title: Paper Mario

text: Unlike the previous games, "Super Paper Mario" features gameplay more closely related to platforming rather than role-playing. Mario can switch between 2D and 3D, which rotates the camera 90 degrees to change the game's perspective. When he swaps dimensions, hidden elements become visible. Mario is aided by other allies called Pixls, who have different abilities. For example, the Pixl Thoreau allows Mario to pick up and throw objects. Instead of a turn-based combat system, battles take place in the overworld in real-time; upon victory, Mario is awarded XP.


title: Paper Mario

text: "" is a cross-genre video game released for the Nintendo 3DS in 2012. In the game, the Mushroom Kingdom is celebrating the Sticker Fest, an annual event where the residents can wish upon the Sticker Comet and have their wishes granted by the Royal Stickers living inside the comet. However, Bowser appears and destroys the comet, scattering the six Royal Stickers across the kingdom. Mario, allied by a sticker named Kersti, search for the lost stickers to fix the Sticker Comet.


title: Paper Mario

text: "Sticker Star"s gameplay relies heavily on stickers, which can be found stuck in the overworld, purchased from in-game shops using coins, or received from other NPCs. In combat, Mario's abilities depend on the stickers obtained; for example, a Jump Sticker allows Mario to jump and stomp on his enemies. Other stickers, called Thing Stickers, resemble real world objects that can either be used as a powerful attack against enemies or can be used to solve puzzles in the overworld. Alongside the use of stickers, Mario can "Paperize" the environment to flatten his surroundings and reveal stickers and other secrets.


title: Paper Mario

text: "" is a cross-genre video game released for the Wii U in 2016. In "Color Splash", Mario and Peach discover a color-drained Toad, prompting them to sail to Prism Island to investigate the oddity. After noticing the island is also color-drained, they speak to Huey, guardian of the Prisma Island fountain, who explains that the six Big Paint Stars that give the island color have been scattered, later revealed to be Bowser's doing.


title: Paper Mario

text: "Color Splash" preserves certain elements of gameplay introduced in "Sticker Star". Mario is equipped with a paint hammer; various containers of red, yellow, and blue paint can be found that can be applied to Mario's hammer. When he hits something in the overworld, an uncolored object is colored and rewards items such as coins. The player can use the Wii U GamePad to trace a hole in the paper environment to reveal secrets, known as the "Cutout" ability. Much like "Sticker Star", the player pre-determines their action in combat with cards to determine the action and target. Cards can be collected in the overworld or purchased in shops. Thing Cards are present, which function similarly to Thing Stickers in "Sticker Star".


title: Paper Mario

text: "" is a cross-genre video game released for the Nintendo Switch in 2020. Mario and Luigi head to Toad Town in the Mushroom Kingdom, which they discover to be abandoned. At Peach's Castle, they discover Peach brainwashed and folded into origami by King Olly. Many other residents, including Bowser, have met a similar fate. King Olly covers the castle in five decorative streamers and Mario, aided by Olly's sister Olivia, head out to destroy the streamers and defeat Olly.


title: Paper Mario

text: Unlike "Sticker Star" and "Color Splash", the game reintroduces some RPG elements. The game brings back allies, albeit in a simplified role compared to the first two "Paper Mario" games. Mario has an ability called the 1000-Fold Arms, which gives him oversized arms that can be used to tear parts of the environment to reveal secrets. Additionally, he possesses a bag of confetti, which is used to fill in empty holes of the overworld. Combat emphasizes puzzle-solving on a circular combat field; the circle is divided into rings and the player is given time to rotate the rings horizontally and vertically to line up the enemies and deal more damage.


title: Paper Mario

text: "", known as "Mario & Luigi: Paper Jam Bros." in Europe and Australia, is a role-playing video game developed by AlphaDream and published by Nintendo for the Nintendo 3DS in 2015. It is a crossover between the "Paper Mario" series and Nintendo's other spin-off series, "Mario & Luigi". In "Paper Jam", Luigi accidentally knocks over a book that contains the Paper Mario universe, which causes the two universes to cross over and spread "Paper Mario" residents all over the Mushroom Kingdom. The two Bowsers from both universes team up to kidnap both Peaches.


title: Paper Mario

text: Although "Paper Jam" is a crossover, its gameplay is more similar to "Mario & Luigi" than "Paper Mario"'s. The player simultaneously controls Mario and Luigi, who use their usual abilities, and Paper Mario, whose actions are paper-inspired, which include folding into a shuriken in combat, and performing a high-damage attack by stacking multiple copies of himself.


title: Paper Mario

text: Intelligent Systems was founded after Tohru Narihiro was hired as an employee by Nintendo to port games on the Famicom Disk System to cartridges in the 1980s. Narihiro went on to develop successful games in the "Wars" and "Fire Emblem" series, which allowed him to expand his company with additional artists and developers.


title: Paper Mario

text: "Super Mario RPG", which was released on the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES), was the first "Mario" role-playing game and was developed by Square. Square used experimental gameplay mechanics, such as timed button presses to deal more damage in combat, to try to ease fans into finding interest in the genre. Although Nintendo wanted Square to create another RPG game, Square later signed a deal with Sony Interactive Entertainment to create "Final Fantasy VII" on the original PlayStation. Instead, Nintendo hired Intelligent Systems to create an RPG for their newest console, the Nintendo 64. Game development began shortly after the console's release in Japan in 1996. The game, produced by Shigeru Miyamoto, was originally planned to be a sequel to "Super Mario RPG," "Super Mario RPG 2", used a similar graphics style to its predecessor, and was to be released on the 64DD, a disk drive add-on for the Nintendo 64. Naohiko Aoyama, the game's art designer, later switched the graphics to a paper-like style because he believed players might prefer a game with "cute" 2D character designs instead of one with low-polygon 3D graphics. Development took four years and was released in August 2000 towards the end of the console's lifecycle with the Nintendo GameCube nearing announcement. The game was titled "Mario Story" in Japan and "Paper Mario" in North America.


title: Paper Mario

text: At the 2003 Game Developers Conference, Nintendo announced a direct sequel to the previous game, "The Thousand-Year Door". The game had a playable demo at E3 2004, and was released worldwide later that year as "The Thousand-Year Door" internationally and "Paper Mario RPG" in Japan. By the time the game was released, another series of "Mario" RPGs, "Mario & Luigi", was created for Nintendo's handheld consoles. The first game in the series, "", was developed by AlphaDream and released for the Game Boy Advance in 2003. Kensuke Tanabe, the supervisor of "The Thousand-Year Door", and assistant producer Risa Tabata drew inspiration from Miyamoto to introduce different gameplay concepts to make the series more entertaining. In a 2020 interview, Tanabe acknowledged the difficulty of maintaining motivation when every game in the series is the same, leading them to explore bigger changes in each game's gameplay and design team.


title: Paper Mario

text: The series underwent changes in an attempt to reach new and various audiences. For "Super Paper Mario", game director Ryota Kawade wanted to surprise fans of the series with new concepts that did not appear in the previous games. When the idea of being able to alternatively switch from 2D to 3D was conceptualized, he presented the idea to the new producer, Tanabe. When Tanabe approved, they both agreed that the idea would work well as an action-adventure video game rather than an RPG, and real-time combat was also introduced to fit the idea. Despite the changes, Tanabe asked the writers to keep the plot similar to a role-playing game's. "Super Paper Mario" was announced for the GameCube at E3 2006, but it was ported to the Wii in mid-2006 before being released in April 2007. Since the game was intended to be played on a GameCube controller, it did not take advantage of Wii's new motion controls.


title: Paper Mario

text: Trailers for "Sticker Star" were shown at E3 2010, E3 2011, and Nintendo World 2011, but its title was not announced until E3 2012, and the game was released later in the year. As Miyamoto was no longer the series producer, he asked the developers to not create any new characters and instead use established pre-existing ones in the "Mario" franchise; Nintendo's intellectual property team enforced this statement into future games in the series. He also asked to change the combat system from "The Thousand-Year Door", and to remove most of the story elements due to early feedback from fans.


title: Paper Mario

text: "Paper Jam"'s development was mainly inspired by "Sticker Star". AlphaDream wanted to use a third button to control a third character in their newest game, and felt Paper Mario would fit the role. Every game in the series from "Color Splash" onward has a white paper outline around Mario; the developers of "Paper Jam" needed to differentiate the characters from the separate series.


title: Paper Mario

text: As the Wii U has more graphical power than previous Nintendo consoles, development for "Color Splash" emphasized the console's graphics and controls. The artists made the graphics look like paper and craft materials, and the Wii U GamePad heavily influenced player combat as the developers found the motion controls fun to use. Producer Kensuke Tenabe limited the variety of character designs and continued to exempt original characters, out of respect to series creator Shigeru Miyamoto. The game was announced via a Nintendo Direct presentation in early 2016. The game received negative reception afterwards, as fans were frustrated the series was following an action-adventure genre format like "Sticker Star". Tanabe mentioned that "Mario & Luigi" would replace "Paper Mario" as the RPG series and Tabata noted that the "Paper Mario" series would focus more on non-RPG elements, such as "puzzle-solving" and "humor", to differentiate the two. The game released worldwide in early October 2016 and became the lowest-selling game in the series, possibly due to the low sales of the Wii U and the announcement of the Nintendo Switch prior to its release. "Paper Jam" was the last game in the "Mario & Luigi" series created by AlphaDream before the company filed for bankruptcy in 2019.


title: Paper Mario

text: "Paper Mario: The Origami King" was planned to be announced for the 35th anniversary of "Super Mario Bros." in early September 2020, but was instead announced in mid-May the same year. After the game was leaked for PC emulators, the game released worldwide in mid-July 2020. "The Origami King" is the first game in the series that Miyamoto was not actively involved with. Despite the appearance some iconic characters from the mainline Mario series and the return of allies, critics were still disappointed in their lack of role in the plot and other gameplay aspects. The game features large overworlds instead of linear-based levels in the previous games.


title: Paper Mario

text: In a 2020 interview with "Video Games Chronicle", Tanabe reaffirmed from previous interviews that while he makes note of general criticisms, he makes sure not to ignore "casual players" and new fans of the series. With this in mind, "The Origami King" greatly focused on puzzle-solving. Tanabe said that he could not satisfy every fan amidst the core veterans and casual players, and instead attempted to gravitate towards new concepts, which is why "The Origami King" used origami as a new paper-like theme. Tanabe explained how the game's writing was kept broad in its context and format so it could be understood by other ages and cultures. He has since kept away from a complicated plot due to how it "led the game away from the "Mario" universe", and instead created a story where different locales would be tied to specific memorable events. Tanabe also noted that it was no longer possible to bring back original characters since "Sticker Star".


title: Paper Mario

text: "Paper Mario" received critical acclaim when released; the game was positively received for its combination of roleplaying, platforming, and pre-existing elements from the "Mario" franchise. Its writing and characters received additional praise. Publications, such as Nintendo Power and "GameSpot", listed it among the best games on the Nintendo 64. It was listed as the 63rd best game on a Nintendo console in "Nintendo Power"s "Top 200 Games" in 2006.


title: Paper Mario

text: "The Thousand-Year Door" is often ranked as one of the best games in the series. Reviewers praised the game's plot and characters, with "Eurogamer" considering the story whimsical in tone. The new paper-based game and audience mechanics were also lauded. "The Thousand Year Door" won "Role Playing Game of the Year" at the 2005 Interactive Achievement Awards.


title: Paper Mario

text: Despite deviating from the RPG style, "Super Paper Mario" still generally received positive reviews. The concept of changing dimensions received praise, though there were some complaints for underdeveloped gameplay. Some reviewers criticized the plot as overly complicated, but most praised the game's writing and humor. The game was commonly listed as one of the best games on the Wii.


title: Paper Mario

text: "Sticker Star" received more mixed reviews than its predecessors. Critics enjoyed the graphics, world scale, and characters, although the lack of character design variety, and gameplay mechanics such as the stickers, were not well-received. While some critics enjoyed the additional layer of strategy, like Philip Kollar of "Polygon" considering it engaging, multiple functions of the stickers were criticized. Thing Stickers were considered one of the game's biggest weaknesses, and stickers in general were disliked for having only one solution to each puzzle and frequently requiring players to backtrack. "Sticker Star" was overall disdained by fans for the loss of a strategic combat system.


title: Paper Mario

text: Upon its reveal, fans criticized "Color Splash" for continuing the trend of action-adventure installments, and a Change.org petition calling for its cancellation was created. The game was initially disparaged further when it was announced, but received generally positive reviews upon release. Most reviewers praised the redefined graphics, and soundtrack, but combat was considered too simplistic and some reviewers noted its lack of overall necessity to the game. "Giant Bomb" reviewer Dan Ryckert observed that the primary function of coins was to buy cards for combat, which awarded coins in return; he considered the overall system pointless. Ryckert also criticized the depiction of characters, such as the abundance of Toads for lacking in original designs that past entries had.


title: Paper Mario

text: "The Origami King" is considered the best game in the series since "Super Paper Mario", as it re-added favored RPG elements and removed unwanted features, though it was still criticized for continuing the action-adventure format. It was praised for its interactive elements, writing, characters, and worldbuilding. Of these elements were hidden Toads, which reviewers commonly called fun and enjoyable, commending their humorous dialogue and interesting hiding spots. Reviewers gave the game's combat system a mixed reception; it was liked for its unique layer of strategy, but dreaded for being difficult and unrewarding. One of "GameSpot"'s few criticisms of the game included the character designs being less charming than past entries.


title: Paper Mario

text: The three games since "Sticker Star" were strongly criticized for the removal of elements that made the games RPGs, such as an XP system (which critics believed made combat unnecessary), the removal of new and original characters, and the removal of other unique aspects from prior games.


title: Paper Mario

text: The "Paper Mario" series has been used as inspiration for various indie games. According to Jose Fernando Gracia of Moonsprout Games, the game designer behind "", the "Paper Mario" series was a major inspiration for the game's development. "Bug Fables" is similar to the first two games in the "Paper Mario" series, which Gracia considers to be the reason for the game's success. He said that creating a combat system similar to "Paper Mario" was simple, but not as much as maintaining a similar style of humor. Nicolas Lamarche, who is developing "Born of Bread" with Gabriel Bolduc Dufour, said that it retains core RPG gameplay concepts from the "Paper Mario" games. He mentioned how his ultimate goal was to curate what made the RPG elements so special. Similar games the series has inspired include "Scrap Story", "Seahorse Saga", and "Tinykin".


title: Paper Mario

text: "Paper Mario" was the best-selling game in its first week in Japan and other regions, and has sold 1.3 million copies, making it one of the best-selling games on the Nintendo 64. Similar to "Paper Mario", "The Thousand-Year Door" was the top selling game in Japan in its first week, and sold over 1.3 million copies since 2007. It is the thirteenth best-selling game on the Nintendo GameCube. "Super Paper Mario" was the top selling game of the week upon release in Japan, and ranked as the third best-selling game on the Wii in April 2007, similar to its predecessors. By 2008, the game had sold around 2.3 million units worldwide. As of 2019, the game had sold about 4.3 million copies and is the best-selling "Paper Mario" game to date. "Sticker Star" sold around 400,000 copies in Japan by 2012, and almost 2 million worldwide by March 2013. As of 2020, the game had reached almost 2.5 million sales and is also one of the best-selling games on the Nintendo 3DS. According to a whitepaper published by the Japanese Computer Entertainment Supplier's Association, "Color Splash" had sold over 60,000 units in Japan and nearly 1.2 million copies worldwide by July 2020, making it one of the best-selling Wii U games. "The Origami King" had the best launch in the series, having doubled the launch sales of "Super Paper Mario" in the U.S., and the series' best launch in its first month. By December 2020, the game had sold 3.05 million copies and is the second highest selling in the series, becoming one of the best-selling games on the Nintendo Switch.


title: Paper Mario

text: Various "Paper Mario" elements have been featured in the "Super Smash Bros." series. The most prominent is the "Paper Mario" stage, a map based on multiple games in the series that folds into multiple areas with themes of specific games, such as "Sticker Star" and "The Thousand-Year Door". The map first appeared in "Super Smash Bros. for Nintendo 3DS and Wii U" in 2014, and later appeared in "Super Smash Bros. Ultimate" in 2018. Additionally, "Ultimate" has featured "spirits"in-game collectibles representing various video game characters based on characters from the series. The most recently added were three characters from "The Origami King" in August 2020, being King Olly, Olivia, and Princess Peach after having been folded into origami.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: Tulsi Kumar Dua popularly known as Tulsi Kumar is an Indian playback singer, radio jockey, musician, and actress in the Bollywood industry. She was born to businessman Gulshan Kumar who was the owner of T Series and Great Singer and his wife Sudesh Kumari. She is the sister of film producer Bhushan Kumar & actress Khushali Kumar. She also owns Kids Hut, a YouTube channel owned by record label T-Series, featuring children's content including nursery rhymes and stories.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: In 2009, her debut album, "Love ho Jaaye", was released. Along with the album, Kumar made a music video for the title track. She also sang "Mujhe Teri" from the movie "Paathshaala" and "Tum Jo Aaye" from "Once Upon a Time in Mumbaai".


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: She sang the song "Mainu Ishq Da Lagya Rog" in 2015, through which her sister Khushali made her screen debut. It is a recreated version of the original song from the movie "Dil Hai Ke Manta Nahin".


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: Kumar sang "Soch Na Sake", "Sanam Re", "Nachange Sari Raat", "Ishq Di Latt", "Salamat", "Dekh Lena", "Wajah Tum Ho", "Dil Ke Pass", and "Dil Mein Chupa Lunga" in 2016 she also duoed with Guru Randhawa in Enni Soni in 2019.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: In 2020, during the COVID-19 lockdown, she released several songs where she collaborated with Darshan Raval on Tere Naal, Millind Gaba on Naam. Her blockbuster single ""Tanhaai"" was released on T-Series official YouTube channel and has gained over 11 crore views on YouTube.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: In 2021, Kumar released the single ""Pehle Pyaar Ka Pehla Gham"" sung along with Jubin Nautiyal. The music video features Parth Samthaan and her sister Khushali. In February 2021, she released a new song ""Main Jis Din Bhula Doon"" along with Nautiyal which featured Himansh Kohli and Sneha Namanandi.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: Later on, she released her blockbuster romantic hit <nowiki>"Is Qadar"</nowiki> sung along with Darshan Raval and the music video features them both.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: On 30 June 2021, Kumar and Nautiyal's Amazon Prime Mixtape season 3 was out. The songs in the mixtape were Tera Chehra and Jaan Meri


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: On 5 October 2021, Darshan Raval and Tulsi Kumar's #ShaadiWalaSong Tera Naam was released. This is the third Collaboration of this duo.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: The song hit 9 million+ views and was trending on #2 on YouTube Global Charts within 24 hours of release. Fans are giving immense love to this song.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: Kumar was born as Tulsi Kumar Dua in a Punjabi Hindu family to businessman and founder of T-Series Gulshan Kumar and his wife Sudesh Kumari. Divya Khosla Kumar is Tulsi's sister-in-law.


title: Tulsi Kumar

text: Kumar has won several accolades including the International Indian Film Academy award for Best Female Playback Singer in 2017 for the song "Soch Na Sake", Mirchi Music Award – Listener's Choice Song of the Year in 2017 for "Soch Na Sake" from the film Airlift, and Mirchi Music Awards – Best Album in 2020 for the soundtrack to "Kabir Singh". She has also been nominated for the IIFA Best Female Playback Singer in 2010 and 2019.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Fiat Ducato is a light commercial vehicle jointly developed by FCA Italy and PSA Group (currently Stellantis), and mainly manufactured by Sevel, a joint venture between the two companies since 1981. It has also been sold as the Citroën C25, Peugeot J5, Alfa Romeo AR6 and Talbot Express and later as the Fiat Ducato, Citroën Jumper (Relay in the United Kingdom), and Peugeot Boxer, from 1994 onwards. It entered the North American market as the Ram ProMaster in May 2014 for the 2015 model year, competing with the Ford Transit, GAZelle NEXT, Iveco Daily, Mercedes-Benz Sprinter, Nissan Trade, Hyundai H350, Nissan Interstar, Nissan NV400, Opel Movano (until 2022), Renault Master, Volkswagen LT, and the Volkswagen Crafter.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In Europe, it is produced at the Sevel Sud factory, in Atessa, Italy. It has also been produced at the Iveco factory in Sete Lagoas, Brazil, at the Karsan factory in Akçalar, Turkey, at the Fiat Chrysler Automobiles Saltillo Van Assembly Plant in Saltillo, Mexico, and at the Fiat-Sollers factory in Elabuga, Russia. Since 1981, more than 2.6 million Fiat Ducatos have been produced.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In July 2019, the electric version of the Ducato developed by FCA Italy was presented and will be on sale from 2020. From the model year of 2021, the Ducato is also rebadged as the Opel/Vauxhall Movano, replacing the previous model Movano, which from 1998 until 2021 had been based on the Renault Master.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Ducato is the most common motorhome base used in Europe; with around two thirds of motorhomes using the Ducato base.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Ducato was first launched in 1981, and was the result of Fiat's collaboration with PSA Peugeot Citroën, that resulted in the vehicle's development starting in 1978. The vehicles were manufactured at the Sevel Val di Sangro plant in Atessa, central Italy, and at the Sevel Campania plant in Pomigliano d'Arco, Naples together with the similar Alfa Romeo AR6, Citroën C25 and Peugeot J5 versions. The Peugeot J5 was sold as the Talbot Express in the United Kingdom (1986–1994). The collaboration of Fiat and PSA had earlier produced the Fiat 242 and Citroën C35 from 1974.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: For the Fiat, engines were 2.0 litre 4-cylinder petrol or 1.9 diesel. Trim levels were base, S and SX. Model variants were named according to carrying capacity: Ducato 10 (1.0 tons), Ducato 13 (1.3 tons), Ducato 14 (1.4 tons) and Ducato Maxi 18 (1.8 tons). The Ducato Mk1 was very popular as a basis for campervan conversions. A short-wheelbase version was sold as Fiat Talento.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In August 1992 some Fiat Ducato were built with the T29C electric DC motor from Leroy-Somer, named as the Ducato Elettra powered by 28 Valve-Regulated-Lead-Acid batteries VRLA battery GEL cell batteries 6 V 160 A (168 V DC), in a wooden box (868 kg). This 4765 x 1965 x 2100 mm transporter (valid maximum weight 3190 kg) had a vehicle payload of 750 kg and a range up to 70 kilometers.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Alfa Romeo AR6 was a badge engineered Ducato sold by Alfa Romeo on the Italian market only, as a replacement for the Alfa Romeo Romeo truck. It was available in two different wheelbase lengths, and as a passenger van, commercial van or pick-up truck. It was also the final commercial vehicle sold by Alfa Romeo. The Alfa Romeo brand model was produced in the Sevel Campania plant (former ARVECO – Alfa Romeo Industrial Vehicles) of Pomigliano d'Arco, Naples until 1 January 1986 when the production of Alfa Romeo commercial vehicles was interrupted by FIAT. In the same plant the production of the Fiat Ducato continued until 1994 when it was closed.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Citroën C25 was a 2.5 tonne capacity van (hence the name C25) produced from October 1981 until 1993. The C25 succeeded the dated corrugated Citroën Type H post war one tonne van. The C25's engines are transversely mounted; the petrol one is a Peugeot 504 unit whilst the diesel one is from the Citroën CX diesel. Both units are coupled to a Citroën gearbox.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In February 1982, the range was extended to include a pick-up truck and a minibus. In 1991, the C25 series 2 was launched with an enlarged grille. In 1994, the C25 was replaced by the Jumper.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Peugeot J5 was a 2.5 tonne capacity van, also produced from October 1981 until 1993. Its powertrains are as per the Citroën C25. In 1991, the J5 series 2 was launched with a new front grille and headlights. It was replaced in 1994 by the Peugeot Boxer, which was based on the second generation Fiat Ducato.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: It sold reasonably well in France but enjoyed little commercial success outside France, being overshadowed in much of Europe by the Fiat Ducato, which was supported by stronger commercial vehicle dealership networks in key markets.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Talbot Express van, sold solely in the United Kingdom, was the last Talbot-badged motor vehicle to be produced. The vehicle was a replacement for the older Commer FC vans. Production of this badge-engineered version for the United Kingdom began in 1982 and continued until 1994, nearly eight years after the last Talbot badged passenger car had been withdrawn.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: Its Citroën/Peugeot petrol and diesel engines were transversely mounted driving the front wheels. A 4x4 option was also available, although is now very rare today.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In 1991, the series 2 Express was launched with an enlarged grille. Production was discontinued in 1994, when Peugeot finally discarded the Talbot marque.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: This van was popular in the United Kingdom, for new conversions to camper vans or motorhomes by coach builders. Provided they are well-maintained and not too rusty, they can still command prices of many thousands of pounds even though they are over twenty years old. This is in marked contrast to the values of the commercial van versions.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: New Sevel produced version. Peugeot called it "Boxer" while Citroën named it "Jumper" (Relay in the United Kingdom and Ireland). One engine option was a Fiat 2.5 L diesel, which was replaced with 2.8 L Iveco/Sofim engine in 1998.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Ducato Goods Transport has a payload of 12 m³ and comes with a choice of four engines: the 2.0 petrol, 2.0 JTD, 2.3 JTD 16v or 2.8 JTD. All of these conformed to the Euro 3 standards and offered programmed maintenance management. The range included two types of gearbox: a mechanical box with a five-speed manual plus reverse and an automatic transmission with four speeds plus reverse.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Ducato Passenger Transport has a carrying capacity of six to nine people and comes with the 2.3 litre JTD 16v engine, which again is Euro 3 compliant and delivers 110 bhp.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The Ducato Combi is a mixture of the Goods Transport and the Passenger Transport. It is ideal for the transport of people and goods alike, and it can accommodate up to nine occupants. Model designations were Ducato 10 (1 ton), Ducato 14 (1.4 tons) and Ducato Maxi 18 (1.8 tons).


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The second series was restyled in February 2002, with the addition of rear and side bump mouldings and revised front grille. The engine range was: 2.0 JTD, 2.3 JTD 16v and 2.8 JTD, 2.5 diesel was dropped. Model designations were changed to reflect maximum gross weight: Ducato 29 (2.9 tons), Ducato 30 (3.0 tons), Ducato 33 (3.3 tons) and Ducato Maxi 35 (3.5 tons).


title: Fiat Ducato

text: On 15 December 2005, the three millionth vehicle was produced, which resulted in the rate of production increasing to nine vehicles per day. This generation is also produced at the Fiat Auto Poland Tychy plant in complete knock down, at the Iveco plant in Sete Lagoas (Brazil), at the Karsan plant in Alkaçar, Turkey since 2000, and since 2006 in Elabuga, Russia (Fiat-Sollers).


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The third generation Jumper/Relay was launched in September 2006 as a 2007 model, followed by the Boxer in June and the Ducato later as a 2008 model. The vehicle was available in many variants both for people and goods transport. Weights were again increased, with the following designations for all-up weight: Ducato 30 (3 tonnes), Ducato 33 (3.3 tonnes), Ducato Maxi 35 (3.5 tonnes) and Ducato Maxi 40 (4 tonnes). In van configuration, the vehicle is available in three wheelbases: 3000 mm (118 inch), 3450 mm (136 inch), and 4050 mm (159 inch), and in three heights: 2250 mm (90 inch), 2500 mm (99 inch), and 2750 mm (109 inch). Also in van configuration, the three wheelbases are offered in four overall vehicle lengths of 4950 mm (195 inch), 5400 mm (213 inch), 6000 mm (236 inch), and 6350 mm (250 inch). The two longest body lengths are available only with the 4050 mm wheelbase.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: This third generation Ducato has been available in Mexico since November 2007, and over 30 different models are available. It is marketed as the Fiat Ducato, and as the Peugeot Manager. These models are similar to the European configurations with smaller engines, available diesel, and manual transmissions, although the Canada and US version, with larger gasoline engines and automatic transmissions is made in Mexico.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: Since October 2013 Fiat Chrysler Automobiles's Ram Trucks brand has marketed the Ducato as the Ram ProMaster in Canada and the US. Since the 2009 bankruptcy of Chrysler and subsequent acquisition by Fiat, Chrysler had not offered a large van in this market. Dodge Trucks (the brand name used by Chrysler prior to the inception of the Ram brand) had offered a version of the Mercedes-Benz Sprinter van between 2003–2009, and earlier the Dodge Ram Van. The ProMaster is produced in FCA's Saltillo, Mexico plant.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: Traditional commercial vans in this market are heavy body-on-frame based on pickup trucks. The ProMaster has a unibody construction and front-wheel drive. This gives it a lower floor height, which improves cargo loading. Front-wheel drive also improves handling and safety.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The most significant difference between the ProMaster and the Ducato is the availability of a 3.6 L 24 valve V6 gasoline Chrysler Pentastar engine offered in conjunction with the Chrysler 62TE six speed automatic transmission as standard equipment. The Iveco 3.0 L 16-valve I4 diesel JTD engine, branded as "EcoDiesel" by Chrysler, mated with the M40 six speed automated manual transmission was offered in model years 2014 through 2016; however, the gasoline V6 is currently the sole engine available in the ProMaster. Starting in the 2021 model year, the standard engine is the 3.6 L 24 valve V6 gasoline Pentastar Upgrade engine, in cojunction with the 9-speed ZF 9HP48 automatic replacing the Chrysler 62TE Transmission.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The ProMaster is offered in three wheelbases (, , ), four overall body lengths (, , , , with the two longest body lengths available only with the wheelbase). Only the low ( and medium ) heights are offered on the ProMaster.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The panel van configuration is available in all sizes, while the chassis-cab and cut-away configurations are offered only in and wheelbases. The window van is available only in the wheelbase and roof height.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: For the 2019 model year, the ProMaster received a new front fascia, replacing the crosshair grille with a new "RAM"-lettered front grille. The 3.0L EcoDiesel inline four-cylinder (I4) turbodiesel engine was also discontinued, leaving the 3.6L Pentastar V6 gasoline engine with variable valve timing (VVT) as the only engine choice for the ProMaster. The previously-optional five-inch Uconnect 3 touchscreen radio was made standard equipment to comply with the Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) requiring that all vehicles with GVWR of 10,000 lb (4535 Kg) or less manufactured after April 2018 provide a rearview camera.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: At the 2020 Work Truck Show in Indianapolis, Indiana, Ram introduced the 2021 model year ProMaster with new features. A 9.2-inch digital rearview mirror with a rear camera is available as an option. New safety features include blind spot monitoring (BLIS) with rear cross-path detection and a forward collision warning system (FCWS) with emergency brake assist. LED interior lighting for the interior courtesy and ambient interior lighting is also available.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The fourth generation Ducato/Jumper/Relay/Boxer (platform designation X290) was introduced in the summer of 2014, scheduled for an October 2014 debut as a 2015 model while the 2014 model year was entirely skipped. Although based on the third generation model, it features a heavily revised front end, with more car like headlight styling. Euro 6 engines were introduced for the 2017 model year in late 2016, and does not require Adblue (Fiat version only) unlike most of its competitors. The Ram ProMaster was revised in 2018 for the 2019 model year with a different grille, increased payload and improved towing capacity.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In 2021, new features include adaptive cruise control, autonomous emergency braking and lane keep assist. In the same year, following the acquisition of Opel and Vaxuhall by Groupe PSA and its subsequent merger with FCA to form Stellantis, the Ducato was rebadged as the Opel/Vauxhall Movano, which was previously based on the Renault Master.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In 2022, the Ducato and ProMaster received a redesigned dashboard and the 948TE nine-speed automatic transmission as standard equipment for the ProMaster and optional for the Ducato. The Ducato also receives the 2.2L turbo diesel used by its PSA counterparts, branded as the Multijet 3, while the ProMaster receives a revised 3.6L Pentastar. For the 2023 model year, the front end of the ProMaster is redesigned to match its European counterparts, coinciding with the introduction of the ProMaster EV; the van also receives a third "super-high" roof option on the longest wheelbase.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: Toyota Motor Europe and Stellantis plan to build a Toyota-badged large van based on the Ducato platform, expected to be released in mid-2024. This is an expansion of the two automakers' LCV partnership started in 2012.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The battery electric Ducato Electric was announced in July 2019, with planned availability in 2020. The targeted range was on the New European Driving Cycle. The same body variants as the conventional Ducato would be available, providing cargo volumes of and maximum payload of .


title: Fiat Ducato

text: In April 2021, Fiat launched the E-Ducato, which had been co-developed with package delivery firm DHL. Ducato gliders are assembled at the Fiat Sevel Sud factory in Atessa, then shipped to Fiat Mirafiori in Turin, where they are fitted with a drivetrain developed by SolarEdge. Estimated maximum production capacity is 1,000 vehicles per month. The similar electric van variants sold by PSA as the Citroen Jumper/Relay and Peugeot Boxer also are assembled at Sevel Sud, but use a different battery technology as they are converted by BD Auto instead.


title: Fiat Ducato

text: The E-Ducato is fitted with either a 3- or 5-module high voltage traction battery with 47 or 79 kW-hr of storage, respectively; estimated range is under the WLTP mixed cycle for the larger battery. Traction motor peak output is and . As an option, the E-Ducato can be fitted with a port to accept power at up to 50 kW (DC).


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The Socialist Revolutionary Party, or the Party of Socialist-Revolutionaries (the SRs, , or Esers, ; , ), was a major political party in late Imperial Russia, and both phases of the Russian Revolution and early Soviet Russia.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The SRs were agrarian socialists and supporters of a democratic socialist Russian republic. The ideological heirs of the Narodniks, the SRs won a mass following among the Russian peasantry by endorsing the overthrow of the Tsar and the redistribution of land to the peasants. The SRs boycotted the elections to the First Duma following the Revolution of 1905 alongside the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party, but chose to run in the elections to the Second Duma and received the majority of the few seats allotted to the peasantry. Following the 1907 coup, the SRs boycotted all subsequent Dumas until the fall of the Tsar in the February Revolution of March 1917. Controversially, the party leadership endorsed the Russian Provisional Government and participated in multiple coalitions with liberal and social-democratic parties, while a radical faction within the SRs rejected the Provisional Government's authority in favor of the Congress of Soviets and began to drift towards the Bolsheviks. These divisions would ultimately result in the party splitting over the course of the summer of 1917 into the Right and Left SRs. Meanwhile, Alexander Kerensky, one of the leaders of the February Revolution and the second and last head of the Provisional Government (July–November 1917) was a nominal member of the SR party but in practice acted independently of its decisions.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: By November 1917, the Provisional Government had been widely discredited by its failure to withdraw from World War I, implement land reform or convene a Constituent Assembly to draft a Constitution, leaving the soviet councils in de facto control of the country. The Bolsheviks thus moved to hand power to the 2nd Congress of Soviets in the October Revolution. After a few weeks of deliberation, the Left SRs ultimately formed a coalition government with the Bolsheviks – the Council of People's Commissioners – from November 1917 to March 1918 while the Right SRs boycotted the Soviets and denounced the Revolution as an illegal coup. The SRs obtained a majority in the subsequent elections to the Russian Constituent Assembly, with most of the party's seats going to the Right faction. Citing outdated voter-rolls which did not acknowledge the party split, and the Assembly's conflicts with the Congress of Soviets, the Bolshevik-Left SR government moved to dissolve the Constituent Assembly by force in January 1918.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The Left SRs left their coalition with the Bolsheviks in March 1918 in protest against the signing of the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk. An uprising against the Bolsheviks by the leadership of the Left SRs in July 1918 resulted in the immediate arrest of most of the party's members. Most of the Left SRs who opposed the uprising were gradually freed and allowed to keep their government positions, but were unable to organize a new central organ and gradually splintered into multiple pro-Bolshevik parties, which would all ultimately merge with the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) by 1921. The Right SRs supported the Whites during the Russian Civil War of 1917–1922, but the White movement's anti-socialist leadership increasingly marginalized and ultimately purged them. A small Right SR remnant, still calling itself the Socialist Revolutionary Party, continued to operate in exile from 1923 to 1940 as a member of the Labour and Socialist International.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The party's ideology was built upon the philosophical foundation of Russia's Narodnik–populist movement of the 1860s–1870s and its worldview developed primarily by Alexander Herzen and Pyotr Lavrov. After a period of decline and marginalisation in the 1880s, the Narodnik–populist school of thought about social change in Russia was revived and substantially modified by a group of writers and activists known as "neonarodniki" (neo-populists), particularly Viktor Chernov. Their main innovation was a renewed dialogue with Marxism and integration of some of the key Marxist concepts into their thinking and practice. In this way, with the economic spurt and industrialisation in Russia in the 1890s, they attempted to broaden their appeal in order to attract the rapidly growing urban workforce to their traditionally peasant-oriented programme. The intention was to widen the concept of the people so that it encompassed all elements in society that opposed the Tsarist regime.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The party was established in 1902 out of the Northern Union of Socialist Revolutionaries (founded in 1896), bringing together many local socialist revolutionary groups established in the 1890s, notably the Workers' Party of Political Liberation of Russia created by Catherine Breshkovsky and Grigory Gershuni in 1899. As primary party theorist emerged Viktor Chernov, the editor of the first party organ, "Revolutsionnaya Rossiya" ("Revolutionary Russia"). Later party periodicals included "Znamia Truda" ("Labour's Banner"), "Delo Naroda" ("People's Cause") and "Volia Naroda" ("People's Will"). Party leaders included Grigori Gershuni, Catherine Breshkovsky, Andrei Argunov, Nikolai Avksentiev, Mikhail Gots, Mark Natanson, Rakitnikov (Maksimov), Vadim Rudnev, Nikolay Rusanov, Ilya Rubanovich and Boris Savinkov.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The party's programme was democratic and socialist — it garnered much support among Russia's rural peasantry, who in particular supported their programme of land-socialization as opposed to the Bolshevik programme of land-nationalization—division of land into peasant tenants rather than collectivization into state management. The party's policy platform differed from that of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (RSDLP) — both Bolshevik and Menshevik — in that it was not officially Marxist (though some of its ideologues considered themselves such). The SRs agreed with Marx's analysis of capitalism, but not with his proposed solution. The SRs believed that both the labouring peasantry as well as the industrial proletariat were revolutionary classes in Russia. Whereas RSDLP defined class membership in terms of ownership of the means of production, Chernov and other SR theorists defined class membership in terms of extraction of surplus value from labour. On the first definition, small-holding subsistence farmers who do not employ wage labour are — as owners of their land — members of the petty bourgeoisie, whereas on the second definition, they can be grouped with all who provide rather than purchase labour-power, and hence with the proletariat as part of the labouring class. Chernov considered the proletariat as vanguard and the peasantry as the main body of the revolutionary army.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The party played an active role in the 1905 Russian Revolution and in the Moscow and Saint Petersburg Soviets. Although the party officially boycotted the first State Duma in 1906, 34 SRs were elected while 37 were elected to the second Duma in 1907. The party also boycotted both the third Duma (1907-1912) and fourth Duma (1912–1917). In this period, party membership drastically declined and most of its leaders emigrated from Russia.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: A distinctive feature of party tactics until about 1909 was its heavy reliance on assassinations of individual government officials. These tactics were inherited from SRs' predecessor in the populist movement, Narodnaya Volya (“People's Will”), a conspiratorial organisation of the 1880s. They were intended to embolden the "masses" and intimidate ("terrorise") the Tsarist government into political concessions. The SR Combat Organisation (SRCO), responsible for assassinating government officials, was initially led by Gershuni and operated separately from the party so as not to jeopardise its political actions. SRCO agents assassinated two Ministers of the Interior, Dmitry Sipyagin and Vyacheslav von Plehve, Grand Duke Sergei Aleksandrovich, the Governor of Ufa N. M. Bogdanovich and many other high-ranking officials.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: In 1903, Gershuni was betrayed by his deputy, Yevno Azef, an agent of the Okhrana secret police, arrested, convicted of terrorism and sentenced to life at hard labour, managing to escape, flee overseas and go into exile. Azef became the new leader of the SRCO and continued working for both the SRCO and the Okhrana, simultaneously orchestrating terrorist acts and betraying his comrades. Boris Savinkov ran many of the actual operations, notably the assassination attempt on Admiral Fyodor Dubasov.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: However, terrorism was controversial for the party from the beginning. At its 2nd Congress in Imatra in 1906, the controversy over terrorism was one of the main reasons for the split between the SR Maximalists and the Popular Socialists. The Maximalists endorsed not only attacks on political and government targets, but also economic terror (i.e. attacks on landowners, factory owners and so on) whereas the Popular Socialists rejected all terrorism. Other issues also divided the defectors from the PSR as Maximalists disagreed with the SRs' strategy of a two-stage revolution as advocated by Chernov, the first stage being popular-democratic and the second labour-socialist. To Maximalists, this seemed like the RSDLP distinction between bourgeois-democratic and proletarian-socialist stages of revolution. Maximalism stood for immediate socialist revolution. Meanwhile, the Popular Socialists disagreed with the party's proposal to socialise the land (i.e. turn it over to collective peasant ownership) and instead wanted to nationalise it (i.e. turn it over to the state). They also wanted landowners to be compensated while the PSR rejected indemnities). Many SRs held a mixture of these positions.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: In late 1908, a Russian Narodnik and amateur spy hunter Vladimir Burtsev suggested that Azef might be a police spy. The party's Central Committee was outraged and set up a tribunal to try Burtsev for slander. At the trial, Azef was confronted with evidence and was caught lying, therefore he fled and left the party in disarray. The party's Central Committee, most of whose members had close ties to Azef, felt obliged to resign. Many regional organisations, already weakened by the revolution's defeat in 1907, collapsed or became inactive. Savinkov's attempt to rebuild the SRCO failed and it was suspended in 1911. Gershuni had defended Azef from exile in Zürich until his death there. The Azef scandal contributed to a profound revision of SR tactics that was already underway. As a result, it renounced assassinations ("individual terror") as a means of political protest.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: With the start of World War I, the party was divided on the issue of Russia's participation in the war. Most SR activists and leaders, particularly those remaining in Russia, chose to support the Tsarist government mobilisation against Germany. Together with the like-minded members of the Menshevik Party, they became known as "oborontsy" ("defensists"). Many younger defensists living in exile joined the French Army as Russia's closest ally in the war. A smaller group, the internationalists, which included Chernov, favoured the pursuit of peace through cooperation with socialist parties in both military blocs. This led them to participate in the Zimmerwald and Kienthal conferences with Bolshevik emigres led by Lenin. This fact was later used against Chernov and his followers by their right-wing opponents as alleged evidence of their lack of patriotism and Bolshevik sympathies.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The February Revolution allowed the SRs to return to an active political role. Party leaders, including Chernov, returned to Russia. They played a major role in the formation and leadership of the soviets, albeit in most cases playing second fiddle to the Mensheviks. One member, Alexander Kerensky, joined the Provisional Government in March 1917 as Minister of Justice, eventually becoming the head of a coalition socialist-liberal government in July 1917, although his connection with the party was tenuous. He had served in the Duma with the social democratic Trudoviks, breakaway SRs that defied the party's refusal to participate in the Duma.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: After the fall of the first coalition in April–May 1917 and the reshuffling of the Provisional Government, the party played a larger role. Its key government official at the time was Chernov who joined the government as Minister of Agriculture. Chernov also tried to play a larger role, particularly in foreign affairs, but he soon found himself marginalised and his proposals of far-reaching agrarian reform blocked by more conservative members of the government. After the failed Bolshevik uprising of July 1917, Chernov found himself on the defensive as allegedly soft on the Bolsheviks and was excluded from the revamped coalition in August 1917. The party was now represented in the government by Nikolai Avksentiev, a defensist, as Minister of the Interior.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: This weakening of the party's position intensified the growing divide within it between supporters of the pluralistic Constituent Assembly, and those inclined toward more resolute, unilateral action. In August 1917, Maria Spiridonova advocated scuttling the Constituent Assembly and forming an SR-only government, but she was not supported by Chernov and his followers. This spurred the formation a small breakaway faction of the SR party known as the "Left SRs". The Left SRs were willing to temporarily cooperate with the Bolsheviks. The Left SRs believed that Russia should withdraw immediately from World War I and they were frustrated that the Provisional Government wanted to postpone addressing the land question until after the convocation of the Russian Constituent Assembly instead of immediately confiscating the land from the landowners and redistributing it to the peasants.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: Left SRs and Bolsheviks referred to the mainstream SR party as the "Right SR" party whereas mainstream SRs referred to the party as just "SR" and reserved the term "Right SR" for the right-wing faction of the party led by Catherine Breshkovsky and Avksentiev. The primary issues motivating the split were participation in the war and the timing of land redistribution.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: At the Second Congress of Soviets on 25 October, when the Bolsheviks proclaimed the deposition of the Provisional government, the split within the SR party became final. The Left SR stayed at the Congress and were elected to the permanent All-Russian Central Executive Committee executive (while initially refusing to join the Bolshevik government) while the mainstream SR and their Menshevik allies walked out of the Congress. In late November, the Left SRs joined the Bolshevik government, obtaining three ministries.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: In the election to the Russian Constituent Assembly held two weeks after the Bolsheviks took power, the party still proved to be by far the most popular party across the country, gaining 37.6% of the popular vote as opposed to the Bolsheviks' 24%. However, the Bolsheviks disbanded the Assembly in January 1918 and after that the SR lost political significance. The Left SRs became the coalition partner of the Bolsheviks in the Soviet government, although they resigned their positions after the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (the peace treaty with the Central Powers that ended Russia's participation in World War I). Both wings of the SR party were ultimately suppressed by the Bolsheviks through imprisoning some of its leaders and forcing others into emigration. A few Left SRs like Yakov Grigorevich Blumkin joined the Communist Party.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: Dissatisfied with the large concessions granted to Germany by the Bolsheviks in the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, two Chekists who were left SRs assassinated the German ambassador to Russia, Count Wilhelm Mirbach early in the afternoon on 6 July. Following the assassination, the left SRs attempted a "Third Russian Revolution" against the Bolsheviks on 6–7 July, but it failed and led to the arrest, imprisonment, exile and execution of party leaders and members. In response, some SRs turned again to violence. A former SR, Fanny Kaplan, tried to assassinate Lenin on 30 August. Many SRs fought for the Whites or Greens in the Russian Civil War alongside some Mensheviks and other banned socialist elements. The Tambov Rebellion against the Bolsheviks was led by an SR, Aleksandr Antonov. In Ufa the SRs' Provisional All-Russian Government was formed. However, after Admiral Kolchak was installed by the Whites as "Supreme Leader" in November 1918, he expelled all Socialists from the ranks. As a result, some SRs placed their organisation behind White lines at the service of the Red Guards and the Cheka.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: Following Lenin's instructions, a trial of SRs was held in Moscow in 1922, which led to protests by Eugene V. Debs, Karl Kautsky, and Albert Einstein among others. Most of the defendants were found guilty, but they did not plead guilty like the defendants in the later show trials in the Soviet Union in the late 1920s and the 1930s.


title: Socialist Revolutionary Party

text: The party continued its activities in exile. A Foreign Delegation of the Central Committee was established and based in Prague. The party was a member of the Labour and Socialist International between 1923 and 1940.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: The Grand Inquisitor, introduced simply as The Inquisitor and also known as the Master of the Inquisitorius, is a fictional character in the "Star Wars" franchise. Voiced by Jason Isaacs, he is featured as the main antagonist of the first season of the animated series "Star Wars Rebels" (2014–2018), after being introduced as a Pau'an Temple Guard in "" (2008–2014; 2020), who defects from the order during Order 66 and is tasked to hunt down all remaining Jedi by Darth Sidious in its aftermath. Following his suicide, the Grand Inquisitor's redeemed spirit — The Sentinel — aids Kanan Jarrus against the Inquisitorius, knighting him as a Jedi, before being enslaved by the Sith as a Temple Guard once more.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: Created by Dave Filoni, based on a character concept from the "Star Wars" and "Dark Empire Sourcebooks", the Grand Inquisitor reappeared in Marvel Comics' 2017–2018 comic book series "", written by Charles Soule, and the 2022 Disney+ series "Obi-Wan Kenobi", written by Joby Harold and directed by Deborah Chow, both prequels exploring him leading the Inquisitorius in the aftermath of the Clone Wars after defecting from his Jedi temple guard position, while unsuccessfully attempting to hunt down Obi-Wan Kenobi. The character also reappears in the 2020 fourteenth volume of "Star Wars" (also written by Soule), a sequel storyline in which his Force spirit faces Luke Skywalker in combat.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: Isaacs' performance as the Grand Inquisitor received positive critical reception, leading to interest in him reprising his role in live-action media on Disney+. Ultimately, Rupert Friend was cast as the Grand Inquisitor in the live-action limited series "Obi-Wan Kenobi", set four years before "Rebels" and ten years after "The Clone Wars" and "".


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: The concept of a Grand Inquisitor originated from the 1987 "Star Wars Sourcebook" by Bill Slavicsek and Curtis Smith, where the death of "Torbin, the Grand Inquisitor" is mentioned in passing; in the 1989 edition, a photograph of Max von Sydow as Ming the Merciless from the 1980 "Flash Gordon" film is used to represent the character. In the 1993 "Dark Empire Sourcebook" by Michael Allen Horne and Carol Hutchings, an outline of the role of Torbin and the Sith Inquisitorius as conceived of by Slavicsek and Smith was written — Force-wielders affiliated with the Sith (but not Sith themselves) who would hunt Jedi on the behest of Darth Sidious following Order 66. After another Grand Inquisitor, Ja'ce Yiaso, was included as an antagonist of the "Star Wars Galaxies" expansion pack "", a succession of Grand Inquisitors leading the Inquisitorius were introduced in the novel series "", written by Jude Watson from 2005 to 2008 and set between "" and "Episode IV – A New Hope"; these works (and many others) were rebranded as "Star Wars Legends" and rendered non-canon in 2014 by Lucasfilm following the company's purchase by the Walt Disney Corporation, with a new version of the group, initially embodied by a lone Inquisitor (voiced by Jason Isaacs) visually based on "Torbin, the Grand Inquisitor", reentering canon in the 2014 3D animated television series "Star Wars Rebels", created by Dave Filoni, Simon Kinberg, and Henry Gilroy, and described as an "intimidating figure" and "Jedi Hunter" active during the same time period as the book series, designed to avoid being a "carbon copy" of Darth Vader or Darth Maul with a "creaturely, terrifying, and nightmarish look."


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: Referred to simply as "The Inquisitor" in the first season, the character is posthumously rebranded "The Grand Inquisitor" in the second season and all subsequent media featuring the character, where-in his former subordinates, the Inquisitorius, compete to succeed him as the group's leader, establishing the group to hold an "acolyte, monastic sensibility where they're stripped of their names, but they know, in order, which one they are."


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: The Grand Inquisitor is voiced by Jason Isaacs in the first two seasons of the Disney XD animated series "Star Wars Rebels" (2014–2016). Despite Isaacs' interest in reprising the role in live-action, Rupert Friend was cast to portray the Grand Inquisitor in the Disney+ live-action limited series "Obi-Wan Kenobi" (2022).


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In October 2015, Dave Filoni revealed that the Grand Inquisitor had first appeared in "", although the audience watching was unaware of it. At a later press conference to promote the "Star Wars Rebels" second season finale "Twilight of the Apprentice", Filoni confirmed the character had previously appeared in "The Clone Wars" finale "The Wrong Jedi," as one of the Jedi Temple Guards who escorted Ahsoka Tano from the Jedi Temple and brought Barriss Offee to trial before Palpatine (after "Shroud of Darkness" had established as a former Jedi Temple Guard), with Barris' subsequent speech on the Jedi Council's culpability in the Clone Wars and injustice Ahsoka faced causing him to have lost faith in the Jedi Order.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In the 2014–2015 first season of "Rebels", the Pau'an known as "The Grand Inquisitor" first appears in the extended cold opening of the series premiere "Spark of Rebellion", where he is ordered by Darth Vader on behalf of the Emperor to hunt down "the children of the Force" in addition to the Jedi survivors of Order 66 he had been hunting, after the Emperor had foreseen that one such child could be responsible for his own defeat. After learning of the existence of Kanan Jarrus and Ezra Bridger, the Grand Inquisitor personally elects to hunt them down, enlisting Imperial Agent Kallus to help him hunt down the rebels in their company. After failing to do so several times, the Inquisitor manages to capture Kanan. He tortures him and interrogates him about the Rebels' whereabouts, but to no avail, prompting Grand Moff Tarkin to suggest that they take him to Mustafar, where Vader's castle is located. In "Fire Across the Galaxy", Kanan is rescued by Ezra, and the Jedi engage in a lightsaber duel with the Inquisitor, who scars Bridger. After being defeated by Kanan, the Grand Inquisitor commits suicide by allowing himself to fall into an exploding reactor core after Kanan refuses to kill him, as he feared his punishment for failure.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In the 2015–2016 second season of "Rebels", the Grand Inquisitor's death is revealed in "Always Two There Are" to have caused his former subordinates, the Inquisitorius, to compete to take his former position as leader, each seeking to hunt down Kanan due to him being the one to have defeated him. In "Shroud of Darkness", the redeemed spirit of the Grand Inquisitor (summoned by Yoda) — now known as The Sentinel — appears to Kanan in the Jedi Temple on Lothal, revealed to have once been a member of the Temple Guard, and a fallen Jedi Knight. After defeating Kanan in lightsaber combat and helping him realize that he cannot protect Ezra from "everything" forever, the Sentinel dubs Kanan a Jedi Knight before calling upon the spirits of other Temple Guards to hamper the Inquisitors "Fifth Brother" and "Seventh Sister" in their pursuit of Kanan, Ezra, and Ahsoka Tano, who are surprised to see their former leader's spirit facing them in combat.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In February 2022, Rupert Friend was announced to have been cast as the Grand Inquisitor in the live-action limited series "Obi-Wan Kenobi", set five years before "Star Wars Rebels" and ten years after "Star Wars: The Clone Wars" and "".


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: The Grand Inquisitor, along with the Fifth Brother and the Third Sister, hunt for any remaining Jedi they can find, arriving on Tatooine, where they find and execute a young human who revealed himself to be a fugitive Jedi after using the force to save a civilian. Later on the planet Daiyu, The Grand Inquisitor is furious to discover that Reva has kidnapped a young Leia Organa for use as bait to lure Obi-Wan Kenobi out of hiding. Eventually Reva confronts Kenobi in a cargo bay before he can escape with Leia in a shuttle. The Grand Inquisitor arrived right before Reva engages Kenobi, ordering her to stand down, so he take care of Kenobi himself. Angry that he would take credit for Kenobi's capture, Reva stabs the Grand Inquisitor in the stomach. This also proves a long enough distraction for Kenobi to escape with Leia. Following their escape, Reva reports to Darth Vader, blaming Kenobi for his apparent death. Vader dismisses him as unimportant, offering her his position of Grand Inquisitor if she succeeds in finding Kenobi.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: Reva is given the title of Grand Inquisitor by Vader as reward for tracking Kenobi and a group of force-sensitive refugees to the planet Jabiim. However, the original Grand Inquisitor is revealed to have survived Reva's betrayal, attributed to his thirst for revenge, and retakes his position as leader of the Inquisitorius when Reva is wounded by Vader as she attempts to assassinate the Dark Lord.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In the 2016 novel "", the Grand Inquisitor dispatches a member of his Inquisitorius — the Sixth Brother — to the farming moon of Raada to investigate claims of an unknown Force-sensitive resistance leader — Ahsoka Tano — after the Empire learns of their presence. In the epilogue, after learning of the Sixth Brother's death at Ahsoka's hands upon traveling to Raada himself, the Grand Inquisitor leaves to inform Darth Vader that they had found evidence of another survivor of Order 66, unaware of her identity.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In the 2017–2018 comic book series "", set immediately after the events of "The Clone Wars" and "", Darth Sidious recruits the former Temple Guard as Grand Inquisitor of the Inquisitorius, sparing him from Order 66, promising the former Jedi Knight the chance to read through the secrets of the Jedi Archives, which Jedi librarian Jocasta Nu had kept from him. Weeks later, after finding the newly-armoured Darth Vader in the archives, the Grand Inquisitor mistaking him for a Jedi and Vader mistaking the Grand Inquisitor for another secret apprentice of Sidious', the pair begin dueling, before Vader damages the Grand Inquisitor's lightsaber and the duel is broken up by Sidious, who brings Vader to the Inquisitorius Headquarters to meet with the other Inquisitors. Sometime later, Nu, having remained hidden in the library, confronts the Grand Inquisitor upon finding him going through the archives, who almost kills her before Vader intervenes and apprehends her; after Nu reveals Vader's identity as Anakin Skywalker to nearby clones, Vader kills them all (then Nu) to prevent this information from becoming public knowledge, leaving the secretly-watching Grand Inquisitor in awe of his power. Over the following years, the Grand Inquisitor is trained by Vader and leads the Inquisitorius in hunting down various Jedi survivors, standing by as Vader later purges dissenters from within the Inquisitorius ranks, declaring his eternal loyalty to the Dark Lord of the Sith.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In the 2019 young adult novel "Force Collector", set sometime before the events of "", a Force-sensitive boy, Karr Nuq Sin, discovers the Grand inquisitor's former lightsaber, consequentially experiencing visions of himself as the Grand Inquisitor hunting down and killing Jedi, before having a vision of facing himself. Upon confiding in his great-grandfather, Naq Med, Karr learns he was the Jedi Padawan the Grand Inquisitor had been facing, who (questioning the idea of blind allegiance) had left the Jedi Order years before the Clone Wars and having a wife and daughter, but had been tracked down and hunted by the Grand Inquisitor as a part of Order 66 (sometime before events of "Rebels") nonetheless (despite attempts to explain that he believed Darth Sidious' claims about an attempted Jedi insurgency), managing to break the Grand Inquisitor's lightsaber before fleeing to the planet Pam'ba (abandoning his family to protect them), where he lived out the rest of his natural life.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In the 2020 short story "The Orphanage" in the "Dark Legends" collection, an in-universe "ghost story" of ambiguous continuity, the Grand Inquisitor is prevented from taking Force-sensitive children from an orphanage on the planet Gaaten by a surviving Jedi, Kira Vantala, and a refugee named Elish, before fleeing the planet, never to return.


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: In the 2020 fourteenth volume of Marvel's "Star Wars" comic book series, "The Destiny Path", set immediately after the events of "The Empire Strikes Back", the Grand Inquisitor's spirit — now eternally burning in the flames which consumed him — is revealed to have since been trapped on the Outer Rim planet of Tempes by Darth Vader, serving as a guardian over an abandoned -era Jedi outpost. After Luke Skywalker arrives at the temple looking for an ancient lightsaber, after losing his own, he is defeated in combat. After Vader arrives shortly afterward, he expresses his displeasure with the Grand Inquisitor's failure. Before leaving, the Grand Inquisitor asks Vader whether there is any chance that he could be released, only to be dismissed, Vader calling the Grand Inquisitor a "tool" for his own purposes before leaving. Lamenting over his fate, fading away into the flames, the Grand Inquisitor speaks of how "There are worse things than death."


title: Grand Inquisitor (Star Wars)

text: Hasbro released a Grand Inquisitor action figure as part of its "Rebels Saga Legends" series of figures in 2013 and 2014, ahead of the series premiere of "Star Wars Rebels".


title: Ted White (manager)

text: Theodore Richard White (March 25, 1931 – October 26, 2020) was an American businessman, songwriter, music manager and producer from Detroit, Michigan.


title: Ted White (manager)

text: White was the manager and first husband of soul singer Aretha Franklin. As a songwriter, White wrote or co-wrote songs for Franklin, including "I Wonder (Where You Are Tonight)", "Lee Cross", "Dr. Feelgood", and "Think".


title: Ted White (manager)

text: White was born in Detroit, Michigan, on March 25, 1931. He was described in 1968 as a dabbler in Detroit real estate and wheeler-dealer. He owned a chain of jukeboxes. White described himself as a sandlot promoter before he took over managing the career of singer Aretha Franklin in 1961.


title: Ted White (manager)

text: White was introduced to Franklin by singer Della Reese at the Twenty Grand Club in Detroit. After a few weeks of dating, they were married by a justice of the peace while touring Ohio in 1961, when Franklin was 18 and White was 30. Franklin's father, C.L. Franklin, opposed the union. White was described as a pimp by Motown producer Harvey Fuqua.


title: Ted White (manager)

text: In 1964, White formed the record label Ston-Roc and produced the single "Talking About the People" / "Don't Ever Leave Me" by Tony & Tyrone. That year, Franklin recorded "Lee Cross" written by White, but it was released as a single by singer Walter Jackson instead. Franklin's version wasn't released until the album "Take It Like You Give It" in 1967. By that time, Franklin had parted ways with her first label Columbia Records and White negotiated a deal with Atlantic Records. White and Franklin co-wrote "Dr. Feelgood" and "Don't Let Me Lose This Dream" from her 1967 album "I Never Loved a Man the Way I Love You," both of which have been covered by various artists. They also co-wrote a few songs from her albums "Lady Soul" (1968) and "Aretha Now" (1968) before their separation.


title: Ted White (manager)

text: After White and Franklin separated in 1968, her brother, Cecil Franklin, took over managing her career. White was abusive during their marriage, having abused Franklin publicly at Atlanta's Regency Hyatt House Hotel. Gospel singer Mahalia Jackson said the Regency incident was not the first in which White was violent toward Franklin. Violence between White and Franklin was not unusual. In December 1969, White shot Charles Cook, younger brother of musician Sam Cooke, in the groin at Franklin's Detroit home during Cook's visit with Franklin. White and Franklin’s divorce was finalized in 1969.


title: Ted White (manager)

text: White and Franklin had one son, Ted "Teddy" White Jr., born in February 1964. After the divorce, Teddy was raised by his father's family in Oak Park, Michigan. He spent holidays and weekends with his mother in Detroit. He played guitar for his mother before becoming a singer-songwriter, under the name Teddy Richards.


title: Ted White (manager)

text: White died on October 26, 2020 in Detroit, Michigan, aged 89. White was portrayed by Malcolm Barrett in the third season of the anthology series, "Genius", and by Marlon Wayans in the 2021 Aretha Franklin biopic, "Respect".


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: U.S. Bank Stadium is an enclosed stadium located in downtown Minneapolis, Minnesota. Built on the former site of the Hubert H. Humphrey Metrodome, the indoor stadium opened in 2016 and is the home of the Minnesota Vikings of the National Football League (NFL); it also hosts early season college baseball games of the University of Minnesota Golden Gophers.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The Vikings played at the Metrodome from 1982 until its closure in 2013; during construction, the Vikings played two seasons (2014, 2015) at the open-air Huntington Bank Stadium on the campus of the University of Minnesota.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: On June 17, 2016, U.S. Bank Stadium was deemed substantially complete by contractor Mortenson Construction, six weeks before the ribbon-cutting ceremony and official grand opening on July 22. Authority to use and occupy the stadium was handed over to the Vikings and the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority. The Vikings played their first preseason game at U.S. Bank Stadium on August 28; the home opener of the regular season was in week two against the Green Bay Packers on September 18, a 17–14 victory.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: It was the first fixed-roof stadium built in the NFL since Ford Field in Detroit, which opened in 2002. As of March 2015, the overall budget was estimated to be $1.061 billion, with $348 million from the state of Minnesota, $150 million from the city of Minneapolis, and $551 million from the team and private contributions. U.S. Bank Stadium hosted Super Bowl LII won by the Philadelphia Eagles on February 4, 2018, the ESPN X Games on July 19–22, 2018, and the NCAA Final Four won by the Virginia Cavaliers on April 6–8, 2019.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: While the Vikings' owners wanted an outdoor stadium, the state and local governments would only provide funding for an indoor stadium capable of hosting major events like the Super Bowl and the Final Four. A retractable roof was the trend in 2010s football stadiums. However, retractable roof facilities are not typically designed for the roof to be opened and closed in sub-freezing conditions. When built in temperate climates, retractable roofs are generally kept closed throughout the winter months, both to reduce the stress on the roof and its components and also to reduce or eliminate the need to winterize the stadium's interior. In contrast, to be of any competitive on-field advantage to the Vikings, a retractable roof facility would have needed to be designed to operate in a Minnesotan winter so as to allow the Vikings to play a home game outdoors during the NFL playoffs. Eventually, this design was deemed too expensive.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Architecture firm HKS, Inc., also responsible for the Dallas Cowboys' AT&T Stadium and the Indianapolis Colts' Lucas Oil Stadium, decided to go for a lightweight translucent roof and glazed entrances with giant pivoting doors, aiming to get as much natural light from the outside as possible. The roof is made up of 60% Ethylene tetrafluoroethylene (ETFE), a fluorine-based clear plastic, and is the largest in North America, spanning supplied and installed by the firm Vector Foiltec. ETFE's low R-factor and the roof's slanted design, inspired by Nordic vernacular architecture, allows the stadium to endure heavy snow loads. Snow accumulates in areas that are more safely and easily accessible, and also moves down the slanted roof into a heated gutter, the water from which drains to the nearby Mississippi River.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The translucent roof and large wall panels also give fans a view of downtown Minneapolis. The glass operable wall panels allow the stadium to experience some of the outdoor elements while providing protection from the snow, rain, and the cold winter weather. The stadium is aligned northwest and the elevation at street level is approximately above sea level.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Years before construction began on the stadium, local, state and national conservation groups - including the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources and the Audubon Society - requested a "bird-friendly" design of the stadium's exterior using slightly less transparent bird-safe glass. Designers, the Vikings and the NFL ignored the advice and instead used highly reflective glass for aesthetic reasons. The reflective glass, combined with the stadium lying along the Mississippi Flyway migration route, has resulted in a large number of bird deaths, double than any other building in Minneapolis. A "bird fatality study" being financed by the Vikings and the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority was expected to be completed in 2019. If changes are made, it will now cost about $10 million to replace the existing glass with bird-safe glass rather than the $1 million it would have added to the original construction.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The design for U.S. Bank Stadium has been compared to the Christ Cathedral in Garden Grove, California, which was created by architect Philip Johnson. Opened in 1980, the then-named Crystal Cathedral was previously considered America's largest glass-dominated building. The stadium, which likewise sports transparent roofs, walls, and giant rotating doors, has the world's five largest pivoting doors.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The seating capacity is 66,860 for most games, slightly more than the Metrodome, and can be expanded to 73,000 for soccer, concerts, and special events, such as the Super Bowl.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The Vikings' lease with the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission (MSFC), as signed by both parties in August 1979, kept them in the Metrodome until 2011. The lease was considered one of the least lucrative among NFL teams; it included provisions where the commission owned the stadium, and the Vikings were locked into paying rent until the end of the 2011 season. For several years prior to the Metrodome's demolition, however, the Metropolitan Sports Facilities Commission waived the team's nearly $4 million rent.<ref name="MinnPost11/17/2009"></ref> The Vikings paid the MSFC 9.5% of their ticket sales; the commission "reserve[d] all rights to sell or lease advertising in any part of the Stadium," the team could not use the scoreboard for any ads, and the team did not control naming rights for the building. Though the Vikings received revenue from the sale of luxury suites during the Minnesota Twins baseball season (a contributing factor to the Twins leaving the Metrodome for Target Field in 2010), the commission controlled the limited parking and its revenue and paid the team 10% of all concession sales while retaining roughly 35% of concessions sold during Vikings games. The Vikings were 30th out of 32 NFL teams in local revenues in 2005. The Vikings, as well as the stadium's other tenants, continually turned down any proposals for renovating the Metrodome itself. A plan for a joint Vikings/University of Minnesota football stadium was proposed in 2002, but differences over how the stadium would be designed and run, as well as state budget constraints, led to the plan's failure. The university would eventually open its own TCF Bank Stadium in 2009.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: From the outset, Zygi Wilf, a billionaire from New Jersey and principal owner of the Vikings since 2005, had stated he was interested in redeveloping the downtown site of the Metrodome no matter where the new facility was built. Taking into consideration downtown Minneapolis' growing mass transit network, cultural institutions, and growing condo and office markets, Wilf considered underdeveloped areas on Downtown's east side, centered on the Metrodome, to be a key opportunity and began discussing the matter with neighboring landholders, primarily the City of Minneapolis and the "Star Tribune". An unrelated 2008 study explains that the effect of the media, in this case an uncritical "Star Tribune", matters a great deal in helping a stadium initiative. As a result, once negotiations for a different location had been put aside, the Vikings focused on proposing a stadium that would be the centerpiece of a larger urban redevelopment project.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Wilf's Vikings began acquiring significant land holdings in the Downtown East neighborhood around the Metrodome. In June 2007, the Vikings acquired four blocks of mostly empty land surrounding the "Star Tribune" headquarters from Avista Capital Partners (the private equity owner of the "Star Tribune") for $45 million; it is also believed the Vikings have first right of refusal to later buy the paper's headquarters building. In May 2007, the Vikings also acquired three other downtown parking lots for a total of $5 million, and have made a bid for a city-owned, underground parking ramp next to the neighborhood's light rail station.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: On April 19, 2007, the MSFC and the Vikings unveiled their initial plans for the stadium and surrounding urban area, with an estimated opening of 2012. The plan included substantial improvements to the surrounding area, including an improved light rail stop, 4,500 residential units, hotels with a combined 270 rooms, of office space and substantial retail space.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: As of 2007, the stadium would have held approximately 73,600 people and was to have been complete by August 2011. The initial proposal did not have the final architectural design renderings, but did include key features that were to have been included in any final plan, including the plans for neighboring urban development. These included demands for a retractable roof, an open view of the surroundings (particularly the downtown skyline), a glass-enclosed Winter Garden alongside the already-existing adjacent Metrodome light-rail stop, leafy urban square with outdoor cafés and dense housing around its edges, aesthetic improvements to roads connecting the stadium to nearby cultural institutions, and adaptive reuse of neighboring historic buildings. The roof would have allowed Minneapolis to remain a potential venue for the Super Bowl and Final Four, both of which had been held at the Metrodome. The proposed urban plan itself was received with cautious welcome.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The 2007 proposed cost estimate for the downtown Minneapolis stadium was $953.916 million. The total broke down to $616.564 million for the stadium, $200.729 million for a retractable roof, $58.13 million for parking, $8.892 million for adjacent land right-of-way, and $69.601 million to take into account inflation by 2010. The estimate compared to then-upcoming stadiums in Indianapolis at $675 million (retractable roof, completed 2008), Dallas at $932 million (retractable roof, completed 2009), and New York at $1.7 billion (open-air, completed in 2010). In addition, according to Wilf, taking into account the costs for the surrounding urban developments put forth in the proposal would have brought the estimated total to $2 billion. The estimated costs were based on projected 2008 construction and material costs, so it would have been possible that the stadium costs could have hovered near $1 billion if the Minnesota State Legislature had not approved the project in the 2008 session.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: No proposals were made, at that time, for paying for the stadium. The MSFC and Vikings made initial pitches to the Minnesota State Legislature during the end of the 2007 session, but expected to make serious efforts during the 2008 legislative session. The Vikings proposed creating a Minnesota Football Stadium Task Force, which they expect would take 24 months to plan the stadium.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Following the September 2008 MSFC vote to start feasibility studies for re-using the Metrodome, an unrelated study released for 38 U.S. cities found that "when a [NFL] team wins, people's moods improve," and that personal income for residents of a city with an NFL team with 10 wins increases about $165 per year. While true for NFL football, for comparison, professional baseball and basketball gain no personal income for residents.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Feasibility studies for Dallas-based design and local construction of a new stadium were expected in early 2009. Roy Terwilliger, a former Republican state senator from Edina, Ray Waldron, an AFL-CIO leader, and the Dome engineering expert and CEO, Bill Lester and Steve Maki of the MSFC selected architectural firm HKS of Dallas and construction manager Mortenson of Minnesota over the objections of Paul Thatcher and Timothy Rose of Minneapolis-St. Paul, who preferred Ellerbe Beckett and Kraus-Anderson, both of Minnesota. Loanne Thrane of St. Paul, the sole female member of the commission, voiced opposition and later voted with the majority.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: In December 2009, commission chairman Terwilliger said, "We know what the art of the possible is at this particular location." A new proposal for 65,000 seats with a sliding roof was unveiled at 84 million less than the previous proposal, but with 50 million per year more scheduled for each year that construction is delayed. Vikings officials boycotted the presentation which estimated the total cost at 870 million, or 770 million if the sliding roof were omitted.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The 2010 Vikings stadium proposal was dealt a setback on May 5, 2010, when a Minnesota House panel defeated the proposal by a 10–9 vote.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The stadium debate was revived in the aftermath of the Metrodome's roof deflation on December 12, 2010, which forced the relocation of the Vikings' final two home games of the 2010 season and led to more calls for a new stadium from various sources in the local and national media. Minnesota Governor Mark Dayton discussed the matter with NFL commissioner Roger Goodell, but said "any new stadium must first benefit the people of Minnesota".


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: After Hennepin County stopped their pursuit of a Vikings stadium, the city of Minneapolis submitted a plan for a Vikings' stadium at the downtown Metrodome site. The Minneapolis plan was for a fixed-roof stadium costing an estimated $895 million. The proposal also included funding solutions for $95 million in renovations to the Target Center. The team reacted with skepticism to the proposal and did not want to play at nearby 50,000-seat capacity University of Minnesota TCF Bank Stadium during the three years of construction. Because the Minneapolis dome site was a less expensive option, football fans were expected to return to the Minneapolis plan if the shortfall in the Ramsey County plan were not realized.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: In May 2011, Ramsey County officials announced they had reached an agreement with the Minnesota Vikings to be the team's local partner for a new stadium, subject to approval by the Minnesota Legislature and to approval of a sales tax by the Ramsey County Board. The site of the stadium would be the former Twin Cities Army Ammunitions Plant in Arden Hills, which is about from the Metrodome in Minneapolis and is a Superfund clean up site. The agreement called for an $884 million stadium and an additional $173 million for on-site infrastructure, parking and environmental costs.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Ramsey County said the Vikings would commit $407 million to the project, which would have been about 44% of the stadium cost and 39% of the overall cost. The county's cost would have been $350 million, to be financed by a half-cent sales tax increase. The state of Minnesota's cost would have been $300 million. This totalled about $1.057 billion, leaving at least a $131 million shortfall.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: On March 1, 2012, Governor Dayton announced an agreement for a new stadium to be built on the site of the Metrodome, pending approval by the state legislature and the Minneapolis city council. The $975 million project, half of which would be publicly funded, would be patterned after Lucas Oil Stadium. It would utilize part of the footprint of the Metrodome and would only require the Vikings to play at TCF Bank Stadium during the final year of construction. The agreement met with mixed reaction, and some criticized the proposal as being unfair to taxpayers and a giveaway to team owners.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: On May 10, 2012, the Minnesota Legislature approved funding for a new Vikings stadium on that site. The project is projected to have a $975 million price tag, with the Vikings covering $477 million, the state covering $348 million, and $150 million covered by a hospitality tax in Minneapolis. The city of Minneapolis must pay a total of 678 million over the 30-year life of the deal, including interest, operations, and construction costs. The bill was signed by Governor Dayton and received the approval of the Minneapolis City Council on May 25, 2012. The Vikings played in the Metrodome through the 2013 season, as construction did not require the dome's immediate demolition. Under the leadership of Vikings COO Kevin Warren, the team moved to TCF Bank Stadium on the University of Minnesota campus until the new stadium was completed.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: On May 13, 2013, the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority (MSFA), the Minnesota Vikings, and HKS Sports & Entertainment Group together unveiled the new stadium's design.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: In January 2014, a lawsuit was started by former Minneapolis mayoral candidate Doug Mann and two others to block the construction of the new stadium. The suit questioned the constitutionality of the stadium's funding plan and delayed a $468 million bond sale. Officials warned the delay could stall the project's timeline and add costs. The lawsuit was later dismissed by the Minnesota Supreme Court.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The State of Minnesota's portion of the cost of the stadium was to be funded by revenue from a proposed new charitable gambling source, which was dubbed electronic pulltabs. When the stadium funding bill was passed in the legislature and signed by the governor on May 14, 2012, the new revenue from the games was estimated to be $34 million for 2013, and rising each year thereafter.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Six months later, the first budget estimate from the Minnesota Office of Management and Budget was released, revising the projected revenue from the electronic pulltab games. This first revision cut the estimated revenue from the game for 2013 by 51%, to $16 million (versus the legislation's estimate of $34 million).


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: From page 15 of the Minnesota Management and Budget Complete Forecast, November 2012: "For FY 2013, the projected reserve balance has been reduced from $34 to $16 million. Projected new gambling revenues from stadium legislation are expected to be $18 million (51%) below end of session estimates." "The forecast reduction reflects a slower than expected implementation of electronic gaming options and reduced estimates for daily revenue per gaming device."


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: In March 2013, the Minnesota Office of Management and Budget released another updated budget forecast for fiscal years 2013 to 2017. Included in this forecast was another revision in the projected revenue from charitable gambling sources, from the previous estimate of $16 million, down to $1.7 million, a further 90% reduction in the estimate for 2013 revenue. This total was a 95% reduction from what was estimated in the stadium bill passed in May 2012.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: From page 12 of the Minnesota Management and Budget Complete Forecast, February 2013: "The forecast for lawful gambling revenue has been reduced $15 million in FY 2013 and $46 million in FY 2014–15. Slower than expected implementation of electronic gambling options and a reduction in estimates for daily revenue per gambling location were the reasons for the revenue reduction".


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: As a result of the projected shortfall, members of the Minnesota Legislature and the Governor's office began discussing ideas to fix the shortfall. The legislature decided to impose an inventory tax on cigarettes to make up for any shortfall over the next year of construction and closing of a corporate income-tax loophole for the following years.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The state reported in July 2016 that pulltab revenue is "soaring" and that there is optimism in Minneapolis about its continuing to rise.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: In August 2012, the Minnesota Sports Facilities Authority (MSFA)—the stadium's newly created owner—received bids and plans from five architectural and engineering firms, all nationally recognized stadium designers, including Populous, AECOM, EwingCole, and HNTB. On September 28, 2012, the MSFA selected the Dallas firm of HKS, Inc., which had designed both AT&T Stadium and Lucas Oil Stadium within the previous decade, to serve as the project's architect. HKS also designed Globe Life Park in Arlington, home of the Texas Rangers; the Milwaukee Brewers’ American Family Field in Milwaukee, Wisconsin; and renovations to the Chicago White Sox's Guaranteed Rate Field. Initial design plans were not immediately released to the public, but Viking officials said they hoped the budget would allow the new stadium to include a retractable roof, walls, or windows. The design team also planned to incorporate interactive technology into some elements to create a more engaging fan experience.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Construction of the facility was originally slated to begin in October 2013, but was delayed until December 3, 2013, as an ongoing investigation of the Wilfs' finances continued to take place after a 21-year lawsuit against them came to a conclusion in late August. On August 27, 2015, one worker died and another was injured after falling during construction on the U.S. Bank Stadium roof. Jeramie M. Gruber, 35, of Northfield and the other injured worker were employed by St. Paul-based Berwald Roofing Co. which had been cited 6 times since 2010 for OSHA violations regarding improper fall protection for workers. The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) investigated the incident. As a result of the investigation, contractor Mortenson Construction and subcontractor Berwald Roofing faced fines of $173,400 for "serious" and "willful" safety violations. The reports do not provide an explanation of the accidents, but the largest fine, $70,000, and most serious alleged violation faults Berwald for willfully failing to have workers use proper fall protection while working at heights above 6 feet.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: On June 15, 2015, the Vikings announced that U.S. Bank had acquired the naming rights to the stadium. The naming deal is worth $220 million over 25 years.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: On May 20, 2014, the NFL awarded Minneapolis Super Bowl LII, beating out bids by Indianapolis and New Orleans for the game. On November 14, 2014, the NCAA announced the stadium would host the men's basketball Final Four in 2019. In May 2015, Governor Mark Dayton announced a bid to host the College Football Playoff National Championship in 2020. However, on November 4, 2015, it was announced that the game was awarded to New Orleans. This was the first losing bid for a major sporting event offered to be held at the stadium. On July 20, 2016, it was announced that U.S. Bank Stadium and Minneapolis would host the 2017, 2018, and 2019 summer X Games. The stadium was going to host in 2020 as well but the event was canceled due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The first NFL game at the stadium was the Week 3 preseason game against the San Diego Chargers on August 28, 2016. Although the Vikings scored first with a field goal, the Chargers scored the first touchdown in the new stadium. The Vikings ultimately won, 23–10.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The first NFL regular season win at the stadium was on September 18, 2016 by the Vikings against the Green Bay Packers by a score of 17–14.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: The AMA Supercross Championship hosts a round at U.S. Bank Stadium since 2017. The Metrodome had last hosted an AMA Supercross round in 2013.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: U.S. Bank Stadium hosted its first playoff game, an NFC divisional game, on January 14, 2018, as the Vikings hosted the New Orleans Saints. The Vikings won the game 29–24 on a last second 61-yard catch by wide receiver Stefon Diggs, in a play that became known as the Minneapolis Miracle. The Vikings then advanced to the NFC Championship game against the Philadelphia Eagles in Philadelphia's Lincoln Financial Field, where the Vikings lost 38–7, costing the Vikings the chance to become the first NFL team to play a Super Bowl in its own home stadium.


title: U.S. Bank Stadium

text: Super Bowl LII was played at the stadium on February 4, 2018 between the Philadelphia Eagles and the New England Patriots with the Eagles winning 41-33 for their first Super Bowl win.