title: Marcus Thuram

text: On 22 July 2019, Borussia Mönchengladbach announced they had signed Thuram on a four-year deal. The transfer fee paid to Guingamp was reported as €12 million. He was given the number 10 shirt, vacated by Thorgan Hazard after his move to Borussia Dortmund.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: Thuram made his debut for "Gladbach" on 9 August in the first round of the DFB-Pokal away to 2. Bundesliga club SV Sandhausen, and scored the only goal. He got his first Bundesliga goals on his fifth appearance on 22 September, scoring both of a 2–1 home win over Fortuna Düsseldorf.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: On 31 May 2020, Thuram scored twice in a 4–1 win over 1. FC Union Berlin. He took a knee after his first goal of the match and dedicated the strike in honour of ongoing protests in the United States following the murder of George Floyd.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: On 27 October 2020, Thuram scored twice in a 2–2 draw with Real Madrid in the group stage of the UEFA Champions League. On 19 December, Thuram was sent off for spitting in the face of opponent Stefan Posch as Gladbach fell to a 2–1 defeat to Hoffenheim, and was given a six-match ban and a €40,000 fine.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: Thuram failed to score in his first 15 Bundesliga matches of the 2021–22 Bundesliga season. He later scored only three goals, one each against Wolfsburg, Stuttgart and Greuther Fürth.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: As of November 2022, Thuram managed to score 10 goals in 15 Bundesliga matches, in which he equaled his personal best since the debut season.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: Thuram was a member of France U19 which won the 2016 UEFA European Championship. In November 2020, he was called up for the first time to the senior team, ahead of games against Finland, Portugal and Sweden. He debuted on 11 November in a friendly against the Finns, a 2–0 loss at the Stade de France. He was called up for the delayed UEFA Euro 2020 in May 2021.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: On 14 November 2022, Thuram received a late call-up for the 2022 FIFA World Cup, raising the squad to 26 players. In the final against Argentina, he and Randal Kolo Muani were brought on in place of Ousmane Dembélé and Olivier Giroud with France losing 2–0 in the 41st minute. He assisted Kylian Mbappé's equaliser to make it 2–2 at the end of regulation time, and was also booked for diving in the penalty area; France lost in a penalty shootout after a 3–3 draw.


title: Marcus Thuram

text: Thuram is the son of the former French international footballer Lilian Thuram, and the older brother of the professional footballer Khéphren Thuram. He was born in the Italian city of Parma while his father played for the club, and was named after Jamaican activist Marcus Garvey. Despite his father playing for Juventus and Barcelona, he as a child supported Milan and Real Madrid.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Rasika Dugal (born 17 January 1985) is an Indian actress. She is known for her roles in several Indian movies and television shows.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: She made her screen debut with a small role, in the film "Anwar" (2007). And then she went onto star in many critically acclaimed films namely "No Smoking" (2007), "Aurangzeb" (2013), "Qissa" (2015), "Train Station" (2015), "Tu Hai Mera Sunday" (2017), "Hamid" (2018) etc. In 2018, she was seen in the biographical movie "Manto" based on the life of writer Saadat Hassan Manto, where she essayed the role of Safia, Manto's wife, for which she garnered her first Screen Award nomination in the category of Best Supporting Actress. Then in 2020, she appeared in movies like "Lootcase" and "Darbaan", her performances in both of which were praised. In addition to films, Dugal is also active in the television industry. She has appeared in many television serials, such as "Powder" (2010), "Kismat" (2010), "Upanishad Ganga" (2012), and "P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke" (2016).


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Rasika's breakthrough came in the year 2018 for her role in the Amazon Prime Video original series "Mirzapur", for which she earned a nomination in Indian Television Academy Awards in the category of Best Actress in a web series. Since then, she has received critical appraisal for multiple web series, including "Made in Heaven" (2019), "Delhi Crime" (2019), "Out of Love" (2019-2021), "A Suitable Boy" (2020), and "OK Computer" (2021). In 2020, she co-written a short film with her husband (Mukul Chadda) titled "Banana Bread". She also did a comic podcast named "Uncovidable" (2020), which was created by Vekeana Dhillon. It is available on the platform Audible.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Rasika Dugal was born in Circuit House Area, Jamshedpur, Jharkhand on 17 January 1985 to Jessie Dugal and Raveen Dugal. She attained Bachelor of Science degree in mathematics in the year 2004 from Lady Shri Ram College for Women, Delhi. Subsequently, Dugal attended Sophia Polytechnic for a postgraduate diploma in Social Communications Media and FTII for attaining postgraduate diploma in acting.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Rasika started appearing in Bollywood movies since 2007. She first appeared in the film "Anwar" (2007) in a small role. Then she appeared in many films but in a small role namely "No Smoking" (2007), "Hijack" (2008), "Tahaan" (2008), "Agyaat" (2009), "Kshay" (2011), "Aurangzeb" (2013) etc. With working in films, she was also doing television shows like "Powder" (2010), "Rishta.com" (2010), "Kismat" (2010) and "Upanishad Ganga" (2012). None of her roles, whether in films or in television failed to leave an impact.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Then in 2015 she starred in critically acclaimed film "Qissa" in the role of Neeli. The film received praise from critics as well as audience. The critics consensus was "A masterpiece that lovers of parallel cinema would thoroughly enjoy. This unconventional and heart-breaking folk tale captures human emotions unlike any other recent Indian film." She also did a Malayalam language film "Kammatti Paadam" (2016), starring Dulquer Salmaan in lead. She also played a recurring role in Barun Sobti starrer "Tu Hai Mera Sunday" (2016).


title: Rasika Dugal

text: She also appeared in television series like "Dariba Dairies" (2015) in the role of Zeenat Bano and "P.O.W.- Bandi Yuddh Ke" (2016) in the role of Shobha Thakur. Then in 2016, she turned host on the show "Devlok with Devdutt Pattanaik". She also appeared in The Viral Fever web shows like "Permanent Roommates" (2016), "Humorously Yours" (2016-2019) and "TVF Couples" (2017).


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Then in 2018 she did a small appearance in the netflix anthology film "Lust Stories" in the Zoya Akhtar's segment. Then she appeared in Nandita Das's biographical movie "Manto" (2018). The movie was about the life of playwright Saadat Hasan Manto, Rasika played the role of his wife Safia. Her performance was praised by the critics, for which she received her first nomination in the Screen Awards in the category Best Supporting Actress. After "Manto" she appeared in the critically acclaimed film "Hamid" (2018) co-starring Vikas Kumar and Talha Arshad Reshi, directed by Aijaz Khan. The film won many accolades including National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Urdu at the 66th National Film Awards and Rasika Dugal won the Best Actor Award for her role in the film "Hamid" at Rajasthan International Film Festival.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Then in November 2018, she starred in the Amazon Prime Video original series "Mirzapur". She portrayed the role of Beena Tripathi. For her role in "Mirzapur" she was nominated in the Indian Television Academy Awards in the category of Best Actress - Web Series. She also appeared in an episode of Zoya Akhtar's web series "Made in Heaven", she portrayed the role of Nutan Yadav, daughter of an ambitious politician willing to sacrifice his daughter's dreams for his political career. The show was released on Amazon Prime on 8 March 2019.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Subsequently, she played the main role in Hotstar original series "Out of Love" (2019-2021), She played the role of Dr. Meera Kapoor. The show was renewed for a second season, it was released on 21 May 2021. She portrayed the role of young IPS officer named as Neeti Singh in TV series "Delhi Crime" released on Netflix on 21 March 2019 which won the International Emmy Award for Best Drama Series. She also starred in supporting roles in web series such as "A Suitable Boy" (2020) and "OK Computer" (2021). In 2020, her two films was released namely "Lootcase" and "Darbaan". In both of the films her performance was praised by the critics. She also did a podcast titled "Uncovidable" (2020) which was released on Audible. It was created by Vekeana Dhillon.


title: Rasika Dugal

text: Rasika was roped in for an international comedy audio series "The Empire" written by Anuvab Pal. She will be next seen in Srijit Mukherji directorial "Sherdil", the films also stars Neeraj Kabi and Pankaj Tripathi in key roles.


title: Spoliarium

text: The Spoliarium (often misspelled "Spolarium") is a painting by Filipino painter Juan Luna. Luna, working on canvas, spent eight months completing the painting which depicts dying gladiators. The painting was submitted by Luna to the "Exposición Nacional de Bellas Artes" in 1884 in Madrid, where it garnered the first gold medal (out of three). The picture recreates a despoiling scene in a Roman circus where dead gladiators are stripped of weapons and garments. Together with other works of the Spanish Academy, the Spoliarium was on exhibit in Rome in April 1884.


title: Spoliarium

text: In 1886, the painting was sold to the provincial government of Barcelona for 20,000 pesetas. It currently hangs in the main gallery at the first floor of the National Museum of Fine Arts in Manila, and is the first work of art that greets visitors upon entry into the museum. The National Museum considers it the largest painting in the Philippines with dimensions of 4.22 meters x 7.675 meters.


title: Spoliarium

text: Filipino historian Ambeth Ocampo writes, "...the fact remains that when Luna and Félix Resurrección Hidalgo won the top awards in the Madrid Exposition of 1884, they proved to the world that "indios" could, despite their supposed barbarian race, paint better than the Spaniards who colonized them."


title: Spoliarium

text: At a gathering of Filipino expatriates in Madrid, Jose Rizal enthusiastically toasted the triumphs of his two compatriots had achieved, the other being Félix Hidalgo who won a silver medal, calling it "fresh proof of racial equality".


title: Spoliarium

text: "Luna's "Spoliarium" with its bloody carcasses of slave gladiators being dragged away from the arena where they had entertained their Roman oppressors with their lives... stripped to satisfy the lewd contempt of their Roman persecutors with their honor..." Rizal was footnoted in his speech that the "Spoliarium", "embodied the essence of our social, moral and political life: humanity in severe ordeal, humanity unredeemed, reason and idealism in open struggle with prejudice, fanaticism and injustice."


title: Spoliarium

text: Rizal was inspired to carve a mark of his own to give glory to his country by writing his 'Spoliarium' since early that year 1884 "he had been toying with the idea of a book" for he has seen and described the painting as "the tumult of the crowd, the shouts of slaves, the metallic clatter of dead men's armor, the sobs of orphans, the murmured prayers..." Rizal's book would be called "Noli Me Tangere", "the Latin echo of the Spoliarium".


title: Spoliarium

text: In 1885, the painting was bought (while still in Paris) by the provincial government of Barcelona for 20,000 pesetas, after being exhibited in Rome, Madrid, and Paris. It was transferred to the Museo del Arte Moderno in Barcelona in 1887, where it was in storage until the museum was burned and looted during the Spanish Civil War in 1937. Under orders of Generalissimo Francisco Franco, the damaged painting was sent to Madrid for restoration, where it stayed for 18 years. The calls for the painting's transfer to Manila by Filipinos and sympathetic Spaniards in the 1950s led to Gen. Franco's orders to finish the painting's restoration and eventual donation to the Philippines. After the restoration work was done in late 1957, the painting was then turned over to Philippine ambassador to Spain Manuel Nieto Sr. in January 1958, and later sent to the Philippines as a gift from the government of Spain.


title: Spoliarium

text: The "Spoliarium" was broken up into three pieces, with each piece going into its own shipping crate, because of its size. The painting was mounted on a wooden frame at the then Department of Foreign Affairs building (current-day Department of Justice building as of June 2020) on Padre Faura Street. Artist Antonio Dumlao was chosen by Carlos da Silva, as head of the Juan Luna Centennial Commission, to perform relining and cleaning of the painting. The mounting, framing, and architectural work was done by Carlos da Silva. A newly restored Spoliarium was then unveiled in the Hall of Flags of the Department of Foreign Affairs in December 1962.


title: Spoliarium

text: The painting was cleaned by Suzano "Jun" Gonzalez in 1982. In 2005, another restoration was made by Art Restoration and Conservations Specialists Inc., headed by painter June Poticar Dalisay. As of the present day, the painting is housed in the National Museum of Fine Arts.


title: Spoliarium

text: Philippine historian Ambeth Ocampo presently state that there are at least four known versions of the Spoliarum that exist with the much larger 1884 version being in the collection of the National Museum of Fine Arts. Two smaller versions are known to exist that are presently in private collections, while the other was commissioned for a Russian nobleman that remains unlocated.


title: Spoliarium

text: In 2018, a forgotten "boceto" (study) of the Spoliarium that was rediscovered after nearly 125 years. The "boceto" is considered the earliest version of the work is dated from 1883, made ascribed on the canvas itself with the words, "SPOLIARIVM - boceto LVNA, R[OMA], 1883," making this version the earliest. Based on the literature, the study featured a peculiar signature written by Luna in baybayin script located on the lower right side of the canvas. The script for the word "BU LA[N]", was deduced from the Ilocano language for moon, which the artist added only to about four of his known works.


title: Spoliarium

text: The "boceto" was last publicly exhibited at the 1893 "Exposición Histórico-Natural y Etnográfica" at the National Archaeological Museum in Madrid. Further research revealed that its provenance is part of the collection of the Philippine politician Pedro Paterno, who was a known friend and patron of Luna.


title: Spoliarium

text: The painting later ended in the ownership of "Don" Jose Vazquez Castiñeira, a former mayor of Sarria, a municipality in the province of Lugo in Spain for nearly 130 years. It is believed that Paterno having been appointed as the new Director of the Museo-Biblioteca de Filipinas, the paintings were later sold or given to the Vazquez Castiñeiras. Paterno was married to Maria Luisa Piñeiro de Paterno who originated from Galicia, the same area were Vazquez Castiñeiras hailed from.


title: Spoliarium

text: In 1996, Maria Nuñez Rodriguez, a childless widow of Don Francisco Vazquez Gayoso summoned her relatives into her household able to divide her estate. Included in the said estate were Philippine works of art that included an earlier version of "España y Filipinas" (1884) by Luna, the Spoliarium study, "La Pintura", a work by Luna's contemporary Félix Resurrección Hidalgo, and other Philippine works of art.


title: Spoliarium

text: The work was subsequently sold for a record price of PHP73.584 million (US$1.36 million) at a Salcedo Auctions' Important Philippine Art sale in the Philippines.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: The (also known as the Subaru XV until 2022) is a subcompact crossover SUV produced by Subaru since 2012. It is a successor to the Outback Sport in the US and Canada, and the Impreza XV globally. Like the Outback Sport, the Crosstrek is a lifted Impreza hatchback with minor differences, though with a more substantial lift than the Outback Sport.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Initially, the vehicle was marketed as the XV globally, and as the XV Crosstrek in the US and Canada. Since 2015, Subaru dropped the XV moniker in US and Canada. In 2022, Subaru introduced the third-generation model for a 2023 release under one nameplate globally, the Crosstrek.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Subaru showcased the Subaru XV concept vehicle in 2011. Based on a raised suspension version of the Subaru Impreza 5-door hatchback, the XV concept offered aluminum alloy wheels with silver spokes, black wheels and clear blue center caps; yellow-green body colour, silvery white leather interior upholstery at seats, mesh in selected interior areas with yellow/green piping, multifunction display with navigation, car audio, and vehicle information in the center panel; EyeSight driving assist with stereo cameras and LCD monitor between the two combination meters, 2.0-liter four cylinder horizontally-opposed DOHC engine, "Lineartronic" CVT, and 245/45 ZR19 tires. The concept vehicle was unveiled at Auto Shanghai 2011.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: The production version of the XV was unveiled at the 2011 Frankfurt Motor Show. This model went on sale in Japan on 25 September 2012. It was introduced in the United States as the XV Crosstrek for the 2013 model year at the 2012 New York International Auto Show. It is powered by the "FB20B" engine making (in the United States), sharing powertrain specifications with the Impreza. It included 17-inch wheels, as well as roof rails and tinted glass. All trims, along with all Subaru vehicles (excluding the BRZ), included Subaru's Symmetrical All-Wheel Drive system, with "Lineartronic" CVT equipped models being able to send 100% of torque to the wheels with the most traction. A 4.2 inch touchscreen and backup camera were included on the Limited trim, along with the all-weather package with heated seats. All trims had driver's auto up/down windows.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: For the 2014 model year, a Hybrid version was released in the North American markets in two trims, the higher of which had new features with some of these being optional on the non-Hybrid Premium and Limited trims.For the 2015 model year, reversing cameras and 6.2 inch head units were added to all trims, as well as an upgraded electric power steering system. The Limited trim got an insulation-glass windshield, optional keyless ignition, an upgraded instrument cluster which included a color Liquid-Crystal Display. Upgraded mirrors with welcome lighting and turn signals were added as well. The then-new Starlink multimedia plus system with a 7.0 inch display that debuted on the 2015 Subaru Legacy and Outback was included as well. The Premium, Limited and Hybrid trims could be optioned with Subaru EyeSight and Hybrid models gained a PIN code access system. A special edition variant based on the premium trim with Sunrise Yellow paint was also available, but limited to 1,000 units.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: For the 2016 model year, the Premium trim received the all weather package with heated seats and mirrors as standard equipment, along with the option of Subaru's Starlink Safety and Security system (standard on the Limited) including an SOS button, automatic collision notification system, stolen vehicle recovery, and a vehicle monitoring app. The Limited trim got rear cross-traffic alert, blind spot monitoring, and lane-change assist. This year also included revised styling and the removal of the XV prefix from the name in the United States and Canada. It was also the last year of the Hybrid model.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: The 2017 model was largely unchanged, with the only change being a new trim, which was the Platinum Special Edition (which could be considered an option package to the Premium trim). Included was special interior and exterior styling, a sunroof, keyless ignition and entry, and blind-spot monitoring with rear cross-traffic alert.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Despite being a lifted Subaru Impreza hatchback, sales have been much stronger in the US, due to sedan/hatchback sales slowing in the country.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Malaysian production of the Subaru XV shipped as complete knock-down kits began at Tan Chong Motor Assemblies Sdn. Bhd (TCMA) in Malaysia in January 2013, with annual production of 5,000 units destined for sale in Malaysia, Thailand, Indonesia and the Philippines. Production at Tan Chong began on 20 December 2012.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Early European models include a choice of 1.6-liter petrol, 2.0-liter petrol, 2.0-liter diesel engines; five-speed manual (1.6-liter petrol), six-speed manual (2.0 petrol, 2.0 diesel), "Lineartronic" CVT (1.6 petrol, 2.0 petrol) transmission, and idle engine start stop (standard in petrol engine models, optional in diesel engine models).


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: In North America, the XV was sold as the Subaru XV Crosstrek and was unveiled at the 2012 New York International Auto Show. The US model went on sale in 2012 as a 2013 model year vehicle. Early models include a 148-horsepower 2.0-liter boxer engine, five-speed manual or available second-generation "Lineartronic" CVT. In the United States starting with the 2016 model year, Subaru dropped the XV from its name and sold it as simply the Crosstrek. An updated model based on the fifth-generation Impreza became available in 2018.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: The Subaru XV Crosstrek Hybrid (2013) is a version of the Subaru XV Crosstrek with permanent magnet AC synchronous motor rated and , Lineartronic CVT, Nickel hydride batteries, and 225/55 R17 tires. Externally, "HYBRID" badges have been applied to the front doors and on the rear liftgate, and unique rear lights and wheels are exclusive to the hybrid version. The vehicle was Subaru's first production hybrid after a series of concepts stretching back to the 2003 B9 Scrambler, and was unveiled at the 2013 New York International Auto Show. Compared to the conventionally-powered XV Crosstrek, a new gauge cluster and keyless start have been added to the hybrid, which gains approximately in weight. The 0.6 kW-hr battery (weighing by itself) takes the space previously occupied by the spare tire, minimizing the loss of cargo space. Using the battery alone, range is estimated at at . The 10 kW generator-motor is built into the Lineartronic CVT, similar to the "turbo-parallel-hybrid" system first shown on the Subaru B5 TPH concept, and is intended to be used primarily for acceleration assistance and regenerative braking. Fuel consumption is improved by approximately 11%, from (combined city/highway) to .


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: For the 2014 model year, the XV Crosstrek Hybrid was introduced in two trims, the XV Crosstrek Hybrid and Hybrid Touring. The base Hybrid model included the Limited's features, MPG of 29 city, 33 highway, removes the leather interior, and added different wheels, grill shutters, quick-ratio electric power-steering, side mirrors with signal repeaters, keyless ignition, chrome door handles, and an upgraded multi-function display, along with more power (up to and of torque). The Hybrid touring included a sunroof, leather, a navigation system with voice controls, Aha radio, HD radio, Satellite radio, and a 6.1 inch head unit. The Premium and Limited trims could be equipped with the upgraded head unit and a sunroof.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: In 2016, after Subaru dropped the XV prefix from the model name in the United States and Canada, the model was known as the Crosstrek Hybrid. In Japan, a STI version of the XV Hybrid was offered with the suspension tuned to provide better handling. Externally, the XV Hybrid tS ("tuned by STI") can be distinguished by orange accents on the front spoiler, side skirts, and roof spoiler. It was sold for a limited time spanning the last half of 2016.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: The second-generation Subaru XV ("Crosstrek" for the North American market) was unveiled at the Geneva International Motor Show in March 2017. Like the Impreza, the XV/Crosstrek has moved to the Subaru Global Platform. Minimum ground clearance is and matte black cladding has been added to each side to add a "rugged flavor", creating "a dynamic form expressing all the enjoyment to be expected from a crossover vehicle". During its first full month of sales, the XV sold 11,085 vehicles in Japan.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: The second-generation Crosstrek in North America uses the revised direct-injection FB20D gasoline engine with and output. The base transmission was changed to a 6-speed manual transmission as opposed to the 5-speed in the first generation. The interior quality was upgraded, and a new 6.5-inch Subaru Starlink infotainment system with Apple CarPlay and Android Auto functionality was standard, with an 8.0 inch system and navigation being available on the Limited trim. While navigation was an option, all trims could use Apple Maps, Google Maps (via CarPlay and Android Auto respectively). Magellan Navigation is also available on all trims via the Starlink app, though the optional navigation is the only system that does not use the driver's smartphone to get map data, and is the only system that displays speed limits in the gauge cluster. Auto up/down windows were for the first time included for the passenger side (previously only on the driver's side). The Starlink Safety and Security system was made standard on the Premium trim. Models optioned with Eyesight got adaptive high beams. The Limited trim got adaptive LED headlights, keyless ignition and entry, an optional Harman Kardon was available and a 6-way power driver's seat was included. Subaru's X-MODE off-road assist function was also added.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: For 2019, the Crosstrek received Eyesight on all models equipped with the CVT transmission. The Hybrid trim was reintroduced as a Plug-in Hybrid, based on the Toyota Prius Prime's Hybrid system. Power was reduced to , and combined MPG was increased to . Subaru claimed a range of for all-electric driving.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: For 2020, the Crosstrek received Subaru's SI-Drive powertrain management system, first available on the Subaru Forester and Subaru WRX models with a CVT. An auto start-stop system was added, along with an optional 6-way power driver's seat being added to the Premium trim. All models had USB and AUX ports moved from the center console to the console storage tray, which received lighting on the Premium and Limited trim. The Limited and Hybrid trims got rear seat USB ports. New is an automatic door locking and unlocking system with automatic unlocking in a collision. The Eyesight system now features lane centering.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: In May 2018, Subaru of America announced a plug-in hybrid electric version for the 2019 model year to serve as a compliance car, and thus is sold only in states that follow California emission standards. It has three different modes: full-electric (traction motor drawing from battery power), parallel hybrid (traction motor assisting gasoline engine), or series hybrid (motor-generator unit driven from gasoline engine). The Crosstrek Hybrid features the "FB20" gasoline engine detuned to , coupled with two electric motors developing a combined . The car has a fuel tank of and an battery, which together enable a range of . The two electric motors have separate functions: Motor Generator One is the starter and acts as a generator under regenerative braking; Motor Generator Two is the traction motor with an output of and ; together, the two motors and battery pack add approximately to the curb weight of the car. Under electric power only, the Crosstrek Hybrid can achieve a of range at speeds up to .


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Subaru introduced the e-BOXER hybrid powertrain for the European-market Forester and XV at Geneva in March 2019; the e-BOXER integrates an electric motor into the Lineartronic continuously-variable transmission to improve fuel economy and increase power. The battery for the traction motor is placed above the rear axle, improving the front/rear weight balance. The e-BOXER powertrain features a modified FB20 rated at , but compared to the US-market Crosstrek Hybrid, the XV e-BOXER uses a single electric motor rated at maximum output.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Starting summer of 2020, for the 2021 model year, Subaru began selling the Crosstrek with changes that include aesthetic tweaks, a new trim level, more driver assistance technology, and a new 2.5-liter engine option. The most obvious exterior styling change is larger front lower bumper cladding in black plastic. The new Sport trim level, above Premium and below the top spec Limited, will bring with it Subaru's dual X-Mode traction control with Snow/Dirt and Deep Snow/Mud terrain options. On the Canadian market, the Sport is known as the Outdoor. The Sport trim will also get a unique interior with a Sport logo plus yellow stitching. Limited trim vehicles will get a leather interior with orange stitching. For driver aids, any CVT-equipped Crosstrek can get adaptive cruise control and lane centering. Top-of-the-line Limited models will receive blind-spot detection with lane-change assist plus cross-traffic alert, reverse automated emergency braking, and high-beam assist. For the first time, the Crosstrek offers a 2.5-liter "FB25D" as an engine option, and it is only available with the CVT transmission on the Sport and Limited trim levels. The new engine offering makes , 30 more than the standard 2.0L engine.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: For the 2023 model year, a new Special Edition package was introduced for the Premium trim, marking the return of the Desert Khaki color option offered on the previous generation. All Special Edition models were only available with the CVT transmission.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: The third generation Crosstrek was revealed in Japan on September 15, 2022 while being based on the outgoing model. It went on sale in Japan in December 2022, being available with a cheaper front-wheel drive option.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: "U.S. News & World Report" ranked the Subaru Crosstrek at No. 6 on its list of Best Subcompact SUVs for 2022, giving it a score of 7.9 out of 10.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Many North American journalists and owners believe the Crosstrek is underpowered, like most cars in its class, and advocate for a turbocharged model, akin to the Subaru Impreza Gravel Express. This has partially been resolved with the MY2021 facelift since the Outdoor (Canada), Sport (US), and Limited trims now include a more powerful engine that brings its power closer to other compact crossover SUVs in the North American market and the competing Mazda CX-30 (non-turbocharged models).


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: MY2013–2018 Crosstreks with the CVT have had their transmission warranties extended to 10 years and 100,000 miles (and one year after their warranties were extended, that being 2018 for MY13-15 vehicles and 2019 for MY16-18 vehicles, regardless of age or mileage), with Subaru saying there were no complaints or conditions behind the extensions.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: All MY2013 Crosstreks were given an extended engine warranty (8 years/100,000 miles, or one year from the warranty extension being published, regardless of age or mileage) due to excessive oil consumption after a class action lawsuit, with MY2014 and MY2015 models only being recalled with the manual transmission. All first generation Crosstreks were recalled for faulty brake light switches which Subaru stated was discovered themselves, with 33 reports on all affected models (including 2008–2016 Subaru Imprezas and 2014–2016 Subaru Foresters) in the US.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: 83,499 2018 Crosstreks and 37 2019 Crosstrek plug-In hybrids, along with 2017–2018 Subaru Imprezas and 2019 Subaru Forester and Ascent models were recalled for a faulty PCV valve that could break apart and cause oil consumption or possibly a stall.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: In July 2021, a warranty extension for up to 10 years (and unlimited mileage) was applied to the electronic power steering rack of all 1st generation US Crosstreks (along with all 4th generation Foresters and Imprezas) due to the possibility of corrosion in areas with high amounts of road salt deployed in winter months (like the Rust Belt region of the United States) causing the rack to become prone to cracking after a significant impact. The issue doesn't cause complete failure of the rack, however it does cause issues with steering feel when turning. Owners who receive a repair will get an updated steering rack that is not prone to this issue.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: In October 2021, a warranty extension for up to 8 years (and unlimited mileage) was applied to all first generation Crosstreks (along with most Subaru models of the time period) for the CVT parking brake switch, as when the contacts on the switch are contaminated, owners can't remove their key from their ignition switch. All affected vehicles, regardless or age or mileage, are covered by this extension until October 31, 2022.


title: Subaru Crosstrek

text: Sales in the United States have been much stronger than its predecessor, the Outback Sport, with 2019 being the first year with a sales drop, which could be attributed to a car sales slump in the US.


title: Ryan Dorsey

text: Ryan Keith Dorsey (born July 19, 1983) is an American actor, known for playing Earl on "Justified" and Duquesne “Dime Bag” Baker on "Ray Donovan". His personal life, particularly his marriage to Naya Rivera, has garnered significant media attention.


title: Ryan Dorsey

text: Ryan Keith Dorsey was born in the small coal mining town of Chesapeake, near Charleston, West Virginia, on July 19, 1983. After attending middle school in West Virginia, he moved to Charlotte, North Carolina, for high school. He said that he decided to move to Charlotte, where his mother lived, because he felt that in a bigger city he would have more sporting opportunities. However, he returned to West Virginia and joined Riverside High School when it became consolidated. He had not intended this, but received a head injury while visiting his father on Thanksgiving; subsequent medical treatments in his hometown kept him there. He became interested in acting during his senior year of high school after a football injury prevented him from playing and he was encouraged to join theatre; his high school theatre program was run by a professional Hollywood actor taking time off. Dorsey studied theatre at Western Carolina University, with plans to join their football team, but dropped out and moved to New York City during his freshman year, enrolling at the New York Conservatory for Dramatic Arts.


title: Ryan Dorsey

text: Dorsey began acting professionally shortly after moving to New York, working primarily in television, taking his first roles in 2013 on "Southland" and "Parks and Recreation". He is mainly known for his recurring role as Earl on "Justified" in 2015, and then Duquesne “Dime Bag” Baker on "Ray Donovan" in 2017, and his other appearances include recurring roles on "Pitch", "Bosch", "Yellowstone", "Runaways", "Stumptown", "The Vampire Diaries" and "Nashville.


title: Ryan Dorsey

text: He was originally contracted for a three episode arc on "Justified", before being bumped to five and then ten episodes of the thirteen-episode season. On "Pitch" he portrayed Tommy Miller, a member of the baseball team who objects to a woman joining the team, and he played Blake in the second season of "Yellowstone". His debut feature film role came in 2016's "Blood Father", a French film in the English language starring Mel Gibson, with Dorsey in a small role as the drug dealer Shamrock. In January 2021, Dorsey was added to the cast of the ABC drama "Big Sky" as recurring character Rand Kleinsasser.


title: Ryan Dorsey

text: Dorsey met actress Naya Rivera in 2010, and they briefly dated before splitting because, as Dorsey's father described it, Dorsey was "a playboy." Rivera revealed in a 2016 memoir that she had an abortion in 2010, shortly after splitting from Dorsey, due to the fact that her career was taking off with her successful role on "Glee". In 2011, "Cosmopolitan" named Dorsey West Virginia's most eligible bachelor.


title: Ryan Dorsey

text: Rivera and Dorsey got together again in 2014 after her split from rapper Big Sean, which is when she told him about the abortion; she said that he was supportive and respectful when she did. Dorsey and Rivera married in Cabo San Lucas, Mexico, on Dorsey's birthday, July 19, 2014; they did not announce the engagement or wedding until several days later on July 23. In February 2015, the couple announced that they were expecting their first child, and their son, Josey Hollis, was born on September 17, 2015. Josey was being raised by his mother as bilingual in Spanish and English, due to her multi-racial heritage.


title: Ryan Dorsey

text: In November 2016, Rivera filed for divorce after two years of marriage, but called off the separation in October 2017. Over Thanksgiving 2017, Rivera was arrested and charged in Kanawha County, West Virginia, with misdemeanor domestic battery against Dorsey after she allegedly hit him in the head during an altercation over their child, and was picked up from the courthouse by Dorsey's father. She subsequently refiled for divorce in December 2017, and in January 2018 the domestic battery charge was dismissed at the request of Dorsey, who "notified both the prosecution and the defense counsel that he was no longer seeking prosecution and has confirmed he was never at any time injured by the conduct of Ms. Rivera." On June 14, 2018, Rivera and Dorsey finalized their divorce, sharing joint custody of Josey, with both waiving rights to child support. The joint custody agreement was modified in March 2020, giving Rivera primary custody while stipulating Dorsey "be afforded frequent and meaningful custodial contact." After Rivera's death in July 2020, Dorsey obtained sole custody. In November 2020, he brought a wrongful death lawsuit regarding Rivera, on behalf of Josey.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: The Royal Ordnance L7, officially designated Gun, 105 mm, Tank, L7, is the basic model of the United Kingdom's most successful tank gun. The L7 is a 105 mm L/52 rifled design by the Royal Ordnance Factories intended for use in armoured fighting vehicles, replacing the earlier QF 20-pounder (84 mm) tank gun mounted on the Centurion tank. The successful L7 gun has been fitted on many armoured vehicles including the British Centurion (starting from the Mk. 5/2 variant), the German Leopard 1 and several variants of the US MBTs M48 Patton and M60 in an altered design, the M68.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: The L7 is a popular weapon and continued in use even after it was superseded by the L11 series 120 mm rifled tank gun, for some Centurion tanks operating as Artillery Forward Observation and Armoured Vehicle, Royal Engineers (AVRE) vehicles. The L7, and adaptations of it, can be found as standard or retrofitted equipment on a wide variety of tanks developed during the Cold War.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: Both the United Kingdom and the United States had been developing projects for large calibered guns during WWII in order to compete with increasingly heavily armored German tanks, and later for Cold War Soviet tanks. The US developed several heavy tank designs during this period, notable were the US 105 mm Gun Motor Carriage T95 (also known as "Super Heavy Tank T28") as well as the QF 32-pounder mounted on the British A39 Tortoise heavy assault tank.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: The US foresaw difficulties in engagements against the Soviet IS-3 and 4 with its M47 Patton. This led to the introduction of the M103, a heavy tank designed to counter Soviet heavy tanks. It mounted an extremely powerful 120 mm cannon but the ammunition was so large that it required two loaders, one for the shell and another for the separate propellant charge. Of the 300 M103s built, most went to the Marines. The UK came to the same conclusions and developed their own heavy tank, the Conqueror, which mounted the L1 120 mm gun.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: During the Hungarian Revolution of 1956, a Soviet T-54A medium tank was driven onto the grounds of the British embassy in Budapest by the Hungarians in November. After a brief examination of this tank's armour and 100 mm gun, British officials decided that the 20-pounder was apparently incapable of defeating its frontal armour. This meant the most common British tanks were no longer able to effectively deal with Soviet medium tank designs, let alone their heavy tanks.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: These events spurred the United Kingdom to employ a new high-velocity tank gun in 1958, the Royal Ordnance L7 to keep existing Centurion tanks viable against this new Soviet tank design. While the United States began design development of the XM60 tank in 1957 and began user trials of the weapon in 1958. The L7 was specifically designed to fit into the turret mountings of the 20 pounder. This would enable the Centurion tanks to be up-gunned with minimum modifications; hence, the fleet could be upgraded in a shorter time and at a lower cost. The first production tank to integrate the L7 was a single up-armoured Centurion Mark 7 in 1958 which was to prove the future viability of up-armouring and up-gunning the Centurion. From 1959 onwards newly built Centurions incorporated the L7 at production.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: The main gun for the M60 tank series was chosen after a comparative firing test of six different guns carried out on the Aberdeen Proving Ground in 1958. The factors evaluated were accuracy, the lethality of a hit, rate of fire, and penetration performance. Based on these tests, the 105 mm T254E1 was selected, modified to the T254E2 and standardized as the Cannon, 105-MM Gun, M68. The T254E2/M68 used a vertical sliding breechblock instead of the T254E1's horizontal breechblock. Until American-made barrels could be obtained with comparable accuracy, British X15/L52 barrels mounting a concentric bore evacuator on the barrel were to be used. US built XM24/L52 barrels (length 218.5 inches) fitted with an eccentric bore evacuator were used for the M60-series starting in June 1959 but retained interchangeability with the British X15/L52 barrel. All of the US guns and XM24 barrels were produced at the Watervliet Arsenal, NY and the gun mounts (M116 for the M60 and M140 for the M60A1/A3) manufactured at the Rock Island Arsenal, IL. US M68 guns were fitted with an eccentric bore evacuator instead of a concentric model in order to provide more clearance over the rear deck of the tank. The original variant of the M60 tank was equipped with the M68 gun using the M116 mount. Additionally, many M48A3s armed with a 90mm gun that were in NG-CONUS service with the Army National Guard were retrofitted with the M68 gun and re-designated as the M48A5. This was done to maintain training levels of Guard units as well as using a commonality in ammunition amongst tanks.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: The M60A1 and A3 variants of the M60 series and earliest pre-production XM1 prototypes of the M1 Abrams tanks are armed with the M68E1 variant of the gun. The M68E1 gun shares the same firing characteristics as the M68. It featured several design improvements including an updated gun hydraulic configuration, a stabilization upgrade for the gun, a gun elevation kill switch for the loader, improved ballistic drive and other component refinements. They were fitted with thermal sleeves on the barrels starting in 1973. During the mid 1970s it was becoming clear that the latest generation of composite based armor was impervious to tungsten carbide penetrators. Work was performed at the Department of Energy's Pacific Northwest National Laboratory to engineer development of depleted uranium as a penetrator material for future ammunition while the Armament Research and Development Command (ARRADCOM) was improving the performance of the 105mm M774 cartridge. The improved M833 round starting in 1983, also using a depleted uranium penetrator to keep the M68E1 gun viable against this improved armor. In 1975 an updated version of the gun, the T254E3 was designed, focusing on the use of chrome plating to improve accuracy. It was used to evaluate improvements to the gun's performance using discarding sabot ammunition. Two guns were built and underwent firing trials at Aberdeen and technical evaluations at the Watervliet Arsenal. Based on the results of these tests the shortcomings of plated bores and gun tubes were found to outweigh any advantage they might offer and the program dropped by May 1976.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: In January 1978, a program was initiated to develop an enhanced version of the 105mm gun, the M68A1 as a possible alternate weapon for the M1 Abrams. had a higher chamber pressure, reinforced breech allowing the use of high-energy propellants. Although the M256 120mm smoothbore gun was chosen to be the main weapon of the M1 Abrams in 1979, the ammunition for the gun was still not fully developed, thus delaying its fielding until 1984. The early production versions of the M1 Abrams (M1 & IPM1) were armed with the M68A1 for two reasons. First was due to the large number of M60 Patton tanks with the M68E1 gun still in widespread US service in the 1980s and a large on-hand stockpile of 105mm munitions. Fitting the M1 with the M68A1 gun was viewed as an economical and practical solution that allowed for commonality in ammunition among the two types of tanks. Secondly was the fact that the M68A1E2 could employ the newly developed M900A1 APFSDS depleted uranium round that had improved penetration performance in comparison to the M833. These early versions of the M1 Abrams were in active Army service until 1991 and with National Guard units until 1996. M1s built after 1984 were armed with the 120mm M256 and designated the M1A1. Many earlier M1 and IPM1 tanks were refitted with the M256 and their designations changed to the M1A1.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: The M1128 Stryker Mobile Gun System (MGS) carries the M68A1E4 105mm cannon. The principal function of the MGS is to provide rapid direct fire to support assaulting infantry. The cannon is mounted in a low-profile, fully stabilized turret integrated into the Stryker chassis. The M68A1E4 is based on the M68A1E2 105mm cannon's design. It has a sustained fire rate of six rounds per minute. The gun employs four types of cartridges. The M900A1 kinetic energy penetrator to destroy armored vehicles; the M456A2 high explosive anti-tank round to destroy thin-skinned vehicles and provide anti-personnel fragmentation; the M393A3 high explosive plastic round to destroy bunkers, machine gun and sniper positions, and breach openings in walls for infantry to access; and M1040 canister shot for use against dismounted infantry in the open. The M68A1E4 will be completely withdrawn from US service when the M1128 Mobile Gun System is retired by the end of 2022.


title: Royal Ordnance L7

text: The gun was subsequently adopted for use on the German Leopard 1 (for which the L7A3 variant was developed). In addition, several countries have used the gun to improve the firepower of existing main battle tanks. Derivatives have even been mounted in Warsaw Pact-built T-54 and T-55 tanks in Israel, India, Egypt and Iraq, and Type 79 tanks in China.


title: Isomer

text: In chemistry, isomers are molecules or polyatomic ions with identical molecular formulae – that is, same number of atoms of each element – but distinct arrangements of atoms in space. Isomerism is existence or possibility of isomers.


title: Isomer

text: Isomers do not necessarily share similar chemical or physical properties. Two main forms of isomerism are structural or constitutional isomerism, in which "bonds" between the atoms differ; and stereoisomerism or spatial isomerism, in which the bonds are the same but the "relative positions" of the atoms differ.


title: Isomer

text: Isomeric relationships form a hierarchy. Two chemicals might be the same constitutional isomer, but upon deeper analysis be stereoisomers of each other. Two molecules that are the same stereoisomer as each other might be in different conformational forms or be different isotopologues. The depth of analysis depends on the field of study or the chemical and physical properties of interest.


title: Isomer

text: The English word "isomer" () is a back-formation from "isomeric", which was borrowed through German "isomerisch" from Swedish ; which in turn was coined from Greek ἰσόμερoς , with roots = "equal", = "part".


title: Isomer

text: Structural isomers have the same number of atoms of each element (hence the same molecular formula), but the atoms are connected in distinct ways.


title: Isomer

text: The first two isomers shown of <chem>C3H8O</chem> are propanols, that is, alcohols derived from propane. Both have a chain of three carbon atoms connected by single bonds, with the remaining carbon valences being filled by seven hydrogen atoms and by a hydroxyl group <chem>-OH</chem> comprising the oxygen atom bound to a hydrogen atom. These two isomers differ on which carbon the hydroxyl is bound to: either to an extremity of the carbon chain propan-1-ol (1-propanol, "n"-propyl alcohol, "n"-propanol; I) or to the middle carbon propan-2-ol (2-propanol, isopropyl alcohol, isopropanol; II). These can be described by the condensed structural formulas <chem>H3C-CH2-CH2OH</chem> and <chem>H3C-CH(OH)-CH3</chem>.


title: Isomer

text: The third isomer of <chem>C3H8O</chem> is the ether methoxyethane (ethyl-methyl-ether; III). Unlike the other two, it has the oxygen atom connected to two carbons, and all eight hydrogens bonded directly to carbons. It can be described by the condensed formula <chem>H3C-O-CH2-CH3</chem>.


title: Isomer

text: The alcohol "3-propanol" is not another isomer, since the difference between it and 1-propanol is not real; it is only the result of an arbitrary choice in the direction of numbering the carbons along the chain. For the same reason, "ethoxymethane" is the same molecule as methoxyethane, not another isomer.


title: Isomer

text: 1-Propanol and 2-propanol are examples of positional isomers, which differ by the position at which certain features, such as double bonds or functional groups, occur on a "parent" molecule (propane, in that case).


title: Isomer

text: In two of the isomers, the three carbon atoms are connected in an open chain, but in one of them (propadiene or allene; I) the carbons are connected by two double bonds, while in the other propyne or methylacetylene, II) they are connected by a single bond and a triple bond. In the third isomer (cyclopropene; III) the three carbons are connected into a ring by two single bonds and a double bond. In all three, the remaining valences of the carbon atoms are satisfied by the four hydrogens.


title: Isomer

text: Again, note that there is only one structural isomer with a triple bond, because the other possible placement of that bond is just drawing the three carbons in a different order. For the same reason, there is only one cyclopropene, not three.


title: Isomer

text: Tautomers are structural isomers which readily interconvert, so that two or more species co-exist in equilibrium such as


title: Isomer

text: Important examples are keto-enol tautomerism and the equilibrium between neutral and zwitterionic forms of an amino acid.


title: Isomer

text: The structure of some molecules is sometimes described as a resonance between several apparently different structural isomers. The classical example is 1,2-dimethylbenzene ("o"-xylene), which is often described as a mix of the two apparently distinct structural isomers:


title: Isomer

text: However, neither of these two structures describes a real compound; they are fictions devised as a way to describe (by their "averaging" or "resonance") the actual delocalized bonding of "o"-xylene, which is the single isomer of <chem>C8H10</chem> with a benzene core and two methyl groups in adjacent positions.


title: Isomer

text: Stereoisomers have the same atoms or isotopes connected by bonds of the same type, but differ in their shapes – the relative positions of those atoms in space – apart from rotations and translations.


title: Isomer

text: In theory, one can imagine any arrangement in space of the atoms of a molecule or ion to be gradually changed to any other arrangement in infinitely many ways, by moving each atom along an appropriate path. However, changes in the positions of atoms will generally change the internal energy of a molecule, which is determined by the angles between bonds in each atom and by the distances between atoms (whether they are bonded or not).


title: Isomer

text: A conformational isomer is an arrangement of the atoms of the molecule or ion for which the internal energy is a local minimum; that is, an arrangement such that any small changes in the positions of the atoms will increase the internal energy, and hence result in forces that tend to push the atoms back to the original positions. Changing the shape of the molecule from such an energy minimum <chem>A</chem> to another energy minimum <chem>B</chem> will therefore require going through configurations that have higher energy than <chem>A</chem> and <chem>B</chem>. That is, a conformation isomer is separated from any other isomer by an energy barrier: the amount that must be temporarily added to the internal energy of the molecule in order to go through all the intermediate conformations along the "easiest" path (the one that minimizes that amount).


title: Isomer

text: A classic example of conformational isomerism is cyclohexane. Alkanes generally have minimum energy when the <chem>C-C-C</chem> angles are close to 110 degrees. Conformations of the cyclohexane molecule with all six carbon atoms on the same plane have a higher energy, because some or all the <chem>C-C-C</chem> angles must be far from that value (120 degrees for a regular hexagon). Thus the conformations which are local energy minima have the ring twisted in space, according to one of two patterns known as chair (with the carbons alternately above and below their mean plane) and boat (with two opposite carbons above the plane, and the other four below it).


title: Isomer

text: If the energy barrier between two conformational isomers is low enough, it may be overcome by the random inputs of thermal energy that the molecule gets from interactions with the environment or from its own vibrations. In that case, the two isomers may as well be considered a single isomer, depending on the temperature and the context. For example, the two conformations of cyclohexane convert to each other quite rapidly at room temperature (in the liquid state), so that they are usually treated as a single isomer in chemistry.


title: Isomer

text: In some cases, the barrier can be crossed by quantum tunneling of the atoms themselves. This last phenomenon prevents the separation of stereoisomers of fluorochloroamine <chem>NHFCl</chem> or hydrogen peroxide <chem>H2O2</chem>, because the two conformations with minimum energy interconvert in a few picoseconds even at very low temperatures.


title: Isomer

text: Conversely, the energy barrier may be so high that the easiest way to overcome it would require temporarily breaking and then reforming one or more bonds of the molecule. In that case, the two isomers usually are stable enough to be isolated and treated as distinct substances. These isomers are then said to be different configurational isomers or "configurations" of the molecule, not just two different conformations. (However, one should be aware that the terms "conformation" and "configuration" are largely synonymous outside of chemistry, and their distinction may be controversial even among chemists.)


title: Isomer

text: Interactions with other molecules of the same or different compounds (for example, through hydrogen bonds) can significantly change the energy of conformations of a molecule. Therefore, the possible isomers of a compound in solution or in its liquid and solid phases many be very different from those of an isolated molecule in vacuum. Even in the gas phase, some compounds like acetic acid will exist mostly in the form of dimers or larger groups of molecules, whose configurations may be different from those of the isolated molecule.


title: Isomer

text: Two compounds are said to be enantiomers if their molecules are mirror images of each other, that cannot be made to coincide only by rotations or translations – like a left hand and a right hand. The two shapes are said to be chiral.


title: Isomer

text: A classical example is bromochlorofluoromethane (<chem>CHFClBr</chem>). The two enantiomers can be distinguished, for example, by whether the path <chem>F->Cl->Br </chem> turns clockwise or counterclockwise as seen from the hydrogen atom. In order to change one conformation to the other, at some point those four atoms would have to lie on the same plane – which would require severely straining or breaking their bonds to the carbon atom. The corresponding energy barrier between the two conformations is so high that there is practically no conversion between them at room temperature, and they can be regarded as different configurations.


title: Isomer

text: The compound chlorofluoromethane <chem>CH2ClF</chem>, in contrast, is not chiral: the mirror image of its molecule is also obtained by a half-turn about a suitable axis.


title: Isomer

text: Another example of a chiral compound is 2,3-pentadiene <chem>H3C-CH=C=CH-CH3</chem> a hydrocarbon that contains two overlapping double bonds. The double bonds are such that the three middle carbons are in a straight line, while the first three and last three lie on perpendicular planes. The molecule and its mirror image are not superimposable, even though the molecule has an axis of symmetry. The two enantiomers can be distinguished, for example, by the right-hand rule. This type of isomerism is called axial isomerism.


title: Isomer

text: Enantiomers behave identically in chemical reactions, except when reacted with chiral compounds or in the presence of chiral catalysts, such as most enzymes. For this latter reason, the two enantiomers of most chiral compounds usually have markedly different effects and roles in living organisms. In biochemistry and food science, the two enantiomers of a chiral molecule – such as glucose – are usually identified, and treated as very different substances.


title: Isomer

text: Each enantiomer of a chiral compound typically rotates the plane of polarized light that passes through it. The rotation has the same magnitude but opposite senses for the two isomers, and can be a useful way of distinguishing and measuring their concentration in a solution. For this reason, enantiomers were formerly called "optical isomers". However, this term is ambiguous and is discouraged by the IUPAC.


title: Isomer

text: Stereoisomers that are not enantiomers are called diastereomers. Some diastereomers may contain chiral center, some not.


title: Isomer

text: Some enantiomer pairs (such as those of "trans"-cyclooctene) can be interconverted by internal motions that change bond lengths and angles only slightly. Other pairs (such as CHFClBr) cannot be interconverted without breaking bonds, and therefore are different configurations.


title: Isomer

text: A double bond between two carbon atoms forces the remaining four bonds (if they are single) to lie on the same plane, perpendicular to the plane of the bond as defined by its π orbital. If the two bonds on each carbon connect to different atoms, two distinct conformations are possible, that differ from each other by a twist of 180 degrees of one of the carbons about the double bond.


title: Isomer

text: The classical example is dichloroethene <chem>C2H2Cl2</chem>, specifically the structural isomer <chem>Cl-HC=CH-Cl</chem> that has one chlorine bonded to each carbon. It has two conformational isomers, with the two chlorines on the same side or on opposite sides of the double bond's plane. They are traditionally called "cis" (from Latin meaning "on this side of") and "trans" ("on the other side of"), respectively; or "Z" and "E" in the IUPAC recommended nomenclature. Conversion between these two forms usually requires temporarily breaking bonds (or turning the double bond into a single bond), so the two are considered different configurations of the molecule.


title: Isomer

text: More generally, "cis"–"trans" isomerism (formerly called "geometric isomerism") occurs in molecules where the relative orientation of two distinguishable functional groups is restricted by a somewhat rigid framework of other atoms.


title: Isomer

text: For example, in the cyclic alcohol inositol <chem>(CHOH)6</chem> (a six-fold alcohol of cyclohexane), the six-carbon cyclic backbone largely prevents the hydroxyl <chem>-OH</chem> and the hydrogen <chem>-H</chem> on each carbon from switching places. Therefore, one has different configurational isomers depending on whether each hydroxyl is on "this side" or "the other side" of the ring's mean plane. Discounting isomers that are equivalent under rotations, there are nine isomers that differ by this criterion, and behave as different stable substances (two of them being enantiomers of each other). The most common one in nature ("myo"-inositol) has the hydroxyls on carbons 1, 2, 3 and 5 on the same side of that plane, and can therefore be called "cis"-1,2,3,5-"trans"-4,6-cyclohexanehexol. And each of these "cis"-"trans" isomers can possibly have stable "chair" or "boat" conformations (although the barriers between these are significantly lower than those between different "cis"-"trans" isomers).


title: Isomer

text: "Cis" and "trans" isomers also occur in inorganic coordination compounds, such as square planar <chem>MX2Y2</chem> complexes and octahedral <chem>MX4Y2</chem> complexes.


title: Isomer

text: For more complex organic molecules, the "cis" and "trans" labels are ambiguous. The IUPAC recommends a more precise labeling scheme, based on the CIP priorities for the bonds at each carbon atom.


title: Isomer

text: More generally, atoms or atom groups that can form three or more non-equivalent single bonds (such as the transition metals in coordination compounds) may give rise to multiple stereoisomers when different atoms or groups are attached at those positions. The same is true if a center with six or more equivalent bonds has two or more substituents.


title: Isomer

text: For instance, in the compound <chem>PF4Cl</chem>, the bonds from the phosphorus atom to the five halogens have approximately trigonal bipyramidal geometry. Thus two stereoisomers with that formula are possible, depending on whether the chlorine atom occupies one of the two "axial" positions, or one of the three "equatorial" positions.


title: Isomer

text: For the compound <chem>PF3Cl2</chem>, three isomers are possible, with zero, one, or two chlorines in the axial positions.


title: Isomer

text: As another example, a complex with a formula like <chem>MX3Y3</chem>, where the central atom M forms six bonds with octahedral geometry, has at least two facial–meridional isomers, depending on whether the three <chem>X</chem> bonds (and thus also the three <chem>Y</chem> bonds) are directed at the three corners of one face of the octahedron ("fac" isomer), or lie on the same equatorial or "meridian" plane of it ("mer" isomer).


title: Isomer

text: Two parts of a molecule that are connected by just one single bond can rotate about that bond. While the bond itself is indifferent to that rotation, attractions and repulsions between the atoms in the two parts normally cause the energy of the whole molecule to vary (and possibly also the two parts to deform) depending on the relative angle of rotation φ between the two parts. Then there will be one or more special values of φ for which the energy is at a local minimum. The corresponding conformations of the molecule are called rotational isomers or rotamers.


title: Isomer

text: Thus, for example, in an ethane molecule <chem>H3C-CH3</chem>, all the bond angles and length are narrowly constrained, except that the two methyl groups can independently rotate about the <chem>C-C</chem> axis. Thus, even if those angles and distances are assumed fixed, there are infinitely many conformations for the ethane molecule, that differ by the relative angle φ of rotation between the two groups. The feeble repulsion between the hydrogen atoms in the two methyl groups causes the energy to minimized for three specific values of φ, 120° apart. In those configurations, the six planes <chem>H-C-C</chem> or <chem>C-C-H</chem> are 60° apart. Discounting rotations of the whole molecule, that configuration is a single isomer – the so-called "staggered" conformation.


title: Isomer

text: Rotation between the two halves of the molecule 1,2-dichloroethane (<chem>ClH2C-CH2Cl</chem> also has three local energy minima, but they have different energies due to differences between the <chem>H-H</chem>, <chem>Cl-Cl</chem>, and <chem>H-Cl</chem> interactions. There are therefore three rotamers: a "trans" isomer where the two chlorines are on the same plane as the two carbons, but with oppositely directed bonds; and two "gauche" isomers, mirror images of each other, where the two <chem>-CH2Cl</chem> groups are rotated about 109° from that position. The computed energy difference between "trans" and "gauche" is ~1.5 kcal/mol, the barrier for the ~109° rotation from "trans" to "gauche" is ~5 kcal/mol, and that of the ~142° rotation from one "gauche" to its enantiomer is ~8 kcal/mol. The situation for butane is similar, but with sightly lower "gauche" energies and barriers.


title: Isomer

text: If the two parts of the molecule connected by a single bond are bulky or charged, the energy barriers may be much higher. For example, in the compound biphenyl – two phenyl groups connected by a single bond – the repulsion between hydrogen atoms closest to the central single bond gives the fully planar conformation, with the two rings on the same plane, a higher energy than conformations where the two rings are skewed. In the gas phase, the molecule has therefore at least two rotamers, with the ring planes twisted by ±47°, which are mirror images of each other. The barrier between them is rather low (~8 kJ/mol). This steric hindrance effect is more pronounced when those four hydrogens are replaced by larger atoms or groups, like chlorines or carboxyls. If the barrier is high enough for the two rotamers to be separated as stable compounds at room temperature, they are called atropisomers.


title: Isomer

text: Large molecules may have isomers that differ by the topology of their overall arrangement in space, even if there is no specific geometric constraint that separate them. For example, long chains may be twisted to form topologically distinct knots, with interconversion prevented by bulky substituents or cycle closing (as in circular DNA and RNA plasmids). Some knots may come in mirror-image enantiomer pairs. Such forms are called topological isomers or topoisomers.


title: Isomer

text: Also, two or more such molecules may be bound together in a catenane by such topological linkages, even if there is no chemical bond between them. If the molecules are large enough, the linking may occur in multiple topologically distinct ways, constituting different isomers. Cage compounds, such as helium enclosed in dodecahedrane (He@) and carbon peapods, are a similar type of topological isomerism involving molecules with large internal voids with restricted or no openings.


title: Isomer

text: Different isotopes of the same element can be considered as different kinds of atoms when enumerating isomers of a molecule or ion. The replacement of one or more atoms by their isotopes can create multiple structural isomers and/or stereoisomers from a single isomer.


title: Isomer

text: For example, replacing two atoms of common hydrogen (<chem>^1 H </chem>) by deuterium (<chem>^2 H </chem>, or <chem>D</chem>) on an ethane molecule yields two distinct structural isomers, depending on whether the substitutions are both on the same carbon (1,1-dideuteroethane, <chem>HD2C-CH3</chem>) or one on each carbon (1,2-dideuteroethane, <chem>DH2C-CDH2</chem>); as if the substituent was chlorine instead of deuterium. The two molecules do not interconvert easily and have different properties, such as their microwave spectrum.


title: Isomer

text: Another example would be substituting one atom of deuterium for one of the hydrogens in chlorofluoromethane (<chem>CH2ClF</chem>). While the original molecule is not chiral and has a single isomer, the substitution creates a pair of chiral enantiomers of <chem>CHDClF</chem>, which could be distinguished (at least in theory) by their optical activity.


title: Isomer

text: When two isomers would be identical if all isotopes of each element were replaced by a single isotope, they are described as isotopomers or isotopic isomers. In the above two examples if all <chem>D</chem> were replaced by <chem>H</chem>, the two dideuteroethanes would both become ethane and the two deuterochlorofluoromethanes would both become <chem>CH2ClF</chem>.


title: Isomer

text: The concept of isotopomers is different from isotopologs or isotopic homologs, which differ in their isotopic composition. For example, <chem>C2H5D</chem> and <chem>C2H4D2</chem> are isotopologues and not isotopomers, and are therefore not isomers of each other.


title: Isomer

text: Another type of isomerism based on nuclear properties is spin isomerism, where molecules differ only in the relative spin magnetic quantum numbers m of the constituent atomic nuclei. This phenomenon is significant for molecular hydrogen, which can be partially separated into two long-lived states described as spin isomers or nuclear spin isomers: parahydrogen, with the spins of the two nuclei pointing in opposite directions, and orthohydrogen, where the spins point in the same direction.


title: Isomer

text: Isomerization is the process by which one molecule is transformed into another molecule that has exactly the same atoms, but the atoms are rearranged. In some molecules and under some conditions, isomerization occurs spontaneously. Many isomers are equal or roughly equal in bond energy, and so exist in roughly equal amounts, provided that they can interconvert relatively freely, that is the energy barrier between the two isomers is not too high. When the isomerization occurs intramolecularly, it is considered a rearrangement reaction.


title: Isomer

text: An example of an organometallic isomerization is the production of decaphenylferrocene, [(η-CPh)Fe] from its linkage isomer.


title: Isomer

text: Isomers having distinct biological properties are common; for example, the placement of methyl groups. In substituted xanthines, theobromine, found in chocolate, is a vasodilator with some effects in common with caffeine; but, if one of the two methyl groups is moved to a different position on the two-ring core, the isomer is theophylline, which has a variety of effects, including bronchodilation and anti-inflammatory action. Another example of this occurs in the phenethylamine-based stimulant drugs. Phentermine is a non-chiral compound with a weaker effect than that of amphetamine. It is used as an appetite-reducing medication and has mild or no stimulant properties. However, an alternate atomic arrangement gives dextromethamphetamine, which is a stronger stimulant than amphetamine.


title: Isomer

text: In medicinal chemistry and biochemistry, enantiomers are a special concern because they may possess distinct biological activity. Many preparative procedures afford a mixture of equal amounts of both enantiomeric forms. In some cases, the enantiomers are separated by chromatography using chiral stationary phases. They may also be separated through the formation of diastereomeric salts. In other cases, enantioselective synthesis have been developed.


title: Isomer

text: As an inorganic example, cisplatin (see structure above) is an important drug used in cancer chemotherapy, whereas the trans isomer (transplatin) has no useful pharmacological activity.


title: Isomer

text: Isomerism was first observed in 1827, when Friedrich Wöhler prepared silver cyanate and discovered that, although its elemental composition of <chem>AgCNO</chem> was identical to silver fulminate (prepared by Justus von Liebig the previous year), its properties were distinct. This finding challenged the prevailing chemical understanding of the time, which held that chemical compounds could be distinct only when their elemental compositions differ. (We now know that the bonding structures of fulminate and cyanate can be approximately described as <chem>O- N+</chem>≡<chem>C-</chem> and <chem>O=C=N-</chem>, respectively.)


title: Isomer

text: Additional examples were found in succeeding years, such as Wöhler's 1828 discovery that urea has the same atomic composition (<chem>CH4N2O</chem>) as the chemically distinct ammonium cyanate. (Their structures are now known to be <chem>(H2N-)2C=O</chem> and <chem>[NH+4] [O=C=N^ -] </chem>, respectively.) In 1830 Jöns Jacob Berzelius introduced the term "isomerism" to describe the phenomenon.


title: Isomer

text: In 1848, Louis Pasteur observed that tartaric acid crystals came into two kinds of shapes that were mirror images of each other. Separating the crystals by hand, he obtained two version of tartaric acid, each of which would crystallize in only one of the two shapes, and rotated the plane of polarized light to the same degree but in opposite directions.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Sir Thomas Hicks (born 17 December 1936), known professionally as Tommy Steele, is an English entertainer, regarded as Britain's first teen idol and rock and roll star.


title: Tommy Steele

text: After being discovered at the 2i's Coffee Bar in Soho, London, Steele recorded a string of hit singles including "Rock with the Caveman" (1956) and the chart-topper "Singing the Blues" (1957). Steele's rise to fame was dramatised in "The Tommy Steele Story" (1957), the soundtrack of which was the first British album to reach number one on the UK Albums Chart. With collaborators Lionel Bart and Mike Pratt, Steele received the 1958 Ivor Novello Award for Most Outstanding Song of the Year for "A Handful of Songs". He starred in further musical films including "The Duke Wore Jeans" (1958) and "Tommy the Toreador" (1959), the latter spawning the hit "Little White Bull".


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele shifted away from rock and roll in the 1960s, becoming an all-round entertainer. He originated the part of Kipps in "Half a Sixpence" in the West End and on Broadway, reprising his role in the 1967 film version. As an actor, he notably appeared in the films "The Happiest Millionaire" (1967) and "Finian's Rainbow" (1968) and as the lead in several West End productions of "Singin' in the Rain". Also an author and sculptor, Steele remains active. He was knighted in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to entertainment and charity and was awarded the Freedom of the City of London in 2021.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele was born Thomas Hicks in Bermondsey, London, England, in 1936. His father, Thomas Walter Hicks, was a racing tipster and his mother, Elizabeth "Betty" Ellen Bennett, worked in a factory; they had married in 1933, in Bermondsey.


title: Tommy Steele

text: As a child, Steele spent time in hospital for porphyria. He dreamt of being a star performer after his parents took him to the London Palladium, but "didn't think you could be English and be a star". In 1952, at age 15, Steele joined the Merchant Navy, working on the Cunard line. He was not eligible for national service because of a diagnosis of cardiomyopathy.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Whilst working as a merchant seaman, Steele learned to play guitar and began performing country and calypso music, inspired most by Hank Williams. He has claimed that when a ship he was serving on docked in Norfolk, Virginia, U.S., he saw Buddy Holly perform and fell in love with rock and roll. The story conflicts with the known performances of Holly, making it appear impossible that it could have occurred as described.


title: Tommy Steele

text: On shore leave in summer 1956, Steele met writer Lionel Bart and actor Mike Pratt at a Soho party. The trio began writing together and formed a loose band, the Cavemen. Usually with the Cavemen, Steele began playing in Soho bars, including "Blue Suede Shoes" and "Heartbreak Hotel" alongside country songs in his set. A performance backed by members of the Vipers Skiffle Group at the 2i's Coffee Bar was seen by John Kennedy, a photographer and publicity man who, within two weeks, got Steele a deal with Decca. With impresario Larry Parnes, Kennedy arranged a publicity stunt in which Steele performed at a staged debutante ball, getting the singer his first national press in "The People" under the headline "Rock 'n' roll has got the debs too!". Within weeks, Steele was headlining variety bills.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele's first single, "Rock with the Caveman", was one of the first British rock and roll hits, reaching number 13 on the UK Singles Chart in November 1956. He promoted the single with his first television appearance, on bandleader Jack Payne's BBC series "Off the Record" and quickly became a national teen idol. Steele's success saw him dubbed "Britain's Elvis", though his appeal has been characterised as less provocative than Presley's. A 1957 concert review by Trevor Philpott of "Picture Post" described Steele's act as possessing "not a trace of sex, real or implied", whilst Stephen Glynn has written that Steele's voice "was genial before threatening, his stage demeanour more playground skip than bedroom thrust". Steele's live performances were marked by frenzy from the teenage audience. His first album, "Tommy Steele Stage Show", was recorded at a London concert the night before his twentieth birthday and issued in March 1957.


title: Tommy Steele

text: "Doomsday Rock", Steele's second single, failed to chart after its apocalyptic theme drew controversy. His third, "Singing the Blues", reached number 1 in January 1957, staving off a recording by Guy Mitchell for one week. Steele was among the first British pop stars to be heavily merchandised, with tie-in sweaters,shoes and toy guitars. Only a few months after his first chart presence, the singer was filming his life story; "The Tommy Steele Story" (1957) featured twelve new songs, written hastily by Steele, Bart and Pratt, that expanded the singer's repertoire to incorporate ballads and calypso music. The film's soundtrack was the first UK number one album by a British act, and the hit single "A Handful of Songs" received the 1958 Ivor Novello Award for Most Outstanding Song of the Year, Musically and Lyrically. By the end of 1957, Steele had bought a four-bedroomed house in South London for his parents and was reported to be earning more than British Prime Minister Harold Macmillan.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele made several appearances on the BBC programme "Six-Five Special" (1957–58), though agent Ian Bevan restricted the singer's bookings in the belief that television "tends to cheapen an artist of that nature". He performed at the Royal Albert Hall as part of the BBC's Third Annual Festival of Dance Music in April 1957 and topped the bill at the Royal Variety Performance at the London Palladium in November 1957. In 2008, theatre producer Bill Kenwright alleged that Elvis Presley was taken on a tour of London by Steele in 1958, challenging Glasgow Prestwick Airport's accepted status as the only place in the United Kingdom where Presley set foot. The


title: Tommy Steele

text: unverified claim caused controversy, with Steele telling the media "I swore never to divulge what took place and I regret that it has found some way of 'getting into the light'. I can only hope he [Elvis] can forgive me."


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele starred in a dual role in his second film vehicle, "The Duke Wore Jeans", released in March 1958. The film's soundtrack topped the UK Albums Chart. In May 1958, Steele was hospitalised after being mobbed by fans at a concert at Caird Hall, Dundee, having had his right arm hurt, chunks of his hair pulled out and his shirt ripped off. Steele subsequently largely withdrew from performing concerts and increasingly worked in the theatre. He continued to record rock and roll over 1958 and 1959, finding chart success with covers of US hits including "Come On, Let's Go" and "Tallahassee Lassie". In September 1958, he appeared in the first episode of "Oh Boy!", Jack Good's ITV series which featured several new British rock and roll stars including Cliff Richard and Marty Wilde.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In August 1959, Steele undertook a three-day concert visit to Moscow, where "The Tommy Steele Story" was screened at the Kremlin. In his first colour film, "Tommy the Toreador" (1959), Steele proved "a real, true Danny Kaye", according to its cinematographer Gilbert Taylor. A hit single from the film, "Little White Bull", became a children's favourite after it was released in aid of a cancer research unit for children.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Considered Britain's first rock and roll star, Steele has been described by AllMusic as "the English teenager who let the genie out of the bottle, even if he wasn't the genie." Steele's rock and roll recordings have often divided critical opinion. In "Yeah Yeah Yeah: The Story of Modern Pop" (2013), Bob Stanley describes Steele's early singles as "charming and naive, endearingly amateurish, with odd smudges of echo and strangely slurred vocals". In his 1970 book "Revolt into Style: The Pop Arts in Britain", George Melly derided Steele’s films of being emblematic of the "castration of early rock and roll". In 2009, the greatest hits collection "The Very Best of Tommy Steele" reached the Top 40 in the UK Albums Chart, the first UK chart entry for Steele in over 46 years.


title: Tommy Steele

text: The increase in home-grown musical talent during the 1950s and 1960s allowed Steele to progress to a career in stage and film musicals, leaving behind his pop-idol identity. In 1957, he was voted the seventh-most-popular actor at the British box office.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In 1960, a tour of Australia had not been particularly successful and upon his return to England he received two offers, one to star in the play "Billy Liar", the other to join the Old Vic Company. He chose the latter.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In the West End, he appeared in "She Stoops to Conquer", and played the title role of "Hans Christian Andersen". On film, he recreated his London and Broadway stage role in "Half a Sixpence" and played character roles in "The Happiest Millionaire" and "Finian's Rainbow". In this last film, he played Og, the leprechaun turning human and co-starred with Petula Clark and Fred Astaire. In 1968, British exhibitors voted him the fourth most popular star at the local box office. The following year, he starred with Stanley Baker in the period drama "Where's Jack?"


title: Tommy Steele

text: In April 1971, Steele starred in his own show "Meet Me in London" originating in Las Vegas before a limited run at London's Adelphi Theatre. The London production was troubled when Steele demanded cuts to the first act on opening night. Singer Clodagh Rodgers refused to accommodate the cuts and walked out fifteen minutes before the first night curtain. She was eventually replaced by Susan Maughan.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In 1978, Steele performed in a TV movie version of Gilbert and Sullivan's "The Yeomen of the Guard" (misspelt as "The Yeoman..."), singing the role of the hapless jester Jack Point.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In 1983, Steele directed and starred in the West End stage production of "Singin' in the Rain" at the London Palladium. In 1991, he toured with "Some Like It Hot" the stage version of the Billy Wilder film. In 2003, after a decade-long hiatus, save his one-man shows "An Evening With Tommy Steele" and "What A Show!", he toured as Ebenezer Scrooge in a production of "Scrooge: The Musical", an adaptation of "Scrooge". Following this return, he reprised his role at the Palace Theatre, Manchester, over Christmas 2004 and brought the production to the London Palladium for Christmas 2005. In 2008, at the age of 71, Steele toured in the lead role of the stage musical "Doctor Dolittle".


title: Tommy Steele

text: He was the subject of "This Is Your Life" in 1958 when he was surprised by Eamonn Andrews at the BBC Television Theatre.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele is a respected sculptor and four of his major works have been on public display. "Bermondsey Boy" at Rotherhithe Town Hall in London, was stolen in 1998: its whereabouts are unknown. "Eleanor Rigby", which he sculpted and donated to the City of Liverpool as a tribute to the Beatles, stands in Stanley Street, Liverpool, not far from the Cavern Club. "Union", featuring two rugby players, is on display at Twickenham Stadium. "Trinity", designed during the regeneration of the docklands area in Bermondsey, stood outside the Trinity building in Bermondsey. When Steele lived in Montrose House, Petersham, Surrey, his life-sized sculpture of Charlie Chaplin as "The Tramp" stood outside his front door. He is also an artist of some note and has exhibited at the Royal Academy.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In 1981, Steele wrote and published a novel titled "The Final Run" about World War II and the evacuation of Dunkirk.


title: Tommy Steele

text: He also wrote a children's novel, entitled "Quincy", about a reject toy trying to save himself and his fellow rejects in the basement of a toy store from the furnace the day after Christmas. Released in 1983, it was based on his own television film, "Quincy's Quest", from 1979, in which Steele played Quincy and Mel Martin played Quincy's girlfriend doll, Rebecca.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele co-wrote many of his early songs with Lionel Bart and Mike Pratt, but he used the pseudonym of Jimmy Bennett from 1958 onwards.


title: Tommy Steele

text: On 7 November 2019, Steele was awarded a Lifetime Achievement Award by the British Music Hall Society, at a Celebratory Luncheon in Mayfair's Lansdowne Club. Those paying tribute to his then 63 years and two days in show business included Sir Tim Rice, Wyn Calvin MBE and Bill Kenwright CBE.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In May 2020, Steele announced a new project which he had been working on titled "Breakheart", which was available exclusively online throughout May. Announced via a specially recorded video during the COVID-19 lockdown, "Breakheart" was a seven-episode audio thriller, written by Steele and set during the Second World War. A new episode was released each day for a week. Following the re-release of "Breakheart" for the 2020 festive period, Steele also released a specially recorded festive tale, "The Christmas Mystery of Muchhope".


title: Tommy Steele

text: In June 2021, to celebrate his 65 years in the entertainment industry, his authorised biography, "A Life in the Spotlight", was published by FontHill Media, written by fan and archivist Sebastian Lassandro.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele and [Winifred] Ann Donoghue married at St. Patrick's Church, Soho Square, London, in spring 1960. The formal reception was held in The Savoy, followed by a private family reception in "The Bamboo Bar" on the first floor of the Carpenters Arms public house formerly located in Eltham High Street, south-east London. The couple have one daughter, Emma Elizabeth Steele, born in 1969.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In 2019, Steele was awarded the Freedom of the City of London. Due to the Covid-19 pandemic, the ceremony at Mansion House was delayed until 20 July 2021.


title: Tommy Steele

text: In the 1979 New Year Honours, he was appointed an Officer of the Order of the British Empire (OBE) for his work as an entertainer and actor. He was knighted in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to entertainment and charity.


title: Tommy Steele

text: Steele's teen idol stardom was the subject of several contemporary parodies. On his album "The Best of Sellers" (1958), Peter Sellers portrays Cockney rock and roll star named "Mr. Iron" in the sketch "The Trumpet Volunteer". Steele's rise to fame was satirised in the 1958 West End musical "Expresso Bongo" and its 1959 film adaptation starring Cliff Richard.


title: Tommy Steele

text: There is a London Borough of Southwark blue plaque on Nickleby House, in the Dickens Estate in Bermondsey, commemorating Steele.


title: Aerospace

text: Aerospace is a term used to collectively refer to the atmosphere and outer space. Aerospace activity is very diverse, with a multitude of commercial, industrial and military applications. Aerospace engineering consists of aeronautics and astronautics. Aerospace organizations research, design, manufacture, operate, or maintain both aircraft and spacecraft.


title: Aerospace

text: The beginning of space and the ending of the air is considered as 100 km (62 mi) above the ground according to the physical explanation that the air pressure is too low for a lifting body to generate meaningful lift force without exceeding orbital velocity.


title: Aerospace

text: In most industrial countries, the aerospace industry is a cooperation of the public and private sectors. For example, several states have a civilian space program funded by the government, such as National Aeronautics and Space Administration in the United States, European Space Agency in Europe, the Canadian Space Agency in Canada, Indian Space Research Organisation in India, Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency in Japan, Roscosmos State Corporation for Space Activities in Russia, China National Space Administration in China, SUPARCO in Pakistan, Iranian Space Agency in Iran, and Korea Aerospace Research Institute in South Korea.


title: Aerospace

text: Along with these public space programs, many companies produce technical tools and components such as spacecraft and satellites. Some known companies involved in space programs include Boeing, Cobham, Airbus, SpaceX, Lockheed Martin, United Technologies, MDA and Northrop Grumman. These companies are also involved in other areas of aerospace, such as the construction of aircraft.


title: Aerospace

text: Modern aerospace began with Engineer George Cayley in 1799. Cayley proposed an aircraft with a "fixed wing and a horizontal and vertical tail," defining characteristics of the modern airplane.


title: Aerospace

text: The 19th century saw the creation of the Aeronautical Society of Great Britain (1866), the American Rocketry Society, and the Institute of Aeronautical Sciences, all of which made aeronautics a more serious scientific discipline. Airmen like Otto Lilienthal, who introduced cambered airfoils in 1891, used gliders to analyze aerodynamic forces. The Wright brothers were interested in Lilienthal's work and read several of his publications. They also found inspiration in Octave Chanute, an airman and the author of "Progress in Flying Machines" (1894). It was the preliminary work of Cayley, Lilienthal, Chanute, and other early aerospace engineers that brought about the first powered sustained flight at Kitty Hawk, North Carolina on December 17, 1903, by the Wright brothers.


title: Aerospace

text: War and science fiction inspired scientists and engineers like Konstantin Tsiolkovsky and Wernher von Braun to achieve flight beyond the atmosphere. World War II inspired Wernher von Braun to create the V1 and V2 rockets.


title: Aerospace

text: The launch of Sputnik 1 in October 1957 started the Space Age, and on July 20, 1969 Apollo 11 achieved the first manned moon landing. In April 1981, the Space Shuttle "Columbia" launched, the start of regular manned access to orbital space. A sustained human presence in orbital space started with "Mir" in 1986 and is continued by the "International Space Station". Space commercialization and space tourism are more recent features of aerospace.


title: Aerospace

text: Aerospace manufacturing is a high-technology industry that produces "aircraft, guided missiles, space vehicles, aircraft engines, propulsion units, and related parts". Most of the industry is geared toward governmental work. For each original equipment manufacturer (OEM), the US government has assigned a Commercial and Government Entity (CAGE) code. These codes help to identify each manufacturer, repair facilities, and other critical aftermarket vendors in the aerospace industry.


title: Aerospace

text: In the United States, the Department of Defense and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) are the two largest consumers of aerospace technology and products. Others include the very large airline industry. The aerospace industry employed 472,000 wage and salary workers in 2006. Most of those jobs were in Washington state and in California, with Missouri, New York and Texas also being important. The leading aerospace manufacturers in the U.S. are Boeing, United Technologies Corporation, SpaceX, Northrop Grumman and Lockheed Martin. These manufacturers are facing an increasing labor shortage as skilled U.S. workers age and retire. Apprenticeship programs such as the Aerospace Joint Apprenticeship Council (AJAC) work in collaboration with Washington state aerospace employers and community colleges to train new manufacturing employees to keep the industry supplied.


title: Aerospace

text: Important locations of the civilian aerospace industry worldwide include Washington state (Boeing), California (Boeing, Lockheed Martin, etc.); Montreal, Quebec, Canada (Bombardier, Pratt & Whitney Canada); Toulouse, France (Airbus/EADS); Hamburg, Germany (Airbus/EADS); and São José dos Campos, Brazil (Embraer), Querétaro, Mexico (Bombardier Aerospace, General Electric Aviation) and Mexicali, Mexico (United Technologies Corporation, Gulfstream Aerospace).


title: Aerospace

text: In the European Union, aerospace companies such as EADS, BAE Systems, Thales, Dassault, Saab AB and Leonardo S.p.A. (formerly Finmeccnica) account for a large share of the global aerospace industry and research effort, with the European Space Agency as one of the largest consumers of aerospace technology and products.


title: Aerospace

text: In India, Bangalore is a major center of the aerospace industry, where Hindustan Aeronautics Limited, the National Aerospace Laboratories and the Indian Space Research Organisation are headquartered. The Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) launched India's first Moon orbiter, Chandrayaan-1, in October 2008.


title: Aerospace

text: In Russia, large aerospace companies like Oboronprom and the United Aircraft Building Corporation (encompassing Mikoyan, Sukhoi, Ilyushin, Tupolev, Yakovlev, and Irkut which includes Beriev) are among the major global players in this industry. The historic Soviet Union was also the home of a major aerospace industry.


title: Aerospace

text: The United Kingdom formerly attempted to maintain its own large aerospace industry, making its own airliners and warplanes, but it has largely turned its lot over to cooperative efforts with continental companies, and it has turned into a large import customer, too, from countries such as the United States. However, the UK has a very active aerospace sector, including the second largest defence contractor in the world, BAE Systems, supplying fully assembled aircraft, aircraft components, sub-assemblies and sub-systems to other manufacturers, both in Europe and all over the world.


title: Aerospace

text: Canada has formerly manufactured some of its own designs for jet warplanes, etc. (e.g. the CF-100 fighter), but for some decades, it has relied on imports from the United States and Europe to fill these needs. However Canada still manufactures some military aircraft although they are generally not combat capable. Another notable example was the late 1950s development of the Avro Canada CF-105 Arrow, a supersonic fighter-interceptor whose 1959 cancellation was considered highly controversial.


title: Aerospace

text: France has continued to make its own warplanes for its air force and navy, and Sweden continues to make its own warplanes for the Swedish Air Force—especially in support of its position as a neutral country. (See Saab AB.) Other European countries either team up in making fighters (such as the Panavia Tornado and the Eurofighter Typhoon), or else to import them from the United States.


title: Aerospace

text: Pakistan has a developing aerospace engineering industry. The National Engineering and Scientific Commission, Khan Research Laboratories and Pakistan Aeronautical Complex are among the premier organizations involved in research and development in this sector. Pakistan has the capability of designing and manufacturing guided rockets, missiles and space vehicles. The city of Kamra is home to the Pakistan Aeronautical Complex which contains several factories. This facility is responsible for manufacturing the MFI-17, MFI-395, K-8 and JF-17 Thunder aircraft. Pakistan also has the capability to design and manufacture both armed and unarmed unmanned aerial vehicles.


title: Aerospace

text: In the People's Republic of China, Beijing, Xi'an, Chengdu, Shanghai, Shenyang and Nanchang are major research and manufacture centers of the aerospace industry. China has developed an extensive capability to design, test and produce military aircraft, missiles and space vehicles. Despite the cancellation in 1983 of the experimental Shanghai Y-10, China is still developing its civil aerospace industry.


title: Aerospace

text: The aircraft parts industry was born out of the sale of second-hand or used aircraft parts from the aerospace manufacture sector. Within the United States there is a specific process that parts brokers or resellers must follow. This includes leveraging a certified repair station to overhaul and "tag" a part. This certification guarantees that a part was repaired or overhauled to meet OEM specifications. Once a part is overhauled its value is determined from the supply and demand of the aerospace market. When an airline has an aircraft on the ground, the part that the airline requires to get the plane back into service becomes invaluable. This can drive the market for specific parts. There are several online marketplaces that assist with the commodity selling of aircraft parts.