title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: Greg Rutherford, Élizabeth Bourgine, Joey Essex, Alex George, Andy Grant, Rickie Haywood-Williams, Judge Jules, Josie Long, Oti Mabuse, Kellie Maloney, Dominic Parker, Vicky Pattison, Martha Reeves, Zandra Rhodes, Neil Ruddock, Jenny Ryan, Tomasz Schafernaker, Mim Shaikh, Dillian Whyte and Adam Woodyatt.


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: Riyadh Khalaf, Shyko Amos, John Barnes, Jeff Brazier, Baga Chipz, Phil Daniels, Karen Gibson, Gethin Jones (withdrew due to illness), Amar Latif, Lady Leshurr, Dominic Littlewood, Judi Love, Felicity Montagu, Judy Murray, Matthew Pinsent, Sam Quek, Crissy Rock, Thomas Skinner, Myles Stephenson and Pete Wicks.


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: Kadeena Cox, Nabil Abdulrashid, Bez, Kem Cetinay, Munya Chawawa, Michelle Collins, Dion Dublin, Gavin Esler, Patrick Grant, Duncan James, Melissa Johns, Will Kirk, Penny Lancaster, Megan McKenna, Su Pollard, Katie Price, Johannes Radebe, Rita Simons, Joe Swash and Melanie Sykes.


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: Lisa Snowdon, Richard Blackwood, Melanie Blatt, Jimmy Bullard, Paul Chuckle, Nancy Dell'Olio, Chris Eubank, Kirsty Gallacher, Danny Jones, Katya Jones, Lesley Joseph, Kae Kurd, Gareth Malone, Queen MoJo, Cliff Parisi, Adam Pearson, Clarke Peters, Kitty Scott-Claus, Ryan Thomas and Faye Winter.


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: "Junior MasterChef" originally ran from 1994 to 1999 for contestants under 16 years old. It was revived in 2010 with contestants between nine and twelve years old. A second series of the revived format ran in 2012 and a third series followed in 2014.


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: "MasterChef" was involved in a controversy during the 13th episode of its 14th series when Wallace and Torode criticised a "rendang" dish made by the Malaysian-born contestant Zaleha Kadir Olpin for its poor quality. Zaleha had been given a task to make a chicken dish in thirty minutes and chose to attempt rendang, which normally takes several hours to prepare. The judges deemed the dish inedible because the chicken skin was rubbery and undercooked and advised her that with a thirty-minute task she should have made a crispy fried chicken with a sauce. Many commentators, particularly from Malaysia and Indonesia, pointed out that "rendang" is usually cooked as a stew and is not intended to be crispy, and that both judges had failed to differentiate between "crispy" and "under-cooked".


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: Najib Razak, the Malaysian Prime Minister at the time, joined the conversation with a subtle tweet denouncing the judges' opinion. The former Malaysian prime minister Mahathir Mohamed also joined in, suggesting that the judges were confusing "rendang" with KFC.


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: A six-part series looking back over 15 years of "Celebrity MasterChef", first episode broadcast on 6 August 2020.


title: MasterChef (British TV series)

text: Christmas special episodes, where past contestants competed to hold the title of Christmas champion; first episode broadcast on 21 December 2020, second episode broadcast on 23 December 2020.


title: KitKatClub

text: The KitKatClub is a nightclub in Berlin, opened in March 1994 by Austrian pornographic filmmaker Simon Thaur and his life partner Kirsten Krüger.


title: KitKatClub

text: The KitKatClub is known for its sexually uninhibited parties. Guests are allowed to engage in sexual intercourse openly at the venue. The motto of the club is "Do what you want but stay in communication". Patrons are diverse, including heterosexuals and members of the LGBT+ community.


title: KitKatClub

text: A strict dress code is applied for entry at the door, often enforced by Kirsten Krüger herself, and requiring fetish, latex, leather, kinky, high style, and glamour. The venue consists of three dance floors and an outdoor area with a pool. It is decorated with ultra-violet light and fluorescent colour paintings by the Berlin-based painter Vigor Calma aka "Der Träumer" (the dreamer).


title: KitKatClub

text: The club has moved three times since its opening in 1994. It opened in Glogauer Straße in the Kreuzberg district in the former Turbine. In 1999 it moved to Neues Schauspielhaus at Nollendorfplatz, and in 2001 to another lot in the district Tempelhof (which became part of Schöneberg in 2000) in Bessemer Straße. At the beginning of July 2007, it moved to the SageClub in the Mitte district at Brückenstraße 1.


title: KitKatClub

text: When the KitKat opened its doors in 1994 the musical profile of the club was mainly classical trance mixed with goa trance, but through the years the club has opened up to a wider selection of electronic music. A KitKat record label was founded in 2005 and two CDs were released, "Hedonistic Nightlife in Berlin" and "The Piep Show Compilation #0".


title: KitKatClub

text: The KitKatClub Berlin celebrated its 20th anniversary on March 1, 2014. At that time a novel about the early years of KitKat was published under the same name "KitKatClub", written by Vigor Calma. In 2019, a new edition of the novel appeared under the title "Rausch in Berlin" (German language only).


title: KitKatClub

text: After the closing and the loss of any income due to the COVID-19 pandemic, the KitKatClub set up a website to support the club and transmit streams live from the location. The club started offering COVID-19 tests in December 2020.


title: KitKatClub

text: The name KitKatClub is inspired by the frivolous Berliner nightclub featured in the American musical "Cabaret". Harold Prince's "Cabaret" was set in Berlin in the early 1930s, against the backdrop of the ascent of the Nazi party, at a burlesque theatre called the "Kit Kat Club". The name originated from the Kit-Cat Club, an 18th-century English liberal political society.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giancarlo Giannini (born 1 August 1942) is an Italian actor and voice actor. He won the Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Love and Anarchy" (1973) and received an Academy Award nomination for "Seven Beauties" (1975). He is also a four-time recipient of the David di Donatello Award for Best Actor.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini began his career on stage, starring in Franco Zeffirelli's productions of "Romeo and Juliet" and "A Midsummer Night's Dream". After appearing predominantly on television throughout the early 1960s, he had his first lead role in a film in "Rita the Mosquito" (1965), the first of many collaborations with filmmaker Lina Wertmüller. He rose to international stardom through Wertmüller's "The Seduction of Mimi" (1972), "Love and Anarchy" (1973), "Swept Away" (1974), culminating in his Oscar-nominated turn in "Seven Beauties" (1975).


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: His other films include "The Innocent" (1976), "Lili Marleen" (1980), "New York Stories" (1990), "A Walk in the Clouds" (1995), "Man on Fire" (2004), and the James Bond films "Casino Royale" (2006) and "Quantum of Solace" (2008). He is also a dubbing artist, contributing voice work to the Italian-language versions of dozens of films since the 1960s. He has been the official Italian dubber of Al Pacino since 1975, and has also dubbed Jack Nicholson, Michael Douglas, and Helmut Berger.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini was born in La Spezia and he spent most of his childhood in the settlement of Pitelli. In 1952, Giannini and his family moved to Naples where he received a diploma in electronic engineering at the Alessandro Volta Technological State Technical Institute. During his teen years, he moved to Rome and studied at the Accademia Nazionale di Arte Drammatica Silvio D'Amico.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini made his stage debut at the age of 18, opposite Lilla Brignone in "In memoria di una signora amica," directed by Giuseppe Patroni Griffi. His breakthrough came when he was cast by Franco Zeffirelli in a production of "Romeo and Juliet" which played at The Old Vic.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini made his film debut in a small part in "I criminali della metropoli" in 1965. He appeared in supporting roles in "Anzio" and "The Secret of Santa Vittoria", and starred in the original version of "Swept Away". In 1967, he was a special guest on an episode of Mina's TV show "Sabato Sera". In 1971, he appeared in "E le stelle stanno a guardare", a television adaptation of A. J. Cronin's novel "The Stars Look Down".


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini won a Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actor for his performance in "Love and Anarchy" (1973). In 1976, he starred in "Seven Beauties", for which he was nominated for the Academy Award for Best Actor. Giannini is known for his starring roles in films directed by Lina Wertmüller. In addition to "Seven Beauties" and "Swept Away", he also appeared in "The Seduction of Mimi", "Love and Anarchy", "A Night Full of Rain", and "Francesca e Nunziata".


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini has also achieved some international success. His fluency in English has brought him a number of featured roles in Hollywood productions, most notably as Inspector Pazzi in "Hannibal". He also appeared in "Man on Fire". Giannini played Alberto Aragón in "A Walk in the Clouds" in 1995, and Emperor Shaddam IV in the 2000 "Dune" miniseries. In 2002, he starred in the horror film "Darkness". He later portrayed French agent René Mathis in the James Bond films "Casino Royale" (2006) and "Quantum of Solace" (2008).


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: In 2009, Giannini received a star on the Italian Walk of Fame in Toronto, Canada. He is currently set to receive a star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame in 2021.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini has had a successful career as a voice actor and dubber. He helped with the foundation of the along with Renato Turi, Corrado Gaipa, Valeria Valeri, Oreste Lionello, Wanda Tettoni and other dubbers.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Giannini is the official Italian voice dubber of Al Pacino. Both he and Ferruccio Amendola were the primary dubbers of Pacino until Amendola's death in 2001 when Giannini became the main voice dubber. He also dubbed Jack Nicholson's voice as Jack Torrance in the Italian release of "The Shining" and the Joker in "Batman" and Michael Douglas as Gordon Gekko in "Wall Street" and the as well as dubbing other actors such as Dustin Hoffman, Gérard Depardieu, Ryan O'Neal, Jeremy Irons, Mel Gibson, Tim Allen, Leonard Whiting and Ian McKellen in some of their work.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: In Giannini's animated roles, he voiced Carl Fredricksen (voiced by Ed Asner) in the Italian dub of the Pixar film "Up". He also provided the Italian voice of Raul Menendez in the "Call of Duty" game franchise. Outside of dubbing, he provided a voice role in the 2001 Italian animated film "Momo" in which he voiced the main antagonist.


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Aside from acting, Giannini took up inventing as a hobby. Some of the gadgets he designed were used in the 1992 film "Toys" starring Robin Williams. Giannini also collaborated with on his memoir "Sono ancora un bambino" which was published by Longanesi in 2014. A year later, he received the .


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: From 1967 until 1975, Giannini was married to actress Livia Giampalmo and they had two children. Their eldest son was Lorenzo, who died in 1987 from an aneurysm shortly before his 20th birthday. Their second-born son is actor Adriano Giannini, who played his father's role in the 2002 remake of "Swept Away".


title: Giancarlo Giannini

text: Since 1983, he has been married to Eurilla del Bono and they have two sons, Emanuele and Francesco who are musicians.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: Karthikeya is a 2014 Indian Telugu-language mystery thriller film written and directed by Chandoo Mondeti. The film features Nikhil Siddhartha, Swati Reddy, Tanikella Bharani, Rao Ramesh, and Jayaprakash in prominent roles. The film was produced by savitru karthikeyan studying in iiitB on Magnus Cine Prime banner. Shekar Chandra composed the film's music while Karthik Ghattamaneni and Karthika Srinivas were its cinematographer and editor respectively. The film revolves around a closed Karthikeya temple in the village of Subrahmanyapuram and showcases the life of a curious medico Karthik who investigates the mystery surrounding the temple.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: An incident which happened in Talupulamma Temple in Kakinada district of Andhra Pradesh inspired Chandoo Mondeti to pen the story of "Karthikeya". The film was launched on 10 June 2013 at Hyderabad and its Principal photography began on 5 July 2013 which lasted until 21 February 2014. It was shot in Visakhapatnam, Araku, and Kumararama temple in Samarlakota in Andhra Pradesh. Nearly half of the film was shot in Tamil Nadu including Kumbakonam. After few postponements, the film released on 24 October 2014 as a Diwali release to positive reviews from critics, and collected more than , on a budget of .


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: At the 62nd Filmfare Awards South, the film was nominated in four categories. At the 4th South Indian International Movie Awards, the film received one win out of four nominations. Following the film's success, a sequel titled, "Karthikeya 2", was announced by Mondeti in late 2019 and released on 13 August 2022.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: In a village called Subrahmanyapuram, an old temple belonging to Subrahmanya Swami gets closed because of some mysterious deaths, supposedly by a snake bite. Whoever arrives to investigate this matter also gets killed. Karthikeya is a medical student who does not believe in supernatural powers. He analyzes everything using science and logic. He visits Subrahmanyapuram for a medical camp, along with his love interest Valli. Karthikeya gets curious about the closed temple and gathers some information about it to solve the mystery. Karthikeya finds a diary written by a person named Shankar, an Endowments Department (ED) official, who previously researched about the temple and its mystery, but Shankar was killed by a snake bite in the same building where Karthikeya and his friends were currently residing for the camp.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: Around the same time, the snake tries to kill Karthikeya, but Karthikeya escapes each time, and takes the snake to a herpetologist. The herpetologist reveals that the snake was hypnotized by someone to kill Karthikeya. Karthikeya meets Valli's father, who happens to be a priest at the temple, to find out about the history of the temple. They leave for Tanjavur to find out that the temple is built very uniquely by the great architect Viswakarma and the family heirloom of the king that ruled that area, a diamond was placed at the feet of the Lord in such a way that on Karthika Pournami, the moon's rays fall on the feet of the Lord and the diamond reflects it back with 1000 times more intensity.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: Karthikeya returns to the village and finds out that Tayattu, a cook/helper in his temporary residence at Subrahmanyapuram, was a part of the gang trying to kill him. Tayattu tries to escape, but is later killed, where Karthikeya goes into the temple at night, which is coincidentally also the night of Karthika Pournami. He finds an ED officer named Prudhvi Raj in the temple and realises that he is the mastermind behind the whole conspiracy. Prudhvi tries to attack Karthikeya, but at the same time, the diamond reflects the moon's rays and the whole village realises that the Lord is still in the temple. Karthikeya, along with his friends, interrogates Prudhvi, who reveals that the temple had attracted some foreigners who had learnt about the diamond in the temple.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: Prudhvi Raj decides to steal the diamond from the temple by making everyone believe that a curse is laid on the temple in which everyone will die due to the snake bite. He sought Tayattu's help to develop a snake venom shot and had used snake hypnosis to strike fear into the villagers' hearts. Prudhvi Raj is arrested by the police, but later dies in prison due to snake bite. Karthikeya returns to Hyderabad where he completes his graduation and receives his MBBS degree at the convocation, where he leaves for Goa with his friends to investigate about a cave.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: An incident which happened in Talupulamma Thalli Temple in Kakinada district of Andhra Pradesh inspired Chandoo Mondeti to pen the story of "Karthikeya".


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: After "Swamy Ra Ra", Nikhil Siddhartha signed his next film to be directed by his friend Chandoo Mondeti in which he was supposed to play "a smart, well educated, suave young man studying MBBS". Venkat Srinivas agreed to produce the film under his Magnus Cine Prime banner. Swati Reddy was signed as the lead actress considering her popularity in Tamil and she also appeared in "Swamy Ra Ra". Tanikella Bharani revealed that he would be seen as Swati's father. The principal cast of the film further consists of Rao Ramesh, Jayaprakash, Kishore and Tulasi. Shekar Chandra was announced as the film's music composer.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: Nikhil noted in an interview, "When I was young, films like "Bhairava Dweepam" and "Aditya 369" fascinated me. Later I liked watching Sherlock Holmes. That character was curious and inquisitive. "Karthikeya" is all about mystery and adventure; it’s a light-hearted subject." For his role, Nikhil had to gain 10 kgs weight. His research for the role involved spending time with medical students and doctors before the shooting. He also had to overcome his fear of injections and blood to pull off the character.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: The film was launched on 10 June 2013 in Hyderabad with N. Lingusamy, Sudheer Varma and Parasuram in attendance. The makers also unveiled the title and film's logo the same day during the launch, with the team further announced that majority of the film will be shot in Visakhapatnam, Araku, and Kumararama temple in Samarlakota in Andhra Pradesh. Principal photography began on 5 July 2013 with the first schedule of the film took place the same day and completed within 31 July.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: The film's second schedule took place on 4 August and was wrapped up by 29 August 2013, with scenes on the lead pair including two songs were shot. In early October 2014, the film was shot in and around Kumbakonam including a Subramanya Swamy temple there. By then 70% of the film's shoot was wrapped up. The film's final schedule commenced on 15 November 2013 on whose completion the film's shoot was expected to end. The film was also shot in Bobbili and Pondicherry. On 4 February 2014 a press release confirmed that the filming is complete except for one song. Filming ended nearly on 21 February 2014 and post-production work began. CG works were in progress during mid-April 2014. In July 2014, it was known that nearly 50% of the film was shot in and around Tamil Nadu.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: Shekar Chandra composed the film's soundtrack and background score. Lyrics for the Telugu version of the soundtrack were written by Ramajogayya Sastry, Vanamali and Krishna Chaitanya, whilst the soundtrack of its dubbed Tamil version "Karthikeyan", had lyrics written by Na. Muthukumar, Mani Amudhavan and Nandhalala. The soundtrack of the Telugu version was launched at Hyderabad on 28 May 2014. The soundtrack of the Tamil version was launched at Chennai on 18 June 2014. Both the versions were marketed by Aditya Music.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: Reviewing the soundtrack "The Times of India" wrote "All in all, Shekhar Chandra tunes are youthful and fresh. The tunes can easily generate interest among music lovers" and rated the album 3 out of 5. "IndiaGlitz" wrote "Shekar Chandra's new album lives up to the expectations. Karthikeya, starring Swathi and Nikhil, has six songs in total and has a range of singers regaling us with their renditions. Ramajogayya Sastry and Krishna Chaitanya pen the songs and the lyrics are as good as the vocals."


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: The film was initially slated for a December 2013 release. But due to extensive production delays, the film was postponed to 1 August 2014. After being delayed due to several reasons, the makers announced 10 October 2014 was announced as the release date. It was finally postponed to 24 October 2014 clashing with the Telugu dubbed versions of "Poojai", "Happy New Year", "Ishq Wala Love" and also with a Telugu film "I Am In Love" making it a Diwali release. The film released in 350 screens in its first week and 30-40 screens were added in early November 2014 while the shows in Prasads IMAX were increased to 10 from 3 with effect from 29 October 2014. Meanwhile, Nikhil said that the release date of the Tamil version "Karthikeyan" will be announced soon, although not being released in Tamil. 150 Additional screens were added from its second Friday, 31 October. N. Lingusamy bought the film's Tamil rights while a Malayalam dubbed version was planned. The satellite rights were sold to Gemini TV for an amount of 1.5 crore.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: A 90 seconds teaser was launched on 1 December 2013 at Hyderabad. The first look poster featuring Nikhil Siddhartha and the temple was unveiled on 5 February 2014. The first look posters of Tamil version titled "Karthikeyan" were unveiled on 5 March 2014. On 18 October 2014 the making video of the film's posters was released. On 21 October 2014, Nikhil and the film's unit conducted a publicity tour in five towns viz. Guntur, Vijayawada, Eluru, Rajahmundry and Kakinada to paste the first release posters of the movie respectively. Nikhil, Swati and Chandoo promoted the film on the talk show "Ali Talkies" hosted by comedian Ali.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: The film received generally positive reviews from critics. Hemanth Kumar of "The Times of India" rated the film 3.5 out of 5 stars and wrote, "The good thing about the film is that it sticks to its storyline and everyone seems to know what they are doing. Karthikeya is one of the finer films made in the recent past and in times like these, that in itself is like a big compliment." "123Telugu.com" rated it 3.5 out of 5 stars and stated, "On the whole, Karthikeya is one of the most refreshing films in the recent past. Novel concept, gripping screenplay, Nikhil’s performance and cleverly designed suspense elements make this film different from others, and ends up as quite an engaging watch this weekend." Jeevi of "Idlebrain.com" rated it 3.25 out of 5 stars wrote, "Actor Nikhil and producer should be appreciated for agreeing to do a film that is different from regular Telugu movies. Supported by a neat screenplay and a bit of comedy, debutant director Chandoo Mondeti delivers a decent movie. Additional plus point of the movie is runtime. The minus points of the movie are slow-paced narration. The family drama and romance didn’t work well. On a whole, Karthikeya is a different yet interesting movie." Suresh Kavirayani of "Deccan Chronicle" rated the film 3 out of 5 stars and wrote, "Despite its drawbacks ‘Karthikeya’ is a very refreshing film and Chandu Mondeti's debut can be termed a success. It is a thriller with tight screenplay a new story. Whoever feels bored with the regular song-dance masala films, should watch this thriller for a change." "Oneindia Entertainment" and "IndiaGlitz" both rated it 3 out of 5 stars and called the film a one time watch.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: "Sify" wrote "Overall Karthikeya is different from regular commercial movies that dot the Telugu screen. Like we said it is a suspense thriller that mixes bhakti and rational thinking quite well to large extent and we do appreciate the producer and the actor Nikhil for attempting something novel". Y. Sunita Chowdary of "The Hindu" wrote, "The narration is good, keeps the curiosity factor alive. There is sufficient humour and romance to keep the film balanced and the story is about the crime but about the mindset of the criminal who uses a clever mix of science and religion to plan a brilliant murder".


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: "Karthikeya" got a brilliant opening at the worldwide box office on its first day. The film collected approximately at the Indian box office in the first weekend of 3 days and at USA box office taking its three-day total to nett thus recovering more than 50% of its production cost. The film collected in its first week at the Global Box office and entered profit zone. The film cashed in on the mixed response for "Current Theega" and managed to collect a total of in 9 days at the Global box office. Despite new releases, the film stood strong by the end of its third weekend and grossed in 17 days.


title: Karthikeya (film)

text: A sequel, "Karthikeya 2" was announced in 2019 by the director of the film Chandoo Mondeti. The shooting of the film was launched in March 2020 and was paused for five months due to COVID-19 pandemic in India. The film stars the actors from this film along with some new actors.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF was founded in 1971, in the aftermath of the Biafran famine of the Nigerian Civil War, by a small group of French doctors and journalists who sought to expand accessibility to medical care across national boundaries and irrespective of race, religion, creed or political affiliation. To that end, the organisation emphasises "independence and impartiality", and explicitly precludes political, economic, or religious factors in its decision making. These principles have allowed MSF to speak freely with respect to acts of war, corruption, or other hindrances to medical care or human well-being. Only once in its history, during the 1994 genocide in Rwanda, has the organisation called for military intervention.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF's principles and operational guidelines are highlighted in its Charter, the Chantilly Principles, and the later La Mancha Agreement. Governance is addressed in Section 2 of the Rules portion of this final document. MSF has an associative, rather choatic structure, where operational decisions are made, independently, by the five operational centres (Amsterdam, Barcelona-Athens, Brussels, Geneva and Paris). Common policies on core issues are coordinated by the International Council, in which each of the 24 sections (national offices) is represented. The International Council meets in Geneva, Switzerland, where the International Office, which coordinates international activities common to the operational centres, is based.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF has general consultative status with the United Nations Economic and Social Council. It received the 1999 Nobel Peace Prize in recognition of its members' continued efforts to provide medical care in acute crises, as well as raising international awareness of potential humanitarian disasters. James Orbinski, who was the president of the organization at the time, accepted the prize on behalf of MSF. Prior to this, MSF also received the 1996 Seoul Peace Prize. Christos Christou succeeded Joanne Liu as international president in June 2019.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: During the Nigerian Civil War of 1967 to 1970, the Nigerian military formed a blockade around the nation's newly independent south-eastern region, Biafra. At this time, France was one of the only major countries supportive of the Biafrans (the United Kingdom, the Soviet Union and the United States sided with the Nigerian government), and the conditions within the blockade were unknown to the world. A number of French doctors volunteered with the French Red Cross to work in hospitals and feeding centres in besieged Biafra. One of the co-founders of the organisation was Bernard Kouchner, who later became a high-ranking French politician.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: After entering the country, the volunteers, in addition to Biafran health workers and hospitals, were subjected to attacks by the Nigerian army, and witnessed civilians being murdered and starved by the blockading forces. The doctors publicly criticised the Nigerian government and the Red Cross for their seemingly complicit behaviour. These doctors concluded that a new aid organisation was needed that would ignore political/religious boundaries and prioritise the welfare of survivors.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Apart from Nigeria, MSF exists in several African countries including Benin, Zambia, Uganda, Kenya, South Africa, Rwanda, Sudan, Sierra Leone, etc.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The ("Emergency Medical and Surgical Intervention Group") was formed in 1971 by French doctors who had worked in Biafra, to provide aid and to emphasize the importance of survivors' rights. At the same time, Raymond Borel, the editor of the French medical journal "TONUS", had started a group called ("French Medical Relief") in response to the 1970 Bhola cyclone, which killed at least 625,000 in East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Borel had intended to recruit doctors to provide aid to survivors of natural disasters. On 22 December 1971, the two groups of colleagues merged to form "Médecins Sans Frontières".


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF's first mission was to the Nicaraguan capital, Managua, where a 1972 earthquake had destroyed most of the city and killed between 10,000 and 30,000 people. The organization, today known for its quick response in an emergency, arrived three days after the Red Cross had set up a relief mission. On 18 and 19 September 1974, Hurricane Fifi caused major flooding in Honduras and killed thousands of people (estimates vary), and MSF set up its first long-term medical relief mission.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Between 1975 and 1979, after South Vietnam had fallen to North Vietnam, millions of Cambodians emigrated to Thailand to avoid the Khmer Rouge. In response MSF set up its first refugee camp missions in Thailand. When Vietnam withdrew from Cambodia in 1989, MSF started long-term relief missions to help survivors of the mass killings and reconstruct the country's health care system. Although its missions to Thailand to help victims of war in Southeast Asia could arguably be seen as its first war-time mission, MSF saw its first mission to a true war zone, including exposure to hostile fire, in 1976. MSF spent nine years (1976–1984) assisting surgeries in the hospitals of various cities in Lebanon, during the Lebanese Civil War, and established a reputation for its neutrality and willingness to work under fire. Throughout the war, MSF helped both Christian and Muslim soldiers alike, helping whichever group required the most medical aid at the time. In 1984, as the situation in Lebanon deteriorated further and security for aid groups was minimised, MSF withdrew its volunteers.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Claude Malhuret was elected as the new president of "Médecins Sans Frontières" in 1977, and soon after debates began over the future of the organisation. In particular, the concept of "témoignage" ("witnessing"), which refers to speaking out about the suffering that one sees as opposed to remaining silent, was being opposed or played down by Malhuret and his supporters. Malhuret thought MSF should avoid criticism of the governments of countries in which they were working, while Kouchner believed that documenting and broadcasting the suffering in a country was the most effective way to solve a problem.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 1979, after four years of refugee movement from South Vietnam and the surrounding countries by foot and by boat, French intellectuals made an appeal in "Le Monde" for "A Boat for Vietnam", a project intended to provide medical aid to the refugees. Although the project did not receive support from the majority of MSF, some, including later Minister Bernard Kouchner, chartered a ship called "L'Île de Lumière" ("The Island of Light"), and, along with doctors, journalists and photographers, sailed to the South China Sea and provided some medical aid to the boat people. The splinter organisation that undertook this, Médecins du Monde, later developed the idea of humanitarian intervention as a duty, in particular on the part of Western nations such as France. In 2007 MSF clarified that for nearly 30 years MSF and Kouchner have had public disagreements on such issues as the right to intervene and the use of armed force for humanitarian reasons. Kouchner is in favour of the latter, whereas MSF stands up for an impartial humanitarian action, independent from all political, economic and religious powers.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 1982, Malhuret and Rony Brauman (who became the organisation's president in 1982) brought increased financial independence to MSF by introducing fundraising-by-mail to better collect donations. The 1980s also saw the establishment of the other operational sections from MSF-France (1971): MSF-Belgium (1980), MSF-Switzerland (1981), MSF-Holland (1984), and MSF-Spain (1986). MSF-Luxembourg was the first support section, created in 1986. The early 1990s saw the establishment of the majority of the support sections: MSF-Greece (1990), MSF-USA (1990), MSF-Canada (1991), MSF-Japan (1992), MSF-UK (1993), MSF-Italy (1993), MSF-Australia (1994), as well as Germany, Austria, Denmark, Sweden, Norway, and Hong Kong (MSF-UAE was formed later). Malhuret and Brauman were instrumental in professionalising MSF. In December 1979, after the Soviet army had invaded Afghanistan, field missions were immediately set up to provide medical aid to the mujahideen, and in February 1980, MSF publicly denounced the Khmer Rouge. During the 1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia, MSF set up nutrition programmes in the country in 1984, but was expelled in 1985 after denouncing the abuse of international aid and the forced resettlements. MSF's explicit attacks on the Ethiopian government led to other NGOs criticizing their abandonment of their supposed neutrality and contributed to a series of debates in France around humanitarian ethics. The group also set up equipment to produce clean drinking water for the population of San Salvador, capital of El Salvador, after 10 October 1986 earthquake that struck the city.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The early 1990s saw MSF open a number of new national sections, and at the same time, set up field missions in some of the most dangerous and distressing situations it had ever encountered.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 1990, MSF first entered Liberia to help civilians and refugees affected by the Liberian Civil War. Constant fighting throughout the 1990s and the Second Liberian Civil War have kept MSF volunteers actively providing nutrition, basic health care, and mass vaccinations, and speaking out against attacks on hospitals and feeding stations, especially in Monrovia.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Field missions were set up to provide relief to Kurdish refugees who had survived the al-Anfal Campaign, for which evidence of atrocities was being collected in 1991. 1991 also saw the beginning of the civil war in Somalia, during which MSF set up field missions in 1992 alongside a UN peacekeeping mission. Although the UN-aborted operations by 1993, MSF representatives continued with their relief work, running clinics and hospitals for civilians.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF first began work in Srebrenica (in Bosnia and Herzegovina) as part of a UN convoy in 1993, one year after the Bosnian War had begun. The city had become surrounded by the Bosnian Serb Army and, containing about 60,000 Bosniaks, had become an enclave guarded by a United Nations Protection Force. MSF was the only organisation providing medical care to the surrounded civilians, and as such, did not denounce the genocide for fear of being expelled from the country (it did, however, denounce the lack of access for other organisations). MSF was forced to leave the area in 1995 when the Bosnian Serb Army captured the town. 40,000 Bosniak civilian inhabitants were deported, and approximately 7,000 were killed in mass executions.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: When the genocide in Rwanda began in April 1994, some delegates of MSF working in the country were incorporated into the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) medical team for protection. Both groups succeeded in keeping all main hospitals in Rwanda's capital Kigali operational throughout the main period of the genocide. MSF, together with several other aid organisations, had to leave the country in 1995, although many MSF and ICRC volunteers worked together under the ICRC's rules of engagement, which held that neutrality was of the utmost importance. These events led to a debate within the organisation about the concept of balancing neutrality of humanitarian aid workers against their witnessing role. As a result of its Rwanda mission, the position of MSF with respect to neutrality moved closer to that of the ICRC, a remarkable development in the light of the origin of the organisation.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The ICRC lost 56 and MSF lost almost one hundred of their respective local staff in Rwanda, and MSF-France, which had chosen to evacuate its team from the country (the local staff were forced to stay), denounced the murders and demanded that a French military intervention stop the genocide. MSF-France introduced the slogan "One cannot stop a genocide with doctors" to the media, and the controversial Opération Turquoise followed less than one month later. This intervention directly or indirectly resulted in movements of hundreds of thousands of Rwandan refugees to Zaire and Tanzania in what became known as the Great Lakes refugee crisis, and subsequent cholera epidemics, starvation and more mass killings in the large groups of civilians. MSF-France returned to the area and provided medical aid to refugees in Goma.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: At the time of the genocide, competition between the medical efforts of MSF, the ICRC, and other aid groups had reached an all-time high, but the conditions in Rwanda prompted a drastic change in the way humanitarian organisations approached aid missions. The "Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and NGOs in Disaster Relief Programmes" was created by the ICRC in 1994 to provide a framework for humanitarian missions and MSF is a signatory of this code. The code advocates the provision of humanitarian aid only, and groups are urged not to serve any political or religious interest, or be used as a tool for foreign governments. MSF has since still found it necessary to condemn the actions of governments, such as in Chechnya in 1999, but has not demanded another military intervention since then.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: More than a thousand staffers accused the charity of white supremacy when they voiced their concerns in a 2020 petition. One staffer from Cameroon detailed her experiences with racism from the group's leaders. Many concerns involved different treatment of expatriate staff from Europe and North America, who are typically white, compared to national staff. In an interview with NPR, the president of the organisation acknowledged Doctors Without Borders was founded in racism and pledged to do better.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 1999, the organisation spoke out about the lack of humanitarian support in Kosovo and Chechnya, having set up field missions to help civilians affected by the respective political situations. Although MSF had worked in the Kosovo region since 1993, the onset of the Kosovo War prompted the movement of tens of thousands of refugees, and a decline in suitable living conditions. MSF provided shelter, water and health care to civilians affected by NATO's strategic bombing campaigns.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: A serious crisis within MSF erupted in connection with the organisation's work in Kosovo when the Greek section of MSF was expelled from the organization. The Greek MSF section had gained access to Serbia at the cost of accepting Serb government imposed limits on where it could go and what it could see – terms that the rest of the MSF movement had refused. A non-MSF source alleged that the exclusion of the Greek section happened because its members extended aid to both Albanian and Serbian civilians in Pristina during NATO's bombing.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: A similar situation was found in Chechnya, whose civilian population was largely forced from their homes into unhealthy conditions and subjected to the violence of the Second Chechen War.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF has been working in Haiti since 1991, but since President Jean-Bertrand Aristide was forced from power, the country has seen a large increase in civilian attacks and rape by armed groups. In addition to providing surgical and psychological support in existing hospitals – offering the only free surgery available in Port-au-Prince – field missions have been set up to rebuild water and waste management systems and treat survivors of major flooding caused by Hurricane Jeanne; patients with HIV/AIDS and malaria, both of which are widespread in the country, also receive better treatment and monitoring. As a result of 12 January 2010 Haiti earthquake, reports from Haiti indicated that all three of the organisation's hospitals had been severely damaged; one collapsing completely and the other two having to be abandoned. Following the quake, MSF sent about nine planes loaded with medical equipment and a field hospital to help treat the victims. However, the landings of some of the planes had to be delayed due to the massive number of humanitarian and military flights coming in.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The Kashmir Conflict in northern India resulted in a more recent MSF intervention (the first field mission was set up in 1999) to help civilians displaced by fighting in Jammu and Kashmir, as well as in Manipur. Psychological support is a major target of missions, but teams have also set up programmes to treat tuberculosis, HIV/AIDS and malaria. Mental health support has been of significant importance for MSF in much of southern Asia since the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF went through a long process of self-examination and discussion in 2005–2006. Many issues were debated, including the treatment of "nationals" as well as "fair employment" and self-criticism.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF has been active in a large number of African countries for decades, sometimes serving as the sole provider of health care, food, and water. Although MSF has consistently attempted to increase media coverage of the situation in Africa to increase international support, long-term field missions are still necessary. Treating and educating the public about HIV/AIDS in sub-Saharan Africa, which sees the most deaths and cases of the disease in the world, is a major task for volunteers. Of the 14.6 million people in need of anti-retroviral treatment the WHO estimated that only 5.25 million people were receiving it in developing countries, and MSF continues to urge governments and companies to increase research and development into HIV/AIDS treatments to decrease cost and increase availability.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In the late 1990s, MSF missions were set up to treat tuberculosis and anaemia in residents of the Aral Sea area, and look after civilians affected by drug-resistant disease, famine, and epidemics of cholera and AIDS. They vaccinated 3 million Nigerians against meningitis during an epidemic in 1996 and denounced the Taliban's neglect of health care for women in 1997. Arguably, the most significant country in which MSF set up field missions in the late 1990s was Sierra Leone, which was involved in a civil war at the time. In 1998, volunteers began assisting in surgeries in Freetown to help with an increasing number of amputees, and collecting statistics on civilians (men, women and children) being attacked by large groups of men claiming to represent ECOMOG. The groups of men were travelling between villages and systematically chopping off one or both of each resident's arms, raping women, gunning down families, razing houses, and forcing survivors to leave the area. Long-term projects following the end of the civil war included psychological support and phantom limb pain management.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Since 1979, MSF has been providing medical humanitarian assistance in Sudan, a nation plagued by starvation and the civil war, prevalent malnutrition and one of the highest maternal mortality rates in the world. In March 2009, it is reported that MSF has employed 4,590 field staff in Sudan tackling issues such as armed conflicts, epidemic diseases, health care and social exclusion. MSF's continued presence and work in Sudan is one of the organization's largest interventions. MSF provides a range of health care services including nutritional support, reproductive healthcare, Kala-Azar treatment, counselling services and surgery to the people living in Sudan. Common diseases prevalent in Sudan include tuberculosis, kala-azar also known as visceral leishmaniasis, meningitis, measles, cholera, and malaria.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Kala-azar, also known as visceral leishmaniasis, has been one of the major health problems in Sudan. After the Comprehensive Peace Agreement between North and Southern Sudan on 9 January 2005, the increase in stability within the region helped further efforts in healthcare delivery. Médicins Sans Frontières tested a combination of sodium stibogluconate and paromomycin, which would reduce treatment duration (from 30 to 17 days) and cost in 2008. In March 2010, MSF set up its first Kala-Azar treatment centre in Eastern Sudan, providing free treatment for this otherwise deadly disease. If left untreated, there is a fatality rate of 99% within 1–4 months of infection. Since the treatment centre was set up, MSF has cured more than 27,000 Kala-Azar patients with a success rate of approximately 90–95%. There are plans to open an additional Kala-Azar treatment centre in Malakal, Southern Sudan, to cope with the overwhelming number of patients that are seeking treatment. MSF has been providing necessary medical supplies to hospitals and training Sudanese health professionals to help them deal with Kala-Azar. MSF, Sudanese Ministry of Health and other national and international institutions are combining efforts to improve on the treatment and diagnosis of Kala-Azar. Research on its cures and vaccines are currently being conducted. In December 2010, South Sudan was hit with the worst outbreak of Kala-Azar in eight years. The number of patients seeking treatment increased eight-fold as compared to the year before.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Sudan's latest civil war began in 1983 and ended in 2005 when a peace agreement was signed between North Sudan and South Sudan. MSF medical teams were active throughout and prior to the civil war, providing emergency medical humanitarian assistance in multiple locations. The situation of poor infrastructure in the South was aggravated by the civil war and resulted in the worsening of the region's appalling health indicators. An estimated 75 percent of people in the nascent nation has no access to basic medical care and 1 in seven women dies during childbirth. Malnutrition and disease outbreaks are perennial concerns as well. In 2011, MSF clinic in Jonglei State, South Sudan, was looted and attacked by raiders. Hundreds, including women and children were killed. Valuable items including medical equipment and drugs were lost during the raid and parts of the MSF facilities were destroyed in a fire. The incident had serious repercussions as MSF is the only primary health care provider in this part of Jonglei State.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Although active in the Congo region of Africa since 1985, the First and Second Congo War brought increased violence and instability to the area. MSF has had to evacuate its teams from areas such as around Bunia, in the Ituri district due to extreme violence, but continues to work in other areas to provide food to tens of thousands of displaced civilians, as well as treat survivors of mass rapes and widespread fighting. The treatment and possible vaccination against diseases such as cholera, measles, polio, Marburg fever, sleeping sickness, HIV/AIDS, and bubonic plague is also important to prevent or slow down epidemics.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF has been active in Uganda since 1980, and provided relief to civilians during the country's guerrilla war during the . However, the formation of the Lord's Resistance Army saw the beginning of a long campaign of violence in northern Uganda and southern Sudan. Civilians were subjected to mass killings and rapes, torture, and abductions of children, who would later serve as sex slaves or child soldiers. Faced with more than 1.5 million people displaced from their homes, MSF set up relief programmes in internally displaced person (IDP) camps to provide clean water, food and sanitation. Diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, polio, cholera, ebola, and HIV/AIDS occur in epidemics in the country, and volunteers provide vaccinations (in the cases of measles and polio) and/or treatment to the residents. Mental health is also an important aspect of medical treatment for MSF teams in Uganda since most people refuse to leave the IDP camps for constant fear of being attacked.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF first camp set up a field mission in Côte d'Ivoire in 1990, but ongoing violence and the 2002 division of the country by rebel groups and the government led to several massacres, and MSF teams have even begun to suspect that an ethnic cleansing is occurring. Mass measles vaccinations, tuberculosis treatment and the re-opening of hospitals closed by fighting are projects run by MSF, which is the only group providing aid in much of the country.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: During the Ebola outbreak in West Africa in 2014, MSF met serious medical demands largely on its own, after the organisation's early warnings were largely ignored.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF is involved in Sri Lanka, where a 26-year civil war ended in 2009 and MSF has adapted its activities there to continue its mission. For example, it helps with physical therapy for patients with spinal cord injuries. It conducts counseling sessions, and has set up an "operating theatre for reconstructive orthopaedic surgery and supplied specialist surgeons, anaesthetists and nurses to operate on patients with complicated war-related injuries."


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF first provided medical help to civilians and refugees who have escaped to camps along the Thai-Cambodian border in 1979. Due to long decades of war, a proper health care system in the country was severely lacking and MSF moved inland in 1989 to help restructure basic medical facilities.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 1999, Cambodia was hit with a malaria epidemic. The situation of the epidemic was aggravated by a lack of qualified practitioners and poor quality control which led to a market of fake antimalarial drugs. Counterfeit antimalarial drugs were responsible for the deaths of at least 30 people during the epidemic. This has prompted efforts by MSF to set up and fund a malaria outreach project and utilise Village Malaria Workers. MSF also introduced a switching of first-line treatment to a combination therapy (Artesunate and Mefloquine) to combat resistance and fatality of old drugs that were used to treat the disease traditionally.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Cambodia is one of the hardest hit HIV/AIDS countries in Southeast Asia. In 2001, MSF started introducing antiretroviral (ARV) therapy to AIDS patients for free. This therapy prolongs the patients' lives and is a long-term treatment. In 2002, MSF established chronic diseases clinics with the Cambodian Ministry of Health in various provinces to integrate HIV/AIDS treatment, alongside hypertension, diabetes, and arthritis which have high prevalence rate. This aims to reduce facility-related stigma as patients are able to seek treatment in a multi-purpose clinic in contrast to a HIV/AIDS specialised treatment centre.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF also provided humanitarian aid in times of natural disaster such as a major flood in 2002 which affected up to 1.47 million people. MSF introduced a community-based tuberculosis programme in 2004 in remote villages, where village volunteers are delegated to facilitate the medication of patients. In partnership with local health authorities and other NGOs, MSF encouraged decentralized clinics and rendered localized treatments to more rural areas from 2006. Since 2007, MSF has extended general health care, counselling, HIV/AIDS and TB treatment to prisons in Phnom Penh via mobile clinics. However, poor sanitation and lack of health care still prevails in most Cambodian prisons as they remain as some of the world's most crowded prisons.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 2007, MSF worked with the Cambodian Ministry of Health to provide psychosocial and technical support in offering pediatric HIV/AIDS treatment to affected children. MSF also provided medical supplies and staff to help in one of the worst dengue outbreaks in 2007, which had more than 40,000 people hospitalized, killing 407 people, primarily children.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 2010, Southern and Eastern provinces of Cambodia were hit with a cholera epidemic and MSF responded by providing medical support that were adapted for usage in the country.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Cambodia is one of 22 countries listed by WHO as having a high burden of tuberculosis. WHO estimates that 64% of all Cambodians carry the tuberculosis mycobacterium. Hence, MSF has since shifted its focus away from HIV/AIDS to tuberculosis, handing over most HIV-related programs to local health authorities.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The 2011 Libyan civil war has prompted efforts by MSF to set up a hospital and mental health services to help locals affected by the conflict. The fighting created a backlog of patients that needed surgery. With parts of the country slowly returning to livable, MSF has started working with local health personnel to address the needs. The need for psychological counseling has increased and MSF has set up mental health services to address the fears and stress of people living in tents without water and electricity. Currently MSF is the only International Aid organisation with actual presence in the country.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF is providing Maritime Search And Rescue (SAR) services on the Mediterranean Sea to save the lives of migrants attempting to cross with unseaworthy boats. The Mission started in 2015 after the EU ended its major SAR operation Mare Nostrum severely diminishing much needed SAR capacities in the Mediterranean. Throughout the mission MSF has operated its own vessels like the "Bourbon Argos" (2015–2016), "Dignity 1" (2015–2016) and "VOS Prudence" (2016–2017). MSF has also provided medical teams to support other NGOs and their ships like the MOAS "Phoenix" (2015) or the "Aquarius" (2017–2018) and "Ocean Viking" (2019-2020) with SOS Méditerranée and Mediterranea Saving Humans. In August 2017 MSF decided to suspend the activities of the "VOS Prudence" protesting restrictions and threats by the Libyan "Coast Guard".


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In December 2018 MSF and SOS Méditerranée were forced to end operations of the "Aquarius", at that date the last remaining vessel supported by MSF. This came after attacks by EU states that stripped the vessel of its registration and produced criminal accusations against MSF. Up to then 80,000 people had been rescued or assisted since the beginning of the mission. Operations resumed with "Ocean Viking" in July 2019, but the ship was seized in Sicily in July 2020. In May 2021, MSF returned to refugee rescue operations in the Mediterranean with a new vessel, the "Geo Barents". Within a month this resulted in the rescue of some 400 people.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF is involved in trying to help with the humanitarian crisis caused by the Yemeni Civil War. The organisation operates eleven hospitals and health centres in Yemen and provides support to another 18 hospitals or health centres. According to MSF, since October 2015, four of its hospitals and one ambulance have been destroyed by Saudi-led coalition airstrikes. In August 2016, an airstrike on Abs hospital killed 19 people, including one MSF staff member, and wounded 24. According to MSF, the GPS coordinates of the hospital were repeatedly shared with all parties to the conflict, including the Saudi-led coalition, and its location was well-known.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In August and September 2022, MSF provided medical care to asylum seekers staying outside the overcrowded migration centre in Ter Apel, the Netherlands.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Before a field mission is established in a country, an MSF team visits the area to determine the nature of the humanitarian emergency, the level of safety in the area and what type of aid is needed (this is called an "exploratory mission").


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Medical aid is the main objective of most missions, although some missions help in such areas as water purification and nutrition.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: A field mission team usually consists of a small number of coordinators to head each component of a field mission, and a "head of mission". The head of mission usually has the most experience in humanitarian situations of the members of the team, and it is his/her job to deal with the media, national governments and other humanitarian organizations. The head of mission does not necessarily have a medical background.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Medical volunteers include physicians, surgeons, nurses, and various other specialists. In addition to operating the medical and nutrition components of the field mission, these volunteers are sometimes in charge of a group of local medical staff and provide training for them.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Although the medical volunteers almost always receive the most media attention when the world becomes aware of an MSF field mission, there are a number of non-medical volunteers who help keep the field mission functioning. Logisticians are responsible for providing everything that the medical component of a mission needs, ranging from security and vehicle maintenance to food and electricity supplies. They may be engineers and/or foremen, but they usually also help with setting up treatment centres and supervising local staff. Other non-medical staff are water/sanitation specialists, who are usually experienced engineers in the fields of water treatment and management and financial/administration/human resources experts who are placed with field missions.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Vaccination campaigns are a major part of the medical care provided during MSF missions. Diseases such as diphtheria, measles, meningitis, tetanus, pertussis, yellow fever, polio, and cholera, all of which are uncommon in developed countries, may be prevented with vaccination. Some of these diseases, such as cholera and measles, spread rapidly in large populations living in close proximity, such as in a refugee camp, and people must be immunised by the hundreds or thousands in a short period of time. For example, in Beira, Mozambique, in 2004, an experimental cholera vaccine was received twice by approximately 50,000 residents in about one month.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: An equally important part of the medical care provided during MSF missions is AIDS treatment (with antiretroviral drugs), AIDS testing, and education. MSF is the only source of treatment for many countries in Africa, whose citizens make up the majority of people with HIV and AIDS worldwide. Because antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are not readily available, MSF usually provides treatment for opportunistic infections and educates the public on how to slow transmission of the disease.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In most countries, MSF increases the capabilities of local hospitals by improving sanitation, providing equipment and drugs, and training local hospital staff. When the local staff is overwhelmed, MSF may open new specialised clinics for treatment of an endemic disease or surgery for victims of war. International staff start these clinics but MSF strives to increase the local staff's ability to run the clinics themselves through training and supervision. In some countries, like Nicaragua, MSF provides public education to increase awareness of reproductive health care and venereal disease.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Since most of the areas that require field missions have been affected by a natural disaster, civil war, or endemic disease, the residents usually require psychological support as well. Although the presence of an MSF medical team may decrease stress somewhat among survivors, often a team of psychologists or psychiatrists help people who have depression, survivors of domestic violence and those with substance use disorder. The doctors may also train local mental health staff.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Often in situations where an MSF mission is set up, there is moderate or severe malnutrition as a result of war, drought, or government economic mismanagement. Intentional starvation is also sometimes used during a war as a weapon, and MSF, in addition to providing food, brings awareness to the situation and insists on foreign government intervention. Infectious diseases and diarrhoea, both of which cause weight loss and weakening of a person's body (especially in children), must be treated with medication and proper nutrition to prevent further infections and weight loss. A combination of the above situations, as when a civil war is fought during times of drought and infectious disease outbreaks, can create famine.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In emergency situations where there is a lack of nutritious food, but not to the level of a true famine, protein-energy malnutrition is most common among young children. Marasmus, a form of calorie deficiency, is the most common form of childhood malnutrition and is characterised by severe wasting and often fatal weakening of the immune system. Kwashiorkor, a form of calorie and protein deficiency, is a more serious type of malnutrition in young children, and can negatively affect physical and mental development. Both types of malnutrition can make opportunistic infections fatal. In these situations, MSF sets up "Therapeutic Feeding Centres" for monitoring the children and any other malnourished individuals.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: A Therapeutic Feeding Centre (or Therapeutic Feeding Programme) is designed to treat severe malnutrition through the gradual introduction of a special diet intended to promote weight gain after the individual has been treated for other health problems. The treatment programme is split between two phases:


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF uses foods designed specifically for treatment of severe malnutrition. During phase 1, a type of therapeutic milk called F-75 is fed to patients. F-75 is a relatively low energy, low fat/protein milk powder that must be mixed with water and given to patients to prepare their bodies for phase 2. During phase 2, therapeutic milk called F-100, which is higher in energy/fat/protein content than F-75, is given to patients, usually along with a peanut butter mixture called Plumpy'nut. F-100 and Plumpy'nut are designed to quickly provide large amounts of nutrients so that patients can be treated efficiently. Other special food fed to populations in danger of starvation includes enriched flour and porridge, as well as a high protein biscuit called BP5. BP5 is a popular food for treating populations because it can be distributed easily and sent home with individuals, or it can be crushed and mixed with therapeutic milk for specific treatments.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Dehydration, sometimes due to diarrhoea or cholera, may also be present in a population, and MSF set up rehydration centres to combat this. A special solution called Oral Rehydration Solution (ORS), which contains glucose and electrolytes, is given to patients to replace fluids lost. Antibiotics are also sometimes given to individuals with diarrhoea if it is known that they have cholera or dysentery.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Clean water is essential for hygiene, for consumption and for feeding programmes (for mixing with powdered therapeutic milk or porridge), as well as for preventing the spread of water-borne disease. As such, MSF water engineers and volunteers must create a source of clean water. This is usually achieved by modifying an existing water well, by digging a new well and/or starting a water treatment project to obtain clean water for a population. Water treatment in these situations may consist of storage sedimentation, filtration and/or chlorination depending on available resources.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Sanitation is an essential part of field missions, and it may include education of local medical staff in proper sterilisation techniques, sewage treatment projects, proper waste disposal, and education of the population in personal hygiene. Proper wastewater treatment and water sanitation are the best way to prevent the spread of serious water-borne diseases, such as cholera. Simple wastewater treatment systems can be set up by volunteers to protect drinking water from contamination. Garbage disposal could include pits for normal waste and incineration for medical waste. However, the most important subject in sanitation is the education of the local population, so that proper waste and water treatment can continue once MSF has left the area.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In order to accurately report the conditions of a humanitarian emergency to the rest of the world and to governing bodies, data on a number of factors are collected during each field mission. The rate of malnutrition in children is used to determine the malnutrition rate in the population, and then to determine the need for feeding centres. Various types of mortality rates are used to report the seriousness of a humanitarian emergency, and a common method used to measure mortality in a population is to have staff constantly monitoring the number of burials at cemeteries. By compiling data on the frequency of diseases in hospitals, MSF can track the occurrence and location of epidemic increases (or "seasons") and stockpile vaccines and other drugs. For example, the "Meningitis Belt" (sub-Saharan Africa, which sees the most cases of meningitis in the world) has been "mapped" and the meningitis season occurs between December and June. Shifts in the location of the Belt and the timing of the season can be predicted using cumulative data over many years.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In addition to epidemiological surveys, MSF also uses population surveys to determine the rates of violence in various regions. By estimating the scopes of massacres, and determining the rate of kidnappings, rapes, and killings, psychosocial programmes can be implemented to lower the suicide rate and increase the sense of security in a population. Large-scale forced migrations, excessive civilian casualties and massacres can be quantified using surveys, and MSF can use the results to put pressure on governments to provide help, or even expose genocide. MSF conducted the first comprehensive mortality survey in Darfur in 2004.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 2014 MSF partnered with satellite operator SES, other NGOs Archemed, Fondation Follereau, Friendship Luxembourg and German Doctors, and the Luxembourg government in the pilot phase of SATMED, a project to use satellite broadband technology to bring eHealth and telemedicine to isolated areas of developing countries. SATMED was first deployed in Sierra Leone in support of the fight against Ebola.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In addition to the Geneva global headquarters and five regional operational centers, as of 2020 MSF had national offices as follows:


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 1986, MSF created Epicentre, an in-house research organization, to support its activities. Epicentre conducts training, publishes scientific papers and develops new techniques for MSF. It performs epidemiological research, conducts clinical vaccine trials during outbreaks MSF is responding to, experiments on vaccine stability, and analysis of vaccine deployment strategy.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines was initiated in 1999 to increase access to essential medicines in developing countries. "Essential medicines" are those drugs that are needed in sufficient supply to treat a disease common to a population. However, most diseases common to populations in developing countries are no longer common to populations in developed countries; therefore, pharmaceutical companies find that producing these drugs is no longer profitable and may raise the price per treatment, decrease development of the drug (and new treatments) or even stop production of the drug. MSF often lacks effective drugs during field missions, and started the campaign to put pressure on governments and pharmaceutical companies to increase funding for essential medicines.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In recent years, the organization has tried to use its influence to urge the drug maker Novartis to drop its case against India's patent law that prevents Novartis from patenting its drugs in India. A few years earlier, Novartis also sued South Africa to prevent it from importing cheaper AIDS drugs. Dr. Tido von Schoen-Angerer, director of DWB's Campaign for Access to Essential Medicines, says, "Just like five years ago, Novartis, with its legal actions, is trying to stand in the way of people's right to access the medicines they need."


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 1 April 2013, it was announced that the Indian court invalidated Novartis's patent on Gleevec. This decision makes the drug available via generics on the Indian market at a considerably lower price.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In March 2017 Els Torreele who had been leading the campaign from 1999 to 2003 returned to MSF as the executive director of the Access Campaign. For the following three years she was leading a global analysis and advocacy team whose goal was to guarantee that appropriate medicines, vaccines and diagnostics are developed, available, affordable and adapted to people's needs.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: In 2022 the most critical subjects the campaign is aided to, are rising antimicrobial resistance and outbreaks of epidemic diseases such as Ebola and COVID. Still a lot of vaccines, diagnostics and medicines are inaccessible for people in need.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF staff are sometimes attacked or kidnapped. In some countries, humanitarian-aid organizations are viewed as helping the enemy. If an aid mission is perceived to be exclusively set up for victims on one side of the conflict, it may come under attack. However, the War on Terrorism has generated attitudes among some groups in US-occupied countries that non-governmental aid organizations such as MSF are allied with or even work for the Coalition forces. Insecurity in cities in Afghanistan and Iraq rose significantly following United States operations, and MSF has declared that providing aid in these countries was too dangerous. The organization was forced to evacuate its teams from Afghanistan on 28 July 2004, after five staff (Afghans Fasil Ahmad and Besmillah, Belgian Hélène de Beir, Norwegian Egil Tynæs, and Dutchman Willem Kwint) were killed on 2 June in an ambush by unidentified militia near Khair Khāna in Badghis Province. In June 2007, Elsa Serfass, a staff member with MSF-France, was killed in the Central African Republic and in January 2008, two expatriate staff (Damien Lehalle and Victor Okumu) and a national staff member (Mohammed Bidhaan Ali) were killed in an organized attack in Somalia resulting in the closing of the project.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: Arrests and abductions in politically unstable regions can also occur for volunteers, and in some cases, MSF field missions can be expelled entirely from a country. Arjan Erkel, Head of Mission in Dagestan in the North Caucasus, was kidnapped and held hostage in an unknown location by unknown abductors from 12 August 2002 until 11 April 2004. Paul Foreman, head of MSF-Holland, was arrested in Sudan in May 2005 for refusing to divulge documents used in compiling a report on rapes carried out by the pro-government Janjaweed militias (see Darfur conflict). Foreman cited the privacy of the women involved, and MSF alleged that the Sudanese government had arrested him because it disliked the bad publicity generated by the report.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 14 August 2013, MSF announced that it was closing all of its programmes in Somalia due to attacks on its staff by Al-Shabaab militants and perceived indifference or inurement to this by the governmental authorities and wider society.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 3 October 2015, 14 staff and 28 others died when an MSF hospital was bombed by American forces during the Battle of Kunduz. On 7 October 2015, US President Barack Obama issued an apology. Doctors Without Borders was not satisfied by Obama's apology.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 27 October 2015, an MSF hospital in Sa'dah, Yemen, was bombed by the Saudi Arabia-led military coalition.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 28 November 2015, an MSF-supported hospital was barrel-bombed by a Syrian Air Force helicopter, killing seven and wounding forty-seven people near Homs, Syria.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 10 January 2016, an MSF-supported hospital in Sa'dah was bombed by the Saudi Arabia-led military coalition, killing six people.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 15 February 2016, two MSF-supported hospitals in Idlib District and Aleppo, Syria were bombed, killing at least 20 and injuring dozens of patients and medical personnel. Both Russia and the United States denied responsibility and being in the area at the time.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 28 April 2016, an MSF hospital in Aleppo was bombed, killing 50, including six staff and patients.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: On 12 May 2020, an MSF-supported hospital in Dasht-e-Barchi, Kabul, Afghanistan, was attacked by an unknown assailant. The attack left 24 people dead and at least 20 more injured.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The then president of MSF, James Orbinski, gave the Nobel Peace Prize speech on behalf of the organization. In the opening, he discusses the conditions of the victims of the Rwandan genocide and focuses on one of his woman patients:


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF received the Lasker-Bloomberg Public Service Award in 2015 from the New York based Lasker Foundation.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: The French game show "Jeux Sans Frontières" ("Games Without Frontiers") is older, being first broadcast in Europe in 1965.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: A number of other unrelated non-governmental organizations have adopted names ending in "Sans Frontières" or "Without Borders", inspired by Médecins Sans Frontières: for example, Engineers Without Borders, Avocats Sans Frontières (Lawyers Without Borders), Reporters sans frontières (Reporters Without Borders), Charpentiers sans frontières (Carpenters Without Borders), Payasos Sin Fronteras (Clowns Without Borders), Bibliothèques Sans Frontières, Soldiers without Borders militaires Sans Frontiéres and Homeopaths Without Borders.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: There have been several significant scandals including sexual misconduct, racism, exploitation and other similar cases, including exploitation of patients in their care, including children and staff. The charity's response to these scandals has been considered weak.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: One scandal involves exploitative images taken and sold without consent of patients. Images include a mourning mother standing over her dead baby boy, child rape survivors and sexual and domestic abuse survivors.


title: Médecins Sans Frontières

text: MSF's funding model has come under scrutiny after BlackRock donated $500,000 towards its COVID-19 crisis fund, leading to calls of hypocrisy from staff and other humanitarian organisations.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: The Descent Part 2 is a 2009 British adventure horror film and sequel to the 2005 horror film "The Descent". It was directed by Jon Harris from a screenplay by James McCarthy, J Blakeson, and James Watkins. The film was produced by Christian Colson and Ivana MacKinnon; Neil Marshall, the writer and director of the original, was an executive producer. Shot in London and Surrey, it was released in cinemas in the UK on 2 December 2009 and was given a straight-to-DVD release on 27 April 2010 in the US.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Two days after the events of the first film, a traumatized and blood-covered Sarah escapes the cave system with no memory of what happened. She is taken to a hospital, where the doctor finds that some of the blood on her is of the same blood type as Juno, one of her missing friends. Sheriff Vaines and his deputy Rios bring along the amnesiac Sarah and three potholing cave specialists – Dan, Greg, and Cath – to find the missing women in the cave system. They are sent down via an old mine shaft operated by an old man, Ed.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: The group discovers Rebecca's mutilated body near the entrance, causing Sarah to experience flashbacks of the events in the cave system before her escape. Vaines believes that she was responsible for the other women's disappearances. While crawling through a tunnel, Sarah suddenly attacks Vaines and Greg before fleeing.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: When the team splits up in search of her, Vaines accidentally discharges his pistol after a crawler scares him. As a result, part of the cavern collapses and traps Cath under a pile of rocks, separating her from the rest. They decide to find an alternate way around in order to try to free Cath and arrive in a room full of bones, finding Holly's damaged video camera among the debris. They watch the recordings and realize the missing women had been attacked by the crawlers. Sarah, hiding nearby, overhears the recording and regains her memories. A panicked Rios starts calling for help, alerting the crawlers to her location. Sarah saves her by covering her mouth, as the crawlers are blind and they hunt by relying on sound. The two of them watch and wait as a crawler kills Dan and drags his body away.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Meanwhile, Cath squeezes her way out and kills a crawler by crushing it under the rocks. She runs into Greg; they escape from another crawler and find Samantha's body dangling from the ceiling across a chasm. They decide to use her body to swing across the chasm, but are attacked by crawlers again. Greg sacrifices himself to buy time for Cath. Although Cath gets to the other side of the chasm, she attracts a crawler when she breaks down and screams Greg's name, and is killed.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Elsewhere, Vaines is attacked by a crawler but is saved by Juno, who is revealed to be still alive and adept at fighting the crawlers. Sarah and Rios kill a crawler in a pool. They soon meet Vaines and Juno, and are shocked to see Juno alive. Juno is furious that Sarah left her to die after stabbing her leg with a pickaxe. Juno almost kills her before Rios lies that Sarah brought them to find her voluntarily. Juno then leads them to a feeding pit, which she claims has a passage to the surface that the crawlers use to gather food from above ground. Vaines handcuffs Sarah to himself so that she will not abandon them as she did to Juno. When he falls over a ledge, he almost drags Sarah down with him. As crawlers approach them, Juno orders Rios to cut off Vaines's hand to save Sarah. Despite his protests, she does so, causing Vaines and the crawlers, now latched onto him, to fall to their deaths.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Sarah, Juno, and Rios reach the exit, where they are blocked by a group of crawlers led by their large leader. They try to sneak past but Greg, who is dying from his injuries, appears and grabs Juno's leg in a last effort to save himself. She screams and attracts the crawlers. Greg dies and the women are left to fight once again. After all of the crawlers are killed, Sarah tries to rescue Juno from the leader, but it slashes Juno's stomach, mortally wounding her. Sarah then kills it before Juno dies in her arms. When more crawlers arrive, Sarah draws their attention to herself by screaming, giving Rios a chance to escape.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Rios escapes from the cave and tries to call for help. However, she is knocked unconscious with a shovel by Ed, who drags her back to the cave entrance and leaves her there. As Rios slowly regains consciousness, a blood-covered crawler emerges from the cave with its arms outstretched.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Due to the first film being a commercial and critical success, it was decided that a sequel would be produced. While Neil Marshall would not direct the film, he was assigned to oversee its production as an executive producer.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Marshall received the first draft of the film in late July 2006, with no directors or cast in mind. He made it clear that he intended to incorporate more of the feeling of claustrophobia like that of a particular scene in the previous film. Marshall told Bloody-Disgusting.com about new ideas for the film, "The monsters they can deal with, and a bit of the claustrophobia, they can deal with, but the combination is definitely something we want to incorporate that into the sequel, by putting the monster and the girls in a really tight spot." Jon Harris, the editor of the first film, was brought on to direct and edit the sequel. It is his only directing credit as of 2019.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: When "The Descent" was released in 2006 Lionsgate, the distributor, edited out the last minute of the film, changing the ending. When Dreadcentral.com asked Marshall which of the film's two endings the sequel would be picking up after, he said that it would not be announced until he approved a script.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Filming began in May 2008 at Ealing Studios in London. Ealing Studios was featured on BBC London in June 2008 going behind the scenes of the filming of "Part 2". In that broadcast its confirmed that Shauna MacDonald would be returning to play her character Sarah and that most of the other original cast members would return, some in flashbacks and possible hallucinations. The film was shot on all three of the main stages at Ealing Studios and some scenes were filmed on location at the Bourne Woods near Farnham in southwest Surrey, England. "Part 2" consisted of making 30 caves for the film while the first film only had 18 practical cave sets made.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: The production designer was Simon Bowles, who designed the original film, with Mark Scruton as supervising art director. The sets were built by DRS Construction and Armordillo The film used elaborate sets, miniatures, and blue screen digital images. This was revealed on BBC London's behind-the-scenes look. The VFX and digital set extensions were created by Swedish VFX company Filmgate.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: The film was originally set to be released by Pathé in May 2009, but was delayed. It was released in France on 14 October, Japan on 7 November and Argentina on 19 November. It was released in UK cinemas on 4 December 2009. The film did not reach its expectation in the UK debuting at No. 9 making the first week domestic gross £313,739. Total gross in the UK stands at £674,550. In France the film has proven successful reaching No. 5 and grossing $1,097,535 in its opening weekend. Total gross in France now stands at $2,438,834. After calculating the film's box office performance and DVD sales it earned roughly 25% of "The Descent"'s final gross.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: Despite doing average business at the box office, the film fared much better with DVD sales, making over $7 million in the US alone.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: The US release date for The "Descent: Part 2" was announced by the Weinstein Company on 12 February 2010 and was set for 27 April 2010, as a straight to DVD release through Lionsgate Home Entertainment. During its first week of release, it sold 46,000 units, with a gross of $982,000.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: A Blu-ray version of the film has yet to be released in the US. The film debuted on Blu-ray in the UK by Pathé via 20th Century Fox Home Entertainment on April 12, 2010 as a Region B Locked disc.


title: The Descent Part 2

text: , 51% of 39 reviews are positive on Rotten Tomatoes, and the average rating is 5.1/10. The website's critical consensus states, ""The Descent 2" goes spelunking for its predecessors' unnerving power but never digs beyond surface chills, although this efficient splatterfest contains enough nasty set pieces to sate the gore-prone." Tim Robey of "The Telegraph" gave the film 3/5 stars, stating, "Though it stretches credulity... The last half-hour is a tense team scramble to get out, and stay out, but the best move in this above-par shocker is digging right back into the claustrophobic emotional traumas which made Part One so thrilling."


title: The Descent Part 2

text: "Variety" gave the film a mixed review stating, "Treading closely in the steps of its predecessor in every sense, the sequel has less emotional nuance, shows more of the monsters and opts this time for a less-interesting coed cast instead of the all-femme crew used so effectively in the original. Nevertheless, as popcorn entertainment, it delivers, and should satisfy fans on all platforms."


title: The Descent Part 2

text: When asked about the film years later, Marshall stated that it was "totally unnecessary. The first film resolves itself, whichever ending you choose. It wraps it up in a way that was bleak, whichever way you cut it. The second film began and it didn’t pick up from either ending."


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: Rocky is a 2021 Indian Tamil language action crime film written and directed by debutant Arun Matheswaran. Produced by RA Studios and distributed by Rowdy Pictures. the film stars Vasanth Ravi, Bharathiraja and Raveena Ravi in the lead roles, and the music is composed by Darbuka Siva.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: The film released on 23 December 2021, received positive reviews from critics and audience, where it ran for 50 days and became a critical and commercial success at the box office.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: Rocky is a hitman, who is released from prison where he learns that his sister Amutha has left the city and stays at his friend Mahalingam's house, where he enquires a gangster named Samy about Amutha, but to no avail. Mahalingam finds through Nadarajan that Amudha is in Sellur, which he informs to Rocky. Meanwhile, A flashback reveals that Rocky lived with his mother Malli and Amutha in Madras. He worked with a drug smuggler named Manimaran. Malli objected to Rocky's decision for working with Manimaran, as her husband (Rocky's father) had worked and lost his life working with Manimaran. Rocky heads to Sellur where he meets a pregnant Amutha, who berates him for his mistakes but reconciles with him.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: Suddenly, Manimaran's henchman, along with an Inspector arrive, where they knock Rocky and kill Amutha. Rocky awakens alongside Nadarajan, who learns about the incident. They reach the Inspector's hideout and brutally kill the Inspector and the henchmen. Rocky heads to Samy's lodge where he tortures Samy's assistant, who reveals Manimaran's location in an abandoned construction site in Meenjur, He also kills him afterwards. They reach the site only to fight with the goons resulting in Nadarajan being killed. Rocky kills most of the goons including Samy, where he confronts Manimaran, only to learn that they killed Amutha's husband.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: Amutha's daughter is the only lone survivor where she is held by Manimaran's right-hand Thanraj at knifepoint. Rocky escapes along with Amutha's daughter after knocking Manimaran and Thanraj where they leave for Malli's village in Tamil Eelam. It is revealed again in a flashback that Rocky killed Manimaran's son when Manimaran's son was jealous of Rocky who took over the consignment and was berated by Manimaran, due to which Manimaran's son killed Malli. During the journey, Rocky learns about his niece name: Malli, who was name after Malli and a bond grows between them.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: Thanraj kills Mahalingam and traces Rocky and Malli in Dhanushkodi, where he tries to kill him, but Rocky kills him by stabbing his eyes with a sharp object and kills the remaining henchmen. While reaching Dhanushkodi, Rocky faces Manimaran and the entire criminal fraternity of Madras where he kills all of them using a M134 Minigun, which was actually a part of the consignment secretly kept by Rocky. With no one else to trouble him as Manimaran committed suicide, Rocky along with Malli leaves on a boat en route to Malli's village, where Malli ask Rocky that if she could tell a story about an eagle.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: The soundtrack and score was composed by Darbuka Siva and the album featured three songs. The audio rights were acquired by Lahari Music.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: "Rocky" received critical acclaim from critics and audience, who praised the cast performances (particularly Ravi and Bharathiraja), action sequences, direction, narrative style and technical aspects.


title: Rocky (2021 film)

text: Ashameera Aiyappan of "Firstpost" rated the film with 4 out of 5 stating that, "With Rocky, Director Arun Matheswaran and DOP Shreyas Krishnaa manipulate the space on-screen with great finesse to communicate the emotional psyche of the characters." Suganth of "The Times of India" gave a rating of 4 out of 5 and wrote, "Rocky is gloriously violent and deeply sentimental". Manoj Kumar of "Indian Express" gave a rating of 3.5 out of 5 and wrote, "None before Arun Matheswaran had dared to graphically depict violence in such a way. The film's setup innately compromises the separation between good versus evil. It is a demon versus demon and we have to root for the lesser evil." Janani of "India Today" rated the film with 3 out of 5 stating that, "Rocky is a leaf out of the John Wick universe, but Indian style."


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: Nicholas Farrar Hughes (January 17, 1962 – March 16, 2009) was an English-American fisheries biologist known as an expert in stream salmonid ecology. Hughes was the son of the American poet Sylvia Plath and English poet Ted Hughes, and the younger brother of artist and poet Frieda Hughes. He and his sister were public figures as small children due to the circumstances of their mother's widely publicized suicide. Hughes held dual British/American citizenship.


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: Nicholas was born in North Tawton, Devon, England in 1962. Through his father's mother, Hughes was related to Nicholas Ferrar (1592–1637).


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: After her son was born, Plath wrote most of the poems that would comprise her most famous collection of poems (the posthumously published "Ariel"), and published her semi-autobiographical novel about mental illness, "The Bell Jar". In the summer of 1962, Ted Hughes began an affair with Assia Wevill; Hughes and Plath separated in the autumn of 1962. On February 11, 1963, while Nicholas, age one, and his sister Frieda, two and a half, slept upstairs, Plath taped shut the doorframe of the room in which the children slept, then placed towels around the kitchen door to make sure fumes could not escape to harm the children, and died by suicide using the toxic gas from the kitchen oven.


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: After their mother Sylvia Plath's 1963 suicide, their father Ted Hughes installed his current lover Assia Wevill in the family home to take care of his & Plath's two children, Frieda & Nicholas.


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: In 1970 Ted Hughes married his long-time lover Carol Orchard, and the children continued their life on the family farm in Devon.


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: Despite the posthumous fame of Sylvia Plath, and the growing literary and biographical writings about her death, Nicholas was not told about the circumstances of his mother's suicide until the 1970s. In 1998, Ted Hughes published "Birthday Letters", over 30 years of poems about Plath, which he dedicated to his two children.


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: Hughes was passionate about wildlife, especially fish. He attended Oxford University, receiving a BA degree in zoology in 1984. From 1984 to 1991, he worked in Fairbanks, Alaska as a research assistant at the Alaska Cooperative Fish and Wildlife Research Unit, part of the Biological Resources Division of the United States Geological Survey, and from 1990 to 1991, he was a student intern with the Sportfish Division of the Alaska Department of Fish and Game. In 1991, he earned a Ph.D. in biology from University of Alaska Fairbanks (UAF).


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: After receiving his doctorate, Hughes held positions of increasing responsibility, instructing at UAF's School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences in 1991–1992 and working as a research associate with UAF's Institute of Arctic Biology from 1992 to 1998. He held a post-doctoral fellowship from 1993 to 1995 with the Behavioral Ecology Research Group at Simon Fraser University in Burnaby, British Columbia and was a research associate there from 1995 to 1998. In September 1998, he became an assistant professor in the School of Fisheries and Ocean Science at UAF. Hughes studied stream salmonid ecology and conducted research both in the Alaska Interior and in New Zealand. He was a member of the American Fisheries Society.


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: During his scientific career, Hughes advanced the field of stream ecology as a prominent Alaskan biologist. According to Fairbanks reporter Dermot Cole:


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: Hughes resigned from his faculty position at UAF in December 2006, but continued his scientific research of king salmon until his death.


title: Nicholas Hughes

text: On March 16, 2009, Hughes hanged himself in his home in Fairbanks, Alaska. According to his sister Frieda and his UAF colleagues, he had long been battling with depression.


title: George Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston

text: George Nathaniel Curzon, 1st Marquess Curzon of Kedleston, (11 January 1859 – 20 March 1925), styled Lord Curzon of Kedleston between 1898 and 1911 and then Earl Curzon of Kedleston between 1911 and 1921, was a British Conservative statesman who served as Viceroy of India from 1899 to 1905.


text: During the First World War, Curzon was Leader of the House of Lords and from December 1916 served in the small War Cabinet of Prime Minister David Lloyd George and in the War Policy Committee. He went on to serve as Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs at the Foreign Office from 1919 to 1924.


text: In 1923, Curzon was a contender for the office of Prime Minister, but Bonar Law and some other leading Conservatives preferred Stanley Baldwin for the office.


text: Curzon was the eldest son and the second of the eleven children of Alfred Curzon, 4th Baron Scarsdale (1831–1916), who was the Rector of Kedleston in Derbyshire. George Curzon's mother was Blanche (1837–1875), the daughter of Joseph Pocklington Senhouse of Netherhall in Cumberland. He was born at Kedleston Hall, built on the site where his family, who were of Norman ancestry, had lived since the 12th century. His mother, exhausted by childbirth, died when George was 16; her husband survived her by 41 years. Neither parent exerted a major influence on Curzon's life. Scarsdale was an austere and unindulgent father who believed that landowners should stay on their land and not indefinitely tour the world for pleasure. He disapproved of the journeys across Asia between 1887 and 1895 which made his son one of the most travelled men to be a member of any British cabinet. An influential presence in Curzon's childhood was that of his brutal, sadistic governess, Ellen Mary Paraman, whose tyranny in the nursery stimulated his combative qualities and encouraged the obsessional side of his nature. Paraman used to beat him and periodically forced him to parade through the village wearing a conical hat bearing the words "liar", "sneak", and "coward". Curzon later noted, "No children well born and well-placed ever cried so much and so justly."


text: He was educated at Wixenford School, Eton College, and Balliol College, Oxford. His over-intimate relationship at Eton College with Oscar Browning led to the latter's dismissal. A spinal injury incurred whilst riding during his adolescence was a lifelong impediment to Curzon that required him to wear a metal corset for the remainder of his life.