title: Mass Effect 3

text: Certain characters such as human Cerberus officer Miranda Lawson (Yvonne Strahovski), salarian scientist Mordin Solus (William Salyers), krogan leader Urdnot Wrex (Steven Barr), human criminal Jack (Courtenay Taylor), genetically engineered krogan soldier Grunt (Steve Blum), drell assassin Thane Krios (Keythe Farley), asari Justicar Samara (Maggie Baird), and geth mobile platform Legion (D. C. Douglas) may appear depending on whether or not they survived the events of previous games. If necessary, the game establishes alternate characters as replacements for previously-deceased characters who otherwise would have significant roles in the plot; for example, Urdnot Wreav will emerge as the krogan leader instead of Urdnot Wrex, Padok Wiks will appear instead of Mordin as the salarian scientist working to cure the genophage, and a facsimile of Legion occupied by a geth virtual intelligence (VI) will be encountered by Shepard if Legion is unable to appear.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: The Reapers invade and quickly overwhelm Earth. After being reinstated by Anderson, who stays behind to rally resistance, Shepard is ordered to Mars by Hackett. On Mars, Shepard learns from Liara about a Prothean superweapon capable of destroying the Reapers, and recovers its schematics from the Illusive Man, who reveals Cerberus' desire to control the Reapers instead. With schematics in hand, the Alliance begins construction on the device, dubbed the "Crucible", while Shepard is ordered to recruit support from other species across the galaxy.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Shepard begins by rescuing the turian primarch from Menae, a moon orbiting the turian homeworld, Palaven. The primarch pledges turian support to Shepard only if the krogan help defend Palaven, but the krogan leader refuses to help unless the genophage is cured. Shepard and the krogan leader travel to the salarian homeworld, Sur'Kesh, where they rendezvous with a salarian scientist who formulates a cure from Eve, a fertile krogan female, and plans to disperse it using a tower called the "Shroud" on the krogan homeworld, Tuchanka. Before landing on Tuchanka, Shepard is contacted by the leader of the salarian government, who reveals that the Shroud has been sabotaged to prevent the dispersal of a cure, and offers her government's support only if the sabotage is left intact. Shepard must ultimately decide whether to allow the cure to proceed, in which case the salarian scientist sacrifices himself to deploy a counter-measure, resulting in a pledge of support from the krogan. Alternatively, Shepard may deceive the krogan into thinking that the genophage has been cured, thereby earning both krogan and salarian support.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Following the events on Tuchanka and a failed coup by Cerberus to take over the Citadel, the quarians offer their support to the Alliance if Shepard helps them reclaim their homeworld, Rannoch, from the geth. Shepard boards a geth dreadnought, rescues a captive geth ally, then disables the Reaper control signal over the geth. Shepard then locates and destroys a Reaper base on Rannoch, which gives the quarians an opportunity to attack the vulnerable geth. However, the allied geth unit reveals that it intends to sacrifice itself in order to upgrade the geth using Reaper technology, which would empower the geth to defeat the quarians and enable them to achieve true sentience and free will. Either Shepard negotiates a ceasefire to gain support from both sides, or is forced to support only one side, which results in the other being exterminated.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Shepard is subsequently summoned to the Citadel by the asari councilor. She reveals that there is a hidden Prothean artifact on the asari homeworld, Thessia, which may help Shepard identify the "Catalyst", an essential component for completing the Crucible. There, Shepard discovers a Prothean VI called "Vendetta", but Kai Leng arrives and steals it as Thessia falls to the Reapers. Desperate to reclaim Vendetta, Shepard's crew follow Leng to the Sanctuary facility on the human colony world Horizon, where Cerberus has been secretly researching Reaper-control technology. Shepard obtains a tracking device that leads to the Illusive Man's headquarters. Accompanied by EDI, Shepard assaults the Cerberus space station, kills Leng, and learns from Vendetta that the Catalyst is the Citadel itself, which the Reapers have captured after successfully indoctrinating the Illusive Man, who abandoned the station prior to the assault.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: The Alliance and its allies launch an all-out assault on the Reapers in a last-ditch effort to retake Earth and activate the Crucible by joining it with the Citadel. Shepard eventually reaches a Reaper transportation beam to enter the Citadel, and after dealing with the Illusive Man, attempts to activate the Crucible. Shepard is lifted to the Citadel's pinnacle instead, and meets a childlike artificial intelligence that declares itself to be the Catalyst, who presents a number of options for the player on how to deal with its creation, the Reapers. The ultimate fates of Shepard, the "Normandy" crew, Earth, and the rest of the galaxy depend on the player's final choice in dealing with the Catalyst as well as their final EMS score.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: In a post-credits scene, an individual known as the "Stargazer" tells the story of "the Shepard" to a young boy, implying that Shepard's legacy lives on far into the future.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: "Mass Effect 3" was developed by BioWare and published by Electronic Arts (EA). Similar to previous installments in the series, the game was directed by Casey Hudson, who originally created the franchise along with BioWare founders Greg Zeschuk and Ray Muzyka.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Early stages of development on "Mass Effect 3" began before "Mass Effect 2" was released. Because "Mass Effect 3" was designed for consoles that were nearing the end of their lifespans, BioWare focused more on optimizing gameplay and storytelling than pushing the technology forward. Throughout the design process, the company referenced critical feedback to help guide their creative decisions, an approach they also utilized for "Mass Effect 2". For example, many fans complained that role-playing systems in "Mass Effect 2" were oversimplified, so BioWare added back more character customization options. Another major strategy was to make "Mass Effect 3" more user-friendly for new players, something that BioWare felt they did a bad job of in "Mass Effect 2".


title: Mass Effect 3

text: One of Hudson's primary goals for the single-player campaign was to improve combat, hoping to turn "Mass Effect 3" into one of the best shooters on the market. BioWare tried to accomplish this by improving enemy animations and diversity, including specialized enemies that would require players to utilize different tactics based on character class. The company also aimed to make the battlefield less predictable by introducing unexpected events and redirects, such as the floor giving out and the player falling to a completely different level of the environment, so that enemy encounters would not always go as telegraphed.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: "Mass Effect 3" required over 40,000 lines of dialog. By comparison, the original "Mass Effect" featured approximately 20,000 lines while "Mass Effect 2" featured 25,000. Because of the game's extensive voice cast, it was logistically impossible for BioWare to have every actor in a single location at one time. Caroline Livingstone, who served as voiceover director, coordinated recording sessions from Edmonton while the actors worked remotely. BioWare noted that this approach, combined with the sheer volume of dialog, made it difficult to consistently capture the proper intonation and volume of each line. To help reduce these kinds of errors, they developed their own technology, such as the "Intensity Volume Matrix", which listed out each line and the appropriate tone associated with it.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: The music of "Mass Effect 3" was composed by Sasha Dikicyan, Sam Hulick, Christopher Lennertz, Clint Mansell, and Cris Velasco. Everyone except for Mansell was a returning composer; Hulick contributed to the first two games and Dikicyan, Lennertz, and Velasco scored some "Mass Effect 2" downloadable content packs. Jack Wall, the lead composer of "Mass Effect" and "Mass Effect 2", had no involvement in the production of "Mass Effect 3". Each composer was allocated a specific area of the game to work on, and in total there were 90 minutes of music scored. According to Hulick, the team aimed for a balance between the orchestral sound of "Mass Effect 2" and the synthesizer-driven sound of "Mass Effect". Mansell, a Golden Globe Award-nominated composer, likened his role to that of a disc jockey, who is responsible for choosing the right music at the right times.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Although "Mass Effect 3" was originally planned as a project that could be finished in under two years, by March 2011, it was clear that more development time was required, so BioWare moved the game's release date from Q4 2011 to Q1 2012. In order to meet this deadline, the company also made some concessions, such as the removal of a new, Prothean squad mate from the base game. The game was officially approved for distribution, making it effectively finished, in February 2012.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Mac Walters, who served as co-lead writer on "Mass Effect 2" with Drew Karpyshyn, was the lead writer for "Mass Effect 3". Karpyshyn departed from the series after "Mass Effect 2" to work on "". Hudson and Walters began the writing process by collaborating on a short story document that outlined all primary plot points. These high-level ideas were then disbursed to the rest of the team, who were each put in charge of specific character and story arcs. Staff members were also responsible for peer reviewing each other's work. Because prior games allowed players to choose from different outcomes, the writers had to account for many possible variables; however, in anticipation of this challenge, they preemptively locked in certain story arcs to ensure that all "Mass Effect 3" playthroughs had at least some commonalities. In November 2011, a private beta of "Mass Effect 3" was leaked onto Xbox Live, which allowed players to access unreleased plot details, and forced BioWare to alter some aspects of the story at the last minute.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: The overall narrative of "Mass Effect 3" went through multiple redrafts before being finalized, and a number of ending sequences involving the Reapers were considered but ultimately abandoned. Early ideas for an ending included: Shepard being confronted by either Ashley or Kaidan after being willingly modified by Reaper technology, which would have echoed the character arc and downfall of Saren Arterius in the first "Mass Effect"; the Illusive Man transforming into a Reaper creature akin to Saren at the end of the first game for a final boss fight; and an ending revolving around the Reapers' attempts to stop organics from utilizing dark energy due to its cumulative entropic effect that would hasten the end of the universe, or to prevent the universe's inevitable descent into the opposite of the Big Bang by focusing their attention on organic species with biotic potential. One scrapped ending saw Shepard discover a Reaper queen that had been trapped somewhere in the Citadel and then be prompted with three choices on how to deal with the queen. These choices ended up being similar in nature to the choices offered by the Catalyst in the final game. According to Karpyshyn, another proposed ending involved luring the Reapers through the mass relays and detonating the entire network to wipe them out. The damaged relays would have isolated every galactic community from each other, which would provide the intended premise for a direct sequel.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: "Mass Effect 3" offers expanded content for players who are interested in having their Shepard pursue same-sex relationships with non-player characters. Kaidan Alenko, who was previously only available as a heterosexual romance option for a female Shepard, is retroactively established as a bisexual character who can, at the player's discretion, become a male Shepard's love interest. It is also the first game of the series to offer an exclusively gay male and lesbian romance option with shuttlecraft pilot Steve Cortez and communications specialist Samantha Traynor respectively. Cortez was written by Dusty Everman, who approached the romance arc as a meaningful human relationship that just happens to be between two men, and that romantic feelings only surface by the end of the arc once the character's backstory is shared with Shepard in greater detail. Traynor's arc was written as a lighthearted fish out of water scenario by Patrick Weekes, who characterized her as a civilian technician trying to adjust to life in a military environment and was mindful about not leaning on stereotypical tropes about lesbianism.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: "Mass Effect 3" was officially announced on December 11, 2010, at the Spike Video Game Awards. The following summer, the game was demoed and unveiled at conventions such as Comic-Con, Electronic Entertainment Expo, Gamescon, and PAX Prime. A multiplayer component was officially announced on October 10, 2011, confirming longstanding fan rumors of a multiplayer mode dating back to 2010. An official single-player demo was released on February 14, 2012, with early access granted to consumers who purchased "Battlefield 3" and activated their online pass.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Leading to its release, "Mass Effect 3" was promoted with a variety of video content, beginning with a reveal trailer in 2010 and ending with a teaser trailer called "Take Back Earth" in 2012. BioWare also utilized viral marketing such as fictional blogs and a weekly web series called "BioWare Pulse". For one promotional campaign, EA launched early copies of "Mass Effect 3" into space using weather balloons that were equipped with GPS devices. Fans were able to track the balloons online and then recover them once they landed, which enabled them to obtain early copies of the game. Throughout its marketing cycle, "Mass Effect 3" was subject to numerous leaks; most significantly, a private beta unintentionally became available to players on Xbox Live in November 2011.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Unlike "Mass Effect" and "Mass Effect 2", BioWare promoted "Mass Effect 3" with both male and female versions of Commander Shepard. Colloquially referred to as "FemShep", the female Shepard had her own dedicated trailers and appeared on the cover of some versions of the game, including the standard version, which featured a reversible slipcase insert with FemShep on one side. To help decide the official FemShep model, BioWare asked fans to choose between five prototypes on Facebook. Ultimately, the fifth prototype won and a new fan vote was held to decide its hair color, which became red.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: In addition to the standard version of "Mass Effect 3", players could also purchase a Collector's Edition and Digital Deluxe Edition, which included in-game bonuses and unlockable items. The Digital Deluxe Edition was exclusively available through Origin, EA's online distribution and digital rights management system. The game also came with various pre-order bonuses depending on where the order was made. For example, those who pre-ordered the game from the PlayStation Network were granted the M-55 Argus assault weapon and "Mass Effect 3" PlayStation theme.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: "Mass Effect 3" was originally scheduled for release in late 2011, but its official release date was eventually moved to March 6, 2012. Initially, the game was only released for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360, and PlayStation 3. All new copies of the game came with an online pass that granted access to the multiplayer mode, but used copies generally required that a new pass be purchased. In order to run "Mass Effect 3" on PC, players were required to install Origin. On November 18, 2012, a Wii U version of the game was released in North America, followed by releases in Europe on November 30 and Japan on December 6. Along with "Mass Effect 2", "Mass Effect 3" became backwards compatible with Xbox One on November 7, 2016. A remaster of the "Mass Effect" trilogy, entitled "Mass Effect Legendary Edition", was released for Microsoft Windows, PlayStation 4, and Xbox One on May 14, 2021.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: A variety of downloadable content packs for "Mass Effect 3" were released between March 2012 and April 2013. The content ranges from minor in-game items to more significant plot-related missions. One pack, "Extended Cut", expands upon the game's original endings with an additional choice to refuse the Catalyst, which inevitably results in a Reaper victory over the current cycle of organics. The pack also supplements each of the three main endings with an epilogue and elaborates upon other aspects of the conclusion. For example, whereas the original ending shows the "Normandy SR-2" trying to outrun the blast from the Crucible, it does not elaborate on why the "Normandy" is fleeing from battle in the first place. In "Extended Cut", a scene with Admiral Hackett ordering an evacuation is added.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Other major packs include "", which adds Javik as a squadmate; "", which follows the crew of the "Normandy" as they investigate the Reapers' origins; "", which involves Shepard retaking the space station Omega alongside Aria T'Loak, its former ruler, from Cerberus; and "", which follows the crew of the "Normandy" on shore leave. An interactive comic called "Genesis 2" is also available for purchase and allows players to quickly customize important story decisions on the spot instead of having to replay prior installments. The Wii U version of the game includes "Genesis 2" and "From Ashes". Of all the packs, "Citadel" was the best-received, and both "Leviathan" and "Citadel" were nominated for Best DLC at the Spike Video Game Awards during their respective years of release (2012 and 2013).


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Upon release, the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of "Mass Effect 3" received "universal acclaim" while the Microsoft Windows and Wii U versions received "generally favorable reviews" from video game publications, according to review aggregator Metacritic. The Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 versions of the game finished with scores of 93 out of 100, making "Mass Effect 3" the highest-rated game of 2012 on both systems.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Critics felt that "Mass Effect 3" was a satisfying conclusion to the "Mass Effect" trilogy. In a perfect review for "Eurogamer", Dan Whitehead praised the game for providing a definitive close to the saga instead of something more ambiguous or open-ended. Writing for "Game Informer", Andrew Reiner proclaimed that BioWare had created one of the most "intricately crafted" stories in the history of video gaming. Tom Francis of "PC Gamer" (US) remarked that the finale was a "mixed bag", but ultimately praised its scale and emotional impact, which he felt was more satisfying than its main plot.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Reviewers highlighted the experience of playing "Mass Effect 3" with an imported saved game. In a piece for "Polygon", Arthur Gies opined that, while the game would be engaging without any previous context, it would be more meaningful for players who also played through "Mass Effect" and "Mass Effect 2". Gus Mastrapa of "The A.V. Club" echoed these sentiments and praised "Mass Effect 3" for allotting each player a degree of flexibility over their choices and the direction of the narrative. By contrast, "Edge" felt that "Mass Effect 3" relied too heavily on events from prior games, which stopped it from standing up as its own work.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: The combat system and multiplayer mode received praise. Discussing combat for "IGN", Colin Moriarty observed that while changes from prior installments were minor, they were still evident, and anticipated that multiplayer would give the game added replay value. While "Game Informer" noted that combat was not perfect, they were still positive and concluded that enemy encounters were more intense and interesting than in "Mass Effect 2", due in part to a greater variety in environment and enemy types. In an otherwise enthusiastic write-up for "GameSpot", Kevin VanOrd recounted numerous glitches during combat, such as party members putting themselves in the line of fire by climbing onto crates and enemies getting stuck on walls. Machinima also noted numerous bugs, but relented that "Mass Effect 3" was still a memorable experience, citing the game's strong characters as compensation for its flaws.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Other aspects of "Mass Effect 3" to receive praise included its art design, music, and voice acting. "GameSpot" described the art design as "fantastic" and gave particular attention to its use of color and composition. In that same review, the website complimented the game's voice acting for bringing its major characters to life. "PC Gamer" (US) made special mention of the game's music, calling it "gorgeous" and observing that it significantly added to the emotional impact of the game. "The Verge" went a step further and described the score as one of the most "powerful and memorable" ever created for a video game. Kirk Hamilton of "Kotaku" felt that the score represented some of the best video game music of 2012.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: The ending of "Mass Effect" 3 was poorly received by players, who felt that it did not meet their expectations. Displeased fans organized an internet campaign called "Retake Mass Effect" to demand a better ending to the game, part of which included a charity drive for the organization Child's Play. Public outcry over the game's outcome drew conflicting responses from organizations such as the US-based Better Business Bureau and Federal Trade Commission as well as the UK-based Advertising Standards Authority (ASA) as to whether BioWare had engaged in false advertising and misled consumers under existing law. On April 5, 2012, BioWare announced a free DLC pack that would expand upon the ending and address criticism. The expansion, "Extended Cut", was released for most platforms on June 26, 2012. Critical and fan reaction towards the pack was generally mixed.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Other noteworthy controversies surrounding "Mass Effect 3" included accusations of questionable business practices over the decision to release "From Ashes" as day one DLC; allegations of conflict of interest involving the casting of video game media personality Jessica Chobot as Diana Allers; objections from some players over the inclusion of expanded same sex romance options for Shepard; the creative decision to utilize a stock photo as the basis of Tali's face; and an online poll to determine the redesigned default appearance of a female Shepard.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: EA originally shipped 3.5 million units of "Mass Effect 3" in its first month. It sold 349,000 digital copies on the PC alone by the end of March 2012. The game sold over 890,000 copies in its first 24 hours. According to The NPD Group, it sold 1.3 million physical copies in its debut month, which amounted to twice the total of "Mass Effect 2" during its opening month in January 2010. In May 2012, EA reported that "Mass Effect 3" grossed over $200 million during Q4 FY12.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Following its release, "Mass Effect 3" received a number of year-end awards, including Satellite Award for Outstanding Role Playing Game, Best RPG at the Spike Video Game Awards, Game of the Year from "Game Informer", Best Overall RPG from "IGN", and Best Co-Operative Multiplayer and Best Game Cinematography from Inside Gaming Awards.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: In the years following its release, "Mass Effect 3" has received retrospective attention, with much of it focusing on the ending controversy. For example, a 2017 article by James Davenport of "PC Gamer" opined that the game's ending received an "inordinate" amount of criticism, and while he agreed that the ending was "problematic", he also noted that fixating on the ending could distract players from other aspects of the game. In 2018, Lucy O'Brien of "IGN" posited that BioWare's cooperative response to "Retake Mass Effect" contributed to a paradigm shift in how consumers influence video game developers. She ultimately concluded that the movement "helped lift up the velvet rope that once stood between gamer and game-maker." Wes Fenlon from "PC Gamer" suggested that the popularity of the game's multiplayer mode helped popularize loot boxes, "the worst monetization gimmick of the 2010s" in his opinion, and made it a mainstream feature in the video game industry.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: Despite the controversies surrounding the game, some publications have cited "Mass Effect 3" as one of the greatest video games of all time and as one of the best or most important games of the 2010s. In November 2012, the game was included in "Time's" list of the top 100 video games of all time, and in 2018, it was named among the greatest games of all time by "Game Informer". By 2019, "Mass Effect 3" was ranked as one of the best video games of the 2010s by "VG247", "Forbes", and "Den of Geek". That same year, "Eurogamer" listed the character Mordin's final scene as one of their favorite moments of the decade. "Mass Effect 3" was also identified by "VentureBeat" as one of the defining games of the 2010s due to the "firestorm of fans, press, and developers converging into an absolute mess of internet culture" over its ending, and its multiplayer mode, which ultimately became an unexpected monetary success.


title: Mass Effect 3

text: On March 21, 2017, a standalone sequel, entitled "", was released. The game takes place in the Andromeda galaxy during the 29th century following a 634-year sleeper ship journey from the Milky Way galaxy. It introduces a new protagonist, either Sara or Scott Ryder, and revolves around finding a new homeworld for humanity. As of February 2022, the next game of the "Mass Effect" universe is currently in pre-production, led by a veteran team at BioWare.


title: Kurupt

text: Ricardo Emmanuel Brown (born November 23, 1972), better known by his stage name Kurupt, is an American rapper and record producer who aided gangsta rap's rise via 1990s verses helping set lasting trends. He is one half of the rap duo tha Dogg Pound, along with Daz. His first solo album arrived in 1998. After feuding, the duo reunited in 2005. Kurupt has been in rap supergroups such as the DPGC.


title: Kurupt

text: Ricardo Emmanuel Brown was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He moved to Los Angeles, California at age 16, first to Hawthorne, then to South Los Angeles, Crenshaw District at age 18.


title: Kurupt

text: He was engaged to rapper Foxy Brown from 1997 to 1999. In the early 2000s, he was engaged to Natina Reed; the couple separated in 2002, following the birth of their son Tren Brown. In 2007, Brown married Jovan Brown, who filed for divorce in 2017. That same year, he began dating Toni Calvert. The couple appeared on Marriage Boot Camp's 17th season in 2020.


title: Kurupt

text: Kurupt debuted as a recording artist via three songs on the S.O.S. Band's 1991 album "One of Many Nights".


title: Kurupt

text: In 1992, at age 19, Kurupt signed to Death Row Records, newly formed by music manager Suge Knight and Dr. Dre, the rapper and music producer who had just left the rap group N.W.A and its Ruthless Records. At Death Row, Kurupt joined a roster of artists—including Daz Dillinger, Lady of Rage, Snoop Dogg, Nate Dogg, and RBX—who entered the public eye by their features on Dr. Dre's debut solo album "The Chronic". Kurupt and Daz soon teamed as a rap duo, Tha Dogg Pound, featured on Snoop Dogg's debut solo album, "Doggystyle", in the song "For All My Niggaz & Bitchez".


title: Kurupt

text: By 1996, the rap genre's East Coast–West Coast rivalry was escalating, spurred on by Death Row's CEO Suge and by rapper 2Pac, new to the label, who believed that a Bad Boy Records circle, in their hometown New York City, had fostered his November 1994 shooting there. Tha Dogg Pound released the single "New York, New York," featuring Snoop Dogg, slighting the city. The duo's debut album, "Dogg Food", produced by Daz and mixed by Dre, drew favorable reviews and good sales.


title: Kurupt

text: Tupac Shakur's 1996 murder triggered an exodus of artists from Death Row Records. Preceded only by Dr. Dre, Kurupt was second to leave. He then signed with A&M Records, where he founded the imprint Antra Records, releasing his debut solo album "Kuruption!" in 1998. Kurupt left the Antra label upon releasing his second album, "Tha Streetz Iz a Mutha", featuring the diss track "Calling Out Names", in which Kurupt insults New York rap figures Ja Rule, 50 Cent, Irv Gotti, and DMX, accusing the latter of having an affair with Kurupt's then-fiancée Foxy Brown.


title: Kurupt

text: During this time, he linked up with fellow Californian Ras Kass, Wu-Tang Clan-affiliate Killah Priest, and Canibus to form a new group, The HRSMN, although, despite promises of forthcoming material, has released only an unfinished white label.


title: Kurupt

text: While Death Row owned rights to Tha Dogg Pound name, Kurupt and Daz operated as the DPG (Dogg Pound Gangstaz), and also with a larger group, including Nate Dogg, Snoop Dogg, Soopafly, and others intermittently, altogether the DPGC (Dogg Pound Gangsta Clique). Daz and Kurupt, as the DPG, released "Dillinger & Young Gotti", which received lukewarm reviews. Kurupt's following solo album, "", with production by Daz and by up-and-coming producer Fredwreck, and released by Artemis Records, fared better. Kurupt's then-fiancée, the late Natina Reed, performed the hook of its single "It's Over".


title: Kurupt

text: In early 2002, an unofficial remix/compilation album titled "2002", by Tha Dogg Pound, provoked questions about the duo's relationship with Death Row. Soon becoming its vice president, Kurupt signed again to Death Row. Given Daz's especial enmity at Death Row's mogul Knight, Kurupt and Daz began feuding, repeatedly bashing each other on records and in interviews.


title: Kurupt

text: In 2003, Kurupt released DJ Tomekk the single Ganxtaville Pt. III and placed fifth on the German charts, as well as in the charts of Austria and Switzerland.


title: Kurupt

text: While mentoring Death Row's new artists, including Spider Loc, Crooked I, and Eastwood, Kurupt began his next album, "Against tha Grain". Further, he formed a new group, The Riflemen, consisting of Kurupt, Mobb Deep, Jayo Felony, 40 Glocc, and The Alchemist, although the likelihood of a record from this ensemble increasingly slimmed. In 2004, after repeated delays of Kurupt's forthcoming solo album "Originals", a bootleg version was released, alike those of Crooked I and other Death Row artists.


title: Kurupt

text: It was later revealed that Kurupt was more stung by his feud with Daz than he had acknowledged. In April 2005, at a West Coast unity event hosted by Snoop Dogg, with Snoop as liaison, Kurupt and Daz reconciled and restored their rap duo under its original moniker, Tha Dogg Pound. In August 2005, Kurupt's long delayed album "Against tha Grain" was released, once Kurupt had already left Death Row a second time; he would publicly denounce the disses that he had included on the album, but an EP called "Against tha Grain E.P." surfaced in 2007, containing said disses.


title: Kurupt

text: Kurupt and Daz released "Dillinger & Young Gotti II: The Saga Continuez" in 2005, "Cali iz Active" (as DPG with Snoop Dogg) in 2006, and "Dogg Chit" in 2007; while Kurupt originally touted "Dogg Chit" as the heir to "Dogg Food"'s legacy, he later stated that none of the group's then intermittent releases were to be considered actual albums—more like mixtapes - and that then upcoming "100 Wayz" (originally titled "Westcoast Aftershocc") was to be considered the second actual Dogg Pound release. In 2006, he also appeared on Snoop Dogg's album "Tha Blue Carpet Treatment". After putting out "Digital Smoke" with J. Wells in 2007, Kurupt released an album with his younger brother Roscoe titled "The Frank and Jess Story" in 2008. He also appeared on Snoop Dogg's 2008 album "Ego Trippin'".


title: Kurupt

text: Before "100 Wayz" was released in 2010, Tha Dogg Pound's "Gangsta Grillz" mixtape premiered, hosted by DJ Drama;, followed by an album called "BlaQKout" with DJ Quik on April 28, 2009. The "BlaQKout" single, "Fuck Y'all," is a diss to former Quik partners AMG, Hi-C and 2nd II None. During this time, Kurupt was featured on many tracks with other independent artists, and released Streetlights, his first solo album in four years, on April 20, 2010. In 2011, Kurupt started recording with MC Eiht, King T, Jayo Felony, B.G. Knocc Out, Tha Chill, and Sir Jinx for a hip hop group project called "1st Generation".


title: Kurupt

text: In 2012, Kurupt announced plans to release the long anticipated HRSMN project, "The Academy", a compilation of collaborations between various artists, and guest featured alongside Slaughterhouse and Big Dave on the single "Hey Girl" from Rocko's debut album "Self Made". Following the death of his son Tren's mother (Natina Reed of R&B girl group Blaque) in a car accident in Atlanta, the planned release of the DJ Nik Bean-hosted mixtape, "Money, Bitches, Power" on November 7, 2012 was delayed. The mixtape, which features E-40, Crooked I, Masta Killa, RBX, Ty Dolla Sign, The Rejectz and more, was released on May 1, 2013. In early 2015, Kurupt released another hit single called "I.M.O." (In My Opinion) with hip hop rapper and producer KingThaRapper, signed under Famous Music Group. In May 2021, it was announced that the long delayed HRSMN project would finally be delivered to fans. The album, now titled "The Last Ride", was released on June 18, 2021.


title: Kurupt

text: In 2022 he was featured on the track “Curse of Canaan” on the album “Tortured in the Name of God’s Unconditional Love” by artist Vinnie Paz


title: Kurupt

text: Kendrick Lamar cited Kurupt in a 2014 interview as one of his three most significant influences, alongside 2Pac and Ice Cube. Eminem stated in his song "'Till I Collapse" that he views Kurupt as one of the best rappers of all time, saying "I got a list—here's the order of my list that it's in, it goes Reggie, Jay Z, Tupac and Biggie, Andre from Outkast, Jada, Kurupt, Nas, and then me". Kool Moe Dee ranked Kurupt at 39 on his best MCs of all-time list in his book, "There's a God on the Mic".


title: Synyster Gates

text: Brian Elwin Haner Jr. (born July 7, 1981), better known by his stage name Synyster Gates or simply Syn, is an American guitarist, best known for being the lead guitarist and backing vocalist of heavy metal band Avenged Sevenfold. He ranks No. 9 on "Guitar World"s best metal guitarists of all time. Gates was voted as Best Metal Guitarist in the World by "Total Guitar" in 2016 and once again in 2017.


title: Synyster Gates

text: Synyster Gates is the son of musician, author, and comedian Brian Haner Sr., known as Papa Gates, who worked with Sam the Sham's band in the 1970s and has done session work for Avenged Sevenfold. Gates studied at the Musicians Institute in Los Angeles, California, as part of the Guitar Institute of Music program, studying jazz and classical guitar. Gates is of Spanish and German ancestry.


title: Synyster Gates

text: Gates was featured on the EP "Warmness on the Soul", which contains select songs from the first album as well as his new version of "To End the Rapture". His name on the EP was written as "Synyster Gaytes".


title: Synyster Gates

text: On the Avenged Sevenfold DVD "All Excess", Gates claimed that his name was created on a drunken drive through the park with The Rev.


title: Synyster Gates

text: Gates was voted Sexiest Male in the 2008 Kerrang! Readers Poll. In 2010, Guitar World listed him as one of the 30 greatest shredders of all time. They described him as being able to perform finger-twisting licks, acrobatic sweeps, devilish chromatics and towering dual-harmonies. Gates was chosen as one of Guitar Hero's 50 fastest guitarists. On Guitar World's 2010 Readers Poll, Gates was chosen Snappiest Dresser and the Best Metal Guitarist. Rock One Magazine's 2010 Readers Poll voted Gates the No. 3 best musician in the industry. On April 20, 2011, Gates won the Revolver Golden God award for Best Guitarist along with bandmate Zacky Vengeance. Avenged Sevenfold picked up numerous other awards and delivered the headlining performance of the night.


title: Synyster Gates

text: In the special edition of "Revolver" magazine that was released the same day as the "Nightmare" album, Gates stated that he originally started out writing the song "So Far Away" in honor of his grandfather. However, the song is now primarily about his former bandmate, best friend and previous drummer of Avenged Sevenfold, The Rev, who died on December 28, 2009.


title: Synyster Gates

text: Gates and The Rev played in an experimental metal band named Pinkly Smooth. Formed in the summer of 2001 in Huntington Beach, California, the band featured ex-Ballistico members Buck Silverspur on bass and D-Rock on drums. The band released one album, "Unfortunate Snort" on Bucktan Records, which features a crossover sound of mostly punk, ska and progressive metal. Former Avenged Sevenfold bassist Justin Sane played keyboards and piano on the album. There was speculation that Pinkly Smooth was going to produce another record, but due to the death of the Rev, it is highly unlikely that they will produce any more material. However, Gates has said that he would consider remastering the tracks from "Unfortunate Snort" and re-releasing the album.


title: Synyster Gates

text: Besides metal music, Gates is a big fan of jazz, gypsy jazz, classical, and avant-garde. He cites Dimebag Darrell, Django Reinhardt, Steve Vai, John Petrucci, Slash, Marty Friedman, Zakk Wylde, Allan Holdsworth, Mr. Bungle, Frank Gambale, Oingo Boingo, and Danny Elfman as his artistic influences.


title: Synyster Gates

text: Gates has named bassist Trevor Dunn of Mr. Bungle "one of [his] favorite songwriters of all time", praising his compositions of "masterful and incredibly singable atonal brilliance throughout [1995 album "Disco Volante"]", and concluded: "[Dunn] is nothing short of pure genius."


title: Synyster Gates

text: Gates married Michelle DiBenedetto on May 7, 2010. The couple have two children, a son, Nicolangelo "Nicci" Saint James Haner, born May 12, 2017, and a daughter, Monroe Saint James Haner, born October 14, 2019.


title: Synyster Gates

text: Gates uses mainly Schecter Guitars. Schecter Guitar Research has been sponsoring him and he has signature Avenger models. He has also used Gibson Guitars when Avenged Sevenfold recorded "Waking the Fallen" and "City of Evil". He has his own Seymour Duncan pickups, a custom SH-8 Invader, with Black, Gold, White or Chrome caps.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Dubai Mall ( "Dubai Mall") is a shopping mall in Dubai. It is the second largest mall in the world after the Iran Mall by total land area, and the 26th-largest shopping mall in the world by gross leasable area, tying with West Edmonton Mall and Fashion Island (Bangkok)—both of which are older than it. It has a total retail floor area of 502,000 square metres (5,400,000 sq ft). Located in Dubai, United Arab Emirates, it is part of the 20-billion-dollar Downtown complex (called Downtown Dubai) adjacent to the iconic Burj Khalifa, and includes over 1,200 shops. In 2011, it was the most visited building on the planet, attracting over 54 million visitors each year.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: Twice delayed, Dubai Mall opened on 4 November 2008, with about 1000 retailers, marking the world's second largest-ever mall opening in retail history behind West Edmonton Mall. However, it does not have the most gross leasable space, and is surpassed in that category by nineteen malls including the New South China Mall, which is the world's second-largest, Golden Resources Mall, SM City North Edsa, and SM Mall of Asia.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Dubai Mall recorded 61,000 tickets sold for the Dubai Aquarium and Discovery Centre in the first five days, following its opening.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Dubai Mall hosted over 37 million visitors in 2009, and attracts more than 750,000 visitors every week. In 2010, it hosted 47 million visitors, and saw an increase in foot traffic by about 27 percent over 2009, despite the economic crisis (a consequence of real estate bubble burst). In 2012, Dubai Mall continued to hold the title of the world's most-visited shopping and leisure destination, and attracted more than 65 million visitors, an increase of more than 20 percent compared to the 54 million recorded in 2011. It attracted more visitors than New York City which welcomed over 52 million visitors in 2012, and Los Angeles which had 41 million visitors. The number also surpasses visitor arrivals to all landmark leisure destinations and theme parks in the world including Times Square (39.2 million), Central Park (38 million), and Niagara Falls (22.5 million).


title: The Dubai Mall

text: At over (equivalent in size to more than 50 football fields), The Dubai Mall has a total internal floor area of and leasable space of , about the same as the West Edmonton Mall.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: It also has a 250-room luxury hotel, 22 cinema screens plus 120 restaurants and cafes. The Mall has over 14,000 parking spaces across 3 car parks, with valet services and a car locator ticketing system.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The mall has won five awards – two awards at the Retail Future Project Awards at Mapic, Cannes, in 2004, for "Best Retail Development Scheme (Large)" and "Best Use of Lighting in a Retail Environment" and the Dubai Mall brochure collected three awards at the Summit Creative Awards 2005 in Portland, Oregon – the Gold award for: "Best Art Direction / Graphic Design", Silver award for "Best 4-colour B2B Brochure", and a "Judges Special Recognition award".


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Mall also features the Olympic-sized Dubai Ice Rink for recreational skating and to watch the Emirates Ice Hockey League games and the Emirates A380 Experience, an Airbus A380 aircraft simulator and Experience will let visitors control the world's largest passenger aircraft around city scenes and famous landmarks. They can take off, land, ascend and do whatever they like with the help of a trainer.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Dubai Aquarium & Underwater Zoo by Emaar Entertainment, was designed by Peddle Thorp, inspired from "The Underwater Paradise". The aquarium, located in The Dubai Mall, showcases more than 300 species of marine animals, including sharks and rays. The aquarium was awarded with the ‘Certificate of Excellence’ and won the ‘Images Most Admired Retailer of the Year – Leisure & Entertainment’ at Images RetailME Awards 2012.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The indoor park features 15 rides and an array of amusement games, including motion simulators, classic carnival games, skill games, and a wide array of redemption games.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: Recent additions to Sega Republic rides include Xyclone, Robotnik, and Rope Rush a form of an obstacle course.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The park includes ‘Lazeraze’, a laser maze, as well as ‘Racer’ Bumper Cars. It also features a "soft play area" for smaller children.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The theme park closed on 1 June 2017, after the license to the Sega theme expired. It later reopened in February 2018 as a theme park dedicated to virtual reality under the name of VR Park Dubai.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: Reel Cinemas is a 22-screen cinema, also managed by Emaar Entertainment, in The Dubai Mall. One of the largest theaters in the region, the megaplex features four cinema suites and 17 commercial halls, including the first THX-certified cinema in Dubai.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: Hysteria is a haunted house. It is decorated with special effects, fog lights, and strobe lights. The story of Hysteria revolves around a family whose child mysteriously disappeared. They believe that the guest knows where their child is, so they attempt to kidnap the guest or guests and subject them to a terrifying experience.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: Dubai Dino is genuine fossil of Diplodocus, a large, long-necked dinosaur. The total measurement of the Dino is over in height, and in length.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Dubai Mall's Grand Atrium is home to a replica of the Dubai Creek Tower, which is currently under construction. The model gives a 3D rendition of the completed tower's architecture and grandeur.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Mall was built by a joint venture of Dutco Balfour Beatty, Al Ghandi/CCC and Turner Construction for Emaar Properties and was scheduled to be completed in 2006, claiming to be the size of 50 "international-sized football pitches". The mall opened in 2008. Most of the workers who constructed the mall were Indian, Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Sri Lankan guest workers.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: In December 2012, Emaar Properties announced the completion of the Metro Link, an elevated, air-conditioned footbridge that connects the Burj Khalifa/Dubai Mall Metro station to the mall.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: In June 2013, The Dubai Mall commenced phase one of its expansion plan by increasing the total retail floor area by . so as to accommodate more visitors. The project was completed in 2018.


title: The Dubai Mall

text: The Dubai Mall was featured in the documentary show called "Megastructures" that aired on the National Geographic Channel. The mall was also featured in the BBC One programme, "The Apprentice" (UK series nine) and "Week 5: Dubai Discount buying", where the candidates had to purchase items for the least amount of prices by utilising their negotiation skills. The mall also appears in the TV show, the Grand tour.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Samuel Robert Shaw (born January 17, 1984) is an American professional wrestler. He is currently signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand under the ring name Dexter Lumis. He is also known for his time with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA), where he performed as Sam Shaw and Samuel Shaw from 2010 to 2015.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Born in Jacksonville, Florida, Shaw started his professional wrestling career in 2007 on the independent circuit. In 2010, he signed with Total Nonstop Action Wrestling where he won the TNA Gut Check challenge in 2012 before spending a stint in its then-developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling, later returning in 2013. Upon departing TNA in 2015, Shaw returned to the independent wrestling scene for the next five years until signing with WWE in 2019. He was released in April 2022, and returned once more to the independent circuit before returning to WWE in August 2022.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Shaw was born on January 17, 1984 in Jacksonville, Florida. He attended Allen D. Nease High School in St. Augustine, Florida and graduated from the Savannah College of Art and Design in 2006. Shaw made his way to Orlando to work as an illustrator for Universal Studios, after which his returned to his hometown of Jacksonville and began working for the Riverside Arts Market drawing caricatures, with a side business creating "pet ornaments," drawing pictures of people's pets on Christmas ornaments.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: After training with Curtis Hughes at the WWA4 Wrestling School, Shaw made his professional wrestling debut on September 21, 2007, at World League Wrestling, where he teamed up with Tookie Tucker to defeat Marco Cordova and Otis Idol in a tag team match. Shaw lost to Bruce Santee on August 3, 2009 at Full Impact Pro. On August 21, 2010, he took on VSK at Victory Pro Wrestling in a match for VPW New York State Championship. Shaw was also part of a Gold Rush Rumble. He lost both matches. On May 18 Shaw teamed up with Q. T. Marshall in a losing effort to The Briscoe Brothers for Ring of Honor Wrestling. He has also wrestled sporadically for Pro Wrestling Extreme.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On April 18, 2009, Shaw debuted for Vintage Wrestling defeating Nooie Lee on his debut. Just over a month later on May 30, Shaw defeated Glacier to become the first Vintage Heavyweight Champion. Over the months, Shaw would defend his championship on multiple occasions against the likes of Tyson Tomko and Jesse Neal. Shaw would finally lose the championship to Thomas Marr on February 2, 2011. On April 17, Shaw would become a second-time champion after winning the vacant Vintage Heavyweight Championship and would lose it to Jesse Neal on September 11. In 2011, Shaw participated in the King Of The State tournament and reached the finals before losing to Francisco Ciatso. On May 14, Shaw would win his third Vintage Heavyweight Championship by defeating Aaron Epic. On September 3, Shaw was part of a title vs title match where the Vintage Heavyweight Championship and the Vintage Internet Championship were on the line, Shaw won the match after Simon Sez was disqualified which also meant the championship would not change hands. He lost the Vintage Heavyweight Championship to Francisco Ciatso on June 6, 2012. His last match for the company took place a month later in a fatal four-way match for the Vintage Heavyweight Championship which Milo Beasley won.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On August 8, 2011, in his debut match for Florida Underground Wrestling, he took on Romeo Razel and Sideshow in a three-way match and won, this would lead to a shot at the FUW Heavyweight Champion, Bruce Santee, which Shaw lost. On June 28, 2012, he took on Wes Brisco FUW Cuban Heavyweight Championship, where he lost. His last match for FUW came in the form of a win on June 30 against James Alexander.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Shaw's first appearance for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) was on August 8, 2010, in Hardcore Justice as Lupus, Shaw attacked Tommy Dreamer in his match against Raven before he was attacked by special referee Mick Foley with a Mandible Claw. Shaw's first match for TNA came on August 9, 2010, in a dark match against Jesse Neal which he lost. On the December 30 episode of "TNA Impact!", Shaw accompanied Jeff Jarrett to the ring as part of his entourage in his $100,000 Double J MMA Challenge against Little Red.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: In 2012, Shaw was a participant in the monthly Gut Check on "IMPACT". Although his chances were nearly ruined after he was attacked by Aces & Eights, Shaw got a second chance the following week and was defeated by Doug Williams in his Gut Check match. The Gut Check judges were impressed and awarded Shaw a contract and a spot on the TNA roster. In actuality, Shaw was signed to a developmental contract. Shaw returned to "Impact Wrestling" on November 22, defeating fellow Gut Check winner Alex Silva.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On January 12, 2013, Shaw appeared at TNA X-Travaganza, wrestling in a seven-man Xscape match, which was won by Christian York, that aired on April 5, 2013. On March 17, 2013, Shaw appeared at TNA Hardcore Justice 2 where he was part of a nine-man Hardcore Gauntlet Battle Royal, which was won by Shark Boy, that aired on July 5, 2013. Shaw returned on the May 23 edition of "Impact Wrestling" defeating Alex Silva (by decision since Aces & Eights attacked Silva) to advance into the finals of the Bound for Glory Series tournament to face Jay Bradley at Slammiversary. Shaw lost to Bradley at Slammiversary.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Shaw was then assigned to TNA's developmental territory Ohio Valley Wrestling (OVW), making his televised debut on October 13, 2012. He then began teaming with Alex Silva, forming a regular tag team over the coming weeks. On December 1, Shaw and Silva defeated Jessie Godderz and Rudy Switchblade to win the OVW Southern Tag Team Championship. They lost the title to Crimson and Jason Wayne on January 16, 2013. But regained the titles having their second reign on February 27, 2013. However, they lost the titles to The Coalition on April 3, 2013. The following week, Shaw was attacked backstage by the Coalition. Shaw would return to OVW TV on May 4 after revealing that he had been under the mask of the Coalition's Gillyman for several weeks and was put in a one-on-one match against Jason Wayne at the May 11 Saturday Night Special. He would have his in-ring return the following week one-on-one against Godderz. Shaw would continue his war with the Coalition in a victory over Jason Wayne at the May 11 Saturday Night Special and a victory over Crimson on the May 18 episode of OVW TV.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On November 21 during "Impact Wrestling: Turning Point", Shaw appeared in an at home interview with Christy Hemme. During the interview, he asked to be called "Samuel Shaw" and also portrayed a character similar to Patrick Bateman of the film and book "American Psycho", as well as a ring attire similar to the clothes worn by Dexter Morgan. On the January 2, 2014 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Shaw made his debut as a heel by defeating Norv Fernum via submission, during which he made continuous glares at Hemme who was at ringside. Shaw later became an obsessed fan of Hemme, and started asking her on dates, including one in his house where it was shown how Shaw had a room full of posters and pictures of Hemme. On the February 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Hemme confronted Shaw about the mannequin and the room full of posters. On the February 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Shaw attacked Mr. Anderson in a rage after watching Hemme and Anderson converse for several minutes. Shaw then carried Hemme away after she was accidentally caught up in the ruckus and injured. On the February 27 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Shaw would confront Hemme in an attempt to explain himself. After failing and being interrupted by Mr. Anderson, Shaw would solidify himself as a heel after using Hemme as a shield to fend off Mr. Anderson who was attempting to exact revenge for the previous week. Shaw would use his "kata gatame" finishing move to choke out Mr. Anderson.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On the March 6 edition of "Impact Wrestling," Shaw faced off against Eric Young with Mr. Anderson replacing Hemme as the ring announcer for the match. Anderson's presence at ringside ultimately cost Shaw the match as he would be disqualified due to Anderson's distraction. After the match, Shaw would choke out Anderson like last week then claim he was "going to claim what was rightfully his," heading for the backstage area where Hemme had been watching via a ring monitor. Three days later, at Lockdown, Shaw defeated Mr. Anderson after escaping the cage following the use of Christy Hemme as a distraction by pulling Hemme through the camera cut-out of the steel cage, Anderson successfully rescued Hemme but was caught in Shaw's kata gatame. The previously unconscious referee only saw Shaw escape the cage thus declaring him the winner. Shaw lost a rematch against Anderson on the following "Impact Wrestling" bringing a mannequin dressed as Christy Hemme to the ring. On the April 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Shaw defeated Mr. Anderson in a Straitjacket match after rendering him unconscious following two kata gatame attempts. At Sacrifice, Anderson defeated Shaw in a Committed match, whereby he put Shaw into a van heading for a psychiatric facility for intervention.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: The next time Shaw appeared on TV was on the May 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling" at the psychiatric facility. A man walked in and said that Shaw had a visitor who was later revealed to be Gunner. Gunner said he was going to help him with his obsession with Hemme and with his insanity. Over the weeks following, segments were shown in which Gunner tried to help Shaw in various ways by explaining to Shaw why he understood what Shaw was going through and participating in various activities like going through Shaw's drawings & playing Go Fish with Shaw, which eventually led to Shaw being released under Gunner's supervision on June 26 episode of "Impact". On July 3, he returned and apologized to Christy Hemme as well as to Mr. Anderson, who gave Samuel Shaw another chance to be friends with him as long as he followed Gunner's supervision, seemingly turning face. On October 22, 2014 episode on Impact, Shaw reverted to a villain after he hit Gunner with a steel chair and aligned with Brittany. The alliance between Shaw and Brittany ended after she did not re-sign with TNA. His final TNA match took place on June 19, 2015, against Crimson on TNA Xplosion. During the Christy Hemme storyline, he was dubbed as the 'creepy bastard'.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: In May 2015, Shaw returned to Vintage Wrestling. In his first match back, on May 16, 2015, Shaw defeated Nick Fame and the next day on May 17, 2015, Shaw, BeastMode (Biff Slater & Don Maximo), Leo Gold and Mike Cruz faced The Dark City Fight Club (Jon Davis and Kory Chavis), Francisco Ciatso, Simon Sez & The Afro Boy in a losing effort.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: In September 2016, Shaw debuted for Full Throttle Pro Wrestling. In his first match on September 17, 2016, Shaw defeated Shannon Moore. On June 23, 2018, Shaw defeated M.V.P. and Papadon to win the vacant FTPW Championship. He would lose the title on October 20, 2018, against Barrington Hughes in a match that also included Shannon Moore.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On March 18, 2017, at Tried N True/Global Force Wrestling The Art Of War II, Shaw defeated Crimson to become the inaugural TNT Champion. Shaw held the title 658 days until he lost it to Crazzy Steve at the NWA Pop-Up Event on January 5, 2019.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On October 21, 2018, at the National Wrestling Alliance's NWA 70th Anniversary Show, Shaw defeated Colt Cabana, Sammy Guevara and Scorpio Sky in a fatal four-way elimination to go on to a match for the vacant NWA National Championship later that night. However, he was defeated by Willie Mack in the finals. On December 9, Shaw was defeated in a championship rematch by Mack at Championship Wrestling From Hollywood.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On February 11, 2019, it was announced that Shaw had signed a contract with WWE and that he would report to the WWE Performance Center. He made his debut at an NXT house show on March 16, losing to Fabian Aichner. After debuting under his real name, his ring name was changed to "Dexter Lumis" in June. In the same month, it was announced that Lumis would compete in a tournament named the NXT Breakout Tournament. On the July 17 episode of "NXT", Lumis lost in the first round of the tournament to Bronson Reed. On the March 25, 2020 episode of "NXT", a vignette aired promoting Lumis' return. The following week, he defeated Jake Atlas. On the April 22 episode of "NXT", he assisted Velveteen Dream in defeating The Undisputed Era in a tag team match after Dream's partner, Keith Lee, was taken out by Damian Priest, establishing himself as a face. On the May 6 episode of "NXT", Lumis once again attempted to assist Dream in his NXT Championship match against Adam Cole, but accidentally knocked out the referee, thus costing Dream the match and the title.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On the June 3 episode of "NXT", Lumis debuted a new artist element of his gimmick as he brought out an art easel and drew a sketch depicting himself driving a car with the Undisputed Era trapped in the rear deck. This led to the "Tortured Artist" becoming a nickname for Lumis. At , Lumis would interfere in the Backlot Brawl match between Cole and Dream as he attacked Roderick Strong and Bobby Fish, throwing them in the rear deck of a car and driving off with them. On the June 10 episode of "NXT", Lumis lost to Cole in a non-title match after a distraction by Strong and Fish. After the match, Lumis attacked Strong and chased him to the back. On the July 1 episode of NXT: Great American Bash, Lumis defeated Strong in a strap match. On the July 29 episode of "NXT", Lumis defeated Timothy Thatcher and Finn Bálor to qualify for a NXT North American Championship opportunity at NXT TakeOver XXX. However, he sustained an ankle injury, removing him from the match.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Lumis made his TV return on the September 30 episode of "NXT", appearing in a backstage segment with Cameron Grimes. He defeated Austin Theory in the following week but was attacked by Grimes after the match. On the October 14 episode of "NXT", Lumis challenged Damian Priest for the NXT North American Championship but lost after Grimes came out and stomped him on the apron while the referee was checking on Priest. Lumis went on to defeat Grimes in a Haunted House of Terror match at . On the November 11 episode of "NXT", Lumis faced Timothy Thatcher in a match after the latter threw August Grey into a caricature that was painted by Lumis backstage. Lumis would lose that match after Grimes interfered again with a distraction. Grimes subsequently wrapped Lumis's head in a burlap sack and attacked him. The following week, they faced off in a blindfold match which ended in an apparent no contest after Grimes unknowingly knocked the referee unconscious and eventually ran off. Lumis then defeated Grimes in a strap match on December 6 at .


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On January 6, 2021, Lumis hosted . On the following week's "NXT", he lost to Johnny Gargano in a non-title match after interference from Austin Theory. During , Lumis abducted Theory from The Way before Gargano's North American title match. On the February 24 episode of "NXT", Lumis defeated Gargano in a non-title bout where Theory hesitated to hit him with a chair, and Indi Hartwell starts to develop an attraction towards him. On April 7, during Night 1 of , he took part in a six-man Gauntlet Eliminator match where the winner gets to challenge for the North American Championship on Night 2, but was eliminated second by L. A. Knight. On the following week's "NXT", Lumis teamed with Bronson Reed and the NXT Women's Tag Team Champions Shotzi Blackheart and Ember Moon in an eight-person mixed tag team match against The Way, where he carried a falsely unconscious Hartwell away from the ring.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On August 17, 2021, Indi Hartwell proposed to Lumis after the pair won a match on NXT, and Lumis accepted. Lumis and Hartwell had their wedding on the September 14 edition of NXT. During the ceremony Lumis choked out the priest allowing a recently ordained Beth Phoenix to take over. Lumis also spoke his very first words in WWE by saying "I do". On the December 7 episode on NXT, The Way disbanded after Johnny Gargano opted to leave when his contract expired. On April 29, 2022, Shaw was initially released from his WWE contract.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Shaw made his first appearance since leaving WWE on June 11, 2022 at the National Wrestling Alliance pay-per-view Alwayz Ready. He competed in a fatal four-way match for the vacant NWA Worlds Heavyweight Championship against Trevor Murdoch, Nick Aldis, and Thom Latimer; the bout was won by Murdoch. Two days later he defeated Mercurio on an episode of "NWA USA".


title: Dexter Lumis

text: On June 26, 2022 Shaw appeared with USA Pro Wrestling, defeating Ryzin at the "USA Pro Wrestle War 2022" event. On July 23, 2022 he appeared with MCW Pro Wrestling at the 21st Shane Shamrock Memorial Cup; substituting for Pat Brink, he teamed with Alec Odin to unsuccessfully challenge the Trade (Eric Martin and Robert Locke) for the MCW Tag Team Championship.


title: Dexter Lumis

text: Three months later, Shaw made his unannounced return to WWE on the August 8, 2022 episode of "Raw" reprising his Dexter Lumis character and was called up to the Raw brand. It was preceded by subtle references such as a car wreck during a backstage segment as well as cops running to the source of trouble. He was seen in the crowd at the end of the main event between AJ Styles and The Miz in a No Disqualification match, where he was arrested. On the August 22 episode of "Raw", Lumis kidnapped The Miz during a tag team match. The following night, on the August 23 edition of "NXT", Lumis would reunite with his kayfabe wife Indi Hartwell to briefly reform InDex before being arrested by police. On the September 5 episode of "Raw," Lumis distracted Miz during a steel cage match against Bobby Lashley for the United States Championship, costing Miz the match and the title. Lumis came out and put Miz to sleep after the show went off the air. Lumis showed up at Miz's residence the following week when he conducted an interview over last week's incident. On the October 17 episode of "Raw," Lumis was attacked by Miz before their match which then did not take place. On the October 31 episode of "Raw," Johnny Gargano was interviewed backstage and showed footage of a conversation between The Miz and Lumis where, Miz paid Lumis to stage attacks on him, and now Lumis was coming to get the money that is owed to him. On the November 29 episode of "Raw", Lumis defeated Miz in an Anything Goes match, earning himself a WWE contract and the money Miz owed him. On the December 19 episode of "Raw," Lumis put his money on the line against Miz in a ladder match, which he lost after interference from the returning Bronson Reed.


title: AC motor

text: An AC motor is an electric motor driven by an alternating current (AC). The AC motor commonly consists of two basic parts, an outside stator having coils supplied with alternating current to produce a rotating magnetic field, and an inside rotor attached to the output shaft producing a second rotating magnetic field. The rotor magnetic field may be produced by permanent magnets, reluctance saliency, or DC or AC electrical windings.


title: AC motor

text: Less common, AC linear motors operate on similar principles as rotating motors but have their stationary and moving parts arranged in a straight line configuration, producing linear motion instead of rotation.


title: AC motor

text: The two main types of AC motors are induction motors and synchronous motors. The induction motor (or asynchronous motor) always relies on a small difference in speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and the rotor shaft speed called slip to induce rotor current in the rotor AC winding. As a result, the induction motor cannot produce torque near synchronous speed where induction (or slip) is irrelevant or ceases to exist. In contrast, the synchronous motor does not rely on slip-induction for operation and uses either permanent magnets, salient poles (having projecting magnetic poles), or an independently excited rotor winding. The synchronous motor produces its rated torque at exactly synchronous speed. The brushless wound-rotor doubly fed synchronous motor system has an independently excited rotor winding that does not rely on the principles of slip-induction of current. The brushless wound-rotor doubly fed motor is a synchronous motor that can function exactly at the supply frequency or sub to super multiple of the supply frequency.


title: AC motor

text: Other types of motors include eddy current motors, and AC and DC mechanically commutated machines in which speed is dependent on voltage and winding connection.


title: AC motor

text: Alternating current technology was rooted in Michael Faraday's and Joseph Henry's 1830–31 discovery that a changing magnetic field can induce an electric current in a circuit. Faraday is usually given credit for this discovery since he published his findings first.


title: AC motor

text: In 1832, French instrument maker Hippolyte Pixii generated a crude form of alternating current when he designed and built the first alternator. It consisted of a revolving horseshoe magnet passing over two wound-wire coils.


title: AC motor

text: Because of AC's advantages in long-distance high voltage transmission, there were many inventors in the United States and Europe during the late 19th century trying to develop workable AC motors. The first person to conceive of a rotating magnetic field was Walter Baily, who gave a workable demonstration of his battery-operated polyphase motor aided by a commutator on 28 June 1879, to the Physical Society of London. Describing an apparatus nearly identical to Baily's, French electrical engineer Marcel Deprez published a paper in 1880 that identified the rotating magnetic field principle and that of a two-phase AC system of currents to produce it. Never practically demonstrated, the design was flawed, as one of the two currents was “furnished by the machine itself.” In 1886, English engineer Elihu Thomson built an AC motor by expanding upon the induction-repulsion principle and his wattmeter. In 1887, American inventor Charles Schenk Bradley was the first to patent a two-phase AC power transmission with four wires.


title: AC motor

text: "Commutatorless" alternating current induction motors seem to have been independently invented by Galileo Ferraris and Nikola Tesla. Ferraris demonstrated a working model of his single-phase induction motor in 1885, and Tesla built his working two-phase induction motor in 1887 and demonstrated it at the American Institute of Electrical Engineers in 1888 (although Tesla claimed that he conceived the rotating magnetic field in 1882). In 1888, Ferraris published his research to the Royal Academy of Sciences in Turin, where he detailed the foundations of motor operation; Tesla, in the same year, was granted a United States patent for his own motor. Working from Ferraris's experiments, Mikhail Dolivo-Dobrovolsky introduced the first three-phase induction motor in 1890, a much more capable design that became the prototype used in Europe and the U.S. He also invented the first three-phase generator and transformer and combined them into the first complete AC three-phase system in 1891. The three-phase motor design was also worked on by the Swiss engineer Charles Eugene Lancelot Brown, and other three-phase AC systems were developed by German technician Friedrich August Haselwander and Swedish engineer Jonas Wenström.


title: AC motor

text: If the rotor of a squirrel cage motor were to run at the true synchronous speed, the flux in the rotor at any given place on the rotor would not change, and no current would be created in the squirrel cage. For this reason, ordinary squirrel-cage motors run at some tens of RPM slower than synchronous speed. Because the rotating field (or equivalent pulsating field) effectively rotates faster than the rotor, it could be said to "slip" past the surface of the rotor. The difference between synchronous speed and actual speed is called slip, and loading the motor increases the amount of slip as the motor slows down slightly. Even with no load, internal mechanical losses prevent the slip from being zero.


title: AC motor

text: The speed of the AC motor is determined primarily by the frequency of the AC supply and the number of poles in the stator winding, according to the relation:


title: AC motor

text: The constant 120 results from combining the conversions of 60 seconds per minute and that each phase requires 2 poles.


title: AC motor

text: Actual RPM for an induction motor will be less than this calculated synchronous speed by an amount known as "slip", that increases with the torque produced. With no load, the speed will be very close to synchronous. When loaded, standard motors have between 2–3% slip, special motors may have up to 7% slip, and a class of motors known as "torque motors" are rated to operate at 100% slip (0 RPM/full stall).


title: AC motor

text: As an example, a typical four-pole motor running on 60 Hz might have a nameplate rating of 1725 RPM at full load, while its calculated speed is 1800 RPM.


title: AC motor

text: The speed in this type of motor has traditionally been altered by having additional sets of coils or poles in the motor that can be switched on and off to change the speed of magnetic field rotation. However, developments in power electronics mean that the frequency of the power supply can also now be varied to provide a smoother control of the motor speed.


title: AC motor

text: This kind of rotor is the basic hardware for induction regulators, which is an exception of the use of rotating magnetic field as pure electrical (not electromechanical) application.


title: AC motor

text: Most common AC motors use the squirrel-cage rotor, which will be found in virtually all domestic and light industrial alternating current motors. The squirrel-cage refers to the rotating exercise cage for pet animals. The motor takes its name from the shape of its rotor "windings"- a ring at either end of the rotor, with bars connecting the rings running the length of the rotor. It is typically cast aluminum or copper poured between the iron laminates of the rotor, and usually only the end rings will be visible. The vast majority of the rotor currents will flow through the bars rather than the higher-resistance and usually varnished laminates. Very low voltages at very high currents are typical in the bars and end rings; high efficiency motors will often use cast copper to reduce the resistance in the rotor.


title: AC motor

text: In operation, the squirrel-cage motor may be viewed as a transformer with a rotating secondary. When the rotor is not rotating in sync with the magnetic field, large rotor currents are induced; the large rotor currents magnetize the rotor and interact with the stator's magnetic fields to bring the rotor almost into synchronization with the stator's field. An unloaded squirrel-cage motor at rated no-load speed will consume electrical power only to maintain rotor speed against friction and resistance losses. As the mechanical load increases, so will the electrical load – the electrical load is inherently related to the mechanical load. This is similar to a transformer, where the primary's electrical load is related to the secondary's electrical load.


title: AC motor

text: This is why a squirrel-cage blower motor may cause household lights to dim upon starting, but does not dim the lights on startup when its fan belt (and therefore mechanical load) is removed. Furthermore, a stalled squirrel-cage motor (overloaded or with a jammed shaft) will consume current limited only by circuit resistance as it attempts to start. Unless something else limits the current (or cuts it off completely) overheating and destruction of the winding insulation is the likely outcome.


title: AC motor

text: Virtually every washing machine, dishwasher, standalone fan, record player, etc. uses some variant of a squirrel-cage motor.


title: AC motor

text: An alternate design, called the wound rotor, is used when variable speed is required. In this case, the rotor has the same number of poles as the stator and the windings are made of wire, connected to slip rings on the shaft. Carbon brushes connect the slip rings to a controller such as a variable resistor that allows changing the motor's slip rate. In certain high-power variable-speed wound rotor drives, the slip-frequency energy is captured, rectified, and returned to the power supply through an inverter. With bidirectionally controlled power, the wound rotor becomes an active participant in the energy conversion process, with the wound rotor doubly fed configuration showing twice the power density.


title: AC motor

text: Compared to squirrel cage rotors, wound rotor motors are expensive and require maintenance of the slip rings and brushes, but they were the standard form for variable speed control before the advent of compact power electronic devices. Transistorized inverters with variable-frequency drive can now be used for speed control, and wound rotor motors are becoming less common.


title: AC motor

text: Several methods of starting a polyphase motor are used. Where a large inrush current and high starting torque can be permitted, the motor can be started across the line, by applying full line voltage to the terminals (direct-on-line, DOL). Where it is necessary to limit the starting inrush current (where the motor is large compared with the short-circuit capacity of the supply), the motor is started at reduced voltage using either series inductors, an autotransformer, thyristors, or other devices. A technique sometimes used is star-delta (YΔ) starting, where the motor coils are initially connected in star configuration for acceleration of the load, then switched to delta configuration when the load is up to speed. This technique is more common in Europe than in North America. Transistorized drives can directly vary the applied voltage as required by the starting characteristics of the motor and load.


title: AC motor

text: This type of motor is becoming more common in traction applications such as locomotives, where it is known as the asynchronous traction motor.


title: AC motor

text: The electrical resistance of the rotor is made high intentionally so that the speed–torque curve is fairly linear. Two-phase servo motors are inherently high-speed, low-torque devices, heavily geared down to drive the load.


title: AC motor

text: Single-phase motors do not have a unique rotating magnetic field like multi-phase motors. The field alternates (reverses polarity) between pole pairs and can be viewed as two fields rotating in opposite directions. They require a secondary magnetic field that causes the rotor to move in a specific direction. After starting, the alternating stator field is in relative rotation with the rotor. Several methods are commonly used:


title: AC motor

text: A common single-phase motor is the shaded-pole motor and is used in devices requiring low starting torque, such as electric fans, small pumps, or small household appliances. In this motor, small single-turn copper "shading coils" create the moving magnetic field. Part of each pole is encircled by a copper coil or strap; the induced current in the strap opposes the change of flux through the coil. This causes a time lag in the flux passing through the shading coil, so that the maximum field intensity moves higher across the pole face on each cycle. This produces a low level rotating magnetic field which is large enough to turn both the rotor and its attached load. As the rotor picks up speed the torque builds up to its full level as the principal magnetic field is rotating relative to the rotating rotor.


title: AC motor

text: A reversible shaded-pole motor was made by Barber-Colman several decades ago. It had a single field coil, and two principal poles, each split halfway to create two pairs of poles. Each of these four "half-poles" carried a coil, and the coils of diagonally opposite half-poles were connected to a pair of terminals. One terminal of each pair was common, so only three terminals were needed in all.


title: AC motor

text: The motor would not start with the terminals open; connecting the common to one other made the motor run one way, and connecting common to the other made it run the other way. These motors were used in industrial and scientific devices.


title: AC motor

text: An unusual, adjustable-speed, low-torque shaded-pole motor could be found in traffic-light and advertising-lighting controllers.


title: AC motor

text: The pole faces were parallel and relatively close to each other, with the disc centered between them, something like the disc in a watthour electricity meter. Each pole face was split, and had a shading coil on one part; the shading coils were on the parts that faced each other.


title: AC motor

text: Applying AC to the coil created a field that progressed in the gap between the poles. The plane of the stator core was approximately tangential to an imaginary circle on the disc, so the travelling magnetic field dragged the disc and made it rotate.


title: AC motor

text: The stator was mounted on a pivot so it could be positioned for the desired speed and then clamped in position. Placing the poles nearer to the center of the disc made it run faster, and toward the edge, slower.


title: AC motor

text: Another common single-phase AC motor is the "split-phase induction motor", commonly used in major appliances such as air conditioners and clothes dryers. Compared to the shaded pole motor, these motors provide much greater starting torque.


title: AC motor

text: A split-phase motor has a secondary startup winding that is 90 electrical degrees to the main winding, always centered directly between the poles of the main winding, and connected to the main winding by a set of electrical contacts. The coils of this winding are wound with fewer turns of smaller wire than the main winding, so it has a lower inductance and higher resistance. The position of the winding creates a small phase shift between the flux of the main winding and the flux of the starting winding, causing the rotor to rotate. When the speed of the motor is sufficient to overcome the inertia of the load, the contacts are opened automatically by a centrifugal switch or electric relay. The direction of rotation is determined by the connection between the main winding and the start circuit. In applications where the motor requires a fixed rotation, one end of the start circuit is permanently connected to the main winding, with the contacts making the connection at the other end.


title: AC motor

text: A capacitor start motor is a split-phase induction motor with a starting motor capacitor inserted in series with the startup winding, creating an LC circuit which produces a greater phase shift (and so, a much greater starting torque) than both split-phase and shaded pole motors.


title: AC motor

text: A resistance start motor is a split-phase induction motor with a starter inserted in series with the startup winding, creating reactance. This added starter provides assistance in the starting and initial direction of rotation. The start winding is made mainly of thin wire with fewer turns to make it high resistive and less inductive. The main winding is made with thicker wire with larger number of turns which makes it less resistive and more inductive.


title: AC motor

text: Another variation is the "permanent-split capacitor (or PSC) motor". Also known as a capacitor-run motor, this type of motor uses a non-polarized capacitor with a high voltage rating to generate an electrical phase shift between the run and start windings. PSC motors are the dominant type of split-phase motor in Europe and much of the world, but in North America, they are most frequently used in variable torque applications (like blowers, fans, and pumps) and other cases where variable speeds are desired.


title: AC motor

text: A capacitor with a relatively low capacitance, and relatively high voltage rating, is connected in series with the start winding and remains in the circuit during the entire run cycle. Like other split-phase motors, the main winding is used with a smaller start winding, and rotation is changed by reversing the connection between the main winding and the start circuit, or by having polarity of main winding switched while start winding is always connected to a capacitor. There are significant differences, however; the use of a speed sensitive centrifugal switch requires that other split-phase motors must operate at, or very close to, full speed. PSC motors may operate within a wide range of speeds, much lower than the motor's electrical speed. Also, for applications like automatic door openers that require the motor to reverse rotation often, the use of a mechanism requires that a motor must slow to a near stop before contact with the start winding is re-established. The 'permanent' connection to the capacitor in a PSC motor means that changing rotation is instantaneous.


title: AC motor

text: Three-phase motors can be converted to PSC motors by making common two windings and connecting the third via a capacitor to act as a start winding. However, the power rating needs to be at least 50% larger than for a comparable single-phase motor due to an unused winding.


title: AC motor

text: If connections to the rotor coils of a three-phase motor are taken out on slip-rings and fed a separate field current to create a continuous magnetic field (or if the rotor consists of a permanent magnet), the result is called a synchronous motor because the rotor will rotate synchronously with the rotating magnetic field produced by the polyphase electrical supply. Another synchronous motor system is the brushless wound-rotor doubly fed synchronous motor system with an independently excited rotor multiphase AC winding set that may experience slip-induction beyond synchronous speeds but like all synchronous motors, does not rely on slip-induction for torque production.


title: AC motor

text: Contemporary synchronous motors are frequently driven by solid state variable-frequency drives. This greatly eases the problem of starting the massive rotor of a large synchronous motor. They may also be started as induction motors using a squirrel-cage winding that shares the common rotor: once the motor reaches synchronous speed, no current is induced in the squirrel-cage winding so it has little effect on the synchronous operation of the motor, aside from stabilizing the motor speed on load changes.


title: AC motor

text: Synchronous motors are occasionally used as traction motors; the TGV may be the best-known example of such use.


title: AC motor

text: Huge numbers of three phase synchronous motors are now fitted to electric cars. They have a neodymium or other rare-earth permanent magnet.


title: AC motor

text: One use for this type of motor is its use in a power factor correction scheme. They are referred to as synchronous condensers. This exploits a feature of the machine where it consumes power at a leading power factor when its rotor is over excited. It thus appears to the supply to be a capacitor, and could thus be used to correct the lagging power factor that is usually presented to the electric supply by inductive loads. The excitation is adjusted until a near unity power factor is obtained (often automatically). Machines used for this purpose are easily identified as they have no shaft extensions. Synchronous motors are valued in any case because their power factor is much better than that of induction motors, making them preferred for very high power applications.


title: AC motor

text: Some of the largest AC motors are pumped-storage hydroelectricity generators that are operated as synchronous motors to pump water to a reservoir at a higher elevation for later use to generate electricity using the same machinery. Six 500-megawatt generators are installed in the Bath County Pumped Storage Station in Virginia, USA. When pumping, each unit can produce 642,800 horsepower (479.3 megawatts).".


title: AC motor

text: Small single-phase AC motors can also be designed with magnetized rotors (or several variations on that idea; see "Hysteresis synchronous motors" below).


title: AC motor

text: If a conventional squirrel-cage rotor has flats ground on it to create salient poles and increase reluctance, it will start conventionally, but will run synchronously, although it can provide only a modest torque at synchronous speed. This is known as a reluctance motor.


title: AC motor

text: Because inertia makes it difficult to instantly accelerate the rotor from stopped to synchronous speed, these motors normally require some sort of special feature to get started. Some include a squirrel-cage structure to bring the rotor close to synchronous speed. Various other designs use a small induction motor (which may share the same field coils and rotor as the synchronous motor) or a very light rotor with a one-way mechanism (to ensure that the rotor starts in the "forward" direction). In the latter instance, applying AC power creates chaotic (or seemingly chaotic) jumping movement back and forth; such a motor will always start, but lacking the anti-reversal mechanism, the direction it runs is unpredictable. The Hammond organ tone generator used a non-self-starting synchronous motor (until comparatively recently), and had an auxiliary conventional shaded-pole starting motor. A spring-loaded auxiliary manual starting switch connected power to this second motor for a few seconds.


title: AC motor

text: These motors are relatively costly, and are used where exact speed (assuming an exact-frequency AC source) and rotation with low flutter (high-frequency variation in speed) are essential. Applications included tape recorder capstan drives (the motor shaft could be the capstan), and, before the advent of crystal control, motion picture cameras and recorders. Their distinguishing feature is their rotor, which is a smooth cylinder of a magnetic alloy that stays magnetized, but can be demagnetized fairly easily as well as re-magnetized with poles in a new location. Hysteresis refers to how the magnetic flux in the metal lags behind the external magnetizing force; for instance, to demagnetize such a material, one could apply a magnetizing field of opposite polarity to that which originally magnetized the material. These motors have a stator like those of capacitor-run squirrel-cage induction motors. On startup, when slip decreases sufficiently, the rotor becomes magnetized by the stator's field, and the poles stay in place. The motor then runs at synchronous speed as if the rotor were a permanent magnet. When stopped and restarted, the poles are likely to form at different locations. For a given design, torque at synchronous speed is only relatively modest, and the motor can run at below synchronous speed. In simple words, it is lagging magnetic field behind magnetic flux.


title: AC motor

text: A universal motor is a design that can operate on either AC or DC power. In universal motors the stator and rotor of a brushed DC motor are both wound and supplied from an external source, with the torque being a function of the rotor current times the stator current so reversing the current in both rotor and stator does not reverse the rotation. Universal motors can run on AC as well as DC provided the frequency is not so high that the inductive reactance of the stator winding and eddy current losses become problems. Nearly all universal motors are series-wound because their stators have relatively few turns, minimizing inductance. Universal motors are compact, have high starting torque and can be varied in speed over a wide range with relatively simple controls such as rheostats and PWM choppers. Compared with induction motors, universal motors do have some drawbacks inherent to their brushes and commutators: relatively high levels of electrical and acoustic noise, low reliability and more frequent required maintenance.


title: AC motor

text: Universal motors are widely used in small home appliances and hand power tools. Until the 1970s they dominated electric traction (electric, including diesel-electric railway and road vehicles); many traction power networks still use special low frequencies such as 16.7 and 25 Hz to overcome the aforementioned problems with losses and reactance. Still widely used, universal traction motors have been increasingly displaced by polyphase AC induction and permanent magnet motors with variable-frequency drives made possible by modern power semiconductor devices.


title: AC motor

text: Repulsion motors are wound-rotor single-phase AC motors that are a type of induction motor. In a repulsion motor, the armature brushes are shorted together rather than connected in series with the field, as is done with universal motors. By transformer action, the stator induces currents in the rotor, which create torque by repulsion instead of attraction as in other motors. Several types of repulsion motors have been manufactured, but the "repulsion-start induction-run" (RS-IR) motor has been used most frequently. The RS-IR motor has a centrifugal switch that shorts all segments of the commutator so that the motor operates as an induction motor once it is close to full speed. Some of these motors also lift the brushes out of contact with source voltage regulation. Repulsion motors were developed before suitable motor starting capacitors were available, and few repulsion motors are sold as of 2005.


title: AC motor

text: Where speed stability is important, some AC motors (such as some Papst motors) have the stator on the inside and the rotor on the outside to optimize inertia and cooling.


title: AC motor

text: A conical rotor brake motor incorporates the brake as an integral part of the conical sliding rotor. When the motor is at rest, a spring acts on the sliding rotor and forces the brake ring against the brake cap in the motor, holding the rotor stationary. When the motor is energized, its magnetic field generates both an axial and a radial component. The axial component overcomes the spring force, releasing the brake; while the radial component causes the rotor to turn. There is no additional brake control required.


title: AC motor

text: The high starting torque and low inertia of the conical rotor brake motor has proven to be ideal for the demands of high cycle dynamic drives in applications since the motor was invented, designed and introduced over 50 years ago. This type of motor configuration was first introduced in the US in 1963.


title: AC motor

text: Single-speed or two speed motors are designed for coupling to gear motor system gearboxes. Conical rotor brake motors are also used to power micro speed drives.


title: AC motor

text: Motors of this type can also be found on overhead cranes and hoists. The micro speed unit combines two motors and an intermediate gear reducer. These are used for applications where extreme mechanical positioning accuracy and high cycling capability are needed. The micro speed unit combines a “main” conical rotor brake motor for rapid speed and a “micro” conical rotor brake motor for slow or positioning speed. The intermediate gearbox allows a range of ratios, and motors of different speeds can be combined to produce high ratios between high and low speed.


title: AC motor

text: Electronically commutated (EC) motors are electric motors powered by direct-current (DC) electricity and having electronic commutation systems, rather than mechanical commutators and brushes. The current-to-torque and frequency-to-speed relationships of BLDC motors are linear. While the motor coils are powered by DC, power may be rectified from AC within the casing.


title: AC motor

text: These are two-phase induction motors with permanent magnets to retard the rotor so its speed is accurately proportional to the power passing through the meter. The rotor is an aluminium-alloy disc, and currents induced into it react with the field from the stator.


title: AC motor

text: A split-phase watthour electricity meter has a stator with three coils facing the disc. The magnetic circuit is completed by a C-shaped core of permeable iron. The "voltage" coil above the disc is in parallel with the supply; its many turns have a high inductance/resistance ratio (Q) so its current and magnetic field are the time integral of the applied voltage, lagging it by 90 degrees. This magnetic field passes down perpendicularly through the disc, inducing circular eddy currents in the plane of the disc centered on the field. These induced currents are proportional to the time derivative of the magnetic field, leading it by 90 degrees. This puts the eddy currents in phase with the voltage applied to the voltage coil, just as the current induced in the secondary of a transformer with a resistive load is in phase with the voltage applied to its primary.


title: AC motor

text: The eddy currents pass directly above the pole pieces of two "current" coils under the disc, each wound with a few turns of heavy-gauge wire whose inductive reactance is small compared to the load impedance. These coils connect the supply to the load, producing a magnetic field in phase with the load current. This field passes from the pole of one current coil up perpendicularly through the disc and back down through the disc to the pole of the other current coil, with a completed magnetic circuit back to the first current coil. As these fields cross the disc, they pass through the eddy currents induced in it by the voltage coil producing a Lorentz force on the disc mutually perpendicular to both. Assuming power is flowing to the load, the flux from the left current coil crosses the disc upwards where the eddy current flows radially toward the center of the disc producing (by the right-hand rule) a torque driving the front of the disc to the right. Similarly, the flux crosses down through the disc to the right current coil where the eddy current flows radially away from the disc center, again producing a torque driving the front of the disc to the right. When the AC polarity reverses, the eddy currents in the disc and the direction of the magnetic flux from the current coils both change, leaving the direction of the torque unchanged.


title: AC motor

text: The torque is thus proportional to the instantaneous line voltage times the instantaneous load current, automatically correcting for power factor. The disc is braked by a permanent magnet so that speed is proportional to torque and the disc mechanically integrates real power. The mechanical dial on the meter reads disc rotations and the total net energy delivered to the load. (If the load supplies power to the grid, the disc rotates backwards unless prevented by a ratchet, thus making net metering possible.)


title: AC motor

text: In a split-phase watthour meter the voltage coil is connected between the two "hot" (line) terminals (240 V in North America) and two separate current coils are connected between the corresponding line and load terminals. No connection to the system neutral is needed to correctly handle combined line-to-neutral and line-to-line loads. Line-to-line loads draw the same current through both current coils and spin the meter twice as fast as a line-to-neutral load drawing the same current through only a single current coil, correctly registering the power drawn by the line-to-line load as twice that of the line-to-neutral load.