title: Lasso (statistics)

text: where the design matrix formula_8 and covariate vector formula_59 have been replaced by a collection of design matrices formula_177 and covariate vectors formula_47, one for each of the J groups. Additionally, the penalty term is now a sum over formula_66 norms defined by the positive definite matrices formula_180. If each covariate is in its own group and formula_181, then this reduces to the standard lasso, while if there is only a single group and formula_182, it reduces to ridge regression. Since the penalty reduces to an formula_66 norm on the subspaces defined by each group, it cannot select out only some of the covariates from a group, just as ridge regression cannot. However, because the penalty is the sum over the different subspace norms, as in the standard lasso, the constraint has some non-differential points, which correspond to some subspaces being identically zero. Therefore, it can set the coefficient vectors corresponding to some subspaces to zero, while only shrinking others. However, it is possible to extend the group lasso to the so-called sparse group lasso, which can select individual covariates within a group, by adding an additional formula_65 penalty to each group subspace. Another extension, group lasso with overlap allows covariates to be shared across groups, e.g., if a gene were to occur in two pathways.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: In some cases, the phenomenon under study may have important spatial or temporal structure that must be considered during analysis, such as time series or image-based data. In 2005, Tibshirani and colleagues introduced the fused lasso to extend the use of lasso to this type of data. The fused lasso objective function is


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: The first constraint is the lasso constraint, while the second directly penalizes large changes with respect to the temporal or spatial structure, which forces the coefficients to vary smoothly to reflect the system's underlying logic. Clustered lasso is a generalization of fused lasso that identifies and groups relevant covariates based on their effects (coefficients). The basic idea is to penalize the differences between the coefficients so that nonzero ones cluster. This can be modeled using the following regularization:


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: In contrast, variables can be clustered into highly correlated groups, and then a single representative covariate can be extracted from each cluster.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: Algorithms exist that solve the fused lasso problem, and some generalizations of it. Algorithms can solve it exactly in a finite number of operations.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: Lasso, elastic net, group and fused lasso construct the penalty functions from the formula_65 and formula_66 norms (with weights, if necessary). The bridge regression utilises general formula_14 norms (formula_190) and quasinorms (formula_191). For example, for "p"=1/2 the analogue of lasso objective in the Lagrangian form is to solve


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: It is claimed that the fractional quasi-norms formula_14 (formula_191) provide more meaningful results in data analysis both theoretically and empirically. The non-convexity of these quasi-norms complicates the optimization problem. To solve this problem, an expectation-minimization procedure is developed and implemented for minimization of function


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: where formula_197 is an arbitrary concave monotonically increasing function (for example, formula_198 gives the lasso penalty and formula_199 gives the formula_200 penalty).


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: The efficient algorithm for minimization is based on piece-wise quadratic approximation of subquadratic growth (PQSQ).


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: The adaptive lasso was introduced by Zou in 2006 for linear regression and by Zhang and Lu in 2007 for proportional hazards regression.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: The prior lasso was introduced for generalized linear models by Jiang et al. in 2016 to incorporate prior information, such as the importance of certain covariates. In prior lasso, such information is summarized into pseudo responses (called prior responses) formula_201 and then an additional criterion function is added to the usual objective function with a lasso penalty. Without loss of generality, in linear regression, the new objective function can be written as


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: the usual lasso objective function with the responses formula_204 being replaced by a weighted average of the observed responses and the prior responses formula_205 (called the adjusted response values by the prior information).


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: In prior lasso, the parameter formula_206 is called a balancing parameter, in that it balances the relative importance of the data and the prior information. In the extreme case of formula_207, prior lasso is reduced to lasso. If formula_208, prior lasso will solely rely on the prior information to fit the model. Furthermore, the balancing parameter formula_206 has another appealing interpretation: it controls the variance of formula_59 in its prior distribution from a Bayesian viewpoint.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: Prior lasso is more efficient in parameter estimation and prediction (with a smaller estimation error and prediction error) when the prior information is of high quality, and is robust to the low quality prior information with a good choice of the balancing parameter formula_206.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: The loss function of the lasso is not differentiable, but a wide variety of techniques from convex analysis and optimization theory have been developed to compute the solutions path of the lasso. These include coordinate descent, subgradient methods, least-angle regression (LARS), and proximal gradient methods. Subgradient methods are the natural generalization of traditional methods such as gradient descent and stochastic gradient descent to the case in which the objective function is not differentiable at all points. LARS is a method that is closely tied to lasso models, and in many cases allows them to be fit efficiently, though it may not perform well in all circumstances. LARS generates complete solution paths. Proximal methods have become popular because of their flexibility and performance and are an area of active research. The choice of method will depend on the particular lasso variant, the data and the available resources. However, proximal methods generally perform well.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: Choosing the regularization parameter (formula_77) is a fundamental part of lasso. A good value is essential to the performance of lasso since it controls the strength of shrinkage and variable selection, which, in moderation can improve both prediction accuracy and interpretability. However, if the regularization becomes too strong, important variables may be omitted and coefficients may be shrunk excessively, which can harm both predictive capacity and inferencing. Cross-validation is often used to find the regularization parameter.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: Information criteria such as the Bayesian information criterion (BIC) and the Akaike information criterion (AIC) might be preferable to cross-validation, because they are faster to compute and their performance is less volatile in small samples. An information criterion selects the estimator's regularization parameter by maximizing a model's in-sample accuracy while penalizing its effective number of parameters/degrees of freedom. Zou et al. proposed to measure the effective degrees of freedom by counting the number of parameters that deviate from zero. The degrees of freedom approach was considered flawed by Kaufman and Rosset and Janson et al., because a model's degrees of freedom might increase even when it is penalized harder by the regularization parameter. As an alternative, the relative simplicity measure defined above can be used to count the effective number of parameters. For the lasso, this measure is given by


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: which monotonically increases from zero to formula_214 as the regularization parameter decreases from formula_215 to zero.


title: Lasso (statistics)

text: LASSO has been applied in economics and finance, and was found to improve prediction and to select sometimes neglected variables, for example in corporate bankruptcy prediction literature, or high growth firms prediction.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Marnie is a 1964 American psychological thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock. The screenplay by Jay Presson Allen was based on the 1961 novel of the same name by writer Winston Graham. The film stars Tippi Hedren and Sean Connery.


title: Marnie (film)

text: The music was composed by Bernard Herrmann, his last of seven critically acclaimed film scores for Hitchcock. "Marnie" also marked the end of Hitchcock's collaborations with cinematographer Robert Burks (his 12th film for Hitchcock) and editor George Tomasini (who died later in the year).


title: Marnie (film)

text: Marion Holland flees with nearly $10,000 she stole from the company safe of her employer, Sidney Strutt, the head of a tax consulting company, whom she charmed into hiring her without references. Changing her appearance and identity, Marian, whose real name is Margaret "Marnie" Edgar, travels to Virginia, where she stables a horse named Forio. She then visits her invalid mother, Bernice, whom she supports financially, in Baltimore.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Mark Rutland, a wealthy widower who owns a publishing company in Philadelphia, meets with Strutt on business. He learns about the theft and recalls Marnie from a previous visit. Some months later, Marnie, posing as Mary Taylor, applies for a job at Mark's company. Mark hires her after recognizing her. While working weekend overtime with Mark, Marnie has a panic attack during a thunderstorm. Mark comforts, then kisses her. They begin dating. Marnie suffers from bad dreams, and the color red can trigger an extreme emotional reaction.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Soon after, Marnie steals money from Mark's company and flees again. Mark tracks her to the stable where she keeps Forio. He blackmails her into marrying him, much to the chagrin of Lil, the sister of Mark's late wife, who is in love with him. Lil grows suspicious when she discovers Mark has spent a considerable sum since marrying Marnie.


title: Marnie (film)

text: On their honeymoon cruise, Marnie resists Mark's desire for physical intimacy. Mark initially respects her wishes, but it is implied that he rapes her offscreen. The next morning, she attempts to drown herself in the ship's swimming pool, but Mark saves her.


title: Marnie (film)

text: After overhearing Marnie on a phone call, Lil tips off Mark that Marnie's mother is not dead, as Marnie claimed. Mark hires a private detective to investigate. Meanwhile, Lil overhears Mark telling Marnie he has "paid off Strutt" on her behalf. Lil mischievously invites Strutt and his wife to a party at the Rutland mansion. Strutt recognizes Marnie, but Mark pressures him into doing nothing. When Marnie later admits to additional robberies, Mark works to reimburse her victims to drop charges.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Mark brings Forio to their estate, pleasing Marnie. During a fox hunt, a red riding coat triggers another of Marnie's fits and Forio bolts, misses a jump, breaks a leg, and is left lying on the ground screaming in pain. Marnie frantically runs to a nearby house, obtains a gun, and shoots her horse. Crazed with grief, Marnie goes home, where she finds the key to Mark's office. She goes to the office and opens the safe, but finds herself unable to take the money, even after Mark arrives and "urges" her to take it.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Mark takes Marnie to Baltimore to confront her mother and extract the truth about Marnie's past. They arrive in a thunderstorm. As it is revealed that Bernice was a prostitute, Marnie's long-suppressed memories resurface: when she was a small child, one of Bernice's clients tried to calm a frightened Marnie during a thunderstorm. Seeing him touch Marnie and believing he was trying to molest her, Bernice attacked him. As the man fended her off, she fell and injured her leg, leaving her disabled. Marnie, frightened and attempting to protect her mother, fatally struck the man in the head with a fireplace poker. The sight of his blood caused her hatred of the color red, the thunderstorm that night caused her fear of them, and the connection of the deadly night to sex caused her revulsion at physical intimacy. In the aftermath, Bernice told police that she killed the man and prayed Marnie would forget the event. Understanding the reason behind her behavior, Marnie asks for Mark's help. They leave holding each other closely.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Alfred Hitchcock began developing the film adaptation of Winston Graham's novel "Marnie" in 1961. He commissioned Joseph Stefano, the screenwriter of Hitchcock's recently released "Psycho", to work on the script. Stefano made extensive notes and wrote a 161-page treatment. The director's first choice to play the title role, Grace Kelly, by then Princess Grace of Monaco, withdrew from the project when the citizens of Monaco objected to her appearing in a film, especially as a sexually disturbed thief. Also, when Kelly married Prince Rainier in 1956, she had not fulfilled her contract with MGM, which could have prevented her from working for another studio. As a consequence of Kelly's departure from the film, Hitchcock put it aside to work on "The Birds" (1963).


title: Marnie (film)

text: After completing "The Birds", Hitchcock returned to the Winston Graham adaptation. Stefano dropped out of the project due to his commitments to the ABC television series "The Outer Limits". Evan Hunter, who had written the screenplay for "The Birds", developed "Marnie" with Hitchcock, and wrote several drafts. Hunter was unhappy with the rape scene in the original novel, as he felt the audience would lose sympathy for the male lead. The director, however, was enthusiastic about the scene, describing to Hunter how he intended to film it:


title: Marnie (film)

text: Hitch held up his hands the way directors do when they're framing a shot. Palms out, fingers together, thumbs extended and touching to form a perfect square. Moving his hands toward my face, like a camera coming in for a close shot, he said, "Evan, when he sticks it in her, I want that camera right on her "face"".


title: Marnie (film)

text: Hunter wrote a draft containing the rape scene but also wrote an additional, substitute sequence, which he pleaded with Hitchcock to use instead. Hunter was dismissed from the project on 1 May 1963. His replacement, Jay Presson Allen, later told him that "you just got bothered by the scene that was his reason for making the movie. You just wrote your ticket back to New York". Just as Hunter had been unaware of Stefano's earlier work on "Marnie", Presson Allen was not informed that she was the third writer to work on the adaptation.


title: Marnie (film)

text: According to royal biographer Craig Brown, Hitchcock offered Princess Grace the title role in March 1962, and she accepted; but in Monaco, the reaction to the announcement was categorically negative. As he wrote: "Monegasques did not like the idea of their princess being filmed kissing another man. Little did they know that Hitchcock also had plans for him to rape her". The film was also being developed during a tense period of France–Monaco relations in which France threatened to revoke Monaco's special status, leaving the ruling Grimaldi dynasty anxious to preserve the country's public image. Grace's announcement that she would donate her $800,000 fee to Monaco charities did nothing to appease the critics, and she dropped out of the project in June 1962.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Following the news of Kelly's unavailability, Marilyn Monroe sought the role of Marnie. Hitchcock admitted to be an interesting idea in an evasive manner to "Variety" Army Archerd. In his book "Hitchcock and the Making of Marnie", Tony Lee Moral revealed that a studio executive at Paramount Pictures suggested actress Lee Remick to Hitchcock for the title role. Hitchcock also considered two other actresses who were, like Hedren, under his personal contract, Vera Miles and Claire Griswold, wife of director/actor Sydney Pollack. Eva Marie Saint, star of Hitchcock's "North by Northwest" (1959), and Susan Hampshire unsuccessfully pursued the role as well. In the end, Hitchcock opted to use Tippi Hedren, a one-time model he had seen in a commercial for a diet drink in 1961, then cast successfully in "The Birds". According to Hedren, he offered her the role of Marnie during filming of "The Birds". Hedren told writer Moral that she was "amazed" that Hitchcock would offer her this "incredible role", calling it a "once-in-a-lifetime opportunity". In 2005, more than 40 years after the film's release, Hedren declared in an interview that "Marnie" was her favorite of the two films that she made with Hitchcock, because of the intriguing, complex, challenging character that she played.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Male lead Sean Connery had been worried that being under contract to Eon Productions for both James Bond and non-Bond films would limit his career and turned down every non-Bond film that Eon offered him. When asked what he wanted to do, Connery replied that he wanted to work with Alfred Hitchcock, which Eon arranged through their contacts. Connery also shocked many people at the time by asking to see a script, something that Connery did because he was worried about being typecast as a spy and he did not want to do a variation of "North by Northwest" or "Notorious", spy-themed movies directed by Hitchcock starring Cary Grant. When told by Hitchcock's agent that Grant did not ask to see even one of Hitchcock's scripts Connery replied, "I'm not Cary Grant". Hitchcock and Connery got on well during filming. Connery also said that he was happy with the film "with certain reservations".


title: Marnie (film)

text: "Marnie" became a milestone for several reasons. It was the last time a "Hitchcock blonde" would have a central role in one of his films. It was also the final occasion when he would work with several of his key team members: director of photography Robert Burks, who died in 1968; editor George Tomasini, who died soon after "Marnie"'s release, and music composer Bernard Herrmann, who was fired during Hitchcock's next film, "Torn Curtain" (1966), when Hitchcock and Universal studio executives wanted a more contemporary "pop" tune for the film.


title: Marnie (film)

text: "Marnie" continues to have its admirers. Actress Catherine Deneuve indicated that she would have loved to have played Marnie. Actress Naomi Watts dressed up as Hedren's Marnie (whose outfits were by Edith Head) for the March 2008 issue of "Vanity Fair" magazine.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Although they played mother and daughter, Latham (42) was only eight years older than Hedren (34). In the script, the mother character was only 15 years older than the daughter character.


title: Marnie (film)

text: In a making-of documentary for the DVD release, unit manager Hilton A. Green explains that shooting had been scheduled to begin on November 25, 1963, at Universal City Studios in California but had to be postponed because the nation was in mourning for John F. Kennedy, who had been assassinated three days before. Filming concluded on March 14, 1964.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Hitchcock had noticed a strong similarity between Herrmann's score for "Joy in the Morning" and "Marnie" and believed that Herrmann was repeating himself. Herrmann's music for "Marnie" included excerpts in his special album for Decca Records. Lyrics were written to Herrmann's theme that were to be sung by Nat King Cole. Herrmann's later score for Truffaut's "The Bride Wore Black" (1968) also repeats the main theme in Marnie, although slightly altered in its harmony.


title: Marnie (film)

text: Contemporary reviews were mixed. Eugene Archer of "The New York Times" wrote a lukewarm assessment, calling it "at once a fascinating study of a sexual relationship and the master's most disappointing film in years". Archer's main criticisms were "an inexplicably amateurish script" and the casting of "relative newcomers" Hedren and Connery in roles that "cry for the talents of Grace Kelly and Cary Grant". A review in "Variety" wrote that the opening was slow, but once it got going Hitchcock's story "generally keeps the action fairly fast-paced—provided audience can overlook certain puzzling aspects, such as why the lady became a thief—and gets strong performances from his two stars and other cast members". Philip K. Scheuer of the "Los Angeles Times" wrote: "As a story it seems naggingly improbable and, as drama, a nightmare from which the spectator constantly pulls away, struggling to wake up in a less disordered universe. No question, though, that it is at least fitfully effective". Edith Oliver of "The New Yorker" called the film "an idiotic and trashy movie with two terrible performances in the leading roles, and I had quite a good time watching it. There is something bracing about Hitchcock at work, even when he is at his worst". "The Monthly Film Bulletin" wrote that the film "opens quite brilliantly", but that "things get out of hand" after the marriage, "with both leading players floundering badly as Hitchcock piles up his demands on them". The review suggested that "the trouble seems to be that the film falls between the two stools of straight suspense (what is Marnie's secret?) and the full-dress character study that would only have been possible with a more experienced actress". The film ranked 3rd on Cahiers du Cinéma's Top 10 Films of the Year List in 1964.


title: Marnie (film)

text: "Marnie"'s reputation would greatly improve years later. On Rotten Tomatoes it holds an 83% rating based on 40 reviews. The critical consensus reads: "A coolly constructed mystery revolving around a character who's inscrutable to a fault, "Marnie" finds Hitchcock luring audiences deeper into the dark". On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 73 out of 100 based on 15 critics, indicating "generally favourable reviews". Dave Kehr wrote in "The Chicago Reader" that while the film was "universally despised on its first release, "Marnie" remains one of Alfred Hitchcock's greatest and darkest achievements" as "theme and technique meet on the highest level of film art". Richard Brody wrote in "The New Yorker" that he considered it "Hitchcock's best film". In her 2012 review of the film Emily Cleaver of "The Guardian" wrote: "The opening shots of "Marnie" are Hitchcock's ideal of visual storytelling at its purest, and the rest of the film is an underrated gem".


title: Marnie (film)

text: The film was a moderate box office success; it grossed $7 million in theatres on a budget of $3 million. In North America, it earned estimated rentals of $3,250,000. "Marnie" was the 22nd highest-grossing film of 1964.


title: Marnie (film)

text: In a making-of documentary on the DVD, Robin Wood, author of "Hitchcock's Films Revisited", discusses the special effects of the film as having their roots in German Expressionism:


title: Marnie (film)

text: [Hitchcock] worked in German studios at first, in the silent period. Very early on when he started making films, he saw Fritz Lang's German silent films; he was enormously influenced by that, and "Marnie" is basically an expressionist film in many ways. Things like scarlet suffusions over the screen, back-projection and backdrops, artificial-looking thunderstorms—these are expressionist devices and one has to accept them. If one doesn't accept them then one doesn't understand and can't possibly like Hitchcock.


title: Marnie (film)

text: In the 2012 "Sight & Sound" poll of the greatest films ever made, "Marnie" received nine total votes—six (out of 846) from critics and three (out of 358) from directors. "Marnie" was ranked 47th in BBC's 2015 list of the 100 greatest American films.


title: Marnie (film)

text: The background to Hedren's casting in the title role and some of the production challenges were explored in the 2012 made-for-television movie "The Girl" starring Sienna Miller as Hedren and Toby Jones as Hitchcock.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Astrid Anna Emilia Lindgren (; ; 14 November 1907 – 28 January 2002) was a Swedish writer of fiction and screenplays. She is best known for several children's book series, featuring Pippi Longstocking, Emil of Lönneberga, Karlsson-on-the-Roof, and the Six Bullerby Children ("Children of Noisy Village" in the US), and for the children's fantasy novels "Mio, My Son", "Ronia the Robber's Daughter", and "The Brothers Lionheart". Lindgren worked on the Children's Literature Editorial Board at the Rabén & Sjögren publishing house in Stockholm and wrote more than 30 books for children. In January 2017, she was calculated to be the world's 18th most translated author, and the fourth most translated children's writer after Enid Blyton, Hans Christian Andersen and the Brothers Grimm. Lindgren has so far sold roughly 167 million books worldwide. In 1994, she was awarded the Right Livelihood Award for "her unique authorship dedicated to the rights of children and respect for their individuality."


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Astrid Lindgren grew up in Näs, near Vimmerby, Småland, Sweden, and many of her books are based on her family and childhood memories.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Lindgren was the daughter of Samuel August Ericsson (1875–1969) and Hanna Jonsson (1879–1961). She had two sisters, and , and a brother, , who eventually became a member of the Swedish parliament.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Upon finishing school, Lindgren took a job with a local newspaper in Vimmerby. She had a relationship with the chief editor, who was married but eventually proposed marriage in 1926 after she became pregnant. She declined and moved to the capital city of Stockholm, learning to become a typist and stenographer (she would later write most of her drafts in stenography). In due time, she gave birth to her son, Lars, in Copenhagen and left him in the care of a foster family.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Although poorly paid, she saved whatever she could and traveled as often as possible to Copenhagen to be with Lars, often just over a weekend, spending most of her time on the train back and forth. Eventually, she managed to bring Lars home, leaving him in the care of her parents until she could afford to raise him in Stockholm.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Since 1928 Lindgren worked as secretary at the Royal Automobile Club () and by 1931 she married her boss, Sture Lindgren (1898–1952), who left his wife for her. Three years later, in 1934, Lindgren gave birth to her second child, Karin, who would become a translator. The character Pippi Longstocking was invented to amuse her daughter while she was ill in bed. Lindgren later related that Karin had suddenly said to her, "Tell me a story about Pippi Longstocking," and the tale was created in response to that request.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: The family moved in 1941 to an apartment on , with a view over Vasaparken, where Lindgren remained until her death on 28 January 2002 at the age of 94 caused by a viral infection, having become blind and almost entirely deaf. Lindgren died in her home in central Stockholm. Her funeral took place in the Storkyrkan in Gamla stan. Among those attending were King Carl XVI Gustaf with Queen Silvia and others of the royal family, and Prime Minister Göran Persson. The ceremony was described as "the closest you can get to a state funeral."


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Lindgren worked as a journalist and secretary before becoming a full-time author. She served as a secretary for the 1933 Swedish Summer Grand Prix.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In the early 1940s, she worked as a secretary for criminalist Harry Söderman; this experience has been cited as an inspiration for her fictional detective Bill Bergson.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In 1944 Lindgren won second prize in a competition held by Rabén & Sjögren, with the novel ("The Confidences of Britt-Marie"). A year later she won first prize in the same competition with the chapter book ("Pippi Longstocking"), which had been rejected by Bonniers. (Rabén & Sjögren published it with illustrations by Ingrid Vang Nyman, the latter's debut in Sweden.) Since then it has become one of the most beloved children's books in the world and has been translated into 60 languages. While Lindgren almost immediately became a much appreciated writer, the irreverent attitude towards adult authority that is a distinguishing characteristic of many of her characters has occasionally drawn the ire of some conservatives.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: The women's magazine "Damernas Värld" sent Lindgren to the United States in 1948 to write short essays. Upon arrival she is said to have been upset by the discrimination against black Americans. A few years later she published the book "Kati in America", a collection of short essays inspired by the trip.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In 1956, the inaugural year of the Deutscher Jugendliteraturpreis, the German-language edition of ("Mio, My Son") won the Children's book award. (Sixteen books written by Lindgren made the Children's Book and Picture Book longlist, 1956–1975, but only "Mio, My Son" won a prize in its category.)


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In 1958 Lindgren received the second Hans Christian Andersen Medal for "Rasmus på luffen" ("Rasmus and the Vagabond"), a 1956 novel developed from her screenplay and filmed in 1955. The biennial International Board on Books for Young People, now considered the highest lifetime recognition available to creators of children's books, soon came to be called the Little Nobel Prize. Prior to 1962 the Board cited a single book published during the preceding two years.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In 1995, she was awarded the Illis quorum by the Swedish government. On her 90th birthday, she was pronounced International Swede of the Year 1997 by Swedes in the World (SVIV), an association for Swedes living abroad.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In its entry on Scandinavian fantasy, "The Encyclopedia of Fantasy" named Lindgren the foremost Swedish contributor to modern children's fantasy. Its entry on Lindgren was: "Her niche in children's fantasy remains both secure and exalted. Her stories and images can never be forgotten."


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: By 2012, Lindgren's books had been translated into 95 different languages and language variants. Further, the first chapter of "Ronja the Robber's Daughter" has been translated into Latin. Up until 1997 a total of 3,000 editions of her books had been issued internationally, and globally her books had sold a total of 165 million copies. Many of her books have been translated into English by the translator Joan Tate.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In 1976, a scandal arose in Sweden when it was publicised that Lindgren's marginal tax rate had risen to 102 percent. This was to be known as the "Pomperipossa effect", from a story she published in "Expressen" on 3 March 1976, entitled "Pomperipossa in Monismania", attacking the government and its taxation policies. It was a satirical allegory in response to the marginal tax rate Lindgren had incurred in 1976, which required self-employed individuals to pay both regular income tax and employers' deductions. In a stormy tax debate, she attracted criticism from Social Democrats and even from her own colleagues, and responded by raising the issue of the lack of women involved in the Social Democrats' campaign. In that year's general election, the Social Democratic government was voted out for the first time in 44 years, and the Lindgren tax debate was one of several controversies that may have contributed to the result. Another controversy involved Ingmar Bergman's farewell letter to Sweden, after charges had been made against him of tax evasion. Lindgren nevertheless remained a Social Democrat for the rest of her life.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In 1978, when she received the "Peace Prize of the German Book Trade", Lindgren made a speech, "Never Violence!". She spoke against corporal punishment of children. After that she teamed up with scientists, journalists and politicians to promote non-violent upbringing. In 1979, a law was introduced in Sweden prohibiting violence against children. Until then there was no such law anywhere in the world.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: From 1985 to 1989, Lindgren wrote articles concerning animal protection and mass production in the Swedish magazines "Expressen" and "Dagens Nyheter" along with the veterinarian Kristina Forslund. They wanted to launch an awareness campaign to promote better animal treatment in factory farming. Eventually their activities led to a new law which was called "Lex Lindgren" and was presented to Lindgren on her 80th birthday. During that time it was the strictest law concerning animal welfare in the world. However, Lindgren and Forslund were unsatisfied with it. Not enough had been done and only minor changes occurred. The articles Forslund and Lindgren wrote were later published in the book "Min ko vill ha roligt".


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Lindgren was well known both for her support for children's and animal rights and for her opposition to corporal punishment and the EU. In 1994 she received the Right Livelihood Award, "For her commitment to justice, non-violence and understanding of minorities as well as her love and caring for nature."


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Lindgren was also a member of the freedom of speech-promoting, anti-imperialist organization Folket i Bild/Kulturfront.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In 1967, the publisher Rabén & Sjögren established an annual literary prize, the Astrid Lindgren Prize, to mark her 60th birthday. The prize—40,000 Swedish kronor—is awarded to a Swedish-language children's writer every year on Lindgren's birthday in November.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Following Lindgren's death, the government of Sweden instituted the Astrid Lindgren Memorial Award in her memory. The award is the world's largest monetary award for children's and youth literature, in the amount of five million Swedish kronor.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: The collection of Lindgren's original manuscripts in Kungliga Biblioteket in Stockholm (the Royal Library) was placed on UNESCO's Memory of the World Register in 2005.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: On 6 April 2011, Sweden's central bank Sveriges Riksbank announced that Lindgren's portrait would feature on the 20 kronor banknote, beginning in 2014–2015. In the run-up to the announcement of the persons who would feature on the new banknotes, Lindgren's name had been the one most often put forward in the public debate.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Asteroid 3204 Lindgren, discovered in 1978 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Chernykh, was named after her. The name of the Swedish microsatellite Astrid 1, launched on 24 January 1995, was originally selected only as a common Swedish female name, but within a short time it was decided to name the instruments after characters in Lindgren's books: PIPPI (Prelude in Planetary Particle Imaging), EMIL (Electron Measurements – In-situ and Lightweight), and MIO (Miniature Imaging Optics).


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In memory of Lindgren, a memorial sculpture was created next to her childhood home, named ("Astrid's Wellspring" in English). It is situated at the spot where Lindgren first heard fairy tales. The sculpture consists of an artistic representation of a young person's head (1.37 m high), flattened on top, in the corner of a square pond, and, just above the water, a ring of rosehip thorn (with a single rosehip bud attached to it). The sculpture was initially slightly different in design and intended to be part of a fountain set in the city center, but the people of Vimmerby vehemently opposed the idea. Furthermore, Lindgren had stated that she never wanted to be represented as a statue. (However, there is a statue of Lindgren in the city center.) The memorial was sponsored by the culture council of Vimmerby.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: Lindgren's childhood home is near the statue and open to the public. Just from Astrid's Wellspring is a museum in her memory. The author is buried in Vimmerby where the Astrid Lindgren's World theme park is also located. The children's museum Junibacken, in Stockholm, was opened in June 1996 with the main theme of the permanent exhibition being devoted to Lindgren; at the heart of the museum is a theme train ride through the world of Lindgren's novels.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: In addition to her novels, short stories and picture books, Lindgren wrote some plays. Many of the plays were created in the 1940s and 1950s in collaboration with her friend Elsa Olenius, a pioneer in Swedish children's theater. Many of the stories were written exclusively for the theater. They have been translated into several languages, including Danish, Finnish and Romanian. Most of Lindgren's plays have not been translated into English.


title: Astrid Lindgren

text: This is a chronological list of feature films based on stories by Lindgren. There are live-action films as well as animated features. The most films were made in Sweden, followed by Russia. Some are international coproductions.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Ellie is a character in the video games "The Last of Us" (2013) and "The Last of Us Part II" (2020) by Naughty Dog. She is portrayed by Ashley Johnson through motion capture and voice acting; in the upcoming television adaptation, she will be portrayed by Bella Ramsey. In the first game, Joel Miller is tasked with escorting a 14-year-old Ellie across a post-apocalyptic United States in an attempt to create a cure for an infection to which Ellie is immune. While players briefly assume control of Ellie for a portion of the game, the artificial intelligence primarily controls her actions, often assisting in combat by attacking or identifying enemies. Ellie reappeared as the playable character in the downloadable content prequel "", in which she spends time with her friend Riley. In "Part II", players control a 19-year-old Ellie as she seeks revenge on Abby for Joel's death.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Ellie was created by Neil Druckmann, the creative director and writer of "The Last of Us". Inspired by a mute character proposed for "", he created her as a strong female character who has a close relationship with Joel; throughout the first game's development, the relationship between Ellie and Joel was the central focus. Johnson inspired aspects of Ellie's personality, prompting Druckmann to make her more active in fighting hostile enemies. Following comparisons to the likeness of Canadian actor Elliot Page, Naughty Dog redesigned Ellie's appearance to better reflect Johnson's personality and make her younger. For her performance in "Part II", Johnson considered her own experiences with anxiety and researched the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: The character has been well-received by critics, with Ellie's relationship with Joel most frequently the subject of praise. The strength and complexity of her character, and its subversion of the damsel in distress stereotype, have also been commended. A scene in which Ellie and Riley kiss in "Left Behind" drew social commentary and was commended as a leap for LGBT representation in video games. Johnson's performance in "Part II" was praised for her depiction of vulnerability and suffering. Both the character and performance received numerous awards and nominations, and have regularly placed favorably in polls and lists.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: The concept for Ellie began with an unused idea for "" (2009). Neil Druckmann and Bruce Straley, directors of "The Last of Us" (2013), conceived a sequence with a mute female character who would accompany "Uncharted" protagonist Nathan Drake; Druckmann felt this would create a "beautiful" relationship through gameplay alone. An early alternative name for the character was Lily; Druckmann chose Ellie as he had considered the name for his daughter. Druckmann designed Ellie as a counterpart to Joel, the main playable character of "The Last of Us". She was also intended to demonstrate that a character bond could be created entirely through gameplay. Druckmann described the game as a coming of age story for Ellie, in which she adopts the qualities of a survivor.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Ashley Johnson was cast as Ellie in "The Last of Us" shortly after her auditions; the development team felt that she fit the role, particularly when acting alongside Troy Baker, who portrayed Joel. Johnson made important contributions to Ellie's character development. She convinced Druckmann to give Ellie a more independent personality, and to make her more successful in combat. As Ellie, Johnson's performances were mostly recorded using motion capture technology which produced approximately 85% of the game's animations. The remaining audio elements were recorded later in a studio. Johnson was sometimes uncomfortable while performing "disturbing" scenes. However, she was excited to play a rare example of a strong female video game character. For "The Last of Us Part II" (2020), Johnson considered her own experiences with anxiety, and researched the effects of post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) with Druckmann. In February 2021, Bella Ramsey was cast as Ellie in HBO's upcoming television adaptation of the video games.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: The team felt that establishing Ellie's appearance was critical. They determined that she needed to appear young enough to make her relationship with Joel—who is in his 40s—believable, but old enough to be credible as a resourceful teenager capable of surviving. The team also considered Ellie important for marketing; Druckmann said that, when asked to move the image of Ellie from the front of the game's packaging to the back, "everyone at Naughty Dog just flat-out refused".


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Following the announcement of "The Last of Us", comparisons were made between Ellie and actor Elliot Page. Page claimed that Naughty Dog had "ripped off" his likeness and that it was "not appreciated", as he was acting in another game, "" (2013). According to game director Bruce Straley, Naughty Dog had no knowledge of Page's involvement in "Beyond", which was announced several months after "The Last of Us". "Kotaku" observed that some players would likely confuse the characters. Straley said that, following the comparisons, Naughty Dog revised Ellie's appearance because "we want our characters to stand on their own two feet". Druckmann and Straley said the change was made to better reflect Johnson's personality and make her younger. It was revealed in a trailer in May 2012.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: For "Part II", Ellie's look underwent years of iteration; the team wanted a logical transition from the first game while maintaining a "practical yet personal" outfit. Lead character artist Ashley Swidowski designed Ellie's eyes to demonstrate a somberness; in the first game, Ellie had wider eyes to reflect her childlike nature. Ellie's moth was designed by California-based artist Natalie Hall after the team struggled to settle on a design. Hall drew the tattoo on a developer's arm so the team could visualize it. Druckmann felt that moths' obsession with light mirrored Ellie's obsession throughout the game, as well as giving her a reminder of Joel.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: "" (2014) was written to specifically focus on the relationship between Ellie and Riley, and to recount the events that defined their later personalities. Druckmann was also inspired by wars that took place in Syria and Afghanistan; he felt that, like Ellie, conflict was familiar to the children in those countries. "Left Behind" sees Riley's behavior change Ellie, resulting in the latter's focus to fight in order to save those close to her. The team was also interested in Ellie's behavior around Riley; she is perceived as being more playful. In "Left Behind", Ellie and Riley share a kiss; the team considered omitting the kiss from the game, but felt that it was imperative to the story and strengthened the relationship. Though initially he only felt that Ellie viewed Riley as an influence, Druckmann later considered her romantic appeal, and decided to explore the concept.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: For "Part II", Druckmann recalled the team's excitement to explore Ellie further as a protagonist, particularly developing the loss of her innocence, comparing it to the feeling of the writers of "Breaking Bad" (2008–2013) when given the opportunity to explore Walter White. The team discussed creating a sequel without Ellie and Joel, but felt that they were less interesting. Ellie's excitement for astronomy was based on Johnson's own interests, while her obsession with comics is based on Druckmann's childhood. "Part II" co-writer and narrative lead Halley Gross felt that Ellie's decision to track down Abby was motivated by her desire to overcome her PTSD more than her desire to kill Abby. Gross, who has suffered from PTSD, considered it her responsibility to accurately depict the subject matter; she wanted players who might have suffered with trauma to understand that they are not alone. The writers wanted to deconstruct the perception of violence in Joel and Ellie: while Joel is indifferent and practical, Ellie kills to maintain a "culture of honor" by attaching violence to her ego. Some of the team considered Ellie's obsession with Abby akin to a drug addiction, and that Dina left as she felt that the obsession would never end. Gross considered the game's final shot, wherein Ellie leaves behind the guitar that Joel gave her, represented Ellie moving on from his death to a new chapter. Druckmann felt that it represented Ellie finally overcoming her ego, but preferred that the player create their own interpretation.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: For "The Last of Us", Ellie's artificial intelligence (AI) required significant overhauling of the game engine. The team had her stay close to Joel, to avoid being viewed by players as a burden. AI programmer Max Dyckhoff said that, to ensure Ellie made realistic decisions during gameplay, he considered "what she was going through" and "what her relationship with Joel and the enemies would be". During the winter segment of "The Last of Us", players assume control of Ellie. The developers ensured that this change, as well as the knowledge of Ellie's immunity, was kept secret prior to the game's release to surprise players.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Ellie is described as "mature beyond her years" as a result of the circumstances of her environment. She is characterized as strong, witty, and "a little rough around the edges". Her emotional trauma is accentuated after her encounter with David. Having lost many people in her life, she suffers from severe monophobia and survivor's guilt. This results in her becoming a very hardened person; she uses violence without hesitation and frequently employs profane language. Ellie also feels worthless, believing her life is a burden and that her death would be beneficial for others. While she shows initiative, she is not as adept at survival as Joel, being somewhat impulsive and naïve. She is unable to swim until Joel teaches her how sometime before the events of "Part II". Despite this, she displays great physical resilience, emotional strength, and complete fearlessness; this is demonstrated by her ability to look after both herself and Joel when he is severely injured. She constantly perseveres in dire situations. Ellie is a lesbian, pursuing female romantic interests in both "Left Behind" and "Part II".


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Ellie's mother, Anna, was forced to give her up shortly after she was born, and she was initially raised by Anna's friend Marlene. Ellie attends a military boarding school in the Boston quarantine zone, where she befriends Riley Abel, a fellow rebel who protects her from bullies, as depicted in the comic book series "". During the events of "Left Behind", which is set three weeks before "The Last of Us", Riley returns after a long absence and tells Ellie that she has joined the Fireflies, a revolutionary militia group. Riley abandons her Firefly pendant when Ellie pleads for her to remain, and they kiss. After they are bitten by Infected, the two consider suicide, but choose to spend their final hours together. However, Ellie survives and discovers she is immune to infection.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: In "The Last of Us", a wounded Marlene tasks Joel with escorting Ellie from Boston to a drop-off point in Colorado to help the Fireflies develop a vaccine from her immunity. Ellie is initially annoyed by Joel's surliness, but they develop a bond. Upon learning that he intends to leave her with his younger brother Tommy and return to Boston, she runs away. After Joel pursues her, she confronts him, insisting that he not abandon her, and they continue their journey. Ellie becomes traumatized and withdrawn after an encounter in which she is assaulted and nearly murdered by a band of cannibals, forcing her to hack their leader David to death with a machete. After finding the Colorado base destroyed, Joel and Ellie finally reach the Fireflies at a hospital in Salt Lake City, where Joel discovers that the Fireflies cannot create a vaccine without killing Ellie during surgery because they must remove the mutant strain of the fungus from her brain. He kills Marlene and the Fireflies, makes his way to the operating room, and carries the unconscious Ellie to safety. He later lies to Ellie, telling her that the Fireflies had already found dozens of other immune people and had stopped seeking a cure. When Ellie confronts Joel, describing her survivor's guilt and her urge to know the truth, he reassures her that he is telling the truth.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: In "The Last of Us Part II", Ellie and Joel have settled in Tommy's community in Jackson. Joel gifts Ellie a guitar, fulfilling his promise to teach her how to play. Ellie eventually returns to the Firefly hospital and discovers the truth. She is furious with Joel, feeling that her life would have mattered had the surgery gone ahead. The relationship between the two is strained. Ellie eventually promises Joel that she will try to forgive him, but she witnesses his murder the next day at the hands of Abby, a militia soldier and the daughter of the Firefly surgeon Joel had killed while saving Ellie. Along with girlfriend Dina, Tommy, and Dina's ex-boyfriend Jesse, Ellie travels to the militia's home turf in Seattle to exact revenge. Along the way, Ellie reveals her immunity to Dina, and Dina reveals she is pregnant with Jesse's child. After Ellie kills several members of Abby's group, Abby kills Jesse, cripples Tommy, and overpowers Ellie and Dina. She spares their lives and tells them to leave Seattle. Some time later, Ellie and Dina are living on a farm near Jackson and raising Dina's baby, JJ, but Ellie suffers from post-traumatic stress. Despite Dina's pleas, Ellie tracks Abby to Santa Barbara, where she frees an enslaved Abby from a group of bandits. She then has a flashback to Joel's death, and forces Abby into a fight. Abby bites off two of Ellie's fingers, but Ellie overpowers and starts drowning her; she ultimately lets Abby go after experiencing a happier memory of Joel. Ellie returns to the farmhouse and finds it empty. She struggles to play Joel's guitar with her missing fingers. She recalls her promise to forgive Joel, leaves the guitar, and walks away.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Ellie's character received generally positive feedback. Jason Killingsworth of "Edge" praised Ellie's complexity and commended Naughty Dog for not having made her "a subordinate ... precocious teen girl that Joel must babysit". Ashley Reed and Andy Hartup of "GamesRadar" named Ellie one of the "most inspirational female characters in games", writing that she is "one of the most modern, realistic characters ever designed". "Eurogamer"s Ellie Gibson commended the character's strength and vulnerability, praising the game's subversion of the damsel in distress cliché. "GamesRadar" listed Ellie among the best characters of the video game generation, stating that her courage exceeds that of most male characters. "IGN"s Greg Miller compared Ellie to Elizabeth from "BioShock Infinite" (2013), and felt that the former was a "much more rounded out, full-fledged" character. Conversely, "Game Informer"s Kimberley Wallace felt that the game focused too much on Joel, "hardly capitalizing on Ellie's importance", and Chris Suellentrop of "The New York Times" judged that Ellie is cast "in a secondary, more subordinate role".


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Critics praised the relationship between Ellie and Joel. Matt Helgeson of "Game Informer" wrote that the relationship was "poignant" and "well-drawn", "Joystiq"s Richard Mitchell found it "genuine" and emotional, and "IGN"s Colin Moriarty identified it as a highlight of the game. "Eurogamer"s Oli Welsh felt the characters were developed with "real patience and skill". Philip Kollar of "Polygon" found the relationship was assisted by the game's optional conversations. Wallace of "Game Informer" named Joel and Ellie one of the "best gaming duos of 2013", appreciating their interest in protecting each other. "Game Informer"s Kyle Hilliard compared Joel and Ellie's relationship to that of the Prince and Elika from "Prince of Persia" (2008), writing that both duos care deeply for one another, and praising the "emotional crescendo" in "The Last of Us", which he judged had not been achieved in "Prince of Persia". "PlayStation Official Magazine"s David Meikleham named Joel and Ellie the best characters in a PlayStation 3 game.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Following the release of "Left Behind", Ellie's relationship with Riley was commended by reviewers. "GameSpot"s Tom McShea felt a new appreciation for Ellie by seeing her actions around Riley. "The Daily Telegraph"s Tim Martin praised the characters' interactions, and "Eurogamer"s Stace Harman felt that "Left Behind" improves the understanding of Joel and Ellie's relationship. "Kotaku"s Kirk Hamilton described Ellie and Riley's kiss as "video gaming's latest breakthrough moment", declaring it "a big deal". Keza MacDonald of "IGN" wrote that the kiss was "so beautiful and natural and funny that [she] was left dumbstruck". "IGN"s Luke Karmali questioned Naughty Dog's motivation behind the kiss, noting the "bait-and-switch" in which they made players care for the character before revealing her sexuality, but ultimately dismissed this and commended the handling of Ellie's sexuality and the subtlety of the writing. "Polygon"s Colin Campbell named Ellie and Riley among the best video game characters of the 2010s, citing their differences and eventual closeness.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: Johnson received acclaim for her performance in "The Last of Us Part II". "Destructoid"s Chris Carter praised her ability to play the character again after many years. Oli Welsh of "Eurogamer" found Johnson's performance to be "standout" due to her depiction of "rawness, vulnerability, and rage". "GamesRadar+"s Alex Avard considered Johnson's portrayal of suffering "nothing short of awards worthy". Regarding the character, Jonathon Dornbush of "IGN" wrote that Johnson added nuance to every element of Ellie. "The Washington Post"s Elise Favis praised the game's depiction of Ellie coming out to Joel, comparing it to her own experience and the difficulty of approaching the topic with her father. Rafael Motamayor of "Observer" felt that Ellie's character was improved by the inclusion of Abby's story. "Mashable"s Jess Joho criticized the character for relying too heavily on her relationship with Joel. "Polygon"s Maddy Myers and "Wired"s Julie Muncy criticized Ellie's development and inability to learn from her mistakes.


title: Ellie (The Last of Us)

text: The character of Ellie won year-end awards for "The Last of Us" and "Left Behind", including Best New Character from "Hardcore Gamer" and Most Valuable Character at the SXSW Gaming Awards for "Left Behind"; she received a nomination for Best Character from "Destructoid". Ashley Johnson's performance also received various accolades: Performer at the 10th and 11th British Academy Video Games Awards, Outstanding Character Performance the 17th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards, Best Voice Actress at the Spike VGX 2013, and Best Performer from "The Daily Telegraph". For her role in "The Last of Us Part II", Johnson was named co-winner of Outstanding Lead Performance in a Drama at the National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) Awards. She was also nominated for Best Performance at The Game Awards 2020 and from "IGN", and Performer in a Leading Role at the 17th British Academy Games Awards; she lost all three awards to Laura Bailey, who played Abby. Ellie was nominated for Outstanding Achievement in Character at the 24th Annual D.I.C.E. Awards. Johnson is currently nominated for Best Voice Performance at the 19th Game Audio Network Guild Awards.


Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part Two is an upcoming American action spy film written and directed by Christopher McQuarrie, who is also producing it with Tom Cruise. Based on the television series "" by Bruce Geller, it is a direct sequel to "" (2023) and the eighth installment in the .


title: Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part Two

text: Cruise returns in his eighth appearance as the series's lead character, Ethan Hunt, whom he would have portrayed for over 28 years by the time the film is released; it is expected to be his final appearance in the series. Ving Rhames, Henry Czerny, Simon Pegg, Rebecca Ferguson, Vanessa Kirby, Hayley Atwell, Shea Whigham and Pom Klementieff all return in their roles from previous films in the series. Esai Morales returns from the seventh film as the villain.


text: Additionally, Pom Klementieff, Mark Gatiss, Charles Parnell, Janet McTeer, and Mariela Garriga have been cast in undisclosed roles.


text: On January 14, 2019, Cruise initially announced that the seventh and eighth "Mission: Impossible" films would be shot back-to-back with McQuarrie writing and directing both films for July 23, 2021, and August 5, 2022 releases. However, in February 2021, "Deadline Hollywood" revealed that Paramount had decided to no longer move forward with that plan. It was reported that both films would be a "send-off" to the Ethan Hunt character.


text: In February 2019, Ferguson confirmed her return for the seventh installment, while Hayley Atwell and Pom Klementieff joined the film's cast in September. In December, Simon Pegg confirmed his return for the film, while Shea Whigham was also cast. Nicholas Hoult joined the cast by January 2020, along with Henry Czerny, who will reprise his role as Eugene Kittridge for the first time since the . Vanessa Kirby also announced she was returning for both films. However, due to scheduling conflicts, Hoult was replaced by Esai Morales for both films. In July 2022, it was reported that Holt McCallany had joined the cast. In August, it was revealed Nick Offerman and Janet McTeer were also added to the cast.


text: In February 2021, "Deadline Hollywood" reported that the film will no longer be filmed back-to-back with "". By November, McQuarrie was in the process of rewriting the film. On March 24, 2022, "Collider" reported the beginning of principal photography of "Mission: Impossible – Dead Reckoning Part Two". Filming took place in the UK at Longcross Studios and the Lake District. Other locations included Malta, South Africa and Norway. Filming wrapped in December 2022.


text: Industrial Light & Magic return to do the visual effects from the 7th film along with Clear Angle Studios and Halon Entertainment being the additional vendors for lidar & cyberscanning and previsualization.


text: The film is scheduled to be released on June 28, 2024. It was previously set for release on August 5, 2022, but was delayed to November 4, 2022, July 7, 2023, and then to the current date due to the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: United States Customs and Border Protection (CBP) is the largest federal law enforcement agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security. It is the country's primary border control organization, charged with regulating and facilitating international trade, collecting import duties, as well as enforcing U.S. regulations, including trade, customs and immigration. CBP is one of the largest law enforcement agencies in the United States. It has a workforce of more than 45,600 federal agents and officers. It is headquartered in Washington, D.C.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP has a workforce of over 58,000 employees, including officers and agents, agriculture specialists, aircraft pilots, trade specialists, mission support staff, and canine enforcement officers and agents.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: There are 328 officially designated ports of entry and an additional 14 pre-clearance locations in Canada, Ireland, the Middle East, Bermuda, and the Caribbean. CBP is also in charge of the Container Security Initiative, which identifies and inspects foreign cargo in its mother country before it is to be imported into the United States.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In addition the CBP claims to have legal jurisdiction to conduct some activities up to inwards from any land or sea border. This can include operating interior checkpoints.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP assess all passengers flying into the U.S. for terrorist risk via the Joint Terrorism Task Force (JTTF) and systems such as Advance Passenger Information System (APIS), United States Visitor and Immigrant Status Indication Technology (US-VISIT), and the Student and Exchange Visitor System (SEVIS). CBP also works with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration to screen high-risk imported food shipments in order to prevent bio-terrorism and agro-terrorism.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Through the Container Security Initiative, CBP works jointly with host nation counterparts to identify and screen containers that pose a risk at the foreign port of departure before they are loaded on board vessels bound for the U.S. CSI is implemented in 20 of the largest ports in terms of container shipments to the U.S., and at a total of 58 ports worldwide.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The Secure Electronic Network for Travelers Rapid Inspection (SENTRI) program allows pre-screened, low-risk travelers from Mexico to be processed through dedicated lanes. NEXUS is a similar program on the country's northern border with Canada. Along both borders, CBP has implemented the Free and Secure Trade, which uses transponder technology and pre-arrival shipment information to process participating trucks as they arrive at the border. An agreement with Canada allows CBP to target, screen, and examine rail shipments headed to the U.S.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP is authorized to provide aerial surveillance outside of the border area "to assist law enforcement and humanitarian relief efforts" when requested by local, tribal, state or federal agencies. CBP drones have been used to capture images of storm-impacted areas for the National Weather Service; assess hurricane affected areas for FEMA; and provide surveillance for local law enforcement during the 2015 Baltimore protests and 2020 George Floyd protests.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP has the authority to search outbound and inbound shipments, and uses targeting to carry out its mission in this area. Under Section 596 of the Tariff Act, CBP is required to seize and forfeit all merchandise that is stolen, smuggled, or clandestinely imported or introduced. CBP is also required to seize and forfeit controlled substances, certain contraband articles, and plastic explosives that do not contain a detection agent. In conjunction with the Department of State and the Bureau of the Census, CBP has put in place regulations that require submission of electronic export information on U.S. Munitions List and for technology for the Commerce Control List. CBP uses advance information from the Automated Targeting System and the Automated Export System to identify cargo that may pose a threat. CBP also works with the Departments of State and Defense to improve procedures on exported shipments of foreign military sales commodities.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Section 1592 of the Tariff Act of 1930 is the basic and most widely used customs penalty provision for the importation of goods. It prescribes monetary penalties against any person who imports, attempts to import, or aids or procures the importation of merchandise by means of false or fraudulent documents, statements, omissions or practices, concerning any material fact. Penalties may be applied even in situations where there is no loss of revenue.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Section 1592 infractions are divided into three categories of culpability, each giving rise to a different maximum penalty:


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The Customs Modernization Act amended section 1592 to apply existing penalties for false information to information transmitted electronically and allows Customs to recover unpaid taxes and fees resulting from 592 violations. It also introduced the requirement that importers use "reasonable care" in making entry and providing the initial classification and appraisement, establishing a "shared responsibility" between Customs and importers, thus allowing Customs to rely on the accuracy of the information submitted and streamline entry procedures. To the extent that an importer fails to use reasonable care, Customs may impose a penalty.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: US Customs Agriculture Specialist Officers are allowed to issue civil penalties in accordance with CFR 7 & 9.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In addition to the civil penalties, a criminal fraud statute provides for sanctions to those presenting false information to customs officers, with violators facing a maximum of 2 years imprisonment, or a $5,000 fine, or both, for each violation involving an importation or attempted importation.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Responding to an urgent need for revenue following the American Revolutionary War, the First United States Congress passed, and President George Washington signed on July 4, the Tariff of 1789, which authorized the collection of duties on imports. Four weeks later, on July 31, the fifth act of Congress established the United States Customs Service and its ports of entry.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: For nearly 125 years, the U.S. Customs Service was the primary source of governmental funds, which paid for the nation's early growth and infrastructure. Purchases include the Louisiana and Oregon territories; Florida, Alaska, and Washington, D.C.; funding the National Road and the Transcontinental Railroad; building many of the United States' lighthouses; and the U.S. Military and Naval academies.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In March 2003, the Customs Service was renamed the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, and its structure split to form parts of the U.S. Department of Homeland Security as the Bureau of Customs and Border Protection and the Immigration and Customs Enforcement Division.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Shortly after the American Civil War, some states started to pass their own immigration laws, which prompted the U.S. Supreme Court to rule in "Chy Lung v. Freeman" in 1875 that immigration was a federal responsibility. The Immigration Act of 1891 established an Office of the Superintendent of Immigration within the United States Department of the Treasury. This office was responsible for admitting, rejecting, and processing all immigrants seeking admission to the United States and for implementing national immigration policy. "Immigrant inspectors", as they were then called, were stationed at major U.S. ports of entry collecting manifests of arriving passengers. A "head tax" of fifty cents was collected on each immigrant.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In the early 20th century, Congress's primary interest in immigration was protecting American workers and wages – the reason it had become a federal concern in the first place. This made immigration more a matter of commerce than revenue; hence, in 1903, Congress transferred the Bureau of Immigration to the newly created Department of Commerce and Labor.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: After World War I, Congress attempted to stem the flow of immigrants, still mainly coming from Europe, by passing laws in 1921 and 1924 limiting the number of newcomers by assigning a quota to each nationality based upon its representation in previous U.S. census figures. Each year, the U.S. State Department issued a limited number of visas; only those immigrants who had obtained them and could present valid visas were permitted entry.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The Immigration and Naturalization Service was formed in 1933 by a merger of the Bureau of Immigration and the Bureau of Naturalization. President Franklin D. Roosevelt moved the Immigration and Naturalization Service from the Department of Labor to the Department of Justice in 1940.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In 1969 President Richard Nixon formally changed the name of the United States Border Control to the United States Border Patrol.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP became an official agency of the United States Department of Homeland Security on March 1, 2003, combining employees from the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (specifically the Plant Protection Quarantine inspectors), the United States Immigration and Naturalization Service (specifically, immigration inspectors and the United States Border Patrol), and the United States Customs Service. This transformation was led by former Commissioner Robert C. Bonner.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: W. Ralph Basham was nominated to the post of Commissioner by President George W. Bush on June 6, 2006. Basham had 28 years of experience as a law enforcement manager, including serving as the head of the Secret Service and the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center. He had also served as the chief of staff for the Transportation Security Administration. It is the largest federal law enforcement agency and works closely with U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE), Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA), and Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI).


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In 2007, the U.S. Border Patrol joined two units, the Border Patrol Tactical Unit (BORTAC) and the Border Patrol Search, Trauma, and Rescue Unit (BORSTAR), to form the U.S. Border Patrol's Special Operations Group (SOG), headquartered in El Paso, Texas. BORTAC and BORSTAR direct their nationally dispersed assets from the SOG, providing the U.S. Border Patrol with immediate tactical and emergency response assets.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: On September 13, 2019, Director Troy Miller rang the closing bell at the New York Stock Exchange in honor of 230 years since the beginnings of the CBP.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP officers are federal law enforcement officers in the largest CBP Office of Field Operations empowered to exercise the authority and perform the duties provided by law and Department of Homeland Security regulations, including making arrests, conducting searches, making seizures, bearing firearms, and serving any order or warrant. CBP officers have full law enforcement powers on and off duty. CBP officers defend against terrorist intrusion by identifying high risk individuals who are attempting to enter into the United States; stop criminal activities – such as drug trafficking, child pornography (including on computers, cell phones, and other electronic media), weapons trafficking, and money laundering – by inspecting vehicles and trucks; and prevent the illegal entry of individuals, the smuggling of prohibited goods, and other customs and immigration violations. Officers are armed with Glock G19 pistols chambered in 9mm, expandable batons, x26 Tasers and oleoresin capsicum pepper spray. In accordance with Public Law 110–161, CBP officers are covered under special law enforcement retirement, and all candidates must be referred for selection for this position before reaching their 40th birthday.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Officer candidates attend the Federal Law Enforcement Training Center, in Glynco, Georgia for 17–19 weeks of paid training. Candidate training consists of basic law enforcement skills, including Anti-Terrorism; Detection of Contraband; Interviewing; Cross-cultural Communications; Firearms Handling and Qualification; Immigration and Naturalization Laws; U.S. Customs Export and Import laws, Defensive Tactics and Driving; Crime Investigation Site; Arrest Techniques; Baton Techniques; Examination of cargo, bags, and merchandise; border search exception; Entry and Control Procedures; Passenger Processing; and Officer Safety and Survival. Those candidates selected for duty locations requiring Spanish may receive an additional 6 weeks of Spanish Language training. After a few years of service, qualified Officers may serve on CBP's Special Response Team after passing a pre-test and an additional five weeks of paid training at the U.S. Border Patrol Tactical Unit (BORTAC) in El Paso, Texas.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP Officers may begin their careers in any region for which they apply. The duty region is selected during the application phase. Proficiency in Spanish is a duty requirement only for those stationed along southern border regions, although it is not a requirement before being hired. CBP Officers stationed along southern border regions will undergo Spanish language training before coming on duty.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The CBP Officer position is categorized as a "critical-sensitive" position in law enforcement. For this reason, officer candidates must undergo a single scope background investigation (SSBI) before being appointed. In addition, officer candidates must undergo drug and medical examination, polygraph examination, two physical fitness tests, a video based test, and structured interview during the pre-appointment phase.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP Agriculture Specialists receive 11 weeks of paid training at the Professional Development Center in Frederick, Maryland as well as a post-academy training phase that varies in length according to their assigned port. Agriculture Specialists are stationed at international ports of entry located at airports, seaports, and land borders throughout the U.S. and along the Canadian and Mexican borders; they are also stationed overseas in various countries authorized by the United States to have the traveling public and agricultural commodities pre-cleared before entering into the United States. They are uniformed federal officers with the authority to conduct random inspections of luggage or items entering the country and the power to seize prohibited or contaminated items. Agricultural Specialists issue civil fines, not to be confused with collecting duty or tax, to both international travelers and commercial entities in accordance with the federal laws CFR 7 & 9; they do not however collect duty taxes. Although Agriculture Specialists work for and are sworn to uphold and enforce the laws governed under the jurisdiction of Customs and Border Protection, they are also tasked with enforcing the laws governed by the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) and the United States Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). They serve as expert and technical consultants in the areas of inspection, intelligence, analysis, examination and law enforcement activities related to the importation of agricultural and commercial commodities and conveyances at the various ports of entry. Agriculture Specialists apply a wide range of federal, state and local laws and agency regulations, including those of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS), Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) when determining the admissibility of agricultural commodities, or commodities in general, while regulating and/or preventing the introduction of restricted or prohibited products, harmful pests, diseases and potential agro-terrorism into the United States. They participate in special enforcement, targeting, and analysis teams charged with collecting and analyzing information and identifying high-risk targets; or conducting visual and physical inspections of cargo, conveyances or passenger baggage. The Agriculture Specialist plans, conducts, and supervises remedial actions such as treating, disinfecting and decontaminating prohibited commodities, conveyances, contaminants or agricultural materials.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The Agriculture Specialist position is categorized as a "sensitive" position in law enforcement and may be granted up to the "Secret" level security clearance. Candidates must undergo a single scope background investigation and a polygraph examination before being appointed. In addition, the candidates must undergo a video based interview as well as a drug and medical examination during the pre-appointment phase.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Import Specialists interact with both importers and exporters and are responsible for decisions regarding merchandise, manufactured goods, and commodities.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Import Specialists work alongside CBP officers, Homeland Security Investigations special agents and legal professionals in matters of international trade. They are responsible for classifying and appraising commercially imported merchandise that enter the country. They determine which products may legally enter the country by enforcing laws protecting public health and safety, intellectual property rights and fair trade practices. They detect incidents of smuggling, commercial fraud, and counterfeiting and participate in related criminal investigations.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: Import Specialists have the authority to issue penalties and fines, to recommend seizure of prohibited or suspect cargo and to participate in negotiations and legal prosecution. Occasionally, Import Specialists may be given short-term assignments overseas as part of a multi-agency team. Responsibilities could include investigating foreign manufacturing facilities for violations involving child labor, product safety or other areas of concern to the country. Seven weeks of paid specialized training enable Import Specialists to develop an expert knowledge of import and export trends, commodities, industries, and international trade agreements. Import Specialists perform their mission at more than 300 ports of entry located at airports, seaports and land borders throughout the United States and along the Canadian and Mexican borders.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The U.S. Border Patrol Agent (as opposed to Officer) is a federal law enforcement agent actively patrolling a U.S. border to prevent persons from entering the United States without government permission. Agents detect and prevent the smuggling and unlawful entry of aliens into the United States, along with apprehending those people found to be in violation of immigration laws. Agents work to lower crime and improve the quality of life in border communities. In some areas, Agents are deputized or have peace-officer status and use it to enforce local and state/territory laws. More than 20,000 Border Patrol Agents safeguard nearly 6,000 miles of land border the United States shares with Canada and Mexico, and more than 2,000 miles of coastal waters.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: One of the most important activities for a United States Border Patrol Agent is "line watch". This involves the detection, prevention and apprehension of terrorists, illegal aliens and smugglers of both aliens and contraband at or near the land border by maintaining surveillance from a covert position, following up leads, responding to electronic sensor systems, aircraft sightings, and interpreting and following tracks, marks and other physical evidence. Some of the major activities are farm and ranch check, traffic check, traffic observation, city patrol, transportation check, administrative, intelligence, and anti-smuggling activities.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: All agents complete a 13-week paid "Basic Academy" training at the U.S. Border Patrol Academy in Artesia, New Mexico. Training includes such topics as immigration and nationality laws, physical training (PT), weapons and marksmanship. For those needing Spanish language instruction, an additional 8 weeks may be required beyond the 65 days of Basic Academy training. Border Patrol Agents must be willing to work overtime and varying shifts under arduous conditions, and be proficient in the carry and use of firearms. They may also be sent on temporary assignments on short notice, or on permanent reassignments to any duty location. All new agents begin their careers along the Southwest border, where a working knowledge of Spanish is required.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: AMO is the world's largest civilian aviation and maritime law enforcement organization. Its mission is to protect the American people and nation's critical infrastructure through the coordinated use of air and marine assets to detect, interdict and prevent acts of terrorism and the unlawful movement of people, illegal drugs, and other contraband toward or across the borders of the United States. Air and Marine Interdiction Agents are endowed with the authority to enforce Title 8 (Aliens and Nationality) and Title 19 (Customs) of the United States Code in addition to the general law enforcement powers bestowed upon federal law enforcement agents.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: This specialized law enforcement capability allows AMO to make significant contributions to the efforts of the Department of Homeland Security, as well as to those of other federal, state, local, and tribal agencies. AMO is uniquely positioned to provide direct air and maritime support to multiple agencies and to ensure the success of border protection and law enforcement operations between ports of entry, within the maritime domain and within the nation's interior. To accomplish its mission, AMO employs over 1,200 Federal Agents at 70 locations, operating more than 260 aircraft of 26 different types, and approximately 300 maritime vessels. It is one of the major operational components within U.S. Customs and Border Protection, along with the Office of Field Operations (OFO) and the United States Border Patrol (USBP).


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In July 2006, the Office of Personnel Management conducted a survey of federal employees in all 36 federal agencies on job satisfaction and how they felt their respective agency was headed. DHS (which includes CBP) was last or near to last in every category including


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The low scores were attributed to major concerns about basic supervision, management and leadership within DHS. Based on the survey, the primary concerns are about promotion and pay increase based on merit, dealing with poor performance, rewarding creativity and innovation, and the inability of leadership to generate high levels of motivation in the workforce, recognition for doing a good job, lack of satisfaction with various component policies and procedures and lack of information about what is going on with the organization and complaints from the traveling public.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In June 2007, CBP Commissioner W. Ralph Basham announced to employees that the agency would be conducting 125 different focus groups in 12 different cities around the country to better understand their concerns as expressed in the Human Capital Survey. The agency is also going to give employees who are not a part of that focus group process an intranet virtual focus group where they can express their views and their concerns. The commissioner stated: "We are looking at this very seriously. We want to hear from the employees, we want to hear from these focus groups, we want to drill down on this survey." In 2011, more than four years after this statement was made, these focus groups have never been reported to have been held, nor have any plans been reported for them to be held in the future.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: A November 2007 Government Accountability Office report showed that low staffing, training, and overwork is a large problem within CBP, and an average of 71 officers leave the service every two weeks.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP continued carrying out their mission during the COVID-19 pandemic in the United States. As of June 17, 2020, 544 federal employees tested positive for COVID-19 and 5 have died as a result of the virus.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In 2011, the United States Congress mandated that applicants to CBP jobs undergo polygraph testing. The agency polygraphs about 10,000 applicants annually. From the start of the polygraphing until August 16, 2013, over 200 confessions of wrongdoing had been made. Many of the applicants confessed that they had close associations with drug traffickers or that they were directly involved in smuggling of drugs and illegal immigrants. The agency accused ten applicants of using countermeasures. As part of the "Operation Lie Busters", the name of the crackdown on polygraph countermeasures, all ten were not selected for employment.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: CBP Officers primary sidearm since 2019 is the Glock 19 pistol in 9mm caliber. It can contain as many as 16 rounds of ammunition (15 in the magazine and one in the chamber). Like many other law enforcement agencies, the 12 gauge Remington Model 870 is the standard pump-action shotgun. The CBP issue Model 870 has been modified by Scattergun Technologies to CBP specifications including: a 14-inch barrel, a five-shot capacity magazine, a composite stock with pistol grip, and night sights with a tactical "ghost-ring" rear sight. CBP uses the 5.56x45 caliber Colt M4 Carbine (M4A1) as the standard long gun for CBP Officers assigned to its aviation and maritime interdiction units, the CBP Border Patrol, the CBP Special Response Teams.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In April 2019, CBP awarded Glock a contract to replace the H&K P2000. A special version of the Glock known as G47 was produced for CBP, along with Glock G19 compact and Glock G26 subcompacts modified to CBP specifications. All will be chambered in 9mm caliber.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: National Public Radio's "Morning Edition" reported that CBP radiation-detection equipment at ports is better at detecting kitty litter than dangerous weapons, and that U.S. borders are so porous that congressional investigators carrying simulated nuclear materials have walked across unchallenged.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In an article entitled ""DHS Decision-Making: Competence or Character?"", James Giermanski states that the fundamental problem within CBP is that the agency has weak and sometimes flawed management. He says that DHS and CBP suffer from "seriously flawed decision-making", citing the "door only" policy, radio frequency identification technology, and lack of focus on exports which contain bombs.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The agency's practice of performing internal document checks on buses and trains running entirely within U.S. territory has been called "coercive, unconstitutional, and tainted by racial profiling".


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The United States Court of International Trade found that CBP improperly classified merchandise when it had untrained chemists testifying before the court. The court found that there were errors in the laboratory reports, that CBP destroyed the evidence, and the tests used by the chemist did not meet any Daubert standards.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: During a federal court case for unlawful removal, CBP and United States Department of Justice attorneys cited the U.S. Supreme Court case of "Garcetti v. Ceballos" (04-473), which ruled that CBP employees do not have protection from retaliation by CBP managers under the First Amendment of the Constitution. The free speech protections of the First Amendment have long been used to shield whistleblowers from retaliation. In response to the Supreme Court decision of "Garcetti v. Ceballos", the House of Representatives passed H.R. 985, the Whistleblower Protection Act of 2007, and the Senate passed its version of the Whistleblower Protection Act (S. 274), which has significant bipartisan support.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In 2005, a merger of ICE and CBP was considered, following a review at the request Senator Susan Collins (R-ME) chairwoman of the Senate Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs Committee, that found morale and operational issues with ICE and the overlapping responsibilities within the two agencies.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: A 2018 report by the ACLU and University of Chicago Law School's International Human Rights Clinic alleged that there was pervasive physical, verbal, sexual and psychological abuse of immigrant minors by DHS and CBP officials over the period 2009–2014. Customs and Border Protection denied the allegations. The ACLU published a guide, "Know Your Rights: In the 100-mile Border Zone."


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In July 2019, after a report by ProPublica, the CBP initiated an investigation into "disturbing social media activity hosted on a private Facebook group that may include a number of CBP employees". ProPublica reported that the three-year existence of the Facebook group called "I'm 10-15" (the code used by the Border Patrol for "aliens in custody"). The Facebook group, meant for current and former Border Patrol officials, had around 9,500 members. ProPublica published screenshots and quotes of group members mocking migrant deaths, questioning if a photo of drowned migrants was "edited" by liberals, and posting sexist and racist jokes on Latino congressmen, including Representative Alexandria Ocasio-Cortez. She, in turn, described this as CBP's "violent culture". Border Patrol Chief Carla Provost said that the "posts are completely inappropriate" and vowed to hold the employees responsible accountable. Provost herself was once a member of the group, having posted in it in November 2018.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: In July 2020, the Trump administration dispatched federal officers to Portland, Oregon during protests in the city following the murder of George Floyd. Policing tactics such as the detainment of protesters in unmarked vans and the shooting of protester Donavan La Bella in the head with an impact round were linked to a deployment that included CBP BORTAC agents sent to the city against the wishes of state and local government. US Customs and Border Protection was named in the resulting suit filed by the Oregon Department of Justice, which accused CBP and other federal agencies of violating protesters' civil rights.


title: U.S. Customs and Border Protection

text: The CBP was criticized in September 2022 for amassing a database of digital data from travelers crossing the US border with up to 10,000 people entered into the database per year, as well as the fact that around 2,700 CBP officers have warrantless access to the database and people's data. Senator Ron Wyden addressed an official letter to the CBP Commissioner, raising concern about "allowing indiscriminate rifling through Americans’ private records" and asking that the searches be limited to criminal investigation suspects and known security risks.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: Mumbai Saga is a 2021 Indian Hindi-language action crime film directed by Sanjay Gupta and produced by T-Series. It features an ensemble cast of John Abraham, Emraan Hashmi, Kajal Aggarwal, Mahesh Manjrekar, Rohit Roy, Anjana Sukhani, Prateik Babbar, Samir Soni, Amole Gupte and Gulshan Grover. Set in the '80s and '90s, "Mumbai Saga" shows changing phases of Bombay by closing mills to make malls and high-rise buildings.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: The film was released theatrically on 19 March 2021. It underperformed commercially as collections were affected by the resurgence in COVID-19 pandemic cases which had led to a night curfew and lockdown imposition in Maharashtra. Later, it was digitally premiered on Amazon Prime Video on April 27, 2021.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: Amartya Rao Naik (John Abraham) belongs to a lower middle class family & his father sells vegetables at a railway overbridge. All the vendors there are forced to pay protection money to gangster Gaitonde (Amole Gupte). One day, some of the dreaded Gaitonde's henchmen assault Amartya's teenage brother Arjun. Enraged, Amartya trashes the entire gang. He is arrested by the police and subjected to further abuse by Gaitonde's henchmen. He is able to fight them all and earns the respect of criminal Nari Khan (Gulshan Grover), who warns Gaitonde of any further action.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: Amartya soon receives bail, courtesy 'Bhau' (Mahesh Manjrekar), the party leader of the local 'Chatrapati Sena' which is known for its violent ways and scouts for muscle men like Amartya. Bhau tells him that, now that he has made Gaitonde his arch nemesis, he has to find a solution to it in a week, and if he does, Bhau can lend his political & legal protection in return. Amartya meets Nari's key aide and gets information on Gaitonde's operations. He then attacks his men and is able to confiscate all his arsenal. Later, he secures a bail for Nari and also threatens Gaitonde to get out of his way. Gaitonde realizes his diminishing strength and resents to his fate. With Bhau's blessings, Amartya gets uninhibited control of the city.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: Amartya sends Arjun to a boarding school to keep him away from his path of violence. Years later, he is married to his childhood friend Seema (Kajal Aggarwal), who arranges now grownup Arjun Rao Naik (Prateik Babbar) marriage to his sweetheart Nilam and sends the newlywed couple to London again, intending to keep him away from Amartya's criminal life. Meanwhile, Gaitonde has now struck a deal with Sunil Khaitan, a mill owner, as he plans to oust the mill workers in order to utilize the mill land for a large reality project to take advantage of the newly liberalized economy. Amartya, who is wary of Gaitonde's rapid attempts to rise again, kills Khaitan after he refuses to heed his warnings. Arjun returns to India and is attacked by Gaitonde's men as retribution to Khaitan's murder; on the other hand, Khaitan's wife Sonali announces a bounty of 10 crores to any policeman who kills Amartya.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: Inspector Vijay Savarkar (Emraan Hashmi) leads an investigation into Amartya's case and gets hold of Sadashiv, a weakling of Amartya's gang. Sadashiv rats on his colleagues and Vijay is able to kill 4 of them. Arjun correctly suspects Sadashiv as the rat; to verify this, Amartya asks Sadashiv to meet him at a park. He reaches there disguised as a taxi driver and spots policemen prepared for an ambush. Coincidentally, Vijay hires his taxi for his office and they greet each other as Vijay leaves his taxi. Later, Arjun kills Sadashiv, who was under police protection, bribes the constables, and shoots one of them in the arm to project it as an ambush. Bhau advises Amartya to leave the country since Khaitan's death, coupled with the "ambush" on the police, has put a lot of pressure on the police force to find him and it is not safe for him to stay in the city anymore. Amartya leaves for London and Arjun now runs the gang. Vijay gives a court order to Arjun and warns him against absentia, stating that he would get a 'Shoot at sight' order from the court by default and would be free to kill him even in public place. Arjun is shot by Gaitonde's man when he appears in the court; although he survives the attack, he becomes permanently paralyzed below the waist. Amartya returns to India and rescues Arjun from the police, but is shot down by Vijay at the end.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: Principal photography commenced on 27 August 2019 in Mumbai and also took place in Hyderabad. The film wrapped up in October 2020.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: The film's music was composed by Yo Yo Honey Singh, Payal Dev and Tanishk Bagchi while lyrics written by Hommie Dilliwala, Yo Yo Honey Singh, Prashant Ingole and Manoj Muntashir.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: "Mumbai Saga" earned 2.82 crore at the domestic box office on its opening day. On the second day, the film had a slight dip as it collected 2.40 crore. It recovered on the third day by collecting 3.52 crore, taking the total domestic opening weekend collection to 8.74 crore.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: , with a gross of 19.68 crore in India and 2.61 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of 22.29 crore.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 33% based on 9 reviews, with an average rating of 4.80/10.


title: Mumbai Saga

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the film 3.5 out of 5 stars calling "Mumbai Saga" "Power-Packed" and wrote, "Action-packed entertainer with powerful dialogue and terrific performance by John Abraham and Emraan Hashmi".