title: Abdus Salam

text: In November 1971, Salam met with Zulfikar Ali Bhutto in his residence, and following Bhutto's advice, went to the United States to avoid the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971. Salam travelled to the US and returned to Pakistan with scientific literature about the Manhattan Project, and calculations involving atomic bombs. In 1972, the Government of Pakistan learned about the development status of the first atomic bomb completed under the Indian nuclear programme. On 20 January 1972, Salam, as Science Advisor to the President of Pakistan, managed and participated in a secret meeting of nuclear scientists with former Prime Minister, Zulfikar Ali Bhutto, in Multan, known as the 'Multan Meeting'. At this meeting Bhutto orchestrated the development of a deterrence programme. At the meeting, only I. H. Usmani protested, believing that the country had neither the facilities or talent to carry out such an ambitious and technologically remanding project, whilst Salam remained quiet. Here, Bhutto entrusted Salam and appointed Munir Khan as Chairman of PAEC, and head of the atomic bomb program, as Salam had supported Khan. A few months after the meeting, Salam, Khan, and Riazuddin, met with Bhutto in his residence where the scientists briefed him about the nuclear weapons program. After the meeting, Salam established the 'Theoretical Physics Group' (TPG) in PAEC. Salam led groundbreaking work at TPG until 1974.


title: Abdus Salam

text: An office was set up for Salam in the Prime Ministers' Secretariat by order of Bhutto. Salam immediately started to motivate and invite scientists to begin work with PAEC in the development of fission weapons. In December 1972, two theoretical physicists working at the International Centre for Theoretical Physics were asked by Salam to report to Munir Ahmad Khan, the scientific director of the program. This marked the beginning of the TPG, reporting directly to Salam. The TPG, in PAEC, was assigned to conduct research in fast neutron calculations, hydrodynamics (how the explosion produced by a chain reaction might behave), problems of neutron diffusion, and the development of theoretical designs of Pakistan's nuclear weapon devices. Later, the TPG under Riazuddin began to directly report to Salam, and the work on the theoretical design of the nuclear weapon was completed in 1977. In 1972, Salam formed the Mathematical Physics Group, under Raziuddin Siddiqui, that was charged, with TPG, with carrying out research in the theory of simultaneity during the detonation process, and the mathematics involved in the theory of nuclear fission. Following India's surprise nuclear test —Pokhran-I – in 1974, Munir Ahmad Khan had called a meeting to initiate work on an atomic bomb. Salam was there and Muhammad Hafeez Qureshi was appointed head of the Directorate of Technical Development (DTD) in PAEC.


title: Abdus Salam

text: The DTD was set up to co-ordinate the work of the various specialised groups of scientists and engineers working on different aspects of the atomic bomb. The word "bomb" was never used in this meeting, but the participants fully understood what was being discussed. In March 1974, Salam and Khan also established the Wah Group Scientist that was charged with manufacturing materials, explosive lenses and triggering mechanism development of the weapon. Following the setting up of DTD, Salam, Riazuddin and Munir Ahmad Khan, visited the Pakistan Ordnance Factories (POF) where they held talks with senior military engineers led by POF chairman Lieutenant-General Qamar Ali Mirza. It was there that the Corps of Engineers built the Metallurgical Laboratory in Wah Cantonment in 1976. Salam remained associated with the nuclear weapons programme until mid-1974, when he left the country after Ahmadi were declared non-Muslims by the Pakistani Parliament. His own relations with Prime minister Bhutto fell out and turned into open hostility after the Ahmadiyya Community was declared as not-Islamic; he lodged a public and powerful protest against Bhutto regarding this issue and gave great criticism to Bhutto over his control over science. In spite of this, Salam maintained close relations with the theoretical physics division at PAEC who kept him informed about the status of the calculations needed to calculate the performance of the atomic bomb, according to Norman Dombey. After seeing Indian aggression, the Siachen conflict in Northern Pakistan, followed by India's Operation Brasstacks in Southern Pakistan, Salam again renewed his ties with senior scientists working in the atomic bomb projects, who had kept him informed about the scientific development of the program. In the 1980s, Salam personally approved many appointments and a large influx of Pakistani scientists to the associateship program at ICTP and CERN, and engaged in research in theoretical physics with his students at the ICTP.


title: Abdus Salam

text: In 2008, Indian scholar Ravi Singh noted in his book "The Military Factor in Pakistan" that, "in 1978, Abdus Salam with PAEC officials, paid a secret visit to China, and was instrumental in initiating industrial nuclear cooperation between the two countries." Although he had left the country, Salam did not hesitate to advise the PAEC and Theoretical and Mathematical Physics Group on important scientific matters, and kept his close association with TPG and PAEC.


title: Abdus Salam

text: In 1964, Salam founded the International Centre for Theoretical Physics (ICTP), Trieste, in Italy and served as its director until 1993. In 1974, he founded the International Nathiagali Summer College (INSC) to promote science in Pakistan. The INSC is an annual meeting of scientists from all over the world who come to Pakistan and hold discussions on physics and science. Even today, the INSC holds annual meetings, and Salam's pupil Riazuddin has been its director since its start.


title: Abdus Salam

text: In 1997, the scientists at ICTP commemorated Salam and renamed ICTP as the "Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics". Throughout the years, he served on a number of United Nations committees concerning science and technology in developing countries. Salam also founded the Third World Academy of Sciences (TWAS) and was a leading figure in the creation of a number of international centres dedicated to the advancement of science and technology.


title: Abdus Salam

text: During a visit to the Institute of Physics at Quaid-i-Azam University in 1979, Salam explained after receiving an award: "Physicists believed there are four fundamental forces of nature; the gravitational force, the weak and strong nuclear force, and the electromagnetic force". Salam was a firm believer that "scientific thought is the common heritage of mankind", and that developing nations needed to help themselves, and invest in their own scientists to boost development and reduce the gap between the Global South and the Global North, thus contributing to a more peaceful world.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Although Salam left Pakistan, he did not terminate his connection to home. He continued inviting Pakistan's scientists to ICTP, and maintained a research programme for them. Many prominent scientists, including Ghulam Murtaza, Riazuddin, Kamaluddin Ahmed, Faheem Hussain, Raziuddin Siddiqui, Munir Ahmad Khan, Ishfaq Ahmad, and I. H. Usmani, considered him as their mentor and a teacher.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Abdus Salam was a very private individual, who kept his public and personal lives quite separate. He married twice; first time to a cousin, the second time as well in accordance with Islamic law. At his death, he was survived by three daughters and a son by his first wife, and a son and daughter by his second, Professor Dame Louise Johnson, formerly Professor of molecular biophysics at Oxford University. Two of his daughters are Anisa Bushra Salam Bajwa and Aziza Rahman.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Salam was an Ahmadi Muslim, who saw his religion as a fundamental part of his scientific work. He once wrote that "the Holy Quran enjoins us to reflect on the verities of Allah's created laws of nature; however, that our generation has been privileged to glimpse a part of His design is a bounty and a grace for which I render thanks with a humble heart.""


title: Abdus Salam

text: During his acceptance speech for the Nobel Prize in Physics, Salam quoted verses from the Quran and stated:


title: Abdus Salam

text: In 1974, the Pakistan parliament made the Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan that declared Ahmadis to be . In protest, Salam left Pakistan for London. After his departure, he did not completely cut his ties to Pakistan, and kept a close association with the Theoretical Physics Group as well as academic scientists from the Pakistan Atomic Energy Commission.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Abdus Salam died on 21 November 1996 at the age of 70 in Oxford, England, from progressive supranuclear palsy. His body was returned to Pakistan and kept in Darul Ziafat, where some 13,000 men and women visited to pay their last respects. Approximately 30,000 people attended his funeral prayers.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Salam was buried in Bahishti Maqbara, a cemetery established by the Ahmadiyya Community at Rabwah, Punjab, Pakistan, next to his parents' graves. The epitaph on his tomb initially read "First Muslim Nobel Laureate". The Pakistani government removed "Muslim" and left only his name on the headstone. They are the only nation to officially declare that Ahmadis are non-Muslim. The word "Muslim" was initially obscured on the orders of a local magistrate before moving to the national level. Under Ordinance XX of 1984, being an Ahmadi, he was considered a non-Muslim according to the definition provided in the Second Amendment to the Constitution of Pakistan.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Salam's work in Pakistan has been far reaching and regarded as highly influential. He is remembered by his peers and students as the "father of Pakistan's school of Theoretical Physics" as well as Pakistan's science. Salam was a charismatic and iconic figure, a symbol among them of what they were working or researching toward in their fields. His students, fellow scientists and engineers, remembered him as brilliant teacher, and engaging researcher who would also influence others to do the same. Salam founded the Space Research Commission of and was its first director. In 1998, the Government of Pakistan issued a commemorative stamp to honour Salam as part of its "Scientists of Pakistan" series. His alma mater, Government College Lahore, now a university, has the "Abdus Salam Chair in Physics" and Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences named after him. "The Abdus Salam Chair" was also established in his honour at the Syed Babar Ali School of Science and Engineering in the Lahore University of Management Sciences. He made a significant contribution towards the 2012 success in the search for the Higgs boson.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Salam has been commemorated by noted and prominent Pakistani scientists, who were also his students. Many scientists have recalled their college experiences. Ghulam Murtaza, a professor of plasma physics at the Government College University and student of Salam, wrote:


title: Abdus Salam

text: When Dr. Salam was to deliver a lecture, the hall would be packed and although the subject was Particle Physics, his manner and eloquence was such as if he was talking about literature. When he finished his lectures, listeners would often burst into spontaneous applause and give him a standing ovation. People from all parts of the world would come to Imperial College and seek Dr. Salam's help. He would give a patient hearing to everyone including those who were talking nonsense. He treated everyone with respect and compassion and never belittled or offended anyone. Dr. Salam's strength was that he could "sift jewels from the sand".


title: Abdus Salam

text: Dr Salam was responsible for sending about 500 physicists, mathematicians and scientists from Pakistan, for PhD's to the best institutions in UK and USA.


title: Abdus Salam

text: In August 1996 another lifelong friend, Munir Ahmad Khan, met Salam in Oxford. Khan, who headed the nuclear weapons and nuclear energy programmes, said:


title: Abdus Salam

text: My last meeting with Abdus Salam was only three months ago. His disease had taken its toll and he was unable to talk. Yet he understood what was said. I told him about the celebration held in Pakistan on his seventieth birthday. He kept staring at me. He had risen above praise. As I rose to leave he pressed my hand to express his feelings as if he wanted to thank everyone who had said kind words about him. Dr. Abdus Salam had deep love for Pakistan in spite of the fact that he was treated unfairly and indifferently by his own country. It became more and more difficult for him to come to Pakistan and this hurt him deeply. Now he has returned home finally, to rest in peace for ever in the soil that he loved so much. May be in the years to come we will rise above our prejudice and own him and give him, after his death, what we could not when he was alive. We Pakistanis may choose to ignore Dr. Salam, but the world at large will always remember him.


title: Abdus Salam

text: However, Salam's legacy is often ignored in the Pakistani education system despite his achievements. According to the documentary 'Salam: The First ****** Nobel Laureate,' very few young Pakistani's have heard of him, and his name is not mentioned in Pakistani school textbooks. In 2020, a group of students belonging to the State Youth Parliament desecrated an image of Salam that was present at a college in Gujranwala, while chanting slogans against the Ahmadiyya community. This deliberate effort to stifle mention of Salam is attributed to Salam belonging to the Ahmadiyya Muslim community, who have faced state-sponsored discrimination since the 1970s.


title: Abdus Salam

text: LLC started formally researching and developing a film on the science and life of Abdus Salam in 2004, two years after the producers had conceived of the idea. A fundraising teaser was released by Kailoola Productions to coincide with Salam's birth anniversary on 29 January 2017. The post-production phase of this documentary film, pending funding, is estimated at US$150,000. The film "Salam: The First ****** Nobel Laureate", directed by the Indian-American documentary filmmaker Anand Kamalakar, was announced in 2018 and released on Netflix in October 2019.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Pilgrim Films released "The Dream of Symmetry" in September 2011. Their press release describes it as presenting "the extraordinary figure of Abdus Salam, who not only was an outstanding scientist but also a generous humanitarian and a valuable person. His rich and busy life was an endless quest for symmetry, that he pursued in the universe of physical laws and in the world of human beings."


title: Abdus Salam

text: Salam was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1971, the United States National Academy of Sciences in 1979, and the American Philosophical Society in 1992. In 1997, scientists at ICTP renamed the institute as the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics in the honour of Salam. Salam's services have been recognised in Pakistan, as his students have openly spoken and stressed the importance of Science and Technology in Pakistan. In 1999, per the recommendation of Ishfaq Ahmad, the Government of Pakistan led the establishment of the Abdus Salam Chair in Physics at the Government College University. On 22 November 2009, the Director of the Abdus Salam International Centre for Theoretical Physics gifted the original Nobel Prize Certificate to his alma mater. In 2011, GCU's Salam Chair in Physics held a one-day-long conference that was attributed to Abdus Salam. Salam's students Ghulam Murtaza, Pervez Hoodbhoy, Riazuddin and Tariq Zaidi discussed the life and works of Salam, and brought to light his achievements in Pakistan and Physics. While covering the media converge on Salam's tribute, the "News International", referred to Salam as the "great Pakistan scientist".


title: Abdus Salam

text: In 1998, the Edward A. Bouchet-ICTP Institute was renamed as the Edward Bouchet Abdus Salam Institute. In 2003, the Government of Punjab created an institute of excellence for the Mathematical Sciences, the Abdus Salam School of Mathematical Sciences, in Salam's Alma mater – Government College University.


title: Abdus Salam

text: In 2015, the Academy of Young Researchers and Scholars, Lahore, renamed its library as the "Abdus Salam Library". In the town of Vaughan, Ontario, Canada, near the headquarters of the Canadian branch of the Ahmadiyya Community, of which Abdus Salam was a member, the community has named a street after him, 'Abdus Salam Street'. Additionally, there are two annual Abdus Salam science fairs, one held in Canada and the other in the US. Each is organised as a National event for young scientists from the Ahmadiyya Community in an effort to motivate youth toward scientific endeavour.


title: Abdus Salam

text: On 6 December 2016, Pakistan's Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif approved the renaming of Quaid-i-Azam University's (QAU) physics centre to the Professor Abdus Salam Center for Physics. It was also announced that the "Professor Abdus Salam Fellowship" will be established, which will include five annual fully funded Pakistani PhD students in the field of Physics in "leading international universities".


title: Abdus Salam

text: In November 2020 English Heritage erected a blue plaque in Salam's honour in Putney, London, at the house that was his London home for almost 40 years.


title: Abdus Salam

text: In 1979, Salam was awarded the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics, along with Glashow and Weinberg, "For their contributions to the theory of the unified weak and electromagnetic interaction between elementary particles, including, inter alia, the prediction of the weak neutral current". Salam received high civil and science awards from all over the world. Salam is recipient of first high civil awards – Star of Pakistan (1959) and the Nishan-e-Imtiaz (1979) – awarded by the President of Pakistan for Salams' outstanding services to Pakistan. The National Center for Physics (NCP) contains an "Abdus Salam Museum" dedicated to the life of Salam and his work as he discovered and formulated the Electroweak Theory. Below is the list of awards that were conferred to Salam in his lifetime.


title: Abdus Salam

text: The Abdus Salam Award (also called the Salam Prize) is an award established to recognise high achievements and contributions in physical and natural sciences. In 1979, Riazuddin, Fayyazuddin and Asghar Qadir met with Salam, and presented the idea of creating an award to appreciate scientists, resident in Pakistan, in their respective fields. Salam donated the money he had won as he felt that he had no right use for the prize money. It was endowed by Asghar Qadir, Riazuddin and Fayyazuddin in 1980, and it was first awarded in 1981. The winners are selected by a committee (consisted of Aghar Qadir, Fayyazuddin, Riazuddin, and others) of the Center for Advanced Mathematics and Physics (CAMP), which administers the award. The Abdus Salam Medal is presented by the Third World Academy of Sciences in Trieste, Italy. First given in 1995, the award is presented to the people who have served the cause of science in the Developing World. The Abdus Salam Shield of Honor in Mathematics was initiated by the National Mathematical Society of Pakistan to promote and recognize quality research in Mathematics in 2015. It was awarded for the first time in 2016.


title: Abdus Salam

text: Salam's primary focus was research on the physics of elementary particles. His particular numerous groundbreaking contributions included:


title: Kelly Carlin

text: Kelly Marie Carlin (born June 15, 1963) is an American radio host, producer, screenwriter and actress.


title: Kelly Carlin

text: Carlin was born on June 15, 1963 in Dayton, Ohio, the only child of comedian George Carlin and his first wife, Brenda Hosbrook. She began her career in entertainment as a production assistant and photographer for two of her father's early HBO specials: "" and "Carlin on Campus". By 1993, she had left her first husband and graduated from UCLA with a B.A. in Communications Studies. Carlin is a Buddhist.


title: Kelly Carlin

text: In 1994, Carlin co-wrote the episode "George Pulls the Plug" for the second season of "The George Carlin Show" with her second husband, Robert McCall. She also co-wrote the script for the 1998 film "Devil in the Flesh" starring Rose McGowan. In the late 1990s, she began to stray away from mainstream media and began writing, producing and hosting an early Internet series, as well as performing a one-person show entitled "Driven to Distraction" about her childhood, struggles with drugs and alcohol, poor personal relationships, and her mother's untimely death in May 1997. In 2001, she earned a master's degree in Jungian depth psychology and expressed an interest in becoming a therapist, but later returned to stage performing.


title: Kelly Carlin

text: After her father's death in June 2008, Carlin had initially discussed publishing an oral history of her father's life based on stories by friends and family. By December 2009, however, she had shelved that project and began to focus on her own memoirs. She also began interviewing legendary comedians in the "On Comedy" CD series for Marshall Berle's Laugh.com, of which her father was one of the founding partners.


title: Kelly Carlin

text: Carlin has regularly performed her one-person show "A Carlin Home Companion" (a play on "A Prairie Home Companion" by Garrison Keillor), detailing her experiences growing up with her famous father. She was also a producer for the second season of "The Green Room with Paul Provenza" in 2011, and for a time hosted "The Kelly Carlin Show" on Sirius XM Radio's Raw Dog Comedy, and "Waking From The American Dream" on SModcast Internet Radio. Her book, "A Carlin Home Companion: Growing Up With George" was published in 2015. In 2022, a 4 hour documentary she had a part in creating and starring in, George Carlin's American Dream was released on HBO Max. It was directed by Judd Apatow and Michael Bonfiglio. In May of 2022, Kelly Carlin and Judd Apatow were interviewed on MSNBC to discuss the project.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: As of April 2022, 40 novels have been published in the main series, with some novels comprising as many as four volumes. They have sold over 17 million copies worldwide, making "Vampire Hunter D" one of the best-selling book series in history. The series has also spawned anime, audio drama, manga, comic adaptations, a video game, as well as a short story collection, art books, and a supplemental guide book.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Vampire hunter D wanders through a far-future post-nuclear war Earth that combines elements of pulp genres: western, science fiction, horror and Lovecraftian horror, dark fantasy, folklore and occult science. The planet, once terrified by the elegant but cruel vampires known as , ancient demons, mutants and their technological creations, is now slowly returning to a semblance of order and human control—thanks in part to the decadence that brought about the downfall of the vampire race, to the continued stubbornness of frontier dwellers, and to the rise of a caste of independent hunters-for-hire who eliminate supernatural threats.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Some time in 1999, a nuclear war occurred. The Nobility were vampires that planned for a possible nuclear war and sequestered all that was needed to rebuild civilization in their shelters. They use their science combined with magic to restore the world in their image. Nearly all magical creatures on Earth are genetically engineered by the Nobility to possess seemingly supernatural abilities, regeneration, and biological immortality, with a very small number being demons, gods, aliens, and extradimensional beings who survived the holocaust. Despite their technology being advanced enough to create a blood substitute as food, they still prefer to feed on humans. As such, they created a civilization where vampires and humans coexisted, eventually developing the planet into parklands and cities. The society eventually stagnates when vampire technology perfects scientific prophecy, which determines they are at their zenith of existence and thus are doomed to fall, overthrown by humans. The human race was also transformed at this time, with fear for the vampires being woven into their genetics, and the inability to remember vampire weaknesses such as garlic and crucifixes.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Unlike vampires from traditional lore, the Nobility have the ability to reproduce sexually, although their offspring will permanently cease aging after reaching physical maturity, having inherited their vampire parent's immortality.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: D is a "dhampir", the half-breed child of a vampire father and human mother (actually genetically engineered by the ruler and first of vampires called Sacred Ancestor using his own DNA and that of humans in an experiment to create a vampire without vampires' typical weaknesses like the sun and having to drink blood), the ideal vampire hunter. He is renowned for his consummate skill and unearthly grace but feared and despised for his mixed lineage: born of both races but belonging to neither. Often underestimated by his opponents, D possesses surprising power and resourcefulness, having most of the strengths of the Nobility and only mild levels of their common weaknesses. It has been seen in both movies that his power is not only physical, but extends into the magical realm as well. His supernatural powers make him one of the strongest beings in the world, if not the second strongest (second only to his father). However, D prefers his physical abilities, only using his magic in times of great need. Unlike most dhampirs, D is able to live as a "normal" human; however, he is marked by his unearthly beauty and exceptionally potent aura and thus rarely accepted by human settlements. In terms of weaknesses, he is randomly susceptible to sun-sickness, a severe type of sunstroke, about once every five years (far less than most dhampirs). D also recovers from it at a rate far greater than other dhampirs. Usually, it takes several days to recover from sunlight syndrome, longer if the dhampir is exceedingly powerful, but D recovered in a few hours (around 1–6 hours approximately) despite being one of the strongest dhampirs alive. Otherwise, D does not appear to suffer from other vampiric weaknesses usual to dhampirs, being able to physically restrain opponents with his aura and having godlike reflexes surpassing even those of Nobles.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: His symbiotic left hand states, in "Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust": "The List Ahri" The Sword" is D's sword or not is debatable. It is important to note here, however, that the movie differs sharply from the book it takes its story from, "Vampire Hunter D: Demon Deathchase", and future entries in the novel series do not differentiate between Dracula, The Vampire King, The Sacred Ancestor, and D's father, proposing that they are one and the same.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: D rides a cybernetic horse with mechanical legs and other enhancements, wields a crescent longsword which looks similar to Yoshitaka Amano's scimitar sword design found in many of his works of art, but the sword has a hefty length, similar to that of a Japanese nodachi. D always wears a mystical blue pendant; it prevents many of the automatic defenses (such as laser fields and small nuclear blasters) created by the Nobility in past millennia from working properly and allows him to enter their sealed castles. He also uses wooden needles in the novels and game, which he can throw with super speed. He protects his milk-white face from the noonday sun with long black hair, flowing black clothing and cape, and the shadow of a wide-brimmed hat. D is described as appearing as a youth between 17 and 18 years old, though D's age is unknown (although in the novel "Pale Fallen Angel" parts I and II, it is made known that he is at least 5,000 years old, and later it is revealed that he is over 10,000 years old). His beauty is mesmerizing, often unintentionally wooing women and sometimes flustering men.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Very little is known of D's past, and the identity of his parents is ambiguous, but his innate power suggests that his father is an extraordinarily powerful vampire. Regarding D's birth, some Nobles whisper dark rumors about their vampire progenitor, the Sacred Ancestor known as Count Dracula, bedding a human woman called "Mina the Fair" (implied to be Mina Harker). Dracula conducted bizarre crossbreeding experiments involving himself and countless human women or even other vampires. The only successful product of the experiments was D. D, wanting nothing to do with his father save for killing him, refusing to go by his true name. Instead, he shortens it to the first letter. In "Twin Shadowed Knight", D has a twin who goes unnamed. The twin states that he and D were born from the same woman in exactly the same conditions.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: D is the host for a sentient symbiote, Left Hand, a wisecracking homunculus with a human face residing in his left palm, who can suck in massive amounts of matter through a wind void or vacuum tunnel. Left Hand enjoys needling the poker-faced D, but only appears as needed, rarely witnessed or heard by anyone other than D, yet aware of many of D's thoughts and actions. At all other times, D's left hand appears normal. Besides providing a contrast to D's reserved demeanor, Left Hand is incredibly useful, possessing many mysterious powers such as psychometry, inducing sleep, hypnotizing others, determining the medical condition of a victim, absorbing matter, energy, and even souls and magic, healing and reviving D and himself, and the ability to size up the supernatural powers or prowess of an enemy, even beyond D's keen senses. After absorbing four elements, Left Hand can use them to generate powerful attacks, regenerate D and himself, and to transform D into full vampire state rivaling Sacred Ancestor. Left Hand can store absorbed objects in a pocket dimension inside his stomach, and later spit them out.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: In the first and second novels, Left Hand can also revive D when his physical condition is suffering, by consuming the four elements and converting the resulting energy into life force. This ability even saved D from the usually fatal for vampires stake through the heart he received from Rei-Ginsei in the first novel. Left Hand has its own mind and will, and acts as D's guide and sole permanent companion, providing a reservoir of knowledge pertaining to the lost Noble culture. So far, Left Hand's origins are unknown, and it is unclear how they came to be joined. However, some of its nature is revealed in the third book, which features a similar creature; it is implied he was one of the Barbarois (mutant/demon hybrids) who served in the personal retinue of the Sacred Ancestor, and was experimented on by him to increase his powers over other Barbarois.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Sacred Ancestor's role in the novels is very mixed, appearing both as the bane and savior to isolated towns, and deified as a legendary god-king to the vampires, many of whom have never even met him in person. D quotes Sacred Ancestor's precepts ("Transient guests are we"—implied to refer to the Nobility) in the first novel. Sacred Ancestor appears both as a lawgiver honored for his intelligence, who showed some interest in preserving humans, and as a ruthless scientist (in the second novel), conducting hybrid breeding experiments with humans in order to perpetuate his own dwindling species. D appears to have encountered his alleged father on at least one occasion, as when at times D reaches a place where the imprint of Sacred Ancestor's power remains, D remembers Sacred Ancestor telling him that "You are my only success." Like D, Sacred Ancestor is portrayed as a mysterious and handsome young wanderer who deals with both life and death. However, in the English dub of the anime, D states that Sacred Ancestor respected humanity and did not feed on innocent people.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: In the postscript of the first "Vampire Hunter D" novel, Hideyuki Kikuchi cited Hammer Films' "Horror of Dracula" (1958) as his first inspiration in horror. He also praised horror manga artist Osamu Kishimoto for his distinct style, that he described as "a gothic mood in the Western tradition". Kikuchi is famous for writing his manuscripts by hand. Having written the "Vampire Hunter D" series for 40 years, the author has previously admitted that he does not remember all of its mythology, only that of a couple of volumes, and therefore one might find some contradictions in it. Kikuchi explained that the two points he is always careful of are, not to "mix up the characteristics of D", and "not to lose sight of the purpose of the journey". When asked if the Sacred Ancestor will ever be given a larger role, Kikuchi said the character "will come out someday" and "When that happens, please expect that to be your warning that "Vampire Hunter D" is speeding toward an ending". The author has previous said that he has "a final conflict for D" in mind, but that final conflict will not be the entire ending of the series.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Beginning in January 1983, Kikuchi has written 40 Vampire Hunter D novels spanning 52 volumes as of April 2022. All of the publications in the series were published by Asahi Sonorama until the branch went out of business in September 2007. The release of "D – Throng of Heretics" in October 2007 under the Asahi Bunko – Sonorama Selection label marked the transition to the new publisher, Asahi Shimbun Publishing, a division of Asahi Sonorama's parent company. From December 2007 through January 2008, Asahi Shimbun Publishing reprinted the complete "Vampire Hunter" catalogue under the Sonorama Selection label.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: On May 11, 2005, the first official English translation was released under DH Press, translated by Kevin Leahy. As of 2020, 24 novels have been published in English, spanning 29 volumes. In 2021, Dark Horse began releasing the series in an omnibus format. The first volume, featuring the first three novels, was released on October 27, 2021. In December 2021, Dark Horse Comics in partnership with GraphicAudio began publishing dramatized audiobook adaptations of the "Vampire Hunter D" novel series featuring a full English voice cast, soundtrack, and sound effects.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: In January 2011, Hideyuki Kikuchi published the first spinoff set in the "Vampire Hunter" universe, a series of prequels titled , illustrated by Ayami Kojima, artist and character designer for the "Castlevania" series of video games. It takes place over 5,000 years before "Vampire Hunter D" and focuses on expanding the history of the Nobility, following the exploits of the vampire warrior Lord Greylancer. In 2013, Viz Media's Haikasoru imprint released the first official English translation of the prequel series, retitled "Noble V: Greylancer", translated by Takami Nieda with newly commissioned cover artwork by Vincent Chong.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: "Vampire Hunter D" remains a cult classic among English-speaking audiences. Billed by the Japanese producers as a "dark future science-fiction romance" "Vampire Hunter D" is set in the year 12,090 AD, in a post-nuclear holocaust world where vampires, mutants and demons "slither through a world of darkness" (in the words of the film's opening introduction).


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Most of the voice cast for the original OVA reprised their roles. Originally released on cassette tape, in 2005 they were re-released as a special edition, five-disc "Vampire Hunter D Audio Drama Box", including a small supplemental booklet with a new short story by Kikuchi and an "art cloth" with an illustration by Amano.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: A video game based on "Vampire Hunter D Bloodlust" was also made for the PlayStation game console, titled "Vampire Hunter D". It is a survival horror game, but also similar to a standard adventure title. The player can see D from different pre-rendered angles throughout the game, and allow D to attack enemies with his sword. D can also use magic, Left Hand's abilities, and items. The story of the game is similar to that of "Vampire Hunter D Bloodlust", although it takes place entirely within the castle as D fights all the enemies. Only two of the Barbarois mutants appear as enemies. There are three endings, one of which is similar to the end of the anime.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: The second film, "Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust" garnered respect for its advanced animation techniques, detailed art style and character designs, voice acting originally recorded in English (English voice casting/direction by Jack Fletcher), and its sophisticated orchestral composed, arranged and conducted by Marco D'Ambrosio. Its art style closely mirrored that of the illustrator and original character designer of the first movie, Yoshitaka Amano.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: The storyline features a larger cast than the first film. The second Vampire Hunter D movie (known as "Vampire Hunter D: Bloodlust" outside of Japan) is based on the third of Hideyuki Kikuchi's Vampire Hunter D novels ("Demon Deathchase" in English). Unlike the first film, which was released in 1985, this movie is rated NC-16 in Singapore, M in Australia, 15 in the UK, R13 in New Zealand and R for violence/gore in the USA (except for the Blu-ray release, which is unrated).


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: In November 2007, the first volume of Saiko Takaki's manga adaptation of Hideyuki Kikuchi's series was published simultaneously in the U.S., Japan, and Europe. The project, overseen by Digital Manga Publishing and Hideyuki Kikuchi, aimed to adapt the entire catalogue of "Vampire Hunter D" novels into a manga form, however it had concluded after the eighth volume


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: On June 30, 2016, a Kickstarter crowdfunding campaign for a five-issue "Vampire Hunter D" comic book series titled "Vampire Hunter D: Message from Mars" was announced. Published by Stranger Comics with supervision from series creator Hideyuki Kikuchi and support from the creative teams at Unified Pictures and Digital Frontier, "Message from Mars" is an adaptation of the 2005 short story "Message from Cecile" and acts as a prequel to the then-in-development animated series. The series is written by Brandon M. Easton and illustrated by Michael Broussard, with visual development by Christopher Shy. The campaign's stretch goals also include an official "Vampire Hunter D Pathfinder Roleplaying Game" supplement written by F. Wesley Schneider. The campaign reached its $25,000 funding goal on July 1, 2016, and its initial $50,000 stretch goal on July 7, 2016. The campaign concluded on August 9, 2016, with 1,736 backers pledging a total of $107,025, reaching four out of five stretch goals.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: Following the first issue the series was placed on temporary hiatus due to a serious medical emergency in Broussard's family, resuming production in early 2018 with new artists Ryan Benjamin and Richard Friend. As of December 2020 all production work for the five-issue run is complete, but publication plans were placed on an indefinite hiatus due to the ongoing COVID-19 pandemic. In December 2021 the completion of the project was announced via Kickstarter update, with limited publication planned to begin in 2022 following a recovery from pandemic conditions, to be followed by a wide retail and digital release in the future. The graphic novel Kickstarter campaign was launched on January 26, 2022, offering a limited hardcover collector's edition, variant cover single issue editions, and a digital edition. The campaign achieved its initial $30,000 funding goal within 90 minutes, and surpassed $100,000 within the first day, concluding on February 19th, 2020, with 4,095 backers pledging a total of $445,205.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: In June 2015, a new CGI animated series tentatively titled "Vampire Hunter D: Resurrection" was announced, produced by Unified Pictures and Digital Frontier. The series would be produced by Kurt Rauer and Scott McLean, and directed by Yoichi Mori, with "Bloodlust" director Yoshiaki Kawajiri acting as supervising director and series creator Hideyuki Kikuchi providing editorial supervision. The series was currently in pre-production, and is developed as an hour-long serial drama with the intent of being broadcast on a major American cable network or on-demand provider, with Japanese distribution to follow. As of June 2016 the series is still in pre-production, with plans to begin shipping the project to distributors by the end of the year. Given the abundance of source material, the current plan is to produce as many as seven seasons, without revisiting the source material that was adapted into the first two films. In February 2018 it was announced that the pilot episode would be written by Brandon M. Easton, writer for the "Message from Mars" comic book series. The first draft of the pilot was completed in October 2018. Pre-production on the series was put on hold in early 2020 as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: In July 2008, Devils Due Publishing announced that it had acquired the rights to publish an English-language "Vampire Hunter D" comic book mini-series titled "," to be written by Jimmy Palmiotti and pencilled by Tim Seeley, however the project was cancelled in 2009. Intended to infuse the standard "Vampire Hunter D" formula and mythos with more Western sensibilities, it would have told an original story about D departing the Frontier to embark on a journey to a new land still ruled by the vampiric Nobility.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: In 2010, it was reported in Japanese horror magazine "Rue Morgue" that Hideyuki Kikuchi was in talks with one of the producers for Capcom's "Resident Evil" video game series to develop a live-action "Vampire Hunter D" adaptation.


title: Vampire Hunter D

text: By 2008, the "Vampire Hunter D" novels had sold over 17 million copies worldwide, making it one of the best-selling book series in history. Theron Martin of Anime News Network called the first novel "a competent vampire-hunting story with enough strong points to balance out its weaknesses" and gave it a B rating. He praised the setting as a wholly credible world ruled by vampires and grounded in science fiction, rather than fantasy or the supernatural. However, he called the plotting "fairly rudimentary" and a standard tale of a hero and heroine struggling against colorful opposition coming from different directions, where even the few twists are hardly unique. While Martin praised the characters of Doris and Rei-Ginsei, he criticized D and Count Magnus Lee as having weak characterizations. His colleague Rebecca Silverman also strongly praised the world and setting of the first three "Vampire Hunter D" novels, finding it to clearly be a post-apocalyptic "version of our reality" that in many ways is just as much a character as D. She wrote that the books are "practically dripping with atmosphere" as the story's descriptions are florid and detailed. In her four out of five stars review, Silverman did note that the series could sometimes feel melodramatic and criticized most of the heroines as outdated. Reviewing the first three novels for Anime UK News, Ian Wolf gave the series an 8/10 rating and wrote "Vampire Hunter D is an entertaining read, mixing elements of many different genres to create something very different from what is often available." He noted that D's Left Hand adds some comedy to the overall dark tone of the series.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Zakir Husain Khan (8 February 1897 – 3 May 1969) known as Dr. Zakir Husain, was an Indian educationist and politician who served as President of India from 13 May 1967 until his death on 3 May 1969.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Born into an Afridi Pashtun family in Hyderabad, Husain studied in Etawah, the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, Aligarh and the University of Berlin from where he obtained a doctoral degree in economics. He was a founding member of the Jamia Milia Islamia of which he served as Vice-chancellor during 1926 to 1948. He was closely associated with Mahatma Gandhi and was chairman of the Basic National Education Committee which framed a new educational policy known as Nai Talim with its emphasis on free and compulsory education in the first language. Appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University in 1948, he helped retain it as a national institution of higher learning. For his services to education, he was awarded the Padma Vibhushan in 1954 and was a nominated member of the Indian Parliament during 1952 to 1957.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain served as Governor of Bihar from 1957 to 1962 and was elected the Vice President of India in 1962. The following year, he was conferred the Bharat Ratna. He was elected president in 1967, succeeding Dr. S. Radhakrishnan, and became the first Muslim to hold the highest constitutional office in India. He was also the first incumbent to die in office in 1969 and has had the shortest tenure of any President. His mazar lies in the campus of the Jamia Milia Islamia in Delhi.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: An author and translator of several books into Urdu and a prolific writer of children's books, Husain has been commemorated in India through postage stamps and several educational institutions, libraries, roads and Asia's largest rose garden that have been named after him.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain was born in Hyderabad in 1897 and is of Afridi Pashtun descent, his forefathers having settled in the town of Qaimganj in the Farrukhabad district of modern Uttar Pradesh. His father, Fida Husain Khan, moved to the Deccan and established a successful legal career in Hyderabad where he settled in 1892. Husain was the third of seven sons of Fida Khan and Naznin Begum. He was homeschooled in the Quran, Persian and Urdu and is thought that he had his primary school education at the Sultan Bazaar school in Hyderabad. Following his father's death in 1907 Husain's family shifted back to Qaimganj and he was enrolled at the Islamia High School in Etawah. Husain's mother and several members of his extended family died in a plague epidemic in 1911. Having matriculated in 1913, he joined the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College at Aligarh and later, in preparation for a medical degree, at the Lucknow Christian College enrolling for a Bachelor of Science degree. A bout of illness led to him having to discontinue his studies and a year later he rejoined the college at Aligarh. Husain graduated in 1918 with philosophy, English literature and economics. He was elected vice president of the college's students' union and won prizes for his debating skills. Husain pursued the disciplines of law and economics for his post-graduate studies. Having obtained his master's degree in 1920, he was appointed as a lecturer at the college.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Of Husain's six brothers, Yusuf Husain became a historian and a winner of the Sahitya Akademi Award who served as Pro Vice-Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University. Mahmud Husain was closely associated with the Pakistan Movement, becoming Minister of Education in the Government of Pakistan and Vice-Chancellor at Dhaka and Karachi Universities. His son, General Rahimuddin Khan went on to become Pakistan's Chairman Joint Chiefs of Staff Committee and later Governor of Balochistan. Masud Husain, the nephew from his eldest brother, became Professor Emeritus in Social Sciences at the Aligarh Muslim University and later Vice Chancellor of Jamia Millia Islamia. In 1915, while still pursuing his graduation, Husain married Shahjahan Begum with whom he had two daughters, Sayeeda Khan and Safia Rahman.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Safia married Dr. Zil-ur-Rahman, a professor of physics at the Aligarh Muslim University while Sayeeda married Khurshed Alam Khan who served as a Union Minister and Governor. Their son Salman Khurshid became India's External Affairs Minister in 2012.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: In 1920, Mahatma Gandhi visited the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College in Aligarh where he urged non-cooperation with the British Raj. In response to Gandhi's appeal, a group of students and faculty joined the Non-Cooperation Movement. In October 1920 they established the Independent National University aimed at imparting education free from colonial influence. Later renamed the Jamia Millia Islamia, it shifted in 1925 from Aligarh to Delhi. Husain was one of the founders of this private university which had Maulana Muhammad Ali as its first “Sheikh-ul-Jamia” (vice-chancellor) and Hakim Ajmal Khan as the first "Amir-i-Jamia” (chancellor). Jamia, as the Turkish educationist Halide Edib noted, had two purposes: “First, to train the Muslim youth with definite ideas of their rights and duties as Indian citizens. Second, to coordinate Islamic thought and behaviour with Hindu. The general aim is to create a harmonious nationhood without Muslims losing their Islamic identity. In its aim, if not always in its procedure, it is nearer to Gandhian Movement than any other Islamic institution I have come across.” In its early years, Jamia faced shortage of funds and its continued existence was uncertain especially after the Non-Cooperation Movement and the Khilafat Committee closed down.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain left for Germany in 1922 to do a doctorate in economics from the University of Berlin. Supervised by Werner Sombart, his thesis on the agrarian structure in British India was accepted summa cum laude in 1926. During his time in Berlin, Husain collaborated with Alfred Ehrenreich to translate into German thirty-three of Gandhi's speeches which were published in 1924 as "Die Botschaft des Mahatma Gandhi". Husain got published the "Diwan-e-Ghalib" in 1925 and the "Diwan-i-Shaida", a collection of poetry by Hakim Ajmal Khan in 1926. He returned to India in 1926 and succeeded Abdul Majeed Khwaja as “Sheikh-ul-Jamia”. He was joined by Mohammad Mujeeb and Abid Husain – the latter becoming the university registrar. Husain travelled across India soliciting funds for the Jamia and got financial support from Mahatma Gandhi, the Bombay philanthropist Seth Jamal Mohammed, Khwaja Abdul Hamied the founder of the pharmaceutical firm Cipla and the Nizam of Hyderabad among others.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: In 1928, a National Education Society was established to manage the affairs of the Jamia. Zakir Husain became its secretary. To be a life member of the society, members pledged their services to it for 20 years with a salary that could not exceed Rs.150. Husain was one of the 11 initial members who took the pledge. The society adopted a constitution for the university which stipulated that the Jamia would neither seek nor accept any help from the colonial administration, and that it would treat all religions impartially. Husain himself identified the aim of the Jamia as being to “keep alive Islamic culture and education and also help in the realization of the ideal of a common nationhood and the achievement of the freedom of the country […] [and that] the Jamia’s objectives are Islamic education, the love of independence and service to Urdu”.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain remained the Jamia's vice chancellor until 1948. In the 1940s he built his home, the Zakir Manzil, on the Gulmohar Avenue in Jamia Nagar. Husain was opposed to the policy of separate electorates for Muslims and was a political opponent of Muhammad Ali Jinnah, the leader of the Muslim League, who vetoed the Congress proposal to include Husain as a member of the Interim Government in 1946. Husain however convinced Jinnah to attend the Jamia's silver jubilee celebration on 17 November 1946. At a time of rising animosity between the Congress and the Muslim League and worsening inter-communal relations, the celebration was attended by Jinnah, his sister Fatima and Liaquat Ali Khan from the Muslim League and Jawaharlal Nehru, Maulana Azad and C. Rajagopalachari of the Congress. In a plea to the assembled leaders, Husain said


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: “"You, gentlemen, are the stars of the political firmament. You have a secure place in the hearts of millions of people. Taking advantage of your presence here, I wish to submit in great sorrow a few words for your consideration on behalf of the educational workers. The fire of hatred is fast spreading which makes it seem mad to tend to the garden of education. This fire is burning in a noble and humane land. How will the flowers of nobility and sensibility grow in its midst? How will we be able to improve human standards which lie today at a level far lower than that of the beasts? How shall we produce new servants devoted to the cause of education? How can you protect humanity in a world of animals? ... . An Indian poet has remarked that every child who comes to this world brings along the message that God has not yet lost faith in man. But have our countrymen so completely lost faith in themselves that they wish to crush these innocent buds before they blossom?


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: For God's sake sit together and extinguish this fire of hatred. This is not the time to ask who is responsible for it and what is its cause. The fire is raging. Please extinguish it. For God's sake do not allow the very foundations of civilised life in this country to be destroyed."


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: In October 1937, an All-India National Education Conference was held at Wardha under Mahatma Gandhi which sought to establish a policy for basic education in India. The conference appointed a Basic National Education chaired by Husain (also known as the Zakir Husain committee) which was tasked with preparing the detailed scheme and syllabus for this policy. The committee submitted its report in December 1937 and formulated the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education or Nai Talim.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: The policy, inter alia, proposed teaching craft work in schools, instilling ideals of citizenship, and its establishment as a self-supporting scheme. It proposed seven years of free and compulsory basic education in the mother tongue, the teaching of crafts, music and drawing and learning the Hindustani language. It also proposed a comprehensive plan for the training of teachers and framed its curriculum.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: The Congress party in its Haripura session of 1938 accepted the scheme and sought to implement it nationwide. An All-India Education Board (the Hindustani Talimi Sangh) was established to implement the scheme under Husain and E.W. Aryanayakam with Gandhi as its overall supervisor. Husain remained the President of the Hindustani Talimi Sangh from 1938 to 1950 when he was succeeded by Kaka Kalelkar. The scheme was wholly opposed by the Muslim League which saw the scheme as an attempt to gradually destroy Muslim culture in India and the focus on Hindustani language as a ploy to replace Urdu with Sanskritized Hindi. The Congress party's argument that the scheme had been formulated by Husain was rejected by the Muslim League in its Patna session of 1939 where it declared that “the mere fact that the Principal of Jamia Millia at Delhi has taken a prominent part in the preparation of the scheme does not prove that it is not unsuited to the Muslims”.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: India's National Policy on Education of 1968, 1988 and 2020 all draw on the ideas contained in the Wardha Scheme of Basic National Education.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Following the Partition of India, Husain was almost killed in communal violence at the Jalandhar railway station while he was on his way to Kashmir - an experience he described twelve years later to his friend Abdul Majid Daryabadi. On his return to Delhi, Husain worked to help the victims of rioting in Delhi. The Jamia Milia Islamia's buildings at Karol Bagh were looted and destroyed in the violence in Delhi.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain was appointed Vice Chancellor of the Aligarh Muslim University in 1948, succeeding Nawab Ismail Khan. The university had been closely associated with the Pakistan Movement and had been a stronghold of the Muslin League. It was therefore perceived as a center of pro-Pakistan feeling and a threat to secular India. Maulana Azad, the Union Minister of Education, tasked Husain with leading the university so that it could be retained as a national institution of higher education.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain, who had served as a member of the Universities Commission between December 1948 and August 1949 however took regular charge only in early 1950 as he was incapacitated following a heart attack in October 1949. He set to work, attempting to dissociate the university from its past association with the Muslim League and restoring school discipline. Students released from prison for involvement in Communist activism were readmitted and socialists and communists from across North India took up the vacancies created by the departure of Muslim nationalists for Pakistan. Husain also filled up vacant faculty positions with eminent academicians.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: In 1951, Parliament enacted the Aligarh Muslim University (Amendment) Act which converted the university from a private, aided university to an autonomous institution of the Government of India, fully maintained by it. This ensured stability in the university's finances while also allowing it autonomy in governance. By the end of his tenure, Husain had turned around the fortunes of the university, helping it overcome the uncertainty it faced in independent India and become a national institution under the patronage of the Government of India.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain served as a nominated Member of the Rajya Sabha from 3 April 1952 to 2 April 1956 and was renominated in 1956, serving until his resignation on 6 July 1957 following his appointment as the Governor of Bihar. For his services in the areas of culture and education Husain was conferred the Padma Vibhushan in 1954. Throughout the 1950s he was associated with various organizations working in the field of education. He was chairman, India Committee, International Students Service (1955), the World University Service, Geneva during 1955-57 and was a member of the Central Board of Secondary Education (1957). He served on the executive board of the UNESCO during 1957–58.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain was the Governor of Bihar from 6 July 1957 to 11 May 1962. Contrary to the advice of the then Chief Minister of Bihar, Shri Krishna Sinha, Governor Husain, who was also Chancellor of Patna University reappointed for a second term its serving Vice-Chancellor. In response, the state government considered amending the law to require the governor to appoint a vice-chancellor as advised by the chief minister. Husain however threatened to resign rather than assent to such an amendment forcing the government to drop its plans. In later appointments made as Vice-Chancellors of other state universities in Bihar, Husain accepted the advice of the Chief Minister in the exercise of his powers as Chancellor and acted accordingly although he was opposed to the appointment of non-academicians as vice chancellors to universities.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: On 14 April 1962, the Congress party chose Husain to be its candidate for the upcoming election to the office of the Vice President of India. The election was held on 7 May 1962, and votes counted the same day. Husain won 568 of 596 votes cast while his only rival NC Samantsinhar won 14 votes. He was sworn in as vice president on 13 May 1962.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: In 1962, Husain was nominated the Vice President of the Sahitya Akademi – a post held by his predecessor S. Radhakrishnan before his election as President of India. The following year, he was awarded the Bharat Ratna. In 1965 he served briefly as the acting president when President Radhakrishnan left for the United Kingdom to undergo treatment for cataract. It was during his acting presidency that President's rule was reimposed in Kerala after elections held there the previous month failed to give any party a majority and efforts by the Governor to facilitate the formation of a government collapsed.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: In 1966 Husain, as ex-officio Chairman of the Rajya Sabha, gave a ruling that the parliamentary immunity from arrest would be limited to only civil cases and would not apply to criminal proceedings initiated against members.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain was chosen as the Congress party's candidate to succeed Dr. Sarvepalli Radhakrishnan as the President of India in the presidential election of 1967. There was a lack of enthusiasm for the candidature of Husain within the party, but Prime Minister Indira Gandhi chose to nominate him as the party candidate over objections raised by K. Kamaraj, the party president, and other senior members of her cabinet. A coalition of seven opposition parties got the sitting Chief Justice of India, Koka Subbarao to resign his post and contest the election as their joint candidate. Unlike the three previous presidential elections, the election of 1967 proved to be a real contest between the various candidates. The campaign was marred by communal rhetoric and accusations of sectarianism being made against Husain by the Jana Sangh party. There was also speculation that Husain would lose on account of cross voting against him by Congress legislators, an outcome which would have forced the Prime Minister to resign.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: There were 17 candidates in the fray for the election held on 6 May 1967. Of these, nine failed to win any vote. Husain won 4,71,244 votes against the 3,63,971 received by Subbarao. The margin of 1,07,273 votes was much larger than what was expected by the Congress party with Husain winning the most votes in Parliament and in twelve state legislatures including three where the Congress Party sat in the opposition. The results of the presidential election, coming after the general elections of 1967 where the Congress party had suffered severe setbacks, were seen as strengthening Prime Minister Gandhi. Husain was declared elected on 9 May 1967. His election as president was seen domestically as the Congress Party's attempt to reach out to the Muslims of India who had voted against it in the general elections and globally as burnishing India's claim of being a secular nation.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain was sworn in on 13 May 1967. In a memorable inaugural address, while dedicating himself to the service of the Indian nation and its civilization, Husain said The whole of Bharat is my home and its people are my family. The people have chosen to make me the head of this family for a certain time. It shall be my earnest endeavour to seek to make this home strong and beautiful, a worthy home for a great people engaged in the fascinating task of building up a just and prosperous and graceful life.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain was the first Muslim and the first governor of a state to be elected President of India. Husain's election was challenged before the Supreme Court of India on the grounds that the result of the election had been affected by undue influence exerted by the Prime Minister. The election petition filed by Baburao Patel was however dismissed by the court.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: During his presidential tenure, Husain led state visits to Canada, Hungary, Yugoslavia, USSR and Nepal. Husain, who had an interest in roses,is credited with having introduced several new varieties in the Mughal Gardens of the Rashtrapati Bhavan and building a glass conservatory for its collection of succulents.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain, who had suffered a mild heart attack earlier in the year, was unwell after returning to Delhi from a tour of Assam on 26 April 1969. He died in the Rashtrapati Bhavan on 3 May 1969 of a heart attack. Vice President V. V. Giri was sworn in as acting president the same day. The Government of India declared thirteen days of national mourning. His body lay in state in the Durbar Hall of the Rashtrapati Bhavan where an estimated 200,000 people paid their tributes. The funeral was held on 5 May 1969. He is buried in the university campus of the Jamia Milia Islamia where his body was taken in a gun carriage in a ceremonial funeral procession after the janaza prayers and the national salute being offered in the Rashtrapati Bhavan. Husain's death was mourned in Pakistan as well where flags flew at half mast on the day of his funeral. Pakistan's President Yahya Khan sent the Chief of Air Staff of Pakistan Air Force and Deputy Chief Martial Law Administrator Air Marshal Malik Nur Khan as his personal representative to the funeral. George Romney, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development, represented President Nixon and the United States whereas the Soviet Union was represented by its Prime Minister Alexei Kosygin. The Prime Ministers of Yugoslavia, Afghanistan and Nepal too attended the funeral. Up to a million people are thought to have lined the streets as the funeral cortege made its way to the burial ground. Husain was the first President to die in office and has served the shortest tenure in office.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain's tomb was built in 1971 and was designed by Habib Rahman. Its architecture reflects the influence of Bauhaus aesthetics on traditional Indian styles as seen in its eight curved, reinforced concrete walls topped by rough cut marble which have been inspired by Tughluq tombs. These tapering walls stand along a square plan to form an open structure topped by a shallow dome. The tomb has no ornamentation but features jalis and arches. The graves of Husain and his wife lie under the dome of the tomb.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: Husain wrote extensively in Urdu and also translated several books into that language. His translations include Friedrich List’s "National System of Economics", Edwin Cannan’s "Elements of Economics" and Plato’s "Republic". He also wrote extensively on education in books such as "Aala Taleem", "Hindustan me Taleem ki az Sar-E-Nau Tanzeem", "Qaumi Taleem" and "Taleemi Khutbat" and on Urdu poets Altaf Hussain Hali in "Hali: Muhibb-e-Wata"n and Mirza Ghalib in "Intikhab-e-Ghalib". Husain wrote several stories for children which he published under a nom de plume. These include "Uqab aur Doosri Kahaniyan" and stories translated into English and published under The Magic Key series by Zubaan Books. "Capitalism: An Essay in Understanding" is a series of lectures he delivered at the Delhi University in 1946. His convocation addresses were published in 1965 as "The Dynamic University". As President of India, Husain headed a committee to celebrate the Ghalib Centenary in 1969 which recommended the establishment of the Ghalib Institute as a memorial to Ghalib whereas the Ghalib Academy in Delhi was inaugurated by Husain in 1969.


title: Zakir Husain (politician)

text: "A Rose Called Zakir Hussain – A Life of Dedication" is a 1969 documentary film on the life of Husain produced by the Films Division of India. In 1975 the Delhi College, a constituent college of the Delhi University, was renamed the Zakir Hussain College. The Zakir Husain Centre for Educational Studies at the Jawaharlal Nehru University and the Dr. Zakir Husain Central Library of the Jamia Milia Islamia are also named after him. Delhi's Wellesley Road was renamed the Dr. Zakir Hussain Marg. The Zakir Hussain Rose Garden in Chandigarh, which is Asia's largest rose garden, is also named after Hussain. "Dr. Zakir Hussain - Teacher who became President", a book on Husain by the Indian Council for Cultural Relations, was released in 2000.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Katsuhiro Otomo was born in Tome, Miyagi Prefecture and grew up in Tome District. He said that living in the very rural Tōhoku region left him with nothing to do as a child, so he read a lot of manga. As the only boy in a family with older and younger sisters, he enjoyed reading and drawing manga on his own and thought about becoming a manga artist. Limited by his parents to buying one manga book a month, Otomo typically chose Kobunsha's "Shōnen" magazine, which included "Astro Boy" by Osamu Tezuka and "Tetsujin 28-go" by Mitsuteru Yokoyama, series which he would copy drawing in elementary school. However, he said it was after reading Shotaro Ishinomori's "How to Draw Manga" that he understood how to draw manga properly and started doing so more seriously.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In high school, Otomo developed an interest in movies, that led to his ambition to become an illustrator or film director. At this time, one of his friends introduced him to an editor at Futabasha, who, after seeing Otomo's manga, told the high school student to contact him if he moved to Tokyo after graduating. Otomo did exactly that, and began his career as a professional manga artist.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: On October 4, 1973, Otomo published his first work, a manga adaptation of Prosper Mérimée's short story "Mateo Falcone", titled "A Gun Report".


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In 1979, after writing multiple short-stories for the magazine "Weekly Manga Action", Otomo created his first science-fiction work, titled "Fireball". Although the manga was never completed, it is regarded as a milestone in Otomo's career as it contained many of the same themes he would explore in his later, more successful manga such as "". "Dōmu" began serialization in January 1980 and ran until July 1981. It was not published in book form until 1983, when it won the Nihon SF Taisho Award. It also won the 1984 Seiun Award for Best Comic.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In a collaboration with writer Toshihiko Yahagi, Otomo illustrated "Kibun wa mō Sensō" about a fictional war that erupts in the border between China and the Soviet Union. It was published in "Weekly Manga Action" from 1980 to 1981 and collected into one volume in 1982. It won the 1982 Seiun Award for Best Comic. 38 years later, the two created the one-shot sequel "Kibun wa mō Sensō 3 (Datta Kamo Shirenai)" for the April 16, 2019 issue of the magazine.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Also in 1981, Otomo drew "A Farewell to Weapons" for the November 16 issue of Kodansha's "Young Magazine". It was later included in the 1990 short story collection "Kanojo no Omoide...".


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In 1982, Otomo began what would become his most acclaimed and famous work: "Akira". Kodansha had been asking him to write a series for their new "Young Magazine" for some time, but he had been busy with other work. From the first meeting with the publisher, "Akira" was to be only about ten chapters "or something like that," so Otomo said he was really not expecting it to be a success. It was serialized for eight years and 2000 pages of artwork.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In 1990, Otomo did a brief interview with MTV for a general segment on the Japanese manga scene at the time. Otomo created the one-shot "Hi no Yōjin" about people who put out fires in Japan's Edo period for the debut issue of "Comic Cue" in January 1995.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo created the full-color work "DJ Teck no Morning Attack" for the April 2012 issue of "Geijutsu Shincho".


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Following the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami, Otomo, a native of the Tōhoku region, designed a relief that features a boy riding a robot goldfish in rough seas, while flanked by Fūjin and Raijin. Intended to capture the region's will to overcome the natural disaster, it has been located on the first floor of the terminal building at Sendai Airport since March 2015.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In 2019, Kodansha announced that they will be re-releasing Otomo's entire body of manga since 1971 as part of "The Complete Works Project". It was noted that some of his manga were edited when initially compiled into book format, and this new project, personally overseen by Otomo, plans to restore them to how they appeared in their original serialization.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo was initially reported in 2012 to be working on his first long-form manga since "Akira". Planning to draw the work that is set during Japan's Meiji period without assistants, he was initially targeting a younger audience, but said the story had developed more towards an older one. Although planned to begin in fall 2012, Otomo revealed in November of that year that the series had been delayed. In 2018, Otomo said he is working on a full-length work, but the contents are secret.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: At the age of 25, Otomo spent about 5 million yen to make a 16 mm live-action film about an hour long. He said that making this private film showed him roughly how to make and direct movies. In 1982, Otomo made his anime debut, working as character designer for the animated film "Harmagedon: Genma Wars". It was while working on this film that Otomo began to think he could do it by himself.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In 1987, Otomo directed an animated work for the first time: a segment, which he also wrote the screenplay and drew animation for, in the anthology feature "Neo Tokyo". He followed this up with two segments in another anthology released that year, "Robot Carnival". In 1988, he directed the animated film adaptation of his manga "Akira".


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo was executive producer of 1995's "Memories", an anthology film based on three of his stories. Additionally, he wrote the script for "Stink Bomb" and "Cannon Fodder", the latter of which he also directed.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo has worked extensively with the studio Sunrise. In 1998, he directed the CG short "Gundam: Mission to the Rise" to celebrate the 20th anniversary of their "Gundam" franchise. The studio has animated and produced his 2004 feature film "Steamboy", 2006's "Freedom Project", and 2007's "SOS! Tokyo Metro Explorers: The Next". The last, is based on Otomo's 1980 manga "SOS! Tokyo Metro Explorer" and follows the son of its main characters.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: The 2001 animated film "Metropolis" features a script written by Otomo that adapts Tezuka's manga of the same name.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo directed the 2006 live-action film "Mushishi", based on Yuki Urushibara's manga of the same name.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In 2013, Otomo took part in "Short Peace", an anthology consisting on 4 short films; he directed "Combustible", a tragic love story set in the Edo period based on his 1995 manga "Hi no Yōjin", while Hajime Katoki directed "A Farewell to Weapons", depicting a battle in a ruined Tokyo based on Otomo's 1981 manga of the same name. "Combustible" won the Grand Prize in the Animation category of the Japan Media Arts Festival in 2012, and was shortlisted for the 2013 Best Animated Short at the 85th Academy Awards, but failed to get nominated.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo directed the music video for Aya Nakano's 2016 song "Juku-Hatachi". He is a fan of the singer and previously drew the cover to her 2014 album "Warui Kuse".


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Reports have suggested that Otomo will be the executive producer of the live-action film adaptation of "Akira". In 2019, he announced that he is writing and directing an animated film adaptation of his 2001 manga "Orbital Era" with Sunrise.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo said that when he started his professional career in the late 1970s, "almost all manga was gekiga like "Golgo 13". So it was all gekiga or sports manga, nothing to do with science fiction." Remembering how much he loved science fiction as a child, Otomo wanted to recreate that kind of excitement; "That was in part how something like "Domu" came about. [...] There was no hard science fiction manga [...] so I wanted to change that and do something more realistic and believable."


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Describing his characterization style, Otomo said he first tried to draw and imitate "very traditional manga-like art," such as "Astro Boy". But by the time he was in high school, illustration work by people like Tadanori Yokoo and Yoshitaro Isaka was popular, so he wanted to create manga characters with this illustrative art style. When asked about how Japanese critics praise him as the first manga artist to draw realistic Japanese faces, Otomo said he always tries to balance fantasy and realism; "Depicting things too realistically actually damages the social realism of the piece, and if you go too far into the realm of fantasy, that hurts its imaginative ability." However, he said the realism of his early works probably came from having used friends as character models. French "bande dessinée" artist Moebius, who is known for realistic character designs, is often cited as one of Otomo's biggest influences.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo includes homages to his favorite childhood manga in his work, and there were three manga authors that he really respected; Osamu Tezuka, Shotaro Ishinomori and Mitsuteru Yokoyama. He named the main computer in "Fireball" ATOM after Tezuka's character of the same name, the character nicknamed Ecchan in "Domu" is a reference to Ishinomori's "Sarutobi Ecchan", and the title character of "Akira" is also known as No. 28 in homage to Yokoyama's "Tetsujin 28-go" in addition to the two series having the "same overall plot." Ever since depicting the apartment complex in "Domu", Otomo has had a large interest in architecture, proclaiming, "I don't think there was anyone before me who put this much effort into their depictions of buildings." He believes this habit of drawing detailed backgrounds was influenced by Shigeru Mizuki's manga, which showed him how important backdrops are to a story. Otomo strongly praised the framing done by Tetsuya Chiba, whose work he studied a lot out of admiration, for making it easy to grasp how tangible the backgrounds and characters are.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: When asked about his influences in designing the mecha in "Farewell to Weapons", Otomo pointed out that Studio Nue's work was popular at the time, specifically mentioning the powered suit designs by Kazutaka Miyatake and Naoyuki Kato. He also stated that he is a fan of mecha by Takashi Watabe and Makoto Kobayashi and is fond of those seen in "Neon Genesis Evangelion", but explained that all his influences are jumbled and mixed together; "In short, I digest many different things and ideas tend to pop out from that."


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: It was around the 1979 publication of his "Short Peace" short story collection that Otomo's work became influential in Japan. Artists influenced by him and his work include Hisashi Eguchi, Naoki Urasawa, Naoki Yamamoto, Makoto Aida and Hiroya Oku. When talking in 1997 about the future of manga, Urasawa opined that "[Osamu] Tezuka created the form that exists today, then caricatures appeared next, and comics changed again when Katsuhiro Otomo came on the scene. I don't think there's any room left for further changes." Masashi Kishimoto cited Otomo as one of his two biggest influences, but liked Otomo's art style the best and imitated it while trying to develop his own.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Otomo's manga work also notably influenced a number of Japanese video game designers by the mid-1980s, including Enix's Yuji Horii ("The Portopia Serial Murder Case" and "Dragon Quest"), Capcom's Noritaka Funamizu ("Gun.Smoke" and "Hyper Dyne Side Arms"), UPL's Tsutomu Fujisawa ("Ninja-Kid"), Thinking Rabbit's Hiroyuki Imabayashi ("Sokoban"), dB-SOFT's Naoto Shinada ("Volguard"), Hot-B's Jun Kuriyama ("Psychic City"), and Microcabin's Masashi Katou ("Eiyuu Densetsu Saga").


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Director Satoshi Kon, who worked as an assistant to Otomo in both manga and film, cited "Akira" and especially "Domu" as influences. American film director Rian Johnson is a big fan of Otomo and pointed out similarities between how telekinesis is depicted in "Domu" and its depiction in his film "Looper".


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: In 2017, the book "Otomo: A Global Tribute to the Mind Behind Akira" was published in Japan, France and the United States, featuring writing and artwork from 80 artists such as Masakazu Katsura, Taiyo Matsumoto, Masamune Shirow, Asaf and Tomer Hanuka, and Stan Sakai. From April 8 to May 8, 2021, comic art collector Phillipe Labaune's self-titled art gallery in New York City held "Good For Health, Bad For Education: A Tribute to Otomo" as its first exhibition. Including pieces originally curated by Julien Brugeas for the 2016 Angoulême International Comics Festival, it featured a total of 29 Otomo-inspired works by international artists such as Sara Pichelli, Paul Pope, Boulet, François Boucq, Giannis Milonogiannis and Ian Bertram.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: Besides his own animation, Otomo has contributed art designs to "Harmagedon: Genma Wars", the "Crusher Joe" film, the seven-part OVA series "Freedom Project", and "Space Dandy" episode 22.


title: Katsuhiro Otomo

text: He also oversaw the composition of the "Spriggan" animated film and directed the music video for Aya Nakano.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Colin Edward Quinn (born June 6, 1959) is an American stand-up comedian, actor, and writer. On television, he is best known for his work as a cast member on "Saturday Night Live", where he anchored Weekend Update; on MTV's 1980s game show "Remote Control", where he served as the announcer/sidekick; and as host of Comedy Central's late-night panel show "Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn". Notable film work includes his role as Dooey in "A Night at the Roxbury", Dickey Bailey in the "Grown Ups" films, and playing Amy Schumer's father in the film "Trainwreck". Comedians such as Jerry Seinfeld, Tina Fey, Chris Rock, and Dave Attell have cited Quinn as the quintessential "comic's comic" and New York comedian.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn has also become known for his comedic one-man shows that offer his unique takes on history and growing up in New York City. As of 2020, he has written and starred in seven stage shows: "Irish Wake", "My Two Cents", "Long Story Short", "Unconstitutional", "The New York Story", "Red State Blue State", and "The Wrong Side of History", two of which he collaborated on with Seinfeld as director. "Long Story Short" was filmed as an HBO special that aired on April 9, 2011, and "Unconstitutional", "The New York Story", and "Red State Blue State" were released as Netflix specials.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn was born on June 6, 1959, in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn, New York City, where he was raised, the son of teachers. He is of Irish descent. Quinn's paternal grandparents arrived from Belfast around 1920. He attended Stony Brook University, in Stony Brook, Long Island, but did not graduate. He stopped drinking in the early 1980s after several bad experiences with alcohol, including blackouts and arrests.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn began performing stand-up comedy in 1984. He first achieved fame in 1987 as the sidekick announcer of the MTV game show "Remote Control", which lasted five seasons. In 1989, he hosted the A&E stand-up showcase "Caroline's Comedy Hour", and wrote and acted in the comedic short/music video "Going Back to Brooklyn" (a parody of LL Cool J's "Going Back to Cali") with Ben Stiller. He wrote for "In Living Color", and co-wrote and produced the movie "Celtic Pride", which starred Damon Wayans and Dan Aykroyd.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn was hired as a writer and featured player on "Saturday Night Live" ("SNL") in 1995 and became a full cast member during the 1997–1998 season. He established himself on the show with recurring characters and segments such as "Lenny the Lion", "Joe Blow", "Colin Quinn Explains "The New York Times"", and "Weekend Update".


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn began hosting "Weekend Update" in January 1998 after Norm Macdonald was fired, and anchored the segment until his departure from "SNL" in 2000. He commented on a number of highly publicized media circuses, including the Clinton–Lewinsky scandal and the Microsoft anti-trust trial.


title: Colin Quinn

text: During his tenure on "SNL", Quinn turned down an offer for the role of Scott Evil in fellow cast member Mike Myers's film "". Quinn has called the role, which was ultimately played by Seth Green, the only project he has regretted turning down.


title: Colin Quinn

text: After leaving "SNL", Quinn hosted the short-lived "The Colin Quinn Show" on NBC in the spring of 2002. The show combined sketch comedy and stand-up in a live-to-tape format. Despite mostly positive reviews from critics, it was cancelled after three episodes.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn had greater success with his subsequent show, "Tough Crowd with Colin Quinn", which ran on weekdays on Comedy Central from 2002 to 2004. The show featured a panel of four comedians, with Quinn as host, discussing the social and political issues of the day. The show ran for over 200 episodes.


title: Colin Quinn

text: In 2005, Quinn participated in a USO tour of American military bases around the world, performing stand-up to entertain the troops.


title: Colin Quinn

text: He was the "unofficial co-host" on the Nick DiPaolo show on the now-defunct 92.3 Free FM in New York City, airing Monday–Friday from noon to three. Quinn and DiPaolo were originally slated to host the show together on WJFK-FM, but the station decided not to pick up the show. Quinn was also a regular guest on "The Opie & Anthony Show" until its run ended in 2014.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn played Dickie Bailey, the childhood rival to Lenny Feder (Adam Sandler's character) in "Grown Ups" and "Grown Ups 2". He also had a recurring role as Hermie on the HBO series "Girls".


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn wrote and starred in the L/Studio web series "Cop Show", which premiered in February 2015. The series stars Quinn as a satirical, pompous version of himself, starring in a New York City-based crime drama. The show's guest stars have included Jerry Seinfeld, Dave Attell, Chris Rock, Steve Buscemi, Jim Gaffigan, Michael Che, Tom Papa, Jim Norton, Pat Cooper, Irina Shayk and Amy Schumer.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn had a supporting role in Amy Schumer's film debut, "Trainwreck", as her character's father. He was critically praised for his performance.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn made his Broadway debut in 1998 in a one-man show, "Colin Quinn: An Irish Wake", co-written with Lou DiMaggio. The show reflected Quinn's upbringing within the Irish-American community of Brooklyn; it was set at a wake in 1976, with Quinn portraying family members and acquaintances who show up for the event.


title: Colin Quinn

text: In 2009, Quinn premiered his second one-man show, "My Two Cents", which covers the economic crumbling of the American empire.


title: Colin Quinn

text: In 2010, Quinn premiered his third one-man show "Colin Quinn Long Story Short" on Broadway, directed by Jerry Seinfeld. The show covered world history from prehistoric times to the present, offering satirical takes on the rise and fall of various world empires. Quinn recorded a special performance of the show that aired on HBO on April 9, 2011. A Brazilian version of the show featuring comedian Bruno Motta has the title "1 Milhao de Anos em 1 Hora" ("1 Million Years in 1 Hour").


title: Colin Quinn

text: In 2013, Quinn premiered another one-man show on historical themes, "Unconstitutional", which covers the United States Constitution, its creation, and its impact on the American psyche.


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn starred in his fifth one-man show, "The New York Story", in July and August 2015 at the Cherry Lane Theatre. The show was based upon the experiences chronicled in his book, "The Coloring Book: A Comedian Solves Race Relations in America". It delves into his growing up in the ethnically diverse Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn and how it has changed over the years into its current state. Seinfeld, who directed "Long Story Short", returned as director.


title: Colin Quinn

text: In early 2019, Quinn premiered his sixth one-man show, "Red State Blue State", at the Minetta Lane Theatre. The show explored contemporary politics in the United States on both sides of the primary political spectrum.


title: Colin Quinn

text: In 2020, Quinn released his second book, "Overstated: A Coast-to-Coast Roast of the 50 States", and directed the HBO Max comedy special "".


title: Colin Quinn

text: Quinn has gained attention for his account on the social network Twitter, where he usually posts deliberately vacuous statements, often in the form of either inspirational statements or boasts about his celebrity status, that are intended to provoke his readers.


title: Colin Quinn

text: In conversation with Judd Apatow in 2015 for the David Lynch Foundation Trainwreck tour, Quinn said he had been practicing Transcendental Meditation for five years.


title: Colin Quinn

text: On February 14, 2018, Quinn suffered a heart attack in New York. On Twitter several days later, he said he was doing well but if he dropped dead "you would see a funeral like Al Capone!"


title: Colin Quinn

text: In 2004, Quinn was named No. 56 on Comedy Central's list of the 100 greatest stand-up comedians of all time.


title: Colin Quinn

text: He was named one of the Top 100 Irish Americans of the year in 2004 and 2011 by the magazine "Irish America".


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Nikol Vovayi Pashinyan (, ; born 1 June 1975) is an Armenian politician serving as the prime minister of Armenia since 8 May 2018.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: A journalist by profession, Pashinyan founded his own newspaper in 1998, which was shut down a year later for libel. He was sentenced for one year for defamation against then Minister of National Security Serzh Sargsyan. He edited the newspaper "Haykakan Zhamanak" ("Armenian Times") from 1999 to 2012. A supporter of Armenia's first president Levon Ter-Petrosyan, he was highly critical of second president Robert Kocharyan, Defense Minister Serzh Sargsyan, and their allies, frequently referring to them as the "Karabakh Clan". Pashinyan was also critical of Armenia's close relations with Russia, and promoted establishing closer relations with Turkey instead. He led a minor opposition party in the 2007 parliamentary election, garnering 1.3% of the vote.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Pashinyan was a dedicated supporter of Ter-Petrosyan, who made a political comeback prior to the 2008 presidential election, before losing to Serzh Sargsyan. Despite Ter-Petrosyan being a very unpopular figure and several international observers deeming the election to be fair, Pashinyan claimed voter fraud and incited protestors to attack police in the post-election protests on 1 March 2008, resulting in the deaths of ten people. Convicted of organizing mass disorders, he went into hiding until mid-2009. He was sentenced to seven years in prison for his role in the protests. He was released in May 2011 as part of a general amnesty. He was elected to parliament from Ter-Petrosyan's broad opposition coalition, the Armenian National Congress, in 2012.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Pashinyan later distanced himself from Ter-Petrosyan on political grounds, establishing the party Civil Contract. Along with two other opposition parties, Pashinyan formed the Way Out Alliance which garnered almost 8% of the vote in the 2017 parliamentary election. He was the leader of the 2018 Armenian revolution which forced Prime Minister Serzh Sargsyan and his government to resign. He was elected acting prime minister by parliament on 8 May 2018 and won snap parliamentary elections in December 2018. Pashinyan's victory had originally been heralded by some observers an improvement in democracy, while others have criticized Pashinyan for just being a populist. Pashinyan's new government included multiple liberal western NGO activists being appointed to senior positions, as well as supporters from the Velvet Revolution who had no previous political experience.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Pashinyan led Armenia through the 2020 Nagorno-Karabakh War, the most recent and significant outbreak of violence due to the Nagorno-Karabakh conflict between Armenia with the self-proclaimed Republic of Artsakh and its neighbor Azerbaijan. The war, which was ended after 44 days of fighting by a trilateral ceasefire agreement signed by Pashinyan on 9 November 2020, resulted in significant human, material and territorial losses for the Armenian side. Pashinyan's government was criticized for making minimal contributions to the war effort and for incompetent leadership. Following the war, Pashinyan was accused of being a traitor and faced protests and calls for his resignation for signing the Russian-brokered truce with Azerbaijan. Despite the protests and a declaration by 40 high-ranking military officers calling for his resignation (which Pashinyan described as a coup attempt), Pashinyan resisted calls to hand over political power. On 25 April 2021, Pashinyan announced his formal resignation to allow snap elections to be held in June, although he remained as acting prime minister in the leadup to the elections. His party won the 2021 election, receiving more than half of all votes.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Pashinyan took the leadership of the Collective Security Treaty Organization on rotational basis for 16 September 2022.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Nikol Pashinyan was born on 1 June 1975 in Ijevan, in the northeastern province of Tavush. At least one of his grandparents was from the village of Yenokavan, around from Ijevan. He was named after his paternal grandfather who died in World War II. He served in the 554th Rifle Regiment of the 138th Rifle Division and died in 1943. His father, Vova Pashinyan (1940-2020), worked as a football and volleyball coach and as a physical education teacher. His mother Svetlana died when he was 12 and he was mostly raised by his stepmother, Yerjanik, who was Vova's second wife. He graduated from the Ijevan Secondary School N1 in 1991. In 2018, Pashinyan claimed to have organized students strikes, marches and demonstrations during the Karabakh movement of 1988. He did not serve in the Armenian Army because his two elder brothers served before him and he was not obliged to serve by law. Pashinyan studied journalism at Yerevan State University (YSU) from 1991 to 1995. He was expelled from the university before graduating. Pashinyan claimed to have been expelled for his political activities, although Yerevan State University released a statement that Pashinyan had been expelled due to absences. In a 2015 interview Pashinyan stated that he considers himself more of a journalist because journalism brought him into politics.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Pashinyan became engaged in journalism in 1992 as a journalism student at YSU. He worked at the newspapers "Dprutyun", "Hayastan", "Lragir", and "Molorak". In 1998 he founded the daily "Oragir" ("Diary"). It was affiliated with the "Nor Ughi" ("New Path") opposition party led by former Minister of Education Ashot Bleyan. During the 1999 parliamentary election "Oragir" was highly critical of Country of Legality, the party of Serzh Sargsyan, then Minister of the Interior and National Security, and the Right and Accord Bloc led by Artashes Geghamyan and supported by Samvel Babayan, the powerful defense minister of Nagorno-Karabakh. During the election "Oragir" published 281 articles on political parties participating in the election, of which 11 were positive. All positive coverage was given to ex-president Levon Ter-Petrosyan's Pan-Armenian National Movement (HHSh), which the newspaper sympathized with.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: In August 1999 Pashinyan was sentenced to one year in prison after refusing to pay a libel fine of around $25,000. He was also ordered to retract his accusations against Serzh Sargsyan and Mika-Armenia, a large trading company which the court had ruled constituted defamation. The properties of "Oragir" were confiscated and its bank accounts frozen. According to Simon Payaslian, the case made Pashinyan the "first journalist prosecuted for libel in post-Soviet Armenia." His conviction was criticized by Armenian and foreign human rights activists. Human rights defender Avetik Ishkhanian noted that "In 1999 almost as many cases were brought against "Oragir" as against all newspapers of Armenia from 1994 till 1998. This is evidence of political persecution." Under apparent local and international pressure, the Court of Appeals reduced his punishment to a one-year suspended sentence because the original sentence was too harsh.


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: Following the demise of "Oragir", Pashinyan became the editor of "Haykakan Zhamanak" ("Armenian Times"), affiliated with the minor opposition Democratic Homeland Party, led by former MP Petros Makeyan which had split off from the Ter-Petrosyan led HHSh. Pashinyan remained editor of the newspaper until 2012, when he was elected to parliament. The US State Department characterized both "Oragir" and "Haykakan Zhamanak" as "sensationalist political tabloids." The U.S. government-funded Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty described the newspaper as "sympathetic to Armenia's former leadership [Ter-Petrosyan's government], is known for its hard-hitting coverage of President Robert Kocharian and his government."


title: Nikol Pashinyan

text: On 23 December 1999, Pashinyan was beaten by a "gang" of dozen men who were reportedly led by a local businessman who was angered by an article in "Haykakan Zhamanak" that accused him of corruption.