control their dominating wives after getting married.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: "F2" was released on 12 January 2019 during Sankranthi, and grossed over 127.2–140 crore against a budget of 30 crore, becoming a major commercial success. "F2" was featured in the Indian Panorama Mainstream section of the 50th International Film Festival of India.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: It is the first film in the "Fun and Frustration" series with a standalone sequel titled "F3: Fun and Frustration" released in May 2022.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: In the Czech Republic, Venky and Varun are apprehended by Police for abusing two women. Interrogated by Indian Embassy official Vishwanath, Venky and Varun reveal that the women who filed a case against them are his wife and girlfriend respectively much to Vishwanath's surprise. Curious, Vishwanath asks them about their past. Venky was an orphan with high dreams about marriage and works as PA to MLA Anji Reddy but earns handsomely. Through a marriage bureau, Venky happened to meet Harika, a software engineer who lives with her parents, sister Honey, paternal and maternal grandmothers Ganga and Manga. Happy that Venky is an orphan and since Harika would not have any problem with in-laws that women generally face, the family accepted for marriage. Venky and Harika marry happily. However, they began to have arguments over petty issues and Venky began to feel tormented. Their neighbor Prasad, who showcased his love for his wife publicly added up to Harika's jealousy and Venky's problems. Unable to live in a hostel, Honey began to live with Harika and Venky and created problems between them when Venky tried to tell Harika that Honey has a boyfriend.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: Varun starts to narrate his story: Varun is Honey's boyfriend and runs a hotel. Venky saw Honey hugging Varun and told Harika and her family but they refused to believe him. He challenged them that he would expose Honey one day and Harika and her family promised to be slaves for him if he does. Venky succeeded in doing so and was unwilling to be tormented by a vengeful Venky, Harika and her mother lied that they already knew about Honey's relationship and were just testing him by challenging him. Despite Venky's warning about the side effects of marriage and Honey, Varun proceeded to have an engagement. Venky exposed Prasad's second wife (Swarna) to his first wife as an act of revenge for tormenting him. Within six days, Varun faced problems managing Honey and his mother Kanthamma who have issues with each other. Frustrated, Varun agreed with Venky. Prasad joined them and theorized that women need husbands. To teach their wives a lesson, Venky, Varun, and Prasad escape to Europe. Honey and Harika were shattered on the former's wedding day when they found Varun and Venky missing.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: Venky, Varun, and Prasad enjoyed their lives in Europe. One day, Honey and Harika saw them in Europe and requested them to come back but they mocked and insulted them. Honey and Harika left the place cursing them. Venky, Varun, and Prasad gatecrashed a party hosted by influential businessman Dora Swamy Naidu on the occasion of his sons' fixed marriages. Venky and Varun were stunned to know that Harika and Honey are the brides of Dora Swamy Naidu's sons. Dora Swamy Naidu believes that a home would be peaceful if the family's sons are married to sisters, who would act peacefully by being sisters with each other. Dora Swamy Naidu's wife and his elder brother Ramaswamy Naidu's wife are sisters too. Doraswamy Naidu had previously broken his elder son's marriage with Anasuya when the latter's sister refused to marry his younger son. When Honey and Harika refused to return to Varun and Venky, they were challenged to stop the marriage. Impersonating themselves as writers willing to write a biography of Doraswamy Naidu, Venky and Varun enter his house and tried several methods to stop the marriage but their attempts are thwarted by Harika and Honey.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: Frustrated as Honey and Harika get engaged, Varun and Venky get drunk and create a scene. Doraswamy Naidu had them arrested and revealed that Honey and Harika revealed the truth to him long ago. After listening to their story, Vishwanath takes Venky, Prasad, and Varun to his house and introduced them to his wife Lakshmi, with whom he shares a cordial relationship. Vishwanath lectures the trio that husbands are supposed to understand their wives, who are continuously ignored by them but still love their husbands whereas the latter always feel troubled rather. Realizing their mistakes, Venky and Varun are resolute to reconcile with their respective partners. They gatecrash Honey and Harika's Sangeet party with Anasuya, who convinced her younger sister to marry Doraswamy Naidu's younger son. However, the discussion comes to a halt when John Snow, Anasuya's brother has Doraswamy Naidu, Harika and Honey kidnapped as an act of revenge unaware of the scenario that happened.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: John takes the trio onto a weak bridge unaware of its condition where everyone reaches and John realizes what happened at the Sangeet Party. Harika and Honey still refuse to reconcile with Venky and Varun. The bridge starts to collapse. Harika and Honey go onto the safe side while Venky, Varun, and others remain trapped. Harika and Honey give in when Venky and Varun attempt to commit suicide and reveal that they had sent Anasuya to them and always wanted them to realize. Venky and Varun go to the safer side by using the Caution board as a bridge. However, the board falls into the river when the others trapped on the bridge fight about who has to go first. Venky, Varun, Harika, and Honey leave while the trapped people wait for the rescue team to come.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: The music is composed by Devi Sri Prasad, marking his first collaboration with Anil Ravipudi, and the lyrics were written by Sri Mani, Balaji, and Kasarla Shyam. Audio rights to the film were purchased by Aditya Music. A video teaser of "Rechipodham Brother" was released on 19 December 2018, and the lyrical video was released a day later on 20 December 2018. The second single track, "Entho Fun" sung by Devi Sri Prasad was released on 26 December 2018. The third single track "Honey is the Best" was released on 29 December 2018. The audio launch event took place on 30 December 2018, at RK Beach in Vishakapatnam.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: "F2: Fun and Frustration" was released in the Telugu language worldwide on 12 January 2019 coinciding with the Sankranthi weekend. The film was dubbed and released in Hindi, Tamil, and Malayalam under the same title.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: "F2" grossed ₹17.2 crore on opening day in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana, and ₹22 crore in India. By the third weekend, the film grossed $2 million at the United States box office, and by the end of its full theatrical run, it grossed more than 185 crore worldwide and wound up as one of the highest grossing Telugu film of 2019.


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: Y Sunita Chowdhary of "The Hindu" wrote: "This family drama’s appeal stems from good casting. Venkatesh plays his comic part to perfection consistently and capitalizes on Ravipudi’s dialogues with great timing and flourish. One is reminded of his glorious projects in the past. Varun Tej also impresses."


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: "Firstpost" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated "F2 manages to entertain quite a lot and it's well-intentioned. It wants men to understand the importance of saying ‘sorry’ and ‘I love you’ when it matters the most. In the film, Venky and Varun might have learned their lesson the hard way, but they do unravel the secret to a life of happiness — that you don’t have to learn Venky Aasan, but just follow what Pradeep says right from the beginning till the end — "Anthega Anthega"".


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: "The Times of India" gave 2.5 out of 5 stars and said "Give it a go for Venkatesh, who saves this film from sinking into oblivion. But give it a cold hard miss if outdated humor and gender tropes are not your cups of tea."


title: F2: Fun and Frustration

text: After the success of "F2", Ravipudi and Raju planned a sequel named "F3". The film was scheduled to release on 27 August 2021 but postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Finally "F3" is released on 27 May 2022.


title: Intermarium

text: Intermarium (, ) was a post-World War I geopolitical plan conceived by Józef Piłsudski to unite former Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth lands within a single polity. The plan went through several iterations, some of which anticipated the inclusion as well of other, neighboring states. The proposed multinational polity would have incorporated territories lying between the Baltic, Black and Adriatic Seas, hence the name "Intermarium" (Latin for "Between-Seas").


title: Intermarium

text: Prospectively a federation of Central and Eastern European countries, the post-World War I Intermarium plan pursued by Piłsudski sought to recruit to the proposed federation the Baltic states (Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia), Finland, Belarus, Ukraine, Hungary, Romania, Yugoslavia and Czechoslovakia. The Polish name "Międzymorze" (from "między", "between"; and "morze", "sea"), meaning "Between-Seas", was rendered into Latin as Intermarium.


title: Intermarium

text: The proposed federation was meant to emulate the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, stretching from the Baltic Sea to the Black Sea, that, from the end of the 16th century to the end of the 18th, had united the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. Intermarium complemented Piłsudski's other geopolitical vision, Prometheism, whose goal was the dismemberment of the Russian Empire and that Empire's divestment of its territorial acquisitions.


title: Intermarium

text: Intermarium was perceived by some Lithuanians as a threat to their newly established independence, and by some Ukrainians as a threat to their aspirations for independence, and while France backed the proposal, it was opposed by the Soviet Union and by most other Western powers. Within two decades of the failure of Piłsudski's grand scheme, all the countries that he had viewed as candidates for membership in the Intermarium federation had fallen to the Soviet Union or to Nazi Germany, except for Finland (which suffered some territorial losses in the 1939–40 Winter War with the Soviet Union).


title: Intermarium

text: A Polish–Lithuanian union and military alliance had come about as a mutual response to common threats posed by the Teutonic Order, the Golden Horde and the Grand Duchy of Moscow. The alliance was first established in 1385 by the Union of Kreva, solemnized by the marriage of Poland's Queen Jadwiga and Lithuania's Grand Duke Jogaila of the Gediminid dynasty, who became King Władysław II Jagiełło of Poland.


title: Intermarium

text: A longer-lasting federation subsequently came about in 1569 in the form of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, an arrangement that lasted until 1795, i.e., until the Third Partition of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.


title: Intermarium

text: The Polish–Lithuanian alliance thus lasted a total of 410 years, and constituted at times the largest state in Europe.


title: Intermarium

text: Under the Commonwealth, proposals were advanced to establish expanded, Polish–Lithuanian-"Muscovite" or Polish–Lithuanian–"Ruthenian" Commonwealths. Though the Commonwealth temporarily controlled parts of Russia and governed much of Ruthenia for centuries, these proposals were never implemented at a constitutional level.


title: Intermarium

text: Between the November and January Uprisings, in the period between 1832 and 1861, the idea of resurrecting an updated Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth was advocated by Prince Adam Jerzy Czartoryski, residing in exile at the Hôtel Lambert in Paris.


title: Intermarium

text: In his youth Czartoryski had fought against Russia in the Polish–Russian War of 1792; he would have done so again in the Kościuszko Uprising of 1794 had he not been arrested at Brussels on his way back to Poland. Subsequently, in 1795, he and his younger brother had been commanded to enter the Russian army, and Catherine the Great had been so favorably impressed with them that she had restored to them part of their confiscated estates. Adam Czartoryski subsequently served the Russian Emperors Paul and Alexander I as a diplomat and foreign minister, establishing an anti-French coalition during the Napoleonic Wars. Czartoryski, one of the leaders of the Polish November 1830 Uprising, had been sentenced to death after its suppression by Russia, but was eventually allowed to go into exile in France.


title: Intermarium

text: In Paris the "visionary" statesman and former friend, confidant and "de facto" foreign minister of Russia's Emperor Alexander I acted as the "uncrowned king and unacknowledged foreign minister" of a nonexistent Poland.


title: Intermarium

text: In his book, "Essai sur la diplomatie" (Essay on Diplomacy), completed in 1827 but published only in 1830, Czartoryski observed that, "Having extended her sway south and west, and being by the nature of things unreachable from the east and north, Russia becomes a source of constant threat to Europe." He argued that Russia would have done better cultivating "friends rather than slaves". He also identified a future threat from Prussia and urged the incorporation of East Prussia into a resurrected Poland.


title: Intermarium

text: Czartoryski's diplomatic efforts anticipated Piłsudski's Prometheist project in linking efforts for Polish independence with similar movements of other subjugated nations in Europe, as far east as the Caucasus Mountains, most notably in Georgia.


title: Intermarium

text: Czartoryski aspired above all to reconstitute—with French, British and Turkish support—a sort of "pan-Slavic" Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth federated with the Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Romanians and all the South Slavs of the future Yugoslavia. Poland, in his concept, could have mediated the conflicts between Hungary and the Slavs, and between Hungary and Romania. The plan seemed achievable during the period of national revolutions in 1848–49 but foundered on lack of western support, on Hungarian intransigence toward the Czechs, Slovaks and Romanians, and on the rise of German nationalism.


title: Intermarium

text: Marian Kamil Dziewanowski writes that "the Prince's endeavor constitutes a [vital] link [between] the 16th-century Jagiellon [federative prototype] and Józef Piłsudski's federative-Prometheist program [that was to follow after World War I]."


title: Intermarium

text: Józef Piłsudski's strategic goal was to resurrect an updated, democratic form of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, while working for the disintegration of the Russian Empire, and later the Soviet Union, into its ethnic constituents. (The latter was his Prometheist project.) Piłsudski saw an Intermarium federation as a counterweight to Russian and German imperialism.


title: Intermarium

text: According to Dziewanowski, the plan was never expressed in systematic fashion but instead relied on Piłsudski's pragmatic instincts. According to British scholar George Sanford, about the time of the Polish-Soviet War of 1920 Piłsudski recognized that the plan was not feasible.


title: Intermarium

text: Piłsudski's plan faced opposition from virtually all quarters. The Soviets, whose sphere of influence was directly threatened, worked to thwart the Intermarium agenda. The Allied Powers assumed that Bolshevism was only a temporary threat and did not want to see their important (from the balance-of-power viewpoint) traditional ally, Russia, weakened. They resented Piłsudski's refusal to aid their White allies, viewed Piłsudski with suspicion, saw his plans as unrealistic, and urged Poland to confine itself to areas of clear-cut Polish ethnicity. The Lithuanians, who had re-established their independence in 1918, were unwilling to join; the Ukrainians, similarly seeking independence, likewise feared that Poland might again subjugate them; and the Belarusians, who had little national consciousness and were mostly Russophiles, were similarly not interested either in independence or in Piłsudski's proposals of union. The chances for Piłsudski's scheme were not enhanced by a series of post-World War I wars and border conflicts between Poland and its neighbors in disputed territories—the Polish-Soviet War, the Polish–Lithuanian War, the Polish–Ukrainian War, and border conflicts between Poland and Czechoslovakia.


title: Intermarium

text: Piłsudski's concept was opposed within Poland itself, where National Democracy leader Roman Dmowski argued for an ethnically homogeneous Poland in which minorities would be Polonized. Many Polish politicians, including Dmowski, opposed the idea of a multiethnic federation, preferring instead to work for a unitary Polish nation-state. Sanford has described Piłsudski's policies after his resumption of power in 1926 as similarly focusing on the Polonization of the country's Eastern Slavic minorities and on the centralization of power.


title: Intermarium

text: While some scholars accept at face value the democratic principles claimed by Piłsudski for his federative plan, others view such claims with skepticism, pointing out a coup d'état in 1926 when Piłsudski assumed nearly dictatorial powers. In particular, his project is viewed unfavorably by most Ukrainian historians, with Oleksandr Derhachov arguing that the federation would have created a greater Poland in which the interests of non-Poles, especially Ukrainians, would have received short shrift.


title: Intermarium

text: Some historians hold that Piłsudski, who argued that "There can be no independent Poland without an independent Ukraine", may have been more interested in splitting Ukraine from Russia than in assuring Ukrainians' welfare. He did not hesitate to use military force to expand Poland's borders to Galicia and Volhynia, crushing a Ukrainian attempt at self-determination in disputed territories east of the Bug River which contained a substantial Polish presence (a Polish majority mainly in cities such as Lwów, surrounded by a rural Ukrainian majority).


title: Intermarium

text: Speaking of Poland's future frontiers, Piłsudski said: "All that we can gain in the west depends on the Entente—on the extent to which it may wish to squeeze Germany", while in the east "there are doors that open and close, and it depends on who forces them open and how far". In the eastern chaos, the Polish forces set out to expand as far as feasible. On the other hand, Poland had no interest in joining the western intervention in the Russian Civil War or in conquering Russia itself.


title: Intermarium

text: In the aftermath of the Polish-Soviet War (1919–1921), and the establishment of the Ukrainian SSR, Piłsudski's concept of a federation of Central and Eastern European countries, based on a Polish-Ukrainian axis, lost any chance of realization.


title: Intermarium

text: Piłsudski next contemplated a federation or alliance with the Baltic and Balkan states. This plan envisioned a Central European union including Poland, Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Scandinavia, the Baltic states, Italy, Romania, Bulgaria, Yugoslavia and Greece—thus stretching not only west-east from the Baltic to the Black Sea, but north-south from the Arctic Ocean to the Mediterranean Sea. This project also failed: Poland was distrusted by Czechoslovakia and Lithuania; and while it had relatively good relations with the other countries, they had tensions with their neighbors, making it virtually impossible to create in Central Europe a large block of countries that all had good relations with each other. In the end, in place of a large federation, only a Polish–Romanian alliance was established, beginning in 1921. In comparison, Czechoslovakia had more success with its Little Entente (1920–1938) with Romania and Yugoslavia, supported by France.


title: Intermarium

text: Piłsudski died in 1935. A later, much reduced version of his concept was attempted by interwar Polish Foreign Minister Józef Beck, a Piłsudski protégé. His proposal, during the late 1930s, of a "Third Europe"—an alliance of Poland, Romania and Hungary—gained little ground before World War II supervened. Beck's Third Europe concept failed to achieve any traction because Germany was the world's second largest economy and all of eastern Europe was dominated economically by the "Reich". For economic reasons, there was a tendency in eastern Europe to follow the lead of Berlin rather than Warsaw.


title: Intermarium

text: Disregarding the 1932 Polish-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, the Soviet Union allied itself with Nazi Germany to divide Central and Eastern Europe between them. According to some historians, it was the failure to create a strong counterweight to Germany and the Soviet Union, as proposed by Piłsudski, that doomed Intermarium's prospective member countries to their fates in World War II.


title: Intermarium

text: The concept of a "Central [and Eastern] European Union"—a triangular geopolitical entity anchored in the Baltic, Black, and Adriatic or Aegean Seas—was revived during World War II in Władysław Sikorski's Polish Government in Exile. A first step toward its implementation—1942 discussions between the Greek, Yugoslav, Polish and Czechoslovak governments in exile regarding prospective Greek-Yugoslav and Polish-Czechoslovak federations—ultimately foundered on Soviet opposition, which led to Czech hesitation and Allied indifference or hostility. A declaration by the Polish Underground State in that period called for the creation of a Central and Eastern European federal union undominated by any one state.


title: Intermarium

text: On 12 May 2011, the Visegrád Group countries (Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Hungary) announced the formation of a Visegrád Battlegroup under Poland's command. The battlegroup was in place by 2016 as an independent force, not part of the NATO command. In addition, starting in 2013, the four countries were to begin joint military exercises under the auspices of the NATO Response Force. Some scholars saw this as a first step toward close Central European regional cooperation.


title: Intermarium

text: On 6 August 2015, Polish President Andrzej Duda, in his inaugural address, announced plans to build a regional alliance of Central European states, modeled on the Intermarium concept. In 2016 the Three Seas Initiative held an initial summit meeting in Dubrovnik, Croatia. The Three Seas Initiative has 12 member states along a north–south axis from the Baltic Sea to the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea: Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Austria, Hungary, Slovenia, Croatia, Romania, Bulgaria.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: Jesús Malverde ( "bad-green Jesus"; born Jesús Juarez Matzo Campos, 15 January 1870– 3 May 1909), commonly referred to as the "generous bandit", "angel of the poor", or the "narco-saint", is a folklore hero in the Mexican state of Sinaloa.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: He was of Yoreme and Spanish heritage. He is a "Robin Hood" figure who was supposed to have stolen from the rich to give to the poor. He is celebrated as a folk saint by some in Mexico and the United States, particularly among drug traffickers.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: The existence of Malverde is not historically verified. He is said to have been born Jesús Juarez Mazo Campos, growing up under the rule of Mexican dictator Porfirio Diaz, whose local supporter Francisco Cañedo ran Sinaloa. He is supposed to have become a bandit after the death of his parents, which he attributed to their poverty. During Malverde’s youth, railroads arrived. He witnessed his community undergo rapid socioeconomic transformation. The profits of hacienda agriculture were enjoyed by the few elite, while the vast majority of the population, the peasantry, faced even greater economic strain. Jesús Malverde is said to have been a carpenter, tailor, or railway worker. It was not until his parents died of either hunger or a curable disease (depending on the version of the story) that Jesús Malverde was to a life of banditry. His nickname Malverde (evil-green) was given by his wealthy victims, deriving from an association between green and misfortune.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: According to the mythology of Malverde's life, Cañedo derisively offered Malverde a pardon if he could steal the governor's sword (or in some versions his daughter). The bandit succeeded, but this only pushed Cañedo into hunting him down. He is supposed to have died in Sinaloa on May 3, 1909. Accounts of his death vary. In some versions, he was betrayed and killed by a friend. In others, he was shot or hanged by local police. His body was supposed to have been denied proper burial, being left to rot in public as an example.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: Writer Sam Quinones says that there is no evidence that the Malverde of the legend ever lived, and that the story probably emerged by mixing material from the lives of two documented Sinaloan bandits, Heraclio Bernal (1855–1888) and Felipe Bachomo (1883–1916). Bernal was a thief from southern Sinaloa who later became an anti-government rebel. Cañedo offered a reward for his capture, and he was betrayed and killed by former colleagues. Bachomo was an indigenous Indian rebel from northern Sinaloa who was captured and executed.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: Since Malverde's supposed death, he has earned a Robin Hood-type image, making him popular among Sinaloa's poor highland residents. His bones were said to have been unofficially buried by local people, who threw stones onto them, creating a cairn. Throwing a stone onto the bones was thus a sign of respect, and gave the person the right to make a petition to his spirit. His earliest alleged miracles involved the return of lost or stolen property. His shrine is in Culiacan, capital of Sinaloa. Every year on the anniversary of his death a large party is held at Malverde's shrine. The original shrine was built over in the 1970s, amid much controversy, and a new shrine was built on nearby land. The original site, which became a parking lot, has since been revived as an unofficial shrine, with a cairn and offerings.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: The outlaw image has caused him to be adopted as the "patron saint" of the region's illegal drug trade, and the press have thus dubbed him "the narco-saint." However, his intercession is also sought by those with troubles of various kinds, and a number of supposed miracles have been locally attributed to him, including personal healings and blessings. According to Patricia Price, "Narcotrafickers have strategically used Malverde's image as a 'generous bandit' to spin their own images as Robin Hoods of sorts, merely stealing from rich drug-addicted gringos and giving some of their wealth back to their Sinaloa hometowns, in the form of schools, road improvements, community celebrations."


title: Jesús Malverde

text: Spiritual supplies featuring the visage of Jesús Malverde are available in the United States as well as in Mexico. They include candles, anointing oils, incense, sachet powders, bath crystals, soap and lithographed prints suitable for framing.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: A brewery in Guadalajara introduced a new beer, named Malverde, into the Northern Mexico market in late 2007. A likeness of Malverde appears in an episode of the TV show "Breaking Bad", and in several episodes of "Better Call Saul", its spin-off series, Lalo Salamanca wears a necklace that contains a depiction of Malverde. Tony Dalton, the actor who plays Lalo, explained the meaning of Malverde in a video in which actors review their character's props.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: In the Netflix series , season 1, episode 7, the character Don Neto relates the story of Jesus Malverde to the man who killed his son before ordering him to be killed. A shrine to Malverde also appears in the intro of the first season of the show.


title: Jesús Malverde

text: There is a 2020 Telemundo series featuring Jesus Malverde. It is a dramatized account of different events in his life.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide, trade name Librium among others, is a sedative and hypnotic medication of the benzodiazepine class; it is used to treat anxiety, insomnia and symptoms of withdrawal from alcohol and other drugs.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide has a medium to long half-life but its active metabolite has a very long half-life. The drug has amnesic, anticonvulsant, anxiolytic, hypnotic, sedative and skeletal muscle relaxant properties.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide was patented in 1958 and approved for medical use in 1960. It was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesized and the discovery of chlordiazepoxide was by pure chance. Chlordiazepoxide and other benzodiazepines were initially accepted with widespread public approval but were followed with widespread public disapproval and recommendations for more restrictive medical guidelines for its use.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide is indicated for the short-term (2–4 weeks) treatment of anxiety that is severe and disabling or subjecting the person to unacceptable distress. It is also indicated as a treatment for the management of acute alcohol withdrawal syndrome.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: It can sometimes be prescribed to ease symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome combined with clidinium bromide as a fixed dose medication, Librax.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide is generally considered an inappropriate benzodiazepine for the elderly due to its long elimination half-life and the risks of accumulation. Benzodiazepines require special precaution if used in the elderly, pregnancy, children, alcohol- or drug-dependent individuals and individuals with comorbid psychiatric disorders.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: The research into the safety of benzodiazepines during pregnancy is limited and it is recommended that use of benzodiazepines during pregnancy should be based on whether the benefits outweigh the risks. If chlordiazepoxide is used during pregnancy the risks can be reduced via using the lowest effective dose and for the shortest time possible. Benzodiazepines should generally be avoided during the first trimester of pregnancy. Chlordiazepoxide and diazepam are considered to be among the safer benzodiazepines to use during pregnancy in comparison to other benzodiazepines. Possible adverse effects from benzodiazepine use during pregnancy include, abortion, malformation, intrauterine growth retardation, functional deficits, carcinogenesis and mutagenesis. Caution is also advised during breast feeding as chlordiazepoxide passes into breast milk.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Sedative drugs and sleeping pills, including chlordiazepoxide, have been associated with an increased risk of death. The studies had many limitations: possibly tending to overestimate risk, such as possible confounding by indication with other risk factors; confusing hypnotics with drugs having other indications;


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide in laboratory mice studies impairs latent learning. Benzodiazepines impair learning and memory via their action on benzodiazepine receptors, which causes a dysfunction in the cholinergic neuronal system in mice. It was later found that scopolamine impairment in learning was caused by an increase in benzodiazepine/GABA activity (and that benzodiazepines were not associated with the cholinergic system). In tests of various benzodiazepine compounds, chlordiazepoxide was found to cause the most profound reduction in the turnover of 5HT (serotonin) in rats. Serotonin is closely involved in regulating mood and may be one of the causes of feelings of depression in rats using chlordiazepoxide or other benzodiazepines.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: In September 2020, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) required the boxed warning be updated for all benzodiazepine medicines to describe the risks of abuse, misuse, addiction, physical dependence, and withdrawal reactions consistently across all the medicines in the class.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chronic use of benzodiazepines, such as chlordiazepoxide, leads to the development of tolerance, with a decrease in number of benzodiazepine binding sites in mouse forebrain. The Committee of Review of Medicines, who carried out an extensive review of benzodiazepines including chlordiazepoxide, found—and were in agreement with the Institute of Medicine (USA) and the conclusions of a study carried out by the White House Office of Drug Policy and the National Institute on Drug Abuse (USA)—that there was little evidence that long-term use of benzodiazepines were beneficial in the treatment of insomnia due to the development of tolerance. Benzodiazepines tended to lose their sleep-promoting properties within 3–14 days of continuous use, and in the treatment of anxiety the committee found that there was little convincing evidence that benzodiazepines retained efficacy in the treatment of anxiety after 4 months' continuous use due to the development of tolerance.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide can cause physical dependence and what is known as the benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome. Withdrawal from chlordiazepoxide or other benzodiazepines often leads to withdrawal symptoms that are similar to those seen with alcohol and barbiturates. The higher the dose and the longer the drug is taken, the greater the risk of experiencing unpleasant withdrawal symptoms. Withdrawal symptoms can, however, occur at standard dosages and also after short-term use. Benzodiazepine treatment should be discontinued as soon as possible through a slow and gradual dose-reduction regime.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide is a drug that is very frequently involved in drug intoxication, including overdose. Chlordiazepoxide overdose is considered a medical emergency and, in general, requires the immediate attention of medical personnel. The antidote for an overdose of chlordiazepoxide (or any other benzodiazepine) is flumazenil. Flumazenil should be given with caution as it may precipitate severe withdrawal symptoms in benzodiazepine-dependent individuals.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide acts on benzodiazepine allosteric sites that are part of the GABA receptor/ion-channel complex and this results in an increased binding of the inhibitory neurotransmitter GABA to the GABA receptor thereby producing inhibitory effects on the central nervous system and body similar to the effects of other benzodiazepines. Chlordiazepoxide is anticonvulsant.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: There is preferential storage of chlordiazepoxide in some organs including the heart of the neonate. Absorption by any administered route and the risk of accumulation is significantly increased in the neonate. The withdrawal of chlordiazepoxide during pregnancy and breast feeding is recommended, as chlordiazepoxide rapidly crosses the placenta and also is excreted in breast milk. Chlordiazepoxide also decreases prolactin release in rats. Benzodiazepines act via micromolar benzodiazepine binding sites as Ca2+ channel blockers and significantly inhibit depolarization-sensitive Calcium uptake in animal nerve terminal preparations. Chlordiazepoxide inhibits acetylcholine release in mouse hippocampal synaptosomes in vivo. This has been found by measuring sodium-dependent high affinity choline uptake in vitro after pretreatment of the mice in vivo with chlordiazepoxide. This may play a role in chlordiazepoxide's anticonvulsant properties.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide is a long-acting benzodiazepine drug. The half-life of Chlordiazepoxide is 5 – 30 hours but has an active benzodiazepine metabolite (desmethyldiazepam), which has a half-life of 36 – 200 hours. The half-life of chlordiazepoxide increases significantly in the elderly, which may result in prolonged action as well as accumulation of the drug during repeated administration. Delayed body clearance of the long half-life active metabolite also occurs in those over 60 years of age, which further prolongs the effects of the drugs with additional accumulation after repeated dosing.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide (initially called "methaminodiazepoxide") was the first benzodiazepine to be synthesized in the mid-1950s. The synthesis was derived from work on a class of dyes, quinazolone-3-oxides. It was discovered by accident when in 1957 tests revealed that the compound had hypnotic, anxiolytic, and muscle relaxant effects. "The story of the chemical development of Librium and Valium was told by Sternbach. The serendipity involved in the invention of this class of compounds was matched by the trials and errors of the pharmacologists in the discovery of the tranquilizing activity of the benzodiazepines. The discovery of Librium in 1957 was due largely to the dedicated work and observational ability of a gifted technician, Beryl Kappell. For some seven years she had been screening compounds by simple animal tests for muscle relaxant activity..." Three years later chlordiazepoxide was marketed as a therapeutic benzodiazepine medication under the brand name Librium. Following chlordiazepoxide, in 1963 diazepam hit the market under the brand name Valium—and was followed by many further benzodiazepine compounds over the subsequent years and decades.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: In 1959 it was used by over 2,000 physicians and more than 20,000 patients. It was described as "chemically and clinically different from any of the tranquilizers, psychic energizers or other psychotherapeutic drugs now available." During studies, chlordiazepoxide induced muscle relaxation and a quieting effect on laboratory animals like mice, rats, cats, and dogs. Fear and aggression were eliminated in much smaller doses than those necessary to produce hypnosis. Chlordiazepoxide is similar to phenobarbital in its anticonvulsant properties. However, it lacks the hypnotic effects of barbiturates. Animal tests were conducted in the Boston Zoo and the San Diego Zoo. Forty-two hospital patients admitted for acute and chronic alcoholism, and various psychoses and neuroses were treated with chlordiazepoxide. In a majority of the patients, anxiety, tension, and motor excitement were "effectively reduced." The most positive results were observed among alcoholic patients. It was reported that ulcers and dermatologic problems, both of which involved emotional factors, were reduced by chlordiazepoxide.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: In 1963, approval for use was given to diazepam (Valium), a "simplified" version of chlordiazepoxide, primarily to counteract anxiety symptoms. Sleep-related problems were treated with nitrazepam (Mogadon), which was introduced in 1972, temazepam (Restoril), which was introduced in 1979, and flurazepam (Dalmane), which was introduced in 1975.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: In 1963, Carl F. Essig of the Addiction Research Center of the National Institute of Mental Health stated that meprobamate, glutethimide, ethinamate, ethchlorvynol, methyprylon and chlordiazepoxide were drugs whose usefulness “can hardly be questioned.” However, Essig labeled these “newer products” as “drugs of addiction,” like barbiturates, whose habit-forming qualities were more widely known. He mentioned a 90-day study of chlordiazepoxide, which concluded that the automobile accident rate among 68 users was 10 times higher than normal. Participants' daily dosage ranged from 5 to 100 milligrams.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide is a drug of potential misuse and is frequently detected in urine samples of drug users who have not been prescribed the drug.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Internationally, chlordiazepoxide is a Schedule IV controlled drug under the Convention on Psychotropic Substances.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Laboratory tests assessing the toxicity of chlordiazepoxide, nitrazepam and diazepam on mice spermatozoa found that chlordiazepoxide produced toxicities in sperm including abnormalities involving both the shape and size of the sperm head. Nitrazepam, however, caused more profound abnormalities than chlordiazepoxide.


title: Chlordiazepoxide

text: Chlordiazepoxide is available in various dosage forms, alone or in combination with other drugs, worldwide. In combination with Clidinium as NORMAXIN-CC and in combination with dicyclomine as NORMAXIN for IBS, and with the anti-depressant Amitriptyline as Limbitrol.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle (, , ; Poitevin-Saintongeais: "La Rochéle"; ) is a city on the west coast of France and a seaport on the Bay of Biscay, a part of the Atlantic Ocean. It is the capital of the Charente-Maritime department. With 75,735 inhabitants in 2017, La Rochelle is the most populated commune in the department and ranks fifth in the New Aquitaine region after Bordeaux, the regional capital, Limoges, Poitiers and Pau. Its inhabitants are called "les Rochelaises" and "les Rochelais".


title: La Rochelle

text: Situated on the edge of the Atlantic Ocean the city is connected to the Île de Ré by a bridge completed on 19 May 1988. Since the Middle-Ages the harbour has opened onto a protected strait, the Pertuis d'Antioche and is regarded as a "Door océane" or gateway to the ocean because of the presence of its three ports (fishing, trade and yachting). The city has a strong commercial tradition, having an active port from very early on in its history. La Rochelle underwent sustained development in the middle ages, and has maintained a standing in modern times because of its port, La Pallice, the only deep water port of the French Atlantic coast; it is ranked as the sixth most important port of France.


title: La Rochelle

text: The city traces its origins to the Gallo-Roman period, attested by the remains of important salt marshes and villas. The Dukes of Aquitaine granted it a charter as a free port in 1130. With the opening of the English market following the second marriage of Eleanor of Aquitaine in 1152, the presence of the Knights Templar and the Knights of Saint John of Jerusalem quickly made this small town the largest port on the Atlantic.


title: La Rochelle

text: To this day, the city still possesses a rich historical fabric, including the Saint-Nicholas tower, and an urban heritage. The capital of Aunis, it has become the most important coastal city between the Loire and Gironde estuaries. La Rochelle's urban activities are many in number and strongly differentiated, being a city with port and industrial functions that are still important, but also including a predominantly administrative and tertiary sector that is reinforced by the university and a rapidly developing tourism industry. In the early 21st century, the city has consistently been ranked among France's most liveable cities.


title: La Rochelle

text: The area of La Rochelle was occupied in antiquity by the Gallic tribe of the Santones, who gave their name to the nearby region of Saintonge and the city of Saintes.


title: La Rochelle

text: The Romans subsequently occupied the area, where they developed salt production along the coast. They also developed wine production, shipping its products throughout the Empire. Roman villas have been found at Saint-Éloi and at Les Minimes. Salt evaporation ponds dating from the same period have also been found.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle was founded during the 10th century and became an important harbour in the 12th century. The name was first recorded in 961 as "Rupella", from a Latin diminutive meaning 'little rock'. It was later known as "Rocella" and "Roscella" before the name took on its current form. The establishment of La Rochelle as a harbour was a consequence of the victory of Duke Guillaume X of Aquitaine over Isambert de Châtelaillon in 1130, and the subsequent destruction of his harbour of Châtelaillon. In 1137, Guillaume X to all intents and purposes made La Rochelle a free port and gave it the right to identify as a commune.


title: La Rochelle

text: Fifty years later Eleanor of Aquitaine upheld the communal charter promulgated by her father. For the first time in France, a city mayor was appointed for La Rochelle, Guillaume de Montmirail. Guillaume was assisted in his responsibilities by 24 municipal magistrates, and 75 nobles who had jurisdiction over the inhabitants. Under the communal charter, the city obtained many privileges, such as the right to mint its own coins, and to operate some businesses free of royal taxes, factors which would favour the development of the entrepreneurial middle-class (bourgeoisie).


title: La Rochelle

text: Eleanor married Henry Plantagenet in 1152, who became king of England as Henry II in 1154, thus putting La Rochelle under Plantagenet rule, until Louis VIII captured it in the 1224 siege of La Rochelle. During the Plantagenet control of the city in 1185, Henry II had the Vauclair castle built, remains of which are still visible in the Place de Verdun.


title: La Rochelle

text: The main activities of the city were in the areas of maritime commerce and trade, especially with England, the Netherlands and Spain. In 1196, wealthy bourgeois Alexandre Auffredi sent a fleet of seven ships to Africa seeking wealth. He went bankrupt awaiting the return of his ships; they returned seven years later bearing riches.


title: La Rochelle

text: The Knights Templar had a strong presence in La Rochelle since before the time of Eleanor of Aquitaine, who exempted them from duties and gave them mills in her 1139 Charter. La Rochelle was the Templars' largest base on the Atlantic Ocean, and where they stationed their main fleet. From La Rochelle, they were able to act as intermediaries in trade between England and the Mediterranean. A popular thread of conspiracy theory originating with Holy Blood, Holy Grail has it that the Templars used a fleet of 18 ships which had brought Jacques de Molay from Cyprus to La Rochelle to escape arrest in France. The fleet allegedly left laden with knights and treasures just before the issue of the warrant for the arrest of the Order in October 1307.


title: La Rochelle

text: During the Hundred Years' War in 1360, following the Treaty of Brétigny La Rochelle again came under the rule of the English monarch. La Rochelle however expelled the English in June 1372, following the naval Battle of La Rochelle, between Castilian-French and English fleets. The French and Spanish decisively defeated the English, securing French control of the Channel for the first time since the Battle of Sluys in 1340. The naval battle of La Rochelle was one of the first cases of the use of handguns on warships, which were deployed by the French and Spanish against the English. Having recovered freedom, La Rochelle refused entry to Du Guesclin, until Charles V recognized the privileges of the city in November 1372.


title: La Rochelle

text: In 1402, the French adventurer Jean de Béthencourt left La Rochelle and sailed along the coast of Morocco to conquer the Canary Islands.


title: La Rochelle

text: Until the 15th century, La Rochelle was to be the largest French harbour on the Atlantic coast, dealing mainly in wine, salt and cheese.


title: La Rochelle

text: During the Renaissance, La Rochelle adopted Protestant ideas. Calvinism started to be propagated in the region of La Rochelle, resulting in its suppression through the establishment of "Cours présidiaux" tribunals by Henry II. An early result of this was the burning at the stake of two "heretics" in La Rochelle in 1552. Conversions to Calvinism however continued, due to a change of religious beliefs, but also to a desire for political independence on the part of the local elite, and a popular opposition to royal expenses and requisitions in the building projects to fortify the coast against England.


title: La Rochelle

text: On the initiative of Gaspard de Coligny, the Calvinists attempted to colonise the New World to find a new home for their religion, with the likes of Pierre Richier and Jean de Léry. After the short-lived attempt of France Antarctique, they failed to establish a colony in Brazil, and finally resolved to make a stand in La Rochelle itself. Pierre Richier became "Ministre de l'église de la Rochelle" ("Minister of the Church of La Rochelle") when he returned from Brazil in 1558, and was able to considerably increase the Huguenot presence in La Rochelle, from a small base of about 50 souls who had been secretly educated in the Lutheran faith by Charles de Clermont the previous year. He has been described, by Lancelot Voisin de La Popelinière, as "le père de l'église de La Rochelle" ("The Father of the Church of La Rochelle").


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle was the first French city, with Rouen, to experience iconoclastic riots in 1560, at the time of the suppression of the Amboise conspiracy, before the riots spread to many other cities. Further cases of Reformation iconoclasm were recorded in La Rochelle from 30 May 1562, following the Massacre of Vassy. Protestants pillaged churches, destroyed images and statues, and also assassinated 13 Catholic priests in the Tower of the Lantern.


title: La Rochelle

text: From 1568, La Rochelle became a centre for the Huguenots, and the city declared itself an independent Reformed Republic on the model of Geneva. During the subsequent period, La Rochelle became an entity that has been described as a "state within a state". This led to numerous conflicts with the Catholic central government. The city supported the Protestant movement of William of Orange in the Netherlands, and from La Rochelle the Dutch under Louis of Nassau and the "Sea Beggars" were able to raid Spanish shipping.


title: La Rochelle

text: In 1571 the city of La Rochelle suffered a naval blockade by the French Navy under the command of Filippo di Piero Strozzi and Antoine Escalin des Aimars, a former protagonist of the Franco-Ottoman alliance. The city was finally besieged during the siege of La Rochelle (1572–1573) during the French Wars of Religion, following the St. Bartholomew's Day massacre in August 1572, and occurred at the same time as other sieges of Protestant cities such as the siege of Sancerre. The conflict ended with the 1573 Peace of La Rochelle, which restricted the Protestant worship to the three cities of Montauban, Nîmes and La Rochelle. Pierre Richier died in La Rochelle in 1580.


title: La Rochelle

text: Under Henry IV, and under the regency of his son Louis XIII, the city enjoyed a certain freedom and prosperity. However, La Rochelle entered into conflict with the authority of the adult Louis, beginning with a 1622 revolt. A fleet from La Rochelle fought a royal fleet of 35 ships under Charles, Duke of Guise, in front of Saint-Martin-de-Ré, but was defeated on 27 October 1622, leading to the signing of the Peace of Montpellier.


title: La Rochelle

text: In 1625, a new Huguenot revolt led by Duke Henri de Rohan and his brother Soubise led to the Capture of Ré island by the forces of Louis XIII. Soubise conquered large parts of the Atlantic coast, but the supporting fleet of La Rochelle was finally defeated by Montmorency, as was Soubise with 3,000 when he led a counter-attack against the royal troops who had landed on the island of Ré.


title: La Rochelle

text: Following these events, Louis XIII and his Chief Minister Cardinal Richelieu declared the suppression of the Huguenot revolt the first priority of the kingdom. The English came to the support of La Rochelle, starting the Anglo-French War, by sending a major expedition under the Duke of Buckingham. The expedition however ended in a fiasco for England with the siege of Saint-Martin-de-Ré. Meanwhile, cannon shots were exchanged on 10 September 1627 between La Rochelle and Royal troops. This resulted in the siege of La Rochelle in which Cardinal Richelieu blockaded the city for 14 months, until the city surrendered and lost its mayor and its privileges.


title: La Rochelle

text: The remaining Protestants of La Rochelle suffered new persecutions, when 300 families were again expelled in November 1661, the year Louis XIV came to power. The reason for the expulsions was that Catholics deeply resented a degree of revival of Protestant ownership of property within the city.


title: La Rochelle

text: The growing persecution of the Huguenots culminated with the Revocation of the Edict of Nantes by Louis XIV in 1685. Many Huguenots emigrated, founding such cities as New Rochelle in the vicinity of today's New York in 1689. La Rochelle, and the siege of 1627 form much of the backdrop to the later chapters of Alexandre Dumas, père's classic novel, "The Three Musketeers".


title: La Rochelle

text: Because of its western location, which saved days of sailing time, La Rochelle enjoyed successful fishing in the western Atlantic and trading with the New World, which served to counterbalance the disadvantage of not being at the mouth of a river (useful for shipping goods to and from the interior). Its Protestant ship-owning and merchant class prospered in the 16th century until the Wars of Religion devastated the city. The British navy in wartime were alert that shore watchers at La Rochelle were employed.


title: La Rochelle

text: The period following the wars was a prosperous one, marked by intense exchanges with the New World (Nouvelle France in Canada, and the Antilles). La Rochelle "armateurs" (shipowners) became very active in triangular trade with the New World, dealing in the slave trade with Africa, sugar trade with plantations of the West Indies, and fur trade with Canada. This was a period of high artistic, cultural and architectural achievements for the city. La Rochelle was also the port city from which the Carignan-Salieres Regiment departed for Nouvelle France. In 1664, based upon attacks by the Iroquois against the Quebec inhabitants and following the request of the New France Sovereign Council, the French finance minister Jean-Baptiste Colbert ordered the 24 companies composing the Carignan-Salières Regiment to duty in New France. Beginning with departures from the port of La Rochelle, France on 19 Apr 1665, five troop ships and one supply ship left the French coast. A sixth troop ship, Le Breze, began the journey from the Antilles island in the West Indies. All of the seven ships arrived at Quebec City during the three-month period between 19 Jun 1665 and 14 Sep 1665. They carried approximately 1,200 men of the regiment. Additionally, it was from this port city that many of the estimated 768 women known as the Filles du Roi (Daughters of the King), set sail for Quebec during the period of 1663 to 1673.


title: La Rochelle

text: Robert de La Salle departed from La Rochelle, France, on 24 July 1684, with the aim of setting up a colony at the mouth of the Mississippi, eventually establishing Fort Saint Louis in Texas.


title: La Rochelle

text: The city eventually lost its trade and prominence during the decades spanning the Seven Years' War, the French Revolution and the Napoleonic Wars. During that period France lost many of the territorial possessions which it had had in the New World, and also saw a significant decrease in its sea power in the continuing conflicts with Britain, ultimately diminishing the role of such harbours as La Rochelle. After abolitionist movements led by such people as Samuel de Missy, the slave trade of La Rochelle ended with the onset of the French Revolution and the war with England in the 1790s, the last La Rochelle slave ship, the "Saint-Jacques" being captured in 1793 in the Gulf of Guinea. In February 1794, the National Convention passed the Law of 4 February 1794, which effectively freed all colonial slaves.


title: La Rochelle

text: In 1809, the Battle of the Basque Roads took place near La Rochelle, in which a British fleet defeated the French Atlantic Fleet.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle became one of the French centres for faience at the end of the 18th century. Bernard Palissy was born in the region and had some bearing in this development. During the 18th century, its style was greatly influenced by Chinese themes and Japanese Kakiemon-type designs. Many of these ceramics can be viewed at the Musée d'Orbigny-Bernon.


title: La Rochelle

text: In 1864, the harbour of La Rochelle (area of the "Bassin à flot" behind the water locks), was the site for the maiden dive experiments of the first mechanically-powered submarine in the World, "Plongeur", commanded by Marie-Joseph-Camille Doré, a native of La Rochelle.


title: La Rochelle

text: During the Second World War, Germany established a submarine naval base at La Pallice (the main port of La Rochelle).


title: La Rochelle

text: A German stronghold, La Rochelle was the last French city to be liberated at the end of the war. The Allied siege of La Rochelle took place between 12 September 1944 and 7 May 1945. The stronghold, including the islands of Ré and Oléron, was held by 20,000 German troops under German vice-admiral Ernst Schirlitz. Following negotiations by the French Navy frigate captain Meyer, the general German capitulation occurred on 7 May and French troops entered La Rochelle on 8 May.


title: La Rochelle

text: The submarine base became the setting for parts of the movie "Das Boot". The U-boat scenes in "Raiders of the Lost Ark" were also shot in La Rochelle. The base is featured in the computer game . It was also chosen in 2018 for the location shooting of the German television series "Das Boot" (a sequel to the 1981 classic).


title: La Rochelle

text: The bedrock of La Rochelle and surrounding areas is composed of layers of limestone dating back to the Sequanian stage (upper Oxfordian stage) of the Jurassic period (circa 160 million years ago), when a large part of France was submerged. Many of these layers are visible in the white cliffs that border the sea, which contain many small marine fossils. Layers of thick white rock, formed during period of relatively warm seas, alternate with highly fragile layers containing sand and remains of mud, formed during colder periods, and with layers containing various corals, that were formed during warmer, tropical times. The limestone thus formed is traditionally used as the main building material throughout the region.


title: La Rochelle

text: The area of La Pointe du Chay about from La Rochelle is a cliff area visited for leisurely geological surveys.


title: La Rochelle

text: Under Köppen’s climate classification, La Rochelle features an oceanic climate. Although at the same latitude as Montreal in Canada or the Kuril islands in Russia, the area experiences mild weather throughout the year due to the influence of the Gulf Stream waters, the summers are relatively warm, and insolation is remarkably high—the highest in Western France, including sea resorts much further to the south such as Biarritz. La Rochelle seldom experiences very cold or very warm weather. These specific conditions – summer: dry and sunny, winter: mild and wet – have led to the establishment of a Mediterranean-type vegetation cohabiting with more continental and oceanic types of vegetation.


title: La Rochelle

text: The population data in the table and graph below refer to the commune of La Rochelle proper, in its geography at the given years. The commune of La Rochelle absorbed part of the former commune of Saint-Maurice in 1858 and Laleu in 1880.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle possesses a commercial deep water harbour, named La Pallice. The large submarine pens built during World War II still stand there, although they are not in use. La Pallice is equipped with oil unloading equipment, and mainly handles tropical wood. It is also the location of the fishing fleet, which was moved from the old harbour in the centre of the city during the 1980s.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle also maintains strong links with the sea by harbouring the largest marina for pleasure boats in Europe at Les Minimes, and a rather rich boat-building industry which includes Amel Yachts.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle has a very big aquarium, and a small botanical garden (the "Jardin des plantes de La Rochelle").


title: La Rochelle

text: The "Calypso", the ship used by Jacques-Yves Cousteau as a mobile laboratory for oceanography, and which was sunk after a collision in the port of Singapore (1996) is now on display (sadly rotting) at the Maritime Museum of La Rochelle.


title: La Rochelle

text: One of the biggest music festivals in France, "FrancoFolies", takes place each summer in La Rochelle, where Francophone musicians come together for a week of concerts and celebration. 2004 marked the 20th anniversary of this event. The French Socialist Party has held its annual summer convention ("Université d'été") in La Rochelle since 1983.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle is the setting for the best-selling series of French language textbooks in the UK, titled "Tricolore". The central character, Martine Dhome, lives with her family at the fictional address of 12, rue de la République.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle's main feature is the "Vieux Port" ("Old Harbour"), which is at the heart of the city, picturesque and lined with seafood restaurants. The city walls are open to an evening promenade. The old town has been well preserved. Three medieval towers are a prominent tourist attraction at the entrance to the harbor: The Chain Tower, The Lantern Tower and Saint Nicolas Tower. From the harbour, boating trips can be taken to the Île d'Aix and Fort Boyard (home to the TV show of the same name). Nearby Île de Ré is a short drive to the North. The countryside of the surrounding Charente-Maritime is very rural and full of history (Saintes). To the North is Venise Verte, a marshy area of country, crisscrossed with tiny canals and a resort for inland boating. Inland is the country of Cognac and Pineau. The nearby Île de Ré is accessible via a bridge from La Rochelle.


title: La Rochelle

text: La Rochelle and its region are served by the international La Rochelle - Île de Ré Airport, which has progressively developed over the last 5 years. The train station Gare de La Rochelle offers connections to Bordeaux, Nantes, Poitiers, Paris and several regional destinations.


title: La Rochelle

text: The city has more than 10,000 students each year. The University of La Rochelle was established in 1993. Together with the Excelia Group (La Rochelle Business School), they are the largest institutions of higher education of La Rochelle (7,000 and 3,500 students respectively).


title: La Rochelle

text: Stade Rochelais are a professional rugby union team in the Top 14 league. They play their home matches at Stade Marcel-Deflandre.


title: La Rochelle

text: Since 1991 the city has annually hosted the Marathon de La Rochelle, the second-most popular marathon of France and an international-level race which featured 10,000 participants in 2010.


title: Theresa Russell

text: Theresa Lynn Russell ( Paup; born March 20, 1957) is an American actress whose career spans over four decades. Her filmography includes over fifty feature films, ranging from mainstream to independent and experimental films.


title: Theresa Russell

text: Born in San Diego, Russell was raised in the Los Angeles suburb of Burbank, where she had a turbulent upbringing marked by poverty, and dropped out of high school at age 16. Russell subsequently began modeling, which brought her to the attention of film producer Sam Spiegel. Through Spiegel, she was cast in Elia Kazan's "The Last Tycoon" (1976), playing the daughter of a prominent film executive.


title: Theresa Russell

text: In 1978, Russell starred opposite Dustin Hoffman in the critically-acclaimed crime drama "Straight Time". Her next role was a lead in English filmmaker Nicolas Roeg's controversial thriller "Bad Timing" (1980), which earned critical praise. Russell and Roeg began a romance while shooting the film, and it marked one of six projects they would collaborate on following their 1982 marriage. She next appeared in Roeg's drama "Eureka" (1983), followed by the John Byrum-directed "The Razor's Edge" (1984). Russell portrayed Marilyn Monroe in Roeg's experimental alternate history film "Insignificance" (1985), followed by a lead role as a serial killer in Bob Rafelson's neo-noir film "Black Widow" (1987), which garnered her significant commercial attention.


title: Theresa Russell

text: Russell continued to collaborate with Roeg throughout the late 1980s and early 1990s, appearing in a Roeg-directed segment of the anthology film "Aria" (1987), as well as the features "Track 29" (1989) and "Cold Heaven" (1991). Other roles from this time included the crime dramas "Physical Evidence" (1989) and "Impulse" (1990).


title: Theresa Russell

text: In 1991, Russell starred as a prostitute in Ken Russell's satirical drama "Whore", followed by Steven Soderbergh's experimental black-and-white feature, "Kafka", co-starring Jeremy Irons. After appearing in a number of independent films in the mid-1990s, Russell had a supporting role in the commercially successful neo-noir "Wild Things" (1998), and the critically-acclaimed drama "The Believer" (2001). In 2005, she had a supporting role on the HBO miniseries "Empire Falls", followed by a minor part in Sam Raimi's "Spider-Man 3" (2007).


title: Theresa Russell

text: The song "Athena" by the rock group The Who, was written about a 1979 chance meeting with Pete Townshend, who was smitten and rejected by her. The single appears on the band's 1982 album, "It's Hard".


title: Theresa Russell

text: Russell was born in San Diego, California, the eldest of three children to teenage mother Carole Platt (née Mall) and Jerry Russell Paup. When she was five years old, Russell's parents divorced, and her father relocated to Mexico. Her mother subsequently remarried, and moved the family to Los Angeles County, where Russell was raised primarily in Burbank. Through her mother's marriage to her stepfather, she has two half-siblings. Russell has said she grew up in poverty, and that at times her family required food stamps to survive. She had a turbulent relationship with her stepfather, whom she described as "hideous", "incapable" and "an asshole," and by age thirteen, she had begun experimenting with recreational drugs. Despite her early struggles, Russell commented in 1991: "I hate it when actors talk about what a hard time they had as kids. That was just my life. It wasn't horrible. When you're free, white, and over 21, how hard can it be? Get over it."


title: Theresa Russell

text: At age fourteen, while a student at Burbank High School, Russell was approached while walking on a street in Los Angeles by a photographer who suggested she model. Suspecting the photographer merely wanted to exploit her, Russell requested that he meet her mother first, to which he obliged. She subsequently began modeling for a fashion photographer who was a friend of her mother. "I ended up having what I realise now was a long, almost like a Lolita/Humbert Humbert relationship with him—without the sex. He was madly in love with me and took pictures of me a lot. He would come round and we would go off and shoot pictures up in the mountains."


title: Theresa Russell

text: Russell dropped out of high school at 16 and moved in with a 28-year-old boyfriend who worked as a primal scream therapist, whom she later described as "one of the most fucked-up people I have ever met." She enrolled at the Lee Strasberg Institute in West Hollywood to study acting at age 17.


title: Theresa Russell

text: Through her modeling work, Russell met photographer Peter Douglas, son of Kirk Douglas, who introduced her to film producer Sam Spiegel in 1975. At the time, Spiegel was beginning production of a film adaptation of F. Scott Fitzgerald's "The Last Tycoon", directed by Elia Kazan and adapted for the screen by Harold Pinter. Spiegel suggested that Russell audition for the role of Cecilia Brady, the daughter of a studio executive (played by Robert Mitchum), a part in which she was ultimately cast.


title: Theresa Russell

text: In a retrospective interview, Russell commented on the experience with ambivalence, saying: "Sam [Spiegel] loved to be seen with child-girls on his arm. I was 16 years old and still living at home, and he took me to the Bistro and tried to stick his tongue down my throat. He thought he could buy and sell people." Kazan corroborated this, recalling: "Sam suggested her. I had strong reservations, saw some values but more drawbacks. It was obvious to me, and later conversations with Theresa verified this, that Sam had, for a long time, tried to gentle her into his bed." According to Russell, prior to shooting the film, Spiegel attempted to have her sign a contract placing her under his control for a nine-year period. "I was not a bimbo," she recalled. "I called a lawyer. Sam was furious. He said he would see to it that I got no billing in the movie. And to this day, if you ever see any advertising for "The Last Tycoon", my name is in teensy-weensy type. I was completely left out of the publicity for the movie. He was unrelenting. I asked him, 'If I sign your contract, what if I want to do some role in some other picture?' He said, 'You'll have to come to my boat in the South of France.' Yeah, and what happens then?"


title: Theresa Russell

text: The following year, after completing "The Last Tycoon", Russell was cast as a troubled young woman who becomes associated with a criminal (played by Dustin Hoffman) in the drama "Straight Time". Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" praised Russell in his review of the film, writing: "Miss Russell, who was so good in "The Last Tycoon", is an extremely appealing actress, with a kind of contemporary authority, but she looks so classy, so understated-chic, that she suggests an upper-class girl whose path would cross Max's only at the beach, or maybe at a singles bar." In 1979, Russell starred in the miniseries "Blind Ambition" for CBS, a biographical drama focusing on the Watergate scandal, in which she portrayed Maureen Dean, the wife of White House Counsel John Dean (played by Martin Sheen).


title: Theresa Russell

text: Russell was subsequently cast as Milena Flaherty, a young American living in Vienna who enters a dysfunctional relationship with a psychoanalyst (played by Art Garfunkel) in "Bad Timing" (1980). It marked the first of six films Russell would go on to star in directed by English filmmaker Nicolas Roeg, whom she began a relationship with after completing filming. "Bad Timing" was subject to controversy upon release due to its graphic depiction of sexuality and rape, though Russell's performance was praised by critic Roger Ebert, who wrote: "If there is any reason to see this film, however, it is the performance by Theresa Russell (who was Dustin Hoffman's lover in "Straight Time"). She is only 22 or 23, and yet her performance is astonishingly powerful. She will be in better films, I hope, and is the only participant who need not be ashamed of this one."


title: Theresa Russell

text: Russell became a muse of Roeg's, and the two were married in February 1982 in Westminster, London. The couple had two sons over the next several years, Statten (born 1983) and Maximillian (born 1985), and resided primarily in Notting Hill, though Russell also maintained a residence in Los Angeles. Following her role in Roeg's "Bad Timing", Russell performed the English audio dubbing of Daria Nicolodi's character in the giallo film "Tenebre" (1982), directed by Dario Argento. Her next on-screen role was in Nicolas Roeg's drama "Eureka" (1983), portraying the daughter of a Klondike prospector, played by Gene Hackman.


title: Theresa Russell

text: The following year, Russell appeared in John Byrum's "The Razor's Edge", an adaptation of the W. Somerset Maugham novel of the same name, in which she co-starred with Bill Murray. The film was a financial failure, grossing under $2 million against its $13 million budget.


title: Theresa Russell

text: She then portrayed Marilyn Monroe in Roeg's experimental alternate history film "Insignificance" (1985), based on the play by Terry Johnson, in which she appeared opposite Gary Busey and Tony Curtis. In retrospect, Russell described the role as "really challenging because at first I did not want to do it. That was a pile of horseshit I didn’t want to step in. Everybody had these preconceived ideas, and I didn’t want [to do] a caricature. That was kind of tricky to get my head around." Critic Roger Ebert praised her performance in the film, writing: "She doesn't really look very much like Monroe, but what does it matter? The blond hair and the red lips are there, and so is the manner, which has been imitated so often, and so badly, that the imitators prove that Monroe was a special case. Russell doesn't imitate. She builds her performance from the ground up, and it works to hold the movie together."


title: Theresa Russell

text: In 1987, Russell gained mainstream exposure for her portrayal of Catharine Peterson, a serial killer who seduces and murders wealthy men in Bob Rafelson's noir thriller "Black Widow", co-starring Debra Winger. Russell's performance earned praise; Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" wrote that Russell's "clear-eyed sweetness... adds unexpected dimension to the homicidal Catharine." The same year, she appeared in a Nicolas Roeg-directed segment (a film version of the opera "Un ballo in maschera") of the anthology film "Aria". The following year, she appeared in Roeg's "Track 29" (1988), playing a young Southern woman who meets a mysterious British drifter, played by Gary Oldman. Roger Ebert, commenting on her performance, wrote: "Russell, who has survived the convoluted terrain of many of Roeg’s movies (he is her husband), seems at home in this twisted landscape, and [she and Oldman] work their characters up into an orgy of mutual laceration."


title: Theresa Russell

text: Next, Russell portrayed a public defender in the crime drama "Physical Evidence" (1988), starring Burt Reynolds and directed by Michael Crichton. The film received largely unfavorable reviews from critics, with some, such as Rita Kempley of "The Washington Post", singling out Russell's acting as a primary fault. Roger Ebert, who had previously championed many of Russell's performances, suggested in his review of the film that she and Reynolds merely lacked chemistry.


title: Theresa Russell

text: In 1990, Russell was cast in Sondra Locke's "Impulse", in which she portrayed a police officer who is drawn into the world of prostitution while posing undercover as a prostitute in Los Angeles. The following year, Russell again played a prostitute in Ken Russell's satirical drama "Whore" (1991), based on the play by David Hines. Though the film received a mixed reception from critics, Russell's performance was praised by "The New York Times" and Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times". The same year, she was cast in a lead role opposite Jeremy Irons in Steven Soderbergh's "Kafka" (1991), a black-and-white surrealist adaptation of several Franz Kafka stories. David Ansen of "Newsweek" felt that Russell was miscast in her role. She again united with her husband Roeg for his film "Cold Heaven" (also 1991), starring opposite Mark Harmon as a woman whose husband inexplicably rises from the dead.


title: Theresa Russell

text: Russell was the narrator of the British drama "Being Human" (1994), starring Robin Williams, followed by the British comedy "The Grotesque" (1995), opposite Alan Bates and Sting.


title: Theresa Russell

text: Russell was then cast in the neo-noir thriller "Wild Things" (1998), playing the mother of Denise Richards's character. The film was a box office success and went on to establish a cult following.


title: Theresa Russell

text: After appearing in the crime drama "Luckytown" (2000) opposite James Caan and Kirsten Dunst, Russell was then cast in "The Believer" (2001), a drama written and directed by Henry Bean, and starring Ryan Gosling as a Jewish man who becomes a neo-Nazi. The film was critically acclaimed and received the Special Jury Prize—Drama at the 2001 Sundance Film Festival.


title: Theresa Russell

text: In the early 2000s, Russell mainly appeared in low-budget and independent films, such as "The House Next Door" (2002), "Now & Forever" (2002), and "The Box" (2003).


title: Theresa Russell

text: In 2005, she was cast in the role of Charlene in the HBO mini-series "Empire Falls", opposite Ed Harris. She also appeared in the supporting role of Emma Marko in "Spider-Man 3" as the wife of Flint Marko (Thomas Haden Church). "Spider-Man 3" was a major box office success, grossing nearly $900 million worldwide. The following year, she appeared in the independent drama "Jolene", starring Jessica Chastain, and also had a minor role playing the mother of Scarlett Johansson's character in the romantic comedy "He's Just Not That into You" (2009), though her scenes were eventually cut from the film.


title: Theresa Russell

text: In 2012, she appeared in the Lifetime television film "Liz & Dick", playing Sara Taylor, the mother of Elizabeth Taylor (portrayed by Lindsay Lohan). The following year, she had a guest role on the miniseries "Delete".


title: Let It Go

text: "Let It Go" is a song from Disney's 2013 computer-animated feature film "Frozen", whose music and lyrics were composed by husband-and-wife songwriting team Kristen Anderson-Lopez and Robert Lopez. The song was performed in its original show-tune version in the film by American actress and singer Idina Menzel in her vocal role as Queen Elsa. It was later released as a single, being promoted to adult contemporary radio by Walt Disney Records in January 2014. Anderson-Lopez and Lopez also composed a simplified pop version (with shorter lyrics and background chorus) which was performed by actress and singer Demi Lovato over the start of the film's closing credits. Disney's music division planned to release Lovato's version of the song before Menzel's, as they did not consider Menzel's version a traditional pop song. A music video was released separately for Lovato's version.


title: Let It Go

text: The song was a commercial success, becoming the first song from a Disney animated musical to reach the top ten of the "Billboard" Hot 100 since 1995, when Vanessa L. Williams's "Colors of the Wind" from "Pocahontas" peaked at number four on the chart. The song is also Menzel's first single to reach the top 10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, making her the first Tony Award winner for acting to ever reach the top 10. The song was the ninth-best-selling song of 2014 in the United States, with 3.37 million copies sold in that year. , the song had sold 3.5 million copies in the US. It was the biggest-selling foreign song from any original soundtrack in South Korea .


title: Let It Go

text: The song presents Queen Elsa, who flees her kingdom when she publicly loses control of her ability to generate ice. Up in the mountains and away from the townspeople, Elsa realizes that she no longer needs to hide her ability and rejoices in not only being able to use her power freely but also the freedom from others' expectations of her as a royal. She sheds her royal accessories, creates a living snowman, and builds an


title: Let It Go

text: "Let It Go" reached the top five on the "Billboard" Hot 100 chart, and won both the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2014 and the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media in 2015. The song gained international recognition, becoming one of the most globally-recorded Disney songs, with versions sung in 25 different languages for the film's international releases.


title: Let It Go

text: According to the International Federation of the Phonographic Industry, "Let It Go" sold 10.9 million copies in 2014, becoming the year's fifth best-selling song.


title: Let It Go

text: A remix EP was released digitally by Walt Disney Records on May 19, 2014. The EP features four remixes by Dave Audé, Papercha$er, DJ Escape & Tony Coluccio and Corbin Hayes. Armin van Buuren produced another remix of the song for the remix album, "Dconstructed".


title: Let It Go

text: "The Daily Telegraph" explained that instead of the villain originally envisioned by the producers, the songwriters saw Elsa as "a scared girl struggling to control and come to terms with her gift." When interviewed in January 2014 by John August and Aline Brosh McKenna, "Frozen" director Jennifer Lee gave her recollection of the song's conception: "Bobby and Kristen said they were walking in Prospect Park and they just started talking about what would it feel like [to be Elsa]. Forget villain. Just what it would feel like. And this concept of letting out who she is[,] that she's kept to herself for so long[,] and she's alone and free, but then the sadness of the fact ["sic"] that the last moment is she's alone. It's not a perfect thing, but it's powerful."