title: Paul Stamets

text: Paul Edward Stamets (born July 17, 1955) is an American mycologist and entrepreneur who sells various mushroom products through his company. He is an author and advocate of medicinal fungi and mycoremediation.


title: Paul Stamets

text: Stamets was born in Salem, Ohio. He grew up in Columbiana, Ohio with an older brother, John, his twin brother North, and younger siblings. He graduated from The Evergreen State College in Olympia, Washington with a bachelor's degree in 1979. He began his career in the forest as a logger. He has an honorary doctorate from the National University of Natural Medicine in Portland.


title: Paul Stamets

text: Stamets credits his late brother, John, with stimulating his interest in mycology, and studied mycology as an undergraduate student. Having no academic training higher than a bachelor's degree, Stamets is largely self-taught in the field of mycology.


title: Paul Stamets

text: Paul Stamets received an Invention Ambassador (2014–2015) award from the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS).


title: Paul Stamets

text: Stamets plays a significant part in the 2019 documentary film "Fantastic Fungi", and edited the film’s official companion book, "Fantastic Fungi: Expanding Consciousness, Alternative Healing, Environmental Impact"


title: Paul Stamets

text: The character Lieutenant Commander Paul Stamets on the CBS series "" was named after the real Stamets. The fictional version is an astromycologist and engineer aboard the "USS Discovery", and is credited with discovering how to navigate a mycelial network in space using a "spore drive".


title: Peronism

text: Peronism, also called justicialism, is an Argentine political movement based on the ideas and legacy of Argentine ruler Juan Perón (1895–1974). It has been an influential movement in 20th and 21st century Argentine politics. Since 1946, Peronists have won 10 out of the 13 presidential elections in which they have been allowed to run. The main Peronist party is the Justicialist Party. The policies of Peronist presidents have differed greatly, but the general ideology has been described as "a vague blend of nationalism and labourism" or populism.


title: Peronism

text: Perón became Argentina's labour secretary after participating in the 1943 military coup and was elected president of Argentina in 1946. He introduced social programs that benefited the working class, supported labor unions and called for additional involvement of the state in the economy. In addition, he helped industrialists. Perón was hugely popular and gained even more admiration through his wife Eva, who championed for the rights of migrant workers and was beloved by the people.


title: Peronism

text: Eva was so beloved that, in 1949, Juan Perón formed the Female Peronist Party, a new wing within his own party under her leadership. Due to rising inflation and other economic problems and political repression, the military overthrew Perón in 1955. The Peronist party was banned and it was not until 1973 that open elections were held again in which Perón was re-elected president.


title: Peronism

text: Perón's death left an intense power vacuum and the military promptly overthrew Isabel in 1976. Following the return to democracy in 1983 Peronist candidates dominated the presidency. In 37 years of democracy, Peronists held the presidency for 24 years.


title: Peronism

text: Carlos Menem was elected in 1989 and served for two consecutive terms over ten years. His main focus was the privatization of state run enterprises, the adoption of free-market policies and good international relations with the United States. After the De La Rúa administration collapsed, two "interim" Peronist leaders took over: Adolfo Rodríguez Saá and later Eduardo Duhalde. Left-wing Peronist Néstor Kirchner, elected in 2003, served for only one term, while his wife, Cristina Fernández de Kirchner, served two (having been elected in 2007 and re-elected in 2011), and is, since 2019, the current vice president with Alberto Fernández as president.


title: Peronism

text: The pillars of the Peronist ideal, known as the "three flags", are social justice, economic independence, and political sovereignty. Peronism can be described as a third position ideology as it rejects both capitalism and communism. Peronism espouses corporatism and thus aims to mediate tensions between the classes of society, with the state responsible for negotiating compromise in conflicts between managers and workers.


title: Peronism

text: Peronism gained popularity in Argentina after the failure of its government to listen and recognize the needs of its middle class. As president of Argentina, Hipólito Yrigoyen did not listen to the workers' pleas for better wages and better working conditions after World War I. Yrigoyen was notorious for failing to oppose Argentina’s oligarchy. According to Teresa Meade in "A History of Modern Latin America: 1800 to the Present", Yrigoyen failed "to establish a middle-class-based political system from 1916 to 1930 – mainly because his Radical Civic Union had neither the will nor the means to effectively oppose the dominance of the oligarchy". Many in power did not work to change the way things were. However, Juan Perón, at that time a military officer, used his experiences in Europe and his admiration for certain leaders like Mussolini to create a new political atmosphere that he felt would better the lives of citizens in Argentina.


title: Peronism

text: Unlike Yrigoyen, Perón "recognized that the industrial working class was not necessarily an impediment, and could be mobilized to serve as the basis for building a corporatist state that joined the interests of labor with those of at least a large section of the national bourgeoisie to promote a nationalist agenda".


title: Peronism

text: From the perspective of its opponents, Peronism is an authoritarian ideology. Perón was often compared to fascist dictators, accused of demagoguery and his policies derided as populist. Proclaiming himself the embodiment of nationality, Perón's government often silenced dissent by accusing opponents of being unpatriotic, especially noticeable in his second term from 1952 to 1955, where these policies were intensified as a form of control in the face of crisis. The corporatist character of Peronism drew attacks from socialists who accused his administration of preserving capitalist exploitation and class division. Conservatives rejected its modernist ideology and felt their status threatened by the ascent of the Peronist apparat. Liberals condemned the Perón regime's arbitrariness and dictatorial tendencies.


title: Peronism

text: "The Economist" has called Peronism "an alliance between trade unions and the "caudillos" of the backward north".


title: Peronism

text: Chilean senator Ignacio Walker has criticized Peronism as having "Fascistoid", "authoritarian" and "corporative" traits and a "perverse logic" considering this "the real wall between Chile and Argentina" and "not the Andes".


title: Peronism

text: Defenders of Peronism also describe the doctrine as populist, albeit in the sense that they believe it embodies the interests of the masses and in particular the most vulnerable social strata. Admirers hold Perón in esteem for his administration's anti-imperialism and non-alignment as well as its socially progressive initiatives. Amongst other measures introduced by Perón's governments, social security was made universal while education was made free to all who qualified and working students were given one paid week before every major examination. Vast low-income housing projects were created and paid vacations became standard. All workers (including white-collar employees) were guaranteed free medical care and half of their vacation-trip expenses and mothers-to-be received three paid months off prior to and after giving birth. Workers' recreation centers were also constructed throughout the country.


title: Peronism

text: Perón's ideas were widely embraced by a variety of different groups in Argentina across the political spectrum. Some of Perón's personal views later became a burden on the ideology, such as his anti-clericalism, which did not strike a sympathetic chord with upper-class Argentinians.


title: Peronism

text: Peronism is widely regarded as a form of corporate socialism, or "right-wing socialism". Perón's public speeches were consistently nationalist and populist. It would be difficult to separate Peronism from corporate nationalism, for Perón nationalized Argentina's large corporations, blurring distinctions between corporations and government. At the same time, the labor unions became corporate, ceding the right to strike in agreements with Perón as Secretary of Welfare in the military government from 1943–1945. In exchange, the state was to assume the role of negotiator between conflicting interests.


title: Peronism

text: Peronism also lacked a strong interest in matters of foreign policy other than the belief that the political and economic influences of other nations should be kept out of Argentina—he was somewhat isolationist. Early in his presidency, Perón envisioned Argentina's role as a model for other countries in Latin America and proposed economical unions with the countries of this region, which was expressed with his phrase: "The 2000s will find us unionized or dominated", but such ideas were ultimately abandoned. Despite his oppositional rhetoric, Perón frequently sought cooperation with the United States government on various issues.


title: Peronism

text: Argentina has had the largest Jewish population in Latin America since before Perón came to power. After becoming president, he invited members of the Jewish community to participate in his government. One of his advisors was José Ber Gelbard, a Jewish man from Poland. Peronism did not have an antisemitic bias. The Jewish Virtual Library writes that while Juan Perón had sympathized with the Axis powers, "Perón also expressed sympathy for Jewish rights and established diplomatic relations with Israel in 1949. Since then, more than 45,000 Jews have immigrated to Israel from Argentina".


title: Peronism

text: In the book "Inside Argentina from Perón to Menem", author Laurence Levine, also former president of the U.S.–Argentine Chamber of Commerce, writes that "although anti-Semitism existed in Argentina, Perón's own views and his political associations were not anti-Semitic".


title: Peronism

text: While Perón allowed many Nazi and other WWII-era Axis criminals to take refuge in Argentina, he also attracted many Jewish immigrants. Argentina has a Jewish population of over 200,000 citizens, one of the largest in the world.


title: Peronism

text: Political opponents maintain that Perón and his administration resorted to organised violence and dictatorial rule; that Perón showed contempt for any opponents, and regularly characterised them as traitors and agents of foreign powers.


title: Peronism

text: Perón subverted freedoms by nationalising the broadcasting system, centralising the unions under his control and monopolising the supply of newspaper print. At times, Perón also resorted to tactics such as illegally imprisoning opposition politicians and journalists, including Radical Civic Union leader Ricardo Balbin; and shutting down opposition papers, such as "La Prensa".


title: Peronism

text: Perón's admiration for Benito Mussolini is well documented. Many scholars categorise Peronism as a fascist ideology. Carlos Fayt believed that Peronism was "an Argentine implementation of Italian fascism". Hayes reaches the conclusion that "the Peronist movement produced a form of fascism that was distinctively Latin American".


title: Peronism

text: One of the most vocal critics of Peronism was the Argentine writer Jorge Luis Borges. After Perón ascended to the presidency in 1946, Borges spoke before the Argentine Society of Writers (SADE) by saying: Dictatorships breed oppression, dictatorships breed servility, dictatorships breed cruelty; more loathsome still is the fact that they breed idiocy. Bellboys babbling orders, portraits of caudillos, prearranged cheers or insults, walls covered with names, unanimous ceremonies, mere discipline usurping the place of clear thinking[...] Fighting these sad monotonies is one of the duties of a writer. Need I remind readers of "Martín Fierro" or "Don Segundo" that individualism is an old Argentine virtue.


title: Peronism

text: A military and civilian coup, the "Revolución Libertadora", led by General Eduardo Lonardi, overthrew the Perón regime in 1955. During the coup, Lonardi drew analogies between Perón and Juan Manuel de Rosas. Lonardi used the quote "neither victors nor vanquished" (), which was used by Justo José de Urquiza after deposing Rosas in the battle of Caseros. The official perspective was that Perón was "the second tyranny", the first one being Rosas; and that both ones should be equally rejected and conversely both governments that ousted them should be praised. For this end, they draw the line of historical continuity "May – Caseros – Libertadora", matching the coup with the May Revolution and the defeat of Rosas. This approach backfired. Perón was highly popular and the military coup unpopular, so Peronists embraced the comparison established between Rosas and Perón, but viewing him with a positive light instead. Nationalist historians draw then their own line of historical continuity "San Martín – Rosas – Perón".


title: Peronism

text: The absence of Perón, who lived for 16 years in exile in Francoist Spain, is an important key to understanding Peronism. After he went into exile, he could be invoked by a variety of Argentine sectors opposed to the current state of affairs. In particular, the personality cult of Eva Perón was conserved by supporters while despised by the "national bourgeoisie". In the 1960s, John William Cooke's writings became an important source of left-wing revolutionary Peronism. Left-wing Peronism was represented by many organizations, from the Montoneros and the Fuerzas Armadas Peronistas to the Peronist Youth, the Frente Revolucionario Peronista and the Revolutionary Peronist Youth, passing by Peronismo en Lucha or Peronismo de Base.


title: Peronism

text: On the other hand, older Peronists formed the base of the orthodox bureaucracy, represented by the Unión Obrera Metalúrgica (Augusto Vandor, famous for his 1965 slogan "For a Peronism without Perón" and declaring as well that "to save Perón, one has to be against Perón", or José Ignacio Rucci). Another current was formed by the "62 Organizaciones 'De pie junto a Perón'", led by José Alonso and opposed to the right-wing Peronist unionist movement. In the early 1970s, left-wing Peronism rejected liberal democracy and political pluralism as the mask of bourgeois domination. The anti-communist right-wing Peronism also rejected it in the name of corporatism, claiming to return to a "Christian and humanist, popular, national socialism".


title: Peronism

text: By 1970, many groups from opposite sides of the political spectrum had come to support Perón, from the left-wing and Catholic Montoneros to the fascist-leaning and strongly antisemitic Tacuara Nationalist Movement, one of Argentina's first guerrilla movements. In March 1973, Héctor José Cámpora, who had been named as Perón's personal delegate, was elected President of Argentina, paving the way for the return of Perón from Spain. A few months after Perón's return and the subsequent Ezeiza massacre during which the Peronist Left and Right violently clashed, new elections were held in September with Perón elected president and his third wife Isabel vice president.


title: Peronism

text: José Cámpora, a left-wing Peronist, had been replaced temporarily by interim President Raúl Alberto Lastiri while Perón had chosen to openly support the Peronist right. On 1 October 1973, Senator Humberto Martiarena, who was the national secretary of the Superior Council of the National Justicialist Movement, publicized a document giving directives to confront "subversives, terrorist and Marxist groups" which had allegedly initiated a "war" inside the Peronist organizations. From then on, the Superior Council took a firm grip on the Peronist organizations to expel the Left from it.


title: Peronism

text: On that same day, a meeting took place among President Raúl Lastiri, Interior Minister Benito Llambí, Social Welfare Minister José López Rega, general secretary of the Presidency José Humberto Martiarena and various provincial governors, which has been alleged to have been the foundational act of the Argentine Anticommunist Alliance death squad.


title: Peronism

text: Perón's health was failing throughout his third and final term, which ended abruptly with his death and the succession of his wife to the presidency on 1 July 1974, but she was ousted by the military in another "coup d'état" in 1976, paving the way for the ensuing dictatorship's '"National Reorganization Process" and the subsequent "Dirty War" against everyone deemed subversive, especially leftists, including left-wing Peronists.


title: Peronism

text: The official Peronist party is the Justicialist Party (PJ), which was the only Peronist party for a long time. During the government of Carlos Menem, a group of legislators led by Carlos Álvarez known as the "Group of 8" left the party, claiming that the government was not following Peronist doctrines. They created a new party, the Broad Front.


title: Peronism

text: A short time later, José Octavio Bordón left the PJ as well, fearing that he might lose a primary election against Menem and thus he created his own party to take part in the 1995 elections and allied with Álvarez' Broad Front in the Front for a Country in Solidarity (Frepaso) coalition. Similar breakaway movements followed frequently after that, creating many small parties which were led by single politicians claiming to be the authentic inheritors of Peronism.


title: Peronism

text: The PJ did not participate as such during the 2003 elections. The party allowed all three precandidates to run for the general elections, using small parties created for that purpose. Néstor Kirchner won the elections running on a Front for Victory ticket. As he did not disband his party after the election, Kirchnerism relies on both the PJ and the Front for Victory.


title: Royal Pains

text: Royal Pains (stylized ℞oyalPains) is an American comedy-drama television series that ran on the USA Network from 2009 to 2016. The series was based in part on actual concierge medicine practices of independent doctors and companies. The cast of the show included Mark Feuerstein, Paulo Costanzo, Reshma Shetty, Brooke D'Orsay, Ben Shenkman, Jill Flint, and Campbell Scott.


title: Royal Pains

text: The series follows Hank Lawson, a young emergency room doctor, who after being wrongly blamed for an important patient's death, moves to the Hamptons and becomes a reluctant house-call doctor to the rich and famous. When the administrator of the local hospital asks him to treat the town's less fortunate, he finds himself walking the line between doing well for himself and doing good for others.


title: Royal Pains

text: Principal production of the show's pilot occurred in the Hamptons. However, other locations throughout Long Island were used, with Oheka Castle being the most prominent. Although actually located 60 miles to the west, in Huntington, Oheka served as the Hamptons home of Boris, the German nobleman who offers his guest house to Hank and Evan. In later episodes, exterior and aerial shots of Oheka are used to introduce scenes in the guest house.


title: Royal Pains

text: In one episode, a Long Beach drive-through convenience store, Dairy Barn, was used as a fictional hot dog stand; a sign can be seen in the opening of that scene. Also, several scenes were shot on the bay side of Point Lookout. Other places used as fictional Hamptons locations include Northport Village in the Town of Huntington, Old Westbury Gardens, Freeport's Nautical Mile, which served as the exterior and parking lot of Hampton Heritage Hospital (in one scene, Freeport's charter coat can be seen across the bay) Caumsett State Historic Park and Oyster Bay Town Hall, which was transformed into the entrance of the Hamptons Heritage Hospital emergency room. Catalina Beach Club in Atlantic Beach, New York was transformed for the pilot episode into the fictional Hampt Inn, the hotel Hank and Evan stayed in upon their arrival in the Hamptons. Downtown Locust Valley, another haunt of the wealthy on Long Island's Gold Coast, plays downtown East Hampton in at least one episode (where Evan and Paige go shopping), with interior shots in a store as well as street scenes. Other areas of filming include Roslyn, New York and Manhasset, New York, where the North Hempstead, New York Town Hall was used as a police station.


title: Royal Pains

text: For several beach scenes, West Neck Beach (Huntington) was used and a food shopping scene was filmed in Southdown Market in Huntington. Huntington Hospital was used for Hamptons Heritage Hospital.


title: Royal Pains

text: Two episodes of the second season take place in Cuba, but were filmed in Puerto Rico. The third episode (Lawson Translation) of the fifth season is set and was also shot in Budapest, Hungary.


title: Royal Pains

text: The pilot was filmed on location on Long Island, New York in the spring and fall of 2008. The pilot was directed by Jace Alexander, who also filmed the pilot of "Burn Notice", another USA Network show, which aired in the hour before "Royal Pains". Andrew Lenchewski wrote the pilot and Rich and Paul Frank executive-produced the project, with Lenchewski co-executive producing and John P. Rogers producing. The series was then picked up for a 12-episode season.


title: Royal Pains

text: "Royal Pains" has become one of the highest-rated shows on cable. The series premiere was watched by 5.57 million viewers, the highest series premiere for the USA Network since "Psych" in 2006. With episodes two and three watched by 5.59 million and 6.5 million viewers, respectively, it was the first show in five years to have viewership increase from week two to week three.


title: Royal Pains

text: Universal Studios Home Entertainment released the first season of "Royal Pains" in Region 1 on May 25, 2010, and released it in Region 4 on August 25, 2010. Season 2 was released in Region 1 on May 17, 2011. A DVD released on January 3, 2012, contained the first 10 episodes of the third season. The complete series is also available on iTunes.


title: Royal Pains

text: From 2011 to 2012, D.P. Lyle published two novels based on the television series, under Signet Books' Obsidian imprint.


title: Royal Pains

text: On July 6, 2010, actor Hayden Christensen and his older brother Tove Christensen filed a lawsuit against USA Network in a Manhattan Federal Court. In the suit, the brothers claimed to have pitched USA Network an idea for a new television series, called "Housecall", which involved a concierge doctor who made house calls to the rich and famous. The two brothers also claimed that a USA Network executive told them, "prior to learning about "Housecall", he was unaware of concierge doctors and that he thought it was a fascinating idea." A USA Network spokeswoman declined to comment on the lawsuit. On May 10, 2011, a Manhattan judge ruled not enough evidence was available to justify a breach-of-contract claim because the claim concerns "materials that are not copyrightable, such as ideas." The decision was reversed on appeal in June 2012, the court holding that Christensens' claims were not pre-empted by copyright law. The opinion stated, "There are several qualitative differences between such a contract claim and a copyright violation claim," and added that sister appellate circuits recently had come to this same conclusion. The case was settled in May 2013, with no details made public.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Jian Ghomeshi (born June 9, 1967) is a British-born Persian-Canadian broadcaster, writer, musician, producer and former CBC personality. From 1990 to 2000, he was a vocalist and drummer in the Thornhill-based folk-pop band Moxy Früvous. In the 2000s, he became a television and radio broadcaster. He hosted, among others, the CBC Newsworld program "Play" (2002–2005), the CBC Radio One program "The National Playlist" (2005–2006), and the CBC Radio One program "Q", which he co-created and hosted from 2007 to 2014, until he was fired by the CBC. "Q", which featured interviews with prominent cultural and entertainment figures, became the highest rated show in its timeslot in CBC history.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 2014 and 2015, Ghomeshi was the subject of allegations of sexual assault and sexual harassment; he was eventually arrested. In late 2015, Ghomeshi pleaded not guilty to the charges and his trial began in early 2016. That March he was acquitted of five of the charges, and in May the Crown withdrew the last remaining charge after Ghomeshi signed a peace bond and apologized to his accuser. In April 2017, Ghomeshi launched a new online venture, "The Ideation Project". In 2018, Ghomeshi's essay "Reflections from a Hashtag" was published in "The New York Review of Books", which led to widespread criticism of the magazine.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Jian Ghomeshi was born in London, England, United Kingdom, to Iranian parents Farhang (Frank), a civil engineer, and Azar (Sara) Ghomeshi. His family came to Canada in 1974 when Jian was aged seven and his sister, Jila Ghomeshi, was aged ten, first living in Toronto before eventually settling in its suburb of Thornhill, Ontario. Ghomeshi described Thornhill as a "safe and quiet suburb where conformity was coveted ... The dwellings all looked relatively similar on our street, and most of the houses had big lawns and nice trees". He visited pre-revolutionary Tehran twice as a child, once at age two, the other aged five.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: A Muslim, Ghomeshi was born into a secular household that was initially optimistic about the 1979 Iranian Revolution but also celebrated on Christmas and Easter, and has described being raised in a largely Jewish community. With few Iranian expatriates in Canada during his youth, Ghomeshi "was extremely self-conscious of his appearance and his East London accent" and "felt different." He was bullied for his ethnicity by classmates, who called him "Blackie", "Arab", "Paki", and "terrorist".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Ghomeshi attended Thornlea Secondary School, where he was student council president. He has written that, during his teenage years, he ensured that his clothes smelled of cigarette smoke to give him "social credibility" even though he was a non-smoker, dressed "new wave" and listened to music from David Bowie, Talking Heads, and Rush. Ghomeshi had an interest in music as a student and in Grade 9 started a short-lived band with a few of his school friends called Urban Transit. His older sister, Jila, became a professor of linguistics, and their parents had initial reservations about his less-traditional career path—the distinction between "busking" and "begging" being lost on his father—but Ghomeshi has said they ultimately supported his choices.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 1985, Ghomeshi was a committed feminist and budding progressive activist when he matriculated at York University in the theatre program (in his memoir "1982", he describes himself as a "theatre geek"). In 1990, he earned a record number of votes in his election to head of student government, which he renamed the York Federation of Students. As president, Ghomeshi instituted bilingualism and advocated for abortion rights, free tuition, and ending “institutional racism.” He also cut off funding to student groups he alleged were engaged in “sexism, racism, homophobia and other exclusionary measures." While criticizing fraternities and sororities for "sexism", he supported the school's female-only Women's Centre and was one of the few men allowed inside it. When then-Prime Minister Brian Mulroney visited campus, Ghomeshi hurled macaroni at him. Progressives have since traced the roots of the “activist student coup” that subsequently took hold of York back to Ghomeshi's radical leadership.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 1995, after taking time off to play music, Ghomeshi graduated from York with a BA in political science and a double minor in history and women's studies.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 1983, Ghomeshi and friends Murray Foster, Tracy Jones, Reno Manfredi, and John Ruttle formed a band called Tall New Buildings. The band released two 12" EPs and played various gigs in and outside of Toronto before breaking up around 1988. Ghomeshi, Foster and another bandmate, Mike Ford, then formed a band called The Chia Pets.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 1989, the trio were joined by Dave Matheson to form the politically satirical folk-pop band Moxy Früvous and together recorded eight albums before going on indefinite hiatus in 2001. Moxy Früvous was originally inspired by street-performing or busking bands, and Ghomeshi and bandmates started out by playing on streets in Toronto. Ghomeshi sang and played drums. He was credited as "Jean" rather than Jian on the band's first album, but reverted to the original spelling of his name for subsequent albums. A year after forming, Moxy Früvous was opening for headline performers like Bob Dylan. The band sold over 50,000 copies of their debut independent EP in 1992 (gold in Canada). Their debut album "Bargainville" went platinum in Canada in 1994 after selling over 100,000 copies. The band was also nominated for a Juno Award as Band of the Year in 1994. Over the course of eight albums, they sold over 500,000 copies of their albums in Canada and the United States and made an appearance on NBC's "Late Night with Conan O'Brien". Ghomeshi released his first solo EP, "The First 6 Songs", in July 2001.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: A 1996 video tape, revealed in 2014, suggested that Ghomeshi disdained his audiences, stating on camera that people paying to see the band's shows were "losers" and "fucking idiots". David Yuhnke, who was present at the recording, suspected that Ghomeshi was joking, recalling that the room's atmosphere was "sarcasm-laded", but added that he found it "hard to gauge entirely if he [Ghomeshi] was being serious or not".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 1999, Ghomeshi began a correspondence with a 16-year-old girl, Sally Block, who was a fan of Moxy Früvous. This continued for three years and included in-person meetings where Ghomeshi is alleged to have been "handsy" with her. In 2002, they had a falling out and Block broke into Ghomeshi's email account. Ghomeshi sought to have her banned from "FruCon" – a Moxy Früvous convention – and wanted criminal charges to be pressed against her. She was allowed to attend FruCon, and Ghomeshi dropped the issue after her father confronted him for "carrying on this type of relationship with an underage girl".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Ghomeshi's production company, Jian Ghomeshi Productions Inc., managed musician Martina Sorbara (now of the band Dragonette) and produced music for Dar Williams. He managed electropop artist Lights from 2007 until 2014, during which time she won the Juno Award for Best New Artist and was nominated for several more. Lights initially supported Ghomeshi after he was accused of sexual abuse in 2014, but later dropped him as her manager, saying: "I rushed to defend my manager of 12 years. I am now aware that my comments appear insensitive to those impacted and for that I am deeply sorry".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 2002, Ghomeshi became host of CBC Newsworld's "Play", a show about the arts in Canada and abroad. "Play" ran for three seasons and won a Gemini Award. He also wrote columns for "The Toronto Star" and "The Globe and Mail". Ghomeshi hosted the radio series "50 Tracks" and "" on CBC Radio One and CBC Radio 2 (now CBC Music). From late 2005 until early 2006, he hosted a program on Radio One called "The National Playlist".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: From April 16, 2007, to October 26, 2014, Ghomeshi was the host of "Q", a program airing twice daily on CBC Radio One, and on over 170 stations in the U.S. through Public Radio International. As the host of "Q", he interviewed a range of musicians, artists, actors, and other notable figures, a list that included Woody Allen, Paul McCartney, Salman Rushdie, Barbara Walters, William Shatner, Jay-Z, Jimmy Wales, and Leonard Cohen. In 2012, Ghomeshi received the Gold Award for best talk show host at the New York Festivals' International Radio Awards. By 2013, with "Q" had a weekly audience of more than 2.5 million listeners weekly in Canada and 550,000 listeners in the U.S. During his time as host of "Q", Ghomeshi many times booked guests who shared his agent and lawyer without disclosing this connection.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Ghomeshi hosted the 2009 Dora Mavor Moore Awards ceremony. He was set to host the November 2014 Scotiabank Giller Prize awards gala but was replaced in October by comedian Rick Mercer. That same month, he was replaced as the host of the CBC competition "Canada Reads" by Wab Kinew, the previous year's winner.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In December 2014 the CBC announced that it would not be rebroadcasting Ghomeshi's interviews and it would be removing them from the CBC's online archive. Reactions to this decision were swift and varied and, after further deliberations by CBC management, the decision was reversed.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: On April 8, 2009, actor and musician Billy Bob Thornton appeared with his band, The Boxmasters, on "Q". In introducing Thornton, Ghomeshi mentioned Thornton's acting career and added, "he's always intended to make music, he just got sidetracked." In responding to Ghomeshi's subsequent interview questions, Thornton acted confused and gave vague, evasive answers. When asked about his musical tastes and influences as a child, Thornton answered with a rambling commentary about his favourite childhood magazine, "Famous Monsters of Filmland". Later in the interview, Thornton said that the reason for his uncooperative answers was that Ghomeshi had been "instructed not to discuss" his film career but had done so.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Thornton said that Canadians did not get up and move or throw things at concerts, and referred to them as "mashed potatoes without the gravy". Ghomeshi replied, "Oh, we've got some gravy up here as well." Ghomeshi described the interview as one of the most difficult he has conducted. He compared the international media exposure that followed the interview to being "in the middle of a tsunami". After the show, Canadians responded to Ghomeshi's "professionalism and the manner in which he handled the situation ... [and] the show received more than 100,000 e-mails with almost unanimous praise for the host".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In the spring of 2014, Ghomeshi advised his employers at the CBC that the "Toronto Star" was looking into allegations by an ex-girlfriend that he had engaged in non-consensual rough sex and that he denied this accusation. The crisis management firm Navigator Ltd. was hired to work for both Ghomeshi and the CBC.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In early summer of 2014, reporter Jesse Brown contacted the CBC and warned that Ghomeshi's behaviour may have crossed into his work environment. The corporation investigated and concluded that there were no workplace complaints against Ghomeshi. According to an investigation by CBC Television's "The Fifth Estate", "almost all known staffers on ... "Q" said they were not contacted by CBC management as part of any investigation". Ghomeshi denied the accusations again and the "Star" declined to go forward with the story at that time.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In October 2014, Brown tweeted that he was working on a story that would be "worse than embarrassing for certain parties". He later said that he was referring to an unrelated story, but Ghomeshi requested a meeting with CBC management on October 23. During that meeting, the CBC viewed what it later described as "graphic evidence that Jian had caused physical injury to a woman". According to "Vice", Ghomeshi showed his bosses lewd text messages on a CBC-owned phone and graphic personal sex videos.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: On October 24, Ghomeshi announced he was taking an indefinite leave of absence from the CBC to deal with personal matters. Two days later, the CBC terminated his employment, with a spokesperson saying "information came to our attention recently that in CBC's judgment precludes us from continuing our relationship with Jian". Ghomeshi subsequently released a "lengthy Facebook post" saying his dismissal was motivated by fear of an alleged smear campaign by an ex-girlfriend that according to Ghomeshi could release private details about his sex life. Ghomeshi also said he refused an offer by the CBC to "walk away quietly". Chris Boyce, the head of CBC Radio, denied that such an offer was made.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Ghomeshi filed a $55 million lawsuit against the CBC, alleging that the corporation misused "personal and confidential information provided to it in confidence". He also filed "a union grievance alleging wrongful dismissal and defamation", and stated through his lawyer that he "does not engage in non-consensual role play or sex and any suggestion of the contrary is defamatory". Ghomeshi withdrew his lawsuit on November 25, 2014. The terms of settlement stipulated that Ghomeshi pay the CBC $18,000 in legal costs.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Ghomeshi's literary debut, "1982", is a creative non-fiction title, about that year of his youth. It was released on September 18, 2012. It is a memoir of Ghomeshi's life at the age of 14 (during 1982) growing up as a Persian-Canadian in Thornhill, his attempt to fit in as one of the few non-white kids in his neighbourhood, and his goal of mimicking his idol David Bowie.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: "1982" received a mixed reception from critics. Canadian poet, novelist and TV writer Zoe Whittall called it a "funny, nostalgic and compelling read, especially for music nerds of a certain age." Stephen Carlick criticized the book, saying that Ghomeshi's attempt to appeal to the varied audience that listened to "Q" made it "uneven and often tedious" to read, making the reader question who the book was for after the prologue, which Carlick referred to as "1982 for Dummies". Carlick also noted that "Ghomeshi is a nice guy ... inoffensive and genial", but the book, by "trying to appeal to everyone", is spread "too thin".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In October 2014 his publisher, Penguin Random House Canada, announced that it would not publish his second book "in light of recent events" following allegations of sexual abuse.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: On October 11, 2018, Ghomeshi's article titled "Reflections from a Hashtag", a 3,000 word essay, was published in "The New York Review of Books".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In response to Ghomeshi's essay, Jesse Brown wrote the following analysis in Canadaland: "The piece is filled with inaccuracies, omissions, evasions, and mischaracterizations about what he [Ghomeshi] did, what he is alleged to have done, and what happened to him as a result — much of which are matters of public record." Also, Brown stated that while ""The New York Review of Books" presented Ghomeshi’s essay under the grave cover headline “THE FALL OF MEN”, the "fall of Jian Ghomeshi is not indicative of the fall of men, mankind, masculinity, or anything so dire. It was the fall of one man who, by his own admission, was hurting people and abusing his power...".


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In April 2017, Ghomeshi launched a new creative endeavor called "The Ideation Project", a music and podcast series featuring all original words, music, recordings and production by Ghomeshi commenting on a range of cultural and newsworthy topics. Ghomeshi launched "The Ideation Project" with a monologue called "Exiles" on the topic of what it means to not have a homeland. Season 1 includes 13 "tracks" on various subjects. The podcast was discontinued after one season.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In mid-April 2020, Ghomeshi and a partner started the podcast "Roqe", aimed at the global Iranian diaspora. The podcast focuses on Iranian cultural topics, and guests have included Hamed Esmaeilion, kickboxer Farinaz Lari, and Bollywood actress Mandana Karimi. Special episodes included a tribute to Mohammad-Reza Shajarian, an examination of Iranian lawyer and human rights activist Nasrin Sotoudeh, and a look at the 2019–2020 Iranian protests. "Roqe" is a Farsi word that means "candid, or straightforward in conversation."


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: On November 26, 2014, following his termination by the CBC, Ghomeshi turned himself in to the Toronto Police Service and was charged with four counts of sexual assault and one count of overcoming resistance by choking, after an investigation that began on October 31, 2014. The charges concerned three separate women. He appeared in court on the same day and was released on $100,000 bail on the conditions that he surrender his passport, stay within Ontario and live with his mother.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Ghomeshi appeared in court again on January 8, 2015, and was charged with three additional counts of sexual assault related to three more women. In a court appearance on February 26, 2015, a judicial pretrial was set for March 27, 2015, and was later put over to April 28, 2015. His lawyer, Marie Henein, stated that he would plead not guilty to all charges. On October 1, 2015, Ghomeshi pleaded not guilty to one count of choking and four counts of sexual assault.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: Ghomeshi's trial began on February 1, 2016, and lasted eight days. On March 24, 2016, the judge acquitted Ghomeshi of all charges on the basis that there was insufficient evidence to establish proof beyond a reasonable doubt. The inconsistency and "outright deception" of the witnesses' testimony had irreparably weakened the prosecution's case. Henein was able to access thousands of messages between Ghomeshi's accusers and presented them during the trial. Judge William Horkins rebuked the complainants for providing "deceptive and manipulative" evidence.


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: A second trial for one additional charge was scheduled for June 2016. On May 11, 2016, however, the Crown withdrew the last remaining charge, re: the alleged sexual assault against Kathryn Borel, a producer of "Q", after Ghomeshi signed a peace bond which did not include an admission of guilt. (The publication ban as to the name of the victim, Borel, was lifted that same day.) According to Borel, Henein approached Borel's representation to ask for an alternative to a trial, and after several exchanges Ghomeshi agreed to apologize to Borel and did so formally. "A peace bond is an order from a court that typically involves keeping good behaviour and a prohibition on contacting the complainant," lawyers told the CBC. "The signing of a peace bond is not an admission of having committed a crime."


title: Jian Ghomeshi

text: In 2022, actress Sarah Polley accused Ghomeshi of sexually assaulting her while on a date together when she was 16 and he was 28. The two had remained professionally congenial after the alleged assault and she appeared numerous times on "Q". She revealed that she had wanted to come forward about her experiences in 2014 but because of their professional relationship she was dissuaded by family and friends from speaking out. She ultimately chose to do so in her autobiographical essay collection "Run Towards the Danger".


title: Josh Farro

text: Joshua Neil Farro (born September 29, 1987) is an American musician, best known as the former lead guitarist and backing vocalist for the rock band Paramore. He is currently pursuing his solo career as the lead vocalist and guitarist of his self-named band Farro. His debut solo album, "Walkways", was released in 2016.


title: Josh Farro

text: Farro was born in Voorhees Township, New Jersey, on September 29, 1987, the second-oldest of five siblings, including Paramore drummer Zac Farro. He is a self-taught guitarist and began playing when he was 13 years old. His family later moved to Franklin, Tennessee.


title: Josh Farro

text: Along with his younger brother Zac, Farro was a founding member of Paramore, serving as the band's lead guitarist and backing vocalist from 2004 until his exit in late 2010. Farro also co-wrote almost every track on Paramore's first three albums with Hayley Williams and occasionally Taylor York.


title: Josh Farro

text: On December 21, 2010, a blog appeared online claiming to be an official exit statement from the Farro brothers. The blog entry refuted statements made by Paramore's official website regarding the brothers' departure and was heavily critical of Hayley Williams, her family, Atlantic Records, and Fueled by Ramen. Farro appeared in a video on YouTube claiming that the blog was genuine. The video was quickly removed for reported violations, but Farro re-uploaded it a few days later. Farro, a Christian, cited his and Williams' differing beliefs as a reason for departing Paramore.


title: Josh Farro

text: On February 2, 2011, Farro announced he had established a Twitter account for his new band, Novel American. The band included high school friends Van Beasley, Tyler Ward, and Ryan Clark, each formerly of the band Cecil Adora. Unlike in Paramore, Farro relegated himself to guitar in the new project, saying, "I never wanted to sing. My voice — and this is not false humility — is just not that good."


title: Josh Farro

text: On February 22, 2011, the band announced Farro's brother Zac would replace Tyler Ward on drums. However, on May 23, 2014, Farro stated that he had scrapped the project entirely, primarily due to the lack of a suitable vocalist.


title: Josh Farro

text: In May 2014, Farro announced on Twitter that he had scrapped his previous band, Novel American, because "nothing was going anywhere". Later that year, he announced the name of his solo project, Farro. His debut single, "Color Rush", was released in November 2014, with a music video appearing on YouTube. Farro released his debut album, "Walkways", independently on February 5, 2016.


title: Josh Farro

text: He announced a mini tour to support the album throughout the year. On May 19, 2017, he announced on Twitter that he is writing for his second album.


title: Josh Farro

text: Farro previously dated Paramore singer and bandmate Hayley Williams from 2004 to 2007, and later dated Tabitha Richards in 2009.


title: Josh Farro

text: On April 3, 2010, Farro married fiancée Jenna Rice in Tennessee, missing Paramore's Pacific Rim tour to plan the nuptials. Their daughter was born on January 28, 2018, and their son was born on May 22, 2020.


title: Josh Farro

text: He has four siblings: Nate, Zac, Jonathan, and Isabelle. Farro currently resides in Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Josh Farro

text: He was one of three co-writers of the song "This Is Amazing Grace" along with Jeremy Riddle and Phil Wickham; the song is featured on both Bethel Music's (Bethel Church) live CD/DVD "For the Sake of the World" where Jeremy performed it, as well as on Phil Wickham's album "The Ascension".


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: Lee Jin-kyung (; born January 7, 1994), professionally known as Lee Sun-bin (), is a South Korean actress and singer. She is known for starring in "Squad 38" (2016), "Missing 9" (2017), and "Criminal Minds" (2017). She is a former member of South Korean girl group JQT.


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: In October 2011, GP Entertainment revealed that Lee would be joining their new girl group JQT, under her birth name Jin-kyung, upon departure of one of the members, Minsun. Lee participated in JQT's activities as a vocalist until their disbandment in February 2012. She took on a modelling gig alongside Teen Top for uniforms in November 2012, and was said to be debuting again in another girl group in December 2012, but plans did not follow through. She then left GP Entertainment and joined Wellmade Yedang as an acting trainee. Before officially beginning her acting career, Lee was a CF model and made several music video appearances.


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: In 2014, Lee received her first acting role in the Chinese historical drama "Saint Wang Xizhi". Lee also participated as a contestant in CCTV's singing show "Finding Liu San Jie", and the New Year Gala.


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: In January 2016, Lee took on a supporting role in the JTBC drama "", followed by several cameo appearances in dramas and films. Her breakthrough role came in June 2016, where she portrayed a gold digger in OCN's hit drama "Squad 38" alongside Seo In-guk and Ma Dong-seok. She went on to participate in several variety shows where she received praise for her singing and dancing.


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: In January 2017, Lee co-starred in MBC's disaster drama "Missing 9". In July, she starred in tvN's remake of the American blockbuster television series "Criminal Minds", where she played the Korean version of JJ's character. In September, she began filming for Kim Sung-hoon's action zombie film "Rampant" alongside Jang Dong-gun and Hyun Bin.


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: In 2018, Lee was cast in her first leading role in JTBC's action drama "Sketch". The same year she was cast in tvN's drama special "The Dramatization Has Already Begun".


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: In 2021, she starred in action spy film "" opposite Kim Young-kwang. In August 2021, Lee signed with Initial Entertainment, after the contract with the original agency expired.


title: Lee Sun-bin

text: On December 31, 2018, it was reported that Lee had been dating actor Lee Kwang-soo, with King Kong by Starship stating that the couple had been dating "for 5 months" prior to the announcement of their relationship.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The 19th of April Movement (), or M-19, was a Colombian guerrilla organisation movement. After its demobilization it became a political party, the M-19 Democratic Alliance (), or AD/M-19.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The M-19 traced its origins to the allegedly fraudulent presidential elections of 19 April 1970. In those elections, the National Popular Alliance (ANAPO) of former military dictator Gustavo Rojas Pinilla was denied an electoral victory.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The ideology of the M-19 was nationalism, but its main aim was to open up democracy in Colombia. It was inspired by other South American urban guerrilla groups, such as the Tupamaros in Uruguay and the Montoneros in Argentina.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: By mid-1985, when the number of active members was estimated at between 1,500 and 2,000 (including a more noticeable urban presence), the M-19 was the second largest guerrilla group in Colombia after the FARC.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: Even though the group no longer formally exists after the assassination of its key leaders, its remaining adherents became part of the Colombian political mainstream after the peace process, with most of them joining either in the Humane Colombia Party formed by ex-member Gustavo Petro, the Alternative Democratic Pole Party and the Colombian Green Alliance Party, all of which later joined together in the Historic Pact for Colombia Colombia's current governing coalition. Other notable members have joined the Colombian Democratic Center Party.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The M-19's history may be divided into two parts: the first was a failed armed revolutionary struggle during the early to mid-1980s, while the second was a relatively constructive reincorporation into civil society and political life during the late 1980s and early 1990s.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: Among the actions performed by the M-19, some significant events stand out. In a highly symbolic action, the M-19 stole one of the swords of Simon Bolivar from a museum in 1974, an event which was used by the group to symbolize what they called a civilian uprising against a regime perceived as unjust.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: On 15 February 1976, the M-19 kidnapped the union leader Jose Raquel Mercado, who was the president of Confederation of Workers of Colombia (CTC), charged him with selling out the interests of Colombian workers to U.S. imperialism, and sentenced him to death. The group accused Mercado of taking bribes and collaborating with the CIA. The M-19 had offered to "commute" the labor leader's death sentence if the government reinstated thousands of fired workers, gave public employees the right to strike and published a communique in 12 Colombian newspapers. Mercado's body was wrapped in plastic, and propped up against a lamppost in a Bogota park.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: On New Year's Eve 1979, the group dug a tunnel into a Colombian Army weapons depot, taking over 5000 weapons. It was considered one of the first signs of the group's true potential for armed action.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The group is also recognized for other high-profile activities, such as the Dominican embassy siege. The guerrillas stormed the Dominican Republic's embassy during a cocktail party on 27 February 1980. They took the largest recorded number of diplomats held hostage to date in Colombia, which accounted for 14 ambassadors, including the United States'. Eventually, after tense negotiations with the government of Julio César Turbay Ayala, the hostages were peacefully released and the hostage takers were allowed to leave the country for exile in Cuba. Some of them later returned and actively rejoined the M-19's activities. Many contemporary rumors and later accounts from the participants in this event have suggested that the Colombian government might have submitted to another of the M-19 demands, by allegedly giving the group 1 to 2.5 million U.S. dollars in exchange for the release of the hostages.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: During the government of Belisario Betancur (1982–1986), Jaime Bateman Cayón, by then top leader of the M-19, proposed a meeting in Panama with the Colombian government toward solving the conflict. But Bateman died on 28 April 1983 in an airplane accident, apparently while on the way to Panama, and the negotiations were suspended.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The negotiations culminated with the Agreements of Corinto, Cauca. A ceasefire was agreed, as well as the continuation of dialogue for the future demobilization of the guerrilla detachment. Nevertheless, sectors of the army opposed to the agreements of La Uribe and Corinto were responsible for attacks against the life of main leaders Iván Marino Ospina, Antonio Navarro Wolff, Carlos Pizarro, Marcos Chalita, etc.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The M-19, as a guerrilla group, is also recognized for the Palace of Justice siege. In this attack, on 6 November 1985, some 300 lawyers, judges, and Supreme Court magistrates were taken hostage by 35 armed rebel commandos at the Palace of Justice, the building that houses the Supreme Court of Colombia. They demanded that president Belisario Betancur be tried by the magistrates for allegedly betraying the country's desire for peace. When this situation became publicly known, the Colombian Army surrounded the Palace of Justice's perimeter with soldiers and EE-9 Cascavel armored reconnaissance vehicles. For a short while, unsuccessful negotiations were attempted, but they reached nowhere, despite the desperate pleas that were transmitted telephonically by some of the notable hostages involved.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The Betancur administration and its council found themselves in a difficult position. They were not willing to submit to the rebels' demands, as they allegedly considered that this would set a further precedent for the M-19 and considerably jeopardize the government's position. Eventually, after tense discussions, it was decided during an emergency meeting that the military would be allowed to handle the situation and attempt to recover the Palace by force.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: This led to a highly controversial turn of events which, to a lesser or greater degree, continues to be debated in Colombia to this date. In the ensuing heavy crossfire between the incoming soldiers and the entrenched rebels, which included supporting gunfire from the EE-9 Cascavels, the building was set aflame, more than 100 people died (including 11 of the country's 21 Supreme Court Justices), and valuable legal records were destroyed.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: The M-19 lost several of its top commanders during the event, and blamed the government for the ensuing bloodshed. The surviving civilian victims and their families held different positions; some blamed the M-19, some blamed the Betancur administration, many blamed both. There is apparently no clear consensus on the matter.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: Author Ana Carrigan alleged against the widely accepted version that drug lords, such as Pablo Escobar, may have masterminded the operation in order to get rid of several criminal investigations recorded in the documents lost during the event. A Special Commission of Inquiry, established by the Betancur government, released a June 1986 report which concluded that Escobar had no relation with this event, so these allegations could not be proven (though it did not rule out the possibility either). Carrigan alleged that the act was a conspiracy of the Colombian government. Others state that the alleged Guerrilla-Cartel relation was unlikely to occur because the two organizations had several standoffs and confrontations, like the kidnapping of Nieves Ochoa, the sister of Medellin cartel founder Juan David Ochoa, by M-19. The kidnapping led to the creation of the MAS/Muerte a Secuestradores ("Death to Kidnappers") paramilitary group by the Medellin cartel. However, her theories and skepticism of Escobar and the Medellin Cartel's involvement was greatly discredited by others such as Rex Hudson, who presented allegedly "overwhelming evidence" linking the cartel to the plot.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: Former Assistant of the Colombia Attorney General, National Deputy Comptroller, author and Professor Jose Mauricio Gaona along with Former Minister of Justice and Ambassador to the United Kingdom Carlos Medellín Becerra, the sons of two of the murdered Supreme Court magistrates, have pushed for further investigations into the presumed links between the M-19 and the Medellín Cartel drug lords. Mayor of Bogota Gustavo Petro, a former M-19 guerrilla, has denied these accusations and dismissed them as based upon the inconsistent testimonies of drug lords. Petro says that the surviving members of the M-19 do admit to their share of responsibility for the tragic events of the siege, on behalf of the entire organization, but deny any links to the drug trade.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: Internationally isolated, M-19 saw itself unable to continue the armed struggle: As late as 1988, an attempt was made to solicit weapons shipments from Socialist East Germany, but, following reservations from the Ministry of National Defense, the Foreign Ministry, and the Ministry for State Security, the request was denied in the end. The M-19 eventually gave up its weapons, received pardons and became a political party in the late 1980s, the M-19 Democratic Alliance ("Alianza Democrática M-19", or (AD/M-19)), which renounced the armed struggle. Eventually the M-19 returned Bolívar's sword as a symbol of its demobilization and desire to change society through its participation in legal politics.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: In 1990, one of its more prominent figures, presidential candidate and former guerrilla commander Carlos Pizarro Leongómez, while aboard an airline flight, was murdered by assassins, supposedly on the orders of drug cartel and paramilitary leaders (disappeared AUC commander Carlos Castaño publicly admitted his own responsibility for the murder in a 2002 book and interviews). Some of its other members were also subject to multiple threats or likewise murdered. Antonio Navarro Wolff replaced the deceased Pizarro as candidate and leader of the party, finishing third in that year's presidential race.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: Despite the continuation of smaller scale violence against it, the AD/M-19 survived through the 1990s, achieved favorable electoral results on a local level and actively participated as a high-profile political force in the forging of Colombia's modern 1991 constitution, which replaced a conservative document ostensibly dating from 1886. Antonio Navarro was one of the three co-presidents of the Constituent Assembly of Colombia, together with representatives from the Colombian Liberal Party and the Colombian Conservative Party.


title: 19th of April Movement

text: Several analysts consider that the AD/M-19 reached its peak at this point in time and, while never disappearing completely from the political background, it began to gradually decline as a party on its own, although many of its ex-members have gained influence in the Independent Democratic Pole coalition.


title: Anion gap

text: The anion gap (AG or AGAP) is a value calculated from the results of multiple individual medical lab tests. It may be reported with the results of an electrolyte panel, which is often performed as part of a comprehensive metabolic panel.


title: Anion gap

text: The anion gap is the quantity difference between cations (positively charged ions) and anions (negatively charged ions) in serum, plasma, or urine. The magnitude of this difference (i.e., "gap") in the serum is calculated to identify metabolic acidosis. If the gap is greater than normal, then high anion gap metabolic acidosis is diagnosed.


title: Anion gap

text: The term "anion gap" usually implies "serum anion gap", but the urine anion gap is also a clinically useful measure.


title: Anion gap

text: The anion gap is a calculated measure. It is computed with a formula that uses the results of several individual lab tests, each of which measures the concentration of a specific anion or cation.


title: Anion gap

text: The concentrations are expressed in units of milliequivalents/liter (mEq/L) or in millimoles/litre (mmol/L).


title: Anion gap

text: The anion gap is calculated by subtracting the serum concentrations of chloride and bicarbonate (anions) from the concentrations of sodium and potassium (cations):


title: Anion gap

text: Because potassium concentrations are very low, they usually have little effect on the calculated gap. Therefore, omission of potassium has become widely accepted. This leaves the following equation:


title: Anion gap

text: Calculating the anion gap is clinically useful because it helps in the differential diagnosis of a number of disease states.


title: Anion gap

text: The total number of cations (positive ions) should be equal to the total number of anions (negative ions), so that the overall electrical charge is neutral. However, routine tests do not measure all types of ions. The anion gap is representative of how many ions are not accounted for by the lab measurements used in the calculation. These "unmeasured" ions are mostly anions, which is why the value is called the "anion gap."


title: Anion gap

text: By definition, only the cations sodium (Na) and potassium (K) and the anions chloride (Cl) and bicarbonate (HCO) are used to calculate the anion gap. (As discussed above, potassium may or may not be used, depending on the specific lab.)


title: Anion gap

text: The cations calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) are also commonly measured, but they aren't used to calculate the anion gap. Anions that are generally considered "unmeasured" include a few normally occurring serum proteins, and some pathological proteins (e.g., paraproteins found in multiple myeloma).


title: Anion gap

text: Similarly, tests do often measure the anion phosphate (PO) specifically, but it isn't used to calculate that "gap," even if it is measured. Commonly 'unmeasured' anions include sulfates and a number of serum proteins.


title: Anion gap

text: In normal health there are more measurable cations than measurable anions in the serum; therefore, the anion gap is usually positive. Because we know that plasma is electro-neutral (uncharged), we can conclude that the anion gap calculation represents the concentration of unmeasured anions. The anion gap varies in response to changes in the concentrations of the above-mentioned serum components that contribute to the acid-base balance.


title: Anion gap

text: Different labs use different formulae and procedures to calculate the anion gap, so the reference range (or "normal" range) from one lab isn't directly interchangeable with the range from another. The reference range provided by the particular lab that performed the testing should always be used to interpret the results. Also, some healthy people may have values outside of the "normal" range provided by any lab.


title: Anion gap

text: Modern analyzers use ion-selective electrodes which give a normal anion gap as <11 mEq/L. Therefore, according to the new classification system, a high anion gap is anything above 11 mEq/L. A normal anion gap is often defined as being within the prediction interval of 3–11 mEq/L, with an average estimated at 6 mEq/L.


title: Anion gap

text: In the past, methods for the measurement of the anion gap consisted of colorimetry for [HCO] and [Cl] as well as flame photometry for [Na] and [K]. Thus normal reference values ranged from 8 to 16 mEq/L plasma when not including [K] and from 10 to 20 mEq/L plasma when including [K]. Some specific sources use 15 and 8–16 mEq/L.


title: Anion gap

text: Anion gap can be classified as either high, normal or, in rare cases, low. Laboratory errors need to be ruled out whenever anion gap calculations lead to results that do not fit the clinical picture. Methods used to determine the concentrations of some of the ions used to calculate the anion gap may be susceptible to very specific errors. For example, if the blood sample is not processed immediately after it is collected, continued cellular metabolism by leukocytes (also known as white blood cells) may result in an increase in the HCO concentration, and result in a corresponding mild reduction in the anion gap. In many situations, alterations in renal function (even if mild, e.g., as that caused by dehydration in a patient with diarrhea) may modify the anion gap that may be expected to arise in a particular pathological condition.


title: Anion gap

text: A high anion gap indicates increased concentrations of unmeasured anions by proxy. Elevated concentrations of unmeasured anions like lactate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, acetoacetate, PO, and SO, which rise with disease or intoxication, cause loss of HCO due to bicarbonate's activity as a buffer (without a concurrent increase in Cl). Thus, finding a high anion gap should result in a search for conditions that lead to excesses of the unmeasured anions listed above.


title: Anion gap

text: The anion gap is affected by changes in unmeasured ions. In uncontrolled diabetes, there is an increase in ketoacids due to metabolism of ketones. Raised levels of acid bind to bicarbonate to form carbon dioxide through the Henderson-Hasselbalch equation resulting in metabolic acidosis. In these conditions, bicarbonate concentrations decrease by acting as a buffer against the increased presence of acids (as a result of the underlying condition). The bicarbonate is consumed by the unmeasured cation(H+) (via its action as a buffer) resulting in a high anion gap.


title: Anion gap

text: Note: a useful mnemonic to remember this is MUDPILES – Methanol, Uremia, Diabetic Ketoacidosis, Paraldehyde, Infection, Lactic Acidosis, Ethylene Glycol and Salicylates


title: Anion gap

text: In patients with a normal anion gap the drop in HCO is the primary pathology. Since there is only one other major buffering anion, it must be compensated for almost completely by an increase in Cl. This is therefore also known as hyperchloremic acidosis.


title: Anion gap

text: Note: a useful mnemonic to remember this is FUSEDCARS – fistula (pancreatic), uretero-enterostomy, saline administration, endocrine (hyperparathyroidism), diarrhea, carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (acetazolamide), ammonium chloride, renal tubular acidosis, spironolactone.


title: Anion gap

text: A low anion gap is often due to hypoalbuminemia. Albumin is an anionic protein and its loss results in the retention of other negatively charged ions such as chloride and bicarbonate. As bicarbonate and chloride anions are used to calculate the anion gap, there is a subsequent decrease.


title: Anion gap

text: The anion gap is sometimes reduced in multiple myeloma, where there is an increase in plasma IgG (paraproteinaemia).


title: Anion gap

text: The calculated value of the anion gap should always be adjusted for variations in the serum albumin concentration. For example, in cases of hypoalbuminemia the calculated value of the anion gap should be increased by 2.3 to 2.5 mEq/L per each 1 g/dL decrease in serum albumin concentration (refer to Sample calculations, below). Common conditions that reduce serum albumin in the clinical setting are hemorrhage, nephrotic syndrome, intestinal obstruction and liver cirrhosis. Hypoalbuminemia is common in critically ill patients.


title: Anion gap

text: The anion gap is often employed as a simple scanning tool by clinicians at the bedside to detect the presence of anions such as lactate, which can accumulate in critically ill patients. Hypoalbuminemia can mask a mild elevation of the anion gap, resulting in failure to detect an accumulation of unmeasured anions. In the largest study published to date, featuring over 12,000 data sets, Figge, Bellomo and Egi demonstrated that the anion gap, when used to detect critical levels of lactate (greater than 4 mEq/L), exhibited a sensitivity of only 70.4%. In contrast, the albumin-corrected anion gap demonstrated a sensitivity of 93.0%. Therefore, it is important to correct the calculated value of the anion gap for the concentration of albumin, particularly in critically ill patients. Corrections can be made for the albumin concentration using the Figge-Jabor-Kazda-Fencl equation to give an accurate anion gap calculation as exemplified below.


title: Anion gap

text: Given the following data from a patient with severe hypoalbuminemia suffering from postoperative multiple organ failure, calculate the anion gap and the albumin-corrected anion gap.


title: Anion gap

text: In this example, the albumin-corrected anion gap reveals the presence of a significant quantity of unmeasured anions.


title: Formula One racing

text: A Formula One Grand Prix is a sporting event which takes place over three days (usually Friday to Sunday), with a series of practice and qualifying sessions prior to the race on Sunday. Current regulations provide for two free practice sessions on Friday, a morning practice session and an afternoon qualifying session held on Saturday, and the race held on Sunday afternoon or evening, though the structure of the weekend has changed numerous times over the history of the sport. Historically, the Monaco Grand Prix held practice on Thursday rather than Friday, and the whole schedule for the Las Vegas Grand Prix is brought forward by one day.


title: Formula One racing

text: At most Formula One race weekends, other events such as races in other Fédération Internationale de l'Automobile (FIA) series, such as Formula 2 or 3, are held.


title: Formula One racing

text: Since 2006, three free practice sessions (often abbreviated to FP1, FP2, and FP3) are held before the race. The first is held on Friday morning and the second on Friday afternoon, while the third session is on Saturday morning. From , all sessions last for one hour, prior to this the Friday sessions were 90 minutes in length and the Saturday session was one hour long.


title: Formula One racing

text: Private tests are now heavily restricted, but a third driver (such as a reserve, test, or junior driver) is permitted to take part in the first Friday free practice session in the place of a regular driver.


title: Formula One racing

text: Second practice session for the Bahrain, Singapore and Abu Dhabi Grands Prix takes place in the evening as these races are run at night.


title: Formula One racing

text: A qualifying session is held before each race to determine the order cars will be lined up in at the start of the race, with the fastest qualifier starting at the front and the slowest at the back.


title: Formula One racing

text: Traditionally before , qualifying was split into two one-hour sessions; the first was held on Friday (Thursday at Monaco) afternoon from 13:00 to 14:00 local time, with the second held on Saturday afternoon at the same time. The fastest time set by each driver from either session counted towards their final grid position. Each driver was limited to twelve laps per qualifying session.


title: Formula One racing

text: In 1996, qualifying was amended with the Friday qualifying session abolished in a favour for a single qualifying session held on Saturday afternoon. As previously, each driver was limited to twelve laps with the inclusion of a 107% rule to exclude drivers with slow lap times. This was calculated by using the time of the driver on pole position and adding on 7% to create a cut-off time. This format remained until the conclusion of the 2002 season.


title: Formula One racing

text: Between and , the qualifying session was run as a one-lap session and took place on Friday and Saturday afternoon with the cars running one at a time.


title: Formula One racing

text: In 2003, the Friday running order was determined with the leader of the Drivers' Championship heading out first. The Saturday running order was determined by times set in Friday afternoon qualifying with the fastest heading out last and the slowest running first. No refuelling was allowed between the start of Saturday qualifying and the start of the race, so drivers qualified on race fuel. The lap times from the Friday afternoon session did not determine the grid order.


title: Formula One racing

text: In 2004, the Friday session was moved to Saturday. The running order for the first session was now based on the result of the previous race. At first both sessions were held back-to-back, but the first session was later moved earlier in the day.


title: Formula One racing

text: At the start of 2005, the sessions were held on Saturday afternoon and Sunday morning. Lap times from both sessions were counted to give the overall aggregate position. From the 2005 European Grand Prix onwards, the Sunday morning session was dropped for a single run on Saturday afternoon having proved unpopular with drivers, teams and broadcasters. The running order was the reverse of the previous race result.


title: Formula One racing

text: Since , qualifying takes place on Saturday afternoon in a three-stage "knockout" system. One hour is dedicated to determining the grid order, divided into three periods with short intermissions between them.


title: Formula One racing

text: Currently, the first qualifying period (Q1) is eighteen minutes long, with all twenty cars competing. At the end of Q1, the five slowest drivers are eliminated from further qualification rounds, and fill positions sixteen to twenty on the grid based on their fastest lap time. Any driver attempting to set a qualifying time when the period ends is permitted to finish their lap, though no new laps may be started once the chequered flag is shown. After a short break, the second period (Q2) (15 minutes long) begins, with fifteen cars on the circuit. At the end of Q2, the five slowest drivers are once again eliminated, filling grid positions eleven to fifteen. Finally, the third qualifying period (Q3) features the ten fastest drivers from the second period. The drivers are issued a new set of soft tyres and have twelve minutes to set a qualifying time, which will determine the top ten positions on the grid. The driver who sets the fastest qualifying time is said to be on pole position, the grid position that offers the best physical position from which to start the race.


title: Formula One racing

text: Drivers may complete as many laps as they choose within the permitted qualifying session’s time. As of the 2022 season, all drivers are permitted to start the race on the tyre of their choice regardless of their grid position, whereas previously it was required for the drivers starting in the top 10 grid positions to start on the same tyre as the one that they set their fastest lap time within the second qualifying session.


title: Formula One racing

text: Generally, a driver will leave the pits and drive around the track in order to get to the start/finish line (the "out-lap"). Having crossed the line, they will attempt to achieve the quickest time around the circuit that they can in one or more laps (the "flying lap" or "hot lap"). This is the lap time which is used in calculating grid position. Finally, the driver will continue back around the track and re-enter the pit lane (the "in-lap"). However, this is merely strategy, and no teams are obliged by the rules to follow this formula; drivers may elect to set several flying laps before returning to the pits.


title: Formula One racing

text: For the first two races of the 2016 season, a modified format was used where drivers were eliminated during the sessions rather than just at the end and only eight drivers progressed to the final session. Qualifying reverted to the previous format from the third race of the season onwards.


title: Formula One racing

text: As of , ten teams are entered for the Formula One World Championship, each entering two cars for a total of twenty cars. The regulations place a limit of twenty-six entries for the championship. At some periods in the history of Formula One the number of cars entered for each race has exceeded the number permitted, which historically would vary from race to race according to the circuit used; Monaco, for example, for many years allowed only twenty cars to compete because of the restricted space available. The slowest cars excess to the circuit limit would not qualify for the race and would be listed as 'Did Not Qualify' (DNQ) in race results.


title: Formula One racing

text: There had been pre-qualifying sessions in the late 1970s, but during the late 1980s and early 1990s the number of cars attempting to enter each race was as high as thirty-nine for some races. Because of the dangers of having so many cars on the track at the same time, pre-qualifying sessions were re-introduced for the teams with the worst record over the previous twelve months, including any new teams. Usually, only the four fastest cars from this session were then allowed into the qualifying session proper, where thirty cars competed for twenty-six places on the starting grid for the race. The slowest cars from the pre-qualifying session were listed in race results as 'Did Not Pre-Qualify' (DNPQ). Pre-qualifying was discontinued after 1992 when many small teams withdrew from the sport.


title: Formula One racing

text: As the number of cars entered in the world championship fell below twenty-six, a situation arose in which any car entered would automatically qualify for the race, no matter how slowly it had been driven. The 107% rule was introduced in to prevent completely uncompetitive cars being entered in the championship. If a car's qualifying time was not within 7% of the pole sitter's time, that car would not qualify for the race, unless at the discretion of the race stewards for a situation such as a rain-affected qualifying session. For example, if the pole-sitter's time was one minute and forty seconds, any car eligible for racing had to set a time within one minute and forty-seven seconds.


title: Formula One racing

text: The 107% rule was removed since the FIA's rules indicated previously that 24 cars could take the start of a Formula One race, and a minimum of twenty cars had to enter a race. In , the qualifying procedure changed to a single-lap system, rendering the rule inoperable. However, there were concerns about the pace of the new teams in the 2010 season. As the qualifying procedure had been changed since the 2006 season to a three-part knockout system, the rule could now be reintroduced. As such, the 107% rule was reintroduced in the 2011 Formula One season. Currently, cars eliminated in Q1 have to be within 7% of the fastest Q1 time in order to qualify for the race.


title: Formula One racing

text: Since the rule was re-introduced, only twice have cars failed to qualify for a Grand Prix—both times involving Hispania Racing cars and both times occurring at the Australian Grand Prix, namely in 2011 (Vitantonio Liuzzi and Narain Karthikeyan) and 2012 (Karthikeyan and Pedro de la Rosa). At their discretion, stewards may permit a driver who fails to set a qualifying time within the desired 107% span; for example, at the 2018 British Grand Prix, Lance Stroll and Brendon Hartley both failed to set times within 107%, but were permitted to race on the grounds of satisfactory lap times in free practice. After eleven drivers failed to set satisfactory Q1 times at the 2016 Hungarian Grand Prix due to inclement weather, the regulations were amended in 2018 so that wet sessions were not subject to the 107% rule.


title: Formula One racing

text: Drivers or cars may be issued penalties against their starting positions, commonly for exceeding component limits, or sporting offences in free practice, qualifying, or a previous race. This can lead to the starting grid being significantly different from the qualifying order.


title: Formula One racing

text: During the 2021 Formula One World Championship, Formula One trialed a "sprint qualifying" system at three Grands Prix—Britain, Italy, and São Paulo—in which the grid for the race on Sunday was determined by a 100 km (62 miles) sprint on Saturday. On a race weekend with sprint qualifying, the sessions on Friday instead consist of one practice session and a traditional qualifying session, which is limited to soft tyres and sets the grid of sprint qualifying. Only the winner of the sprint qualifying will be considered to have taken pole position for the main Grand Prix, and they receive a trophy similar to the pole position trophy awarded at other race weekends. The top three finishers in sprint qualifying in 2021 received World Championship points in a 3–2–1 scoring system. Formula One initially planned to extend the use of the format from the three events in 2021 to six events in the 2022 Formula One World Championship. McLaren Racing CEO Zak Brown said these plans could be under threat with teams unable to agree on whether the sports budget cap should be increased (and if so by how much) to cover the cost of extra sprints.


title: Formula One racing

text: On 3 February 2022, it was reported that Formula One had offered a compromise plan to hold three sprints in 2022 (the same number as held in 2021) to try and ensure the format would not be dropped entirely from the 2022 championship. For 2022 sprint qualifying was renamed purely to sprint. The weekend format remained unchanged from 2021 and was run at the Emilia Romagna, Austrian, and São Paulo Grands Prix with points now awarded to the top eight finishers rather than the top three finishers as was the case in 2021. Unlike the 2021 season, the driver who sets the fastest time in qualifying is credited as the official polesitter, unless penalised, with the winner of the sprint continuing to have the right to start the race from the first place grid spot. The idea of making the sprint an entirely 'standalone' in 2023 is being considered, meaning that the outcome of the sprint race would no longer set the grid for the main race.


title: Formula One racing

text: The race itself is held on Sunday afternoon, with the exception of night races at Singapore, Bahrain, and Saudi Arabia and a day/night race for the season finale in Abu Dhabi. The last race not to take place on a Sunday was the 1985 South African Grand Prix, which took place on a Saturday.


title: Formula One racing

text: Thirty minutes prior to race time, the cars take to the track for any number of warm-up laps (formally known as reconnaissance laps), provided they pass through the pit lane and not the grid, after which they assemble on the starting grid in the order they qualified. At the hour of the race, a green light signifies the beginning of the relatively slow formation lap during which all cars parade around the course doing a final tyre warmup and system checks. The cars then return to their assigned grid spot for the standing race start. The starting light system, which consists of five pairs of lights mounted above the start/finish line, then lights up each pair at one-second intervals. Once all five pairs are illuminated, after a random length of time (one to nine seconds), the red lights are turned off by the race director, at which point the race starts. The race length is defined as the smallest number of complete laps that exceeds 305 kilometres (the Monaco Grand Prix is the sole exception with a race length of 78 laps / 260.5 km), though occasionally some races are truncated due to special circumstances. The race can not exceed two hours in length—if this interval is reached, the race will be ended at the end of the next full lap—unless the race is halted by a red flag, in which case the total time including the red flag stoppage must not exceed three hours, and the total time excluding the red flag stoppage may not exceed two hours. Although, at the 2021 Belgian Grand Prix, the three hour countdown was stopped with force majeure being cited.


title: Formula One racing

text: Each driver is also required to use two different types of dry compound during a dry race, and so must make a mandatory pit stop. Timing pit stops with reference to other cars is crucial—if they are following another car but are unable to pass, the driver may try to stay on the track as long as possible, or pit immediately, as newer tyres are usually faster. Prior to the 2010 season, drivers used to make pit stops for fuel more than once during a race, as the cars on average traveled two kilometres per litre (approximately five miles per gallon). Nowadays this figure is higher, due to changes in engines from 2014, and as a result refuelling has been forbidden during a race since . If a driver starts the race using intermediate or wet tyres, they are not mandated to make a pit stop.


title: Formula One racing

text: At the end of the race, the first, second and third-placed drivers take their places on a podium, where they stand as the national anthem of the race winner's home country and that of their team is played. Dignitaries from the country hosting the race then present trophies to the drivers and a constructor's trophy to a representative from the winner's team, and the winning drivers spray champagne and are interviewed. The three drivers then go to a media room for a press conference where they answer questions in English and their native languages.


title: Formula One racing

text: Historically, the races were scored on the basis of a five-place tally: i.e. via an 8–6–4–3–2 scoring system, with the holder of the fastest race lap also receiving a bonus point. In 1961, the scoring was revised to give the winner nine points instead of eight, and the single point awarded for fastest lap was given for sixth place for the first time the previous year. In 1991, the points system was again revised to give the victor 10 points, with all other scorers recording the same 6–4–3–2–1 result. In 2003, the FIA further revised the scoring system to apportion points to the first eight classified finishers (a classified finisher must complete 90% of race distance) on a 10–8–6–5–4–3–2–1 basis.


title: Formula One racing

text: At certain points between 1950 and 1990, drivers' points for the season would be tallied based on their best results across the World Championship, which varied from 4 to 11 in a season, and during the late 1960s and 1970s points would be tallied based on their best results from each half of the season, which varied from four to seven. This was done in order to equalise the footings of teams which may not have had the wherewithal to compete in all events. With the advent of the Concorde Agreements, this practice has been discontinued, though it did feature prominently in several world championships through the 1970s and 1980s, primarily in 1988 when Alain Prost had 105 points to Ayrton Senna's 94, but due to only the best 11 results counting towards the World Championship, Senna won, with the final points tally being 90–87.


title: Formula One racing

text: Points are awarded to drivers and teams based on where they finish in a race. The winner receives 25 points, the second-place finisher 18 points, with 15, 12, 10, 8, 6, 4, 2 and 1 points for positions 3 through 10, respectively. One additional point is awarded to the driver and team with the fastest lap of the race, if they finish in the top 10 positions. In a dead heat, prizes and points are added together and shared equally for all those drivers who tie. The winner of the annual championship is the driver (or team, for the Constructors' Championship) with the most points. If the number of points is the same, priority is given to the driver with more wins. If that is the same it will be decided on the most second places and so on.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: Anjli Mohindra (born 20 February 1990) is a British stage, screen and voice-over actress and writer. She is best known for playing aspiring journalist Rani Chandra in the "Doctor Who" spin-off series "The Sarah Jane Adventures" (2008–2011) and would-be suicide bomber Nadia Ali in the hit BBC One political thriller "Bodyguard" (2018). Her other television roles include Surgeon Lieutenant Tiffany Docherty in the BBC One police procedural "Vigil" (2021), Detective Constable Josie Chancellor in the ITV crime drama "Dark Heart" (2016–2018) and Archie in the Sky science fiction thriller "The Lazarus Project" (2022).


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: Mohindra was born on 20 February 1990 in London. She grew up in West Bridgford, Nottinghamshire, apart from a four-year period on a military base in Germany, where she was the only ethnic minority kid out of 2,000 students at an Armed Forces school. According to Mohindra, her parents are both Hindu in terms of religion, Indian in terms of origin and Punjabi in terms of language and culture. Her father was raised in Kenya when it was a British colony and had a clerical job in the British Army for several years. Her mother arrived in the UK from Punjab, India at 18, to further her education, and worked variously as a court clerk, bank manager, postmistress, pub owner and English tutor.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: She has a sister and a brother. In a 2018 interview about her personal style, Mohindra said that she had been a tomboy growing up, sometimes wearing her brother's hand-me-down clothes.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: Mohindra attended Jesse Gray Primary School and West Bridgford School. She later trained in acting at the Central Junior Television Workshop in Nottingham.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: Mohindra's television acting career began in an episode of ITV's long-running soap opera "Coronation Street" in 2005, where she played Dev Alahan's daughter Shareen after being turned down for another, larger role. This appearance was soon followed by small, one-episode parts in the medical soap opera "Doctors" (2006), teen sitcom "The Inbetweeners" (2008), police procedural "" (2009) and medical drama "Holby City" (2010). She also appeared in two episodes of the comedy drama "Beaver Falls" (2011).


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: Mohindra played her first regular role as aspiring journalist Rani Chandra in the "Doctor Who" spin-off series "The Sarah Jane Adventures" (2008–2011) on children's television channel CBBC, where her character was a few years younger than her. She was introduced in the second series as a replacement for Yasmin Paige, who left the series due to her wanting to complete her GCSEs. Mohindra continued to play the role in the subsequent three series until the very last episode of the show, which premiered in October 2011. She appeared in 41 episodes overall, including those featuring David Tennant as the Tenth Doctor, Matt Smith as the Eleventh Doctor and actors from the original "Doctor Who" series, broadcast from 1963 to 1989, Nicholas Courtney and Katy Manning.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: In 2012, Mohindra appeared in an episode of the longest-running medical drama series in the world, "Casualty". Soon after, she landed parts in two episodes of "The Missing" (2014), a BAFTA and Golden Globe-nominated child-abduction thriller starring Tchéky Karyo, and six episodes of "Cucumber" (2015), Russell T Davies's series about a middle-aged gay man from Manchester.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: She played a leading role in four 15-minute episodes of the BBC iPlayer original romcom "My Jihad" (2014–2015), described as "a tender and funny love story exploring the unfolding relationship between a young Muslim couple". She then made her feature film debut in "Miss You Already" (2015), starring Toni Collette and Drew Barrymore, followed by supporting roles in two popular ITV shows, "Paranoid" (2016) and "Bancroft" (2017).


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: Her highest profile role was as the duplicitous Nadia Ali in the multi-BAFTA, Emmy and Golden Globe-nominated "Bodyguard", Jed Mercurio's political thriller that gripped British television viewers in 2018. The series finale became the most-watched BBC drama in 10 years. Mohindra initially declined the role until she learned there would be more depth to her character than she assumed. The same year, she starred alongside Tom Riley in the ITV crime drama "Dark Heart" and guested in DC's "Legends of Tomorrow" as magical shapeshifter Charlie. Showing a talent for the macabre, Mohindra then starred as an ambitious radio producer in Mark Gatiss's take on the classic Christmas ghost story, "The Dead Room" (2018), alongside Simon Callow.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: From 2006 to 2019, she played in 11 theatrical productions. Her stage work includes David Hare's "Behind the Beautiful Forevers" (2014) and Shahid Nadeem's "Dara" (2015), both professionally recorded and broadcast through National Theatre Live, as well as Oscar Wilde's "The Importance of Being Earnest" (2012) and Michael Frayn's "Noises Off" (2019).


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: In 2019, Mohindra appeared as a regular lead in the ITV drama "Wild Bill", starring opposite Hollywood legend Rob Lowe. She later played the Queen of the Skithra in the "Doctor Who" episode "Nikola Tesla's Night of Terror" (2020). Since 2022, Mohindra has also reprised her role of Rani from "The Sarah Jane Adventures" in several "Doctor Who" audio drama spin-offs from Big Finish Productions, as well as in three episodes of "Doctor Who: Redacted" (2022), a ten-part podcast drama from BBC Sounds featuring the Thirteenth Doctor, played by Jodie Whittaker. Fans of the classic "Doctor Who" series are also quite familiar with Mohindra's voice, as she has portrayed many other characters in audio dramas featuring the Fifth, Sixth and Eighth Doctors over the years.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: Mohindra has made strides to develop her voice as a writer, winning a place on the Royal Court's Young Writers' Programme in 2016. In the midst of the COVID-19 pandemic, she made her writing debut with a short film called "The People Under the Moon" (2020), produced entirely during lockdown and starring Gwilym Lee as a medic who joins a dating app.


title: Anjli Mohindra

text: In 2021, she appeared alongside Suranne Jones in Tom Edge's edge-of-the-seat thriller "Vigil", playing Tiffany Docherty, the medical officer on board a nuclear submarine which becomes the subject of a murder investigation. The series quickly became the BBC's most-watched new drama of the year. The following year, she appeared in the Netflix period spy thriller "Munich – The Edge of War" as a British diplomatic secretary embroiled in the negotiations at the 1938 Munich conference and then had the lead role in the Sky science fiction drama "The Lazarus Project", described as a "gripping exploration of memory, fate and the limits of love". In the series she played the mysterious Archie, who recruits Paapa Essiedu's character George into a secret organisation that has the power to turn back time if the world is threatened by extinction.


title: Egret

text: Egrets ( ) are herons, generally long-legged wading birds, that have white or buff plumage, developing fine plumes (usually milky white) during the breeding season. Egrets are not a biologically distinct group from herons and have the same build.


title: Egret

text: Many egrets are members of the genera "Egretta" or "Ardea", which also contain other species named as herons rather than egrets. The distinction between a heron and an egret is rather vague, and depends more on appearance than biology. The word "egret" comes from the French word "aigrette" that means both "silver heron" and "brush", referring to the long, filamentous feathers that seem to cascade down an egret's back during the breeding season (also called "egrets").


title: Egret

text: Several of the egrets have been reclassified from one genus to another in recent years; the great egret, for example, has been classified as a member of either "Casmerodius", "Egretta", or "Ardea".


title: Egret

text: In the 19th and early part of the 20th centuries, some of the world's egret species were endangered by relentless plume hunting, since hat makers in Europe and the United States demanded large numbers of egret plumes, leading to breeding birds being killed in many places around the world.


title: Egret

text: Several "Egretta" species, including the eastern reef egret, the reddish egret, and the western reef egret, have two distinct colours, one of which is just white. The little blue heron has all-white juvenile plumage.


title: Egret

text: Egrets inhabit all continents; although they typically avoid the coldest regions, arid deserts, and very high mountains. They hunt and live in both saltwater and freshwater marshes.