title: Guti

text: With Zinedine Zidane retired, Guti found himself as the creative playmaker for the 2006–07 campaign, his preferred position. His excellent short and through pass abilities, especially a performance in a 3–2 home win against Sevilla on 6 May 2007 in which he played just 32 minutes from the bench, contributed to many of the goals which helped Real Madrid become league champions for the 30th time.


title: Guti

text: On 10 February 2008, Guti scored two goals and provided four assists in a home game against Real Valladolid, for which he was named "Player of the match"– his team won the game 7–0 and ultimately lifted another champions trophy. On 14 September he netted their 5,000th league goal, in a 4–3 win over CD Numancia.


title: Guti

text: In 2009–10, already with Kaká on board, Guti still managed to appear significantly in the early stages, netting twice in the league. However, in late October, following the 4–0 shock defeat at AD Alcorcón in the round of 32 of the Copa del Rey, he allegedly insulted coach Manuel Pellegrini at half-time, being then left out of the playing squads for a lengthy period; after being reinstated he suffered with some injuries but, due to the Brazilian also having physical problems, managed to appear regularly until the season's end.


title: Guti

text: On 25 July 2010, Guti left Real Madrid after nearly 25 years of service; he said: "I have an offer from Beşiktaş JK, but I haven't decided yet". The deal was concluded the following day, with the player signing a two-year contract. He started in his first competitive match for the Istanbul-based club, assisting in the game's only goal against Bucaspor.


title: Guti

text: Guti contributed to Beşiktaş' victory against Galatasaray SK with one goal and one assist on 28 November 2010; it was the team's first win at the Ali Sami Yen Stadium in six years. On 11 May 2011, he started as they won the Turkish Cup against İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyespor on penalties (4–3, 2–2 after extra time); it was the first domestic cup of his professional career.


title: Guti

text: Guti was deemed surplus to requirements at Beşiktaş for 2011–12, following the appointment of new manager Carlos Carvalhal. On 15 November 2011, the 35-year-old was released.


title: Guti

text: A Spain international since 5 May 1999 (Spain–Croatia, 3–1), Guti nevertheless failed to appear in any tournament's final stage for his country, winning a total of 13 caps in approximately six years.


title: Guti

text: Previously, he won the UEFA European Under-18 Championship in 1995, followed by the under-21 one in 1998.


title: Guti

text: Guti announced his retirement from football on 21 September 2012, and further went on to say that "I'm going to train to become a sporting director or a coach and I'd like to train youngsters... I'd really like to coach the Real Madrid youth team. That's my dream." He started working as a manager in 2013, going on to work with Real Madrid's youths for several years.


title: Guti

text: On 4 July 2018, Guti was named Şenol Güneş's assistant at former club Beşiktaş. On 5 November 2019, he was appointed head coach of Spanish Segunda División's UD Almería. The following February, he offered to resign and to refund his salary if rumours that he attended a nightclub with players after a defeat could be proven; on 26 June, he was sacked after a 0–1 home defeat to AD Alcorcón and replaced by Mário Silva.


title: Guti

text: Originally a striker, Guti later developed into a talented playmaker, who was known in particular for his vision, technique, creativity, passing range and ability to provide assists for teammates; he also possessed an eye for goal courtesy of his ability to make late runs into the box. A versatile player, he was usually deployed as an attacking midfielder behind the forwards, which was his preferred position, but was also capable of playing as a second striker, a winger or in a defensive midfield role as a deep-lying playmaker.


title: Guti

text: Despite his talent, Guti was known to be injury prone and also had a controversial character, which along with his turbulent personal life off the pitch led him to have difficulties with several of his managers throughout his career. He was also accused by certain pundits of being inconsistent and of having a poor work-rate.


title: Guti

text: Guti married Arancha de Benito, a Spanish television celebrity, on 22 June 1999. The couple divorced after almost ten years of marriage and two children, Zaira and Aitor, but remained close friends; on 14 July 2016, he married Argentine TV presenter Romina Belluscio, who gave birth to his youngest son Enzo in 2013.


title: Guti

text: Guti played himself in two motion pictures, "Torrente 3: El Protector" and "". He also appeared in a 2005 documentary/movie about Real Madrid called "Real, The Movie". He was a judge on the 2013 Spanish version of "Celebrity Splash!" on Antena 3.


title: CAM4

text: CAM4.com (commonly abbreviated CAM4), is a live streaming website featuring live webcam performances, filtered by female, male, transgender or couples of primarily amateur performers. Broadcasts on CAM4 often feature nudity and sexual activity often ranging from striptease and dirty talk to masturbation with sex toys.


title: CAM4

text: CAM4 is used mostly by amateur webcam performers who like to broadcast just for the fun of it or to earn money for their live performances on the site. Customers of the site can purchase virtual tokens, which can be used to tip performers or watch private shows. Customers can use text based live chat to talk to each other or in each performer's room. The performers use a webcam and microphone to broadcast live video and audio to their room.


title: CAM4

text: Performers on CAM4 may be coached by Nikki Night, a former cam model and "the porn industry's leading camgirl coach."


title: CAM4

text: In May 2016, CAM4 partnered with VRtube.xxx to launch CAM4VR, a 360° 3D virtual reality live cam experience available on the CAM4 platform. VRTube.xxx co-founder, Ela Darling spearheaded the initiative. The site is working with Ela Darling to distribute virtual reality cameras to models.


title: CAM4

text: Ms. Darling was later followed by world-famous adult actress Jelena Jenson, who joined CAM4 in January, 2017 as event marketing manager and brand ambassador.


title: CAM4

text: In February 2017, CAM4 announced a partnership with teledildonics manufacturer Kiiroo, launching a "live touch" feature that sync's the vibration of the Kiiroo sex toy to tokens tipped during a live webcam show.


title: CAM4

text: CAM4 is a diamond member of the Free Speech Coalition and has been a title sponsor of the Association of Sites Advocating Child Protection (ASACP) since 2011.


title: CAM4

text: In September 2017, CAM4 teamed up with American model and activist Amber Rose in support of The Amber Rose SlutWalk, a nonprofit advocacy organization that works to end slut-shaming and to spark a conversation on women's empowerment and LGBTQ rights.


title: CAM4

text: In September 2021, CAM4 announced its renewed sponsorship of Pineapple Support, a non-profit organization that offers low cost mental health services for adult industry professionals.


title: CAM4

text: In 2016, CAM4 commissioned a global research study from French Research firm iFop, designed to better understand female orgasm habits and the differences between nationalities.


title: CAM4

text: To mark New York Fashion week, CAM4 formed a collaboration with jewelry designer Chris Habana to open a pop-up store on the Lower East Side of New York City. The store is located just around the corner from a space previously used by Louis Vuitton. At the night's opening, high-profile models and sexual icons like François Sagat and Amanda Lepore modeled a new jewelry collection.  The pop-up store collaboration is open from September 5, 2019 until September 30, 2019 and aims to bring a dose of sex positivity to fashion week.


title: CAM4

text: The XBIZ Award for Live Cam Site of the Year was awarded to CAM4 in 2015. In 2016, CAM4.com won an Adult Webcam Award for Best European Adult Webcam Website. Additionally, a CAM4 co-founder was inducted into the Adult Webcam Awards Hall of Fame.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: John Marston is a fictional character in the "Red Dead" video game series by Rockstar Games. He is the main playable protagonist of the 2010 video game "Red Dead Redemption", wherein he must deal with the decline of the Wild West while being forced to hunt down the last surviving members of his old gang in exchange for the safe return of his family by the federal government. John is also the protagonist of "Undead Nightmare", a non-canonical, zombie apocalypse-themed expansion pack, and the secondary playable character of the 2018 prequel, "Red Dead Redemption 2". The latter game depicts John's life in the gang prior to its demise, and later his attempts to start an honest life with his family.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: Rob Wiethoff portrays John Marston in both games through performance capture. The character was developed to be a nuanced, family-focused character in the first game. When returning for the prequel, Wiethoff looked to his younger life for inspiration. The writers felt that John's original role could be limiting in the second game. The character was well received, with many critics citing his maturity, moral complexity and ambiguity, and quest for atonement as focal points of the first game. Wiethoff's portrayal of Marston was also met with acclaim.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: Rob Wiethoff auditioned for the role of John Marston by folding laundry while reading his lines. He was not aware of the game's identity, then only referred to as an "untitled video game project". He felt that the audition was a waste of time, but received the role a few days later. The performance capture process involved simultaneous recording of movement and speech, while a small part was done in a voice-over booth. Wiethoff worked on the first game for almost two years, with principal production lasting around six weeks. The first scene to be recorded was John meeting Nigel West Dickens. Recording would take place over a few weeks, before taking a break of a month or two. Wiethoff estimated that around 12–15 scenes were recorded each day. The recording crew often referred to scenes from Rockstar's previous game, "Grand Theft Auto IV" (2008); Wiethoff pretended to understand before eventually admitting that he had not played the game.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: John was developed to be a nuanced character in "Red Dead Redemption", as opposed to an explicit villain or hero, and a "family man". Carson said that Marston "has a foot in both the old world and the world that was to come", and felt that the character became interesting due to the combination of cynicism and realism. Wiethoff felt that the early decisions in John's life were a direct result of his need for acceptance, and that he may not have been aware of his actions. John's physical appearance took "quite a while" for the team to achieve, but they felt that it allowed them to develop an emotional connection to the character. Wiethoff was asked to return for the downloadable content "Undead Nightmare" about a month after moving back to Seymour, Indiana from Los Angeles, where the first game was recorded; "Undead Nightmare" was recorded in New York.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: When developing John in "Red Dead Redemption 2", the writers felt that his previous appearance could be limiting to them, since players have already resonated with the character. Wiethoff looked to his own life when returning to the character; he always looked up to his older sister's male friends for approval in the same way that John looks up to the rest of the gang for validation. He also took inspiration from the "pretty tough dudes" in his home town for John's personality.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: While marketing materials for "Red Dead Redemption" presented John as a traditional cowboy—isolated and violent, a "white, heteronormative, rugged individual"—his behaviour and ambitions in the narrative are generally unconventional. His ambiguity and internal conflict lead him to exhibit "weariness more than manliness". Regardless, John continues to perpetuate stereotypes in some instances; he continues to preserve lives in his missions for the government despite his bitter opposition to them, described as an enactment of Theodore Roosevelt's masculine ideals. Benjamin J. Triana recognized that John's challenges reflected those of straight, cisgender men in the modern era. Matt Margini blamed John's downfall on "the false promises of a world built on hypermasculine ideals", emphasized by John's unsuccessful attempts to adopt a new form of masculinity and play an empathetic father to his son Jack. Juho Tuominen described John as an idealist. Dr. Esther Wright identified that, while John is not overtly racist, his participation in an attack on an Indian reservation implicates him in "a micro-scale recreation of racist, genocidal violence". Triana wrote that Native Americans "end up victims to the game's evil social forces" due to John's priority of reuniting with his family.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: Several scholars noted that, despite the use of the word "redemption" in the first game's title, such a feat was impossible for John. "Kotaku"s Heather Alexandra felt that John achieved his redemption upon sacrificing himself to save his family. Triana found that, while John's death "implies transcendence", it is not overtly sacrificial, nor does it represent John as a hero. He also felt that the ending allowed the player to properly understand John's rejection of a developing society and institutions due to the misery endured from the government. While John's violent past rendered him unable to achieve redemption, it also impacted his son's own ability to achieve the American Dream as he becomes an outlaw like his father.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: John's mother, a prostitute, died during childbirth and his father, who had been blinded in a bar fight, died when John was eight years old. John spent a few years in an orphanage before running away. When John was threatened to be lynched after being caught stealing at the age of 12, he was saved by Dutch van der Linde, who took him into his gang and raised him. When Abigail Roberts joined the gang, she and John fell in love and had a son named Jack.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: During the events of the game in 1899, John is sent scouting ahead of the gang while they flee the Pinkertons. After being attacked by wolves and left stranded in the snow, he is saved by fellow gang members Arthur Morgan and Javier Escuella. Once he has recovered, he joins the gang on some tasks before planning and executing a successful train robbery. During a failed bank robbery, John is captured and incarcerated. Arthur and Sadie rescue him, much to the disdain of Dutch. John, like Arthur, becomes increasingly wary of Dutch's growing paranoia and loss of reason; protective of John's family, Arthur warns him to leave the gang when the time is right. John is later left for dead by Dutch during a train robbery but returns to the camp as Arthur is confronting Dutch and Micah. When Pinkertons invade the camp, Arthur and John flee. John returns to his family at Arthur's wishes.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: Eight years later, in 1907, John finds honest work with Abigail on a farm, but when John fights back against outlaws threatening him and his employer, Abigail leaves with Jack. John works to get her back by earning enough money to buy a property at Beecher's Hope. He builds a ranch with the help of Uncle and Charles Smith, while Sadie provides him with jobs to pay off his loans. After Abigail returns, John proposes. With Sadie and Charles, John attacks Micah's new gang, where they find Dutch. In a Mexican standoff, Dutch shoots Micah, letting John finish him off, before leaving. John and Abigail later get married at their ranch. The game's final scene shows federal agents Edgar Ross and Archer Fordham observing John's ranch.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: In 1911, Ross and Fordham command John to act as a bounty hunter and apprehend his former outlaw friends. To both motivate and ensure that John will comply, the agents kidnap Jack and Abigail, promising their release upon the completion of John's obligations. He works with many individuals throughout the state of New Austin, who help him assault the fort of former gang member Bill Williamson. When Bill flees to Mexico to seek the help of fellow former gang member Javier Escuella, John pursues them. There, John becomes unwillingly entangled in a civil war between rebels and soldiers. He reluctantly works for both sides, only wanting information about Bill and Javier, but disavows the soldiers when they betray him. He eventually locates Javier, and the player can decide whether to kill him or give him to the agents. Bill is also tracked down and killed, either by John or the rebel leader Abraham Reyes.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: When John returns to collect his family, Ross tells him that he must track down Dutch. After several unsuccessful attacks on Dutch and his operations, John and the agents mount an assault on his hideout. John chases Dutch to a cliff, where the latter steps off and commits suicide. With his old gang dead, John and his family are returned to their ranch. He spends some time working on the ranch, but it is soon attacked by U.S. soldiers, and Uncle is killed. John defends his family, but is shot and killed by a gang of soldiers and Ross. His body is buried on a hillside at the ranch.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: In "Undead Nightmare", a non-canonical, zombie apocalypse-themed alternate reality, John finds that the world is plagued by a virus that brings the dead back to life with a taste for flesh. After tying up the infected Jack and Abigail, John seeks to discover the source of the plague. He rides to Mexico, where he learns from a nun that Reyes might be responsible. John kills the zombified Reyes and finds a girl, who reveals that Reyes had desecrated several catacombs beneath the government building, and had stolen an ancient Aztec mask, unbalancing order and unleashing the undead. John and the girl head down to the tombs and return the mask. John returns home to find that his family has been cured. Months later, after his death, John rises from his grave, as the mask has been stolen again, causing the dead to rise; however, as John had been buried with holy water, he is a revenant who still retains his soul and his capabilities to use weapons.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: The character of John Marston received critical acclaim. Keith Shaw of "Network World" described the character as "complicated character". Seth Schiesel, writing for "The New York Times", stated that "[John] and his creators conjure such a convincing, cohesive and enthralling re-imagination of the real world that it sets a new standard for sophistication and ambition in electronic gaming." "GamesRadar" named the character among the best of the generation, particularly praising the vulnerability portrayed in his family life. "Game Informer"s Javy Gwaltney lauded John as Rockstar's best character, noting that the complexities of his personality make him more realistic than most protagonists. "IGN"s Brian Albert considered John one of the "most badass video game gunslingers", praising his skill and protective nature. Dan Whitehead of "Eurogamer" wrote that the script for "Undead Nightmare" understood the spirit of its characters and balanced sardonicism and honest pathos, and felt that its nuanced treatment of John Marston made him "one of gaming's great characters".


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: Prior to "Red Dead Redemption 2"s release, "Kotaku"s Heather Alexandra expressed hesitation towards John's return, as his past remaining vague made the first game compelling. "Game Informer" staff felt that, by the end of "Red Dead Redemption 2", John had developed into "the man we knew him to be in the original game: loving, faithful, honorable, and tragically doomed". Dave Meikleham of "GamesRadar" wrote that "Red Dead Redemption 2"s climax was effective in explaining John's behavior in the first game. "Polygon"s Russ Frushtick considered John's story in the game's epilogue to be more motivating than Arthur's as his quest has a direct purpose. Conversely, Paul Tassi of "Forbes" found John's story less interesting than Arthur's after spending so much time with the latter, partly due to John's lack of character growth. Jess Joho, writing for "Mashable", considered Arthur and John to be "practically interchangeable anti-heroes", noting disappointment at the lack of shifting themes between the two. "Game Informer"s Gwaltney considered Arthur Morgan to be a better protagonist, citing John's lack of growth throughout the game. Some players criticized the game's patches for changing John's character model, considering it a "downgrade" to more closely resemble Arthur's model.


title: John Marston (Red Dead)

text: For his role in "Red Dead Redemption", Wiethoff won Outstanding Character Performance at the 14th Annual Interactive Achievement Awards. He was nominated for Best Performance by a Human Male at the 2010 Spike Video Game Awards, where John was also nominated for Character of the Year. In 2013, "Complex" named Wiethoff's performance as one of the best in a video gaming, praising the growth of the character.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: Wolf is a 2021 psychological drama film written and directed by Nathalie Biancheri. An international co-production of Ireland and Poland, it stars George MacKay, Lily-Rose Depp, Paddy Considine, Eileen Walsh, Fionn O'Shea and Lola Petticrew.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: "Wolf" had its world premiere at the 2021 Toronto International Film Festival on September 17, 2021. It had a limited theatre release in the United States on December 3, 2021 by Focus Features. The film received mixed to negative reviews from critics, who praised the performances of Mackay, Depp, and Considine, but Biancheri's script and direction were unanimously criticized.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: A boy named Jacob who suffers from zoanthropy, believing he is a wolf, is committed to a mental asylum following an attack on his brother. There he meets and befriends the other patients, who also believe themselves to be animals, including Rufus, who believes he’s a German Shepherd. He forms a close bond with Cecile, an enigmatic patient nicknamed "Wildcat", and together they roam the hallways at night. After witnessing the brutal methods of treatment performed by the head of the asylum, Dr. Mann, the Zookeeper, Jacob becomes frustrated and attacks an orderly, resulting in him being caged and gagged. Cecile sneaks into the room where he is caged one night and makes love to him, but they are caught by Dr Angeli and Jacob is punished with a cattle prod, causing the other patients to lash out at the Zookeeper. Disgusted by Zookeeper and Angeli, Cecile frees Jacob from his cage, allowing him to escape into the forest where he can live in freedom as a wolf.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: In February 2020, it was announced George MacKay and Lily-Rose Depp had joined the cast of the film, with Nathalie Biancheri directing from a screenplay she wrote. In September 2020, Paddy Considine, Eileen Walsh, Fionn O'Shea, Lola Petticrew and Senan Jennings joined the cast of the film.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: Principal photography began in August 2020. Production was initially set to begin in April 2020, but was delayed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Principal photography ended by October 2020.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: Focus Features acquired distribution rights to the film in October 2020. The film had a theatrical release in the U.S. on 3 December 2021, after premiering at the Toronto International Film Festival on 17 September 2021 as the entry for Ireland.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: In the United States and Canada, the film earned $82,640 from 308 theaters in its opening weekend and $15,160 in its second before ending its theatrical run.


title: Wolf (2021 Irish-Polish film)

text: On Metacritic, which uses a weighted average, the film has a score of 52 based on 15 reviews, indicating "mixed or average reviews."


title: Overview effect

text: The overview effect is a cognitive shift reported by some astronauts while viewing the Earth from space. Researchers have characterized the effect as "a state of awe with self-transcendent qualities, precipitated by a particularly striking visual stimulus". The most prominent common aspects of personally experiencing the Earth from space are appreciation and perception of beauty, unexpected and even overwhelming emotion, and an increased sense of connection to other people and the Earth as a whole. The effect can cause changes in the observer’s self concept and value system, and can be transformative.


title: Overview effect

text: With recognition of the cost and environmental pollution involved in actual space travel, immersive virtual reality simulations have been designed to try to induce the overview effect in earthbound participants.


title: Overview effect

text: Broadly, Yaden "et al." (2016) state that the most prominent common aspects of the astronauts' experience were appreciation and perception of beauty, unexpected and even overwhelming emotion, and an increased sense of connection to other people and the Earth as a whole. Yaden "et al." proposed that the overview effect can be understood in terms of awe and self-transcendence, which they describe as "among the deepest and most powerful aspects of the human experience". More specifically, they write that the effect might best be understood as "a state of awe with self-transcendent qualities, precipitated by a particularly striking visual stimulus". Yaden posited that the overview effect triggers awe through both perceptual vastness (like seeing the Grand Canyon) and conceptual vastness (like contemplating big ideas like infinity).


title: Overview effect

text: Yaden "et al." (2016) write that some astronauts viewing Earth from space "report overwhelming emotion and feelings of identification with humankind and the planet as a whole". The effect can cause changes in the observer’s self concept and value system, and is sometimes transformative". Though astronaut Leland Melvin said the effect seems to take hold of astronauts regardless of culture or nation of origin, Yaden "et al." observed that cultural differences, including differences in religious and social identity, affect the ways in which the effect is experienced and interpreted. Expressions range from the religious, to the "vaguely spiritual", to the naturalistic, to calls to social duty.


title: Overview effect

text: Author Frank White, who in the 1980s coined the term "overview effect" after interviewing many astronauts, said that the overview effect is "beyond words", requiring "experience" to understand, even likening it in this regard to Zen Buddhism. He said that astronauts' very first views of the planet were generally very significant, adding that some experience the effect "in a moment" while in others it grows over time; and generally that the effect "does accumulate".


title: Overview effect

text: Not all astronauts experience the overview effect. Further, White distinguished experiences in low Earth orbit where the planet takes up most of an astronaut's view, from experiences on the Moon in which one sees the whole Earth "against a backdrop of the entire cosmos". He described a "big difference" between professional astronauts, who are focused on their missions—versus people who have recently been going into space "with an intention to have an experience" and who may already be aware of the overview effect.


title: Overview effect

text: Beginning in the 2010s, science historian Jordan Bimm argued against White's interpretation that the overview effect is, in Bimm's words, "a reliably produced mental effect—a naturally occurring phenomenon between the environment and the human mind". Instead, Bimm asserts that the effect is "both a natural and cultural object" that is variable over particular individuals, divergent cultures, and different time periods. Preliminarily, Bimm noted that studies of early test pilots' negative-experience "break-off phenomenon" ended in 1973 (displaced by White's "positive conversion narrative"), that astronauts in a "lie to fly" culture feel career pressure to avoid reporting negative psychological reactions, and that individuals already aware of the overview effect may make it a self-fulfilling prophecy. He posited that it was Cold War and mastery-of-Earth mentalities of Western technological supremacy that contributed to the rise of borderless-world concepts such as the Gaia hypothesis, spaceship Earth, and the Blue Marble.


title: Overview effect

text: Bimm expressed concern over White's perception that the effect embodies a natural imperative for humans to pursue space travel and colonization, Bimm saying the attitude resembles the 18th century American colonialist, expansionist concept of manifest destiny. Bimm warned of hubris underlying a perception of having achieved a new level of enlightenment that he called the "overlord effect".


title: Overview effect

text: English astronomer Fred Hoyle wrote in 1948 that, "once a photograph of the Earth, taken from the outside, is available, a new idea as powerful as any in history will be let loose". After Apollo 8 astronaut William Anders' December 1968 "Earthrise" photograph of the Earth from lunar orbit, the Apollo missions were credited with inspiring the environmental movement, the first Earth Day being held in April 1970. Hoyle said that people suddenly seemed to care about protecting Earth's natural environment, though others attribute that awareness to Rachel Carson's 1962 book "Silent Spring" and reactions to several environmental disasters in the 1960s.


title: Overview effect

text: The term "overview effect" was coined by self-described "space philosopher" Frank White, who said he thought he first had "a mild experience" of the effect while flying across the country and looking out the aircraft's window. That experience led him to imagine living in an O'Neill cylinder (habitat in space), which inspired him to become involved with the Space Studies Institute and begin speaking with astronauts.


title: Overview effect

text: White's astronaut interviews confirmed the importance of the difference between intellectual knowledge versus experience, of perceiving the "striking thinness of the atmosphere", of thinking of ourselves interconnected and part of the Earth as an organic system, and that we as different people "are all in this together". The first public use of the term was in a poster in at a Space Studies Institute meeting in 1985. Eventually, White wrote about the effect in his book "The Overview Effect — Space Exploration and Human Evolution" (1987), which has a fourth edition (2021). White's work did not attain broad influence until the 2010s—a period of increased societal divisions and a new prospect of private space travel.


title: Overview effect

text: Michael Collins (Apollo 11; 1969) said that "the thing that really surprised me was that it [Earth] projected an air of fragility. And why, I don't know. I don't know to this day. I had a feeling it's tiny, it's shiny, it's beautiful, it's home, and it's fragile.


title: Overview effect

text: Edgar Mitchell (Apollo 14; 1971) described it as an "explosion of awareness" and an "overwhelming sense of oneness and connectedness... accompanied by an ecstasy... an epiphany".


title: Overview effect

text: William Shatner (Blue Origin NS-18, 2021) said immediately after landing that "everybody in the world needs to do this. ... The covering of blue was... the sheet, this blanket, this comforter of blue that we have around us... And then suddenly you shoot through it... as though you whip off a sheet off you when you’re asleep, and you’re looking into blackness, into black ugliness, and you look down, there’s the blue down there, and the black up there and it’s... Mother Earth and comfort, and there is—is there death? I don’t know".


title: Overview effect

text: Researchers have recognized that awe-based experiences—such as interaction with nature, religious or spiritual or mystical experiences, meditation, and peak and flow experiences during high task performance—can change a person and promote the feeling of unity or interconnectedness. Besides being an enjoyable experience, such phenomena can have short and long-term positive outcomes such as increased well-being, pro-social and pro-environmental attitudes, and improved physical health. The self-transcendent experience can cause long-term changes in personal outlook, and can influence peoples' very sense of self by affecting their self-schema ("the particular framework through which (people) imagine themselves in relation to the world").


title: Overview effect

text: Specifically, Frank White noted that upon return, some astronauts became involved in humanitarian activities, or became artists, with astronaut Edgar Mitchell founding the Institute of Noetic Sciences. Though Yaden "et al." (2016) noted that the experience can be transformative, White said in 2019 that generally there was no "dramatic transformation" or "marching in peace parades"; that the lasting effect was more subtle.


title: Overview effect

text: A 2018 questionnaire survey of 39 astronauts and cosmonauts found that humanistic changes predominated over spiritual changes. In particular, the survey found a moderate degree of change in the Perceptions of Earth subscale (Earth as "a beautiful, fragile object to be treasured"), which significantly correlated with subsequent involvement in environmental causes. In contrast, the survey found "no to very small change" in the Spiritual Change subscale, which the researchers said likely reflected established pre-launch values.


title: Overview effect

text: Immediately after his October 2021 Blue Origin flight, William Shatner told founder Jeff Bezos, "what you have given me is the most profound experience. I hope I never recover from this. I hope that I can maintain what I feel now". However, in October 2022 he recounted that it took hours for him to realize why he wept after stepping out of the spacecraft: "I realized I was in grief for the Earth". He later said that "I saw more clearly than I have... (the) slow death of Earth and we on it". His biography "Boldly Go" recounted that "it was among the strongest feelings of grief I have ever encountered. The contrast between the vicious coldness of space and the warm nurturing of Earth below filled me with overwhelming sadness. Every day, we are confronted with the knowledge of further destruction of Earth at our hands... It filled me with dread. My trip to space was supposed to be a celebration; instead, it felt like a funeral."


title: Overview effect

text: At one point the Skylab 4 (1970s) crew refused to work, asserting, in the flight director’s words, "their needs to reflect, to observe, to find their place amid these baffling, fascinating, unprecedented experiences". This event, plus research indicating that actively photographing the Earth has positive psychological effects, caused Yaden "et al." to posit that studying the overview effect might improve understanding of psychological well-being in isolated, confined, extreme (ICE) environments such as space flight.


title: Overview effect

text: Early photos of Earth taken from space have inspired a mild version of the overview effect in earthbound viewers. The images became prominent symbols of environmental concern and have been credited for raising the public's consciousness about the fragility of Earth and expanding concern for long-term survival on a finite planet.


title: Overview effect

text: The accumulating experience of astronauts and space tourists inspires in many of them a strong desire to protect the Earth by actively communicating their broadened perspective, for example by speaking at international climate summits. Virgin Galactic officials specifically cite the overview effect as a motivation for carrying people to the edge of space, to fundamentally change the way people think about their home world. Critics note, however, that the space travel needed to personally experience the full overview effect, itself involves significant environmental pollution. A less polluting approach is to simulate the effect on Earth, with virtual reality technology.


title: Overview effect

text: Researchers have found that virtual reality (VR) technology elicits components of awe-based experiences and can induce minor cognitive shifts in participants' world views similar to those of the overview effect. Perceived safety, personal background and familiarity with the environment, and induction of a small visceral fear reaction, were found to be key contributors to the immersive experience. VR studies through 2019 had not observed a transformative experience on a scale similar to the overview effect itself, but VR experience can trigger profound emotional responses such as awe.


title: Overview effect

text: A 2019 study found that a virtual experience invoked "minor transformative experiences in some participants", including appreciation of beauty and vastness, realization of interconnectedness, and a potential intent to change one’s behavior. Recognizing the relatively early state of VR technology, the researchers urged using knowledge of profound transformative experiences to motivate the design of VR installations, and thereafter study the VR experience itself as its own phenomenon.


title: Overview effect

text: On December 24, 2018—the fiftieth anniversary of the first day on which humans saw an earthrise with their own eyes—the Spacebuzz project was unveiled in Hilversum, Netherlands. Within a mobile, rocket-shaped vehicle more than in length, Spacebuzz's nine moving seats and virtual reality (VR) headsets simulate spaceflight in an experience designed especially for children.


title: Overview effect

text: Researchers at the University of Missouri tried to reproduce the experience with a water-filled flotation tank, half a tonne of Epsom salts, and a waterproof VR headset.


title: Overview effect

text: "The Infinite" provides an hour-long simulation of being on the International Space Station using 360-degree, 3D, astronaut-recorded footage from the VR film "." Visitors share a 12,500 square foot (1150 square meter) area allowing them to physically explore the ISS and look outside.


title: Overview effect

text: A three-dimensional model of the Earth in diameter, created from detailed NASA imagery and appearing to float in the air, toured the U.K. in 2022, the installation "aim(ing) to create a sense of the Overview Effect".


title: Overview effect

text: The overview effect has been referred to as the "big picture effect" (Edgar Mitchell), "orbital perspective" (Ronald J. Garan Jr.), and "the astronaut's secret" (Albert Sacco).


title: Overview effect

text: Referring to how profound Mitchell's experience on the moon was—distinguished from experiences in low earth orbit—author Frank White called Mitchell's experience "universal insight" as it had a more universal perspective.


title: Overview effect

text: A 1957 article in "The Journal of Aviation Medicine" studied the "break-off phenomenon," which it defined as "a feeling of physical separation from the earth when piloting an aircraft at high altitude". Main precipitating factors were concluded to be: flying alone, at high altitude, with relatively little to do. Researchers summarized pilots' descriptions as "a feeling of being isolated, detached, or separated physically from the earth" or as a perception of "somehow losing their connection with the world". Individual reactions ranged from exhilaration or feeling nearer to God, to anxiety, fear, or loneliness. Scientific literature covering the break-off phenomenon ended in 1973.


title: Overview effect

text: Anthropologist Deana L. Weibel introduced the term "ultraview effect" as a response to an unobscured view of stars, an effect that she concluded was experienced more rarely than the overview effect. Contrasted from the overview effect's sense of connection, the ultraview effect responds to the "limitations" of our knowledge, causing "a transformative sense of incomprehension and a feeling of shrinking or self-diminution".


title: Overview effect

text: Frank White posited the term "Copernicus Perspective"—awareness of being part of the Solar System when one is on another planet.


title: Overview effect

text: Science historian Jordan Bimm described how the concept shares similarities with the British concept of the sublime—an experience associated with views from high mountains.


title: Abhimanyu

text: Abhimanyu is a legendary warrior from the ancient Hindu history "Mahabharata". He was born to the third Pandava prince Arjuna and the Yadu princess Subhadra, who was Krishna's younger sister. The "Sambhava Parva" of the Adi Parva states that he was an incarnation of Varchas, son of Soma. Soma was reluctant to part with his son, agreeing to do so solely on the condition that Varchas would return to him after he turned sixteen.


title: Abhimanyu

text: Abhimanyu was raised by his mother and her relatives as his father Arjuna, along with his brothers and their common wife Draupadi, had been exiled for thirteen years. After his father's return Abhimanyu married Uttarā, the princess of the Matsya Kingdom.


title: Abhimanyu

text: During the Kurukshetra War, Abhimanyu fought for the Pandavas. On the thirteenth day of the war, the mightiest Kaurava warriors came together and formed the Chakravyuha to trap the Pandavas, Arjuna having been enticed to another side of the battlefield. The young Abhimanyu was able to break through the circle, but Jayadratha prevented the others from following him through the breach, and Abhimanyu found himself facing the Kaurava warriors all by himself. Even so, he proved too great an archer to be faced by any one warrior, and thus, against the canons of war, he was attacked by six great warriors simultaneously, and died young as the other gods had promised Soma.


title: Abhimanyu

text: Abhimanyu's posthumous son Parikshit saved the Kuru lineage from extinction, and became a legendary monarch celebrated both in the "Mahabharata" and in the "Bhagavata Purana".


title: Abhimanyu

text: Abhimanyu was born to Arjuna, the third Pandava, and Subhadra, the sister of Sri Krishna. After the Pandavas Yudhishthira lost the game of dice, all the Pandavas along with Draupadi were sent to exile for 13 years. Subhadra, during this period, stayed with her brothers in Dwarka, where she, along with her family members, raised Abhimanyu. He was trained in arms and warfare by Pradyumna, Balarama and Krishna. Abhimanyu was given the Raudra bow by Balarama.<br>


title: Abhimanyu

text: After the Pandavas finished their exile, Duryodhana didn't agree to return their wealth and fortune. Thus, the Pandavas had to fight a battle to get their rights back.


title: Abhimanyu

text: According to folklore, when Abhimanyu was in his mother's womb, he heard about the Chakravyuh and gained half the knowledge to enter the Chakravyuh. However, in the epic, Abhimanyu learns to enter Chakravyuh from Arjuna.


title: Abhimanyu

text: Before the war of Kurukshetra, the Pandavas stayed with Virata, the king of Matsya. He asked Arjuna to marry his daughter Uttarā, but Arjuna refused as he had been her teacher, thus in the position of a parent, during their year in disguise. However, he proposed the marriage of Uttara with Abhimanyu, with the wedding being held in Upaplavya.


title: Abhimanyu

text: While there is no such story in the "Mahabharata", the Telugu folktale Sasirekha Parinayam claims that Abhimanyu married Sasirekha, the daughter of Balarama, before his marriage to Uttarā. The tale narrates that Abhimanyu fell in love with Sasirekha or Vatsala (as per Tamil tradition), but her father, Balarama wanted her to marry Laxmana Kumar, the son of Duryodhana. Wanting to help his cousin, Ghatotkach took the form of Vatsala and injured Laxmana Kumar's arm. After the incident, Laxmana broke his marriage to Vatsala. Meanwhile, the real Vatsala was in a forest along with Abhimanyu where they married.


title: Abhimanyu

text: In the war, Abhimanyu fought for his father's side. He displayed great bravery in the battle, even though he was a youngster. He killed warriors including Rukmartha, Brihadbala, Laksmana (Duryodhana's son), Dushmanara (Dushasana's second son), six counselors and sons of Shalya, etc.


title: Abhimanyu

text: He also fought and resisted many mighty warriors including Drona, Karna, Ashwatthama, Kripa, Shalya, Duryodhana, Dushasana, Vrishasena, etc. Before the 13th day, he exclusively attacked other warriors in group formation with the other 8 or 9 Pandava maharathis. He also fought mighty warriors such as Bhishma and Bhagadatta.


title: Abhimanyu

text: On the 13th day of the war, Arjuna was diverted to the South by Susharma and the Trigartas. Taking advantage of his absence, Duryodhana and his allies made a plan to trap Yudhisthira so that the war can be stopped quickly and without losing many armies.


title: Abhimanyu

text: The army of Kauravas, under Dronacharya, formed Chakravyuha. Abhimanyu knew how to enter it but didn't know how to exit. He went into the trap, followed by his paternal uncles. Near the edges of the Chakravyuha, Abhimanyu ends up killing Laxmana, the son of Duryodhana. Outraged by the killing of his son, Duryodhana orders Dronacharya to change the plan to kill Abhimanyu, but the remaining four Pandavas followed Abhimanyu. However, the four Pandavas were stopped by Jayadratha. Jayadratha defeated all four of them; Drupada too was stopped and trapped. Ashwathama and Kritavarma defeated Dhrishtadyumna and the Upapandavas, leaving Abhimanyu all alone. Before reaching the center, Abhimanyu killed many other warriors like Rukhmartha, Brihadbala, Shon, etc. After Abhimanyu reached the center of the trap, he was attacked by Drona, Dushasana, Ashwatthama, Karna, Shakuni, Duryodhana Kripa, Kritavarma, Vrishasena and Drumasena (Dushasana's son), and many other warriors with a small contingent of the army he arrived inside with. He dies in battle grossly outnumbered.


title: Abhimanyu

text: In Indonesia, in Javanese wayang culture, Abhimanyu (Indonesian: "Abimanyu" ) is an important figure. His figure in Indonesian - Javanese culture, has developed and is different from the version in India.


title: Abhimanyu

text: Abhimanyu is also known as Angkawijaya, Jaya Murcita, Jaka Pengalasan, Partasuta, Kirityatmaja, Sumbadraatmaja, Wanudara and Wirabatana. He is the son of Arjuna (one of the five Pandava warriors) with Dewi Subhadra (daughter of Prabu Basudewa (ruler of Mandura) with Dewi Devaki). He has 13 other siblings, namely: Sumitra, Bratalaras, Bambang Irawan, Kumaladewa, Kumalasakti, Wisanggeni, Wilungangga, Endang Pregiwa, Endang Pregiwati, Prabakusuma, Wijanarka, Anantadewa and Bambang Sumbada. Abhimanyu is the beloved of the gods. Since in the womb, he has received "Revelation Hidayat," which can make him understand everything. It is said that because of his solemn asceticism, Abhimanyu received the Revelation of Makutha Raja, which is a revelation stating that his descendants will be the successors to the throne of the ruler of Astina.


title: Abhimanyu

text: In the wayang, Abhimanyu is told as a character who is gentle, well-behaved, honest, firm-hearted, responsible, and brave. His father taught his military education directly, while he got mysticism from his grandfather, Bagawan Abiyasa. Abhimanyu lived in the Palangkawati knighthood after defeating Prabu Jayamurcita. He has two wives, Dewi Siti Sundari, daughter of Prabu Kresna, king of the Dwarawati state with Dewi Pratiwi. The story of Abhimanyu's marriage to Siti Sundari was performed in a leather puppet show with the title Alap-Alapan Siti Sundari or Jaya Murcita Ngraman. Dewi Utari, daughter of King Matsyapati and Dewi Ni Yutisnawati, from the country of Wirata, and the son of Parikesit. The story of Abhimanyu's marriage to Utari was performed in a wayang kulit stage with the title Putu Rabi Nini or Kalabendana Gugur.


title: Abhimanyu

text: Abhimanyu died in Baratayuda, the battle between the Kauravas against the Pandavas in the Kurukshetra field. At that time, only three knights from the Pandavas were on the battlefield and mastered the war strategy, namely Bhima, Arjuna, and Abhimanyu. Ghatotkacha left because Karna stretched out Kunta Wijayadanu's weapon. Other knights lured Bima and Arjuna from the Kauravas to get out of the battlefield, so Abhimanyu was the only one that the Pandavas relied on at that time.


title: Abhimanyu

text: After all his brothers died, Abhimanyu forgot to set up the battle formation. He advanced alone into the middle of the Kauravas line and was trapped in the deadly formation his enemy had set up. The Kauravas rained weapons on Abhimanyu's body until Abhimanyu fell and fell from his horse—in the wayang, the wounds of charcoal from the basket are depicted (a lot of them). Abhimanyu looks like a hedgehog because of the various weapons stuck in his body. According to the story, the incident was a risk of taking an oath when proposing to Dewi Utari. Abhimanyu once swore that he was still single and stated that if he took a perjury oath, he was ready to die being beaten and impaled by various weapons of his enemies. Abhimanyu took a perjury oath because, at that time, he had already married Dewi Siti Sundari.


title: Abhimanyu

text: With various weapons stuck all over his body, Abhimanyu could no longer walk. However, Abhimanyu did not give up. He even managed to kill the future crown prince of Astina, namely Lesmana Mandrakumara, son of Prabu Duryodana, by throwing the Pulanggeni kris after penetrating the bodies of four other soldiers. At that time, the Kauravas knew that killing Abhimanyu required cutting off the langsang in his chest. In the end, Abhimanyu was killed by the mace of Kyai Glinggang or Galih Asem belonging to Jayadrata, a knight from Banakeling.


title: Abhimanyu

text: In 1974, a base named INS Abhimanyu was established symbolizing the character of Abhimanyu. On 1 May 1980, the Premier Chariot Base in Mumbai was commissioned as the permanent base for the unit. The Indian Maritime Special Forces (IMSF) is based with INS Abhimanyu.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The Ford EcoSport (pronounced ) is a subcompact crossover SUV (B-segment) manufactured by Ford. The first-generation model was developed and built in Brazil by Ford Brazil since 2003, at the Camaçari plant. The second-generation model was launched in 2012, which was assembled in factories in India, Thailand, Russia and Romania. The vehicle entered the North American market for the first time in 2018. Throughout its existence, the EcoSport shares its platform with the Fiesta.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The first generation EcoSport was designed by Ford Brazil Development Center under the program code BV226, and the codename "Amazon Project". It iswas based on the European Fiesta and Fusion MPV, sharing the same Ford B3 platform.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The EcoSport became one of Ford's best-seller models in Brazil, by consistently appearing on the twenty best selling vehicles. It was also popular in Argentina, Venezuela, and Mexico. Its main competitors were the Fiat Palio Weekend Adventure and Volkswagen CrossFox. In 2011, cumulative sales reached 700,000.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: All models have front-wheel drive with manual transmission as standard. The 2.0 L model can also receive a four speed automatic transmission (FWD only) or four-wheel drive (manual six speed only). In the latter case, an electronically controlled system automatically engages the rear axle when front wheel spin is detected, and also lets the driver manually engage the rear axle from the dashboard.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: In the end of 2007, a mid-cycle restyling was introduced, which renewed completely the front to bring it closer to then current Ford pickups, as well as the contemporary Brazilian restyling of the Ford Fiesta, also updated the rear lights, both bumpers, and in the interior showed a new dashboard using better quality materials.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The Ford EcoSport arrived in the end of 2003 to Mexico as a model for 2004. The reception by the public was impressive and continued until 2006. For the model year of 2007, sales of the small SUV began slipping and it stopped being a hot seller. Compared to 15,000 units sold in 2004, only 10,000 units of the model year of 2007 were sold. This trend continued to worsen for the refreshed model year of 2008 due in part to a price increase.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: Only 6,345 units of the model year 2008 were sold, and the model year 2009 sales through July 2009 were a mere 2,135 units. Due to decreasing sales, and heightened competition from the Ford Escape, Ford announced that a shortened 2010 model year would be the last sold in Mexico.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The second-generation EcoSport was developed under Ford's global product development process in Ford Brazil Development Center. Designated under the project code B515 and the model code BK in Australia, it was based on the Fiesta B2E platform. The second-generation EcoSport was first showcased as a concept at the 2012 New Delhi Auto Expo, in India on 4 January 2012, and was launched in Brazil on 14 July 2012.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: Ford showed the production variant of the Ford EcoSport in China, planning to begin sales in March 2013. In addition to China, the vehicle was also made at Ford India's Chennai plant, for domestic sale and export initially to the European, and by 2018, the North American, markets. Ford's Rayong plant in Thailand produced the EcoSport for Southeast Asian markets.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: As of August 2015, Ford's Indian plant had already sold 200,000 EcoSports; 112,000 of which were sold in India while the rest were exported to South Africa, Taiwan, Japan, Australia, and Europe. In November 2016, Ford announced plans to supply the EcoSport from India to the United States.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: In some countries, The EcoSport has a 1.0-litre three cylinder turbocharged "EcoBoost" petrol engine which has a power output of and of torque. The engine has Twin Independent Variable Camshaft Timing (Ti-VCT) which contributes to the turbocharged engine's peak torque starting at 1,300 rpm. The EcoSport can tow up to .


title: Ford EcoSport

text: In 2018, Ford ended passenger cars production in Thailand, effectively ending EcoSport production. Ford continues to build pickup trucks and its SUV derivative in the country. In 2019, Ford Sollers closed their factory in Naberezhnye, Chelny (Russia) ending production of EcoSport in Russia. In 2020, the EcoSport was discontinued from Ford's Australia and New Zealand lineup, with the European-market Ford Puma serving as its replacement. In late 2021, Ford ended production of the EcoSport in India, and in Vietnam in early 2022.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: On 11 January 2021, Ford announced to shutter three production plants in Brazil as part of cost-saving measures. As a result, production of the EcoSport in Brazil was ceased at immediate effect, with the car discontinued in Brazil, alongside the Ka (Figo) and Troller T4.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: Engines available include the 1.0-litre "EcoBoost" developed at Ford's Dunton Technical Center in the UK. It is a turbocharged, cast aluminium block three cylinder made in a and version, with the latter delivering a peak torque of from 1,300–4,500 rpm and on overboost. The use of aluminium for the engine block instead of cast-iron improved engine warm-up time by 50 percent.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The three-cylinder engine design causes inherent vibrations, which are countered by a deliberately unbalanced flywheel, which has less friction than balance shafts.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The exhaust manifold is cast into the cylinder head, reducing engine warm up time. The engine block's height and width dimensions are comparable to an A4 size sheet of paper. This EcoSport version was available in China, Europe, India, the United States, but not Brazil. The Brazilian EcoSport has a 1.6 litre petrol engine, which produces and torque.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The Russian EcoSport comes with two different engines: a 1.6-litre, which produces 122 bhp (90 kW) and 148 Nm, and a 2.0-litre, which produces 140 bhp (90 kW) and 186 Nm. The 2.0-litre version of EcoSport comes as AWD with manual transmission, while the 1.6-litre is 2WD only but available with six speed manual or PowerShift automotive transmissions.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: Along with the 1.0-litre "EcoBoost" engine, the Chinese and the Indian market also get a 1.5-litre Ti-VCT petrol engine, which produces and 140 Nm (103 lb.ft). The EcoSport also has a 1.5-litre TDCi BS6 diesel engine that outputs power at 3,750 rpm and of torque at 1,750-2,500 rpm.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The Indian market was among the first few to receive EcoSport. The car was manufactured at Ford India's Chennai plant, available in Six trims (Ambiente, Trend, Titanium, Titanium+, Sports & Thunder edition) with the choice of two engine options, 1.5-litre Ti-VCT "Dragon" series petrol engine and 1.5-litre TDCi diesel engine. The engines are available with five speed manual and only petrol engine available with 6-speed torque converter transmission. The 1.0-litre "EcoBoost" petrol engine has been dropped after the vehicle has been upgraded to meet the BS6 emission compliance norms.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: At its introduction internationally, it was also made available in Japan, as the smallest companion to the Ford Kuga and the Ford Explorer. All engines except the diesel are offered in Japan, with a five-speed manual or six-speed dual clutch transmission, and optional all-wheel drive. The 1.0 and 1.5-litre engines provide the opportunity for Japanese customers to save on the annual Japanese road tax obligation.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: Ford launched the EcoSport in Europe during 2014, with a limited first batch of 500 units arriving in the first quarter of the year. The announcement was made in September 2013, at the IFA exhibition in Berlin, and the first limited edition versions could be ordered on a dedicated website. After disappointing sales figures in Europe in 2014, during which the EcoSport only sold 11,000 units against over 100,000 for each of its main competitors, the car was revised in 2015, to make it more suitable to European tastes. In March 2016, it was announced that the Ford EcoSport would be built in Romania, at Craiova plant starting from the autumn of 2017, moving production for the European market from the current plant in Chennai, India. This happened on the background of the growing market for the SUV segment in Europe, and would bring an investment of €200 million to the factory.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The Ford EcoSport has Ford SYNC driver connect system, a command system codeveloped with Microsoft. It also has airbags, anti-lock brakes (ABS), electronic stability program (ESP), electric power assisted steering (EPAS), and Hill Launch Assist, Traction control System (TCS) and rear parking sensors.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The EcoSport in its most basic Latin American configuration received 4 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in March 2013.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The updated EcoSport in its most basic Latin American configuration received 5 stars for adult occupants and 3 stars for toddlers from Latin NCAP in November 2013.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The EcoSport's mid-cycle updates were announced at 2016 LA Auto Show for the 2018 model year, including a revised front end design, and a redesigned rear bumper. The dashboard has an optional 8-inch floating touchscreen infotainment system that supports both Apple CarPlay and Android Auto.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: Sales of the EcoSport in the US market began in 2018. Early models include the 1.0 "EcoBoost" three cylinder turbo gasoline engine for FWD models and the 2.0 four cylinder petrol naturally aspirated engine for 4WD models. Both engines have a six-speed automatic transmission. The Australian, Canadian and US-market EcoSports, made in India, have the rear mounted spare tire as optional on the base model.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The EcoSport was due to receive a facelift for the Indian market, but was cancelled suddenly as the Sanand plant will be closing in the fourth quarter of 2021 along with the Chennai plant in the second half of 2022. As a result of that, a stop production of the EcoSport was issued through Ford of India. Additionally, all models that were due to be exported to Argentina, Mexico, Canada, and the US have all been cancelled as well, however, the EcoSport will still be sold in Europe and will be built at facility in Romania. Its Indian production restarted on 24 September 2021 for 2 years.


title: Ford EcoSport

text: The EcoSport was discontinued in the US and India in mid-2022, due to decreased sales and Ford ending manufacturing in India. In the US market, the new entry level model will be the Ford Maverick pickup truck. The EcoSport will remain on sale in the Mexican market until 2022.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In sound and music, sampling is the reuse of a portion (or sample) of a sound recording in another recording. Samples may comprise elements such as rhythm, melody, speech, sounds or entire bars of music, and may be layered, equalized, sped up or slowed down, repitched, looped, or otherwise manipulated. They are usually integrated using hardware (samplers) or software such as digital audio workstations.


title: Sampling (music)

text: A process similar to sampling originated in the 1940s with "musique concrète", experimental music created by splicing and looping tape. The mid-20th century saw the introduction of keyboard instruments that played sounds recorded on tape, such as the Mellotron. The term "sampling" was coined in the late 1970s by the creators of the Fairlight CMI, a synthesizer with the ability to record and play back short sounds. As technology improved, cheaper standalone samplers with more memory emerged, such as the E-mu Emulator, Akai S950 and Akai MPC.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Sampling is a foundation of hip hop music, which emerged when producers in the 1980s began sampling funk and soul records, particularly drum breaks. It has influenced many genres of music, particularly electronic music and pop. Samples such as the Amen break, the "Funky Drummer" drum break and the orchestra hit have been used in thousands of recordings; James Brown, Loleatta Holloway, Fab Five Freddy and Led Zeppelin are among the most sampled artists. The first album created entirely from samples, "Endtroducing" by DJ Shadow, was released in 1996.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Sampling without permission can infringe copyright or may be fair use. Clearance, the process of acquiring permission to use a sample, can be complex and costly; samples from well known sources may be prohibitively expensive. Courts have taken different positions on whether sampling without permission is permitted. In "Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc" (1991) and "Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films" (2005), an American court ruled that unlicensed sampling, however minimal, constitutes copyright infringement; however, "VMG Salsoul v Ciccone" (2016) found that unlicensed samples constituted "de minimis" copying, and did not infringe copyright. In 2019, the European Court of Justice ruled modified, unrecognizable samples could be used without authorization. Though some artists sampled by others have complained of plagiarism or lack of creativity, many commentators have argued that sampling is a creative act.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In the 1940s, the French composer Pierre Schaeffer developed "musique concrète", an experimental form of music created by recording sounds to tape, splicing them, and manipulating them to create sound collages. He used sounds from sources such as the human body, locomotives, and kitchen utensils. The method also involved tape loops, splicing lengths of tape end to end so a sound could be played indefinitely. Schaeffer developed the Phonogene, which played loops at 12 different pitches triggered by a keyboard.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Composers including John Cage, Edgar Varèse, Karheinz Stockhausen and Iannis Xenakis experimented with "musique concrète," and Bebe and Louis Barron used it to create the first totally electronic film soundtrack, for the 1956 science fiction film "Forbidden Planet". "Musique concrète" was brought to a mainstream audience by the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, which used the techniques to produce soundtracks for shows including "Doctor Who".


title: Sampling (music)

text: In the 1960s, Jamaican dub reggae producers such as King Tubby and Lee "Scratch" Perry began using recordings of reggae rhythms to produce riddim tracks, which were then deejayed over. Jamaican immigrants introduced the techniques to American hip hop music in the 1970s. The British producer Brian Eno cited the German musician Holger Czukay's experiments with Dictaphones and shortwave radios as examples of early sampling.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Commonly sampled elements include strings, basslines, drum loops, vocal hooks or entire bars of music, especially from soul records. Samples may be layered, equalized, sped up or slowed down, repitched, looped or otherwise manipulated. As sampling technology has improved, the possibilities for manipulation have grown.


title: Sampling (music)

text: The American producer DJ Shadow likened his sampling process to a collage, and gave the example of taking a snare sound from one record, a kick from another, and a bassline from another. He said this was "the first hurdle", and then "actually having it articulate something and channel my inspiration through it — to be able to tell a story in that way — is the second hurdle. Just throwing a bunch of things together may not be very interesting."


title: Sampling (music)

text: Instead of sampling a recording, artists may recreate a recording (interpolation) rather than sample it.


title: Sampling (music)

text: The "Guardian" described the Chamberlin as the first sampler, developed by the English engineer Harry Chamberlin in the 1940s. The Chamberlin used a keyboard to trigger a series of tape decks, each containing eight seconds of sound. Similar technology was popularised in the 60s with the Mellotron. In 1969, the English engineer Peter Zinovieff developed the first digital sampler, the EMS Musys.


title: Sampling (music)

text: The term "sample" was coined by Kim Ryrie and Peter Vogel to describe a feature of their Fairlight CMI synthesizer, launched in 1979. While developing the Fairlight, Vogel recorded around a second of a piano performance from a radio broadcast, and discovered that he could imitate a piano by playing the recording back at different pitches. The result better resembled a real piano than sounds generated by synthesizers. Compared to later samplers, the Fairlight was limited; it allowed control over pitch and envelope, and could only record a few seconds of sound. However, the sampling function became its most popular feature. Though the concept of reusing recordings in other recordings was not new, the Fairlight's design and built-in sequencer simplified the process.The Fairlight inspired competition, improving sampling technology and driving down prices. Early competitors included the E-mu Emulator and the Akai S950. Drum machines such as the Oberheim DMX and Linn LM-1 incorporated samples of drum kits and percussion rather than generating sounds from circuits. Early samplers could store samples of only a few seconds in length, but this increased with improved memory. In 1988, Akai released the first MPC sampler, which allowed users to assign samples to pads and trigger them independently, similarly to playing a keyboard or drum kit. It was followed by competing samplers from companies including Korg, Roland and Casio. Today, most samples are recorded and edited using digital audio workstations such as Pro Tools and Ableton Live.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Sample libraries or sample packs emerged in the 1980s from the works of Simon Harris, in the 1990s Norman Cook followed suit as well as companies such as Zero-G and Spectrasonics. A common theme was to directly sample a drum break or vocal sample from funk, disco, dance, or early hip hop records that would be sampled by the user who purchased the packs. By the late 1990s and early 2000s more options were available in the market, transitioning from direct samples to new acapellas and instruments stems that were ideal to sample, such as Apple Inc with GarageBand. In the 2010s hit producers from various genres started to release self made packs based on their signature style, including Boi-1da and Kshmr uploading to platforms like Splice.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Beginning in the 2000s, some music producers began releasing full compositions to be used by others in the tradition of library music. The Kingsway Music Library, created in 2015 by the American producer Frank Dukes, has been used by artists including Drake, Kanye West, Kendrick Lamar, Madlib and J. Cole. In 2020, the US Library of Congress created an open-source web application that allows users to sample its copyright-free audio collection.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Sampling has influenced many genres of music, particularly pop, hip hop and electronic music. The "Guardian" journalist David McNamee likened its importance in these genres to the guitar's importance in rock. In August 2022, the "Guardian" noted that half of the singles in the UK Top 10 used samples. Sampling is a fundamental element of remix culture.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Using the Fairlight, the "first truly world-changing sampler", the English producer Trevor Horn became the "key architect" in incorporating sampling into pop music in the 1980s. Other users of the Fairlight included Kate Bush, Peter Gabriel, Thomas Dolby, Duran Duran, Herbie Hancock, Todd Rundgren, Icehouse and Ebn Ozn. In the 1980s, samples were incorporated into synthesizers and music workstations, such as the bestselling Korg M1, released in 1988.


title: Sampling (music)

text: The Akai MPC, released in 1988, had a major influence on electronic and hip hop music, allowing artists to create elaborate tracks without other instruments, a studio or formal music knowledge. Its designer, Roger Linn, anticipated that users would sample short sounds, such as individual notes or drum hits, to use as building blocks for compositions; however, users sampled longer passages of music. In the words of Greg Milner, author of "Perfecting Sound Forever", musicians "didn't just want the sound of John Bonham's kick drum, they wanted to loop and repeat the whole of 'When the Levee Breaks'." Linn said: "It was a very pleasant surprise. After 60 years of recording, there are so many prerecorded examples to sample from. Why reinvent the wheel?"


title: Sampling (music)

text: Stevie Wonder's 1979 album "Journey Through the Secret Life of Plants" may have been the first album to make extensive use of samples. The Japanese electronic band Yellow Magic Orchestra were pioneers in sampling, constructing music by cutting fragments of sounds and looping them; their album "Technodelic" (1981) is an early example of an album consisting mostly of samples. "My Life in the Bush of Ghosts" (1981) by David Byrne and Brian Eno is another important early work of sampling, incorporating samples of sources including Arabic singers, radio DJs and an exorcist. Musicians had used similar techniques before, but, according to the "Guardian" writer Dave Simpson, sampling had never before been used "to such cataclysmic effect". Eno felt the album's innovation was to make samples "the lead vocal". Big Audio Dynamite pioneered sampling in rock and pop with their 1985 album "This Is Big Audio Dynamite".


title: Sampling (music)

text: Sampling is one of the foundations of hip hop, which emerged in the 1980s. Hip hop sampling has been likened to the origins of blues and rock, which were created by repurposing existing music. The "Guardian" journalist David McNamee wrote that "two record decks and your dad's old funk collection was once the working-class black answer to punk".


title: Sampling (music)

text: Before the rise of sampling, DJs used turntables to loop breaks from records, which MCs would rap over. Compilation albums such as "Ultimate Breaks and Beats" compiled tracks with drum breaks and solos intended for sampling, and were aimed at DJs and hip hop producers"." In 1986, the tracks "South Bronx", "Eric B. is President" and "It's a Demo" sampled the funk and soul tracks of James Brown, particularly a drum break from "Funky Drummer" (1970), helping popularize the technique.


title: Sampling (music)

text: The advent of affordable samplers such as the Akai MPC (1988) made looping easier. "Guinness World Records" cites DJ Shadow's acclaimed hip hop album "Endtroducing" (1996), made on an MPC60, as the first album created entirely from samples. The E-mu SP-1200, released in 1987, had a ten-second sample length and a distinctive "gritty" sound, and was used extensively by East Coast producers during the golden age of hip hop of the late 1980s and early 90s.


title: Sampling (music)

text: A seven-second drum break in the 1969 track "Amen, Brother", known as the Amen break, became popular with American hip hop producers and then British jungle producers in the early 1990s. It has been used in thousands of recordings, including songs by rock bands such as Oasis and theme tunes for television shows such as "Futurama". According to WhoSampled, a user-generated website that catalogs samples, "Amen, Brother" is the most sampled track in history, appearing in more than 5000 tracks as of 2021.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Other widely sampled drum breaks appear in the 1970 James Brown song "Funky Drummer"; the 1972 Lyn Collins song "Think (About It)", written by Brown (the Think break); and Led Zeppelin's 1971 recording of "When the Levee Breaks", played by John Bonham and used by artists including the Beastie Boys, Dr. Dre, Eminem and Massive Attack.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In 2018, the "Smithsonian" cited the most sampled track as "Change the Beat" by Fab Five Freddy, which appears in more than 1,150 tracks. WhoSampled cites James Brown as the most sampled artist, appearing in more than 3000 tracks. The "Independent" named the American singer Loleatta Holloway the most sampled female voice in popular music; her vocals were sampled in house and dance tracks such as "Ride on Time" by Black Box, the bestselling single of 1989.


title: Sampling (music)

text: The orchestra hit originated as a sound on the Fairlight, sampled from Stravinsky's 1910 orchestral work "Firebird Suite," and became a hip hop cliche. "MusicRadar" cited the "Zero-G Datafiles" sample libraries as a major influence on dance music in the early 90s, becoming the "de facto source of breakbeats, bass and vocal samples".


title: Sampling (music)

text: To legally use a sample, an artist must acquire legal permission from the copyright holder, a potentially lengthy and complex process known as clearance. Sampling without permission can breach the copyright of the original sound recording, of the composition and lyrics, and of the performances, such as a rhythm or guitar riff. The moral rights of the original artist may also be breached if they are not credited or object to the sampling. In some cases, sampling is protected under American fair use laws, which grant "limited use of copyrighted material without permission from the rights holder".


title: Sampling (music)

text: The owner of sampled material may not always be traceable, and such knowledge is commonly mislaid through corporate mergers, closures and buyouts. For example, the 2000 Daft Punk track "One More Time" contains a sample of the 1979 disco song "More Spell on You" by Eddie Johns. GM Musipro, the publishing company that owned the rights to "More Spell on You", could not locate Johns. An attorney estimated that Johns was owed an estimated six-to-seven-figure sum based on streams alone as of 2021.


title: Sampling (music)

text: The American musician Richard Lewis Spencer, who owned the copyright for the widely sampled Amen break, never received royalties for its use. He condemned the sampling as plagiarism, but later said it was flattering. The journalist Simon Reynolds likened the situation to "the man who goes to the sperm bank and unknowingly sires hundreds of children".


title: Sampling (music)

text: DJ Shadow said that artists tended to either see sampling as a mark of respect and a means to introduce their music to new audiences, or to be protective of their legacy and see no benefit. He described the difficulty of arranging compensation for each artist sampled in a work, and gave the example of one artist demanding 75% of the rights and another 70%, a mathematical impossibility. He instead advocated for a process of clearing samples on a musicological basis, by identifying how much of a composition a sampled component comprises.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In 1989, the Turtles sued De La Soul for using an uncleared sample on their album "3 Feet High and Rising." The Turtles singer Mark Volman told the "Los Angeles Times": "Sampling is just a longer term for theft. Anybody who can honestly say sampling is some sort of creativity has never done anything creative." The case was settled out of court and set a legal precedent that had a chilling effect on sampling in hip hop.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In 1991, the songwriter Gilbert O'Sullivan sued the rapper Biz Markie after Markie sampled O'Sullivan's "Alone Again (Naturally)" on the album "I Need a Haircut". In "Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc," the court ruled that sampling without permission infringed copyright. Instead of asking for royalties, O'Sullivan forced Markie's label Warner Bros to recall the album until the song was removed. The journalist Dan Charnas criticized the ruling, saying it was difficult to apply conventional copyright laws to sampling and that the American legal system did not have "the cultural capacity to understand this culture and how kids relate to it”. In 2005, the writer Nelson George described it as the "most damaging example of anti-hip hop vindictiveness", which "sent a chill through the industry that is still felt". In the "Washington Post", Chris Richards wrote in 2018 that no case had exerted more influence on pop music, likening it to banning a musical instrument.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Since the O'Sullivan lawsuit, samples on commercial recordings have typically been taken either from obscure recordings or cleared, an often expensive option only available to successful acts. According to the "Guardian", "Sampling became risky business and a rich man's game, with record labels regularly checking if their musical property had been tea-leafed." For less successful artists, the legal implications of using samples pose obstacles; according to "Fact", "For a bedroom producer, clearing a sample can be nearly impossible, both financially and in terms of administration." By comparison, the 1989 Beastie Boys album "Paul's Boutique" is composed almost entirely of samples, most of which were cleared "easily and affordably"; the clearance process would be much more expensive today.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In 2000, the jazz flautist James Newton filed a claim against the Beastie Boys' 1992 single "Pass the Mic", which samples his composition "Choir". The judge found that the sample, comprising six seconds and three notes, was "de minimis" (small enough to be trivial) and did not require clearance. Newton lost appeals in 2003 and 2004.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In the 2005 case "Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films", the rap group N.W.A. were successfully sued for their use of a two-second sample of a Funkadelic song in the 1990 track "100 Miles and Runnin'". The United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit ruled that all samples, no matter how short, required a license. A judge wrote: "Get a license or do not sample. We do not see this as stifling creativity in any significant way."


title: Sampling (music)

text: As the Bridgeport judgement was decided in an American Federal court of appeal, lower courts ruling on similar issues are bound to abide by it. However, in the 2016 case "VMG Salsoul v Ciccone", the United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that Madonna did not require a license for a short horn sample in her 1990 song "Vogue". The judge Susan Graber wrote that she did not see why sampling law should be an exception to standard "de minimis" law.


title: Sampling (music)

text: In 2019, the European Court of Justice ruled that the producers Moses Pelham and Martin Haas had illegally sampled a drum sequence from the 1977 Kraftwerk track "Metal on Metal" for the Sabrina Setlur song "Nur Mir". The court ruled that permission was required for recognizable samples; modified, unrecognizable samples could still be used without authorization.


title: Sampling (music)

text: According to "Fact", early hip hop sampling was governed by "unspoken" rules forbidding the sampling of recent records, reissues, other hip hop records, or from non-vinyl sources, among other restrictions. These rules were relaxed as younger producers took over: "For many producers today it is no longer a case of 'should I sample this?' but of 'can I get away with sampling this?'. Thus the ethics of sampling unravelled as the practice became ever more ubiquitous." In 2017, DJ Shadow said that he felt “like music has never been worth less as a commodity, and yet sampling has never been more risky".


title: Sampling (music)

text: The "Washington Post" described the modern use of well known samples, such as on records by Kanye West, as an act of conspicuous consumption similar to flaunting cars or jewelry. West has been sued several times over his use of samples. Some have accused the law of restricting creativity, while others argue it forces producers to innovate. Sampling can help popularize the sampled work; for example, the Desiigner track "Panda" (2015) topped the "Billboard Hot" 100 after West sampled it on "Father Stretch My Hands, Pt. 2" (2016). Some record labels and other music licensing companies have simplified their clearance processes by "pre-clearing" their records. For example, the Los Angeles record label Now-Again Records has cleared songs produced for West and Pusha T in a matter of hours.


title: Sampling (music)

text: Library music may be sampled without clearance. Performing interpolations instead require only the musical content owner's permission and creates more freedom to alter constituent components such as separate guitar and drum tracks.


title: Chef's Table

text: Chef's Table is an American documentary series created by David Gelb which premiered on video streaming service Netflix on April 26, 2015. The series takes viewers inside both the lives and kitchens of a variety acclaimed and successful international chefs, with each episode placing the spotlight on a single chef and exploring the unique lives, talents and passions which influence their style of cooking. The series has been nominated for and awarded a variety of awards, including 8 Emmy nominations, and was renewed for a seventh and eighth season on May 20, 2019.


title: Chef's Table

text: Each episode of the series focuses on a specific chef, and explores their personal philosophies and approach to cooking. Creator David Gelb considers it a follow-up to his documentary "Jiro Dreams of Sushi". Both documentaries make use of cinematography and production techniques based on traditional filmmaking rather than reality television.


title: Chef's Table

text: The series has been well received since it aired in 2015 and has been praised for its cinematography, score, and production.


title: Chef's Table

text: "Chef's Table" has been parodied numerous times. "Gods of Food", which satirizes "Chef's Table" and the restaurant industry, was produced by the YouTube comedy channel CollegeHumor. The IFC series Portlandia parodied the series in an episode about an airport sushi chef.


title: Chef's Table

text: An essay by economist Louis Nevaer on Medium contends that some of the ingredients used by Rosalia Chay Chuc (as featured in the fourth episode of "Chef's Table: BBQ") were introduced by the Spaniards in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries and were not present in the pre-Columbian era of Maya civilization.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: The Last Starfighter is a 1984 American space opera film directed by Nick Castle. The film tells the story of Alex Rogan (Lance Guest), a teenager recruited by an alien defense force to fight in an interstellar war. It also features Robert Preston, Dan O'Herlihy, Catherine Mary Stewart, Norman Snow, and Kay E. Kuter.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: "The Last Starfighter", along with Disney's "Tron", has the distinction of being one of cinema's earliest films to use extensive "real-life" computer-generated imagery (CGI) to depict its many starships, environments and battle scenes.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: "The Last Starfighter" was Robert Preston's final role in a theatrical film. The character of Centauri, a "lovable con-man", was written with him in mind and was a nod to his most famous role as Professor Harold Hill in "The Music Man".


title: The Last Starfighter

text: There was a subsequent novelization of the film by Alan Dean Foster, as well as a video game based on the production. In 2004, it was also adapted as an off-Broadway musical.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Alex Rogan is a teenager living in a trailer park with his mother and younger brother, Louis. After being rejected for a scholarship, Alex becomes angry at his go-nowhere existence. The only entertainment in the trailer park comes from an arcade game called "Starfighter", in which the player defends "the Frontier" against Xur and the Ko-Dan Armada in a space battle. After Alex becomes the game's highest-scoring player, he is approached by the game's inventor, Centauri, who invites him to take a ride in his fancy car as a prize for winning the game. Centauri is actually an alien and his car a spacecraft; Alex is essentially abducted, and Beta, a doppelganger android, is used to cover Alex's absence.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Alex learns that the "Starfighter" arcade game represents a real-life conflict between the Rylan Star League and the Ko-Dan Empire; the latter is led by Xur, a native Rylan traitor and son of Ambassador Enduran, the Starfighter commander, to whom the Ko-Dan Emperor has promised control of Rylos. Starfighter is, in fact, an elaborate recruiting tool, designed as a test to find those "with the gift" (Centauri is actually criticized in one scene for placing the game on Earth, as humans were not considered capable of becoming Starfighters). Alex, expected to be the gunner for a Starfighter spacecraft called the Gunstar, is partnered with a reptilian pilot named Grig. He also learns that the Frontier is a forcefield protecting Rylos and its surrounding planets from invasion; Xur has given the Ko-Dan the means to breach it.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Xur reveals he has discovered an infiltrator in his ranks and broadcasts the spy's execution to the Star League. He then proclaims that once Rylos' moon is in eclipse, the Ko-Dan Armada will begin their invasion. Unnerved by everything he has seen, Alex asks to be taken home. On Earth, Centauri tells Alex to contact him should he change his mind. Meanwhile, a saboteur eliminates the Starfighter base defenses and thus enables the Ko-Dan to attack the base, causing heavy damage, killing the Starfighters and destroying the Gunstars. Only Grig and an advanced prototype Gunstar survive.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Alex discovers Beta and contacts Centauri to retrieve him. Centauri arrives just as Alex and Beta are attacked by an alien assassin, a Zando-Zan, in Xur's service; Centauri shoots off its right arm. He then explains that more Zando-Zan will be coming to Earth and the only way for Alex to protect his family (and Earth) is to embrace his ability as a Starfighter. Before Alex can reply, the assassin attempts to shoot Alex. Centauri jumps in the way, taking the hit and killing the alien. Alex and Centauri fly back to the Starfighter base where Centauri succumbs to his injuries. Alex finds Grig and they prepare the Gunstar to battle the Ko-Dan Armada.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: While Grig trains Alex, Beta finds it difficult to maintain his impersonation, particularly with Maggie Gordon, Alex's girlfriend. After discovering that a group of Zando-Zan have set up a communication center from their spaceship outside the trailer park, Beta reveals everything to Maggie. She does not believe him until the Zando-Zan discover the pair and Beta is shot, exposing damaged circuitry. They steal a friend's pickup truck and charge it at the Zando-Zan ship; Beta has Maggie jump out before sacrificing himself by crashing into the ship, destroying it.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Alex and Grig attack the Ko-Dan mothership, crippling its communications. Once Alex's weapons are depleted he desperately activates a secret weapon on the Gunstar, the "Death Blossom", that destroys the remaining Ko-Dan fighters. With the fleet destroyed, Lord Kril orders Xur executed for his arrogance and failure to ensure victory, but Xur escapes the mothership just before Alex cripples its guidance controls, causing it to crash into Rylos' moon.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Alex is proclaimed the savior of Rylos and invited to help rebuild the Star League by Enduran, as it is still vulnerable: the Frontier has collapsed and Xur escaped. An unknown alien approaches, revealing himself as Centauri and explaining he was in a healing stasis. Alex agrees to stay but he returns to Earth, landing his ship in the trailer park. Grig tells Alex's mother and the people of the trailer park of Alex's heroism; Alex asks Maggie to come with him and she agrees. Louis is inspired to join Alex and begins playing the "Starfighter" game.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: "The Last Starfighter" was shot in 38 days, mostly night shoots in Canyon Country. It was one of the earliest films to make extensive use of computer graphics for its special effects. In place of physical models, 3D rendered models were used to depict space ships and many other objects. The Gunstar and other spaceships were the design of artist Ron Cobb, who also worked on "Alien", "Star Wars" and "Conan the Barbarian".


title: The Last Starfighter

text: The computer graphics for the film were rendered by Digital Productions (DP) on a Cray X-MP supercomputer. The company created 27 minutes of effects for the film. This was considered an enormous amount of computer generated imagery at the time. For the 300 scenes containing computer graphics in the film, each frame of the animation contained an average of 250,000 polygons, and had a resolution of 3000 × 5000 36-bit pixels. Digital Productions estimated that using computer animation required only half the time and between a third to half of the cost of traditional special effects. The result was a cost of $14 million for a film that made about $29 million at the box office.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Not all special effects in the film were done with computer animation. The depiction of the Beta unit before it had taken Alex's form was a practical effect, created by makeup artist Lance Anderson. The Starcar, created by Gene Winfield and driven by Centauri, was a working vehicle based on Winfield's Spinner designs from "Blade Runner".


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Because the test audiences responded positively to the Beta Alex character, director Nick Castle added more scenes of Beta Alex interacting with the trailer park community. Because Lance Guest had cut his hair short after initial filming had been completed and he contracted an illness during the re-shoots, his portrayal of Beta Alex in the added scenes has him wearing a wig and heavy makeup. Wil Wheaton had a few lines of dialogue that were ultimately cut from the film, but he still is visible in the background of several scenes.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Composer Craig Safan wanted to go "bigger than "Star Wars"" and therefore utilized a "Mahler-sized" orchestra, resulting in an unusual breadth of instruments, including "quadruple woodwinds" and "eight trumpets, [trombones], and horns!"


title: The Last Starfighter

text: At the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "The Last Starfighter" received an approval rating of 76%, based on 86 reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "While "The Last Starfighter" is clearly derivative of other sci-fi franchises, its boundary-pushing visual effects and lovably plucky tone make for an appealing adventure". Metacritic gave the film a score of 67 based on 8 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". Over time it has developed a cult following.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Roger Ebert gave the film two-and-a-half out of four stars. While the actors were good, particularly Preston and O'Herlihy, Ebert wrote "The Last Starfighter" was "not a terrifically original movie" but it was nonetheless "well-made". Colin Greenland reviewed "The Last Starfighter" for "Imagine" magazine, and stated that "apart from a mildly amusing little sub-plot with the android replica left on Earth to conceal his absence, Alex's adventure is strictly the movie of the video game: simple as can be, and pitched at a pre-teen audience who can believe Alex and Grig blasting a hundred alien ships and escaping without a scratch." "Halliwell's Film Guide" described the film as "a surprisingly pleasant variation on the "Star Wars" boom, with sharp and witty performances from two reliable character actors and some elegant gadgetry to offset the teenage mooning".


title: The Last Starfighter

text: In 2017, "Variety" described it as having "a simple yet ingenious plot" and continued "the action is suitably fast and furious, but what makes the movie especially enjoyable are the quirky character touches given to Guest and his fellow players." "Variety" also noted that film critic Gene Siskel described "The Last Starfighter" as the best of all "Star Wars" imitators. Alan Jones awarded it three stars out of five for "Radio Times", writing that it was a "glossy, space-age fairy tale" and "highly derivative — "Star Trek"-like aliens have "Star Wars"-inspired dog-fights against a computer-graphic backdrop — but the sensitive love story between Guest and Catherine Mary Stewart cuts through the cuteness and gives the intergalactic adventures a much-needed boost."


title: The Last Starfighter

text: "The Last Starfighter"s popularity has resulted in several non-film adaptations of the storyline and uses of the name.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: A musical adaptation was first produced at the Storm Theatre Off-Off Broadway in New York City in October 2004 with music and lyrics by Skip Kennon and book by Fred Landau. In November 2005, the original cast recording was released on the Kritzerland label.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: In the same year as the release of the film, Marvel Comics published a comic book adaptation of the film by writer Bill Mantlo and artists Bret Blevins and Tony Salmons in "Marvel Super Special" #31. The adaptation was also available as a three issue limited series.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: A real "The Last Starfighter" arcade game by Atari, Inc. is promised in the end credits, but was never released. If released, the game would have been Atari's first 3D polygonal arcade game to use a Motorola 68000 as the CPU. Gameplay would have been taken from game scenes and space battle scenes in the film and would have included the same controller that was used on the first Star Wars arcade game. The game was abandoned once Atari representatives saw the film in post-production and decided it was not going to be a financial success.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: Home versions of the game for the Atari 2600 and Atari 5200 consoles and Atari 8-bit home computers were also developed, but never commercially released under the "Last Starfighter" name. The home computer version was eventually renamed and released (with some minor changes) as "Star Raiders II". A prototype exists for the Atari 2600 "Last Starfighter" game, which was in actuality a game already in development by Atari under the name "Universe". This game was eventually released as "Solaris".


title: The Last Starfighter

text: In 1990, an NES game titled "The Last Starfighter" was released, but it was actually a conversion of "Uridium" for Commodore 64, with modified sprites, title screen and soundtrack.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: A freeware playable version of the game, based on what is seen in the film, was released for PC in 2007. This is a faithful reproduction of the arcade game from the film and features full sound effects and music from the game. The creators of this game, Rogue Synapse, have also built a working arcade cabinet of the game.


title: The Last Starfighter

text: In February 2008, production company GPA Entertainment added ""Starfighter" – The sequel to the classic motion picture "Last Starfighter" to its list of projects and two months later the project was reported to be "stuck in the pre-production phase". It was still there . Hollywood directors, including Seth Rogen and Steven Spielberg, as well as screenwriter Gary Whitta, have expressed interest in creating a sequel or remake, but Jonathan R. Betuel has allegedly indicated that he does not want another film made.