title: Phantasm (film)

text: After this, Mike wakes up in his bed, still worried about the Tall Man. Reggie, still alive, tells Mike that he had a nightmare, that Jody died in a car wreck and proposes a road trip. When Mike enters his bedroom to pack, the Tall Man appears and hands crash through the bedroom mirror, pulling Mike inside.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: Film scholar John Kenneth Muir interprets the film as being about mourning and death. Many of the film's fans are young boys, aged 10–13. According to Angus Scrimm, the film "gives expression to all their insecurities and fears". Scrimm states that the theme of loss and how, by fantasizing about death, the young protagonist deals with the deaths in his family drives the story. Coscarelli identifies it as a "predominately male story" that young teens respond to. Scrimm explains the popularity of the film as fans responding to themes of death, and the Tall Man himself represents death. Muir describes the Tall Man as embodying childhood fears of adults and states that the Tall Man wins in the end because dreams are the only place where death can be defeated. American views of death are another theme:


title: Phantasm (film)

text: Dreams and surrealism are also important elements of "Phantasm". Marc Savlov of the "Austin Chronicle" compares "Phantasm" to the works of Alejandro Jodorowsky and Luis Buñuel in terms of strangeness. Savlov describes the film as existentialist horror and "a truly bizarre mix of outlandish horror, cheapo gore, and psychological mindgames that purposefully blur the line between waking and dreaming." Gina McIntyre of the "Los Angeles Times" describes the film as surreal, creepy, and idiosyncratic. Muir writes that "Phantasm" "purposely inhabits the half-understood sphere of dreams" and takes place in the imagination of a disturbed boy.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: After seeing the audience reaction to jump scares in "Kenny and Company", writer-director Don Coscarelli decided to do a horror film as his next project. His previous films had not performed well, and he heard that horror films were always successful; branching into horror allowed him to combine his childhood love of the genre with better business prospects. The original idea was inspired by "Something Wicked This Way Comes" by Ray Bradbury. Coscarelli had initially sought to adapt the story into a film, but the license had already been sold. The theme of a young boy's difficulty convincing adults of his fears was influenced by "Invaders from Mars" (1953). Dario Argento's "Suspiria" (1977) and its lack of explanations was another influence on Coscarelli. The soundtrack was influenced by Goblin and Mike Oldfield. The synthesizers were so primitive that it was difficult to reproduce the same sound twice. When writing the film's conclusion, Coscarelli intentionally wanted to shock audiences and "send people out of the theater with a bang."


title: Phantasm (film)

text: There were no accountants on the set, but Coscarelli estimates the budget at $300,000. Funding for the film came in part from Coscarelli's father, who was credited as the film's producer; additional funding came from doctors and lawyers. His mother designed some of the special effects, costumes, and make-up. The cast and crew were composed mainly of friends and aspiring professionals. Due to their inexperience, they did not realize that firing blanks could be dangerous; Coscarelli's jacket caught fire from a shotgun blank. Casting was based on previous films that Coscarelli directed, and he created roles for those actors. Because he could not afford to hire an editor or cameraman, Coscarelli did these duties himself.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: Filming was done on weekends and sometimes lasted for 20 hours a day over the course of more than a year. Reggie Bannister described the production as "flying by the seat of our pants." The actors would be called to perform their scenes and picked up as soon as they were available. Bannister did many of his own stunts. Though set in Oregon, shooting took place primarily in the San Fernando Valley in Chatsworth, California. The script changed often during production, and Bannister says that he never saw a completed copy of it; instead, they worked scene-by-scene and used improvisation. The script was characterized by Coscarelli as "barely linear". While it contained the basic concepts of the completed film, the script was unfocused and rewritten during filming. The spheres came from one of Coscarelli's nightmares, but the original idea did not involve drilling. Will Greene, an elderly metal-worker, fashioned the iconic spheres, but he never got to see the finished film, as he died before the film was released. The black 1971 Plymouth Barracuda was used because Coscarelli had known someone in high school who drove one; he realized that he could get his hands on one by using it in the film. An ice cream shop on main street was filmed on the outskirts of San Diego County in Julian, California.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: Post-production took another six to eight months. The first test screening was poorly-received due to the film's length; Coscarelli says that he erred in adding too much character development, which needed to be edited out. "Phantasm"s fractured dream logic was due in part to the extensive editing. During shooting, they did not have a clear idea of the ending. Several endings were filmed, and one of them was re-used in "". Coscarelli attributed the freedom to choose from among these endings to his independent financing.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: To solicit outside opinions, Coscarelli paid an audience to watch an early cut of the film. Although Coscarelli called the result "a disaster", he was encouraged by the audience's reactions to the film. The financial success of the film "Halloween" released the prior year convinced vice-president of marketing at AVCO Embassy Pictures, Robert Rehme, to purchase "Phantasm" for distribution. The film was released March 28, 1979 in California and Texas.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: It was released in Australia under the alternative title "The Never Dead", to avoid confusion with the similarly-named 1976 Australian softcore porn film "Fantasm".


title: Phantasm (film)

text: MGM released "Phantasm" on LaserDisc in 1981, and on VHS and DVD in August 1998. Anchor Bay Entertainment re-released it on DVD on April 10, 2007.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: In late 2015, Coscarelli showed a work-in-progress 4K resolution restoration of "Phantasm" (called "Phantasm: Remastered") at the Butt-Numb-A-Thon film festival. It was supervised by Coscarelli at Bad Robot Productions. Bad Robot became involved when director J. J. Abrams, a fan of the series, requested a screening of the film. Coscarelli told him that he did not have a high-quality print, but Abrams volunteered the use of his technicians for a restoration. The completed restoration premiered at SXSW in March 2016. "Phantasm: Remastered" was released in limited theaters on September 24, 2016, and was released on Blu-ray on December 6, 2016.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: Charles Champlin of the "Los Angeles Times" deemed the film "a smooth and terrifically impressive technical achievement, a sort of "jeu de spook" with all manner of eerie and shocking special effects." In a mostly negative review, critic Roger Ebert described the film as "a labor of love, if not a terrifically skillful one" but admitted "Phantasm" had a good visual style and sense of pacing. Trevor Johnston of "Time Out" called the film "a surprisingly shambolic affair whose moments of genuine invention stand out amid the prevailing incompetence." Dave Kehr of the "Chicago Reader" described it as "spotty" and "effective here and there", though he praised Coscarelli's raw ability. Vincent Canby of "The New York Times" compared it to a ghost story told by a bright, imaginative 8-year-old; he concluded that it is "thoroughly silly and endearing". "Variety" gave it a positive review that highlighted the use of both horror and humor. Tim Pulleine ("Monthly Film Bulletin") described the film as a "dilapidated z-movie" with "singularly unconvincing apparitions and contraptions" and that the film did not have "anything resembling a coherent plot in the course of all the fumblingly juvenile malarkey".


title: Phantasm (film)

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, "Phantasm" holds a 72% approval rating based on 47 critic reviews, with an average rating of 6.6/10. The consensus reads: ""Phantasm: Remastered" adds visual clarity to the first installment in one of horror's most enduring -- and endearingly idiosyncratic -- franchises." Kim Newman of "Empire" called it "an incoherent but effective horror picture" that "deliberately makes no sense" and rates it four out of five stars. Scott Weinberg of Fearnet stated the acting is "indie-style raw" and special effects are sometimes poor, but the originality and boldness make up for it. Steve Barton of Dread Central gave the film a score of five out of five stars, calling it a masterpiece and "one hell of a scary film". Bloody Disgusting's John Squires rated it four out of five stars, calling it "truly original" and writing that it "imbues in its viewers is a profound sense of dread". Author John Kenneth Muir called the film striking, distinctive, and original. Muir stated that the film has become a classic, and that the Tall Man is a horror film icon.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: "Phantasm" grossed $15 million in the United States and Canada. In its first 3 months in 10 foreign territories, the film grossed $7 million for a worldwide total of $22 million.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: The film was rated #25 on the cable channel Bravo!'s list of "The 100 Scariest Movie Moments". It is also placed #75 in Time Out London's 100 best horror films. Drive-in movie critic Joe Bob Briggs included it at #20 in his "25 Scariest DVDs Ever" list. UGO placed the film (and the Tall Man) at #7 out of 11 in its "Top Terrifying Supernatural Moments". "Phantasm" has become a cult film; Coscarelli attributes its cult following to nostalgia and its lack of answers, as repeated viewings can leave fans with different interpretations. "USA Today" described three characteristics that make it a cult film: "the touching portrayal of two brothers in danger, an iconic villain in The Tall Man (Angus Scrimm) and a floating metallic sphere that's a death-dealing weapon."


title: Phantasm (film)

text: The name of "" villain Captain Phasma was chosen as a reference to "Phantasm". Director Abrams said, "Phasma I named because of the amazing chrome design that came from Michael Kaplan's wardrobe team. It reminded me of the ball in "Phantasm", and I just thought, Phasma sounds really cool."


title: Phantasm (film)

text: "USA Today" quoted Jovanka Vuckovic, editor-in-chief of "Rue Morgue", as stating that "Supernatural", "A Nightmare on Elm Street" (1984), and "One Dark Night" (1983) were all influenced by "Phantasm". "Folklore, Horror Stories, and the Slender Man" identifies the Tall Man as an influence on the internet-based character Slender Man.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: British Dance act S'Express used the main movie's theme in the track "Coma II" which was the final track on their number 1 debut album "Original Soundtrack" (1988 on Rhythm King Records)


title: Phantasm (film)

text: Swedish death metal band Entombed performed a cover of the "Phantasm" theme in their 1990 song "Left Hand Path".


title: Phantasm (film)

text: The 1997 computer game "Blood" paid homage to the film in the first level of the first episode (E1M1), titled "Cradle to the Grave". This map takes place in the Morningside Mortuary. In the 1998 sequel, "", there is a weapon called The Orb that emulates the metal spheres in "Phantasm" by flying into the head of the enemy and drilling out their brain, spraying blood everywhere.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: The 2014 song "Headless Ritual" by Army of the Pharaohs, from their album "In Death Reborn", was inspired by the flying death ball from the film.


title: Phantasm (film)

text: Don Coscarelli won the Special Jury Award in 1979 at the Avoriaz Fantastic Film Festival, and the film was nominated for the Saturn Award for Best Horror Film in 1980.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: The Triassic–Jurassic (Tr-J) extinction event, often called the end-Triassic extinction, marks the boundary between the Triassic and Jurassic periods, , and is one of the top five major extinction events of the Phanerozoic eon, profoundly affecting life on land and in the oceans. In the seas, the entire class of conodonts and 23–34% of marine genera disappeared. On land, all archosauromorphs other than crocodylomorphs, pterosaurs, and dinosaurs became extinct; some of the groups which died out were previously abundant, such as aetosaurs, phytosaurs, and rauisuchids. Some remaining non-mammalian therapsids and many of the large temnospondyl amphibians had become extinct prior to the Jurassic as well. However, there is still much uncertainty regarding a connection between the Tr-J boundary and terrestrial vertebrates, due to a lack of terrestrial fossils from the Rhaetian (latest) stage of the Triassic. What was left fairly untouched were plants, crocodylomorphs, dinosaurs, pterosaurs and mammals; this allowed the dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and crocodylomorphs to become the dominant land animals for the next 135 million years.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Statistical analysis of marine losses at this time suggests that the decrease in diversity was caused more by a decrease in speciation than by an increase in extinctions. Nevertheless, a pronounced turnover in plant spores and a collapse of coral reef communities indicates that an ecological catastrophe did occur at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary. Older hypotheses on extinction have proposed that gradual climate or sea level change may be the culprit, or perhaps one or more asteroid strikes. However, the most well-supported and widely-held theory for the cause of the Tr-J extinction places the blame on the start of volcanic eruptions in the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP). The CAMP is the most aerially extensive known large igneous province, with its flood basalts extending across parts of southwestern Europe, northwestern Africa, northeastern South America, and southeastern North America, and was responsible for outputting a high amount of carbon dioxide to induce profound global warming and ocean acidification.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: This event vacated terrestrial ecological niches, allowing the dinosaurs to assume the dominant roles in the Jurassic period. This event happened in less than 10,000 years and occurred just before Pangaea started to break apart. In the area of Tübingen (Germany), a Triassic–Jurassic bonebed can be found, which is characteristic for this boundary.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Ammonites were affected substantially by the Triassic-Jurassic extinction. Ceratitidans, the most prominent group of ammonites in the Triassic, became extinct at the end of the Rhaetian after having their diversity reduced significantly in the Norian. Other ammonite groups such as the Ammonitina, Lytoceratina, and Phylloceratina diversified from the Early Jurassic onward. Bivalves experienced high extinction rates at the early and middle Rhaetian. Plankton and gastropod diversity was barely affected at the T-J boundary, although there may have been local extinctions in radiolarians. Brachiopods slowly declined in diversity during the late Triassic before re-diversifying in the Early Jurassic. Conulariids seemingly completely died out at the end of the Triassic. There is good evidence for a collapse in the reef community, as corals practically disappeared from the Tethys Ocean at the end of the Triassic and would not return to their previous abundance until the late Sinemurian (the 2nd of 11 Jurassic stages). This reef collapse was likely driven by ocean acidification resulting from supplied to the atmosphere by the CAMP eruptions.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Fish did not suffer a mass extinction at the end of the Triassic. The late Triassic in general did experience a gradual drop in actinopterygiian diversity after an evolutionary explosion in the middle Triassic. Though this may have been due to falling sea levels or the Carnian pluvial event, it may instead be a result of sampling bias considering that middle Triassic fish have been more extensively studied than late Triassic fish. Despite the apparent drop in diversity, neopterygiians (which include most modern bony fish) suffered less than more "primitive" actinopterygiians, indicating a biological turnover where modern groups of fish started to supplant earlier groups. Conodonts, which were prominent index fossils throughout the Paleozoic and Triassic, finally became extinct at the T-J boundary following declining diversity.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Like fish, marine reptiles experienced a substantial drop in diversity between the middle Triassic and the Jurassic. However, their extinction rate at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary was not elevated. The highest extinction rates experienced by Mesozoic marine reptiles actually occurred at the end of the Ladinian stage, which corresponds to the end of the middle Triassic. The only marine reptile families which became extinct at or slightly before the Triassic–Jurassic boundary were the placochelyids (the last family of placodonts), and giant ichthyosaurs such as shastasaurids and shonisaurids. Nevertheless, some authors have argued that the end of the Triassic acted as a genetic "bottleneck" for ichthyosaurs, which never regained the level of anatomical diversity and disparity which they possessed during the Triassic.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: One of the earliest pieces of evidence for a late Triassic extinction was a major turnover in terrestrial tetrapods such as amphibians, reptiles, and synapsids. Edwin H. Colbert drew parallels between the system of extinction and adaptation between the Triassic–Jurassic and Cretaceous-Paleogene boundaries. He recognized how dinosaurs, lepidosaurs (lizards and their relatives), and crocodyliforms (crocodilians and their relatives) filled the niches of more ancient groups of amphibians and reptiles which were extinct by the start of the Jurassic. Olsen (1987) estimated that 42% of all terrestrial tetrapods became extinct at the end of the Triassic, based on his studies of faunal changes in the Newark Supergroup of eastern North America. More modern studies have debated whether the turnover in Triassic tetrapods was abrupt at the end of the Triassic, or instead more gradual.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: During the Triassic, amphibians were mainly represented by large, crocodile-like members of the order Temnospondyli. Although the earliest lissamphibians (modern amphibians like frogs and salamanders) did appear during the Triassic, they would become more common in the Jurassic while the temnospondyls diminished in diversity past the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Although the decline of temnospondyls did send shockwaves through freshwater ecosystems, it was probably not as abrupt as some authors have suggested. Brachyopoids, for example, survived until the Cretaceous according to new discoveries in the 1990s. Several temnospondyl groups did become extinct near the end of the Triassic despite earlier abundance, but it is uncertain how close their extinctions were to the end of the Triassic. The last known metoposaurids (""Apachesaurus"") were from the Redonda Formation, which may have been early Rhaetian or late Norian. "Gerrothorax", the last known plagiosaurid, has been found in rocks which are probably (but not certainly) Rhaetian, while a capitosaur humerus was found in Rhaetian-age deposits in 2018. Therefore, plagiosaurids and capitosaurs were likely victims of an extinction at the very end of the Triassic, while most other temnospondyls were already extinct.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Terrestrial reptile faunas were dominated by archosauromorphs during the Triassic, particularly phytosaurs and members of Pseudosuchia (the reptile lineage which leads to modern crocodilians). In the early Jurassic and onwards, dinosaurs and pterosaurs became the most common land reptiles, while small reptiles were mostly represented by lepidosauromorphs (such as lizards and tuatara relatives). Among pseudosuchians, only small crocodylomorphs did not become extinct by the end of the Triassic, with both dominant herbivorous subgroups (such as aetosaurs) and carnivorous ones (rauisuchids) having died out. Phytosaurs, drepanosaurs, trilophosaurids, tanystropheids, and procolophonids, which were other common reptiles in the late Triassic, had also become extinct by the start of the Jurassic. However, pinpointing the extinction of these different land reptile groups is difficult, as the last stage of the Triassic (the Rhaetian) and the first stage of the Jurassic (the Hettangian) each have few records of large land animals. Some paleontologists have considered only phytosaurs and procolophonids to have become extinct at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, with other groups having become extinct earlier. However, it is likely that many other groups survived up until the boundary according to British fissure deposits from the Rhaetian. Aetosaurs, kuehneosaurids, drepanosaurs, thecodontosaurids, "saltoposuchids" (like "Terrestrisuchus"), trilophosaurids, and various non-crocodylomorph pseudosuchians are all examples of Rhaetian reptiles which may have become extinct at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: The extinction event marks a floral turnover as well, although overall, plants suffered minor diversity losses on a global scale as a result of the extinction. Though spore turnovers are observed across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, the abruptness of this transition and the relative abundances of given spore types both before and after the boundary are highly variable from one region to another, pointing to a global ecological restructuring rather than a mass extinction of plants. Evidence from Central Europe suggests that rather than a sharp, very rapid decline followed by an adaptive radiation, a more gradual turnover in both fossil plants and spores with several intermediate stages is observed over the course of the extinction event. The abundance of ferns in China that were resistant to high levels of aridity increased significantly across the Triassic-Jurassic boundary, whereas ferns better adapted for moist, humid environments declined, indicating that plants experienced major environmental stress, albeit not an outright mass extinction. In some regions, however, major floral extinctions did occur, with some researchers challenging the hypothesis of there being no significant floral mass extinction on this basis. In the Newark Supergroup of the United States East Coast, about 60% of the diverse monosaccate and bisaccate pollen assemblages disappear at the Tr–J boundary, indicating a major extinction of plant genera. Early Jurassic pollen assemblages are dominated by "Corollina", a new genus that took advantage of the empty niches left by the extinction.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Gradual climate change, sea-level fluctuations, or a pulse of oceanic acidification during the late Triassic may have reached a tipping point. However, the effect of such processes on Triassic animal and plant groups is not well understood.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: The extinctions at the end of the Triassic were initially attributed to gradually changing environments. Within his 1958 study recognizing biological turnover between the Triassic and Jurassic, Edwin H. Colbert's 1958 proposal was that this extinction was a result of geological processes decreasing the diversity of land biomes. He considered the Triassic period to be an era of the world experiencing a variety of environments, from towering highlands to arid deserts to tropical marshes. On the other hand, the Jurassic period was much more uniform both in climate and elevation due to excursions by shallow seas.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Later studies noted a clear trend towards increased aridification towards the end of the Triassic. Although high-latitude areas like Greenland and Australia actually became wetter, most of the world experienced more drastic changes in climate as indicated by geological evidence. This evidence includes an increase in carbonate and evaporite deposits (which are most abundant in dry climates) and a decrease in coal deposits (which primarily form in humid environments such as coal forests). In addition, the climate may have become much more seasonal, with long droughts interrupted by severe monsoons.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Geological formations in Europe seem to indicate a drop in sea levels in the late Triassic, and then a rise in the early Jurassic. Although falling sea levels have sometimes been considered a culprit for marine extinctions, evidence is inconclusive since many sea level drops in geological history are not correlated with increased extinctions. However, there is still some evidence that marine life was affected by secondary processes related to falling sea levels, such as decreased oxygenation (caused by sluggish circulation), or increased acidification. These processes do not seem to have been worldwide, with the sea level fall observed in European sediments believed to be not global but regional, but they may explain local extinctions in European marine fauna.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Some have hypothesized that an impact from an asteroid or comet may have caused the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, similar to the extraterrestrial object which was the main factor in the Cretaceous–Paleogene extinction about 66 million years ago, as evidenced by the Chicxulub crater in Mexico. However, so far no impact crater of sufficient size has been dated to precisely coincide with the Triassic–Jurassic boundary.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Nevertheless, the late Triassic did experience several impacts, including the second-largest confirmed impact in the Mesozoic. The Manicouagan Reservoir in Quebec is one of the most visible large impact craters on Earth, and at in diameter it is tied with the Eocene Popigai impact structure in Siberia as the fourth-largest impact crater on Earth. Olsen "et al." (1987) were the first scientists to link the Manicouagan crater to the Triassic–Jurassic extinction, citing its age which at the time was roughly considered to be late Triassic. More precise radiometric dating by Hodych & Dunning (1992) has shown that the Manicouagan impact occurred about 214 million years ago, about 13 million years before the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Therefore, it could not have been responsible for an extinction precisely at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. Nevertheless, the Manicouagan impact did have a widespread effect on the planet; a 214-million-year-old ejecta blanket of shocked quartz has been found in rock layers as far away as England and Japan. There is still a possibility that the Manicouagan impact was responsible for a small extinction midway through the late Triassic at the Carnian–Norian boundary, although the disputed age of this boundary (and whether an extinction actually occurred in the first place) makes it difficult to correlate the impact with extinction. Onoue "et al." (2016) alternatively proposed that the Manicouagan impact was responsible for a marine extinction in the middle of the Norian which affected radiolarians, sponges, conodonts, and Triassic ammonoids. Thus, the Manicouagan impact may have been partially responsible for the gradual decline in the latter two groups which culminated in their extinction at the Triassic–Jurassic boundary. The boundary between the Adamanian and Revueltian land vertebrate faunal zones, which involved extinctions and faunal changes in tetrapods and plants, was possibly also caused by the Manicouagan impact, although discrepancies between magnetochronological and isotopic dating lead to some uncertainty.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Other Triassic craters are closer to the Triassic–Jurassic boundary but also much smaller than the Manicouagan reservoir. The eroded Rochechouart impact structure in France has most recently been dated to million years ago, but at across (possibly up to across originally), it appears to be too small to have affected the ecosystem. Other putative or confirmed Triassic craters include the wide Puchezh-Katunki crater in Eastern Russia (though it may be Jurassic in age), the wide Saint Martin crater in Manitoba, the wide Obolon' crater in Ukraine, and the wide Red Wing Creek structure in North Dakota. Spray "et al." (1998) noted an interesting phenomenon, that being how the Manicouagan, Rochechouart, and Saint Martin craters all seem to be at the same latitude, and that the Obolon' and Red Wing craters form parallel arcs with the Rochechouart and Saint Martin craters, respectively. Spray and his colleagues hypothesized that the Triassic experienced a "multiple impact event", a large fragmented asteroid or comet which broke up and impacted the earth in several places at the same time. Such an impact has been observed in the present day, when Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9 broke up and hit Jupiter in 1992. However, the "multiple impact event" hypothesis for Triassic impact craters has not been well-supported; Kent (1998) noted that the Manicouagan and Rochechouart craters were formed in eras of different magnetic polarity, and radiometric dating of the individual craters has shown that the impacts occurred millions of years apart.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Massive volcanic eruptions, specifically the flood basalts of the Central Atlantic Magmatic Province (CAMP), would release carbon dioxide or sulfur dioxide and aerosols, which would cause either intense global warming (from the former) or cooling (from the latter). It is estimated that a single volcanic pulse from the large igneous province would have emitted an amount of carbon dioxide roughly equivalent to projected anthropogenic carbon dioxide emissions for the 21st century. The catastrophic dissociation of gas hydrates (suggested as one possible cause of the largest mass extinction of all time, the so-called "Great Dying" at the end of the Permian period) may have exacerbated greenhouse conditions. In addition, the flood basalts intruded through sediments rich in volatiles and organics, which led to their degassing that further enhanced volcanic warming of the climate. Besides the carbon dioxide-driven long-term global warming, CAMP volcanism had shorter term cooling effects resulting from sulphur dioxide emissions. A 2022 study shows that high latitudes had colder climates with evidence of mild glaciation. The authors propose that cold periods ("ice ages") induced by volcanic ejecta clouding the atmosphere might have favoured endothermic animals, with dinosaurs, pterosaurs, and mammals being more capable at enduring these conditions than large pseudosuchians due to insulation.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: In addition to these climatic effects, oceanic uptake of volcanogenic carbon and sulphur dioxide would have led to a significant decrease of seawater pH known as ocean acidification, which is discussed as a relevant driver of marine extinction. Evidence for ocean acidification as an extinction mechanism comes from the preferential extinction of marine organisms with thick aragonitic skeletons and little biotic control of biocalcification (e.g., corals, hypercalcifying sponges). Global interruption of carbonate deposition at the Triassic-Jurassic boundary has been cited as additional evidence for catastrophic ocean acidification. The record of CAMP degassing shows several distinct pulses of carbon dioxide immediately following each major pulse of magmatism, at least two of which amount to a doubling of atmospheric CO.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: The isotopic composition of fossil soils and marine sediments near the boundary between the Late Triassic and Early Jurassic has been tied to a large negative carbon isotope excursion. Carbon isotopes of hydrocarbons ("n"-alkanes) derived from leaf wax and lignin, and total organic carbon from two sections of lake sediments interbedded with the CAMP in eastern North America have shown carbon isotope excursions similar to those found in the mostly marine St. Audrie’s Bay section, Somerset, England; the correlation suggests that the end-Triassic extinction event began at the same time in marine and terrestrial environments, slightly before the oldest basalts in eastern North America but simultaneous with the eruption of the oldest flows in Morocco (Also suggested by Deenen et al., 2010), with both a critical greenhouse and a marine biocalcification crisis. Contemporaneous CAMP eruptions, mass extinction, and the carbon isotopic excursions are shown in the same places, making the case for a volcanic cause of a mass extinction.


title: Triassic–Jurassic extinction event

text: Some scientists initially rejected the volcanic eruption theory, because the Newark Supergroup, a section of rock in eastern North America that records the Triassic–Jurassic boundary, contains no ash-fall horizons and its oldest basalt flows were estimated to lie around 10 m above the transition zone. However, updated dating protocol and wider sampling has confirmed that the CAMP eruptions started in Nova Scotia and Morocco only a few thousand years before the extinction, and continued in several more pulses for the next 600,000 years.


title: Pass the Dutchie

text: "Pass the Dutchie" is a 1982 song performed by British-Jamaican band Musical Youth, taken from their debut studio album, "The Youth of Today". It was produced by Toney Owens from Kingston, Jamaica. The song was a major hit, hitting number one on the UK Singles Chart, and at least five other international charts. It peaked at 10 in the United States and sold over 5 million copies worldwide.


title: Pass the Dutchie

text: The song was the band's first release on a major label. Following a shouted intro taken from U Roy's "Rule the Nation" with words slightly altered, the track combined two songs: "Gimme the Music" by U Brown, and "Pass the Kouchie" by Mighty Diamonds, which deals with the recreational use of cannabis (kouchie being slang for a cannabis pipe). For the cover version, the song's title was bowdlerised to "Pass the Dutchie", the new word being a patois term for a Dutch oven, a type of cooking pot. All obvious drug references were removed from the lyrics; e.g., instead of the original "How does it feel when you got no herb?", the cover version refers to "food" instead.


title: Pass the Dutchie

text: The song was first championed by radio DJ Zach Diezel and became an instant hit when it was picked up by MCA Records in September 1982. It debuted at #26 on the UK chart and rose to #1 the following week. In February 1983, it reached #10 on the "Billboard" Hot 100 singles chart in the USA. Though they would have subsequent Top 40 hits in other countries, "Pass the Dutchie" remains their only hit in the US. The song also scored the #1 position in at least five other countries, eventually selling more than five million copies worldwide. After the song was featured in the Netflix series "Stranger Things" in 2022, it experienced a resurgence of popularity, re-entering a number of international charts.


title: Pass the Dutchie

text: The video, directed by Don Letts, was shot partly on the southern banks of the River Thames in London, by Lambeth Bridge. It depicts the band performing the song and playing instruments. At the same time, a school official appears to arrest them, wherein he ends up falling down and breaking his arm. This footage is interspersed with courtroom scenes (featuring Julian Firth), where the band is put on trial. The trial ends with the jury finding the band not guilty, leading them to celebrate in the courtroom.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Koenigsegg Regera is a limited production, plug-in hybrid grand touring sports car manufactured by Swedish automotive manufacturer Koenigsegg. It was unveiled at the March 2015 Geneva Motor Show. The name Regera is a Swedish verb, meaning "to reign" or "to rule." Koenigsegg planned to produce only 80 units of the car, many of which were sold upon unveiling, though 84 Regera were actually constructed.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera was developed and designed to be a more practical, luxurious, grand touring alternative to the rest of Koenigsegg's lightweight sports car lineup; initially the Agera and currently the Jesko. As a result, it is less focused on-track performance and spartan weight reduction and more focused on the smooth and instant delivery of power provided by its overhauled powertrain. Koenigsegg states that the Regera will be one of the most powerful and fastest-accelerating hybrid production cars produced.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The introduction of the Regera alongside the Agera RS in 2015 resulted in Koenigsegg, for the first time ever, simultaneously having two models in production. This role was passed from the Agera to the Jesko in 2019, which briefly shared the production line with the Regera when Jesko production began in late 2021.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Koenigsegg founder Christian von Koenigsegg purchased a Tesla Model S P85+ in 2013 and was impressed by the car's ability to instantly deliver power without the need for a downshift or to wait for turbo lag. He was especially impressed with the direct and intuitive experience provided by an electric car like the Tesla, remarking that the instantaneous response of the motors was something even a Formula One car could not attain with a traditional internal combustion engine. Von Koenigsegg sought to combine this desirable aspect of electric powertrains with the traditional Koenigsegg experience of a lightweight, powerful sports car.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Realizing some form of compromise was necessary, von Koenigsegg decided to look to a hybrid solution. By removing the traditional 7-speed dual-clutch transmission and switching to a single-gear "direct-drive" system, Koenigsegg mitigated the added weight of the three electric motors and a 4.5 kW·h battery pack installed in the Regera as compared to the previous Agera models. The single-gear electrical solution also provided the instant response that von Koenigsegg sought, while the onboard internal combustion engine would then maintain the rapid acceleration and power at higher speeds where the electric motors are less effective.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera was designed with a combination of the CATIA software suite and Autodesk Inventor, with AutoCAD Electrical being primarily used to redesign the vehicle's electrical systems from past Koenigsegg models. According to Koenigsegg Technical Director Jon Gunner, the Regera makes use of several power nodes to connect wiring throughout the car compared to the single power node of previous models, which saves weight.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Koenigsegg uses 3D printing technologies to manufacture many parts of the Regera. This includes static components like details in the interior of the car under the upholstery and the large electrical exhaust port at the rear of the car, as well as dynamic components like the variable-geometry turbocharger in the engine. This manufacturing technique allowed Koenigsegg to better tune airflow through the turbochargers and achieve a more complex inner housing shape which was impossible with conventional methods.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera was used by NVIDIA to introduce Project Holodeck, a virtual reality environment capable of importing and manipulating high-detail 3D models. This technology was used by Koenigsegg engineers to collaborate on design ideas in real-time and could allow customers to experience their custom made vehicle in VR before it is purchased or built.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera is a two-door targa top with a detachable roof that can be stowed in the boot. It is the first hybrid car to be produced by Koenigsegg, as well as the first vehicle to use their "Direct-Drive" System for power delivery. As the company's 'grand touring' oriented offer in their two-car lineup, the Regera focuses more on interior luxury and daily usability instead of hardcore track performance like the Jesko.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera has a reported total power output of through a hybrid powertrain. As in general, the Regera's internal combustion engine (ICE) generates its greatest power only at high rpm; however, due to the fixed gear, this corresponds to very high speeds. Power at low speeds is filled in by the electric motors, giving a maximum combined mechanical power output of and of torque.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Internal Combustion Engine (ICE) is a mid-rear mounted, in-house developed, twin-turbocharged V8 engine with a 5.0-litre displacement. It has four valves per cylinder, each with a bore and stroke of and a compression ratio of 9.3:1. The engine utilizes dry sump lubrication and dual overhead camshafts, and has a cylinder bank angle of 90º. It is rated at at 7,800 rpm and of torque at 4,100 rpm on 95 octane RON gasoline. A flex fuel sensor is installed in the fuel tank to detect E85 biofuel, which increases this power output by an unspecified amount. The ICE is rev-limited at 8,250 rpm.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The ICE works in conjunction with three YASA electric motors with a total capacity of and of torque. One YASA 400 Motor Generator Unit mounted on the crankshaft acts as starter and generator and supplies torque fill; and two YASA 750 wheel-shaft mounted electric motors drive each rear wheel and provide torque vectoring and manages traction. The electric motors are powered by a 4.5 kWh, 800 volt, 75 kg liquid cooled battery pack developed by Rimac Automobili, making it the first 800-volt production car. Koenigsegg claims that the battery pack is the most power-dense battery pack ever created for a production car.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Under braking, the kinetic energy recovery system in the Regera can regenerate up to 150 kW of power to recharge the battery during operation.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Christian von Koenigsegg invented the "Koenigsegg Direct-Drive" System (KDD), and it was developed for the Regera by the Koenigsegg Advanced Engineering Team. The KDD system effectively eliminates the need for a transmission and allows for pure EV (electric vehicle) mode. The Regera doesn't have a traditional multi-gear transmission but instead features a single-speed fixed-gear transmission, often called a "direct-drive", with a 2.73:1 reduction ratio, meaning the crankshaft mounted on the ICE will rotate 2.73 times for every 1 time that the output shaft of the "direct-drive" mechanism will rotate.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: At speeds below 30 mph, the wheel shaft electric motors mostly propel the car through the use of a hydraulic coupling that lets the ICE and the crankshaft mounted electric motor slip. In reverse, only the wheel shaft electric motors propel the car. Above 30 mph, the RPM of the crankshaft mounted electric motor and internal combustion engine are proportional to wheel speed through locking of the hydraulic coupling. However, Christian von Koenigsegg described and demonstrated how the Regera features a steering-wheel-mounted paddle that simulates a traditional downshift by initiating slip of the hydraulic coupling connecting the crankshaft to the output shaft. This results in higher RPM of the ICE and the crankshaft mounted electric motor and therefore higher power at lower speeds than what would have been possible if the coupling would have been locked at all times. Koenigsegg reported that the omission of a gearbox and addition of electric motors and battery only added 88 kg (194 lb) compared to what the Regera would have weighed with the same combustion engine but a 7-speed dual-clutch transmission (DCT) and no electric motors or batteries.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera features a similar suspension layout to the preceding Agera models, with double wishbone suspension at the front and rear axles. The wishbones are manufactured from chrome-molybdenum steel tubes, which was chosen over carbon-fibre due to the significant cost and complexity of the latter option. The suspension incorporates special "Z" shaped anti-roll bars that connect to the body at only one point (as opposed to two for traditional "U" shaped bars). Also returning from the Agera models is Koenigsegg's 'Triplex' damper system, which consists of three custom Öhlins shock absorbers on the rear suspension subsystem. While anti-dive forces under heavy braking are achieved by obliquely mounting the top wishbones in the front of the car, this mounting position could not be achieved in the rear. Therefore, the purpose of the third 'Triplex' rear damper is to provide anti-squat forces under hard acceleration.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera has aluminium wheels or carbon fibre wheels (optional) with diameters of at the front and at the rear with center-lock wheel nuts. The tyres are Michelin Pilot Sport 4S' with codes of 275/35 ZR 19 (100Y) for the front and 345/30 ZR 20 (106Y) for the rear. The car comes with track focused Michelin Pilot Sport Cup 2 tyres when equipped with the Ghost package. The brakes are ventilated carbon-ceramic discs, with a diameter of and six-piston calipers at the front along with a diameter of and four-piston calipers at the rear.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Like its other production counterparts, the Regera is equipped with active aerodynamics for optimized downforce. At the rear is a foldable hydraulic wing, and at the front are active flaps that can modify the flow of air under the car. The manufacturer claims that the stock aerodynamic system is capable of generating of downforce at .


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Before the 2018 Geneva Motor Show, Koenigsegg revealed the optional 'Ghost' package for the Regera. This package extends the front splitter and the side sills, adds canards to the front fenders, and adds fixed winglets to the rear quarter panels. Koenigsegg claims that, with the Ghost package installed, the downforce of the Regera is "increased by more than 20 percent".


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera includes added insulation to help add to the luxury by reducing cabin noise caused by the wind and powertrain along with 8-way electrically adjustable memory foam seats included as an added luxury item over previous models. The Regera also includes many new technical features such as a Neonode 9-inch infrared infotainment system, a complete camera system with recording capabilities (front, inner, and rear), Apple CarPlay, a new sound system, ambient lighting, and 4G and Wi-Fi connectivity. It also features front and rear parking sensors.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The wireless connectivity capabilities of the Regera allow for Koenigsegg to send over-the-air firmware and software updates to each car as necessary. This allows for the remote modification of parameters such as the power band of the electric motors or throttle response without the need for physical work on the car.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera has active engine mounts for the ICE and transmission to rest on. The engine mounts are designed to stay soft at lower speeds, significantly reducing vibrations and engine noise, adding to the luxury effect of the vehicle. While driving more aggressively or at higher speeds, the engine mounts will firm up, giving greater lateral response to the driver.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The day-time running lamps on the Regera was designed to resemble a constellation, with the carbon-fibre background resembling the night sky. In addition, the headlamps can actively vent out condensation through two small fans installed in each lamp.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Koenigsegg claims that the Regera is the first "fully-robotized" car. All openings and wing mirrors are fitted with proximity sensors to safeguard against the doors striking nearby objects (curb, low roof, etc.) while opening or closing. The vehicle features hydraulic pumps and accumulators to control the active front and rear wings, as well as active chassis control and lifting. Hydraulic lifters were added to the already existing pumps and accumulators to allow for all body panels on the vehicle to be remotely operated.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera uses a fishtail-style dual exhaust system designed by Akrapovič constructed of titanium, Inconel, and stainless steel. The large central exhaust pipe under the charging port is not used to vent exhaust from the ICE, rather, it expels hot air from the cooling system for the batteries and electronics in the car.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera has a claimed, electronically limited top speed of . Koenigsegg states it is capable of accelerating to from a stand still in 2.8 seconds, in 6.6 seconds, in 10.9 seconds, and attaining a speed of in 20 seconds. Koenigsegg also claims that the acceleration from requires 3.9 seconds.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera has a power-to-weight ratio of per kilogram, and the combined ICE and electric motors produce the highest combined peak power and torque output of any other production hybrid car.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: On 23 September 2019, the Regera broke the acceleration record for a production car with a time of 31.49 seconds. This is 1.8 seconds faster than the previous record, also held by Koenigsegg but set by the Agera RS. The record was set in in Lidköping, Sweden with a car driven by factory test driver Sonny Persson.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: During the record attempt, the car accelerated from 0–400 km/h in 22.87 seconds over a distance of and decelerated to a controlled stop in 8.62 seconds over a distance of . The total distance used for the record was . The run was conducted over a combination of runway and taxiway due to insufficient track length and as a safety precaution.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Reviews of the Regera have been generally positive, with most descriptions of the driving experience being centered around the unique feel of the "Direct-Drive" system. "Automobile" magazine writes that driving the Regera is "a new sensation, perhaps a combination of the feel you get from electric cars like the Model S, which also has no conventional gearbox, and a combustion-engine vehicle with a continuously variable transmission". "Top Gear" writes that at low speeds, the noise and drive of the Regera feels like "a lazy American V8 muscle car", but that at higher speeds, the car is "instantly alert" and "corners flat and tenaciously". Other minor criticisms of the driving experience include the electric motor activation delay and the "slight CVT feel" upon sudden acceleration. However, it is important to note that each car's transmission feel and power delivery can be tuned to the request of the customer.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera's design has received acclaim from reviewers, with "Top Gear" remarking "there's real beauty in its long tail and taut curves". Global Car Brands praised the car for differing from the common trend of hyper-aggressive fronts, instead going for a "happy looking face". In particular, reviewers commend the car for its remarkable exterior paint jobs, which are described in separate reviews as being "sensational", "absolutely stunning", and "gloriously wonderful". On the inside, Automobile magazine compliments the "well-designed" and "wildly special" interior of the car, however remarks that it may be topped by the opulence of the Bugatti Chiron, a direct competitor to the Regera.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: Koenigsegg planned to build 80 units of the Regera, making it the largest single-vehicle production run from the company until the introduction of the Jesko in 2019, of which the company plans to build 125 units. All build slots sold out on 13 June 2017 to customers and dealerships, just over two years after the initial unveiling of the car in Geneva. The Regera was built in both left- and right-hand drive configurations for the British and Australian markets. At the end of Regera production, of the 80 customer Regeras, 71 were left-hand drive and 9 were right-hand drive. At the end of production, 84 Regera had been built. This number is composed of 80 customer cars, three prototype/test cars (numbered TC1, TC2, and TC3), and a crash test car.


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: A number of special editions of the Regera have been built on customer request. These special editions usually involve custom paint jobs or carbon fibre work, special interior materials, and optional aerodynamics packages. Such special editions include:


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: The Regera has been featured in many video games since its release, first appearing in the mobile game "Real Racing 3" in December 2015. Since then, it has appeared in several console games including "Forza Motorsport 7", "Forza Horizon 3" and "4", "Driveclub," and "", "Payback", "The Crew 2" and "Heat". The Ghost Package-equipped Regera appears in the mobile game "CSR Racing 2".


title: Koenigsegg Regera

text: On 10 July 2020, Koenigsegg released a short film titled "Time to Reign" in which the Regera is featured as the subject of a heist, with many external driving shots at Koenigsegg's headquarters in Ängelholm. The Regera also appeared in an episode of the web series "Jay Leno's Garage" on 10 September 2018.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: Dustin Nguyen (born Nguyễn Xuân Trí, September 17, 1962) is a Vietnamese American actor and filmmaker. He is best known for his roles as Harry Truman Ioki on "21 Jump Street" and as Johnny Loh on "VIP". In film, he is known for starring in "Little Fish", "The Doom Generation" and "The Rebel".


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: Nguyen was born Nguyễn Xuân Trí in Saigon, South Vietnam. His mother, My Le, was an actress and dancer, and his father, Xuan Phat, was an actor, comedian, writer, and producer in Vietnam. The family left Vietnam in April 1975 as it fell to Communist Viet Cong and North Vietnamese Army forces.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: They arrived in Guam, and then the family was moved to a refugee camp in Fort Chaffee, Arkansas, and finally with the assistance of a Methodist church they relocated to Des Peres, Missouri, a suburb of St. Louis. After Nguyen graduated from Garden Grove High School in Garden Grove, CA, he attended Orange Coast College and majored in communications. Nguyen practices several martial arts including Muay Thai, Tae Kwon Do, Eskrima, and Jeet Kune Do.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: He made his acting debut on "Magnum, P.I.", portraying a Cambodian freedom fighter in the episode "All For One." He was a cast member on both "21 Jump Street" and "VIP", and has guest-starred on a number of other series, including "General Hospital", "", and most notably "seaQuest DSV", playing the role of Chief William Shan. Moreover, he played a cameo role in "Charlie's Angels". Nguyen also auditioned for the role of Liu Kang in "Mortal Kombat", but lost out to Robin Shou. In 1993 he played a Vietnamese man sent off to fight with the Viet Cong, in the film "Heaven & Earth". In 2005, Nguyen starred as a former heroin addict opposite Academy Award-winner Cate Blanchett in the critically acclaimed "Little Fish". He starred in the 2007 films "The Rebel" and "Saigon Eclipse". In 2008 he starred in the Vietnamese martial art film "Huyen Thoai Bat Tu" (The Legend Is Alive, The Immortal Legend) where he plays a mentally disabled martial artist. Nguyen screened in 2009 the thriller "The Gauntlet" directed by Matt Eskandari; he stars with Chinese actress Bai Ling. He made a small cameo in "22 Jump Street" as Vietnamese Jesus.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: Nguyen continues to act and make films in Vietnam full-time. He made his feature directorial debut in the Vietnamese fantasy film "Once Upon a Time in Vietnam", in which he also starred. He recently starred in the Vietnamese film "Gentle" that premiered at the 2015 Busan International Film Festival where he received strong reception for his performance.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: He was cast in Cinemax's "Warrior" in a recurring role before he officially joined the main cast in season two of the series.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: After a car accident late at night that occurred on September 3, 2001, on California's Interstate 5 Highway between San Francisco and Los Angeles during a Labor Day weekend that left his wife (Angela Rockwood) a quadriplegic, Nguyen and his wife became active in The Christopher and Dana Reeve Paralysis Resource Center. The accident also claimed the life of Vietnamese actress Thuy Trang, a member of the original cast of "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" as the original Yellow Ranger, Trini. He and Rockwood divorced in 2012.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: Nguyen is based in Vietnam full-time. In 2012, he married Vietnamese actress-model Bebe Pham with whom he has two daughters, born in 2013 and 2015.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: In March 2009, Nguyen won the Vietnamese Cánh Diều Vàng (Golden Kite Award) for best actor, for his starring role in the Phuoc Sang Films vehicle "Huyền Thoại Bất Tử" (The Legend Is Alive).


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: For the same role, that year he won a Golden Lotus Award (Vietnam's Oscar) for Best Actor. He also won China's Golden Rooster Award for Best International Actor at China's Golden Rooster and Thousand Flowers International Film Festival 2009.


title: Dustin Nguyen

text: In 2015, at the Milan International Film Festival, Dustin won the Leonardo da Vinci Golden Horse Award for Best Supporting Actor in the Vietnamese film GENTLE; an adaptation of Fyodor Dostoevsky's A GENTLE CREATURE."


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: "With a Little Help from My Friends" is a song by the English rock band the Beatles, from their 1967 album "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band". It was written by John Lennon and Paul McCartney and sung by drummer Ringo Starr (as Sgt. Pepper band leader, Billy Shears), his lead vocal for the album. As the second track on the album, it segues from the applause of the title track.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: A subsequent recording of the track by Joe Cocker became a success in 1968—topping the UK Singles Chart—and an anthem for the Woodstock era. In 1978, the Beatles' recording, paired with "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band", was reissued as a single, and peaked at number 63 in Britain and number 71 in the United States. Starr has regularly performed the song in concert as a solo artist. The song was ranked number 311 on "Rolling Stone"s list of the 500 Greatest Songs of All Time.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: Lennon and McCartney finished writing the song in mid-March 1967, written specifically as Starr's track for the album. McCartney said: "It was pretty much co-written, John and I doing a work song for Ringo, a little craft job." In 1970 Lennon stated: "Paul had the line about 'a little help from my friends.' He had some kind of structure for it, and we wrote it pretty well fifty-fifty from his original idea.", but in 1980 Lennon said: "This is Paul, with a little help from me. 'What do you see when you turn out the light/ I can't tell you, but I know it's mine...' is mine." It was briefly called "Bad Finger Boogie" (later the inspiration for the band name Badfinger), supposedly because Lennon composed the melody on a piano using his middle finger after having hurt his forefinger.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: Lennon and McCartney deliberately wrote a tune with a limited rangeexcept for the last note, which McCartney worked closely with Starr to achieve. In "The Beatles Anthology", Starr explained that he insisted on changing the first linewhich originally was "What would you think if I sang out of tune? Would you throw ripe tomatoes at me?"so that fans would not throw tomatoes at him should he perform it live (in the early days, after George Harrison made a passing comment that he liked Jelly Babies, the group was showered with them at all of their live performances).


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: After it was released in the United States, Maryland Governor and future Vice President Spiro T. Agnew lobbied to have the song banned because he believed it was about drug use.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: The Beatles began recording the song on 29 March 1967, the day before they posed for the "Sgt. Pepper" album cover. They recorded 10 takes of the song, wrapping up sessions at 5:45 in the morning. The backing track consisted of Starr on drums, McCartney playing piano, Harrison playing lead guitar and Lennon beating a cowbell. At dawn, Starr trudged up the stairs to head home – but the other Beatles cajoled him into doing his lead vocal then and there, standing around the microphone for moral support. The following day they added tambourine, backing vocals, bass and more electric guitar. American "TeenSet" editor Judith Sims interviewed each Beatle separately on the 29th as they became available. Others in the studio at various times included roadies Mal Evans and Neil Aspinall, publicists Tony Barrow and Terry Doran, photographers Leslie Bryce and Frank Herrmann, and Cynthia Lennon.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: To date, Starr has closed every concert performed by each version of his All-Starr Band with this song. After he is done singing, Starr tells the audience "Peace and love... peace and love is the only way... and good night", then walks off the stage. Since 2008, the band segued right into "Give Peace a Chance", during which Starr comes back onstage, then walks off again.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: Starr performed the song with George Harrison, Eric Clapton, Bruce Springsteen, George Michael, Phil Collins, Elton John, and many others at the 1987 Prince's Trust Concert at Wembley Arena, London.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: The September 3 and 4, 1989 performances at the Greek Theatre in Los Angeles appeared on the CD version of the charity album "".


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: McCartney and Starr performed this song together for the first time since 1967 at the David Lynch Foundation Benefit Concert in the Radio City Music Hall, New York on 4 April 2009. McCartney and Starr also performed the song together on "The Night That Changed America: A Grammy Salute to The Beatles", a commemorative show on 27 January 2014, that marked 50 years since the band's first appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show", then again in 2015 at Ringo Starr's induction into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: There have been at least 50 cover versions of the song and it has achieved the number one position on the British singles charts three times: by Joe Cocker in 1968, by Wet Wet Wet in 1988, and by Sam & Mark in 2004.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: In 1988, Scottish soft rock band Wet Wet Wet covered the song for the "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" tribute album "Sgt. Pepper Knew My Father". The song was released as a single in May 1988 double-A-sided with another cover from the album, "She's Leaving Home" by Billy Bragg and Cara Tivey. Wet Wet Wet's version debuted at Number 5 on the UK Singles Chart on 14 May 1988.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: The UK duo Sam & Mark released a cover of the song in 2004 after coming third and second in the second and final series of "Pop Idol". Their version topped the UK Singles Chart.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: Two versions of the song made the UK Singles Chart in 1967. The Young Idea's version peaked at number ten and spent 6 weeks in the top 75, while a version by Joe Brown charted at the same time, peaking at number 32 and remaining in the top 75 for 4 weeks.


title: With a Little Help from My Friends

text: In 2018, the track returned as a charity released by the NHS Voices with all benefits going to the UK National Health Service (NHS). The charity version reached only number 89 and stayed just 1 week on the UK charts.


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: Brown or brown people is a racial and ethnic term. Like black people and white people, it is a term for race based on human skin color.


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: In the 18th and 19th century, European and American writers proposed geographically based "scientific" differences among "the races." Many of these racial models assigned colors to the groups described, and some included a "brown race" as in the following:


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: These and other race theories have been dismissed scientifically. As a 2012 human biology textbook observes, "These claims of race-based taxonomy, including [Carleton] Coon's claims for homo-sapienation, have been discredited by paleontological and genomic research showing the antiquity of modern human origins, as well as the essential genomic African nature of all living human beings."


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: In the 19th century, the notion of a single "brown people" was sometimes superseded by multiple "brown peoples." Cust mentions Grammar in 1852 denying that there was one single "brown race", but in fact, several races speaking distinct languages. The 1858 "Cyclopaedia of India and of eastern and southern Asia" notes that Keane was dividing the "brown people" into quaternion: a western branch that he termed the Malay, a north-western group that he termed the Micronesian, and the peoples of the eastern archipelagos that he termed the Maori and the Polynesian.


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: The appellation "brown people" has been applied in the 20th and 21st centuries to several groups. Edward Telles, a sociologist of race and ethnicity, and Jack Forbes both argue that this classification is biologically invalid. However, as Telles notes, it is still of sociological significance. Irrespective of the actual biological differences amongst humans, and of the actual complexities of human skin coloration, people nonetheless self-identify as "brown" and identify other groups of people as "brown", using characteristics that include skin color, hair strength, language, and culture, in order to classify them.


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: Forbes remarks upon a process of "lumping", whereby characteristics other than skin color, such as hair color or curliness, act as "triggers" for color categories "even when it may not be appropriate."


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: In 1950s (and later) South Africa, the "brown people" were the Coloureds, referring to those born of multiracial sexual unions out of wedlock. They were distinct from the Reheboth Basters inhabiting Namibia, who were primarily of Khoisan and European parentage. The Afrikaans terms, which incorporate many subtleties of heritage, political agenda, and identity, are "bruin" ("brown"), "bruines" ("browns"), and "bruinmense" ("brown people"). Some South Africans prefer the appellation "bruinmense" to "Coloured".


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: The South African pencil test was one example of a characteristic other than skin color being used as a determiner. The pencil test, which distinguished either "black" from "Coloured" or "Coloured" from "white", relied upon curliness and strength of hair (i.e. whether it was capable of retaining a pencil under its own strength) rather than upon any color factor at all. The pencil test could "trump skin color".


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: Steve Biko, in his trial in 1976, rejected the appellation "brown people" when it was put to him incorrectly by Judge Boshoff:


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: Penelope Oakes characterizes Biko's argument as picking "black" over "brown" because for Biko it is "the most valid, meaningful and appropriate representation, "even though" in an individualistic decontextualized sense it might appear wrong" (Oakes's emphasis).


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: This contrasts with Piet Uithalder, the fictional protagonist of the satirical column "Straatpraatjes" (whose actual author was never revealed but who is believed to have been Abdullah Abdurahman) that appeared in the Dutch-Afrikaans section of the newspaper "APO" between May 1909 and February 1922. Uithalder would self-identify as a Coloured person, with the column targeted at a Coloured readership, introducing himself as "een van de ras" ("a member of the race") and characterizing himself as a "bruine mens".


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: In popular use, Brazilians also use a category of "moreno" m. , "morena" f. , lit. 'swarthy', from "mouro", Portuguese for 'Moor', which were perceived as those with darker phenotypes than European peoples, so a "moreno" or "morena" is a person with a "Moorish" phenotype), which is extremely ambiguous, as it can mean "dark-haired people", but is also used as a euphemism for "pardo", and even "black". In a 1995 survey, 32% of the population self-identified as "moreno", with a further 6% self-identifying as "moreno claro" ("light moreno"). 7% self-identified as "pardo".


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: A comprehensive study presented by the Brazilian Journal of Medical and Biological Research found that on average, 'white' Brazilians have >50% European genomic ancestry, whereas 'black' Brazilians have 17.1% European genomic ancestry. It concluded that "The high ancestral variability observed in Whites and Blacks suggests that each Brazilian has a singular and quite individual proportion of European, African and Amerindian ancestry in their mosaic genomes. Thus, the only possible basis to deal with genetic variation in Brazilians is not by considering them as members of color groups, but on a person-by-person basis, as 190 million human beings, with singular genome and life histories".


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: Relating to brown identity, the popular usage of the term in Canada generally refers to individuals of South Asian and Middle Eastern ancestry.


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: "Brown" has been used as a term in popular culture for some South Asian Americans, Middle Eastern Americans and some Latino Americans either as a pejorative term or sometimes for self-identification, as with brown identity. Judith Ortiz Cofer notes that appellation varies according to geographical location, observing that in Puerto Rico she is considered to be a white person, but in the United States mainland, she is considered to be a "brown person." Moustafa Bayoumi, an Egyptian-American professor of English at Brooklyn College, identified himself as a "brown Arab-American" in an opinion piece criticizing the United States Census for forcing self-identified brown persons to identify as white.


title: Brown (racial classification)

text: The term "Brown American" has been used both as a term of insult and as self-identification in referring to Filipino Americans. Furthermore, some Americans of Southeast Asian or South Asian descent have used the terms "Brown Asian" or "Brown South Asian" to separate themselves from East Asian Americans, who are largely synonymous with the United States view of Asian Americans.


title: British Ceylon

text: British Ceylon (; ) was the British Crown colony of present-day Sri Lanka between 1796 and 4 February 1948. Initially, the area it covered did not include the Kingdom of Kandy, which was a protectorate, but from 1817 to 1948 the British possessions included the whole island of Ceylon, now the nation of Sri Lanka.


title: British Ceylon

text: Before the beginning of the Dutch governance, the island of Ceylon was divided between the Portuguese Empire and the Kingdom of Kandy, who were in the midst of a war for control of the island as a whole. The island attracted the attention of the newly formed Dutch Republic when they were invited by the Sinhalese King to fight the Portuguese. Dutch rule over much of the island was soon imposed.


title: British Ceylon

text: In the late 18th century the Dutch, weakened by their wars against Great Britain, were conquered by Napoleonic France, and their leaders became refugees in London. No longer able to govern their part of the island effectively, the Dutch transferred the rule of it to the British, although this was against the wishes of the Dutch residing there. The capture of the island immediately yielded £300,000 of money in goods, as well as the acquisition of the cinnamon plantations, making this a valuable venture.


title: British Ceylon

text: As soon as Great Britain gained the European-controlled parts of Ceylon from the Dutch, they wanted to expand their new sphere of influence by making the native Kingdom of Kandy a protectorate, an offer initially refused by the King of Kandy. Although the previous Dutch administration had not been powerful enough to threaten the reign of the Kandyan Kings, the British were much more powerful. The Kandyan refusal to accept a protectorate led eventually to war, which ended with the capitulation of the Kandyans.


title: British Ceylon

text: The rule of King Sri Vikrama Rajasinghe was not favoured by his chieftains. The king, who was of South Indian ancestry, faced powerful chieftains and sought cruel measures to repress their popularity with the people. A successful coup was organised by the Sinhala chiefs in which they accepted the British Crown as their new sovereign. This ended the line of the kingdom of Kandy and King Rajasinghe was taken as a prisoner, ending his hope that the British would allow him to retain power. The Kandyan treaty which was signed in 1815 was called the Kandyan Convention and stated the terms under which the Kandyans would live as a British protectorate. The Buddhist religion was to be given protection by the Crown, and Christianity would not be imposed on the population, as had happened during Portuguese and Dutch rule. The Kandyan Convention is an important legal document because it specifies the conditions which the British promised for the Kandyan territory.


title: British Ceylon

text: It took the ruling families of Kandy less than two years to realise that the authority of the British government was a fundamentally different one to that of the (deposed) Nayakkar dynasty. Soon the Kandyans rebelled against the British and waged a guerrilla war. Discontent with British activities soon boiled over into open rebellion, commencing in the duchy of Uva in 1817, so-called the Uva Rebellion, also known as the Third Kandyan War. The main cause of the rebellion was the British authorities' failure to protect and uphold the customary Buddhist traditions, which were viewed by the islanders as an integral part of their lives.


title: British Ceylon

text: The rebellion, which soon developed into a guerrilla war of the kind the Kandyans had fought against European powers for centuries, was centred on the Kandyan nobility and their unhappiness with developments under British rule since 1815. However it was the last uprising of this kind and in the Uva Province a scorched earth policy was pursued, and all males between 15 and 60 years were driven out, exiled or killed. The British Crown annexed the Kingdom of Kandy to British Ceylon in 1817.


title: British Ceylon

text: Sivasundaram argues, reinforcing the analysis first made by famed local historian, G.C. Mendis in his book, "Ceylon Under the British", that the British used geographical knowledge to defeat the Kandyan holdouts in the mountainous and jungle areas in the centre of Ceylon. They used local informants and British surveyors to map the island, and then built a network of roads to open the central region. This made possible export production of plantation agriculture, as well as tighter military control.


title: British Ceylon

text: With its trading ports of Trincomalee and Colombo, the colony was one of the very few sources of cinnamon in the world. The spice was extremely valuable, and the British East India Company began to cultivate it in 1767, but Ceylon remained the main producer until the end of the 18th century


title: British Ceylon

text: The laying of the railway was carried out during the Governorship of Sir Henry Ward. Other major works of the British include road building projects and the establishment of coffee and tea plantations, hospitals, and maternity homes.


title: British Ceylon

text: The multiracial population of Ceylon was numerous enough to support the European colonists; the Portuguese and the Dutch offspring of the past 440 odd years of colonial history was large enough to run a stable government. Unlike the previous rulers, the British embarked on a plantation programme which initially brought coffee plantations to the island. These were later wiped out by coffee rust. Coffee plants were replaced by tea and rubber plantations. This made Ceylon one of the richest countries in Asia.


title: British Ceylon

text: The British also brought Tamils from British India and made them indentured labourers in the Hill Country. This was in addition to the several hundred thousand Tamils already living in the Maritime provinces and another 30,000 Tamil Muslims. The linguistically bipolar island needed a link language and English became universal in Ceylon.


title: British Ceylon

text: Censuses in Ceylon began in 1871 and continued every ten years. The 1881 census shows a total population of 2.8 million, consisting of 1.8 million Sinhalese; 687,000 Ceylon and Indian Tamils; 185,000 Moors; as well as 4,800 Europeans; 17,900 Burghers and Eurasians; 8,900 Malays; 2,200 Veddhas; and 7,500 other.


title: British Ceylon

text: The Censuses of 1871, 1881, 1891 and 1901 had shown Ceylon Tamils and Indian Tamils of Sri Lanka grouped together. By 1911 Indian Tamils were shown as a separate category. The population statistics reveal that by 1911, Indian Tamils constituted 12.9%, whereas Sri Lankan Tamils formed 12.8% of the population of 4,106,400; in 1921, 13.4% and 11.5%; in 1931, 15.2% and 11.3%, and in 1946, 11.7% and 11.0% respectively. The censuses show that during a large period of time in the history of Ceylon, Indian Tamils outnumbered Ceylon Tamils until between 1971 and 1981 when more than 50 per cent of the Indian Tamil population were repatriated as Indian citizens back to India. However, many Indian Tamils were also granted Sri Lankan citizenship whereupon declared themselves as Sri Lankan Tamils.


title: British Ceylon

text: Between 1796 and 1948, Ceylon was a British Crown colony. Although the British monarch was the head of state, in practice his or her functions were exercised in the colony by the colonial Governor, who acted on instructions from the British government in London.


title: British Ceylon

text: On the approach to self-government and independence, the Donoughmore Commission recommended the Donoughmore Constitution of 1931-1947, one of a series of attempts to create a workable solution that would allow for inter-communal differences. This was replaced by the Soulbury Commission proposals that led to the Dominion of Ceylon of 1948-1972, after which the Free, Sovereign and the Independent Republic of Sri Lanka was established.


title: British Ceylon

text: The Ceylon Defence Force (CDF) was the military of British Ceylon. Established in 1881 as the Ceylon Volunteers, as the military reserve in the British Crown colony of Ceylon, by 1910 it grew into the Ceylon Defence Force, a regular force responsible for the defence of Ceylon. The CDF was under the command of the General Officer Commanding, Ceylon, of the British Army in Ceylon if mobilised. However, mobilisation could be carried out only under orders from the Governor. The Ceylon Defence Force has seen action in a number of wars such as the Second Boer War and both World Wars. It is the predecessor to the Ceylon Army.


title: British Ceylon

text: Trincomalee Harbour was an important strategic base for the British Royal Navy until 1948, primarily to control the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean.


title: Shin splints

text: A shin splint, also known as medial tibial stress syndrome, is pain along the inside edge of the shinbone (tibia) due to inflammation of tissue in the area. Generally this is between the middle of the lower leg and the ankle. The pain may be dull or sharp, and is generally brought on by high-impact exercise that overloads the tibia. It generally resolves during periods of rest. Complications may include stress fractures.


title: Shin splints

text: Shin splints typically occur due to excessive physical activity. Groups that are commonly affected include runners, dancers, gymnasts, and military personnel. The underlying mechanism is not entirely clear. Diagnosis is generally based on the symptoms, with medical imaging done to rule out other possible causes.


title: Shin splints

text: Shin splints are generally treated by rest followed by a gradual return to exercise over a period of weeks. Other measures such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), cold packs, physical therapy, and compression may be used. Shoe insoles may help some people. Surgery is rarely required, but may be done if other measures are not effective. Rates of shin splints in at-risk groups range from 4% to 35%. The condition occurs more often in women. It was first described in 1958.


title: Shin splints

text: Shin splint pain is described as a recurring dull ache, sometimes becoming an intense pain, along the inner part of the lower two-thirds of the tibia. The pain increases during exercise, and some individuals experience swelling in the pain area. In contrast, stress fracture pain is localized to the fracture site.


title: Shin splints

text: Women are several times more likely to progress to stress fractures from shin splints. This is due in part to women having a higher incidence of diminished bone density and osteoporosis.


title: Shin splints

text: Shin splints typically occur due to excessive physical activity. Groups that are commonly affected include runners, dancers, and military personnel.


title: Shin splints

text: While the exact mechanism is unknown, shin splints can be attributed to the overloading of the lower leg due to biomechanical irregularities resulting in an increase in stress exerted on the tibia. A sudden increase in intensity or frequency in activity level fatigues muscles too quickly to help shock absorption properly, forcing the tibia to absorb most of the impact. Lack of cushioning footwear, especially on hard surfaces, does not absorb transmitting forces while running or jumping. This stress is associated with the onset of shin splints. Muscle imbalance, including weak core muscles, inflexibility and tightness of lower leg muscles, including the gastrocnemius, soleus, and plantar muscles (commonly the flexor digitorum longus) can increase the possibility of shin splints. The pain associated with shin splints is caused from a disruption of Sharpey's fibres that connect the medial soleus fascia through the periosteum of the tibia where it inserts into the bone. With repetitive stress, the impact forces eccentrically fatigue the soleus and create repeated tibial bending or bowing, contributing to shin splints. The impact is made worse by running uphill, downhill, on uneven terrain, or on hard surfaces. Improper footwear, including worn-out shoes, can also contribute to shin splints.


title: Shin splints

text: Shin splints are generally diagnosed from a history and physical examination. The important factors on history are the location of pain, what triggers the pain, and the absence of cramping or numbness.


title: Shin splints

text: On physical examination, gentle pressure over the tibia will recreate the type of pain experienced. Generally more than a 5 cm length of tibia is involved. Swelling, redness, or poor pulses in addition to the symptoms of shin splints indicate a different underlying cause.


title: Shin splints

text: Other potential causes include stress fractures, compartment syndrome, nerve entrapment, and popliteal artery entrapment syndrome. If the cause is unclear, medical imaging such as a bone scan or magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be performed. Bone scans and MRI can differentiate between stress fractures and shin splints.


title: Shin splints

text: Treatments include rest, ice, and gradually returning to activity. Rest and ice help the tibia to recover from sudden, high levels of stress and reduce inflammation and pain levels. It is important to reduce significantly any pain or swelling before returning to activity. Strengthening exercises should be performed after pain has subsided, on calves, quadriceps and gluteals. Cross training (e.g., cycling, swimming, boxing) is recommended in order to maintain aerobic fitness. Individuals should return to activity gradually, beginning with a short and low intensity level. Over multiple weeks, they can slowly work up to normal activity level. It is important to decrease activity level if any pain returns. Individuals should consider running on other surfaces besides asphalt, such as grass, to decrease the amount of force the lower leg must absorb.


title: Shin splints

text: Orthoses and insoles help to offset biomechanical irregularities, like pronation, and help to support the arch of the foot. Other conservative interventions include improving form during exercise, footwear refitting, orthotics, manual therapy, balance training (e.g., using a balance board), cortisone injections, and calcium and vitamin D supplementation.


title: Shin splints

text: Deep tissue massage is one of the massage techniques that may be useful. A technique such as deep transverse friction to relieve muscle tightness will help stop the build-up of scar tissue. This can overall release tension in the calf muscle area, relieving pressure that is causing pain.


title: Shin splints

text: Less-common forms of treatment for more-severe cases of shin splints include extracorporeal shockwave therapy (ESWT) and surgery. Surgery does not guarantee 100% recovery, and is only performed in extreme cases where non-surgical options have been tried for at least a year.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: Edmund Patrick Cahill (born January 15, 1978) is an American actor known for portraying "Miracle on Ice" goalie Jim Craig in the 2004 film "Miracle", and for playing the roles of Tag Jones in "Friends" and Detective Don Flack in "." He has had numerous roles in television, films, and theater. His most recent starring role was in 2016 as District Attorney Conner Wallace in "Conviction".


title: Eddie Cahill

text: Cahill was born in New York City, New York. He is the middle of three children with an older and a younger sister. He is of Irish descent from his father, a stockbroker, and of Italian descent from his mother, an elementary school teacher.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: Cahill graduated from Byram Hills High School in Armonk, New York in 1996. He attended Skidmore College in Saratoga Springs, New York and the Atlantic Theater Acting School, part of the New York University Tisch School of the Arts.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: In 2000 Cahill performed in Nicky Silver's Off-Broadway production of "The Altruists". He was noticed by Sarah Jessica Parker and shortly after he made several television guest-star appearances including "Sex and the City", "Felicity", and "". Cahill was also a recurring guest-star in the NBC sitcom "Friends" as Rachel's young assistant and boyfriend, Tag Jones. In 2002, he starred in a short-lived WB drama, "Glory Days".


title: Eddie Cahill

text: In the 2004 hockey movie "Miracle", Cahill had the chance to play his boyhood hero, goalie Jim Craig. He had never played the goaltender position prior to the movie, so most of the game-action sequences of Craig were filmed with former NHL goalie Bill Ranford doubling for Cahill, although Cahill did shoot several key sequences from within goal.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: When CBS decided in 2004 to create a third "CSI" series, "", to add to its franchise, Cahill was hired to play the cocky, snarky homicide detective, Don Flack, who backs up the team of CSIs and who gets some of the best lines. The show ran for nine seasons and he was in all 197 episodes.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: Cahill went back to the Atlantic Theater Company in June 2011 and performed at the conclusion of their 25th Anniversary season. He was in Tom Donaghy's one-act play, "I Need a Quote", about "a hilarious telephone conversation between a single mother and a home insurance salesman."


title: Eddie Cahill

text: In the summer of 2012 Cahill performed in David Adjmi's play, "3C", at the Rattlestick Playwrights Theater in New York City. He played "annoying neighbor Terry, a swinging bachelor true to the era, who unlike everyone else in this play, has no deep feelings at all."


title: Eddie Cahill

text: In 2014 Cahill was cast as a main character starting in the second season of the CBS summer drama "Under the Dome". He played Sam Verdreaux, a former EMT and reclusive brother-in-law to "Big Jim" Rennie. The series was canceled after three seasons.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: Cahill was cast as the male lead in the 2016 ABC legal drama "Conviction". He played New York County District Attorney Conner Wallace, who creates the Conviction Integrity Unit, which is set up to re-examine cases where there is a credible suspicion of wrongful conviction. The series was canceled after one season.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: In 2019 Cahill played a charismatic criminal in a three-part story arc in CBS's "". Among other crimes he was involved in the death of NCIS Special Agent . In this series, he reunited with his former "CSI: NY" co-star, Vanessa Ferlito.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: Cahill married his longtime girlfriend Nikki Uberti in Los Angeles on July 12, 2009. Uberti is a makeup artist, former model, and ex-wife of photographer Terry Richardson. The couple have a son born in 2009.


title: Eddie Cahill

text: On his right shoulder Cahill has a tattoo of his wife's name in a heart with an arrow through it and a swallow on top.


title: Mirai (film)

text: It was released on August 23, 2018 in Australia, September 20 in New Zealand and November 2 in the United Kingdom and Ireland. It was released on November 29 in the United States and Canada. The film was nominated for Best Animated Feature Film at the 76th Golden Globe Awards, Best Animated Feature at the 24th Critics' Choice Awards and Best Animated Feature at the 91st Academy Awards, losing all three to ""; it is the sixth anime film, and the first non-Ghibli anime film, to receive an Academy Award nomination in the category. The film also won Best Animated Feature — Independent at the 46th Annie Awards.


title: Mirai (film)

text: Kun is a four-year-old boy born to an executive mother and an architect father. The family lives in a stepped house in Kanazawa-ku, Yokohama that Kun's father designed around a tree, where Kun spends his days playing with the family dog, Yukko, and his toy train sets. Kun's sister Mirai, Japanese for "future", is born, and he is happy at first but soon grows jealous when his parents focus all their attention on her. He lashes out at his parents, especially when his father becomes a work at home parent conducting remote work, while his mother returns to the office.


title: Mirai (film)

text: After one such tantrum, Kun stomps off to the house's garden, where he meets a strange man who claims to be the "prince" of the house. As the man whines about how he lost all the attention when Kun was born, Kun realizes that the man is actually Yukko turned human. He finds Yukko's tail on the man; when he removes it and places it on himself, he transforms into a dog.


title: Mirai (film)

text: On Hinamatsuri (Girls Day), the family set up the traditional dolls to wish Mirai good luck. Kun's father neglects to put the dolls away after the holiday ends. Frustrated again with his family, Kun runs back to the garden. This time he meets a third-year middle school student who claims to be Mirai from the future, whom Kun is able to recognize by the birthmark on her right hand. She has somehow come back in time, concerned because every day the dolls are not put away adds one year before she can marry. Future Mirai is able to put the dolls away with Kun and humanized Yukko's help.


title: Mirai (film)

text: Kun's mother shows him photos of herself when she was Kun's age but he continues to give his mother a hard time. In the garden again, he is transported years back to the past. In town, he runs into a little girl whom he recognizes from the photos as his mother. The girl is angry at her grandmother for refusing to give her a pet cat. Kun's mother leaves a note inside her grandmother's shoes asking her for a pet cat. They return home, where the little girl dumps toys all over the floor and food all over the table. Her mother, Kun's grandmother, furiously scolds the girl as she sobs. Kun returns to the present, and now shows sympathy for his mother, but continues to complain about everything.


title: Mirai (film)

text: Kun leaves a note asking for a bicycle in his mom's shoes and gets a bicycle with training wheels for a present, but wants to learn how to ride without the wheels after seeing the older kids. His father helps him but Kun seems unable to keep the bike upright. He goes back to the garden, where he is transported to the past, this time to a workshop in rural Japan. A young man with an injured leg takes Kun on a ride on one of the horses near his shop, then on his motorcycle. Back in the present, Kun successfully rides his bike using what he learned. Kun's mother shows him photos, revealing the man to be his great-grandfather, who has died just recently.


title: Mirai (film)

text: The family decides to go for a day trip. Kun once again throws a fit over his outfit. In the garden, he finds a train station (the Isogo Station). A first-year college student warns him not to board the train but Kun disobeys him. The train takes him to Tokyo Station, where he panics about being alone. He finds an attendant who needs the name of a relative to call and Kun realizes that he doesn't even know the names of his own parents. The attendant sends Kun to a bullet train, telling him that if they can't find anyone to pick him up, he must board that train to take him to "Lonely Land," which is essentially hell. Kun spots baby Mirai about to board the train and rescues her. At this point, he finally acknowledges that he is her older brother.


title: Mirai (film)

text: Baby Mirai disappears, and future Mirai arrives to take Kun home by flying through the air. They land in the tree, which houses the family's past. Kun sees that his father was physically too weak to ride a bike when he was young, that Yukko left his mother to become a pet, that Kun's mother stopped liking cats when she saw a stray one kill a bird, and that World War II left his great-grandfather's leg injured, and too slow to beat Kun's great-grandmother in the race she proposed to win her hand in marriage. Kun also sees the future, and discovers that the man at Isogo Station is future Kun. Back in the present, Kun, now more open-minded, goes on the trip with his family.


title: Mirai (film)

text: Hosoda was partially inspired to write the script for "Mirai" after seeing his then-three-year-old son's first reactions to having a baby sister in his life. While initially only cautious of the newborn when meeting her for the first time, Hosoda's son threw a tantrum one day, jealous of the attention that his parents were giving his sister. Hosoda's curiosity with how his son reacted, and how he would adapt to being a big brother, prompted him to make the protagonist of "Mirai" four years old.


title: Mirai (film)

text: By making the protagonist so young, Hosoda wanted to capture what life would be like at such a young age. To do this, he brought his own children to the Studio Chizu office so that animators had plenty of reference material to sketch and animate from. Hosoda also wanted to use the fantasy elements of "Mirai" to propel inner character development, stating, "[...] when the main character meets other people through those elements and changes — it’s not those elements that help him change; it’s really what he feels inside.” Since "Mirai" was about "how a family can change but always [remained] itself", Hosoda chose to have the film take place in Yokohama, a "city that is constantly changing".


title: Mirai (film)

text: Kun's great-grandfather's story was loosely based on Hosoda's wife's great-grandfather, who also worked on warplanes and became injured in wartime conflict.


title: Mirai (film)

text: To achieve better authenticity, Hosoda worked with professionals outside of the animation industry to design some of the assets used in the film. Kun's family's house, designed on-screen by Kun's father, was actually designed by real-life architect Makoto Tanijiri. For the sequence where Kun is alone at the train station, Hosoda consulted with Japanese engineer Hideo Shima, designer of Japan's bullet train, to create a model of the "shinkansen" that was more frightening. In addition, the paper cutouts of strangers that Kun meets were designed by children's book author and illustrator duo Tupera Tupera, whose books his son loves.


title: Mirai (film)

text: Masakatsu Takagi, who had previously scored Hosoda's "Wolf Children" and "The Boy and the Beast", returned to write the soundtrack for "Mirai". Takagi's initial film score was more pop-oriented with Brazilian influences, but Hosoda wanted something more simple and reflective of family.


title: Mirai (film)

text: Singer-songwriter Tatsuro Yamashita provided the theme songs for the film: "Mirai no Theme" and "Music train". This is the second time that Yamashita collaborated with Hosoda since his 2009 film "Summer Wars". The two songs were included in his 51st single, released on July 11.


title: Mirai (film)

text: "Mirai" premiered at Directors' Fortnight, an independent section held in parallel to the Cannes Film Festival, on May 16, 2018 and then was shown at Annecy International Animation Film Festival and the Sydney Film Festival in June. The film was released in Japan on July 20, 2018.