title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: The source material's religious elements were referred to when designing Flagg's demon incarnations. According to writer Michael Beeler, Flagg's goat head was a "traditional concept of what evil in human form would be." In order for the ram horns to glow, they were made out of translucent substance with illumination coming from a backlight. For Flagg's hands, the effects team went for a recurring theme of eccentricities in how they worked, such as the extending of a third finger for symbolizing the devil's existence. In the scene where Flagg raises his fist at Abagail, the original screenplay presented him as having it clenched throughout; however, Johnson came up with a representation of Stigmata by first showing Flagg's palm with blood spewing out and then clenching it into a fist. The split-second shot of Flagg's fingers flexing backwards was done with the hand palm up, but the actor wore an appliance for a palm down illusion.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: For the scarecrow form, Johnson was initially skeptical to create one due to the idea of it being "kind of silly" and attempted to persuade Garris not to include it. The two ultimately decided to produce a "rotted" version of the scarecrow, meaning the stitching of the fabric, as Beeler put it, "makes it appear as if it has scars all across its face that are coming apart at the seams with dust and sawdust falling out whenever it speaks." Johnson later admitted that the scarecrow was his favorite Flagg incarnation of the miniseries. For a silhouette shot of the scarecrow in the cornfield, the shape of the character's eyes and mouth are indicated through a glowing effect. The radiating contact lens used on the eyes were previously made by XFX for the film "Innocent Blood" (1992); while a light-emitting diode palate for the mouth was created by Rick Baker colleague Mark Setraikien and triggered via wires under Sheridan's make-up.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: XFX members came up with multiple concepts for the scarecrow's hair, Johnson suggesting a set of mushrooms, flowers, and moss growing around it. He also thought of worms and cockroaches crawling in the hair for close-up shots; however, when they were placed on Sheridan's hair during a test, the actor freaked out and Johnson thought it "wouldn't have read on film anyway." The final result was that the hair was made of "muddy, twisted roots growing out of his head" which Johnson thought "looked the creepiest."


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: While Tom Barham of New York's Image Group company handled the morphing FX, Garris came up with the idea of having Flagg's head morph executed in a way different from the traditional media morph of one head design just melting into another: inside out. Not only was it different, but also a way to work around the limited budget as the morphing could look "active" without the camera having to move. In creating Flagg's morphs, the actor first filmed the scene on set without his makeup on. Then, on a greenscreen stage in Las Vegas, he was filmed doing the exact same action with makeup on, the camera set at precisely the same angle and character distance as the original shot. Both shots were then combined in post-production. The green-screening technique was done due to the amount of time it took to get Flagg's make-up on, which was at minimum three hours.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: Six stages of burn make-up were placed on Frewer, such as when the Trashcan Man is burned by an oil factory explosion, a really hot desert sun, and radiation from an atomic bomb.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: The growing facial hair effect seen on the extras was done by Camille Calvetty through a technique involving electrostatic charges; on each actor, she would first put adhesive all throughout the face, then trim the hair "to the right length" for it to be placed in a device that grows the hair through an electric charger. While this technique had been done on past films and television series, "The Stand" was the first ever production that involved it being applied to several extras. The varying amount of loose hair and make-up on each extra complicated the process according to Johnson: "You don't have a lot of control. So it takes an incredible amount of maintenance and a lot of patience to keep it looking good."


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: ABC aired the highly anticipated miniseries in May 1994 for two reasons: it was a sweeps month, and it was the earliest month that didn't have new episodes of "Monday Night Football" and "Roseanne" in the line-up. All four parts were viewed by approximately 19 million homes, with Part 1 receiving a rating/share of 21.0/32, Part 2 receiving 21.0/32, Part 3 receiving 20.1/31, and Part 4 receiving 20.0/31.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: On "The New York Observer"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s 2014 list of the best Stephen King miniseries, "The Stand" ranked just behind the number-one pick, "It" (1990), the source praising the miniseries' performances.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: The miniseries was met with generally positive reviews. John J. O'Connor at "The New York Times" wrote, "A great deal of time and money has gone into this production, and it's right up there on the screen... The nagging problem at the heart of "The Stand" is that once the story settles early on into its schematic oppositions of good versus evil, sweet old Mother Abagail versus satanic Flagg, monotony begins to seep through the superstructure ... Muddled, certainly, but ... "The Stand" is clever enough to keep you wondering what could possibly happen next." Conversely, Emily L. Stephens of AV Club wrote, "The miniseries delivers monotony without either the corresponding sense of work or any monumental import. It shows very little of the labor and wrangling that goes into creating the comfortable enclave of the Boulder Free Zone. Paradoxically, by reaching for grandeur and pathos, Garris’ miniseries plunks itself firmly in bathos."


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: The series currently features a 70% "Certified Fresh" score on Rotten Tomatoes, based on an aggregate of 23 reviews.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: "The Stand" was first released on DVD as a "Special Edition" in the United States on October 26, 1999, which contains only a Dolby Digital 2.0 audio of its original language and no subtitles. When "The Stand" was included on an unnamed September 25, 2007 DVD set that also featured "The Langoliers" (1995) and "Golden Years" (1991), Dolby Digital 2.0 Spanish and mono Portuguese dubs were added. The DVD including those features was issued separately on June 18, 2013. On June 12, 2018 it was part of another King adaptation collection that included "The Langoliers", "Golden Years", "The Dead Zone" (1983), "Pet Sematary", "Silver Bullet" (1986), and "Graveyard Shift" (1990).


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: "The Stand" was later released on DVD in the United Kingdom on April 5, 2004, Denmark on October 9, 2007 and Finland on October 10, 2007. The UK versions features Dolby Digital 2.0 tracks in English, French, German, and Spanish; and subtitles in English, German, Portuguese, Spanish, Croatian, Czech, Danish, Hebrew, Icelandic, Norwegian, Polish, Slovenian, Swedish, and Turkish subtitles. The Danish and Finnish versions include the same audio tracks as the UK edition (plus an Italian dub) but there are significant differences when it comes to subtitle settings; the UK's Portuguese, Croatian, Slovenian, Czech, Turkish, and Hebrew subtitles are removed with the addition of Finnish, Dutch, French, and Italian subtitles.


title: The Stand (1994 miniseries)

text: "The Stand" was issued on Blu-ray in Spain on September 18, 2019; the United States and Canada on September 24, 2019; Germany on September 26, 2019; the United Kingdom on October 7, 2019; Finland, Norway, and Sweden on October 14, 2019; and Denmark on October 17, 2019.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The Jeep Wagoneer is a luxury 4x4 produced and marketed under Jeep under successive automakers from 1962 to 1991. Described when it was introduced as a station wagon body style, the innovative concept by industrial designer Brooks Stevens over time pioneered the luxury "sport utility vehicle" (SUV).


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Initially briefly available with the choice of rigid or independent front suspension, and optional rear-wheel drive only, the 4WDWagoneer stayed in production for 29 model years (1963–1991) with an almost unchanged body structure, making it the third longest-produced single generation car in U.S. automotive history.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The Jeep Wagoneer evolved to create the luxury 4x4 market segment starting with the 1966 Super Wagoneer model.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The Wagoneer made its debut seven years before Land Rover launched its Range Rover in Great Britain, 18 years before Land Rover introduced a 4-door version, and 24 years before that marque appeared in the US.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: With competition from the "big three" automakers advancing on Jeep's four-wheel-drive market, Willys management decided that a new and more advanced vehicle was needed. Conceived in the early 1960s while Willys-Overland Motors was owned by Kaiser Jeep Corporation, the Wagoneer replaced the original Willys Jeep Station Wagon, originally introduced in July 1946 and in production until the 1964 model year.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: It was introduced in November 1962 for the 1963 model year as a successor to the Willys Jeep Station Wagon that had been built since 1946. Although sharing a pickup truck chassis (like its predecessor), the Wagoneer had a sophisticated station wagon body design, that was more carlike than any other 4x4 on the market. Compared with offerings from GM, Ford, International Harvester, Toyota, Nissan and Land Rover — which were producing utilitarian work-oriented vehicles with spartan truck-like interiors — the Wagoneer's luxury set it apart. Together with the Gladiator, the revolutionary Wagoneer SJ platform included an advanced overhead cam straight-six engine, and offered features unheard of at the time in any other mainstream 4WD vehicle, such as independent front suspension, power steering, automatic transmission, a factory radio, and optional air-conditioning.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Like its long-lived predecessor, the new 1963 Wagoneer took shape under industrial designer Brooks Stevens, while Willys' engineering staff handled the technical development. To appeal to mainstream consumers, the Wagoneer received a relatively low stance and car-like manners. The lower entry height was accomplished with a transfer case and a compact running gear design. Suspension tuning gave it a good ride, but because it was developed as a truck, it could haul and tow as needed. Development took three years and cost around US$20 million ($ in dollars ).


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: At its introduction, the Jeep Wagoneer had no direct competition. For comparison, it took another 8 years for Land Rover Range Rover to start in only a two-door body style. It took until 1981 for the four-door 4x4 to be developed and Range Rover sales in the U.S. began in 1987.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The original Wagoneer is a full-size body-on-frame vehicle that shared its architecture with the Gladiator pickup truck. At first, it offered many body types, suspension, and drivetrain options. Available as both two- or four-door wagons, the two-door could be had as a "Panel Delivery" model with windowless sides behind the doors and double "barn doors" in the rear instead of the usual tailgate and roll-down rear window.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Early Wagoneers were powered by Willys' new "Tornado" SOHC six-cylinder engine, which had debuted in 1962 as an option for Jeep's previous Station Wagons. The engine developed and was noted for being fuel-efficient for its day. Both a 3-speed manual and automatic transmission were offered, each available with either 2WD rear-wheel-drive, or part-time four-wheel-drive without a center differential, but with manually locking front hubs. The Warn hubs were utilized to engage or disengage the front wheels, to switch the drive-train between two-wheel or four-wheel drive mode.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Like on the original Willys Wagon, independent front suspension instead of a rigid front axle was again offered to give the Wagoneer a more car-like ride and handling. The original Wagoneer featured independent front suspension (IFS) as standard on the rear-wheel drive models and was optional on the four-wheel drive, for either $135 or $160. <br>


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Instead of the Wagon's "Planadyne" design, the Wagoneer's IFS used swing axles and torsion bar springs, but they combined with short upper A-arms, tied into the torsion bars at their inner pivot points, such that the swing axles served as the lower control arms in a kind of double wishbone suspension design and the axles are located fore and aft by control links. On the four-wheel-drives, the IFS replaced the standard Dana 27AF axle with a single, center-pivot front axle that allowed the Dana 27 differential to swing with the curb-side half. Further, all Wagoneers had 11-inch drum-brakes all-around; seat belts were optional, and the 4WD came with a standard compass. Front and rear power take-offs were available for heavy-duty utility applications.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Shortly after the introduction of the Wagoneer, in early 1963, Willys Motors changed its name to "Kaiser Jeep Corporation".


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The 1964 models introduced factory-optional air conditioning, as well as a lower-compression Tornado engine, to remedy cooling problems and "pinging" at altitude the original had sometimes suffered. While it made less power, it returned greater economy, but this lower-compression version was phased out within a year.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: As of 1965, all models came with a new standard safety package that included front and rear seat belts, a padded dash and high impact windshield, and a dual braking system.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Late-year 1965 Wagoneers and Gladiators were available with the AMC V8 engine, which proved to be a popular option. Additionally, the Tornado engine was replaced by American Motors' OHV inline six. According to the automotive press this engine was smooth, powerful, reliable and easily maintained, but most likely it was cheaper.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Although the independent front suspension was positively reviewed, the option was not popular and was dropped from production, at least for the 4WD models, in 1965.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The 1966 model year also saw the introduction of the more luxurious Super Wagoneer, identified by a new more modern-looking full-width grille. Initially sporting a higher-performance version of the AMC V8, fitted with a four-barrel carburetor. With comfort and convenience features not standard or even available on other vehicles of its type at the time - e.g. push-button radio, seven-position tilt steering wheel, ceiling courtesy lights, air conditioning, power retracting rear window into the tailgate, power brakes, power steering, and console-shifted TH400 automatic transmission – the Super Wagoneer is now widely regarded as the precursor of today's luxury SUVs.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Production of the Super Wagoneer ended in 1969, and in total it is believed that 3,989 Super Wagoneers were produced.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Between 1967 and 1969, all rear-wheel drive only models, which the four-wheel drives had outsold from the beginning, were discontinued, and from then on all Wagoneers and Cherokees had solid axles and leaf-springs, both front and rear. At the end of 1968, the slow-selling two-door versions were also discontinued.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: For 1968 through 1971, Wagoneers were powered by Buick’s Dauntless V8. The Dauntless made less horsepower than the previous AMC V8 (230 hp vs. 250), but more torque at lower rpm ( at 2400 rpm versus at 2600).


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: In early 1970, AMC acquired Kaiser Jeep Corporation and began refining and upgrading the range. American Motors improved manufacturing efficiency and lowered costs by incorporating shared components such as engines. Reducing noise, vibration, and harshness improved the Wagoneer driving experience. Visually, a big change was made during the 1970 model year, by replacing the metal grill with a new plastic grill with an egg crate pattern instead of vertical bars.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The 1971 model year included a special "X-coded" model finished in "golden lime" with unique wood-grain side panels, numerous convenience features and power assists, that was priced $1,000 more than the deluxe "custom" model. After 1971, the outsourced Buick 350 was replaced by the AMC V8, and later the was made available.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The innovative Quadra-Trac full-time four-wheel-drive system, which broadened the appeal of Jeep products to people who wanted four-wheel-drive traction without the inconvenience of a manual-shift transfer case and manual locking hubs, was introduced in 1973.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: In 1974 AMC redesigned the greenhouse of the defunct two-door Wagoneer, with much wider D-pillars and single, long rear side-windows, and reintroduced it as the Cherokee. This replaced the Jeepster Commando, whose sales had not met expectations despite an extensive 1972 revamp. The Cherokee appealed to a younger market than the Wagoneer, which was regarded as a family SUV.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Also in 1974, front disc brakes were introduced as standard equipment. While the new Cherokees still had 4-wheel drum brakes standard, front discs could be had as an option.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: From 1976 all Wagoneer and Cherokee models received strengthened frames with stronger cross-members and boxed side rail construction.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: After the introduction of the Cherokee, AMC began to move the Wagoneer upmarket, and that brought high demand from a new market segment. Midway through 1978 the "Limited" was introduced, more luxuriously equipped than the earlier Super Wagoneer, offering Quadra-Trac, power disk brakes, air conditioning, power-adjustable bucket seats, power door locks, power windows, tilt steering wheel, cruise control, leather upholstery, plush carpeting, AM/FM/CB radio, leather-wrapped steering wheel, roof rack, forged aluminum wheels, and "wood grain" trim on the body sides. The two-barrel, AMC V8 engine was standard with a four-barrel, available at extra cost. Even though the US$10,500 ($ in dollars ) suggested retail price was in luxury Cadillac and Lincoln territory, the Limited's high-level specification attracted buyers and sales were strong with a total of 28,871 Wagoneers produced in 1978, and 27,437 in 1979. In 1979 a new competitor was introduced called the Mercedes-Benz G-Class.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: On other SJ models, there were few styling changes until 1979, when all Wagoneer, Cherokee, and J Series pickup models received a substantial styling update with one-piece aluminum bumpers and a new one-piece chrome plastic grille with a protruding middle section shaped somewhat like a pig's nose, horizontal slats, and square headlights. This front end appearance was described as the "pig nose grill" continued on Wagoneer models through 1985.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: For model year 1980, AMC decided to offer the four-wheel-drive platform using a station wagon body style but on a compact platform and introduced the AMC Eagle.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: With the V8s the primary choice among Wagoneer buyers, the six-cylinder engine was dropped in the 1970s, only to return as an option when Jeep sales – particularly of the high-volume Cherokee – were hit by the 1979 energy crisis. The Wagoneer continued to sell relatively well in comparison to luxurious station wagons offered by Ford, Chrysler and GM, while production dropped to 10,481 in 1980, but increased to 13,741 in 1981, 18,709 in 1982, and 18,478 in 1983. When reintroduced, the engine came with a manual transmission as standard equipment, but in 1983, automatic transmissions with “Selec-Trac” four-wheel drive became standard. With this combination, the Wagoneer achieved EPA fuel-consumption estimates of city and highway – outstanding for a full-size SUV. This allowed the company to advertise good fuel mileage, although the more powerful 360 V8 remained popular with certain buyers despite its greater thirst for fuel.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: In 1981, the Wagoneer line was expanded to three models. The Custom Wagoneer was the basic model, yet it included a four-speed transmission, free-wheeling hubs, power steering, and power front disc brakes, as well as passenger area carpeting. A new Brougham model added an upgraded interior trim that included woodgrain for the instrument cluster and horn cover, floor mats, power tailgate window, as well as the "convenience" and "light" packages. The Brougham's exterior included a thin side body scuff molding with a narrow woodgrain insert, roof rack, as well as bright door and quarter window frames, and a lower tailgate molding. The Wagoneer Limited was the top-of-the-line with standard Quadra-Trac, automatic transmission, air conditioning, tinted glass, power windows, and door locks, cruise control, AM/FM stereo radio, extra quiet insulation, power six-way driver and passenger bucket seats with center armrest, upgraded door panels, leather-wrapped steering wheel, extra thick carpeting, and a retractable cargo cover.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The basic "Custom" model was eliminated for 1983, and a new Selec-Trac system became standard equipment. A dash-mounted control allowed the driver to change between two-wheel and four-wheel drive. The switch activated a vacuum-activated spline clutch that was built into the transfer case that engaged the front axle assembly. A shift lever mounted on the side of the transmission hump allowed the driver to shift between four-high and four-low with the vehicle moving, although the transmission had to be shifted to neutral and the vehicle had to be moving at less than 5 miles per hour to accomplish this.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: For 1984, AMC replaced the SJ-body Cherokee with the all-new, compact, and more fuel-efficient unibody Jeep Cherokee (XJ), and introduced an upscale version of the (XJ) known as the Wagoneer. The compact XJ Wagoneer was available in two trim levels: the "Wagoneer" and the "Wagoneer Limited". AMC originally intended for these vehicles to replace the SJ-body Wagoneer models but high demand prompted the company to keep the old SJ-body Wagoneer in production alongside them despite the fact the design, largely unchanged since 1962, was becoming increasingly antiquated.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The SJ-body Wagoneer line saw consolidation in 1984 with the end of the "Brougham" model, while the "Limited" was renamed the "Grand Wagoneer" to free up the "Wagoneer Limited" nameplate for the compact XJ Wagoneer. In mid-1984, AMC introduced a less expensive version called the Wagoneer "Custom", without the simulated woodgrain exterior. The Custom had steel wheels with hubcaps, standard equipment was pared down, and it had part-time four-wheel drive. Despite its lower price (US$15,995, about $3,000 less than the "Grand"), sales were low, and it was dropped after 1984.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Thus, at the end of 1984, production reached 20,019 with just one fully equipped version available. The Grand Wagoneer remained "the gold standard of the SUV market" and from 1985 it would continue in one version using the old SJ-body until the end of the Grand Wagoneer production under Chrysler.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: For the Mexican market, the Grand Wagoneer was built and distributed by Vehiculos Automotores Mexicanos, and was offered with the 282 CI engine.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: An improved handling package was introduced in 1985 that incorporated a revised front sway bar, gas-filled shock absorbers, and lower friction rear springs. A total of 17,814 Grand Wagoneers were built for 1985.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Starting in the 1986 model year, the Grand Wagoneer received a new four-part front grille and a stand-up hood ornament. An updated audio system became a standard feature and a power sunroof installed by American Sunroof Corporation became a factory option. However, the most significant change was the installation of a fully revamped interior including a new dash pad, new instrumentation, new door panel design, shorter nap cut-pile carpeting, new leather, and corduroy seat cover designs as well as front seats that now featured adjustable headrests. Changes were made to the instrument panel that now featured square gauges, and contained an improved climate control system. The metal glove box door was also replaced with a plastic door featuring a woodgrain overlay. A new two-spoke steering wheel also included new stalks for the lights and wiper and washer controls on the column. The Selec-Trac driveline gained a new Trac-Lok limited-slip differential to send power to the wheel with the best traction. There were 17,254 Grand Wagoneers built in 1986.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The last model year developed under AMC, 1987, was also the 25th anniversary of the Wagoneer design. Standard equipment included the V8 engine and self-sealing Michelin "Tru Seal" P235/75R 15 radial tires. The sound system included a new AM/FM electronically tuned stereo with a Dolby cassette player and four Jensen speakers. The exterior featured revised woodgrained sides in "marine teak" with new nameplates and V8 badges. On the inside were new tan or cordovan trims that replaced the honey and garnet colors, while the interior assist pulls on the door panels were removed. A combined 14,265 units were built by AMC and Chrysler for 1987.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Chrysler bought out American Motors Corporation on 2 March 1987. At the time AMC was already working on designing a replacement for the antiquated SJ platform. Chrysler had other priorities, and although the Jeep J-Series pickups that shared the SJ platform and directly competed with Chrysler's Dodge Ram pickups were discontinued in 1988, Chrysler left the Grand Wagoneer largely untouched over its first few years overseeing Jeep production, and even continued to build the model with the carbureted AMC V8 instead of its own (arguably, more modern) fuel-injected V8. Year-to-year changes were minimal. At the time of Chrysler's purchase, customer demand for the Grand Wagoneer continued to be steady, and it was a very profitable model generating approximately five to six thousand dollars on each unit.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The 1989–1991 model years are considered the "best of the breed" due to a number of upgrades. These include upgraded wood siding and modernized aluminum alloy wheels that lost their gold-colored inlays in favor of gunmetal grey metallic. Chrysler also introduced an electrocoat primer for better rust proofing and all exterior colors were now applied in a two-stage base-clearcoat system. In 1988, Jeep's first full year under Chrysler, 14,117 Grand Wagoneers were produced.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Many improvements were made for the 1989–1991 model year series, including a quality replacement for the earlier, leak-prone air conditioning compressor, the addition of the visually identifiable rear wiper/washer assembly, as well as a general improvement in fit and finish. An interior overhead console, taken from Chrysler's popular minivans, was also added. This functional console featured much brighter map lights, an outside temperature sensor and compass, a storage compartment for sunglasses as well as an infrared remote-controlled key-less entry system.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The last three model years also featured several new exterior paint colors and the tan interior color was replaced with a lighter color that Jeep called "sand". The "new" exterior colors included a hunter green metallic that was only available in the 1991 model year and is the paint color of the 1991 Grand Wagoneer in the Chrysler museum, as well as the color of the very last Grand Wagoneer ever made.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The Wagoneer enjoyed one of the longest production runs of any Jeep product. Despite its combined fuel economy of only 11 miles per gallon, its powerful 5.9 liter V8 engine and high towing capacity, and the fact that unlike most competitive full-size SUVs of the era it had four doors, made the Grand Wagoneer popular among its many repeat buyers through the 1960s, 70s, and 80s. By 1991, it was the longest-running domestically produced vehicle (29 years) on the same platform.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: As a result of the 1990 oil price shock, gasoline prices in the United States rose 11 percent in less than a year. Sales of the gas-guzzling Grand Wagoneer plummeted from over 10,000 units in 1989 to 6,449 in 1990. Slow sales continued during the Gulf War and only 1,560 Grand Wagoneers were produced in the 1991 model year. In addition to its poor fuel economy, the antiquated SJ platform would have required extensive re-engineering to comply with new Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards that would apply to all light trucks and sport utility vehicles sold in the United States by the mid-1990s. As a result, on 27 February 1991, Chrysler announced that it was ending production of the Grand Wagoneer, leaving the Jeep line without a full-size SUV. Buyers of 1991 Grand Wagoneers sold after that date had the option of having a gold "Final Edition Jeep Grand Wagoneer" badge on the dashboard.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Even before Chrysler assembled the final SJ Grand Wagoneer there were specialized companies that were refurbishing and restoring them. Grand Wagoneers that are in top condition seem not to decrease in value.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The 1989–1991 models years are considered "the best of the breed and still have a loyal following among a select group". Later model, low mileage, rust-free Grand Wagoneers have become highly collectible with some pristine examples selling for more than their original sticker price over three decades after they rolled off the assembly line.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: In 2013, the 1963–1991 models were in a list of eight SUVs that have become collectibles and, depending on the condition, desirable items at car auctions.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: By 2019, the appraisal values of Grand Wagoneers had been increasing an average of 2 to 6 percent with each bi-monthly update for most of past ten years according to Hagerty.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: By 2021, the 1984–1991 Jeep Grand Wagoneers that "created the blueprint followed by countless others" were among the most sought-after cars during the pandemic according to Hagerty, and in the top nine of a curated list of the best vintage cars on the market.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The Jeep Grand Wagoneer nameplate reappeared for one-year as the top-of-the-line model of the new Jeep ZJ platform debuted for the Grand Cherokee for the 1993 model year. It featured a long list of standard equipment including the Magnum 5.2 L V8 engine and unique leather interior as well as the Grand Wagoneer's traditional exterior woodgrain applique. After 6,378 were produced, the model was dropped for 1994, leaving the Grand Cherokee Limited as the top-of-the-line Jeep.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: The Wagoneer was occasionally used in rallying, mainly in the United States. Wagoneers placed first and second in the first-ever running of the Sno*Drift rally in 1973.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: Chrysler Group CEO Sergio Marchionne announced at the January 2011 North American International Auto Show held in Detroit, that the Grand Wagoneer name was to be revived for an "upper-scale" seven-seat SUV, which he said would be introduced in 2013. In May 2014, Chrysler's "Five-Year Plan" was unveiled, which included the intention to release a flagship vehicle called the Grand Wagoneer that would share a platform with the Durango and Grand Cherokee by the 2018 model year. The Grand Wagoneer would be sold alongside the Durango and the Grand Cherokee.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: On 9 June 2015, Fiat Chrysler announced that it would unveil a new version of the full-sized Grand Wagoneer at its dealers' convention on 25 August 2015. In August 2015, however, Fiat announced that the production of the upcoming Grand Cherokee replacement would be delayed into 2018. It is scheduled to be built at Warren Truck Assembly while the next-generation Ram 1500 is to be built at Sterling Heights Assembly.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: On September 3, 2020, Jeep revealed the concept vehicle, along with other models and their 4xe electric hybrid technology.


title: Jeep Wagoneer (SJ)

text: On March 11, 2021, Jeep officially revealed the Wagoneer and Grand Wagoneer models, with both being based on the concept.


title: Michael De Luca

text: Michael De Luca (born August 13, 1965) is an American film studio executive, film producer and screenwriter. The former president of production at both New Line Cinema and DreamWorks, De Luca has been nominated for three Academy Awards for Best Picture. De Luca formerly served as the chairman of the Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer Motion Picture Group and currently serves as a co-chairperson and CEO of Warner Bros. Pictures Group.


title: Michael De Luca

text: De Luca was born and raised in Brooklyn, New York. His mother was a German-Jewish immigrant, and his father, who was Italian American and Catholic, worked at ConEdison. De Luca began pursuing a career in show business in 1986. Originally tapped to work as a story editor, he rose fairly quickly through the ranks, thanks in part to his mentor, chair and co-founder of New Line Cinema Robert Shaye. De Luca completed his degree from Tisch School of the Arts of New York University in 1995.


title: Michael De Luca

text: In 1990, De Luca made his debut in the film industry as an associate producer on "". De Luca has been collecting comics since childhood and is a huge fan of comic books and graphic novels, in particular the works of Frank Miller, and sci-fi properties such as "Star Trek".


title: Michael De Luca

text: He wrote the 1994 horror film "In the Mouth of Madness", directed by John Carpenter. De Luca co-wrote the story for the 1995 film adaptation of the popular British comic book character Judge Dredd, starring Sylvester Stallone as the eponymous lead. In 1996, De Luca, a self-proclaimed "Trekkie", was approached by the producers Brannon Braga and Ronald D. Moore for "" and pitched an idea which turned into an opportunity to write an episode for the series, .


title: Michael De Luca

text: De Luca is a former President of Production for New Line Cinema. During his tenure at New Line Cinema, he oversaw a variety of films that would come to define the studio, including "Seven", "Friday", "Boogie Nights", "Austin Powers", "Rush Hour", "Blade", "American History X", and "Magnolia". De Luca wrote and produced "", the sixth entry in the long-running "Nightmare on Elm Street" franchise"."


title: Michael De Luca

text: After New Line Cinema, De Luca became President of Production at DreamWorks, his tenure lasting from 2001 and 2004.


title: Michael De Luca

text: After his contract with DreamWorks ended, De Luca signed a production deal with Sony Pictures and started his own production company, Michael De Luca Productions. His first release under his production company was "Ghost Rider" (2007) starring Nicolas Cage, followed by "21" and "The Love Guru" (both 2008) starring Mike Myers.


title: Michael De Luca

text: He was nominated for the Best Picture Oscar two years in a row for 2010's "The Social Network" (2010) and "Moneyball" (2011). He received a third nomination in 2014 for producing Paul Greengrass' "Captain Phillips".


title: Michael De Luca

text: De Luca also produced the 2011 remake of the cult classic vampire horror film "Fright Night". De Luca and Dana Brunetti reunited for "Fifty Shades of Grey," the 2015 film adaptation of the best-selling novel of the same name. It was a massive financial success, becoming one of the highest-grossing R-rated films of all time.


title: Michael De Luca

text: On January 3, 2020, it was announced that De Luca had been appointed Chairman of the MGM Motion Picture Group. In July 2022 he and Pamela Abdy left for Warner Bros. Pictures Group, taking up the roles of co-chairpersons and CEOs.


title: Michael De Luca

text: De Luca was previously in a relationship with actress Julianne Moore, star of New Line's "Boogie Nights".


title: Michael De Luca

text: In 2009, he married actress Angelique Madrid (born 1974) from Ft. Worth, Texas, who was a contestant on the first season of ABC's "The Bachelor". They have a daughter, Isla (born 2000), and a son, Caden (born 2012).


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Diah Permata Megawati Setiawati Sukarnoputri (; born 23 January 1947) is an Indonesian politician who served as the fifth president of Indonesia from 2001 to 2004. She previously served as the eighth vice president from 1999 to 2001.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati is Indonesia's first female president and the sixth woman to lead a Muslim-majority country. She is also the first Indonesian president and as of 2021 the only vice president to be born after Indonesia proclaimed its independence in 1945. After serving as vice president to Abdurrahman Wahid, Megawati became president when Wahid was removed from office in 2001. She ran for re-election in the 2004 presidential election, but was defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono. She ran again in the 2009 presidential election, but Yudhoyono defeated her for a second time.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: She is the first and current (as of 2021) leader of the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P), one of Indonesia's largest political parties. She is the eldest daughter of Indonesia's first president, Sukarno.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Her name, "Sukarnoputri" (meaning 'daughter of Sukarno'), is a patronym, not a family name; Javanese often do not have family names. She is often referred to as simply "Megawati" or "Mega", derived from Sanskrit meaning 'cloud goddess'. In a speech to the students of the Sri Sathya Sai Primary School, she mentioned that Indian politician Biju Patnaik named her at Sukarno's request.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati was born in Yogyakarta to Sukarno, who had declared Indonesia's independence from the Netherlands in 1945 and Fatmawati, one of his nine wives. Megawati was Sukarno's second child and first daughter. She grew up in her father's Merdeka Palace. She danced for her father's guests and developed a gardening hobby. Megawati was 19 when her father relinquished power in 1966 and was succeeded by a government which eventually came to be led by President Suharto.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati attended Padjadjaran University in Bandung to study agriculture but dropped out in 1967 to be with her father following his fall. In 1970, the year her father died, Megawati went to the University of Indonesia to study psychology but dropped out after two years.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: In 1986, Suharto gave the status of Proclamation Hero to Sukarno in a ceremony attended by Megawati. Suharto's acknowledgment enabled the Indonesian Democratic Party (PDI), a government-sanctioned party, to campaign on Sukarno nostalgia in the lead-up to the 1987 legislative elections. Up to that time, Megawati had seen herself as a housewife, but in 1987 she joined PDI and ran for a People's Representative Council (DPR) seat. The PDI accepted Megawati to boost their own image. Megawati quickly became popular, her status as Sukarno's daughter offsetting her lack of oratorical skills. Although PDI came last in the elections, Megawati was elected to the DPR. Like all members of the DPR she also became a member of the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR).


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati was not reelected, but continued as a PDI member. In December 1993, the PDI held a national congress. As was always the case when New Order opposition parties held their congresses, the government actively interfered. As the Congress approached, three individuals contended for the PDI chair. The incumbent, Suryadi, had become critical of the government. The second was Budi Harjono a government-friendly figure whom the government backed. The third was Megawati. Her candidacy received such overwhelming support that her election at the Congress became a formality.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: When the congress assembled, the government stalled and delayed attempts to hold the election. The congress faced a deadline when their permit to assemble would run out. As the hours ticked down to the end of the congress, troops began gathering. With only two hours remaining, Megawati called a press conference, stating that because she enjoyed the support of a majority of PDI members, she was now the de facto chair. Despite her relative lack of political experience, she was popular in part for her status as Sukarno's daughter and because she was seen as free of corruption with admirable personal qualities. Under her leadership, PDI gained a large following among the urban poor and both urban and rural middle classes.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: The government was outraged at its failure to prevent Megawati's rise. They never acknowledged Megawati although her self-appointment was ratified in 1994. In 1996, the government convened a special national congress in Medan that reelected Suryadi as chair. Megawati and her camp refused to acknowledge the results and the PDI divided into pro-Megawati and anti-Megawati camps.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Suryadi began threatening to take back PDI's Headquarters in Jakarta. This threat was carried on the morning of 27 July 1996. Suryadi's supporters (reportedly with the Government's backing) attacked PDI Headquarters and faced resistance from Megawati supporters stationed there. In the ensuing fight, Megawati's supporters held on to the headquarters. A riot ensued, followed by a government crackdown. The Government later blamed the riots on the People's Democratic Party (PRD), and continued to recognize Suryadi's faction as the official party.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Despite what seemed to be a political defeat, Megawati scored a moral victory and her popularity grew. When the time came for the 1997 legislative election, Megawati and her supporters threw their support behind the United Development Party (PPP), the other approved opposition party.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: In mid-1997, Indonesia began to be affected by the Asian Financial Crisis and showed severe economic distress. By late January 1998 the rupiah fell to nearly 15,000 against the US dollar, compared to only 4,000 in early December. Increasing public anger at pervasive corruption culminated with Suharto's resignation and the assumption of the presidency by Vice President B. J. Habibie in May 1998, starting the Reform era ("Reformasi"). The restrictions on Megawati were removed and she began to consolidate her political position. In October 1998, her supporters held a National Congress whereby Megawati's PDI faction would now be known as the Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P). Megawati was elected Chair and was nominated as PDI-P's presidential candidate.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: PDI-P, together with Abdurrahman Wahid's National Awakening Party (PKB) and Amien Rais' National Mandate Party (PAN), became the leading reform forces. Despite their popularity, Megawati, Wahid and Rais adopted a moderate stance, preferring to wait until the 1999 legislative election to begin major changes. In November 1998, Megawati, together with Wahid, Rais and Hamengkubuwono X reiterated their commitment to reform through the Ciganjur Statement.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: As the elections approached, Megawati, Wahid and Amien considered forming a political coalition against President Habibie and Golkar. In May, Alwi Shihab held a press conference at his house during which Megawati, Wahid and Amien were to announce that they would work together. At the last minute, Megawati chose not to attend, because she decided that she could not trust Amien. In June, the elections were held and PDI-P came first with 33% of the votes.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: With the victory, Megawati's presidential prospects solidified. She was opposed by PPP who did not want a female president. In preparation for the 1999 MPR General Session, PDI-P formed a loose coalition with PKB. As the MPR General Session approached, it seemed as if the presidential election would be contested between Megawati and Habibie, but by late June Amien had drawn the Islamic parties into a coalition called the Central Axis. The presidential election became a three-way race when Amien floated the idea of nominating Wahid for president; but Wahid did not provide a clear response to the proposal.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati's PDI-P and PKB coalition faced its first test when the MPR assembled to choose its Chair. Megawati threw her support behind Matori Abdul Djalil, the Chair of PKB. He was overwhelmingly defeated by Amien, who in addition to enjoying Central Axis support was backed by Golkar. The Golkar and Central Axis coalition struck again when they secured Akbar Tanjung's election as Head of DPR. At this stage, people became wary that Megawati, who best represented reform, was going to be obstructed by the political process and that the status quo was going to be preserved. PDI-P supporters began to gather in Jakarta.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Habibie made a poorly received speech on political accountability that led him to withdraw. The presidential election held on 20 October 1999 came down to Megawati and Wahid. Megawati took an early lead, but was overtaken and lost with 313 votes compared to Wahid's 373. Megawati's loss provoked her supporters to revolt. Riots raged in Java and Bali. In the city of Solo, PDI-P masses attacked Amien's house.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: The next day, the MPR assembled to elect the vice president. PDI-P had considered nominating Megawati, but were concerned that the Central Axis and Golkar coalition would again thwart her. Instead, PKB nominated Megawati. She faced stiff competition from Hamzah Haz, Akbar Tanjung and General Wiranto. Well aware of the riots, Akbar and Wiranto withdrew. Hamzah stayed in the race, but Megawati defeated him 396 to 284. In her inauguration speech, she called for calm.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: As vice president, Megawati had considerable authority by virtue of her commanding many seats in the DPR. Wahid delegated to her the problems in Ambon, although she was not successful. By the time the MPR Annual Session assembled in August 2000, many considered Wahid to be ineffective as president or as an administrator. Wahid responded to this by issuing a presidential decree, giving Megawati day-to-day control of the government.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: The First PDI-P Congress was held in Semarang, Central Java, in April 2000, at which Megawati was re-elected as Chair for a second term.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati consolidated her position within PDI-P by taking harsh measures to remove potential rivals. During the election for the Chair, two other candidates emerged; Eros Djarot and Dimyati Hartono. They ran because they did not want Megawati to serve concurrently as both chair and vice president. Eros' nomination from the South Jakarta branch was voided by membership problems. Eros was not allowed to participate in the Congress. Disillusioned with what he perceived to be a cult of personality developing around Megawati, Eros left PDI-P. In July 2002, he formed the Freedom Bull National Party. Although Dimyati's candidacy was not opposed as harshly as Eros, he was removed as Head of PDI-P's Central Branch. He kept his position as a People's Representative Council (DPR) member, but left the party to become a university lecturer. In April 2002, Dimyati formed the Our Homeland of Indonesia Party (PITA).


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati had an ambivalent relationship with Wahid. During the Cabinet reshuffle of August 2000 for example, Megawati was not present for the announcement of the new line-up. At another occasion, when the political tide began to turn against Wahid, Megawati defended him and lashed out against critics. In 2001, Megawati began to distance herself from Wahid as a Special Session of the MPR approached and her prospects of becoming president improved. Although she refused to make any specific comments, she showed signs of preparing herself, holding a meeting with party leaders a day before the Special Session was to start.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: On 23 July 2001, the People's Consultative Assembly (MPR) removed Wahid from office and subsequently swore in Megawati as the new president. She thus became the sixth woman to lead a Muslim-majority country. On 9 August 2001, she announced her Mutual Assistance Cabinet.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: The rise of an icon of opposition against the Suharto regime to the presidency was initially widely welcomed, however it soon became apparent that her presidency was marked with indecisiveness, lack of clear ideological direction, and "a reputation for inaction on important policy issues". The good side of slow progress of reforms and avoiding confrontations was that she stabilized the overall democratization process and relationship between legislative, executive, and military.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: She ran for election in the country's first direct presidential election in 2004, hoping to become the first woman elected in her own right as head of state in a Muslim-majority country. However, she was decisively defeated by Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in the second round, by 61 percent to 39 percent, on 20 September 2004. She did not attend the new president's inauguration, and never had congratulated him.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: at a PDI-P gathering. Soetardjo Soerjoguritno confirmed her willingness to be nominated as her party's presidential candidate. Her nomination for president was announced on 15 May 2009, with Gerindra Party leader Prabowo Subianto as her running mate.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati's 2009 race was overshadowed by her calls to change Indonesia's voter registration procedure, obliquely suggesting that Yudhoyono's supporters were trying to manipulate the vote. Megawati and Prabowo lost the election to Yudhoyono, coming in second with 26.79% of the vote.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: On 24 February 2012, Megawati distanced herself from polls that placed her as a top contender for the 2014 presidential election. Megawati, still Chair of PDI-P, appealed to her party at a gathering in Yogyakarta to focus on PDI-P's current priorities. Nonetheless, a domain name appeared to have been registered in her name. On 27 December 2012, the daily edition of the "Jakarta Post" hinted at a possible reconciliation in the 2014 general election between the families of Megawati and President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and their political parties, her Indonesian Democratic Party of Struggle (PDI-P) and his Democratic Party respectively.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: For 2014 general election, Megawati's party and their coalition partners nominated Joko Widodo as their candidate for president. Widodo defeated his opponent Prabowo Subianto in a hotly contested election. Later, the relationship between Megawati and Widodo became strained as she pushed for Police Commissary General Budi Gunawan, for the post of the Indonesian Police Chief, despite him being investigated for corruption by the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK). Budi Gunawan was Megawati's Adjutant during her tenure as Indonesian president.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: At the 4th of PDI-P National Congress on 20 September 2014, Megawati was reappointed as Chair of PDI-P for the year of 2015–2020.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: So far, only Megawati is a former Indonesian president which somehow retained her influence to a ruling government and even appointed to strategic positions with advisory capabilities. On 22 March 2018, she was appointed as Head of Steering Committee of Pancasila Ideology Development Agency. She also gained position as Head of National Research and Innovation Agency Steering Committee since 5 May 2021, and she was formally appointed on 13 September 2021.


title: Megawati Sukarnoputri

text: Megawati's first husband was First Lieutenant Surindro Supjarso, whom she married on 1 June 1968. He perished in a plane crash in Biak, West Irian, on 22 January 1970. On 27 June 1972, she married Hassan Gamal Ahmad Hassan, an Egyptian diplomat. The marriage was annulled by the Religious Court less than 3 months later. She then married Taufiq Kiemas on 25 March 1973. He died on 8 June 2013. She had three children, Mohammad Rizki Pratama, Muhammad Prananda Prabowo, and Puan Maharani. The sons are from her marriage with Surindro, while Puan is the only child from Megawati's marriage to Taufiq.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The official religion of Pakistan is Islam, as enshrined by Article 2 of the Constitution, and is practised by approximately 96.47% of the country's population. The remaining less than 4% practice Hinduism, Christianity, Ahmadiyya, Sikhism and other religions. A few aspects of Secularism have also been adopted by Pakistani constitution from British colonial concept. However, religious minorities in Pakistan often face significant discrimination, subject to issues such as violence and the blasphemy laws.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Muslims comprise a number of sects: the majority practice Sunni Islam (estimated at 85–90%), while a minority practice Shia Islam (estimated at 10–15%). Most Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi school of jurisprudence, which is represented by the Barelvi and Deobandi traditions. However, the Hanbali school is gaining popularity recently due to Wahhabi influence from the Middle East. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver Islamic law school, with significant minority groups who practice Ismailism, which is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Before the arrival of Islam beginning in the 8th century, the region comprising Pakistan was home to a diverse plethora of faiths, including Hinduism, Buddhism, Jainism and Zoroastrianism.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The Constitution of Pakistan establishes Islam as the state religion, and provides that all citizens have the right to profess, practice and propagate their religion subject to law, public order, and morality. The Constitution also states that all laws are to conform with the injunctions of Islam as laid down in the Quran and Sunnah.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The Constitution limits the political rights of Pakistan's non-Muslims. Only Muslims are allowed to become the President or the Prime Minister. Only Muslims are allowed to serve as judges in the Federal Shariat Court, which has the power to strike down any law deemed un-Islamic, though its judgments can be overruled by the Supreme Court of Pakistan. However, non-Muslims have served as judges in the High Courts and Supreme Court. In 2019, Naveed Amir, a Christian member of National assembly moved a bill to amend the article 41 and 91 of the Constitution which would allow non-Muslims to become Prime Minister and President of Pakistan. However, Pakistan's parliament blocked the bill.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: There was a petition in Supreme Court of Pakistan in the year of 2015 by 17 judges to declare the nation as a "Secular state" officially. Muhammad Ali Jinnah (the founder of Pakistan) wanted Pakistan to be a secular, democratic, and a liberal republic. Pakistan was secular from 1947 to 1955 and after that, Pakistan adopted a constitution in 1956, becoming an Islamic republic with Islam as its state religion.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The main principles of Secularism in the Pakistani constitution were incorporated in its fundamental rights which were granted under various articles of 20, 21, 22 & 25 of the constitution -


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Pakistan had an estimated population of 33 million during (1947) just before partition, of which nearly 22.77 million were Muslims constituting (69%) of the Pakistan's population, about 7.92 million Hindus were living in this region just constituting 24% of the population as a second largest community and were mainly concentrated in Sindh and Punjab. Sikhs are third largest community with a population of about 2 million comprising 6% of the region's population and were mainly concentrated in Punjab.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: After partition, when first census of Pakistan was conducted in the year 1951, It was found that the Muslim percentage as a total population have increased from 69% in 1947 to 97.1% in 1951, within four years leading to overwhelming Muslim majority to the nation, as because the 1947 Partition of India gave rise to bloody rioting and indiscriminate inter-communal killing of Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs across the Indian subcontinent. As a result, around 7.2 million Hindus and Sikhs moved to India and 7.5 million Muslims moved to Pakistan permanently, leading to demographic change of both the nations to a certain extent.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: As per 2017 Census of Pakistan, the country has a population of 207,684,000.The CCI approved the release of provisional population figures of 207.754 million people. The final results showed the total population of Pakistan to be 207.684 million, a reduction of 68,738 people or 0.033% against provisional results, Pakistan has a population of 224,418,238 as of 2021.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: As of 2018, there are 3.63 million non-Muslim voters in Pakistan- 1.77 million were Hindus, 1.64 million Christians, 167,505 were Ahmadi Muslims, 31,543 were Baháʼís, 8,852 were Sikhs, 4,020 were Parsis, 1,884 were Buddhist and others such as Kalashas. The NADRA makes it nearly impossible to declare and change the religion to anything from Islam making the statistics somewhat misleading.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Pakistan Bureau of Statistics released religious data of Pakistan Census 2017 on 19 May 2021. 96.47% are Muslims, followed by 2.14% Hindus, 1.27% Christians, 0.09% Ahmadis and 0.02% others.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: These are some maps of religious minority groups. The 2017 census showed an increasing share in Hinduism, mainly caused by a higher birth rate among the impoverished Hindus of Sindh province. This census also recorded Pakistan's first Hindu-majority district, called Umerkot District, where Muslims were previously the majority.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: On the other hand, Christianity in Pakistan, while increasing in raw numbers, has fallen significantly in percentage terms since the last census. This is due to Pakistani Christians having a significantly lower fertility rate than Pakistani Muslims and Pakistani Hindus as well as them being concentrated in the most developed parts of Pakistan, Lahore District (over 5% Christian), Islamabad Capital Territory (over 4% Christian), and Northern Punjab.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The Ahmadiyya movement shrunk in size (both raw numbers and percentage) between 1998 and 2017, while remaining concentrated in Lalian Tehsil, Chiniot District, where approximately 13% of the population is Ahmadiyya.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Virtually all people not belonging to one of these minority groups were Sunni or Shia Muslim, with the most religiously homogeneous areas found in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Islam is the state religion of Pakistan, and about 95-98% of Pakistanis are Muslim. Pakistan has the second largest number of Muslims in the world after Indonesia. The majority are Sunni (estimated at 85-90%), with an estimated 10-15% Shia. A PEW survey in 2012 found that 6% of Pakistani Muslims were Shia. There are a number of Islamic law schools called "Madhab" (schools of jurisprudence), which are called fiqh or 'Maktab-e-Fikr' in Urdu. Nearly all Pakistani Sunni Muslims belong to the Hanafi Islamic school of thought, while a small number belong to the Hanbali school. The majority of Pakistani Shia Muslims belong to the Twelver (Ithna Asharia) branch, with significant minority who adhere to Ismailism branch that is composed of Nizari (Aga Khanis), Mustaali, Dawoodi Bohra, Sulaymani, and others. Sufis and above mentioned Sunni and Shia sects are considered to be Muslims according to the Constitution of Pakistan.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The mosque is an important religious as well as social institution in Pakistan. Many rituals and ceremonies are celebrated according to Islamic calendar.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Islam to some extent syncretized with pre-Islamic influences, resulting in a religion with some traditions distinct from those of the Arab world. Two Sufis whose shrines receive much national attention are Ali Hajweri in Lahore (ca. 11th century) and Shahbaz Qalander in Sehwan, Sindh (ca. 12th century). Sufism, a mystical Islamic tradition, promoted by Fariduddin Ganjshakar in Pakpatan, has a long history and a large popular following in Pakistan. Popular Sufi culture is centered on Thursday night gatherings at shrines and annual festivals which feature Sufi music and dance. Contemporary Islamic fundamentalists criticize its popular character, which in their view, does not accurately reflect the teachings and practice of the Islamic prophet Muhammad and his companions. There have been terrorist attacks directed at Sufi shrines and festivals, 5 in 2010 that killed 64 people.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: According to the last Census in Pakistan, Ahmadi made up 0.22% of the population; however, the Ahmadiyya community boycotted the census. Independent groups generally estimate the population to be somewhere between two and five million Ahmadis. In media reports, four million is the most commonly cited figure.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: In 1974, the government of Pakistan amended the Constitution of Pakistan to define a Muslim according to Qu'ran 33:40, as a person who believes in finality of Muhammad under the Ordinance XX. According to Ordinance XX, Ahmadis cannot call themselves Muslim or "pose as Muslims" which is punishable by three years in prison. Ahmadis believe in Muhammad as the final law-bearing prophet, but also believe Mirza Ghulam Ahmad to be a prophet, the prophecised Mehdi and second coming of Jesus. Consequently, Ahmadis were declared non-Muslims by a parliamentary tribunal and are subject to persecution under Pakistani blasphemy laws.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Hinduism is the second largest religion affiliation in Pakistan after Islam. As of 2020, Pakistan has the fourth largest Hindu population in the world after India, Nepal and Bangladesh. According to the 1998 Census, the Hindu population was found to be 2,111,271 (including 332,343 scheduled castes Hindus). While according to latest census of 2017, There are 4.4 million Hindus in Pakistan out of 207.68 million total population comprising 2.14% of the country's population of both General and Schedule caste. Hindus are found in all provinces of Pakistan but are mostly concentrated in Sindh. About 93% of Hindus live in Sindh, 5% in Punjab and nearly 2% in Balochistan. They speak a variety of languages such as Sindhi, Seraiki, Aer, Dhatki, Gera, Goaria, Gurgula, Jandavra, Kabutra, Koli, Loarki, Marwari, Sansi, Vaghri and Gujarati.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The Rig Veda, the oldest Hindu text, was believed to have been composed in the Punjab province of India along the Indus River around 1500 BCE and spread from there across South and South East Asia slowly developing and evolving into the various forms of the faith we see today.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Many ancient Hindu temples are located throughout Pakistan. A significant Hindu pilgrimage site known as Hinglaj Mata takes place in southern Balochistan, where over 250,000 people visit during spring as a pilgrimage.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Cases collected by Global Human Rights Defence show that underage Hindu (and Christian) girls are often targeted by Muslims for forced conversion to Islam. According to the National Commission of Justice and Peace and the Pakistan Hindu Council (PHC) around 1,000 non-Muslim minority women are converted to Islam and then forcibly married off to their abductors or rapists.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: () make up 1.6% of Pakistan's population. The majority of the Pakistani Christian community consists of Punjabis who converted during the British colonial era and their descendants. Pakistani Christians mainly live in Punjab and in urban centres. There is also a Roman Catholic community in Karachi which was established by Goan and Tamil migrants when Karachi's infrastructure was being developed between the two World Wars. A few Protestant groups conduct missions in Pakistan. The present Christian population in Pakistan is ranged between 2-3 million as per as recent (2020–21) year estimation by various institution and NGOs of Pakistan. There is a small myth that Christianity has been existent in Pakistan ever since a few decades after the crucifixion of Jesus. This myth became more popular after the finding of a structure looking like a giant cross in Northern Pakistan, but there is almost no evidence that this cross is related to Christianity.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: There are a number of church-run schools in Pakistan that admit students of all religions, including Forman Christian College, St. Patrick's Institute of Science & Technology and Saint Joseph's College for Women, Karachi.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Pakistan is number eight on Open Doors’ 2022 World Watch List, an annual ranking of the 50 countries where Christians face the most extreme persecution. Cases collected by Global Human Rights Defence show that young underage Christian (and Hindu) girls are sometimes targeted by Muslims for forced conversion to Islam. Christians also often face abuses of Pakistani blasphemy laws, notably in the case of Asia Bibi.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The Baháʼí Faith in Pakistan begins previous to its independence when it was still under British colonial rule. The roots of the religion in the region go back to the first days of the Bábí religion in 1844, with Shaykh Sa'id Hindi who was from Multan. During Bahá'u'lláh's lifetime, as founder of the religion, he encouraged some of his followers to move to the area that is present day Pakistan.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The Baháʼís in Pakistan have the right to hold public meetings, establish academic centers, teach their faith, and elect their administrative councils. Bahá'í sources claim their population to be around 30,000. Shoba Das of Minority Rights Group International reported around 200 Baháʼís in Islamabad and between 2,000 and 3,000 Baháʼís in Pakistan, in 2013. One more PhD thesis says that "It is an assumption that the Bahá’ís do not want to declare their exact population, which is supposed to be more or less 3,000 in total." Most of these Bahá’ís have their roots in Iran.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: In the 15th century, the reformist Sikh movement originated in Punjab region in undivided India where Sikhism's founder, as well as most of the faiths disciples, originated from. There are a number of Sikhs living throughout Pakistan today; estimates vary, but the number is thought to be on the order of 20,000. In recent years, their numbers have increased with many Sikhs migrating from neighboring Afghanistan who have joined their co-religionists in Pakistan. The shrine of Guru Nanak Dev is located in Nankana Sahib near the city of Lahore where many Sikhs from all over the world make pilgrimage to this and other shrines.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: There are at least 4,000 Pakistani citizen practicing the Zoroastrian religion. With the flight of Zoroastrians from Greater Iran into India, the Parsi communities were established. More recently, from the 15th century onwards, Zorastrians came to settle the coast of Sindh and have established thriving communities and commercial enterprises. These newer migrants were to be called Parsi. At the time of independence of Pakistan in 1947, Karachi and Lahore were home to a thriving Parsi business community. Karachi had the most prominent population of Parsis in Pakistan. After independence, many migrated abroad but a number remained. Parsis have entered Pakistani public life as social workers, business folk, journalists and diplomats. The most prominent Parsis of Pakistan today include Ardeshir Cowasjee, Byram Dinshawji Avari, Jamsheed Marker, as well as Minocher Bhandara. The founding father of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, married Ratti Bai who belonged to a Parsi family before her conversion to Islam. It is also believed that parts of Balochistan and Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa were Zoroastrian majority at one point. There is little evidence of this, but due to the same ethnic groups such as Pashtuns and the Baloch people likely practising Zoroastrianism in some parts of modern day Afghanistan and Iran before Islamic conquest, it is believed that Zoroastrianism may have been a majority religion in a few areas of Pakistan at one point during history.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: The Kalash people practise a form of ancient Hinduism mixed with animism. Adherents of the Kalash religion number around 3,000 and inhabit three remote valleys in Chitral; Bumboret, Rumbur and Birir. Their religion is probably related to Hinduism, but may be related to the Greek and Macedonian Pagan religion. It is more similar to very early (Rigvedic) Hinduism, than later forms of Hinduism.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Jainism existed in Sindh, Punjab, Balochistan and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, before the partition in 1947, and even for several years after the partition. There is no evidence of any Jains living in Pakistan today, although it is claimed that a few still live in Sindh and Punjab provinces. They are number of disused Jain Temples found in different parts of Pakistan. Gulu Lalvani, a famous Jain, was originally from Pakistan but he, like other Jains, emigrated from Pakistan. Baba Dharam Das Tomb is also found in Pakistan. The Jain temple at Gori in Tharparkar was a major Jain pilgrimage center. The Jain Mandir Chowk at Lahore was the site of a Digambar Jain Temple. The memorial of Jain seer Vijayanandsuri at Gujranwala is now a police station.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Buddhism has an ancient history in Pakistan; currently there is a small community of at least 1500 Pakistani Buddhist in the country. The country is dotted with numerous ancient and disused Buddhist stupas along the entire breadth of the Indus River that courses through the heart of the country. Many Buddhist empires and city states existed, notably in Gandhara but also elsewhere in Taxila, Punjab and Sindh.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Various estimates suggest that there were about 1,500 Jews living in Pakistan at the time of its independence on 14 August 1947, with the majority living in Karachi and a few living in Peshawar. However, almost all emigrated to Israel after 1948. There are a few disused synagogues in both cities; while one Karachi synagogue was torn down for the construction of a shopping mall. The one in Peshawar still exists, although the building is not being used for any religious purpose. There is a small Jewish community of Pakistani origin settled in Ramla, Israel.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: One Pakistani, Faisal Khalid (a.k.a. Fishel Benkhald) of Karachi claims to be Pakistan's only Jew. He claimed that his mother is Jewish (making him Jewish by Jewish custom) but, his father is a Muslim. Pakistani authorities have issued him a passport which stated Judaism as his religion and have allowed him to travel to Israel.


title: Religion in Pakistan

text: Irreligion is present among a minority of mainly young people in Pakistan. There are people who do not profess any faith (such as atheists and agnostics) in Pakistan, but their numbers are not known. They are particularly in the affluent areas of the larger cities. Some were born in secular families while others in religious ones. According to the 1998 census, people who did not state their religion accounted for 0.5% of the population, but social pressure against claiming no religion was strong. A 2012 study by Gallup Pakistan found that people not affiliated to any religion account for 1% of the population. Many atheists in Pakistan have been lynched and imprisoned over unsubstantiated allegations of blasphemy. When the state initiated a full-fledged crackdown on atheism since 2017, it has become worse with secular bloggers being kidnapped and the government running advertisements urging people to identify blasphemers among them and the highest judges declaring such people to be terrorists.


title: Ammu Abhirami

text: Abhirami Sundar better known by her stage name Ammu Abhirami is an Indian actress who has appeared in Tamil and Telugu films. She made her acting debut with 2017 Tamil film "Bairavaa", alongside Vijay. She is known for playing pivotal roles in "Ratsasan" (2018), "Thambi" (2019) and "Asuran" (2019).


title: Ammu Abhirami

text: Abhirami's first releases were Bairavaa (2017), "En Aaloda Seruppa Kaanom" (2017) and "Theeran Adhigaaram Ondru" (2017), where she portrayed supporting roles. She then portrayed a schoolgirl who faces trouble in Ratsasan. She Prefixed Her Character Name "Ammu" from the Movie Ratsasan to Her Birth Name after Receiving Positive Response from the Audience. Later She reprised the same role in the film's Telugu remake, "Rakshasudu" (2019), featuring alongside Bellamkonda Sreenivas and Anupama Parameswaran. Ammu Abhirami appeared in "Thuppakki Munai" (2018), playing an innocent school girl who gets murdered.


title: Ammu Abhirami

text: In 2019, she appeared in Vetrimaaran's drama "Asuran" (2019), where she featured in a leading role opposite Dhanush. Ammu was selected after being recommended by producer S. Thanu, who she had earlier worked with on Thuppakki Munai. She portrayed the role of Maari, a schoolgirl in rural Tamil Nadu during the 1960s. She is the 2nd Runner Up in Vijay Television's Cooku with Comali Season 3


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Andrew DeLuca, M.D. is a fictional character from the medical drama television series "Grey's Anatomy", which airs on ABC in the United States. The character was portrayed by Giacomo Gianniotti. Gianniotti was cast in April 2015 and was promoted to series regular status in January 2016. In 2018, Gianniotti reprised his role in the spin-off series "Station 19" as a guest.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Andrew was introduced as a new surgical intern at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital at the end of the eleventh season, eventually obtaining the position of a resident in the thirteenth season. He became one of the few interns and residents in later seasons to have personal connections to the attending surgeons. Andrew struggled with the everyday life of being in a competitive profession, fitting in with his peers, and navigating personal relationships with his friends and colleagues.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Gianniotti exited the series in the seventeenth season. For his performance, Gianniotti was nominated for two Golden Maple Awards in 2016.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: On April 15, 2015, it was announced that Gianniotti was cast in an undisclosed role for the final two episodes of the eleventh season, with the possibility of recurring in the twelfth season. He was promoted to the main cast on January 8, 2016, midway through the twelfth season.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: The announcement of Gianniotti's casting and the character's introduction initially received backlash from some fans who felt that the character was meant to be a replacement for Derek Shepherd, a character that had recently been written off the series to accommodate the departure of actor Patrick Dempsey. However, Gianniotti denied that this was the case, saying, "I'm just a new character on the show. I'm not filling any void." He also confirmed at the time that "Andrew won't have any [romantic] intentions with Meredith [Grey] so fans don't have to worry about any threat."


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: In the beginning, Gianniotti struggled with the technical aspects of acting out surgeries. "My first surgery went terribly because I didn't know the protocol for so many things, and the other actors were laughing at me. I was just getting everything wrong. Like, once you're in the OR, your hands have to be by your chest, otherwise you're no longer sterile — I just didn't know that, or how to hold my instruments." However, the lack of direction allowed for Gianniotti to "fill in the blanks" of the character on his own. "I think that [Andrew] is a very honest, genuine, passionate guy. He's very driven — I relate to him a lot — and he knows he's good at what he does. I think he's more of an introvert and now he finds himself as an adult and maybe he's rediscovering who he is as a man [and] how to date women."


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: When Andrea "Andrew" DeLuca was young, he and his mother moved to Wisconsin from Italy while his sister Carina stayed behind with their father, Vincenzo DeLuca. Vincenzo was a renowned, but corrupt and mentally unstable surgeon in their home country. After operating in a manic state and killing four patients, Vincenzo used his connections and money to avoid prosecution, prompting his wife to leave with Andrew. At some point, Andrew's mother returned to Italy to visit Carina, where she had a stroke and died.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: There is an inconsistency when DeLuca is assaulted by Alex, Maggie says she’ll call his parents because they know her, but then seasons later, they reveal that his mom is dead (and has been) and he hasn’t seen his father, who was still in Italy.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Both DeLuca siblings speak fluent Italian and English, but due to the different settings they grew up in, Carina has an Italian accent when she speaks English and Andrew has an American accent when speaking Italian. Before becoming a doctor, Andrew worked as an EMT straight out of high school. At some point, he dated future colleague Sam Bello. Their chaotic relationship was ultimately left unresolved when Sam moved away.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: The penultimate episode of the eleventh season "Time Stops" features the first appearance of Dr. Andrew DeLuca. In the episode, Andrew emerges from a rescue vehicle carrying patients from a tunnel collapse. At the hospital, he identifies himself as a surgeon and says that he was on his way to work at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital when he saw the accident and joined the rescue. He quickly lends a hand in helping the victims and, because he is wearing a suit and seems confident in what he is doing, the other doctors assume that he is an attending. However, he is later revealed to be an intern, which causes the other interns to ostracize him.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Alienated from the other interns, who believe that he posed as an attending and therefore do not want to share housing with him, Andrew ends up moving in with Arizona Robbins. He also briefly dates Maggie Pierce, the Chief of Cardiothoracic Surgery, but breaks up with her out of professional intimidation. Andrew later develops feelings for Jo Wilson and takes her home from the bar when she is too drunk to drive. After getting her to bed, Jo begins to remove her clothes and causes Andrew to fall on top of her just as her boyfriend Alex Karev walks in. Alex assumes that Andrew is taking advantage of Jo and beats him nearly to death. Andrew files felony charges against Alex, which causes unease with his bosses and colleagues, most of whom have longstanding friendships with Alex. Andrew tells Arizona, Alex's friend and mentor, that he would be willing to move out, but she rejects his offer. Just as Alex is about to go to jail, Andrew retracts the charges for Jo's sake.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Andrew becomes a surgical resident as his ex-girlfriend, Sam Bello, arrives at the hospital as an intern. His sister Carina also joins the team at Grey Sloan and begins dating Andrew's roommate Arizona, much to Andrew's discomfort. Carina doesn't approve of Sam, whom she feels is a stalker. Andrew and Sam eventually rekindle their relationship until Sam leaves to avoid deportation. Heartbroken, Andrew drunkenly kisses Meredith Grey at Jo and Alex's wedding. He then realizes that his feelings for Meredith are genuine and begins to pursue her. After months of chasing her, Andrew begins a relationship with Meredith.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: When Andrew's father, Vincenzo, shows up at the hospital to do research on an external womb, Andrew signs onto the project to further his surgical career. However, he soon realizes that his father's mental illness is getting in the way just as it did in the past. After the project fails, Andrew has an emotional confrontation with Vincenzo, who then departs Seattle. As his and Meredith's relationship deepens, Andrew tells her he loves her and takes the fall for her insurance fraud to prove it, landing him in prison. When Meredith visits him in jail, she says she loves him too and vows to get him out.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Once Meredith turns herself in, Andrew is released from prison and rehired at Grey Sloan. He supports Meredith through her court-mandated community service as the status of her medical license hangs in the air. During her hearing, he speaks about the nature of their relationship and, upon hearing her talk about Derek, realizes she doesn't respect him the way she did Derek. He asks her to take some time to think about what she wants, and though they briefly reconcile their relationship, he breaks up with her for good when she expresses concern about him showing signs of mania possibly brought on by bipolar disorder. In the aftermath of their breakup, Andrew appears to be continuing down a spiral, worrying Carina, who recognizes the similarities in Andrew's behavior to that of their father's. Despite his mania progressively getting worse, Andrew was able to diagnose Richard Webber's illness, cobalt poisoning, when no one else could. This career altering diagnosis occurred at the end of the 16th season.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: In Season 17, Andrew became an attending and has seemingly recovered from his mental illness. In the episode ""Helplessly Hoping"," Andrew dies after being stabbed by an accomplice of Opal, a human trafficker whom Andrew had recognized previously. He had followed Opal and called the police to arrest her, and when the police refused to help due to red tape, he called Maya at Station 19 while inside a car with Carina, who immediately comes to help. His efforts lead to Opal's arrest, but he was already injured. He is taken into emergency surgery at Grey Sloan Memorial Hospital and initially recovers and wakes up, but he then starts to code and is rushed into his second surgery, where his time of death is called at 22:50. He then appears in Meredith's "afterlife" dream sequence on a beach that she experiences, while comatose, due to COVID-19. There, Andrew and Meredith say their good-byes and we see Andrew reunited with his deceased mother.


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: Despite initial skepticism, the character has been received positively. Rebecca Farley of "Refinery29" described DeLuca's reputation as "passionate, handsome, and a bit of an idiot." She also cited the fact that the intern had remained on the show after multiple seasons as proof that the "Rhimesian jury" had ruled in his favor, affirming the character's likability. "Elite Daily"s Rachel Chapman called the character "charming" and said that "he truly handles stuff like a pro."


title: Andrew DeLuca

text: In 2016, Gianniotti was nominated for Best Actor in a TV Series Broadcast in the U.S. and Newcomer of the Year in a TV Series Broadcast in the U.S. at the Golden Maple Awards.


title: Wes Chatham

text: John Wesley Chatham (born October 11, 1978) is an American actor. He has appeared in films such as "In the Valley of Elah", "W.", "The Help", and "The Philly Kid", and played Castor in "" and "". Between 2015 and 2022, he starred as Amos Burton in "The Expanse".


title: Wes Chatham

text: After graduating from high school, Chatham joined the U.S. Navy in the rating of Aviation Boatswain's Mate. He worked as an aviation firefighter on the flight deck of the , working in crash and salvage for four years, reaching the rank of Petty Officer Third Class.


title: Wes Chatham

text: Chatham's break into acting came just three months before his tour was finished when Denzel Washington chose his ship to shoot the movie "Antwone Fisher". Chatham was amongst those selected by casting director Robi Reed while Reed was searching for authentic-looking military personnel for the movie. This was Chatham's first movie-making experience, which led to further pursuit of his lifelong dream of acting. Following "Antwone Fisher", Reed convinced Chatham to move to Hollywood and shortly thereafter cast him in his first series regular role on Showtime's "Barbershop".


title: Wes Chatham

text: Chatham gained further attention when Paul Haggis cast him alongside Tommy Lee Jones as Corporal Steve Penning in "In the Valley of Elah". In 2009, Chatham went on to work with Oliver Stone in "W." as Frank Benedict, George W's fraternity brother. The following year, Chatham landed another series regular role on the hit CBS TV show "The Unit". Chatham was cast as new unit team member Sergeant Sam McBride (aka Whiplash), working with David Mamet and Shawn Ryan. Chatham also starred as Brian Danielson in Brett Simmons’ "Husk" (2011).


title: Wes Chatham

text: Chatham portrayed Carlton Phelan, Emma Stone's character's brother, in the 2011 film "The Help". The cast won a 2012 Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture. In 2012, Chatham landed his first title role in Joel Silver's "The Philly Kid". A fan of mixed martial arts, Chatham dove into the character of Dillion McGwire, performing all of his own stunts. The film debuted in theaters May 2012. Following "The Philly Kid", Chatham starred in "This Thing With Sarah", which was accepted to the San Diego Film Festival in October 2013. In 2013 Chatham wrapped two studio films, "Broken Horses" (2013) and "The Town That Dreaded Sundown" (2014).


title: Wes Chatham

text: Between 2015 and 2022, Chatham starred as Amos Burton in the Amazon Prime Video TV series "The Expanse".


title: Wes Chatham

text: Chatham is married to TV personality Jenn Brown. Together they have two sons, John Nash, born in 2014, and Rhett Jameson, born in 2016. Chatham missed the birth of Nash, as he was filming episode 2 of "The Expanse" and his son was born while Chatham was in the air, flying back from Toronto, where they film.


title: 5150 (album)

text: 5150 (pronounced "fifty-one-fifty") is the seventh studio album by American rock band Van Halen. It was released on March 24, 1986 by Warner Bros. Records and was the first of four albums to be recorded with lead singer Sammy Hagar, who replaced David Lee Roth. The album was named after Eddie Van Halen's home studio, 5150, in turn named after a California law enforcement term for a mentally disturbed person (a reference to Section 5150 of the California Welfare and Institutions Code). The album hit number 1 on the "Billboard" 200 chart, surpassing the band's previous album, "1984", which had peaked at number 2 behind Michael Jackson's "Thriller" album, on which Eddie made a guest appearance.


title: 5150 (album)

text: Van Halen had considerable difficulty finding a replacement for the popular Roth, until July 1985, when Eddie was referred to former Montrose singer Sammy Hagar by a mechanic working on Van Halen's Lamborghini. The pair hit it off, and the new singer and band immediately began work on new songs.


title: 5150 (album)

text: Van Halen went to work on the album in November 1985; it would be finished in February 1986, just one month before its release.


title: 5150 (album)

text: The album "5150" was notable for a number of love songs and ballads, a contrast of the straightforward rock stylings of the Roth era. Many called the new incarnation "Van Hagar" (derisively or affectionately). The nickname was so ubiquitous that, as Hagar points out in his book, Warner Bros. asked them to consider renaming the band as such; Eddie and Alex declined.


title: 5150 (album)

text: Bolstering criticism was the absence of Ted Templeman, who having produced every previous album for the band, left to helm Roth's solo "Eat 'Em and Smile". Templeman would return to produce Van Halen's "For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge" a few years later, for which Andy Johns had already been tapped. Donn Landee took over producer duties for "5150" after serving as an engineer on previous albums. However, the production on this album was markedly different from their albums with Templeman. Eddie's guitar, previously high in the mix and frequently pushed to the left channel (to simulate a "live" sound"), now sat equal in the mix and its overall sound had changed. This may have been his doing, as he was not a fan of the "live mix" that Templeman created with the Roth band.


title: 5150 (album)

text: Despite the controversy of replacing Roth, the album was their first to top the "Billboard" 200. It was also Hagar's first #1, as stated by him on the "Live Without a Net" concert video. "The album went platinum in one week," Hagar recalled in 2014. "It was the fastest million-selling record in Warner's history ... It was such a high."


title: 5150 (album)

text: A live video created during the tour for this album was released as "Live Without a Net", which has since been released on DVD. The tour was a significant change from previous tours. Where Van Halen previously had years of material to work with, even on tour supporting the first album, Hagar was uncomfortable performing a number of Van Halen's Roth-penned hits. Therefore, most of the band's back catalog was dropped from the set lists. Instead, the shows consisted of almost the entire "5150" album, a few Hagar solo hits ("I Can't Drive 55", and "There's Only One Way to Rock"), and a cover of Led Zeppelin's "Rock and Roll"; the band also played a humorous verse of Robert Palmer's "Addicted to Love" as part of "Best of Both Worlds." Of the Roth-era tracks, "Panama", "Ain't Talkin' 'bout Love" and "You Really Got Me" were performed with regularity. Unlike Roth, Hagar was a competent guitarist, allowing Eddie to play keyboards on some songs.


title: 5150 (album)

text: The artwork features an Art Deco depiction of Atlas kneeling while holding a mirror-polished metallic sphere on his shoulders. The model for the album was ESPN "BodyShaping"s Rick Valente. The Van Halen logo is wrapped around the sphere. The title of the album appears as a placard on a chain around Atlas' neck. The back cover of the album depicts the Atlas character collapsed, with the sphere dropped and broken open, revealing the band inside.


title: 5150 (album)

text: Reviews for "5150" were initially mixed, but in later years the album became considered one of the greatest rock albums and one of Van Halen's most complete recordings. "The Village Voice" Robert Christgau rated the album a C+, which signifies "a not disreputable performance, most likely a failed experiment or a pleasant piece of hackwork." He wondered how "the guitar mavens who thought Eddie equalled Van Halen are going to like his fireworks displays and balls-to-the-wall hooks now that video star David Lee Roth has given way to one of the biggest schmucks in the known biz." He also stated that "no musician with something to say could stomach responding to Sammy Hagar's call".


title: 5150 (album)

text: Furthermore, Tim Holmes for "Rolling Stone" rated the album three out of five stars. He noted that "when it was announced that Van Halen had completed its talent search and the new voice was Sammy 'I Can't Drive 55' Hagar, the response—even among hardened DLR detractors—tended more toward a bewildered 'Huh? Montrose? What?' than resounding hosannas, huzzahs and what-a-good-idea's." Despite this, he stated that "part of Eddie Van Halen's cheeky genius [...] lies in his ability to think in terms of both complex orchestration and rock banalities". He also said that "Eddie can still split the atom with his axe, and he knows it. It's a Van Halen world with or without David Lee Roth, and "5150" shoots off all the bombastic fireworks of a band at the peak of its powers." He concluded that "ultimately, it is Eddie Van Halen's uncanny and intuitive ability to orchestrate these contradictions that gives the Van Halen machinery its velocity and amplitude, the qualities that blast the roof off the garage. There's plenty of hot party action down in rockland, but Eddie's band is the one with the chops — not just notes and chords and string-bashing Sturm und Drang, but the filigree detail that makes a simple-minded riff a symphony. [...] On "5150", Eddie Van Halen and Sammy Hagar speak each other's language."


title: 5150 (album)

text: A retrospective review from AllMusic's Stephen Thomas Erlewine was fairly positive. Erlewine noted that "Eddie Van Halen wanted respect to go along with his gargantuan fame, and Roth wasn't willing to play. Bizarrely enough, Sammy Hagar — the former Montrose lead singer who had carved out a successful solo career — was ready to play, possibly because the Red Rocker was never afraid of being earnest, nor was he afraid of synthesizers, for that matter." He criticized the album for the more heavy-handed feeling that resulted from Hagar's performance: "[W]here Diamond Dave would have strutted through the song with his tongue firmly in cheek, Hagar plays it right down the middle, never winking, never joking. Even when he takes a stab at humor on the closing "Inside" — joshing around about why the guys chose him as a replacement — it never feels funny, probably because, unlike Dave, he's not a born comedian." He concluded that "it worked, because they had the songs and the desire to party, so those good intentions and slow tunes don't slow the album down; they give it variety and help make the album a pretty impressive opening act for Van Halen Mach II."


title: Maila Nurmi

text: Maila Elizabeth Syrjäniemi (December 11, 1922 – January 10, 2008), known professionally as Maila Nurmi, was an American actress who created the campy 1950s character Vampira.


title: Maila Nurmi

text: She was raised in Astoria, Oregon, where she worked in tuna and salmon canneries. She relocated to Los Angeles in 1940, with hopes of becoming an actress. After several minor film roles, she found success with her Vampira character, television's first horror host. Nurmi hosted her own series, "The Vampira Show", from 1954 to 1955, on KABC-TV.


title: Maila Nurmi

text: After the show's cancellation, she appeared in the 1959 cult film "Plan 9 from Outer Space", directed by Ed Wood. She is also billed as Vampira in the 1959 film "The Beat Generation", where she appears out of character and instead plays a beatnik poet. Nurmi also appeared in the 1959 crime film "The Big Operator". She was portrayed by Lisa Marie in Tim Burton's 1994 biopic, "Ed Wood".


title: Maila Nurmi

text: Maila Nurmi was born to Onni Niemi (earlier Syrjäniemi), a Finnish immigrant, and Sophia Peterson, an American of Finnish descent. Her place of birth was at one time disputed: According to biographer W. Scott Poole in "Vampira: Dark Goddess of Horror" (2014), she was born in Gloucester, Massachusetts. During her career, she claimed to have been born in Petsamo, Finland, claiming she was the niece of Finnish athlete Paavo Nurmi, who began setting long-distance running world records in 1921, the year before her birth. Public U.S. immigration records show her father's immigration at Ellis Island in 1910. Additionally, Dana Gould claimed in a 2014 public interview that he had seen Nurmi's birth certificate, which listed her birthplace as Gloucester, Massachusetts. In her personal diary, Nurmi admitted the Petsamo story was fiction.


title: Maila Nurmi

text: During her childhood, Nurmi relocated with her family from Massachusetts to Ashtabula, Ohio before settling in Astoria, Oregon, a city on the Oregon Coast with a large Finnish community. Her father worked as a lecturer and editor; her mother also worked as a part-time journalist and translator to support the family. Nurmi graduated from Astoria High School in 1940.


title: Maila Nurmi

text: In 1940, Nurmi relocated to Los Angeles, California to pursue an acting career, and later in New York City. She modeled for Alberto Vargas, Bernard of Hollywood, and Man Ray, gaining a foothold in the film industry with an uncredited role in Victor Saville's 1947 film, "If Winter Comes".


title: Maila Nurmi

text: She was fired in 1944 by Mae West from the cast of West's Broadway play, "Catherine Was Great", because West feared she was being upstaged.


title: Maila Nurmi

text: On Broadway, she gained much attention after appearing in the horror-themed midnight show "Spook Scandals", in which she screamed, fainted, lay in a coffin, and seductively lurked about a mock cemetery. She also worked as a showgirl for the Earl Carroll Theatre and as a high-kicking chorus line dancer at the Florentine Gardens along with stripper Lili St. Cyr. In the 1950s, she supported herself mainly by posing for pin-up photos in men's magazines such as "Famous Models", "Gala" and "Glamorous Models". Before landing her role as Vampira, she was working as a hat-check girl in a cloakroom on Hollywood's Sunset Strip.