title: Cédric Soares

text: On 26 January 2019, Cédric moved to Inter Milan on loan for the rest of the season, with an option to purchase for £9.5m in the summer. He made his first appearance five days later, playing 15 minutes and converting his attempt in the 4–3 shootout loss against Lazio in the quarter-finals of the Coppa Italia (1–1 after 120 minutes).


title: Cédric Soares

text: On 24 June 2020, it was announced that Cédric had sealed a permanent move to Arsenal on a long term deal, as a free transfer upon the expiry of his contract.


title: Cédric Soares

text: Cédric made his Arsenal debut on 1 July 2020 coming on as a 77th-minute substitute and scoring a 20-yard strike with his left foot, four minutes after coming on, in a 4–0 victory over Norwich City. After playing for Southampton as a substitute in their FA Cup third round tie against Huddersfield Town Cédric was cup-tied and unable to take part in Arsenal's victorious 2019–20 FA Cup campaign.


title: Cédric Soares

text: On 29 August 2020, Cédric came on as a substitute, taking and scoring the third penalty in a shootout win against Liverpool in the Community Shield after the game ended 1–1. On 18 January 2021, Cédric made his first Premier League start of the season in the 3–0 win over Newcastle United. Since then, due to Kieran Tierney's injury, he has been covering the left-back position in recent weeks, including 5 starts in the league.


title: Cédric Soares

text: On 22 May 2022, the final day of the 2021-22 Premier League season, Cédric scored his second goal for Arsenal. He finished off a Bukayo Saka corner with a strike for Arsenal’s 3rd goal in an eventual 5–1 win over Everton at Emirates Stadium.


title: Cédric Soares

text: Cédric was part of the Portuguese under-20 team called up for the 2011 FIFA U-20 World Cup in Colombia, eventually finishing the tournament in second place.


title: Cédric Soares

text: He played ten times with the Portuguese under-21s, his debut occurring on 1 September 2011 in a 2–0 win in Moldova for the 2013 UEFA European Championship qualifiers. His maiden appearance with the senior team was on 11 October 2014, as he started in a 1–2 friendly defeat to France in Paris.


title: Cédric Soares

text: Cédric was selected by manager Fernando Santos for his UEFA Euro 2016 squad. His first game in the tournament took place on 25 June, when he started alongside Southampton teammate José Fonte in the round-of-16 clash against Croatia (1–0 win after extra time). He went on to retain his position until the final, won at the expense of hosts France.


title: Cédric Soares

text: He scored his first goal for his country on 17 June 2017, netting in the 86th minute of an eventual 2–2 group stage draw to Mexico at the 2017 FIFA Confederations Cup at the Kazan Arena in Russia. In May 2018, he was named in Portugal's squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup.


title: Cédric Soares

text: In March 2021, Cédric was recalled to the national team for the first time since 2019, for the World Cup qualifying games. On 27 March, he started and provided an assist in a 2–2 draw against Serbia; this was his first game for Portugal since October 2018.


title: Cédric Soares

text: In October 2022, he was named in Portugal's preliminary 55-man squad for the 2022 FIFA World Cup in Qatar.


title: Cédric Soares

text: Cédric was involved in the Amazon Original sports docuseries "", which documented the club by spending time with the coaching staff and players behind the scenes both on and off the field throughout their 2021–22 season.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Salem's Lot (also known as Salem's Lot: The Movie, Salem's Lot: The Miniseries and Blood Thirst) is a 1979 American miniseries television adaptation of the 1975 horror novel of the same name by Stephen King. Directed by Tobe Hooper and starring David Soul and James Mason, the plot concerns a writer who returns to his hometown and discovers that its citizens are turning into vampires. "Salem's Lot" combines elements of the vampire film and haunted house subgenres of horror.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: At a church in Guatemala, a man and a boy, Ben Mears and Mark Petrie, are filling small bottles with holy water. When one of the bottles begins to emit an eerie supernatural glow, Mears tells Mark that "they've found us again." Knowing an evil presence is nearby, they decide to stay to fight it.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Two years earlier, Mears, a successful author, returns after a long absence to his small hometown of Salem's Lot, Maine. Mears intends to write a book about the Marsten House, an old, ominous property on a hilltop which has a reputation for being haunted. Attempting to rent it, Mears finds that it has already been purchased by another new arrival in town, the mysterious Richard Straker, who is in the process of opening an antique shop with his oft-mentioned but never present business partner, Kurt Barlow. Instead, Mears moves into a boarding house in town run by Eva Miller and develops a romantic relationship with a local woman, Susan Norton. He befriends Susan's father, Dr. Bill Norton, and reconnects with his kindly former school teacher, Jason Burke. Mears tells Burke that he feels the Marsten House is somehow inherently evil, recalling that its original owner, Hubie Marsten – implied to have been a child molester – committed suicide there. Mears further recalls a traumatic childhood incident in which he broke into the house on a dare and saw Hubie's ghost.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: After a large crate is delivered to the Marsten House one night, townspeople begin to disappear or die under strange circumstances. Mears and Straker are the main suspects as they are both new in town, but it eventually becomes clear that the crate contained Straker's business partner, Kurt Barlow — an ancient vampire who has come to Salem's Lot after sending Straker to make way for his arrival. Straker kidnaps a young boy, Ralphie Glick, as an offering to Barlow, while Barlow himself kills local realtor Larry Crockett. The Glick boy then returns as a vampire to claim his brother, Danny. After his funeral, the undead Danny infects a gravedigger, Mike Ryerson, and attempts to prey on one of his schoolfriends, Mark Petrie. However, Mark is a horror film buff and manages to repel Danny with a cross.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: As the vampirism spreads, Mears, Burke, and Dr. Norton gradually realize what is happening to the town and attempt to stop it. Mears is attacked by Ralph and Danny's presumed-dead mother Marjorie Glick after she revives on a mortician's table, but Mears defends himself using a makeshift cross. Mark's parents are both killed by Barlow, though Mark escapes with the assistance of a local priest. Burke, however, suffers a severe heart attack following an encounter with the newly vampirized Ryerson.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Seeking revenge for his parents' deaths, Mark breaks into the Marsten House, and a concerned Susan follows him inside; both are soon captured by Straker. Later, Mears and Dr. Norton enter the house, too, where Straker kills Norton by impaling him on a pair of antlers before he himself is fatally shot by Mears. Afterwards, Mears and the freed Mark find Barlow's coffin in the cellar and destroy him by driving a stake through his heart. Fleeing the other vampires in the house (the infected townsfolk), the two set fire to the Marsten property as they leave, though Susan is nowhere to be found. While the house burns, the wind carries the fire towards the town itself. As he and Mark drive away from Salem's Lot, Mears comments that the fire will drive all the vampires from their hiding places and purify the town from the evil that has engulfed it.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: The story returns to Mears and Mark at the church in Guatemala two years later. It becomes clear that they are on the run from the surviving Salem's Lot vampires, and that their bottles of holy water glow whenever a vampire is nearby. Realising that they have been tracked down yet again, Mears and Mark return to their lodgings to collect their belongings. Once there, Mears finds Susan lying in his bed. Now a vampire, she prepares to bite him as he leans down to kiss her, but instead Mears drives a stake through her heart and destroys her. A grief-stricken Mears then leaves with Mark, knowing that the vampires will continue to pursue them.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: After Warner Bros. acquired the rights to "Salem's Lot", the studio sought to turn the 400-page novel by Stephen King into a feature film, while still remaining faithful to the source material. Producer Stirling Silliphant, screenwriter Robert Getchell, and writer/director Larry Cohen all contributed screenplays but none proved satisfactory. "It was a mess," King said. "Every director in Hollywood who's ever been involved with horror wanted to do it, but nobody could come up with a script."


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Eventually, the project was turned over to Warner Bros. Television and producer Richard Kobritz. Kobritz decided that, due to the novel's length, "Salem's Lot" would work better as a television miniseries than as a feature film. Television writer Paul Monash was contracted to write the teleplay. Monash was familiar with writing about small towns, as he had previously produced the film adaptation of King's novel "Carrie" and had worked on the television series, "Peyton Place". Finally, a screening of "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre" (1974) resulted in Kobritz selecting Tobe Hooper as director.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: With a budget of $4 million, principal photography began on July 10, 1979, in the Northern California town of Ferndale, with some scenes filmed at the Burbank studios. Filming officially wrapped on August 29, 1979.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Though the miniseries follows the general outline of King's novel, there are a few substantial deviations for creative or logistical reasons. Many characters have been combined or merely deleted, as have certain subplots, and the character of Barlow is vastly different in the miniseries from how he is in the novel. However, Stephen King praised Paul Monash's screenplay and commented, "Monash has succeeded in combining the characters a lot, and it works."


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Producer Richard Kobritz, who took a strong creative interest in his films, added several changes to Monash's script including turning the head vampire Kurt Barlow from a cultured human-looking villain into a speechless demonic-looking monster. Kobritz explained:


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Other changes by Kobritz included having the final confrontation with Barlow in the cellar of the Marsten House whereas in the book it is in the basement of Eva Miller's boarding house, a concept Kobritz felt "Just doesn't work. I mean, from a point of sheer construction in a well-written screenplay, he's got to reside in the inside of the Marsten House. He's a major star in the picture – the third or fourth most important character – he's got to be there. It may have worked in the book, but not in the movie." Susan's death was also moved to the climax, to give her death "more impact and provide the film with a snap ending."


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: For the roles of Richard K. Straker and the vampire Kurt Barlow, James Mason and Reggie Nalder had been on producer Richard Kobritz's "wish list". Kobritz sent Mason a copy of the script, who loved the part and his wife, Clarissa Kaye-Mason, was also cast as Marjorie Glick. However, Nalder was less impressed. "The makeup and contact lenses were painful but I got used to them. I liked the money best of all."


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: The miniseries also features Elisha Cook Jr. as Weasel Philips and Marie Windsor as Eva Miller, two characters with a relationship. This casting was an inside joke by producer Kobritz, a fan of Stanley Kubrick; Cook and Windsor had previously played a couple in Kubrick's "The Killing" (1956).


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: "Salem's Lot" does not rely on the same kind of dynamics as "The Texas Chain Saw Massacre". "This film is very spooky – it suggests things and always has the overtone of the grave. It affects you differently than my other horror films. It's more soft-shelled," director Tobe Hooper explains. "A television movie does not have blood or violence. It has atmosphere which creates something you cannot escape – the reminder that our time is limited and all the accoutrements that go with it, such as the visuals."


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Although "Salem's Lot" was aimed at television, a European theatrical release was also planned and which would include more violence. For example, two versions of the scene where Cully Sawyer threatens Larry Crockett with a shotgun were filmed. In one version, Larry holds the gun barrel in his mouth, while in the other, the barrel is in front of his face. "They worked at a feature film pace instead of a TV pace," recalled actor Lance Kerwin on the filming. "It's really even hard to tell the flow of the film. It was a miniseries originally, then we shot a feature film version for Europe at the same time. They've edited and cut together so much."


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Unable to find a house in Ferndale that resembled the Marsten House from the book, an estimated $100,000 was spent on constructing a three-story facade over an already-existing house on a hillside, overlooking Ferndale and the Eel River Valley. Designed by Mort Rabinowitz, it took 20 days to build. Another $70,000 was spent on constructing the interior set of the house which proved even more difficult for designer Rabinowitz, who also designed the building of Straker's antique shop and the small village in Guatemala where the beginning and end of the miniseries is set.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: The vampire makeup involving glowing contact lenses was invented by Jack Young. According to Tobe Hooper, the makeup on actor Reggie Nalder would constantly fall off, as well as the fake nails and teeth, and the contact lenses would go sideways. The contact lenses could only be worn for 15 minutes at a time before they had to be removed to let the eyes rest for 30 minutes.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: The vampire levitations were accomplished by placing the actors on a boom crane instead of traditional wires: "We didn't fly our vampires in on wires, because even in the best of films you can see them," producer Richard Korbitz explained. "We wanted to get a feeling of floating. And the effect is horrific, because you "know" there are no wires. It has a very spooky, eerie quality to it." The levitation sequences were also shot-in-reverse [sic] to make the scenes more eerie.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: With producer Richard Kobritz wanting "a good, atmospheric, old-fashioned, Bernie Herrmann-type score", the score was composed and conducted by Harry Sukman, whom Korbitz described as "a former cohort and protege of Victor Young". The soundtrack to Salem's Lot is known to be Sukman's last work before passing in 1984. Waxwork Records released the soundtrack in 2016 on vinyl record for the first time.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Broadcast reviews for "Salem's Lot" were largely positive, with critics praising the film's atmosphere, cinematography, Hooper's direction, and scares. "Time Out" called the film "surprisingly successful", highlighting the film's cinematography, atmosphere, and climax. Helen O'Hara of "Empire Magazine" awarded the film three out of five stars, stating that, although it "doesn’t quite nail the scale of the infection", the film's scares, special effects, pacing, and characters more than made up for it.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: As of August 2022, it holds an approval rating of 89% on review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, based on 18 reviews, and an average rating of 6.65/10. The site's critical consensus reads: "Director Tobe Hooper and a devilishly charismatic James Mason elevate this television adaptation of the Stephen King novel, injecting the vampiric tradition with fresh blood and lingering scares."


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: In the years following its initial broadcast, "Salem's Lot" has accumulated a cult following and is now considered a classic. It has been included in multiple lists by several media outlets. "Paste Magazine" ranked the film at #64 in their list of "100 Best Vampire Movies of All Time". "Variety" listed it at #20 in their "Best and Worst Stephen King Adaptations".


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: "Salem's Lot" had a significant impact on the vampire genre, as it inspired horror films such as "Fright Night" (1985) and the scenes of vampire boys floating outside windows would be referenced in "The Lost Boys" (1987) (and later spoofed in "The Simpsons" episode "Treehouse of Horror IV"). "Salem's Lot" has also been cited as one of the primary influences for Joss Whedon's hit TV series "Buffy the Vampire Slayer".


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Writer Bryan Fuller stated that the scene where a character is impaled on a deer's antlers in "Salem's Lot" inspired him to do a similar scene in his 2013 TV series "Hannibal" because the original scene frightened him so much as a child.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: Filmmaker Mike Flanagan's 2021 horror limited series "Midnight Mass," is heavily inspired by both the novel and the miniseries. Like "'Salem's Lot," "Midnight Mass" centers around a small town where a former local returns after an extended period of time. The arrival of a strange new resident (in King's story, Straker, in Flanagan's series the substitute priest), and the revelation of the town being infected by vampires. The master vampire in "Mass" is modeled somewhat on the miniseries version, and also never speaks. The vampires eyes are also lifted from the miniseries.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: In 2004, TNT premiered a new version of "Salem's Lot" starring Rob Lowe, which also received a Primetime Emmy nomination for its music.


title: Salem's Lot (1979 miniseries)

text: On April 23, 2019, New Line Cinema announced that a theatrical film based on the novel would be made, with Gary Dauberman and James Wan producing. Dauberman wrote the screenplay for "It" and "It Chapter Two".


title: Mystery film

text: A mystery film is a genre of film that revolves around the solution of a problem or a crime. It focuses on the efforts of the detective, private investigator or amateur sleuth to solve the mysterious circumstances of an issue by means of clues, investigation, and clever deduction.


title: Mystery film

text: The plot often centers on the deductive ability, prowess, confidence, or diligence of the detective as he attempts to unravel the crime or situation by piecing together clues and circumstances, seeking evidence, interrogating witnesses, and tracking down a criminal.


title: Mystery film

text: Suspense is often maintained as an important plot element. This can be done through the use of the soundtrack, camera angles, heavy shadows, and surprising plot twists. Alfred Hitchcock used all of these techniques, but would sometimes allow the audience in on a pending threat then draw out the moment for dramatic effect.


title: Mystery film

text: This genre has ranged from early mystery tales, fictional or literary detective stories, to classic Hitchcockian suspense-thrillers to classic private detective films. A related film subgenre is spy films.


title: Mystery film

text: Mystery films mainly focus on solving a crime or a puzzle. The mystery generally revolves around a murder which must then be solved by policemen, private detectives, or amateur sleuths. The viewer is presented with a series of likely suspects, some of whom are "red herrings," –persons who have the motive to commit the crime but did not actually do it–, and attempts to solve the puzzle along with the investigator. At times the viewer is presented with information not available to the main character. The central character usually explores the unsolved crime, unmasks the perpetrator, and puts an end to the effects of the villainy.


title: Mystery film

text: The successful mystery film adheres to one of two story types, known as Open and Closed. The Closed (or whodunit) mystery conceals the identity of the perpetrator until late in the story, adding an element of suspense during the apprehension of the suspect, as the audience is never quite sure who it is. The Open mystery (or howcatchem), in contrast, reveals the identity of the perpetrator at the top of the story, showcasing the "perfect crime" which the audience then watches the protagonist unravel, usually at the very end of the story, akin to the unveiling scenes in the Closed style.


title: Mystery film

text: Mystery novels have proven to be a good medium for translation into film. The sleuth often forms a strong leading character, and the plots can include elements of drama, suspense, character development, uncertainty, and surprise twists. The locales of the mystery tale are often of a mundane variety, requiring little in the way of expensive special effects. Successful mystery writers can produce a series of books based on the same sleuth character, providing rich material for sequels.


title: Mystery film

text: Until at least the 1980s, women in mystery films have often served a dual role, providing a relationship with the detective and frequently playing the part of woman-in-peril. The women in these films are often resourceful individuals, being self-reliant, determined and as often duplicitous. They can provide the triggers for the events that follow or serve as an element of suspense as helpless victims.


title: Mystery film

text: The earliest mystery films reach back to the silent era. The first detective film is often cited as "Sherlock Holmes Baffled", a very short Mutoscope reel created between 1900 and 1903 by Arthur Marvin. It is the earliest-known film to feature the character of detective Sherlock Holmes, albeit in a barely recognisable form.


title: Mystery film

text: In France, the popular Nick Carter detective novels inspired the first film serial, "Nick Carter, le roi des détectives" (1908). This six-episode series was followed with "Nouveaux aventures de Nick Carter" in 1909. Louis Feuillade created the highly popular Fantômas (1913–14) serial based on the best-selling serial novel about a super-criminal pursued by a stubborn inspector Juve. Dujardin wears a mask and costume similar to Fantomas' in an apparent tribute in "The Artist", a nostalgic 2011 film about silent cinema. Later detective serials by Feuillade include "The Vampires" (1915), "Judex" (1916), "Tih Minh" (1918), and "Barrabas" (1919). Feuillade's films, which combined realism, poetic imagery, and pure fantasy, influenced the American "The Perils of Pauline" (1914), directors such as René Clair, and Surrealists such as André Breton.


title: Mystery film

text: The earliest true mystery films include "The Gold Bug" (1910), also from France, and "The Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1914). Both are derived from stories by Edgar Allan Poe, which is appropriate as Poe is often credited with creating modern detective fiction as well as the first private detective character, C. Auguste Dupin. Universal Pictures renamed him Pierre Dupin in "Murders in the Rue Morgue" (1932), an atmospheric horror-mystery starring Bela Lugosi. The film was remade twice more in 1953 and 1971. Poe's second Dupin story, "The Mystery of Marie Rogêt", was filmed in 1942. More recently, "The Raven" (2012) presented a fictionalized account of the last days of Poe's life. Here, the author pursues a mysterious serial killer whose murders are directly inspired by his stories.


title: Mystery film

text: Charles Dickens' unfinished novel "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" (1870) was completed by another author and eventually adapted to the screen. Two films, now believed lost, were made in 1909 and 1914. Universal produced "The Mystery of Edwin Drood" (1935). The story was remade again in 1993. Universal, known mostly for its long list of classic horror films, also created perhaps the first supernatural horror-whodunit hybrid with "Night Monster" (1942).


title: Mystery film

text: American author Mary Roberts Rinehart (1876–1958), is credited with inventing the "Had-I-But-Known" school of mystery writing (as well as the phrase, "The butler did it"). Her 1920 "old dark house" novel (and play) "The Bat" was filmed as "The Bat" (1926), as "The Bat Whispers" (1930), and a third time a remake, "The Bat" (1959), starring Vincent Price. Another movie based on a play, "The Cat and the Canary" (1927), pioneered the "comedy-mystery" genre. Remade several times, including a version with Bob Hope released in 1939.


title: Mystery film

text: Undoubtedly the most famous of the amateur detectives to appear on the silver screen is the archetypal Sherlock Holmes. Since 1903, Holmes has been portrayed by a multitude of actors in over 200 films. Perhaps the earliest detective comedy is Buster Keaton's "Sherlock Jr." (1924). Until recently, the only American-made series starred Basil Rathbone and Nigel Bruce as Holmes and Dr. Watson. Together they made 14 films between 1939 and 1946. The first two, at 20th Century Fox, were period piece mysteries set in the late-Victorian era of the original stories. By the third film, "Sherlock Holmes and the Voice of Terror" (1942), now taken up by Universal Studios, Holmes was updated to the present day. Several films dealt with World War II and thwarting Nazi spies.


title: Mystery film

text: The crime novelist Dorothy L. Sayers (1893–1957) created the archetypal British aristocratic sleuth Lord Peter Wimsey in 1923. Peter Haddon first played Wimsey in "The Silent Passenger" (1935), written by Sayers specifically for the screen. This was followed by "Busman's Honeymoon" (1940), also released as "Haunted Honeymoon", with Robert Montgomery as Wimsey. Later, Montgomery would also play Raymond Chandler's detective Philip Marlowe in "The Lady in the Lake" (1947).


title: Mystery film

text: Doubleday's The Crime Club imprint published a variety of mystery novels that also inspired a radio show. Universal Pictures struck a deal to produce a series of 11 Crime Club mystery films released from 1937 to 1939. These include "The Westlake Case" (1937) and "Mystery of the White Room" (1939).


title: Mystery film

text: Other literary sleuths who were brought to the screen include Charlie Chan, Ellery Queen, Nancy Drew, Nero Wolfe, and Agatha Christie's Miss Marple and Hercule Poirot. To date, 32 films and dozens of television adaptations have been made based


title: Mystery film

text: A few silent Charlie Chan films, now lost, were produced in the 1920s. Starting in 1929, the B-picture unit at Fox Film Corporation (later part of 20th Century Fox) began a series of 28 commercially successful Charlie Chan films. (Monogram Pictures continued the series from 1944 to 1949 with 17 more entries.) The success of the Chan films led Fox to hire exiled actor Peter Lorre to play Japanese sleuth Mr. Moto in 8 films from 1937 to 1939. Monogram responded by creating their own gentlemanly Oriental detective, Mr. Wong, adapted from a Hugh Wiley story. Beginning with "Mr. Wong, Detective", Boris Karloff played Wong in 5 of 6 films produced from 1938 to 1941.


title: Mystery film

text: Over at Warner Brothers studios, the Perry Mason novels by Erle Stanley Gardner were faithfully adapted into a series of six films from 1934 to 1937. Most of these placed the crusading attorney in a standard murder mystery whodunit story. Warner Bros. also created the Torchy Blane films which were notable for featuring one of the few female sleuths in a series. Starting with "Smart Blonde", Glenda Farrell played the brassy, mystery-solving news reporter in 8 of 9 films made between 1936 and 1939. Another novel film is "When Were You Born" (1938) with Chinese actress Anna May Wong as an astrologer who helps solve a murder using her star-gazing talents.


title: Mystery film

text: RKO purchased the rights to a Hildegarde Withers story by Stuart Palmer and launched a six-film series starting with "The Penguin Pool Murder" (1932). Edna May Oliver played Withers, a schoolteacher with a yen for sleuthing who becomes involved with a police inspector. The last film was released in 1937.


title: Mystery film

text: The Philo Vance detective novels by S. S. Van Dine inspired 15 feature films released from 1929 to 1947. "The Canary Murder Case" (1929), starring William Powell as Vance, has been called the first modern detective film. Initially made as a silent movie, it was converted into a talkie halfway through production. (Co-star Louise Brooks was blacklisted by Paramount Pictures after famously refusing to return to Hollywood to dub her dialog.) Powell played the suave New York detective in the first three films. A pre-Sherlock Holmes Basil Rathbone played Vance in the 4th movie. Powell returned once more for the fifth feature, the highly regarded "The Kennel Murder Case" (1933) produced by Warner Brothers.


title: Mystery film

text: Powell then landed his signature role playing the equally debonair Nick Charles opposite Myrna Loy as his carefree wife "Nora" in the "Thin Man" series. Six films in all were produced by Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer from 1934 to 1947. Based on "The Thin Man" novel by Dashiell Hammett, these were witty, sophisticated romps that combined elements of the screwball comedy film within a complex murder mystery plot. In the middle of this series, RKO hired Powell and Jean Arthur for "The Ex-Mrs. Bradford" (1936), a breezy comedy-mystery that successfully replicated MGM's "Thin Man" formula. Warner Brothers responded with a similar comedy, "Footsteps in the Dark" (1941), with Errol Flynn playing a married stockbroker who leads a double life as a mystery writer/sleuth.


title: Mystery film

text: Many of the films of this period, including the "Thin Man" series, concluded with an explanatory detective dénouement that quickly became a cinematic (and literary) cliche. With the suspects gathered together, the detective would dramatically announce that "The killer is in this very room!" before going over the various clues that revealed the identity of the murderer.


title: Mystery film

text: There were also a great many low-budget "old dark house" mysteries based on a standard formula (a dark and stormy night, the reading of a will, secret passageways, a series of bizarre murders, etc.) that were plot- rather than star-driven. Some typical examples are "The Cat Creeps" (1930), a remake of "The Cat and the Canary", "The Monster Walks" (1932), "Night of Terror" (1933) with Bela Lugosi, and "One Frightened Night" (1935).


title: Mystery film

text: The 1930s was the era of the elegant gentleman detective who solved drawing-room whodunit murders using his wits rather than his fists. Most were well-to-do amateur sleuths who solved crimes for their own amusement, carried no weapons, and often had quirky or eccentric personality traits. This type of crime-fighter fell out of fashion in the 1940s as a new breed of tough, hardboiled professional private detectives based on the novels of Dashiell Hammett, Raymond Chandler, and an ensuing slew of imitators were adapted to film.


title: Mystery film

text: With the onset of World War II, crime films and melodramas in particular suddenly took on a dark mood of cynicism and despair that had not existed in the optimistic 1930s. Eventually, this cycle of films (which cuts across several genres) would be called film noir by French film critics. Pessimistic, unheroic stories about greed, lust, and cruelty became central to the mystery genre. Grim, violent films featuring cynical, trenchcoat-wearing private detectives who were almost as ruthless as the criminals they pursued became the industry standard. The wealthy, aristocratic sleuth of the previous decade was replaced by the rough-edged, working-class gumshoe. Humphrey Bogart became the definitive cinema shamus as Sam Spade in Hammett's "The Maltese Falcon" (1941) and as Philip Marlowe in Chandler's "The Big Sleep" (1946). Dick Powell also made an indelible impression as Marlowe in the classic "Murder, My Sweet" (1944), adapted from Chandler's "Farewell, My Lovely". "The Falcon Takes Over" (1942), starring George Sanders, was also based on the same novel.


title: Mystery film

text: "Lady in the Lake" (1947), from the Raymond Chandler novel, starred Robert Montgomery, who also directed. This film was filmed entirely from Marlowe's viewpoint. The audience sees only what he does. Montgomery only appears on camera a few times, once in a mirror reflection. Another Chandler novel "The High Window" was made into the film "The Brasher Doubloon" (also 1947) starring George Montgomery. This was essentially a remake of "Time to Kill" (1942), a Michael Shayne adventure starring Lloyd Nolan. Chandler also wrote an original screenplay for "The Blue Dahlia" (1946) starring Alan Ladd. "The Glass Key" (1942), also starring Ladd, was the second film adaptation of Hammett's novel.


title: Mystery film

text: Another standout film of this period is "Out of the Past" (1947) starring Robert Mitchum, who would go on to play Philip Marlowe three decades later. Otto Preminger's "Laura" (1944) is also a classic murder mystery featuring Dana Andrews as a lone-wolf police detective.


title: Mystery film

text: Pulp novel detective Nick Carter returned in a trilogy of films released by MGM starring Walter Pidgeon: "Nick Carter, Master Detective" (1939), "Sky Murder" (1940), and "Phantom Raiders" (1940). Columbia produced a serial, "Chick Carter, Detective" (1946). The lead character was changed to Nick Carter's son as the studio could not afford the rights to produce a Nick Carter serial. The whodunit novels of Baynard Kendrick about blind private detective Mac Maclain were made into two films starring Edward Arnold, "Eyes in the Night" (1942) and "The Hidden Eye" (1945).


title: Mystery film

text: The popular radio show "The Whistler" was turned into a series of 8 mystery films from 1944 to 1948. Richard Dix would introduce the stories and alternate between playing a hero, a villain, or a victim of circumstance. In "Mysterious Intruder" (1946), he was a private eye. It was one of the few series to gain acceptance with the public and critics alike. Another radio drama, I Love a Mystery (1939–1944), about a private detective agency, inspired three films starring Jim Bannon. "I Love A Mystery" (1945), "The Devil's Mask" and "The Unknown" (both 1946) combined offbeat murder mystery stories with atmospheric horror elements.


title: Mystery film

text: Chester Morris played Boston Blackie, a former jewel thief turned detective, in fourteen films from 1941 to 1949. Produced by Columbia Pictures, many were mysteries laced with comic relief such as "Meet Boston Blackie" (1941), "Boston Blackie Booked on Suspicion" (1945), "The Phantom Thief" (1945), and "Boston Blackie's Chinese Venture" (1949). Columbia also turned the Crime Doctor radio show into a series of mystery films starring Warner Baxter. Most of them followed the standard whodunit formula. Ten features were produced beginning with "Crime Doctor" in 1943 and ending with "Crime Doctor's Diary" (1949).


title: Mystery film

text: Another popular series featured George Sanders as the suave Falcon. Sixteen films were made from 1941 to 1949. Sanders decided to leave the series during the fourth entry, "The Falcon's Brother". His character was killed off and replaced by Sanders' real-life brother, Tom Conway. Comedian Red Skelton played inept radio detective "The Fox" in a trio of comedies, "Whistling in the Dark" (1941), "Whistling in Dixie" (1942), and "Whistling in Brooklyn" (1943).


title: Mystery film

text: Brett Halliday's "Michael Shayne" detective novels were made into a series of 12 B-movies between 1940 and 1947 (starring Lloyd Nolan and later Hugh Beaumont). Mickey Spillane's equally rugged Mike Hammer character was adapted to film with "I, the Jury" (1953), "My Gun is Quick" (1957), and the influential "Kiss Me Deadly" (1955). Spillane even played Hammer once in the 1963 film "The Girl Hunters".


title: Mystery film

text: With "Spellbound" (1945), director Alfred Hitchcock created an early psychological mystery thriller. This film, along with "Fear in the Night" (1947), explores the effects of amnesia, hypnosis, and psychoanalysis. Both films also feature surreal dream sequences which are essential to the plot.


title: Mystery film

text: A frequently used variation on the theme involved an average person who is suddenly forced to turn ad hoc detective in order to solve the murder of a friend or clear their own name. Prime examples include Jack Oakie in "Super-Sleuth" (1937), Ella Raines in "Phantom Lady" (1944), Lucille Ball in both "The Dark Corner" (1946) and "Lured" (1947), Alan Ladd in the aforementioned "The Blue Dahlia" as well as "Calcutta" (1947), George Raft in "Johnny Angel" (1945), June Vincent and Dan Duryea in "Black Angel" (1946), Humphrey Bogart in "Dead Reckoning" (1947), and Dick Powell in "Cry Danger" (1951).


title: Mystery film

text: Perhaps the last word in this subgenre is "D.O.A." (1950), where a man dying from a slow-acting poison has to solve his own murder in the hours he has left. This film was remade in 1969 as "Color Me Dead" and again as "D.O.A." in 1988.


title: Mystery film

text: Also among this group, the issue of racism as motive for murder is central to "Crossfire" (1947), "Bad Day at Black Rock" (1954), and "A Soldier's Story" (1984).


title: Mystery film

text: Agatha Christie's novel "Ten Little Indians" (1939, originally "Ten Little Niggers", later changed again to "And Then There Were None") presented the concept of a mysterious killer preying on a group of strangers trapped at an isolated location (in this case, Indian Island). This was made into "And Then There Were None" (1945), directed by the French exile René Clair. Three more film versions, all titled "Ten Little Indians", were released in 1965, 1974, and 1989 along with the 1987 Russian film "Desyat Negrityat".


title: Mystery film

text: This premise has been used countless times, especially in "old dark house" genre horror films. A few examples include "Five Dolls for an August Moon" (1970) directed by Mario Bava, "Identity" (2003), "Mindhunters" (2004), made-for-television films ("Dead Man's Island", 1996), a miniseries ("Harper's Island", 2009), and episodic television such as "The Avengers" ("The Superlative Seven"), "The Wild Wild West" ("The Night of The Tottering Tontine") both from 1967, and "Remington Steele" ("Steele Trap") in 1982.


title: Mystery film

text: The 1960s and 1970s saw a neo-noir resurgence of the hardboiled detective film (and gritty police drama), based on the classic films of the past. These fall into three basic categories: modern updates of old films and novels, atmospheric period piece films set in the 1930s and 1940s, and new, contemporary detective stories that pay homage to the past.


title: Mystery film

text: Veteran private eye Philip Marlowe returned as a modern-day sleuth in "Marlowe" (1969) played by James Garner (based on Chandler's "The Little Sister"), and in Robert Altman's revisionist "The Long Goodbye" (1973) played by Elliott Gould. Robert Mitchum played Marlowe in the remake of "The Big Sleep" (1978) set in contemporary London. Paul Newman portrays a modernized Lew Archer (changed to Harper) in "Harper" (1966) and "The Drowning Pool" (1976), based on Ross Macdonald's 1949–50 novels.


title: Mystery film

text: Craig Stevens reprised his role as suave private eye Peter Gunn in "Gunn" (1967), a sixties-mod update of his atmospheric, film noir "Peter Gunn" TV series (1958–61). Bulldog Drummond returned as a contemporary sleuth in "Deadlier Than the Male" (1967) and "Some Girls Do" (1969). Both films were produced in the extravagant style of a James Bond espionage yarn. The remake of "I, the Jury" (1982) brought back Mike Hammer (revived again in the 1984–87 television series, "Mickey Spillane's Mike Hammer"). "Kiss Kiss Bang Bang" (2005) is a modernized adaptation of Brett Halliday's 1941 Michael Shayne novel "Bodies Are Where You Find Them".


title: Mystery film

text: The old-fashioned whodunit formula from the 1930s was given a fresh update in "The List of Adrian Messenger" (1963), "Sleuth" (1972), "The Last of Sheila" (1973), and the comedy "Who Is Killing the Great Chefs of Europe?" (1978).


title: Mystery film

text: The early films of Brian De Palma include the slasher comedy "Murder a la Mod" (1968), the Hitchcock-inspired "Sisters" (1973), and "Obsession" (1976), a remake of Hitchcock's 1958 classic "Vertigo". The influence of Hitchcock emerged in several French thrillers, especially "The Champagne Murders" (1967) directed by Claude Chabrol and "The Bride Wore Black" (1968) by François Truffaut.


title: Mystery film

text: The many period films set in the 1930s and 1940s are led by Roman Polanski's classic "Chinatown" (1974) starring Jack Nicholson and its belated sequel, "The Two Jakes" (1990), which Nicholson also directed. Robert Mitchum played Marlowe for the first time in "Farewell, My Lovely" (1975), perhaps the most faithful adaptation of this often-filmed book. The obscure "Chandler" (1972) is set in the 1940s but has nothing to do with Raymond Chandler's writings. The lighthearted "Peeper" (1975) is set in 1940s Los Angeles. The television film "Goodnight, My Love" (1972) with Richard Boone and two short-lived TV series, "Banyon" (1972–73) and "City of Angels" (1976) were also set in the 1930s and pay tribute to the Sam Spade/Philip Marlowe model. And the television film "Who Is the Black Dahlia?" (1975) recreates the true unsolved murder case from 1947.


title: Mystery film

text: Agatha Christie's elegant "Murder on the Orient Express" (1974) and "Death on the Nile" (1978) were colorful, lavish productions rich in 1930s period detail. Earlier, a series of lighthearted Miss Marple mysteries were loosely adapted from Christie's novels. Margaret Rutherford starred in "Murder, She Said" (1961), "Murder Most Foul" (1964), "Murder Ahoy!" (1965), and did a humorous cameo appearance as Marple in the Hercule Poirot mystery "The Alphabet Murders" (1965).


title: Mystery film

text: The evergreen Sherlock Holmes was given a revisionist treatment in Billy Wilder's "The Private Life of Sherlock Holmes" (1970). In "The Seven Percent Solution" (1976), Dr. Sigmund Freud himself cures Holmes of his drug addiction. And two films, "A Study in Terror" (1965) and "Murder by Decree" (1979), which includes scenes of lurid gore, put Holmes in pursuit of the mysterious real-life serial murderer Jack the Ripper. The definitive and most faithful adaptation of the original stories was done by the British TV series The Adventures of Sherlock Holmes starring Jeremy Brett as Holmes and David Burke as Watson, in 41 episodes which ran from 1984 to 1994.


title: Mystery film

text: Later Holmes films are often inventions that have little or nothing to do with the original Arthur Conan Doyle stories, such as "Young Sherlock Holmes" (1985), produced by Steven Spielberg's Amblin Entertainment, which puts the teenage sleuth in an action-adventure story replete with computer-generated special effects. The reinvention of Holmes has continued as evidenced by the revamped, big-budget Warner Bros. series directed by Guy Ritchie. In "Sherlock Holmes" (2009) and "" (2011), the cerebral detective (played by Robert Downey Jr.) is transformed into an athletic (and romantic) action hero in a steampunk fantasy version of Victorian England.


title: Mystery film

text: The New Wave of modern detective films may well begin with Jean-Luc Godard's offbeat "Alphaville" (1965) with its traditional, raincoat-and-fedora private eye placed in a futuristic, science fiction-based story. The film is part homage, part parody of the detective genre. Godard followed this with "Made in U.S.A." (1966), an ironic, unconventional murder mystery of sorts that lightly references the Howard Hawks classic "The Big Sleep".


title: Mystery film

text: Frank Sinatra is a cynical, Bogart-like gumshoe in "Tony Rome" (1967) and its sequel "Lady in Cement" (1968) — and a tough police investigator in "The Detective" (1968). John D. MacDonald wrote 21 Travis McGee novels, but only one, "Darker than Amber" (1970) was filmed. George Peppard is a traditional private detective in "P.J." (1968). Kirk Douglas is an ex-cop turned private sleuth/body guard in the more light-hearted "A Lovely Way to Die" (1968). Robert Culp and Bill Cosby are hard-luck private eyes in the downbeat and violent "Hickey & Boggs" (1972). Burt Reynolds plays a tongue-in-cheek "Shamus" (1973), and Burt Lancaster is a retired cop turned sleuth in "The Midnight Man" (1974). Two of the finest examples star Gene Hackman in "The Conversation" (1974) and "Night Moves" (1975).


title: Mystery film

text: The blaxploitation B-movie industry adopted the standard private detective format for several action-mysteries such as "Trouble Man" (1972), "Black Eye" (1974), "Sheba, Baby" (1975) starring Pam Grier, and "Velvet Smooth" (1976).


title: Mystery film

text: "Brick" (2005), written and directed by Rian Johnson, is a unique homage bordering on parody which brings the terse, slang-filled dialog of Raymond Chandler to a modern-day California high school where a teenage sleuth investigates a murder connected to a drug ring.


title: Mystery film

text: Noteworthy police detective dramas of the period include The French film "The Sleeping Car Murders" (1965), "In the Heat of the Night" (winner of five Academy Awards, including Best Picture in 1967), "Bullitt", "Madigan" (both 1968), "Klute" (1971), "Electra Glide in Blue" (1973), and two non-mysteries: "Dirty Harry", and "The French Connection" (both 1971). "The Parallax View" (1974) is the first murder mystery structured around political assassinations and high-level conspiracies in America.


title: Mystery film

text: Using amnesia as a central plot device in mysteries began in 1936 with "Two in the Dark" (remade as "Two O'Clock Courage", 1945),


title: Mystery film

text: followed by "Crossroads" (1942) starring William Powell, "Crime Doctor" (1943), "The Power of the Whistler" (1945), and "Somewhere in the Night" (1946).


title: Mystery film

text: In the 1960s, amnesia stories had a resurgence in the mystery-thriller genre. Here, the protagonist loses his pre-existing memories after some mental or physical trauma and embarks on a quest to recover his identity. At the same time, he finds himself at the center of a mysterious conspiracy involving murder, espionage, or both. Films in this category include "Mirage" with Gregory Peck, "The Third Day" starring George Peppard, the British film "Hysteria" from Hammer Films (all from 1965), "Mister Buddwing" (1966) with James Garner, and "Jigsaw" (1968), a remake of "Mirage".


title: Mystery film

text: Concurrently, the hero-gets-amnesia story became a frequently used television cliche. There were two series, the western "A Man Called Shenandoah" (1965–1966), and the contemporary drama "Coronet Blue" (filmed 1965, broadcast 1967), both about a man with no memories. Numerous crime-dramas, adventure shows, and comedies featured episodes in which the lead character has temporary amnesia. These include "The Addams Family", "The Munsters" (both 1965),"The Man from U.N.C.L.E." (1966), "Get Smart" (1967), "The Wild Wild West", "The Big Valley", "" (all from 1968), "It Takes a Thief" (1969), "The Mod Squad" (1971), "Hawaii Five-O" (1972), "Gunsmoke" (1973), and "Charlie's Angels" (1978). By the end of the 1970s, this now shop-worn plot device became dormant once again until resurfacing in a spate of mystery thrillers in the 1990s (see the "Psychological thriller" section below).


title: Mystery film

text: In Italy, a new type of controversial horror-based thriller called the Giallo film (which began in the 1960s) became a popular and influential genre by the early 1970s. These films, which often contain elements of gothic horror, usually involve ordinary people forced to solve a series of bizarre murders. (Police procedurals generally belong to the sister genre Krimi, a German cycle inspired by Edgar Wallace novels). The stories tend to center around a series of grisly murder sequences with shocking "grand guignol" style gore, sometimes mixed with sadistic eroticism (the victims often being beautiful women). The villains are usually mysterious, psychopathic serial killers (often wearing masks or disguises) who are eventually hunted down by the police and/or an average person turned sleuth. The first important film in this genre is "Blood and Black Lace" (1964) directed by Mario Bava.


title: Mystery film

text: Some examples that follow a standard murder mystery format include "Five Dolls for an August Moon" (1970) by Mario Bava, three by director Dario Argento: "The Cat o' Nine Tails", "Four Flies on Grey Velvet" (both 1971), and "Deep Red" (1975) – as well as "A Lizard in a Woman's Skin" (1971), "The Strange Vice of Mrs. Wardh" (1971), "Black Belly of the Tarantula" (1971), "Who Saw Her Die?" (1972), "What Have You Done to Solange?" (1972), "Casa d'appuntamento" (aka "The French Sex Murders", 1972), and "The Red Queen Kills Seven Times" (1972).


title: Mystery film

text: The Giallo style has had an enduring influence on horror films in general as well as the subgenre slasher and splatter films that would soon follow. Early examples of this influence can be seen in the British "Circus of Fear" (1966), based on an Edgar Wallace novel, "Berserk!" (1967), and the American mystery-thrillers "No Way to Treat a Lady" (1968), "Klute" (1971), "Pretty Maids All in a Row" (1971), based on an Italian novel, "Eyes of Laura Mars" (1978), and Hitchcock's "Frenzy" (1972).


title: Mystery film

text: One mystery film stands out in a category by itself. Michelangelo Antonioni's provocative "Blowup" (1966) is a unique anti-whodunit symbolizing the aimless hedonism of the 1960s. A swinging London photographer uncovers clues to a murder, but solving the crime is rendered irrelevant in a society where no one really cares. This contrasts sharply with the ending of "The Maltese Falcon" where Sam Spade solves the murder of his partner, Miles Archer. He sacrifices the woman he's fallen for, not because he was fond of Archer (he wasn't), but because it's the right thing to do.


title: Mystery film

text: In 1981, Brian De Palma remade this as "Blow Out", turning it into a more traditional political thriller. In the DVD audio commentary for "The Conversation", director Francis Ford Coppola revealed that "Blowup" was a major source of inspiration for that film.


title: Mystery film

text: "Electra Glide in Blue" (1973) is another rare example of a murder-mystery plot used as a vehicle for a story concerning greater issues. In this case, disillusionment and the death of dreams and idealism in a world full of immorality.


title: Mystery film

text: Since the mid-1970s, only a handful of films with private detectives have been produced. These include "I, the Jury", "Angel Heart", "Hollywood Harry", "The Two Jakes", "Devil in a Blue Dress", "Pure Luck", "Under Suspicion", "Twilight" with Paul Newman, and Ben Affleck's "Gone Baby Gone".


title: Mystery film

text: Raymond Chandler's original Philip Marlowe short stories from the '30s (which he later expanded into novels) were adapted by the HBO cable network into eleven one-hour episodes for cable television. The series, "Philip Marlowe: Private Eye" (1983–1986), starred Powers Boothe as the hard-bitten detective.


title: Mystery film

text: Films with female detectives have not fared well. Kathleen Turner as private eye "V.I. Warshawski" (1991), was to be the start of a new franchise based on the book series by Sara Paretsky, but the film was a box-office failure. Plans to turn the "Honey West" novels into a film have been in and out of development for over a decade with no film in sight.


title: Mystery film

text: Since 1980, ten films based on the ever-popular novels of Agatha Christie have been released. Two with eccentric sleuth Hercule Poirot, "Evil Under the Sun" (1982), "Appointment with Death" (1988), and one with Miss Marple "The Mirror Crack'd" (1980). Christie herself became the subject of a mystery film in 1979's "Agatha" starring Vanessa Redgrave. The film was a fictional speculation on her famous 11-day disappearance in 1926.


title: Mystery film

text: Complex murder mysteries related to military men began with "Crossfire" (1947). More recent examples include "A Soldier's Story" (1984), "No Way Out" (1987), "The Presidio" (1988), "A Few Good Men" (1992), "Courage Under Fire" (1996), "The General's Daughter" (1999), and "Basic" (2003).


title: Mystery film

text: The police procedural film, often with a surprise twist ending, has also remained a vital format with "Cruising" (1980), "Gorky Park" (1983), "Tightrope" (1984), "The Dead Pool" (1988), "Mississippi Burning" (1988), "Mortal Thoughts" (1991), "Rising Sun" (1993), "Striking Distance" (1993), "The Usual Suspects" (1995), "Lone Star" (1996), "Under Suspicion" (2000), "Blood Work" (2002), "Mystic River" (2003), "Mindhunters" (2004), "In the Valley of Elah" (2007), and "Righteous Kill" (2008).


title: Mystery film

text: The political thriller involving murder, cover-ups, and high-level conspiracies is represented by such films as "JFK" (1991), "Murder at 1600" (1997), "Enemy of the State" (1998), "State of Play" (2009), and "Madras Cafe" (2013).


title: Mystery film

text: In the 1990s and early 2000s, many horror films and thrillers started to blend mystery and suspense into stories centered around clever, sociopathic serial killers or various mysterious supernatural occurrences. The Hannibal Lecter novels by Thomas Harris have inspired four films, "Manhunter" (1986), the Academy Award-winning "The Silence of the Lambs" (1991), "Hannibal" (2001), and "Red Dragon" (2002).


title: Mystery film

text: Other films in which this blend occurs include "When the Bough Breaks" (1994), "Seven" (1995), "Kiss the Girls" (1997), adapted from the James Patterson novel, "The Bone Collector" (1999), "Mercy" (2000), "Along Came a Spider" (2001), also by Patterson, "Insomnia" (2002), and "Taking Lives" (2004).


title: Mystery film

text: The 2007 film "Zodiac" is an account of the real hunt for a serial killer in the San Francisco area in the late-1960s and early 1970s. Contemporary real-life serial killings have been portrayed in "The Alphabet Killer", "Ed Gein", "Gacy", "Ted Bundy" and "Dahmer". The French period-piece film "Brotherhood of the Wolf" (2001) examines a series of killings that took place in France in the 18th century.


title: Mystery film

text: In many modern day mystery films, everyday characters (such as fathers, mothers, teens, business people, etc.) are dragged into a dangerous conflict or a mysterious situation, either by fate or their own curiosity. Common elements in these stories include searching for a missing person (a friend or family member) as in "Flightplan" (2005) with Jodie Foster, while being surrounded by red herrings, espionage, criminal or political conspiracies, and friends/relatives with a secret past or a double life.


title: Mystery film

text: Such films include the horror mysteries "Scream" and its sequels (1996–2011), the "Saw" franchise (2004–2010), "The Orphanage" (2006), "What Lies Beneath" (2000), "Cry Wolf" (2005), "Devil" (2010), "The Ring" (2002) and the mystery thrillers "Secret Window" (2004), "The Machinist" (2004), "The Forgotten" (2005), "The Number 23" (2006), and "Identity" (2003).


title: Mystery film

text: The retrograde amnesia plot also resurfaced in a new wave of mysteries where discovering the lead character's true identity and/or history forms the core of the story. Main examples include: "The Morning After" (1986), "Shattered" (1991), "The Long Kiss Goodnight" (1996), "Memento" (2000), the "Bourne" film series (2002–2012), and "Shutter Island" (2010). Kenneth Branagh's highly stylized "Dead Again" (1991) pays homage to Hitchcock and Orson Welles in a complex story of amnesia, hypnosis, and reincarnation. There are also science fiction thrillers such as "Total Recall" (1990), remade in 2012, and "Paycheck" (2003) which center around technology-induced memory loss.


title: Mystery film

text: Period-piece L.A. police detective stories set in the 1940s and 1950s returned — with a harder edge and occasional parallels to contemporary issues — in "Mulholland Falls" (1996), and "L.A. Confidential" (1997) which was nominated for nine Academy Awards and won two. Both "True Confessions" (1981) and De Palma's "The Black Dahlia" (2006) are based on an actual unsolved Hollywood murder case from 1947. "Hollywoodland" (2006) explores the mysterious 1959 death of actor George Reeves, who is portrayed by Ben Affleck.


title: Mystery film

text: Raymond Chandler's final unfinished novel, "Poodle Springs", from 1958, was completed by another author and made into an HBO cable film in 1998. Set in 1963, it stars James Caan as Philip Marlowe.


title: Mystery film

text: Among the few nostalgia-based comedy-mysteries are the board game-inspired "Clue" (1985), set in 1954, and "Radioland Murders" (1994), which recreates the era of old-time radio programs and pays homage to 1930s screwball comedies. Larry Blamire's "Dark and Stormy Night" (2009), set in 1930, spoofs the clichéd characters and plot elements of vintage "old dark house" murder mysteries.


title: Mystery film

text: "Devil in a Blue Dress" (1995), set in Los Angeles c. 1948, features an African-American private eye. The film captures the atmosphere of the hard-boiled detective stories of the past as well as the racial climate of the times.


title: Mystery film

text: Coming full circle, Robert Altman's nostalgic "Gosford Park" (2001), set in an English mansion in 1932, is an original story that revives the old-fashioned murder mystery format.


title: Mystery film

text: By the 1970s and 1980s, detective and mystery stories began to appear in other genres, sometimes as the framing device for a horror, fantasy or science fiction film or placed in an earlier, nontraditional time period.


title: Mystery film

text: Mystery films have portrayed a number of notable fiction sleuths. Most of these characters first appeared in serialized novels.


title: Christian demonology

text: Christian demonology is the study of demons from a Christian point of view. It is primarily based on the Bible (Old and New Testaments), the interpretation of these scriptures, the writings of early Christianity philosophers, hermits and the associated traditions and legends incorporated from other beliefs.


title: Christian demonology

text: In some Christian traditions, the deities of other religions are interpreted as demons. Paul states this explicitly in 1 Corinthians 10, forbidding idolatrous libations. The evolution of the Devil in Christianity is such an example of early ritual and imagery that showcase evil qualities, as seen by the Christian churches.


title: Christian demonology

text: Since Early Christianity, demonology has developed from a simple acceptance of the existence of demons to a complex study that has grown from the original ideas taken from Jewish demonology and Christian scriptures. Christian demonology is studied in depth within the Roman Catholic Church, although many other Christian churches affirm and discuss the existence of demons.


title: Christian demonology

text: Albertus Magnus, aware of the many false beliefs and erroneous teachings on the subject, said of demonology, ""A daemonibus docetur, de daemonibus docet, et ad daemones ducit"" ("It is taught by the demons, it teaches about the demons, and it leads to the demons").


title: Christian demonology

text: According to the Book of Enoch (which is currently only canonical in the Eritrean and Ethiopian Orthodox Churches but was referred to by the early Church fathers), the disembodied spirits of the Nephilim are demons. Enoch explains:


title: Christian demonology

text: In 1467, Alfonso de Spina asserted that the number of demons was 133,316,666. This idea that one third of the angels turned into demons seems to be due to an exegesis of the Book of Revelation 12:3–9.


title: Christian demonology

text: Johann Weyer, in his "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum" (1583), after a complicated system of hierarchies and calculations, estimated the number of demons as 4,439,622, divided into 666 legions, each legion composed of 6,666 demons, and all of them ruled by 66 hellish dukes, princes, kings, etc. "The Lesser Key of Solomon" (17th century) copied the division into legions from "Pseudomonarchia Daemonum" but added more demons, and so more legions. It is suggestive that both Spina and Weyer used "666" and other numbers composed by more than one "6" to calculate the number of demons (133,316,666 demons, 666 legions, 6,666 demons in each legion, 66 rulers).


title: Christian demonology

text: Gregory of Nyssa, in the 4th century, believed in the existence of male and female demons and supported the idea that demons procreated with other demons and with human women. Other scholars supported the idea that they could not procreate and that the number of demons was constant.


title: Christian demonology

text: In Christian tradition, demons are fallen angels and have the same characteristics as their good angel counterparts: spirituality, immutability and immortality. Demons are not omniscient, but each one has a specific knowledge (sometimes on more than one subject). Their power is limited to that which God allows, so they are not omnipotent. No reference has been made about omnipresence, so it is unclear if they can be in different places at the same time, but according to the tradition of the medieval witches' Sabbath, two conclusions can be reached: either the Devil can be in different places at the same time, or he sends an emissary in his name.


title: Christian demonology

text: Christian demonology states that the mission of the demons is to induce humans to sin. Demons are also believed to try to tempt people into abandoning the faith, committing heresy or apostasy, remaining or turning into Pagans, or venerating idols (the Christian term for cult images). It is also believed that demons torment people during their life or through demonic possession or simply by showing themselves before persons to frighten them or by provoking visions that could induce people to sin or to be afraid.


title: Christian demonology

text: In the Gospel of Luke, it is stated that demons walk "arid places", and finding no rest return to their previous home.


title: Christian demonology

text: Nevertheless, they were generally described as ugly and monstrous beings by Christian demonologists. Many of these descriptions have inspired famous painters like Luca Signorelli, Hieronymus Bosch, Francisco Goya, the artist that made the drawings for the Dictionnaire Infernal, and others. Incubi and succubi are described as looking attractive in order to accomplish their mission of seduction. The Devil in particular has been popularly symbolized as various animals, including the serpent, the goat and the dragon.


title: Christian demonology

text: This idea has also been associated with the depiction of certain ancient gods like Moloch and the shedu, etc., which were portrayed as bulls, as men with the head of a bull, or wearing bull horns as a crown.


title: Christian demonology

text: In "Malleus Maleficarum", Heinrich Kramer wrote that demons can take the form of children, and that in this form, they are very heavy, constantly ill and do not grow.


title: Christian demonology

text: Poets such as Geoffrey Chaucer associated the color green with the Devil, although in modern times the color is red.


title: Christian demonology

text: Henry Boguet and some English demonologists of the same epoch asserted that witches and warlocks confessed (under torture) that demons' bodies were icy. During the 17th century, this belief prevailed.


title: Christian demonology

text: Demons are generally considered sexless as they have no physical bodies, but different kinds are generally associated with one sex or another. Many theologians agreed that demons acted first as succubi to collect sperm from men and then as incubi to put it into a woman's vagina.


title: Christian demonology

text: Albertus Magnus and Thomas Aquinas wrote that demons and the hierarchy of angels are created by God with the same non–material substance. Because they have no bodies they have no sexual identity and can not generate human beings or other angels. The incorporeality is related to their nature, eternal and unchangeable across the centuries.


title: Christian demonology

text: Ulrich Molitor and Nicholas Remy disagreed whether women could be impregnated by demons. Remy thought that a woman could never be fecundated by any being other than a man. Heinrich Kramer (author of the "Malleus Maleficarum") adopted an intermediate position; he wrote that demons acted first as succubi and then as incubi, but added the possibility that incubi could receive semen from succubi, but he considered that this sperm could not fecundate women.


title: Christian demonology

text: Peter of Paluda and Martin of Arles among others supported the idea that demons could take sperm from dead men and impregnate women. Some demonologists thought that demons could take semen from dying or recently deceased men, and thus dead men should be buried as soon as possible to avoid it.


title: Christian demonology

text: The incarnation of the demons has been a problem in Christian demonology and theology since early times. A very early form of the incarnation of demons was the idea of demonic possession, trying to explain that a demon entered the body of a person with some purpose or simply to punish that one for some allegedly committed sin. This soon acquired greater proportions, trying to explain how demons could seduce people to have sexual relationships with them or induce them to commit other sins. To Christian scholars, demons didn't always have to manifest themselves in a visible and possible tangible form, sometimes it was through possession.


title: Christian demonology

text: According to the Gospels of Matthew, Mark and Luke demons could be seen and heard, as well as banished.


title: Christian demonology

text: Basil of Caesarea also wrote on this subject. He believed that demons, to materialize, had to condense vapors and with them form the body of a person or animal, then entering that body as if it were a puppet to which they gave life. Henry More supported this idea, saying that their bodies were cold due to the solidification of water vapor to form them. Many authors believed that demons could assume the shape of an animal.


title: Christian demonology

text: Raoul Glaber, a monk of Saint-Léger, Belgium, seems to have been the first in writing about the visit of a demon of horrible aspect in his "Historiarum sui temporis, Libri quinque" (History of his Time in Five Books).


title: Christian demonology

text: Augustine thought that demons often were imaginary, but sometimes could enter human bodies, but later accepted the idea of the materialization of demons. Thomas Aquinas followed Augustine's idea, but added that demonic materialization had sexual connotations because demons tried to seduce people to commit sexual sins.


title: Christian demonology

text: Ambrogio de Vignati, disagreeing with other authors, asserted that demons, besides not having a material body, could not create one, and all what they seemed to do was a mere hallucination provoked by them in the mind of those who had made a diabolical pact or were "victims" of a succubus or incubus, including the sexual act.


title: Christian demonology

text: Inspired by the Revelation 13:18, the number 666 (the number of the second beast) was attributed to the Antichrist and to the Devil.


title: Christian demonology

text: According to medieval grimoires, demons each have a diabolical signature or seal with which they sign diabolical pacts. These seals can also be used by a conjurer to summon and control the demons. The seals of a variety of demons are given in grimoires such as The Great Book of Saint Cyprian, Le Dragon Rouge and The Lesser Key of Solomon.


title: Christian demonology

text: The pentagram, which has been used with various meanings in many cultures (including Christianity, in which it denoted the five wounds of Christ), is usually considered a diabolical sign when inverted (one point downwards, two points up). Such a symbol may appear with or without a surrounding circle, and sometimes contains the head of a male goat, with the horns fitting into the upper points of the star, the ears into the side points, the beard into the lowest one, and the face into the central pentagon.


title: Christian demonology

text: An inverted (upside-down) cross (particularly the crucifix) has also been considered a symbol of both the Devil and the Antichrist, although in Catholic tradition a plain inverted cross (without the corpus or figure of Christ) is a symbol of Saint Peter.


title: Christian demonology

text: Not all Christians believe that demons exist in the literal sense. There is the view that the New Testament language of exorcism is an example of the language of the day being employed to describe the healings of what today would be classified as epilepsy, mental illness etc.


title: Topological space

text: In mathematics, a topological space is, roughly speaking, a geometrical space in which closeness is defined but cannot necessarily be measured by a numeric distance. More specifically, a topological space is a set whose elements are called points, along with an additional structure called a topology, which can be defined as a set of neighbourhoods for each point that satisfy some axioms formalizing the concept of closeness. There are several equivalent definitions of a topology, the most commonly used of which is the definition through open sets, which is easier than the others to manipulate.


title: Topological space

text: A topological space is the most general type of a mathematical space that allows for the definition of limits, continuity, and connectedness. Common types of topological spaces include Euclidean spaces, metric spaces and manifolds.


title: Topological space

text: Although very general, the concept of topological spaces is fundamental, and used in virtually every branch of modern mathematics. The study of topological spaces in their own right is called point-set topology or general topology.


title: Topological space

text: Around 1735, Leonhard Euler discovered the formula formula_1 relating the number of vertices, edges and faces of a convex polyhedron, and hence of a planar graph. The study and generalization of this formula, specifically by Cauchy (1789-1857) and L'Huilier (1750-1840), boosted the study of topology. In 1827, Carl Friedrich Gauss published "General investigations of curved surfaces", which in section 3 defines the curved surface in a similar manner to the modern topological understanding: "A curved surface is said to possess continuous curvature at one of its points A, if the direction of all the straight lines drawn from A to points of the surface at an infinitely small distance from A are deflected infinitely little from one and the same plane passing through A."


title: Topological space

text: Yet, "until Riemann's work in the early 1850s, surfaces were always dealt with from a local point of view (as parametric surfaces) and topological issues were never considered". "Möbius and Jordan seem to be the first to realize that the main problem about the topology of (compact) surfaces is to find invariants (preferably numerical) to decide the equivalence of surfaces, that is, to decide whether two surfaces are homeomorphic or not."


title: Topological space

text: The subject is clearly defined by Felix Klein in his "Erlangen Program" (1872): the geometry invariants of arbitrary continuous transformation, a kind of geometry. The term "topology" was introduced by Johann Benedict Listing in 1847, although he had used the term in correspondence some years earlier instead of previously used "Analysis situs". The foundation of this science, for a space of any dimension, was created by Henri Poincaré. His first article on this topic appeared in 1894. In the 1930s, James Waddell Alexander II and Hassler Whitney first expressed the idea that a surface is a topological space that is locally like a Euclidean plane.


title: Topological space

text: Topological spaces were first defined by Felix Hausdorff in 1914 in his seminal "Principles of Set Theory". Metric spaces had been defined earlier in 1906 by Maurice Fréchet, though it was Hausdorff who popularised the term "metric space" ().


title: Topological space

text: The utility of the concept of a "topology" is shown by the fact that there are several equivalent definitions of this mathematical structure. Thus one chooses the axiomatization suited for the application. The most commonly used is that in terms of , but perhaps more intuitive is that in terms of and so this is given first.


title: Topological space

text: Let formula_2 be a set; the elements of formula_2 are usually called , though they can be any mathematical object. We allow formula_2 to be empty. Let formula_5 be a function assigning to each formula_6 (point) in formula_2 a non-empty collection formula_8 of subsets of formula_9 The elements of formula_8 will be called of formula_6 with respect to formula_5 (or, simply, ). The function formula_5 is called a neighbourhood topology if the axioms below are satisfied; and then formula_2 with formula_5 is called a topological space.


title: Topological space

text: The first three axioms for neighbourhoods have a clear meaning. The fourth axiom has a very important use in the structure of the theory, that of linking together the neighbourhoods of different points of formula_9


title: Topological space

text: A standard example of such a system of neighbourhoods is for the real line formula_36 where a subset formula_16 of formula_38 is defined to be a of a real number formula_6 if it includes an open interval containing formula_24


title: Topological space

text: Given such a structure, a subset formula_41 of formula_2 is defined to be open if formula_41 is a neighbourhood of all points in formula_44 The open sets then satisfy the axioms given below. Conversely, when given the open sets of a topological space, the neighbourhoods satisfying the above axioms can be recovered by defining formula_16 to be a neighbourhood of formula_6 if formula_16 includes an open set formula_41 such that formula_49


title: Topological space

text: A "topology" on a set may be defined as a collection formula_50 of subsets of , called open sets and satisfying the following axioms:


title: Topological space

text: As this definition of a topology is the most commonly used, the set formula_50 of the open sets is commonly called a topology on formula_9


title: Topological space

text: Using these axioms, another way to define a topological space is as a set formula_2 together with a collection formula_50 of closed subsets of formula_9 Thus the sets in the topology formula_50 are the closed sets, and their complements in formula_2 are the open sets.


title: Topological space

text: There are many other equivalent ways to define a topological space: in other words the concepts of neighbourhood, or that of open or closed sets can be reconstructed from other starting points and satisfy the correct axioms.


title: Topological space

text: Another way to define a topological space is by using the Kuratowski closure axioms, which define the closed sets as the fixed points of an operator on the power set of formula_9


title: Topological space

text: A net is a generalisation of the concept of sequence. A topology is completely determined if for every net in formula_2 the set of its accumulation points is specified.


title: Topological space

text: A variety of topologies can be placed on a set to form a topological space. When every set in a topology formula_90 is also in a topology formula_91 and formula_90 is a subset of formula_93 we say that formula_91is than formula_95 and formula_90 is than formula_97 A proof that relies only on the existence of certain open sets will also hold for any finer topology, and similarly a proof that relies only on certain sets not being open applies to any coarser topology. The terms and are sometimes used in place of finer and coarser, respectively. The terms and are also used in the literature, but with little agreement on the meaning, so one should always be sure of an author's convention when reading.


title: Topological space

text: The collection of all topologies on a given fixed set formula_2 forms a complete lattice: if formula_99 is a collection of topologies on formula_73 then the meet of formula_101 is the intersection of formula_102 and the join of formula_101 is the meet of the collection of all topologies on formula_2 that contain every member of formula_105


title: Topological space

text: A function formula_106 between topological spaces is called continuous if for every formula_107 and every neighbourhood formula_16 of formula_109 there is a neighbourhood formula_31 of formula_6 such that formula_112 This relates easily to the usual definition in analysis. Equivalently, formula_113 is continuous if the inverse image of every open set is open. This is an attempt to capture the intuition that there are no "jumps" or "separations" in the function. A homeomorphism is a bijection that is continuous and whose inverse is also continuous. Two spaces are called if there exists a homeomorphism between them. From the standpoint of topology, homeomorphic spaces are essentially identical.


title: Topological space

text: In category theory, one of the fundamental categories is Top, which denotes the category of topological spaces whose objects are topological spaces and whose morphisms are continuous functions. The attempt to classify the objects of this category (up to homeomorphism) by invariants has motivated areas of research, such as homotopy theory, homology theory, and K-theory.


title: Topological space

text: A given set may have many different topologies. If a set is given a different topology, it is viewed as a different topological space. Any set can be given the discrete topology in which every subset is open. The only convergent sequences or nets in this topology are those that are eventually constant. Also, any set can be given the trivial topology (also called the indiscrete topology), in which only the empty set and the whole space are open. Every sequence and net in this topology converges to every point of the space. This example shows that in general topological spaces, limits of sequences need not be unique. However, often topological spaces must be Hausdorff spaces where limit points are unique.


title: Topological space

text: Every metric space can be given a metric topology, in which the basic open sets are open balls defined by the metric. This is the standard topology on any normed vector space. On a finite-dimensional vector space this topology is the same for all norms.


title: Topological space

text: There are many ways of defining a topology on formula_36 the set of real numbers. The standard topology on formula_38 is generated by the open intervals. The set of all open intervals forms a base or basis for the topology, meaning that every open set is a union of some collection of sets from the base. In particular, this means that a set is open if there exists an open interval of non zero radius about every point in the set. More generally, the Euclidean spaces formula_116 can be given a topology. In the usual topology on formula_116 the basic open sets are the open balls. Similarly, formula_118 the set of complex numbers, and formula_119 have a standard topology in which the basic open sets are open balls.


title: Topological space

text: Many sets of linear operators in functional analysis are endowed with topologies that are defined by specifying when a particular sequence of functions converges to the zero function.


title: Topological space

text: Any local field has a topology native to it, and this can be extended to vector spaces over that field.


title: Topological space

text: Every manifold has a natural topology since it is locally Euclidean. Similarly, every simplex and every simplicial complex inherits a natural topology from .


title: Topological space

text: The Zariski topology is defined algebraically on the spectrum of a ring or an algebraic variety. On formula_116 or formula_125 the closed sets of the Zariski topology are the solution sets of systems of polynomial equations.


title: Topological space

text: A linear graph has a natural topology that generalizes many of the geometric aspects of graphs with vertices and edges.


title: Topological space

text: The Sierpiński space is the simplest non-discrete topological space. It has important relations to the theory of computation and semantics.


title: Topological space

text: There exist numerous topologies on any given finite set. Such spaces are called finite topological spaces. Finite spaces are sometimes used to provide examples or counterexamples to conjectures about topological spaces in general.


title: Topological space

text: Any set can be given the cofinite topology in which the open sets are the empty set and the sets whose complement is finite. This is the smallest T topology on any infinite set.


title: Topological space

text: Any set can be given the cocountable topology, in which a set is defined as open if it is either empty or its complement is countable. When the set is uncountable, this topology serves as a counterexample in many situations.


title: Topological space

text: The real line can also be given the lower limit topology. Here, the basic open sets are the half open intervals formula_126 This topology on formula_38 is strictly finer than the Euclidean topology defined above; a sequence converges to a point in this topology if and only if it converges from above in the Euclidean topology. This example shows that a set may have many distinct topologies defined on it.


title: Topological space

text: If formula_120 is an ordinal number, then the set formula_129 may be endowed with the order topology generated by the intervals formula_130 formula_131 and formula_132 where formula_133 and formula_134 are elements of formula_135


title: Topological space

text: Outer space of a free group formula_136 consists of the so-called "marked metric graph structures" of volume 1 on formula_137


title: Topological space

text: Every subset of a topological space can be given the subspace topology in which the open sets are the intersections of the open sets of the larger space with the subset. For any indexed family of topological spaces, the product can be given the product topology, which is generated by the inverse images of open sets of the factors under the projection mappings. For example, in finite products, a basis for the product topology consists of all products of open sets. For infinite products, there is the additional requirement that in a basic open set, all but finitely many of its projections are the entire space.


title: Topological space

text: A quotient space is defined as follows: if formula_2 is a topological space and formula_139 is a set, and if formula_106 is a surjective function, then the quotient topology on formula_139 is the collection of subsets of formula_139 that have open inverse images under formula_143 In other words, the quotient topology is the finest topology on formula_139 for which formula_113 is continuous. A common example of a quotient topology is when an equivalence relation is defined on the topological space formula_9 The map formula_113 is then the natural projection onto the set of equivalence classes.


title: Topological space

text: The Vietoris topology on the set of all non-empty subsets of a topological space formula_73 named for Leopold Vietoris, is generated by the following basis: for every formula_149-tuple formula_150 of open sets in formula_73 we construct a basis set consisting of all subsets of the union of the formula_152 that have non-empty intersections with each formula_153


title: Topological space

text: The Fell topology on the set of all non-empty closed subsets of a locally compact Polish space formula_2 is a variant of the Vietoris topology, and is named after mathematician James Fell. It is generated by the following basis: for every formula_149-tuple formula_150 of open sets in formula_2 and for every compact set formula_158 the set of all subsets of formula_2 that are disjoint from formula_160 and have nonempty intersections with each formula_152 is a member of the basis.


title: Topological space

text: Topological spaces can be broadly classified, up to homeomorphism, by their topological properties. A topological property is a property of spaces that is invariant under homeomorphisms. To prove that two spaces are not homeomorphic it is sufficient to find a topological property not shared by them. Examples of such properties include connectedness, compactness, and various separation axioms. For algebraic invariants see algebraic topology.


title: Topological space

text: For any algebraic objects we can introduce the discrete topology, under which the algebraic operations are continuous functions. For any such structure that is not finite, we often have a natural topology compatible with the algebraic operations, in the sense that the algebraic operations are still continuous. This leads to concepts such as topological groups, topological vector spaces, topological rings and local fields.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: Who Are You: School 2015 (; also known in Japan as Love Generation) is a South Korean television series, starring Kim So-hyun, Nam Joo-hyuk, and Yook Sung-jae. It aired on KBS2 from April 27 to June 16, 2015 every Monday and Tuesday at 21:55 KST for 16 episodes. It is the sixth installment of KBS's "School" series which premiered in 1999.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: The final episode received a 8.2% nationwide ratings. it was well-received and popular overseas,it established a strong following among young viewers worldwide which led to increased recognition for its cast.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: Ko Eun-byeol and Lee Eun-bi (both played by Kim So-hyun) are identical twins, separated after one is adopted at the age of 5. Eun-bi lives at the Love House, an orphanage in Tongyeong, South Gyeongsang Province, where the younger residents look up to her as a mother figure. However, she hides the fact that she is bullied at school by a gang of mean girls led by Kang So-young, while teachers turn a blind eye.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: On the other hand, Ko Eun-byeol is studying at Sekang High School, the most prestigious private high school in Seoul's Gangnam District. Eun-byeol's best friend is Han Yi-an (Nam Joo-hyuk), the school's star swimmer and is in love with her since childhood.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: However, only Eun-byeol is aware of the other's existence. Unlike the cheerful Eun-bi, Eun-byeol is prickly and secretive.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: Go Eun-byul and Lee Eun-bi are identical twins. Lee Eun-bi lives in an orphanage whereas Go Eun-byul, Eun-bi's twin sister lives with a woman who adopted her. Due to bullying, Eun-bi decided to end her life but she was saved by her twin sister. Eun-bi had amnesia after that. When Eun-byul's adoptive mother mistook Eun-bi as Eun-byul, she starts to assume the identity of her twin sister. Eun-byul leaves in the end to pursue her dreams whilst Eun-bi remains in the school.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: A star swimmer at Sekang High School. He was great childhood friends with Go Eun-byul, and had feelings for her. He is loyal to his friends and although from a poor background, works really hard to help his father at the same time to become a national champion in swimming. He starts to question the identity of Eun-byul (who is actually Eun-bi in disguise), but as time goes by, he falls for Eun-bi unknowingly.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: Described by his father an idiotic and problematic child, Gong Tae-kwang is widely known as a troublemaker in school. His father is the director of Sekang High School and his mother is a famous actress, but his classmates don't know about this. He is portrayed as a happy-go-lucky person who just wanted to cause trouble, but behind his smile, he was actually a struggling child with a painful life. He suffered a lot but everything changed when he met Lee Eun-bi and stood by her side, even when Kang So-young decided to make her life hell. He developed one sided feelings for her and confesses to her later on.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: He is pricked by his guilty conscience after a massive cover-up involving the death of one of his students.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: An intelligent and hardworking student who is always at the top of his class. Pressured by his study-centric mother to do well, he feels overwhelmed.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: Go Eun-byul and Lee Shi-jin best friend. She is torn between staying loyal to Eun-byul and accepting So-young's friendship advances. After finding out Lee Eun-bi's real identity she also became best friends with her.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: She is best friends with Go Eun-byul and Cha Sung-joo. She is jealous of her friends who seem to have a passion and tries to seek out one of her own. After finding out Lee Eun-bi's real identity she also became best friends with her.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: A school bully who found pleasure in bullying Eun-bi. Her transfer to Eun-byul's school soon leads to mistrust and problems between the students.


title: Who Are You: School 2015

text: A Thai remake of the series with the title "Who Are You" was announced by GMMTV during their "New & Next" event last October 15, 2019 featuring Tipnaree Weerawatnodom (Namtan), Perawat Sangpotirat (Krist) and Kay Lertsittichai. Produced by GMMTV and Nar-ra-tor, it premiered on May 2, 2020 on GMM 25 and Line TV.


title: Calvados

text: Calvados (, , ) is a brandy from Normandy in France, made from apples or pears, or from apples with pears.


title: Calvados

text: Apple orchards and brewers are mentioned as far back as the 8th century by Charlemagne. The first known record of Norman distillation was made by squire Gilles de Gouberville in 1553, and the guild for cider distillation was created about 50 years later in 1606. In the 17th century, the traditional cider farms expanded, but taxation and prohibition of cider brandies were enforced elsewhere than Brittany, Maine, and Normandy. The area called "Calvados" was created after the French Revolution, but "eau de vie de cidre" was already called "calvados" in common usage. In the 19th century, output increased with industrial distillation and the working class fashion for "café-calva". When a phylloxera outbreak in the last quarter of the 19th century devastated the vineyards of France and Europe, Calvados experienced a golden age. During World War I, cider brandy was requisitioned to make explosives for the armament industry due to its alcohol content. The "appellation contrôlée" regulations officially gave AOC Calvados Pays d'Auge a protected name in 1942. After the war, many cider houses and distilleries were reconstructed, mainly in the Pays d'Auge. Many of the traditional farmhouse structures were replaced by modern agriculture with high output. The calvados appellation system was revised in 1984 and 1996. Pommeau got its recognition in 1991; in 1997, an appellation for Domfront with 30% pears was created.


title: Calvados

text: Cider brandy is also made in the UK, and appears in records going back to 1678. Somerset cider brandy gained European protected geographical indication (PGI) status in 2011.


title: Calvados

text: Calvados is distilled from cider made from specially grown and selected apples, from over 200 named varieties. It is not uncommon for a calvados producer to use over 100 specific varieties of apples which are either sweet (such as the 'Rouge Duret' variety), tart (such as the 'Rambault' variety), or bitter (such as the 'Mettais', 'Saint Martin', 'Frequin', and 'Binet Rouge' varieties), the latter being inedible.


title: Calvados

text: The fruit is harvested and pressed into a juice that is fermented into a dry cider. It is then distilled into "eau de vie". After two or three years of aging in oak casks, it can be sold as calvados. The longer it is aged, the smoother the drink becomes. Usually, the maturation goes on for several years.


title: Calvados

text: The appellation of AOC ("appellation d'origine contrôlée") for calvados authorizes double distillation for all calvados, but it is required for the "Calvados Pays d'Auge".


title: Calvados

text: The usual arguments for and against the two processes are that the former process gives the spirit complexity and renders it suitable for longer aging, whilst the latter process gives the calvados a fresh and clean apple flavour but with less complexity. In fact, a growing belief indicates a well-operated column still can produce as complex and "age-able" calvados as double distillation.


title: Calvados

text: Like many French wines, calvados is governed by "appellation contrôlée" regulations. The three appellations for calvados are:


title: Calvados

text: The age on the bottle refers to the youngest constituent of the blend. A blend is often composed of old and young calvados. Producers can also use the terms below to refer to the age.


title: Calvados

text: High-quality calvados usually has parts which are much older than that mentioned. Calvados can be made from a single (generally, exceptionally good) year. When this happens, the label often carries that year.


title: Calvados

text: Calvados is the basis of the tradition of "le trou Normand", or "the Norman hole". This is a small drink of calvados taken between courses in a very long meal, sometimes with apple or pear sorbet, supposedly to reawaken the appetite. Calvados can be served as an "apéritif", blended in drinks, between meals, as a "digestif", or with coffee. Well-made calvados should naturally be reminiscent of apples and pears, balanced with flavours of aging. The less-aged calvados distinguishes itself with its fresh apple and pear aromas. The longer the calvados is aged, the more the taste resembles that of any other aged brandy. As calvados ages, it may become golden or darker brown with orange elements and red mahogany. The nose and palate are delicate with concentration of aged apples and dried apricots balanced with butterscotch, nut, and chocolate aromas.


title: Calvados

text: Calvados is the regimental drink of "The Queen's Own Rifles of Canada", "The Royal Regina Rifles", "The Royal Canadian Hussars", "Le Régiment de Hull", "Le Régiment de Maisonneuve", and "The Sherbrooke Hussars". The troops were given Calvados as the units passed through Normandy following the D-Day invasion. Known as "le trou normand", it is normally taken between courses at a regimental dinner, or during a toast to remember fallen soldiers.


title: Guti

text: José María Gutiérrez Hernández (born 31 October 1976), known as Guti, is a Spanish former professional footballer who played as an attacking midfielder, currently a manager.


title: Guti

text: During his career, he played almost exclusively for Real Madrid – appearing in 542 official games and serving as vice-captain – helping the club to win 15 trophies, most notably three Champions League titles and five La Liga championships. He also competed professionally in Turkey, with Beşiktaş.


title: Guti

text: Born in Torrejón de Ardoz, Community of Madrid, Guti began playing for Real Madrid's "cantera" in 1986, initially as a striker but being later moved to midfield, and remained there for the vast majority of his career. On 2 December 1995 he made his first-team debut, in a 4–1 home win against Sevilla FC; he finished the season with one goal in nine appearances.


title: Guti

text: Guti added two trophies to his cabinet in 1997, La Liga and the Supercopa de España, playing 17 competitive games during the campaign. In 1997–98 he helped the "Merengues" lift the UEFA Champions League and the Intercontinental Cup, while the player himself added the UEFA European Under-21 Championship.


title: Guti

text: 1999–2000 started badly for Guti: struggling with the responsibility of replacing Clarence Seedorf, he was sent off for kicking a fallen adversary in a home fixture against Real Sociedad. This negative trait was often recurrent, as he was given his marching orders eight times during his career in the league alone. In the season, in which he also captured the Champions League, he scored six goals in 28 games. The following year he had his best individual input, netting 14 times and playing mostly as a striker due to injuries to Fernando Morientes, and contributing greatly to the team's 27th league title and subsequently another domestic Supercup.


title: Guti

text: Guti totalled eight goals in 63 games from 2001 to 2003, contributing three in nine matches as the 2001–02 Champions League ended in conquest. After the purchase of Ronaldo in summer 2002 he returned to midfield, and his scoring rate went down drastically.


title: Guti

text: Guti had his lowest season in terms of scoring in the 2004–05 season, as he failed to find the net for the first time in seven years with the first team; he only managed one official goal, in an international against San Marino in February 2005. In 2005–06, he played 43 games and netted six times (four in the league and two in European competition).


title: Guti

text: With the election of Ramón Calderón as club president and his subsequent vow to bring A.C. Milan's Brazilian star Kaká to Real Madrid, Guti's future at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium appeared insecure. He was linked with a move away to cross-town rivals Atlético Madrid but, in the end, decided to stay with Real while Kaká stayed in Italy.