title: The People vs. Larry Flynt

text: In 1983, Flynt undergoes surgery to deaden several nerves in his back damaged by the bullet wounds, and as a result, feels rejuvenated. He returns to an active role with the publication, which, in his absence, had been run by Althea and Jimmy. Flynt is soon in court again for leaking videos relating to the John DeLorean entrapment case, and during his courtroom antics, he fires Isaacman, then throws an orange at the judge. He later wears an American flag as an adult diaper along with an Army helmet, and wears T-shirts with provocative messages such as "I Wish I Was Black" and "Fuck This Court." After spitting water at the judge Flynt is sent to a psychiatric ward, where he sinks into depression again. Flynt publishes a satirical parody ad in which Jerry Falwell tells of a drunken sexual encounter with his mother. Falwell sues for libel and emotional distress. Flynt countersues for copyright infringement, because Falwell copied his ad and used it to raise funds for his legal bills. The case goes to trial in December 1984, but the decision is mixed, as Flynt is found guilty of inflicting emotional distress but not libel. By that time, Althea has contracted HIV, which proceeds to AIDS. Some time later in 1987, Flynt finds her dead in the bathtub, having drowned.


title: The People vs. Larry Flynt

text: Flynt presses Isaacman to appeal the Falwell decision to the Supreme Court of the United States. Isaacman refuses, saying Flynt's courtroom antics humiliated him. Flynt pleads with him, saying that he "wants to be remembered for something meaningful". Isaacman agrees and argues the "emotional distress" decision in front of the Supreme Court, in the case "Hustler Magazine v. Falwell" in 1988. With Flynt sitting silently in the courtroom, the court overturns the original verdict in a unanimous decision. After the trial, Flynt is alone in his bedroom watching old videotapes of a happy healthy Althea and himself before tragedy struck them both.


title: The People vs. Larry Flynt

text: Both Bill Murray and Tom Hanks were considered for the role of Flynt. Flynt's brother, Jimmy, is played by Brett Harrelson, the real-life brother of Woody Harrelson.


title: The People vs. Larry Flynt

text: Based on 56 reviews collected by Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an overall approval rating of 88%, with an average score of 7.70/10. The site's consensus states, ""The People vs. Larry Flynt" pays entertaining tribute to an irascible iconoclast with a well-constructed biopic that openly acknowledges his troublesome flaws." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 79 out of 100 based on reviews from 24 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The People vs. Larry Flynt

text: The film opened on December 25, 1996, in a limited release, in 16 theatres, where it was a hit, before expanding to wide release, 1,233 theatres, on January 10, 1997. The film eventually grossed $20,300,385 in the United States and Canada. Internationally it did better grossing $23 million, for a worldwide total of $43 million against a $35 million budget.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In genetics, dominance is the phenomenon of one variant (allele) of a gene on a chromosome masking or overriding the effect of a different variant of the same gene on the other copy of the chromosome. The first variant is termed dominant and the second recessive. This state of having two different variants of the same gene on each chromosome is originally caused by a mutation in one of the genes, either new ("de novo") or inherited. The terms autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive are used to describe gene variants on non-sex chromosomes (autosomes) and their associated traits, while those on sex chromosomes (allosomes) are termed X-linked dominant, X-linked recessive or Y-linked; these have an inheritance and presentation pattern that depends on the sex of both the parent and the child (see Sex linkage). Since there is only one copy of the Y chromosome, Y-linked traits cannot be dominant or recessive. Additionally, there are other forms of dominance such as incomplete dominance, in which a gene variant has a partial effect compared to when it is present on both chromosomes, and co-dominance, in which different variants on each chromosome both show their associated traits.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Dominance is a key concept in Mendelian inheritance and classical genetics. Letters and Punnett squares are used to demonstrate the principles of dominance in teaching, and the use of upper case letters for dominant alleles and lower case letters for recessive alleles is a widely followed convention. A classic example of dominance is the inheritance of seed shape in peas. Peas may be round, associated with allele "R", or wrinkled, associated with allele "r". In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: "RR", "Rr", and "rr". The "RR" (homozygous) individuals have round peas, and the "rr" (homozygous) individuals have wrinkled peas. In "Rr" (heterozygous) individuals, the "R" allele masks the presence of the "r" allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele "R" is dominant over allele "r", and allele "r" is recessive to allele "R".


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Dominance is not inherent to an allele or its traits (phenotype). It is a strictly relative effect between two alleles of a given gene of any function; one allele can be dominant over a second allele of the same gene, recessive to a third and co-dominant with a fourth. Additionally, one allele may be dominant for one trait but not others.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Dominance differs from epistasis, the phenomenon of an allele of one gene masking the effect of alleles of a "different" gene.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: The concept of dominance was introduced by Gregor Johann Mendel. Though Mendel, "The Father of Genetics", first used the term in the 1860s, it was not widely known until the early twentieth century. Mendel observed that, for a variety of traits of garden peas having to do with the appearance of seeds, seed pods, and plants, there were two discrete phenotypes, such as round versus wrinkled seeds, yellow versus green seeds, red versus white flowers or tall versus short plants. When bred separately, the plants always produced the same phenotypes, generation after generation. However, when lines with different phenotypes were crossed (interbred), one and only one of the parental phenotypes showed up in the offspring (green, or round, or red, or tall). However, when these hybrid plants were crossed, the offspring plants showed the two original phenotypes, in a characteristic 3:1 ratio, the more common phenotype being that of the parental hybrid plants. Mendel reasoned that each parent in the first cross was a homozygote for different alleles (one parent AA and the other parent aa), that each contributed one allele to the offspring, with the result that all of these hybrids were heterozygotes (Aa), and that one of the two alleles in the hybrid cross dominated expression of the other: A masked a. The final cross between two heterozygotes (Aa X Aa) would produce AA, Aa, and aa offspring in a 1:2:1 genotype ratio with the first two classes showing the (A) phenotype, and the last showing the (a) phenotype, thereby producing the 3:1 phenotype ratio.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Mendel did not use the terms gene, allele, phenotype, genotype, homozygote, and heterozygote, all of which were introduced later. He did introduce the notation of capital and lowercase letters for dominant and recessive alleles, respectively, still in use today.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In 1928, British population geneticist Ronald Fisher proposed that dominance acted based on natural selection through the contribution of modifier genes. In 1929, American geneticist Sewall Wright responded by stating that dominance is simply a physiological consequence of metabolic pathways and the relative necessity of the gene involved. Wright's explanation became an established fact in genetics, and the debate was largely ended. Some traits may have their dominance influenced by evolutionary mechanisms, however.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Most animals and some plants have paired chromosomes, and are described as diploid. They have two versions of each chromosome, one contributed by the mother's ovum, and the other by the father's sperm, known as gametes, described as haploid, and created through meiosis. These gametes then fuse during fertilization during sexual reproduction, into a new single cell zygote, which divides multiple times, resulting in a new organism with the same number of pairs of chromosomes in each (non-gamete) cell as its parents. In mammalian genetics, autosomal dominant disorders have pedigrees that demonstrate a vertical pattern of inheritance.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Each chromosome of a matching (homologous) pair is structurally similar to the other, and has a very similar DNA sequence (loci, singular locus). The DNA in each chromosome functions as a series of discrete genes that influence various traits. Thus, each gene also has a corresponding homologue, which may exist in different versions called alleles. The alleles at the same locus on the two homologous chromosomes may be identical or different.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: For example, the blood type of a human is determined by the ABO gene which encodes variants of an enzyme that creates the A, B, AB, or O blood type located on the long or q arm of chromosome nine (9q34.2). There are three different alleles that could be present at this locus, but only two can be present in any individual, one inherited from their mother and one from their father.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: If two alleles of a given gene are identical, the organism is called a homozygote and is said to be homozygous with respect to that gene; if instead the two alleles are different, the organism is a heterozygote and is heterozygous. The genetic makeup of an organism, either at a single locus or over all its genes collectively, is called its genotype. The genotype of an organism, directly and indirectly, affects its molecular, physical, and other traits, which individually or collectively are called its phenotype. At heterozygous gene loci, the two alleles interact to produce the phenotype.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In complete dominance, the effect of one allele in a heterozygous genotype completely masks the effect of the other. The allele that masks is considered "dominant" to the other allele, and the masked allele is considered "recessive".


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Complete dominance in a heterozygote's phenotype is indistinguishable from a dominant homozygote's phenotype.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: A classic example of complete dominance is the inheritance of seed shape (pea shape) in peas. Peas may be round (associated with allele "R") or wrinkled (associated with allele "r"). In this case, three combinations of alleles (genotypes) are possible: "RR, rr, Rr." "RR" and "rr" are homozygous and "Rr" is heterozygous. The "RR" individuals have round peas and the "rr" individuals have wrinkled peas. In "Rr" individuals the "R" allele masks the presence of the "r" allele, so these individuals also have round peas. Thus, allele "R" is completely dominant to allele "r", and allele "r" is recessive to allele "R".


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Incomplete dominance (also called "partial dominance", "semi-dominance" or "intermediate inheritance") occurs when the phenotype of the heterozygous genotype is distinct from and often intermediate to the phenotypes of the homozygous genotypes. The phenotypic result often appears as a blended form of characteristics in heterozygous state. For example, the snapdragon flower color is homozygous for either red or white. When the red homozygous flower is paired with the white homozygous flower, the result yields a pink snapdragon flower. The pink snapdragon is the result of incomplete dominance. A similar type of incomplete dominance is found in the four o'clock plant wherein pink color is produced when true-bred parents of white and red flowers are crossed. In quantitative genetics, where phenotypes are measured and treated numerically, if a heterozygote's phenotype is exactly between (numerically) that of the two homozygotes, the phenotype is said to exhibit "no dominance" at all, i.e. dominance exists only when the heterozygote's phenotype measure lies closer to one homozygote than the other.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: When plants of the F generation are self-pollinated, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F generation will be 1:2:1 (Red:Pink:White).


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Co-dominance occurs when the contributions of both alleles are visible in the phenotype and neither allele masks another.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: For example, in the ABO blood group system, chemical modifications to a glycoprotein (the H antigen) on the surfaces of blood cells are controlled by three alleles, two of which are co-dominant to each other ("I", "I") and dominant over the recessive "i" at the ABO locus. The "I" and "I" alleles produce different modifications. The enzyme coded for by "I" adds an N-acetylgalactosamine to a membrane-bound H antigen. The "I" enzyme adds a galactose. The "i" allele produces no modification. Thus the "I" and "I" alleles are each dominant to "i" ("II" and "Ii" individuals both have type A blood, and "II" and "Ii" individuals both have type B blood), but "II" individuals have both modifications on their blood cells and thus have type AB blood, so the "I" and "I" alleles are said to be co-dominant.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Another example occurs at the locus for the beta-globin component of hemoglobin, where the three molecular phenotypes of "Hb/Hb", "Hb/Hb", and "Hb/Hb" are all distinguishable by protein electrophoresis. (The medical condition produced by the heterozygous genotype is called "sickle-cell trait" and is a milder condition distinguishable from "sickle-cell anemia", thus the alleles show "incomplete dominance" with respect to anemia, see above). For most gene loci at the molecular level, both alleles are expressed co-dominantly, because both are transcribed into RNA.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Co-dominance, where allelic products co-exist in the phenotype, is different from incomplete dominance, where the quantitative interaction of allele products produces an intermediate phenotype. For example, in co-dominance, a red homozygous flower and a white homozygous flower will produce offspring that have red and white spots. When plants of the F1 generation are self-pollinated, the phenotypic and genotypic ratio of the F2 generation will be 1:2:1 (Red:Spotted:White). These ratios are the same as those for incomplete dominance. Again, this classical terminology is inappropriate – in reality such cases should not be said to exhibit dominance at all.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Dominance relates to the relationship between two versions of a gene. A dominant trait is usually in correspondence to inheritance patterns that can be seen in Punnett Squares. If an individual has two versions of a gene, then the gene that is frequently observed in further generations is considered "dominant".


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In genetics, there are a few misconceptions that are fairly common. It is thought that a dominant trait is "stronger" and "overpowers" a recessive trait. Dominant traits are also assumed more likely to be inherited as well as more prevalent in a population. The idea of dominant traits being male or masculine is another common misconception. The emergence of these different ideas is due to the various concepts of dominance in non-genetic settings; such as being strong, powerful and controlling; which differs from the genetic concept of dominance.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Dominance does not determine whether an allele is deleterious, neutral, or advantageous. However, selection must operate on genes indirectly through phenotypes and dominance affects the exposure of alleles in phenotypes, hence the rate of change in allele frequencies under selection. Deleterious recessive alleles may persist in a population at low frequencies, with most copies carried in heterozygotes, at no cost to those individuals. These rare recessives are the basis for many hereditary genetic disorders.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In genetics, symbols began as algebraic placeholders. When one allele is dominant to another, the oldest convention is to symbolize the dominant allele with a capital letter. The recessive allele is assigned the same letter in lower case. In the pea example, once the dominance relationship between the two alleles is known, it is possible to designate the dominant allele that produces a round shape by a capital-letter symbol R, and the recessive allele that produces a wrinkled shape by a lower-case symbol r. The homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive genotypes are then written RR, Rr, and rr, respectively. It would also be possible to designate the two alleles as W and w, and the three genotypes WW, Ww, and ww, the first two of which produced round peas and the third wrinkled peas. The choice of "R" or "W" as the symbol for the dominant allele does not pre-judge whether the allele causing the "round" or "wrinkled" phenotype when homozygous is the dominant one.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: A gene may have several alleles. Each allele is symbolized by the locus symbol followed by a unique superscript. In many species, the most common allele in the wild population is designated the wild type allele. It is symbolized with a + character as a superscript. Other alleles are dominant or recessive to the wild type allele. For recessive alleles, the locus symbol is in lower case letters. For alleles with any degree of dominance to the wild type allele, the first letter of the locus symbol is in upper case. For example, here are some of the alleles at the "a" locus of the laboratory mouse, "Mus musculus": "A", dominant yellow; "a", wild type; and "a", black and tan. The "a" allele is recessive to the wild type allele, and the "A" allele is codominant to the wild type allele. The "A" allele is also codominant to the "a" allele, but showing that relationship is beyond the limits of the rules for mouse genetic nomenclature.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Rules of genetic nomenclature have evolved as genetics has become more complex. Committees have standardized the rules for some species, but not for all. Rules for one species may differ somewhat from the rules for a different species.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Although any individual of a diploid organism has at most two different alleles at any one locus (barring aneuploidies), most genes exist in a large number of allelic versions in the population as a whole. If the alleles have different effects on the phenotype, sometimes their dominance relationships can be described as a series.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: For example, coat color in domestic cats is affected by a series of alleles of the "TYR" gene (which encodes the enzyme tyrosinase). The alleles "C", "c", "c", and "c" (full colour, Burmese, Siamese, and albino, respectively) produce different levels of pigment and hence different levels of colour dilution. The "C" allele (full colour) is completely dominant over the last three and the "c" allele (albino) is completely recessive to the first three.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In humans and other mammal species, sex is determined by two sex chromosomes called the X chromosome and the Y chromosome. Human females are XX; males are XY. The remaining pairs of chromosome are found in both sexes and are called autosomes; genetic traits associated with loci on these chromosomes are described as autosomal, and may be dominant or recessive. Genetic traits on the X and Y chromosomes are called sex-linked, because they are linked to sex chromosomes, not because they are characteristic of one sex or the other. In practice, the term almost always refers to X-linked traits and a great many such traits (such as red-green colour vision deficiency) are not affected by sex. Females have two copies of every gene locus found on the X chromosome, just as for the autosomes, and the same dominance relationships apply. Males, however, have only one copy of each X chromosome gene locus, and are described as hemizygous for these genes. The Y chromosome is much smaller than the X, and contains a much smaller set of genes, including, but not limited to, those that influence 'maleness', such as the SRY gene for testis determining factor. Dominance rules for sex-linked gene loci are determined by their behavior in the female: because the male has only one allele (except in the case of certain types of Y chromosome aneuploidy), that allele is always expressed regardless of whether it is dominant or recessive. Birds have opposite sex chromosomes: male birds have ZZ and female birds ZW chromosomes. However, inheritance of traits reminds XY-system otherwise; male zebra finches may carry white colouring gene in their one of two Z chromosome, but females develop white colouring always. Grasshoppers have XO-system. Females have XX, but males only X. There is no Y chromosome at all.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Epistasis [""epi" + "stasis" = to sit on top"] is an interaction between alleles at two "different" gene loci that affect a single trait, which may sometimes resemble a dominance interaction between two "different" alleles at the "same" locus. Epistasis modifies the characteristic 9:3:3:1 ratio expected for two non-epistatic genes. For two loci, 14 classes of epistatic interactions are recognized. As an example of recessive epistasis, one gene locus may determine whether a flower pigment is yellow (AA or Aa) or green (aa), while another locus determines whether the pigment is produced (BB or Bb) or not (bb). In a bb plant, the flowers will be white, irrespective of the genotype of the other locus as AA, Aa, or aa. The bb combination is "not" dominant to the A allele: rather, the B gene shows recessive epistasis to the A gene, because the B locus when homozygous for the "recessive" allele (bb) suppresses phenotypic expression of the A locus. In a cross between two AaBb plants, this produces a characteristic 9:3:4 ratio, in this case of yellow : green : white flowers.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In dominant epistasis, one gene locus may determine yellow or green pigment as in the previous example: AA and Aa are yellow, and aa are green. A second locus determines whether a pigment precursor is produced (dd) or not (DD or Dd). Here, in a DD or Dd plant, the flowers will be colorless irrespective of the genotype at the A locus, because of the epistatic effect of the dominant D allele. Thus, in a cross between two AaDd plants, 3/4 of the plants will be colorless, and the yellow and green phenotypes are expressed only in dd plants. This produces a characteristic 12:3:1 ratio of white : yellow : green plants.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Supplementary epistasis occurs when two loci affect the same phenotype. For example, if pigment color is produced by CC or Cc but not cc, and by DD or Dd but not dd, then pigment is not produced in any genotypic combination with either cc "or" dd. That is, "both" loci must have at least one dominant allele to produce the phenotype. This produces a characteristic 9:7 ratio of pigmented to unpigmented plants. Complementary epistasis in contrast produces an unpigmented plant if and only if the genotype is cc "and" dd, and the characteristic ratio is 15:1 between pigmented and unpigmented plants.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Classical genetics considered epistatic interactions between two genes at a time. It is now evident from molecular genetics that all gene loci are involved in complex interactions with many other genes (e.g., metabolic pathways may involve scores of genes), and that this creates epistatic interactions that are much more complex than the classic two-locus models.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: The frequency of the heterozygous state (which is the carrier state for a recessive trait) can be estimated using the Hardy–Weinberg formula: formula_1


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: This formula applies to a gene with exactly two alleles and relates the frequencies of those alleles in a large population to the frequencies of their three genotypes in that population.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: For example, if "p" is the frequency of allele A, and "q" is the frequency of allele a then the terms "p", 2"pq", and "q" are the frequencies of the genotypes AA, Aa and aa respectively. Since the gene has only two alleles, all alleles must be either A or a and . Now, if A is completely dominant to a then the frequency of the carrier genotype Aa cannot be directly observed (since it has the same traits as the homozygous genotype AA), however it can be estimated from the frequency of the recessive trait in the population, since this is the same as that of the homozygous genotype aa. i.e. the individual allele frequencies can be estimated: , , and from those the frequency of the carrier genotype can be derived: .


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: This formula relies on a number of assumptions and an accurate estimate of the frequency of the recessive trait. In general, any real-world situation will deviate from these assumptions to some degree, introducing corresponding inaccuracies into the estimate. If the recessive trait is rare, then it will be hard to estimate its frequency accurately, as a very large sample size will be needed.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: The property of "dominant" is sometimes confused with the concept of advantageous and the property of "recessive" is sometimes confused with the concept of deleterious, but the phenomena are distinct. Dominance describes the phenotype of heterozygotes with regard to the phenotypes of the homozygotes and without respect to the degree to which different phenotypes may be beneficial or deleterious. Since many genetic disease alleles are recessive and because the word dominance has a positive connotation, the assumption that the dominant phenotype is superior with respect to fitness is often made. This is not assured however; as discussed below while most genetic disease alleles are deleterious and recessive, not all genetic diseases are recessive.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Nevertheless, this confusion has been pervasive throughout the history of genetics and persists to this day. Addressing this confusion was one of the prime motivations for the publication of the Hardy–Weinberg principle.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: The molecular basis of dominance was unknown to Mendel. It is now understood that a gene locus includes a long series (hundreds to thousands) of bases or nucleotides of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) at a particular point on a chromosome. The central dogma of molecular biology states that ""DNA makes RNA makes protein"", that is, that DNA is transcribed to make an RNA copy, and RNA is translated to make a protein. In this process, different alleles at a locus may or may not be transcribed, and if transcribed may be translated to slightly different versions of the same protein (called isoforms). Proteins often function as enzymes that catalyze chemical reactions in the cell, which directly or indirectly produce phenotypes. Mutations within the genome can alter catalytic activity, and therefore affect dominance. In any diploid organism, the DNA sequences of the two alleles present at any gene locus may be identical (homozygous) or different (heterozygous). Even if the gene locus is heterozygous at the level of the DNA sequence, the proteins made by each allele may be identical. In the absence of any difference between the protein products, neither allele can be said to be dominant (see "co-dominance", above). Even if the two protein products are slightly different (allozymes), it is likely that they produce the same phenotype with respect to enzyme action, and again neither allele can be said to be dominant.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Historically, Mendel's Law of Independent Assortment assumed that alleles will sort independently, with one allele being "dominant". Zygosity, degree of similarity of an organism's alleles, may affect dominance. Within a diploid organism, these would be defined by the Haplotype interactions of the alleles. Gene haploidy may result in a single, functional allele making sufficient protein to produce a phenotype identical to that of the homozygote. Three general types of haplotype interactions are possible:


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Many proteins are normally active in the form of a multimer, an aggregate of multiple copies of the same protein, otherwise known as a homomultimeric protein or homooligomeric protein. In fact, a majority of the 83,000 different enzymes from 9800 different organisms in the BRENDA Enzyme Database represent homooligomers. When the wild-type version of the protein is present along with a mutant version, a mixed multimer can be formed. A mutation that leads to a mutant protein that disrupts the activity of the wild-type protein in the multimer is a dominant-negative mutation.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: A dominant-negative mutation may arise in a human somatic cell and provide a proliferative advantage to the mutant cell, leading to its clonal expansion. For instance, a dominant-negative mutation in a gene necessary for the normal process of programmed cell death (Apoptosis) in response to DNA damage can make the cell resistant to apoptosis. This will allow proliferation of the clone even when excessive DNA damage is present. Such dominant-negative mutations occur in the tumor suppressor gene "p53". The P53 wild-type protein is normally present as a four-protein multimer (oligotetramer). Dominant-negative "p53" mutations occur in a number of different types of cancer and pre-cancerous lesions (e.g. brain tumors, breast cancer, oral pre-cancerous lesions and oral cancer).


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Dominant-negative mutations also occur in other tumor suppressor genes. For instance two dominant-negative germ line mutations were identified in the Ataxia telangiectasia mutated (ATM) gene which increases susceptibility to breast cancer. Dominant negative mutations of the transcription factor C/EBPα can cause acute myeloid leukemia. Inherited dominant negative mutations can also increase the risk of diseases other than cancer. Dominant-negative mutations in Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) are associated with severe insulin resistance, diabetes mellitus and hypertension.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: Dominant-negative mutations have also been described in organisms other than humans. In fact, the first study reporting a mutant protein inhibiting the normal function of a wild-type protein in a mixed multimer was with the bacteriophage T4 tail fiber protein GP37. Mutations that produce a truncated protein rather than a full-length mutant protein seem to have the strongest dominant-negative effect in the studies of P53, ATM, C/EBPα, and bacteriophage T4 GP37.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In humans, many genetic traits or diseases are classified simply as "dominant" or "recessive". Especially with so-called recessive diseases, which are indeed a factor of recessive genes, but can oversimplify the underlying molecular basis and lead to misunderstanding of the nature of dominance.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: For example, the recessive genetic disease phenylketonuria (PKU) results from any of a large number (>60) of alleles at the gene locus for the enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase (PAH). Many of these alleles produce little or no PAH, as a result of which the substrate phenylalanine (Phe) and its metabolic byproducts accumulate in the central nervous system and can cause severe intellectual disability if untreated.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: To illustrate these nuances, the genotypes and phenotypic consequences of interactions among three hypothetical PAH alleles are shown in the following table:


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In unaffected persons homozygous for a standard functional allele (AA), PAH activity is standard (100%), and the concentration of phenylalanine in the blood [Phe] is about 60 μM (= μmol/L). In untreated persons homozygous for one of the PKU alleles (BB), PAH activity is close to zero, [Phe] ten to forty times standard, and the individual manifests PKU.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: In the AB heterozygote, PAH activity is only 30% (not 50%) of standard, blood [Phe] is elevated two-fold, and the person does not manifest PKU. Thus, the A allele is dominant to the B allele with respect to PKU, but the B allele is incompletely dominant to the A allele with respect to its molecular effect, determination of PAH activity level (0.3% < 30% « 100%). Finally, the A allele is incompletely dominant to the B allele with respect to [Phe], as 60 μM < 120 μM « 600 μM. Note once more that it is irrelevant to the question of dominance that the recessive allele produces a more extreme [Phe] phenotype.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: For a third allele C, a CC homozygote produces a very small amount of PAH enzyme, which results in a somewhat elevated level of [Phe] in the blood, a condition called hyperphenylalaninemia, which does not result in intellectual disability.


title: Dominance (genetics)

text: That is, the dominance relationships of any two alleles may vary according to which aspect of the phenotype is under consideration. It is typically more useful to talk about the phenotypic consequences of the allelic interactions involved in any genotype, rather than to try to force them into dominant and recessive categories.


title: John Ross Bowie

text: John Ross Bowie (born May 30, 1971) is an American actor and comedian best known for playing Barry Kripke on "The Big Bang Theory" and Jimmy DiMeo on "Speechless," in addition to over 100 film and TV credits. He is of no known relation to seminal British rock star David Bowie.


title: John Ross Bowie

text: He appeared in "What the Bleep Do We Know!?" opposite Marlee Matlin and made guest appearances on shows such as "Reno 911!", "Curb Your Enthusiasm", "Glee", and "Good Luck Charlie". In March 2011 he began a run in a series of commercials for the Ford Motor Company.


title: John Ross Bowie

text: Bowie is a regular sketch comedy performer at the Upright Citizens Brigade Theater (UCBT) in New York and Los Angeles. At UCBT he was a member of the sketch troupe "The Naked Babies" with comedians Rob Corddry, Seth Morris, and Brian Huskey. He had a recurring role in Corddry's Adult Swim series "Childrens Hospital". A former member of New York pop punk band, Egghead, he worked with "Big Bang Theory" co-star Kevin Sussman to create two television comedies, "The Ever After Part" and "The Second Coming of Rob".


title: John Ross Bowie

text: Bowie has written for "Go Metric" and "The New York Press", and has authored a book on the cult movie "Heathers".


title: John Ross Bowie

text: His memoir, "No Job For A Man," was published in November 2022 by Pegasus Books, a division of Simon & Schuster. Publishers Weekly called the book a "smart, pithy memoir with an earnest emotional arc."


title: John Ross Bowie

text: His parents, both deceased, were Bruce and Eileen Bryan Bowie (1942–2018). He is married to comedian Jamie Denbo. They have a daughter and a son.


title: John Ross Bowie

text: He graduated from the Bayard Rustin High School for the Humanities in 1989, and holds a Bachelor of Arts in English from Ithaca College.


title: Crispin Freeman

text: Crispin Freeman is an American voice actor, voice director, and screenwriter who is best known for voicing characters in English-language dubs of Japanese anime, animation, and video games. Some of his prominent anime roles include Zelgadis Graywords in "Slayers", Kyon in "The Melancholy of Haruhi Suzumiya", Togusa in the "Ghost in the Shell" franchise, Alucard in "Hellsing", Kirei Kotomine in "Fate/Zero" and "", Itachi Uchiha in "Naruto", Gyomei Himejima in "", Hagi in "Blood+" and Shizuo Heiwajima in "Durarara!!"


title: Crispin Freeman

text: Freeman was born in Chicago His father is Jewish. He is the oldest of three children. His sister, Cassidy Freeman is an actress, while his brother Clark is an actor and musician. Freeman graduated from the Latin School of Chicago in 1990 and earned a BA from Williams College, where he majored in theater and minored in computer science. He then earned an MFA in acting from Columbia University and went on to perform on Broadway, at the American Repertory Theater, at the Mark Taper Forum, at Cincinnati's Playhouse in the Park, and at the Williamstown Theater Festival. As a child, he was greatly influenced by anime such as "Speed Racer" and "Battle of the Planets". Casey Kasem voiced the role of his favorite character, Mark of "Battle of the Planets", and Freeman even wanted to change his name to Mark at one point. He later discovered "Voltron", "Star Blazers", and "Robotech". He has also stated that the reason he got into the industry was because of the anime "The Vision of Escaflowne". He initially got involved in the voice-over industry when a friend of his landed a role in "Peacock King".


title: Crispin Freeman

text: Knowing Freeman was a big anime fan, a friend suggested he call up Central Park Media (CPM) and apply for a job doing English dubs. When originally approached about dubbing, he initially declined. It was not until he remembered all of the anime shows he watched as a child that he realized that many people are introduced to anime through the English dubbed versions. In 1997, Freeman landed the role of Zelgadis Graywords in "Slayers" along with Lisa Ortiz, Eric Stuart and Veronica Taylor. He was the second and final voice actor to get the job, after Zelgadis' original voice actor, Daniel Cronin, lost contact with CPM after a year-long halt in the dubbing. Years later he turned to the American animation voice acting grounds.


title: Crispin Freeman

text: Freeman has been best known for his work in Marvel Comics based productions such as "The Spectacular Spider-Man", "Wolverine and the X-Men" and "". He then starred as several versions of Roy Harper in "Young Justice" for DC Comics and Warner Bros. Since then, Freeman has had various roles throughout his career. He has appeared in many video game titles as memorable characters, such as Albedo from Namco's Xenosaga series, the god of the sun "Helios" in "God of War III", Haji, Joel the 6th and Van Argeno in "Blood+", the main protagonist Baldur in Silicon Knights's "Too Human", Breakdown in "", the Winter Soldier in "", and Iron Man in "".


title: Crispin Freeman

text: Freeman teaches classes, workshops, and performance lectures in the Los Angeles area. In addition to classes, Freeman has a website called Voice Acting Mastery which includes podcasts and other resources regarding voice acting.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: "Space Battleship Yamato" is one of the most influential anime series in Japan. Its turn toward serious themes and complex storylines influenced future works in the medium, including "Gundam", "Evangelion", and "Macross," in addition to video games such as "Space Invaders".


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The first ideas for what would eventually be "Space Battleship Yamato" began in 1973 by producer Yoshinobu Nishizaki, but the project underwent a number of revisions and overhauls before settling on the final design. The team responsible for the creation of "Space Battleship Yamato" consisted of Yoshinobu Nishizaki, Keisuke Fujikawa, Eiichi Yamamoto and Aritsune Toyota. It was initially planned to be a tokusatsu, and Nishizaki was inspired to create something set in space after reading "Methuselah's Children". Aritsune Toyota offered his 1970 novel as a further source of inspiration for Nishizaki.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: In 1973, works such as "The Poseidon Adventure" and "Japan Sinks" were enjoying considerable success. Eiichi Yamamoto believed this was because of the way in which they depicted people being able to survive in extreme circumstances, and this influenced the creation of "Yamato". Additionally, he believed that, overall, industrialisation caused people to become more miserable, and "Yamato" was designed to show a triumph of humanity and love.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Originally intended to be an outer-space variation on "Lord of the Flies", the project at first was titled "Asteroid Ship Icarus" and had a crew from all over the world journeying through space in a hollowed-out asteroid in search of the planet Iscandar. There was to be much discord among the crew with many of them acting purely out of self-interest and for personal gain. The enemy aliens were originally called Rajendora. The Rajendorians were robots whose exact form was unknown, and it was to be revealed towards the end of the story that the Rajendorians, along with the rest of the life on their home planet, had died over a hundred years ago.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The first rough draft of "Yamato" came towards the end of summer 1973, where the Yamato (named as such by Nishizaki) was a regular spaceship, that used a large rock as a shell, and the story was notably darker. Heavier emphasis was placed on the character's flaws, who were overall more misanthropic, and only one of them would survive until the end of the series.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The production of "Yamato" in its conceptual stage was overseen by Eiichi Yamamoto, until 1974, when he had to leave to work on a documentary film. As a replacement, Toshio Masuda, who had worked on "Tora! Tora! Tora!", was considered, but had to decline as he had other projects of his own to focus own, though he would become involved in the production of the 1977 film. The role was given to Leiji Matsumoto, who had at an earlier stage declined an offer, due to his desire to have complete creative control. Matsumoto overhauled the story, designing the titular ship after the IJN "Yamato", its crew, and the Wave Motion Gun, which came from "Sexaroid", an erotic comedy manga written by Matsumoto in 1968.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: In the earliest stages of production, "Space Battleship Yamato" was planned to be 52 episodes in length, before reducing this to 39, and ultimately, 26. The bulk of the cut content centered around Gamilas, who had more characters, and more complex motivations and goals. Additionally, in this earlier stage, the Yamato's battles were more closely tied to events in World War II – for example, the battle near Neptune in the first episode represented Germany circumventing the Maginot Line.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The first draft for "Space Battleship Yamato" was completed on May 21, 1974. In August, a ten minute pilot episode was created, with at least nine copies being sent to the relevant organisations, and, after the pilot's success, pre-production of the anime began, with the first episode airing in October that year. The original series contained 26 episodes, following the "Yamato"s voyage out of the Milky Way and back again. A continuing story, it featured the declining health of "Yamato"s Captain Okita (Avatar in the "Star Blazers" dub), and the transformation of the brash young orphan Susumu Kodai (Derek Wildstar) into a mature officer, as well as his budding romance with female crewmember Yuki Mori (Nova Forrester). The foreign edits tend to play up the individual characters, while the Japanese original is often more focused on the ship itself. In a speech at the 1995 Anime Expo, series episode director Noboru Ishiguro said low ratings and high production expenses forced producer Yoshinobu Nishizaki to trim down the episode count from the original 39 episodes to only 26. The cut episodes would have introduced Captain Harlock as a new series character.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: In the year 2199, an alien race known as Gamilas (Gamilons in the English "Star Blazers" dub) unleash radioactive meteorite bombs on Earth, rendering the planet's surface uninhabitable. Humanity has retreated into deep underground cities, but the radioactivity is slowly affecting them as well, with humanity's extinction estimated in one year. Earth has a space fleet, but they do not yet have interstellar capability, and they are hopelessly outclassed by Gamilas. All seems lost until a message capsule from a mysterious crashed spaceship is retrieved on Mars. The capsule yields blueprints for a faster-than-light engine and an offering of help from Queen Starsha of the planet Iscandar in the Large Magellanic Cloud. She says that her planet has a device, the Cosmo-Cleaner D (Cosmo DNA), which can cleanse Earth of its radiation damage.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The inhabitants of Earth secretly build a massive spaceship inside the ruins of the gigantic which lies exposed at the former bottom of the ocean location where she was sunk in World War II. This becomes the "Space Battleship Yamato" for which the story is titled. In the English "Star Blazers" dub, the ship is noted as being the historical "Yamato", but is then renamed the "Argo" (after the ship of Jason and the Argonauts).


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Using Starsha's blueprints, they equip the new ship with a space warp drive, called the "wave motion engine", and in an apparently unexpected move, weaponize the technology to create a new, incredibly powerful weapon at the bow called the "Wave Motion Gun". The is capable of converting tachyon particles which travel faster than light and enables the "Yamato" to "ride" the wave of tachyons and travel faster than light. The , also called the Dimensional Wave Motion Explosive Compression Emitter, is the "trump card" of the "Yamato" that functions by connecting the Wave Motion Engine to the enormous firing gate at the ship's bow, enabling the tachyon energy power of the engine to be fired in a stream directly forwards. Enormously powerful, it can vaporize a fleet of enemy ships—or a small continent (as seen in the first season, fifth episode)—with one shot; however, it takes a brief but critical period to charge before firing.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: A crew of 114 departs for Iscandar in the "Yamato" to retrieve the radiation-removing device and return to Earth within the one-year deadline. Along the way, they discover the motives of their blue-skinned adversaries: the planet Gamilas, sister planet to Iscandar, is dying; and its leader, Lord Dessler (Desslok in the "Star Blazers" dub), is trying to irradiate Earth enough for his people to move there, at the expense of the "barbarians" he considers humanity to be.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The series was condensed into a 130-minute-long movie by combining elements from a few key episodes of the first season. Additional animation was created for the movie (such as the scenes on Iscandar) or recycled from the series' test footage (such as the opening sequence). The movie, which was released in Japan on August 6, 1977, was edited down further and dubbed into English in 1978; entitled "Space Cruiser Yamato" or simply "Space Cruiser", it was only given a limited theatrical release in Europe and Latin America, where it was called ' ("Star Patrol", in Brazilian Portuguese) or ' ("Starship Intrepid", in Spanish), though it was later released on video in most countries.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The success of the "Yamato" movie in Japan eclipsed that of the local release of "Star Wars", leading to the production of a second movie that would end the story. Also going by the name " Yamato", "Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato", set in the year 2201, shows the "Yamato" crew going up against the White Comet Empire, a mobile city fortress called Gatlantis, from the Andromeda Galaxy. A titanic space battle results in the crew going out on a suicide mission to save humanity. The film has been considered as a non-canonical, alternate timeline.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Viewer dissatisfaction with the ending of "Arrivederci Yamato" prompted the production of a second "Yamato" television season which retconned the film and presented a slightly different plot against Zōdah (Prince Zordar in the "Star Blazers" dub) and his Comet Empire, and ended without killing off the "Yamato" or its primary characters. Like "Arrivederci", the story is set in the year 2201, and expands the film story to 26 episodes. This second season featured additional plots such as a love story between Teresa (Trelaina) and "Yamato" crew member Daisuke Shima (Mark Venture), and an onboard antagonism between Kodai and Saito (Knox), leader of a group of space marines.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Footage from "Arrivederci Yamato" was reused in the second season, particularly in the opening titles. The sequence of the "Yamato" launching from water was also reused in two of the subsequent movies.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The television movie "Yamato: The New Voyage" (aka "Bon Voyage Yamato"), came next, featuring a new enemy, the Black Nebula Empire. The story opens in late 2201. In the film, later modified into a theatrical movie, Dessler sees his homeworld, Gamilas, destroyed by the grey-skinned aliens, and its twin planet Iscandar next in line for invasion. He finds an eventual ally in the "Yamato", then on a training mission under deputy captain Kodai.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The theatrical movie "Be Forever Yamato", set in the year 2202, sees the Black Nebula Empire launch a powerful weapon at Earth, a hyperon bomb which will annihilate humanity if they resist a full-scale invasion. The "Yamato", under new captain, Yamanami, travels to the aliens' home galaxy only to discover what appears to be a future Earth—defeated and ruled by the enemy. Appearing in this film is Sasha, the daughter of Queen Starsha of Iscandar and Mamoru Kodai (Susumu's older brother).


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Following these movies, a third season of the television series was produced, broadcast on Japanese television in 1980. Its date was not mentioned in the broadcast, but design documents, as well as anime industry publications, cited the year 2205 as the time it takes place. In the story, the Sun is hit by a stray proton missile from a nearby battle between forces of the Galman Empire and Bolar Federation. This missile greatly accelerates nuclear fusion in the Sun, and humanity must either evacuate to a new home or find a means of preventing a supernova. During the course of the story, it is learned that the people of the Galman Empire are actually the forebears of Dessler and the Gamilas race. Dessler and the remnants of his space fleet have found and liberated Galman from the Bolar Federation. Originally conceived as a 52-episode story, funding cuts meant the season had to be truncated to 25 episodes, with a corresponding loss of overall story development. This third season was adapted into English several years after the original "Star Blazers" run and, to the dissatisfaction of fans, used different voice actors than the earlier seasons.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Premiering in Japanese theaters on March 19, 1983, "Final Yamato" reunites the crew one more time to combat the threat of the Denguilu, a militaristic alien civilization that intends to use the water planet, Aquarius, to flood Earth and resettle there, having lost their home planet to a galactic collision. Captain Okita, who was found to be in cryogenic sleep since the first season, returns to command the "Yamato" and sacrifices himself to stop the Denguili's plan. Kodai and Yuki also get married.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The story is set in the year 2203, contradicting earlier assumptions that its predecessor, "Yamato III", took place in 2205.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Although "New Space Battleship Yamato" was abandoned, Nishizaki promptly began work on a new movie titled , set after the original series, while Matsumoto planned a new "Yamato series". However, additional legal conflicts stalled both projects until August 2008, when Nishizaki announced plans for the release of his film on December 12, 2009.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Set 17 years after the events of "Final Yamato", "Resurrection" brings together some members of the "Yamato" crew, who lead Earth's inhabitants to resettle in a far-flung star system after a black hole which will destroy the solar system in three months is discovered.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: In the mid-1990s, Nishizaki attempted to create a sequel to "Yamato", set hundreds of years after the original. "Yamato 2520" was to chronicle the adventures of the eighteenth starship to bear the name, and its battle against the Seiren Federation. Much of the continuity established in the original series (including the destruction of Earth's moon) is ignored in this sequel.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: In place of Leiji Matsumoto, American artist Syd Mead, known for works such as "∀ Gundam", and "Blade Runner", provided the conceptual art.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Due to the bankruptcy of Nishizaki's company West Cape Corp (former Academy Productions), and legal disputes with Matsumoto over the ownership of the "Yamato" copyrights, the series was never finished and only three episodes (out of ten) were produced and released on home video.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: is the second original animated video based on "Space Battleship Yamato". It was released in five episodes from 2004 to 2007. Its first episode was temporarily available for streaming online in 2007. Unable to continue his plans for the "Great Yamato" project after a copyright shift in March 2002, Leiji Matsumoto radically redesigned the ship and staffed it with a completely new crew starting with modified versions of his "Great Yamato" characters.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The story begins in 3199, when a mighty enemy attacks the Milky Way from a neighbouring galaxy, and defeats the Milky Way Alliance, reducing them to just six fleets. After the Alliance headquarters is destroyed, and when the collapse of the central Milky Way Alliance is imminent, the "Great Yamato "Zero"" embarks on a mission to assist the Milky Way Alliance in one last great battle.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: In March 2002, a Tokyo court ruled that Yoshinobu Nishizaki legally owned the "Yamato" copyrights. Nishizaki and Matsumoto eventually settled, and Nishizaki pushed ahead with developing a new Yamato television series. Project proposals for a 26-episode television series were drawn up in early 2004, but no further work was done with Tohoku Shinsha not backing the project. American series expert Tim Eldred was able to secure a complete package of art, mecha designs, and story outline at an auction over Japanese store Mandarake in April 2014.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Set 20 years after "Final Yamato", the series would have shown Susumu Kodai leading a salvage operation for the remains of the "Yamato". The ship is rebuilt as the Earth Defense Force builds a second Space Battleship Yamato to combat the Balbard Empire, an alien race that has erected a massive honeycombed cage called Ru Sak Gar over Earth, in a bid to stop the human race's spacefaring efforts. A feature film to be released after the series ended would have featured the original space battleship fighting the Balbards' attempt to launch a black hole at Earth. Kodai, Yuki, and Sanada are the only original series characters who would have returned in the series.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Released on December 1, 2010, "Space Battleship Yamato" is the franchise's first live-action film. Directed by Takashi Yamazaki, the movie stars Takuya Kimura as Susumu Kodai and Meisa Kuroki as Yuki. It was revealed originally that the plot would be based on that of the 1974 series. However, an official trailer released during June 2010 on Japanese television has also shown elements from the series' second season (1978). The film had a budget of over ¥2 billion, and was the fourth highest grossing Japanese live-action film of the year, and the 31st highest grossing Japanese film of all time at the time of release.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Debuting in Japanese cinemas on April 7, 2012, "2199" is a remake of the 1974 series. Yutaka Izubuchi serves as supervising director, with character designs by Nobuteru Yuki, and Junichiro Tamamori and Makoto Kobayashi in charge of mecha and conceptual designs. The series is a joint project of Xebec and AIC. Hideaki Anno designed the new series' opening sequence.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The sequel to the first remake heptalogy, and debuting in Japanese cinemas on February 25, 2017, "2202" is a remake of the second series, with Nobuyoshi Habara as director and Harutoshi Fukui as writer. Most of the staff and original cast from the first remake were brought back to the project. It is animated by Xebec.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The sequel to the second remake heptalogy, it debuted in Japanese cinemas on October 8, 2021. "2205" is a remake of the film "". Kenji Yasuda directed the film while Harutoshi Fukui returned as writer. It is the first "Yamato" work animated by Satelight.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: An upcoming sequel in the remake series, "3199" is presumably a remake of "Be Forever Yamato" with which it shares a subtitle. Staff is currently unannounced.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: With the retelling of "Arrivederci Yamato" as the open-ended "Yamato II" television series (ending in late 2201), "Arrivederci" was redesignated as a discardable, alternate timeline. The follow-on film, "Yamato: The New Voyage", took place in late 2201; and its successor, "Be Forever Yamato", in early 2202. "Yamato III" was commonly believed to be set in 2205 (several printed publications used this date, although it was never stated in the show's broadcast). But the following film, "Final Yamato", was set in 2203. The opening narration of "Final" mentioned the Bolar/Galman conflict, implying that the date for "Yamato III" was to be regarded as some time between 2202 and 2203 (making for an unrealistic and compressed timeline).


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: It is not known if this change was due to the lackluster response to "Yamato III", the production staff's dissatisfaction with the truncated series (additionally, Nishizaki and Matsumoto had limited involvement with it), or a mere oversight.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: In 2220, the ship is rebuilt following the events of "Final Yamato". The new captain of the ship is Susumu Kodai, who was the main character in the previous movies. It is stated in "Space Battleship Yamato: Resurrection" that it is set 17 years after "Final Yamato".


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: "Bōken Ō" magazine from November 1974 issue (released on October 1) to May 1975 issue (published on April 1) and collected into one volume, and "Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato", published from July 1978 issue (released on June 1) to December 1979 issue (published on November 1) and collected into two volumes. Also included in the third volume is the gaiden manga "Eternal Story of Jura", originally published in 1976 in Akita Shoten's "Playcomic" periodical.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Seven Seas Entertainment licensed the manga in 2017 and released it in English as hardcover omnibus "Space Battleship Yamato: The Classic Collection" on April 9, 2019.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: is a manga created by Leiji Matsumoto during his tenure as a copyright holder for "Space Battleship Yamato" (1998-2002). It was published in Shogakukan's monthly magazine "Gotta Comics" from February 2000 to October 2001 and partially collected into two volumes. It was set in the year 3199 and brought together the distant descendants of the Yamato crew to lift off in a much bigger version of the original ship. In 2001 Matsumoto, Columbia Records, and composer Hiroshi Miyagawa released a music album "Symphonic Suite Great Yamato". In early 2002 Matsumoto announced his intentions to create an anime titled "The Great Galaxy Series: The Tale of Great Yamato 7vs7". But "Great Yamato" was cut short when a court order in Japan blocked Matsumoto's further use of the copyright in March 2002.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: "Space Battleship Yamato" was a 1985 Japanese exclusive Laserdisc video game designed by Taito which was based on the television series of the same name. "Game Machine" listed "Space Battleship Yamato" on their August 1, 1985 issue as being the second most-successful upright/cockpit arcade unit of the month.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Released in 1992 for the Game Boy, "Space Battleship Yamato" is a turn-based strategy game, with the player fighting against Dessler. The player can move a few places on the battlefield at a time, and, if they encounter an enemy, it will start a shoot 'em up section that they must complete without losing all their "Cosmo Tigers" in order to advance.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Released in 1999 for the PlayStation, the game's story is based on original "Yamato" series, but incorporates events from Leiji Matsumoto's manga. The game requires the player to manage the Yamato, and its crew, flying the ship, attacking enemies, and using individual crewmen to invade enemy territory.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Released in May 2000 for the PlayStation, this game is based on the events of "Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato" and "Space Battleship Yamato II". It features the same basic gameplay as "The Faraway Planet Iscandar", but allows for a branching story, with events coming from either "Farewell to Space Battleship Yamato" or "Space Battleship Yamato II".


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Released in September 2000 for the PlayStation, this game is an original series fan disc based on the Leiji Matsumoto's 1976 manga "Eternal Story of Jura".


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The first PlayStation 2 "Yamato" game, released in 2004, "Reminiscences of Iscandar" is more action-oriented than previous titles, focusing more on combat between the Yamato and Gamilas, rather than micromanaging the crew, though it is heavy on dialogue and cutscenes, which make up the majority of the content of the game.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: A March 2005 game, and the first "Yamato" game to be a third-person shooter, but still offers a branching story like the other games. It is the second in the PS2 trilogy of "Yamato" games.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Three pachinko games for "Space Battleship Yamato" have been created, released in 2007, 2009, and 2013.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Three separate "Yamato" typing games have been released – "Typing Wave-Motion Gun" (2000), "Typing Warp (2001)", and "Typing Dispersion Wave-Motion Gun (2001)".


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Due to its extensive financial success, "Space Battleship Yamato" has since its release seen a long line of merchandise.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Starting in 1974, many Yamato-themed products have been sold, including clothing, tableware, stationery, and models of the characters, with the "Cosmo Tigers" and "Yamato" itself receiving particular attention. Additionally, models of Dessler's fleet were available, and at the time it was uncommon for the villain's ships or mecha to be sold. Bandai was responsible for most of the merchandising, and their choice to sponsor "Space Battleship Yamato" at such an early stage of its production is considered influential in the company's financial success.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Bandai produced an extensive number of models of the "Yamato", in a variety of sizes, the largest, and most elaborate one being a 70 cm (27.5 inch) model released in 2007. The ship comes with a remote control, designed to look like the Wave-Motion Gun's pistol grip, with which the "Yamato's" shutters, main and auxiliary guns, pulse lasers, and Wave-Motion Gun can all be interacted with. The ship was sold for ¥47,250 ($450).


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Initially, "Space Battleship Yamato" was ignored – the original 1974 anime was forced to halve its episode count due to low ratings and viewership. However, with the release of the 1977 film, it had a surge in popularity, and ultimately achieved a cult status. During the original broadcast, despite the general lack of interest, Leiji Matsumoto received a "very surprising" amount of fan mail from women who had watched the show, which came as a surprise due to the fact he had intended for it to be watched mostly by a male audience.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Prior to the release of "Yamato" in 1974, anime was called "terebi manga" (TV manga). The success of "Yamato", both because of its tone and themes that were ambitious for an anime at that time, and the fact it was an original work, made it influential in the move towards the term anime.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: "Space Battleship Yamato" is one of the most influential anime series in Japan. Its turn toward serious themes and complex storylines influenced future works in the genre, including "Gundam", "Evangelion", and "Macross".


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: "Yamato" would go on to influence many later anime, including "Mobile Suit Gundam" and "Neon Genesis Evangelion". Its popularity subsequently lead to various parodies and references, such as in Sgt. Frog, Haruhi Suzumiya and Space Battleship Tiramisu.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Hideaki Anno has ranked "Yamato" as his favorite anime and credited it with sparking his interest in anime. "Yamato" was also the first anime series or movie to win the Seiun Award, a feat not repeated until the film "Nausicaä of the Valley of the Wind" (1984).


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The original 1974 "Yamato" series has a number of striking similarities to the later 1977 film "Star Wars". For example, both are space opera works with militant empires, star ships and space battles; the robot Analyzer in "Yamato" bears a strong resemblance to R2-D2, in terms of both design and narrative function; and both works involve ship design blue-prints which are delivered by the female leads. Several critics have suggested that "Yamato" may have influenced "Star Wars", though George Lucas did not mention it among his Japanese influences (such as Akira Kurosawa's samurai films).


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: "Yamato" also had an impact on video games. It was cited as an inspiration behind the influential shoot 'em up game "Space Invaders". Game designer Takashi Nishiyama also credits the Wave Motion Gun as the origin of the Hadouken move in the "Street Fighter" series.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: The "Space Battleship Yamato" series generally involves themes of brave sacrifice, noble enemies, and respect for heroes lost in the line of duty. This can be seen as early as the second episode of the first season, which recounts the defeat of the original battleship "Yamato" while sailors and pilots from both sides salute her as she sinks (this scene was cut from the English dub, but later included on the "Star Blazers" DVD release). The movies spend much time showing the crew visiting monuments to previous missions and recalling the bravery of their fallen comrades. Dessler, the enemy defeated in the first season and left without a home or a people, recognizes that his foes are fighting for the same things he fought for and, eventually, becomes an important and loyal ally to Earth.


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: For many years, English-language releases of the anime bore the title "Space Cruiser Yamato". This romanization has appeared in Japanese publications because Nishizaki, a sailing enthusiast who owned a cruiser yacht, ordered that this translation be used out of love for his boat. However, in reference to naval nomenclature, it is technically inaccurate, as means "battleship" and not "cruiser" (which in Japanese would be ). Leiji Matsumoto's manga adaptation was usually referred to as "Cosmoship Yamato". Contemporary "Yamato" releases, including the Voyager Entertainment DVD and


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: Seven Seas Entertainment release of the manga, are marketed either as "Star Blazers" or "Space Battleship Yamato".


title: Space Battleship Yamato

text: "Star Blazers" (1979) is a heavily edited dubbed version for the United States market produced by Westchester Film Corporation. Voyager Entertainment released DVD volumes and comic adaptations of the anime years later.


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: Laurence George Luckinbill (born November 21, 1934) is an American actor, playwright and director. He has worked in television, film, and theatre, doing triple duty in the theatre by writing, directing, and starring in stage productions. He is known for penning and starring in one-man shows based upon the lives of United States President Theodore Roosevelt, author Ernest Hemingway, and famous American defense attorney Clarence Darrow; starring in a one-man show based upon the life of US President Lyndon Baines Johnson; and for his portrayal of Spock's half-brother Sybok in the film "".


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: Luckinbill was born in Fort Smith, Arkansas, the son of Agnes (née Nulph) and Laurence Benedict Luckinbill. He is the uncle of film directors Lana and Lilly Wachowski, the children of his sister, Lynne. He is Roman Catholic.


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: He attended Fort Smith Junior College from 1951 to 1952, received a Bachelor of Arts degree from the University of Arkansas in 1956, received a Master of Fine Arts degree from the Catholic University of America in 1958, attended New York University in 1980, and studied acting at HB Studio in New York City.


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: He is married to actress Lucie Arnaz, daughter of Lucille Ball and Desi Arnaz. They have three children together: Simon, Joseph, and Katharine. Arnaz and Luckinbill have toured together in theatrical productions such as "They're Playing Our Song". He also has two sons from his previous marriage to actress Robin Strasser, Nicholas and Benjamin.


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: On television, he started out with roles on the now-defunct American soap operas "Where the Heart Is" and "The Secret Storm". He starred as espionage agent Glenn Garth Gregory in the 1972–1973 ABC dramatic television series, "The Delphi Bureau". He has performed in numerous episodes of television series, including "Law & Order", "Barnaby Jones", "Columbo" (episode "Make Me a Perfect Murder"), "The Mary Tyler Moore Show", and "Murder, She Wrote". He also played Lillian Hellman's lawyer Joseph L. Rauh in the television film "Dash and Lilly" (1999).


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: His 1961 Broadway debut was in "A Man for All Seasons". He starred in Pavel Kohout's 1976 Broadway play "Poor Murderer" at the Ethel Barrymore Theatre, Michael Cristofer's "The Shadow Box" (1977) at the Morosco Theater, for which he received a nomination for the Best Featured Actor in a Play, and in Thomas Babe's "A Prayer for My Daughter" (1978) at the Public Theater. His theatre career has included writing and directing. Luckinbill has written and performed in several one-man shows, including, "Hemingway", "Teddy", and "An Evening with Clarence Darrow". He has also starred in numerous productions of "Lyndon", which he did not write. One production was at the LBJ Museum in Austin, Texas, where Lady Bird Johnson was among attendees.


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: He appeared in the drama film "The Boys in the Band" (1970), reprising the role of Hank, which he originated on stage. He portrayed Spock's half-brother Sybok in "" (1989). Sean Connery was originally contacted to star in the role but was busy with "Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade". William Shatner discovered Luckinbill by chance by channel-surfing late one night and seeing him perform as Johnson. When Shatner called to offer him the role, Luckinbill accepted immediately.


title: Laurence Luckinbill

text: Other film appearances include "Such Good Friends" (1971), "The Promise" (1979), and "Cocktail" (1988). He also narrated the documentary "Moonwalk One".


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The Boeing C-40 Clipper is a military version of the Boeing 737 Next Generation used to transport cargo and passengers. It is used by the United States Navy, Air Force, and Marine Corps. The Navy C-40A variant is named "Clipper", whereas the USAF C-40B/C variants are officially unnamed.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The C-40 combines the Boeing 737-700 fuselage with the strengthened wings and landing gear of the larger and heavier 737-800. It also has auxiliary fuel tanks allowing an unrefueled range of up to compared with for the standard 737-700.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: First flight took place in April 2000 and the first of the C-40A aircraft entered service in April 2001.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The U.S. Navy Reserve was the first customer for a 737 Next Generation based "combi" aircraft (capable of transporting cargo and passengers). The Clipper was ordered by the U.S. Navy to replace its fleet of aging C-9B Skytrain IIs. The C-40A is the first new logistics aircraft in 17 years to join the U.S. Navy Reserve. The Navy Reserve provides all of the Navy's medium and heavy airlift capabilities. The Clipper meets or exceeds international noise and environmental requirements, which the fleet of Naval Reserve C-9s did not. It is also more fuel-efficient and offers increased range and payload capabilities. The Clipper is certified to operate in an all-passenger (121 passengers), all-cargo or combination ("combi") configuration that can accommodate up to three cargo pallets and 70 passengers on the main deck.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The Navy purchased the airplanes using standard commercial practices, ordering six of the 737-700C models . The first two of four aircraft were delivered on 21 April 2001 to Fleet Logistics Support Squadron Five Nine (VR-59) at the Naval Air Station/Joint Reserve Base Fort Worth, Texas, with two more aircraft following before the end of the year. The fifth and sixth aircraft were delivered in August 2002 to VR-58 at the Naval Air Station Jacksonville, Florida. Further aircraft have been delivered to VR-57 at the Naval Air Station North Island, California. The C-40A provides superior fuel efficiency, range and payload compared to the C-9B aircraft it replaced.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: In the 2018 Marine Aviation Plan, the U.S. Marine Corps indicated that it intended to acquire two C-40A aircraft for airlift missions, replacing its Skytrain fleet. On 4 December 2018 an online notice was posted by the Marines seeking a supplier of C-40s to be delivered in 2020. The USMC Skytrains were retired in 2017 and to prepare for the transition to new aircraft, personnel from Marine Transport Squadron One were assigned to operate Navy Clippers until the arrival of their own aircraft.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The United States Air Force selected the C-40B, a military version of the 737-700 Boeing Business Jet, to replace the aging fleet of C-137 aircraft used to transport U.S. combatant commanders. The Air Force awarded the medium lift contract in August 2000. The 89th Airlift Wing acquired its first C-40B aircraft in December 2002. Both units are based at Andrews Air Force Base, Maryland. The 15th Airlift Wing, Hickam AFB, Hawaii, acquired its C-40B for U.S. Pacific Command in February 2003. The 86th Airlift Wing, Ramstein AB, Germany, acquired its C-40B for U.S. Air Forces in Europe in December 2004.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The cabin area is equipped with a crew rest area, distinguished visitor compartment with sleep accommodations, two galleys and business class seating with worktables.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The C-40B is designed to be an "office in the sky" for senior military and government leaders. The aircraft features two-way broadband data communications, including secure voice and data communication; elements include internet and network access, telephones, satellites, facsimile and copy machines. The C-40B also has a computer-based passenger data system.


title: Boeing C-40 Clipper

text: The C-40C is a VIP transport aircraft often used to carry members of the Cabinet and Congress. The aircraft is equipped similarly to the C-40B, but without the advanced communications capabilities. Unique to the C-40C is the capability to change its configuration to accommodate from 42 to 111 passengers. The C-40C replaced three C-22s (a militarized Boeing 727) operated by the Air National Guard and National Guard Bureau to airlift personnel. The C-40C was the first military aircraft to be acquired in this as an off-the-shelf aircraft for the Department of Defense. The 201st Airlift Squadron, District of Columbia Air National Guard acquired two C-40C aircraft in October 2002. The Air Force Reserve 932d Airlift Wing, Scott AFB, Illinois acquired three C-40C aircraft in 2007.


title: Nachos

text: Nachos are a Mexican culinary dish consisting of fried tortilla chips or "totopos" covered with melted cheese or cheese sauce, as well as a variety of other toppings and garnishes, often including meats (such as ground beef or grilled chicken), vegetables (such as chili peppers, lettuce, tomatoes, and olives), and condiments such as salsa, guacamole, or sour cream. At its most basic form, nachos may consist of merely chips covered with cheese, and served as an appetizer or snack, while other versions are substantial enough as a main course. The dish was created by, and named after, Ignacio Anaya, who created them in 1941 for customers at the Victory Club restaurant in Piedras Negras, Coahuila.


title: Nachos

text: Nachos originated in the city of Piedras Negras, Coahuila, just over the border from Eagle Pass, Texas. Ignacio "Nacho" Anaya created nachos at the Victory Club in 1940 when Mamie Finan, a regular customer, asked if Anaya could bring her, and three other women on a shopping trip from Eagle Pass, a different snack than usual. In Spanish, "Nacho" is a common nickname for Ignacio. Anaya went to the kitchen and spotted freshly fried pieces of corn tortillas. In a moment of culinary inspiration, Anaya cut the tortillas into triangles, fried them, added shredded Colby cheese, quickly heated them, added sliced pickled jalapeño peppers, and served them. After tasting the snack, Finan asked what it was called. Anaya responded, "Well, I guess we can just call them Nacho's Special."


title: Nachos

text: Anaya also opened his own restaurant, Nacho's Restaurant, in Piedras Negras. Anaya's original recipe was printed in the 1954 "St. Anne's Cookbook".


title: Nachos

text: The popularity of the dish swiftly spread throughout Texas and the Southwest. The first known appearance of the word "nachos" in English dates to 1950, from the book "A Taste of Texas". According to El Cholo Spanish Cafe history, waitress Carmen Rocha is credited with making nachos in San Antonio, Texas, before introducing the dish to Los Angeles at the cafe in 1959.


title: Nachos

text: A modified version of the dish, with cheese sauce and prepared tortilla chips, was marketed in 1976 by Frank Liberto, owner of Ricos Products, during Texas Rangers baseball games at Arlington Stadium in Arlington, Texas. This version became known as "ballpark nachos". During the September 4, 1978 "Monday Night Football" game between the Baltimore Colts and Dallas Cowboys, sportscaster Howard Cosell enjoyed the name "nachos," and made a point of mentioning the dish in his broadcasts over the following weeks, further popularizing it and introducing it to a whole new audience.


title: Nachos

text: Ignacio Anaya died in 1975. In his honor, a bronze plaque was erected in Piedras Negras, and October 21 was declared the International Day of the Nacho. Anaya's son, Ignacio Anaya, Jr., served as a judge at the annual nacho competition.


title: Nachos

text: The nutritional breakdown and total calorie count for a serving of nachos typically depends on the type of nacho, type of cheese, and additional toppings (such as beef, jalapeños, etc.) that are included in the serving. Most typical corn tortilla chips contain about 15 calories per chip. Baked corn tortilla chips have about 6 calories per chip, making them a healthier alternative option to the usual fried chip. Mexican-style cheddar cheese contains about 110 calories per ounce. Adding an additional source of protein, such as chicken or beef, increases the calorie count by about 100 calories or so. All in all, a single serving of nachos can contain from 300 to 600 total calories.


title: Nachos

text: A single serving of nachos also contains significant amounts of fat, sodium, and calcium. There are around 16 grams of fat, 816 mg of sodium, and 272 mg of calcium per serving of nachos. In other words, one serving contains 39% of the daily value for fat, 34% of the daily value for sodium, and 27% of the daily value for calcium.


title: Nachos

text: A variation consists of a quartered and fried tostada topped with a layer of refried beans or various meats and a layer of shredded cheese or nacho cheese, topped with habanero hot sauce.


title: Nachos

text: Other variations include barbecue nachos (in which cheese is replaced with barbecue sauce) and poutine nachos (in which cheddar cheese is replaced with cheese curds and gravy). Although those variations use nontraditional ingredients, these versions are still classified as nachos. In the US Southeast, pulled pork nachos, also called barbecue nachos, are very popular. In this variation, the nachos retain their cheese and often jalapeños, but are also topped with pulled smoked pork shoulder served with or without barbecue sauce or hot sauce. Some Irish-themed restaurants and bars serve "Irish Nachos" with toppings placed over potatoes (French fries) instead of tortilla chips. A Pacific Nortwestern version Of nachos called totchos, or Tot-Chos is a variation in which tortilla chips are replaced with deep-fried or baked tater tots.


title: Nachos

text: Traditional nachos consist of the tortilla chips topped with cheese and jalapeños, as done by Anaya. The modern form of nachos has several possible ingredients with the most common toppings being cheese, guacamole, salsa, sour cream, jalapeños, olives, refried beans, ground beef, chicken, and sometimes lettuce. Lettuce is a less common topping, if added at all. Toppings may be served buffet-style to allow diners to create their own nachos. The topping of the greatest quantity is often the cheese.


title: Nachos

text: Nachos vary from the modern style served in restaurants to the quick and easy nachos sold at concession stands in stadiums. The nachos commonly sold at concession stands in the US consists of tortilla chips topped with pump-able cheese sauce. The cheese sauce comes in condensed form to which water or milk and pepper juice are added. What is contained in the condensed form itself is a trade secret. Another variation of nachos is "dessert nachos". These vary widely, from cinnamon and sugar on pita chips to "s'more nachos" with marshmallow and chocolate on graham crackers, and typically refer to a dessert consisting of scattered toppings on some form of crispy base.


title: Nachos

text: Nachos with an abundance of toppings are sometimes called "loaded nachos". This type of dish is usually served as an appetizer at bars or restaurants in the United States and elsewhere. Typically, the tortilla chips are arranged on a platter, meat and refried bean toppings are then added, and the entire platter is smothered with shredded cheese. The platter is then put into a broiler or microwave to cause the cheese to melt. The platter is then covered with the cold toppings (shredded lettuce, tomatoes, salsa, jalapeños, etc.) and served immediately.


title: Nachos

text: In Memphis, Tennessee, barbecue nachos are served in most barbecue restaurants, and also at sporting events. Generous portions of barbecued pork shoulder are placed atop tortilla chips, then covered with melted cheese or nacho cheese, barbecue sauce, and sliced jalapeño peppers.


title: Nachos

text: In Hawaii, kalua pork and pineapple nachos are served in many restaurants and bars. Generous portions of kalua pork and pineapple bits are placed atop tortilla chips, then covered with melted cheese or nacho cheese, and varied toppings.


title: Nachos

text: A similar dish that involves tortilla chips and cheese is found in Tex-Mex restaurants. Small bowls of chili con queso or, more commonly, salsa are served with baskets of warm tortilla chips as appetizers.


title: Nachos

text: A form of processed cheese sauce mixed with peppers and other spices is often used in place of freshly shredded cheese in institutional or large-scale production settings, such as schools, movie theaters, sports venues, and convenience stores, or wherever using freshly grated cheese may be logistically prohibitive. Though originally formulated as a cheaper and more convenient source of cheese to top nachos, this dip has become popular enough in the U.S. that it is available in some Mexican-themed restaurants, and at major grocery stores, in both name-brand (Frito-Lay, Tostitos, and Taco Bell) and unbranded versions.


title: Nachos

text: In the United States, National Nacho Day is celebrated on November 6. The International Nacho Festival is held between October 13 and 15 at Piedras Negras, the birthplace of nachos, and features live music, art, cultural activities, and a contest for the biggest nacho of the world which is registered with the "Guinness World Records".


title: Nachos

text: On April 21, 2012, the world's biggest serving of nachos was made by Centerplate at the University of Kansas in Lawrence, Kansas. It weighed and contained of nacho chips, of salsa, of tomato, of meat and beans, and more than of cheese.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: The Trials of Apollo is a pentalogy of fantasy adventure and mythological fiction novels written by American author Rick Riordan that collectively form a sequel to the "Heroes of Olympus" series. It is set in the same world as the Riordan tales " Percy Jackson" and " Heroes of Olympus" and the references to characters and happenings from earlier series prove this. A supplementary book, "Camp Jupiter Classified", has also been released in addition to the main series.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: The first book in the series, "The Hidden Oracle", was released on May 3, 2016. The second book in the series, "The Dark Prophecy", was released on May 2, 2017. The third book in the series, "The Burning Maze", was released on May 1, 2018. The fourth book in the series, "The Tyrant's Tomb", was released on September 24, 2019. The fifth book in the series, "The Tower of Nero", was released on October 6, 2020.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: The series follows the trials of the god Apollo, who has been turned into a mortal named Lester Papadopoulos as punishment from his father and king of the gods Zeus. Lester (Apollo) must meet some new friends and train at Camp Half-Blood, save and return 5 undiscovered oracles that have gone dark, and get back to his true form. Zeus is angry at Apollo for a variety of reasons, most notably for the younger god's allowing his Roman descendant Octavian to rise to power during "The Heroes of Olympus" series by giving him his blessing. The final book of "The Heroes of Olympus", titled "The Blood of Olympus", takes place about six months before "The Trials of Apollo".


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: "The Hidden Oracle" is the first book of the series. It is told in first-person by the main character Apollo, and it uses haikus for chapter titles. The book was released on May 3, 2016.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: The book opens with Apollo landing in a dumpster in an alley in New York City, in the form of a mortal teenager named Lester Papadopoulos because of the events leading up to the war between the Greeks and the Romans. After shenanigans happen, he meets Meg McCaffrey. Believing that he must only undertake a simple quest to regain his immortality, Apollo and Meg travel to Camp Half-Blood with the help of Percy Jackson, where they learn most of the world's Oracles have stopped working. The two undertake a quest to locate and protect a remaining oracle, Dodona, and also hoping to learn how to help the other oracles and regain Apollo's immortality. Apollo also finds out that the first oracle he has to save is heavily guarded by the mysterious 'Beast' who happens to be the first of the three evil Roman-emperors-turned-Gods, the Roman emperor Nero, who is also the stepfather of Meg McCaffrey.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: The book continues the story of Apollo as the mortal Lester, as he leaves the safety of Camp Half-Blood and journeys across North America to restore the remaining four Oracles and learn how to defeat the Triumvirate of Roman emperors-turned-god while being helped by Leo Valdez, Calypso and Festus the bronze dragon, the Hunters of Artemis, and some new characters. Apollo has to face and defeat the second Triumvirate emperor – Commodus, with whom Apollo shares an awkward and regretful past to obtain the Throne of Memory for his next prophecy. Apollo travels to the Oracle's cave, gets his prophecy and comes back and defends himself and his friends from Commodus, driving him from Indianpolis and blinding in the process; as he reveals a sliver of his true godly form.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: The book follows Lester Papadopoulos/Apollo, Meg McCaffrey and Grover Underwood while they try to rescue Herophile, an Oracle that speaks only in puzzles, from the most infamous Roman emperor, Caligula. After fleeing the labyrinth, Apollo dreams about the Oracle saying that he must save her even though it is a trap. When he wakes up, he finds himself in Grover's base. When Meg wakes up, they find the line from the prophecy, "Demeter's daughter finds her ancient roots", to occur. Apollo and Grover go out to try to find Gleeson Hedge in an army store called Macro's Military Madness. They then find out that Macro, the store owner, is actually Naevius Sutorius Macro, working for Caligula. He attacks them with an army of automatons. By activating "command sequence: Daedalus twenty-three", they defeat Macro with his own robots. They then navigate the maze by enlisting the help of Piper McLean and Jason Grace. After a raid on Caligula's fleet of ships that results in Jason's death, Apollo and Meg steal a pair of Caligula's sandals, which let people navigate the Labyrinth. Piper, upset over Jason's death, is unable to help them further. The next day, Grover, Meg, and Apollo walk the Labyrinth using Caligula's shoes. They free Herophile, discover a new prophecy, and free Helios. Piper comes back and kills Medea, an evil and murderous sorceress who was working with Caligula (also Helios's grandchild). The book ends with Leo arriving from Camp Jupiter, learning about Jason's death, and Apollo and Meg going to San Francisco while Gleeson Hedge, Mellie, Baby Chuck, Piper, and her dad set off to Oklahoma, with a ride from Leo and Festus.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: The story is set at Camp Jupiter in the San Francisco Bay Area. The story starts off with Apollo and Meg taking Jason's body to Camp Jupiter. On their way to Camp Jupiter, they are attacked by eurynomos, but a girl with pink hair arrives with dryads and a faun and kills the Eurynomous. She then introduces herself as Lavinia and says she will take them to Camp Jupiter. After that, all the dryads and fauns start to leave. But as the last faun, Don tries to leave, Lavinia spots him and said that he will not leave because of what he is supposed to owe Lavinia for helping him. They carry Jason's tomb to the tunnel where she knows a shortcut to Camp Jupiter.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: Suddenly, Hazel as well as two more euronymous come. They enter the tunnel, while Hazel tries to kill the euronymous. Apollo tries to sing a song to help Hazel but is scratched in the belly by a Eurynomous before Hazel kills it. Due to him being scratched, Apollo starts to turn into a corpse. Hazel sees Jason's coffin and is terrified because she had a dream about Jason being killed by Emperor Caligula. After that, the five carry Jason's tomb and arrive in Camp Jupiter where they are greeted by Frank Zhang and Reyna Ramirez-Arellano while everyone watches Jason's coffin being carried. The camp holds a funeral for Jason, with Apollo singing a song about his quest and touching everyone. They all decide that they will carry on with Jason's plan to build temples honoring the gods.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: Apollo then faints and has a dream about Caligula and Commodus discussing their plan about either taking Camp Jupiter without conflict or destroying it using Greek fire explosions by mortars on Caligula's yachts. Apollo finds himself in a bed where Meg explains that he had been asleep for about a day and a half. There is a funeral for Jason that night, where Lupa comes and tells Lester to get divine help to defeat their enemies. Apollo and Frank go to Ella and Tyson, who were busy recreating the Sibylline Books. They get a prophecy regarding Tarquin's tomb, as they found about it in the previous prophecy. They later go to the senator where they select him, Meg, Lavinia, and Hazel to go to for a mission to find more about the final king of Rome, Tarquin, who has returned. After they find out about the old ghost King and his plans, they get more scared for the camp. They also find that Tarquin has kept the soundless god at Sutro Tower. After they return, they realize that to solve communication issues and get divine help, they need to destroy the soundless god. So a quest is issued for Apollo, Meg, and Reyna to go to Sutro Tower. But that is in the evening of the next day, and most of the morning is spent on training.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: At the tower, they realize the god is Harpocrates, who had troubles with Apollo. He also has a jar containing the voice of the Sibyl of Cumae. With some difficulty, they manage to get the last breath of Harpocrates, along with Sibyl's Jar, which is required to get divine help. As they return, they are ambushed by a euronymous again, and after they manage to kill him, they are helped by Lavinia and her friends, who had escaped from the Camp earlier. Reyna and Lavinia issue "plan L" to defeat the yachts that Apollo saw in his dream. After Apollo and Meg return, they see the camp in the midst of a war. Apollo calls for divine help on Temple Hill. He decides to call Diana. Frank (the other praetor of Rome) sacrifices himself holding his firewood, killing Caligula along the way to save the other legionnaires. Apollo later kills Commodus in the grief of losing Frank. Commodus gives the order to fire. Due to "plan L", it fails and the yachts are destroyed.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: Meanwhile, Tarquin had reached the bookshop where the books were being re-written, but Ella and Tyson are not there. Meg and Hazel fight Tarquin. Diana finally arrives and kills Tarquin and heals Apollo just in time. Reyna and Lavinia, along with Peaches, return. Arion rescues Frank who mysteriously survives death and Reyna Ramirez-Arellano pledges herself to the goddess Diana (Artemis) and joins the Hunters. Dakota, son of Bacchus, passes away overnight due to wounds that he got in battle. He was the longtime centurion of the Fifth Cohort. Don the faun also dies. He gets reincarnated into a laurel tree, Apollo's tree of victory. Hazel is voted as the new praetor of Camp Jupiter and Lavinia voted as centurion of the Fifth Cohort.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: Apollo receives his old Godly Bow as a gift from Camp Jupiter, Meg receives seeds and they set off to New York after receiving the last and final prophecy from Ella and Tyson, which they realize is a terza rima, and they would have to find more stanzas in the East. They go in hopes to once again be reunited with their old friends from Camp Half-Blood.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: "The Tower of Nero" is the fifth and final book of "The Trials of Apollo". It was released on October 6, 2020.


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: While returning to New York, Lester and Meg McCaffrey encounter an amphisbaena, which recites the second stanza of the Terza Rima prophecy. Within minutes, they are attacked by Nero's Gaul, Luguselwa, or Lu, and her Germani. Apollo and Meg escape with the help of Luguselwa, who turns out to be on their side. The trio reaches the Upper Eastside and decide to go to Percy Jackson for help, but they soon learn that Percy and his girlfriend Annabeth are on the West Coast. They plan on defeating Nero, which involves they fight against Lu in open daylight and Apollo pushing Lu off the building so that Nero believes that Luguselwa is on his side when she really isn't, as Nero could see it through one of the security cameras installed in a nearby building. All goes according to plan. Then, Lester and Meg reach Camp Half-Blood. The Grey Sisters recite another couplet of the Terza Rima prophecy. After they reach their destination, they find that Chiron had gone to a meeting with gods from other pantheons including Bastet from "The Kane Chronicles", and Mímir from "Magnus Chase and the Gods of Asgard" to discuss a "common problem".


title: The Trials of Apollo

text: Apollo, after fainting due to exhaustion on arrival, he sees in his dream that their plan is working: Lu told Nero about the escape, and Nero gave an ultimatum to Meg and Apollo to surrender within two days or else New York, especially Manhattan, burns. The next day, with the help of the Grey Sisters' prophecy, Lester, Meg, Will Solace, and Nico di Angelo, go to meet Rachel Elizabeth Dare. There, she warns about some cattle that are standing outside. After a decision to fail Nero's Greek fire vats with the help of troglodytes (short trogs), a species of very good diggers, Rachel suddenly spouts a prophecy, the final couplet, but Python meddled with it. Suddenly, the cattle, being the Tauri Sylvestre, attack, and the five barely manage to escape. Nico helps them to reach the troglodytes via shadow travel, while Will is revealed to have the power to glow in the dark.