title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: "Avane Srimannarayana" was touted to be the longest Kannada film, where the film was shot for 200 days. According to producer Pushkara Mallikarjuna, he stated "The makers had completed 160 days of shooting, with 40 days pending for its completion. Usually, the movie songs will be given more importance for shooting. But we decided to shoot the whole picture as exclusive. Each shot is unique, which contains more details. The movie will be released in different languages, so we shot in a way it should reach all kind of audience." He further added "Eight film sets had been developed for the movie, and 90% of the movie will be shot in the film set itself."


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: Pushkara Mallikarjuna, also stated that 14 large sets were erected for the film, which included an old-time retro pub, a forest on the set, a village colony, the outer and inner sets of the castle. On 5 February 2019, the makers recreated a huge forest at the Kanteerava Studio for a major portion of the film. One schedule required the team to shoot in the wild, but they didn't want to disturb wildlife and nature, they created a set resembling a huge forest. The film's shooting was wrapped up on 4 June 2019.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: Originally, Charan Raj was announced in the film's team, composing music for the film, with his name being credited in the first poster. Later B. Ajaneesh Loknath, was also hired to provide the score and songs. Ajaneesh, who produced the background music for the film, worked with an orchestra from Macedonia, Greece. This marked the first time that background music for a Kannada film was recorded in Europe. The film has four songs in the Kannada version, two songs in both Telugu and Tamil version and one song in Malayalam and Hindi version.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: The film's lead single "Hands Up" was released in all five versions on 13 December 2019, the same day as the rest of the soundtrack. The soundtrack featured lyrics written by Nagarjuna Sharma for the original version, Vivek for the Tamil version, Ramajogayya Sastry for the Telugu version, Sudamsu for the Malayalam version and Raqueeb Alam for the Hindi version. The same day, the makers unveiled the soundtrack album in all five languages.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: "Avane Srimannarayana" was initially planned to have a release on 28 December 2018, to follow the success of the actor's earlier flick "Kirik Party", initially had a release on the last week of December. However, the delay in the shoot prompted the makers to postpone its release. Followed by the success of "KGF" franchise, the makers prompoted "Avane Srimannarayana", to release as a pan-Indian film in Kannada, Tamil, Telugu, Malayalam and Hindi languages. In April 2019, the makers announced that the film will be released in August 2019. However, the delays in post-production prompted the team to postpone the release to November. Later, Rakshit Shetty announced that the film will be scheduled to release on 27 December 2019.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: "Avane Srimannarayana" was cleared by the Censor Board on 14 December 2019. While the Kannada and Tamil dubbed version were titled under the same name, the Malayalam version was titled "Avan Srimannarayana", Telugu version was titled "Athade Srimannarayana" and Hindi version was titiled as "Adventures of Srimannarayana". Initially, the makers wanted to release the film simultaneously in all languages on 27 December 2019. But the makers prompoted to release the Kannada version released on the said date, and then release the other dubbed versions after the word-of-mouth received for the film.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: The Telugu dubbed version was distributed by film producer Dil Raju and released on 1 January 2020, coinciding with the New Year's Day. The Tamil and Malayalam versions were released on 3 January 2020. The former was distributed by Screen Scene Media Entertainment, while Tomichan Mulakuppadam of Mulakuppadam Films acquired the rights for the latter. The Hindi version was scheduled for a release on 17 January 2020, although it was not released due to less availability of screens. The Hindi version which was directly premiered through Amazon Prime Video on 7 February 2020.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: The makers planned a huge promotional campaign, at the biannual flower show in Lalbagh, where the team came up with a special installation structure put together is of a hand holding out a gun, with the poster of the film, featuring Rakshit Shetty, hanging out from the gun. Rakshit stated that "The installation is made with waste material that was collected from in and around Lalbagh itself. It was one of our team members who suggested this, and we came up with the idea spearheaded by our art director Ullas Hydoor. We have associated with an NGO for this initiative. The installation features a hand holding a pistol with 'Hand's up' written on it and an image of my look as Narayana along with it." The filmmakers kickstarted its promotions on 8 October 2019, at the Dusshera festival in Mysore.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: The film's official trailer was launched at an event held at Swagath Shankarnag Chitramandira, MG Road on 28 November 2019. Dhanush, Nani and Nivin Pauly presented the trailers of the film in Tamil, Telugu and Malayalam versions. Ahead of the film's release, the makers came up with a quirky promotional activity, asking fans to decode the numbers featured in the trailer, to form a code to crack it; the team also announced to provide for the lucky winner in the contest.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: The makers advertised the film in buses and autorickshaws, as of 130 cut outs, 500 hoardings have been put across Bangalore, including posters on 500 buses and 3000 autos. Apart from this, the promotional crew, also branded the film's posters on suburb trains, thus becoming the first ever Kannada film to be promoted in a train. The makers also set photo booths in various malls across the city. Rakshit Shetty and team, kickstarted the promotional tour of the film in major metro cities, Chennai, Hyderabad and Kochi.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: The digital rights of the film were sold to Amazon Prime Video, and was made available to stream on 7 February 2020 with runtime of 186 minutes. The satellite rights of the film were sold to Star Suvarna and was premiered on 15 March 2020.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: Writing for the "News18", Sharth Sharma Kalagaru gave 4 out of 5 stars, stating "Srimannarayana (Rakshit Shetty) is witty and charming. Keeping the local milieu authentic with his dialogue delivery and mannerism, Shetty shoulders the film in the best way possible. The background score and visual effects are a big plus for "Avane Srimannarayana"." Sunayana Suresh of "The Times of India" gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating ""Avane Srimannarayana" scores with its performances, the cinematography, sets and background score elevate the tale. Srimannarayana is a treat for fans of not just Rakshit Shetty, but those who like cinema to be a wholesome, intelligent exercise." Aravind Shwetha of "The News Minute" gave 4 out of 5 stars stating ""Avane Srimannarayana" fantasy thriller is a visual treat and scores high on performances. "Rakshit Shetty" as the smart, witty, bad cop is good to watch, and we get to a see a different version of the actor in Shanvi Srivastava. Debut director Sachin Ravi has fulfilled the promise of delivering a sure-fire hit, and Ajneesh Loknath’s background music is the film’s biggest plus." "The Indian Express" editor-in-chief Manoj Kumar R, gave 3.5 out of 5 stars stating "In spite of its flaws, "Avane Srimannarayana" is an important Kannada film. To put it like Narayana, the history of Kannada cinema could be divided into before and after "Avane Srimannarayana"."


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: "Behindwoods" gave the film 3 out of 5 and stated, "Rakshit Shetty's stellar performance and good writing make Avane Srimannarayana a quality film!" Karthik Kumar of "Hindustan Times" stated, "The Rakshit Shetty-starring Kannada film is easily one of the quirkiest mainstream films to have come out in recent times." A. Sharadhaa assigned a score of 3.5 out of 5, in her review for "Cinema Express" and stated: "The universal theme of the movie is sure to make it appeal to audiences across the country." Umesh Parwani gave 4 out of 5, in his review for Koimoi and stated, "Avane Srimannarayana is a welcome change for those who think what we can with all this 'masala'." Janani K. of "India Today" gave a mixed review stating "Avane Srimannarayana has a brilliant interval block and the story picks up momentum only after that. If only the makers had concentrated a little more on the initial portion of the film" and assigned a score of 2.5 out of 5. Baradwaj Rangan of "Film Companion South" wrote: "The film is a joyful pastiche — although one that makes you think the people making it had a lot more fun than those watching it."


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: The film opened in more than 1000 multiplex shows per day all over the state, including Tumakuru, Mysuru, Davangere, Belagavi, Mangaluru, and Shivamogga, with 32 premiere screenings, and received good response in single screen theatres, over Mandya and Chitradurga.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: "Avane Srimannarayana" earned ₹5.50 crore on the first day of its release. The film earned ₹6.20 crore from the second day of its release and ₹7.30 crore from the third day. As of three days, the film earned ₹24 crore, as its weekend collections, thus becoming the second highest-grossing film in opening weekend after Yash-starrer "". After the first week, the film earned ₹40.30 crore on the domestic box office, with ₹42.30 at the worldwide box office. On 4 January 2020, the makers had announced that the film had earned more than ₹50 crore at the box office.


title: Avane Srimannarayana

text: Rishab Shetty, who makes a cameo appearance in the film as "Cowboy Krishna", registered the title of his character upon witnessing the audience's reaction to the character. "The New Indian Express" reported that a "high-budget" spin-off film for the character will be produced by H. K. Prakash and written by Shetty and the writers of "Avane Srimannarayana".


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The Dixie Mafia or Dixie Mob is an American criminal organization composed mainly of white Southerners and based in Biloxi, Mississippi, operating primarily throughout the Southern United States since at least the late 1960s. The group's activities include movement of stolen merchandise, illegal alcohol, and illegal drugs.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: Beginning in the late 1960s, the Dixie Mafia began working as a loosely knit group of traveling criminals performing residential burglary, robbery, and theft. The gang did not function with a set chain of command, but was led by whoever had the most money. Despite the informal structure, the Dixie Mafia had one rule that members were expected to obey: "Thou shall not snitch to the cops".


title: Dixie Mafia

text: Unlike members of the American Mafia, the members of the Dixie Mafia were not connected by family or country of origin. They were loosely connected individuals of many nationalities with a common goal—to make money and wield control over illegal moneymaking operations by any means, including influence peddling, bribery of public officials, and murder.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The gang became known for carrying out contract killings, particularly against former members. During its peak, from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, dozens of people were murdered (usually shot) by its members. Victims were most often murdered because they testified, or threatened to testify, against fellow members.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: "The Strip" in Biloxi, Mississippi, was home base for the Dixie Mafia, and Mike Gillich, Jr., was the group's unofficial but "de facto" kingpin. Of Croatian descent and from a large, poor family, he had raised himself in the city's Point Cadet section to become a wealthy entrepreneur along "The Strip". He owned a string of motels and nightclubs that doubled as strip joints and gambling dens, as well as a bingo parlor. He was known and trusted by almost every member of the Dixie Mafia, especially those who trusted no one else. In the words of one investigator of the Sherry murders, "Mr. Mike runs the criminals' post office. He's their banker."


title: Dixie Mafia

text: Gillich was also patron and protector of Kirksey McCord Nix, Jr., one of the gang's most notable members. In December 1965, at the age of 22, Nix was caught carrying illegal automatic weapons in Fort Smith, Arkansas. An old friend of his, Juanda Jones, ran a bordello there, and Nix became involved with Jones' adolescent daughter, Sheri LaRa. In later years, she played a key role in his operations, including direct ties to the murders of Vince and Margaret Sherry. Edward Humes, in his 1994 book, "Mississippi Mud", chronicled their murders and the subsequent investigation of Gillich, Nix, Bobby Fabian, and others who were involved either loosely or actively in the murders. With the aid of his father's connections in neighboring Oklahoma, Nix beat the weapons charges in Fort Smith and moved on to other crimes. He was suspected in the gangland-style murder of a gambler named Harry Bennett, who was about to turn state's evidence against several Dixie Mafia members. Although Nix's involvement in Bennett's murder was never proven, this incident precipitated a string of killings that left 25 people dead in six states over the next four years.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: Nix was a suspect in the attempted assassination of McNairy County, Tennessee Sheriff Buford Pusser, and in the murder of Pusser's wife. Nix was also convicted of murdering wealthy New Orleans grocery owner Frank Corso. At the time of the murder, Nix was believed to be employed by Darrel Ward in Clarksville, Texas. Ward was a noted associate of Chicago Mob boss Sam Giancana, and is thought to have controlled organized crime and bootlegging throughout Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, and Mississippi. The Dixie Mafia was strongly connected to the State Line Mob and its leader, Carl Douglas White.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The Dixie Mafia's origins were in the Appalachian states, which had a regionalism dating back to the Whiskey Rebellion and the secessionist movement resulting, briefly, in the state of Franklin (Eastern Tennessee). This view that the federal government is oppressive and that criminal enterprise against it is justified spread from its place of origin to wealthier regions where the Dixie Mafia operated; primarily in Texas, Louisiana, Arkansas, Georgia, Mississippi, and Alabama, particularly around the cities of Birmingham, Baton Rouge, Hattiesburg, Corinth, Dallas, and Atlanta. Some of the group's criminal activities were in more obscure parts of their major areas of operation, making the group and their activities harder to pinpoint.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The Dixie Mafia committed most of their crimes in areas that lacked strong, coordinated law enforcement, particularly in small communities throughout the South (such as Amity, Arkansas). In doing so, murders, intimidation, or other criminal activities could take place with less risk of local law enforcement being able to directly link the crimes to the organization. Small-town and county law enforcement agencies, especially in poorer sections of the South up to the 1990s, were usually inadequately equipped, and rarely had officers with extensive experience in the investigation of homicide or organized crime.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The members of the Dixie Mafia usually created small, seemingly legitimate businesses such as buying and selling junk or antiques. These businesses provided fronts for the operators to buy and sell stolen items provided by others within the network. The businesses usually operated until they aroused suspicion, then moved to another location.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: Many members of the Dixie Mafia were former state or federal prisoners. Members were usually recruited while in prison; a history of violent behavior was generally a prerequisite to becoming a member. According to an article in the "Las Vegas Review-Journal", the gang was well known for its violence in collecting debts owed to gambling houses and strip clubs.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The terms "Dixie Mafia" and "Southern Mafia" have been used interchangeably. Documented use of the two terms existed as early as 1993, when Scarfone wrote about the "Dixie Mafia" or the "Southern Mafia" working together with the "Italian Mafia" in the South. His accounts of the "Good Ol' Boy's Southern-Mafia" in parts 3 and 4 of the article describe the group's indigenous nature. Whether or not all journalistic and literary references to the "Dixie Mafia" and the "Southern Mafia" refer to the same group of individuals is unclear. Therefore, these terms have become a general reference to any illegal enterprise in the Southern states that, for cultural reasons, can expect a certain amount of support, both intended and unintended, from the local population.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The Dixie Mafia developed a huge presence within the local law enforcement system. The Federal Bureau of Investigation reported on this infiltration: “It was out of control,” said retired Special Agent Keith Bell, referring to the level of corruption in Biloxi and Harrison County—so much so that in 1983 federal authorities would designate the entire Harrison County Sheriff’s Office as a criminal enterprise.” The Dixie Mafia sheriffs and officers loyal to them “were doing anything and everything illegal down [there]... For money, [they] would release prisoners from the county jail, safeguard drug shipments, and hide fugitives. Anything you can think of, they were involved in.” In some locations the infiltration was so bad that “corrupt local sheriffs and deputies regularly extorted local businesses, aided prostitution, and in some cases murdered their political opponents in cold blood.” The Dixie Mafia did an exceptional job of infiltrating law enforcement, taking over positions that would have naturally opposed their operations, making an exorbitant amount of money.


title: Dixie Mafia

text: The Dixie Mafia is featured in the American TV comedy shows "Claws" and "The Righteous Gemstones". It is an antagonist gang in the video game "Mafia III".


title: University of Tokyo

text: , abbreviated as or UTokyo, is a public research university located in Bunkyō, Tokyo, Japan. Established in 1877, the university was the first Imperial University and is currently a Top Type university of the Top Global University Project by the Japanese government.


title: University of Tokyo

text: UTokyo has 10 faculties, 15 graduate schools and enrolls about 30,000 students, about 4,200 of whom are international students. In particular, the number of privately funded international students, who account for more than 80%, has increased 1.75 times in the 10 years since 2010, and the university is focusing on supporting international students. Its five campuses are in Hongō, Komaba, Kashiwa, Shirokane and Nakano.


title: University of Tokyo

text: It is considered to be the most selective and prestigious university in Japan. As of 2021, University of Tokyo's alumni, faculty members and researchers include seventeen prime ministers, 18 Nobel Prize laureates, four Pritzker Prize laureates, five astronauts, and a Fields Medalist.


title: University of Tokyo

text: The university was chartered by the Meiji government in 1877 under its current name by amalgamating older government schools for medicine, various traditional scholars and modern learning. It was renamed in 1886, and then in 1897 when the Imperial University system was created. In September 1923, an earthquake and the following fires destroyed about 750,000 volumes of the Imperial University Library. The books lost included the , a collection of about 10,000 books. The books were the former possessions of Hoshino Hisashi before becoming part of the library of the university and were mainly about Chinese philosophy and history.


title: University of Tokyo

text: After Japan's defeat in World War II in 1947, it re-assumed its original name. With the start of the new university system in 1949, Todai swallowed up the former First Higher School (today's Komaba campus) and the former Tokyo Higher School, which thenceforth assumed the duty of teaching first- and second-year undergraduates, while the faculties on Hongo main campus took care of third- and fourth-year students.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Although the university was founded during the Meiji period, it has earlier roots in the Astronomy Agency (天文方; 1684), Shoheizaka Study Office (昌平坂学問所; 1797), and the Western Books Translation Agency (蕃書和解御用; 1811). These institutions were government offices established by the 徳川幕府 Tokugawa shogunate (1603–1867), and played an important role in the importation and translation of books from Europe.


title: University of Tokyo

text: According to "The Japan Times", the university had 1,282 professors in February 2012. Of those, 58 were women. Comparing the number of professors in May 2022, there are 124 women among the 1,355 professors, which more than doubling. The university is steadily closing the gender gap, and by April 2021, half of its directors were women.


title: University of Tokyo

text: In the fall of 2012 and for the first time, the University of Tokyo started two undergraduate programs entirely taught in English and geared toward international students—Programs in English at Komaba (PEAK)—the International Program on Japan in East Asia and the International Program on Environmental Sciences. In 2014, the School of Science at the University of Tokyo introduced an all-English undergraduate transfer program called Global Science Course (GSC).


title: University of Tokyo

text: On May 28, 2021, the university's Institute for Cosmic Ray Research started construction of the "Hyper-Kamiokande" device, for a new world-leading international scientific research project which is set to start experiments in 2027.


title: University of Tokyo

text: On 15 January 2022, a stabbing incident resulted in 3 people being wounded. The attacker was arrested outside the campus gate. The incident took place before the national examination.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Todai Law School is considered one of the top law schools in Japan, ranking first in the number of successful candidates of Japanese Bar Examination in 2020. Eduniversal ranked Japanese business schools, and the Faculty of Economics in Todai is placed 4th in Japan (111th in the world).


title: University of Tokyo

text: The University of Tokyo is considered a top research institution of Japan. It receives the largest amount of national grants for research institutions, , receiving 40% more than the university with 2nd largest grants and 90% more than the university with 3rd largest grants. This massive financial investment from the Japanese government directly affects Todai's research outcomes. According to Thomson Reuters, Todai is the best research university in Japan. Its research excellence is especially distinctive in Physics (1st in Japan, 2nd in the world), Biology & Biochemistry (1st in Japan, 3rd in the world), Pharmacology & Toxicology (1st in Japan, 5th in the world), Materials Science (3rd in Japan, 19th in the world), Chemistry (2nd in Japan, 5th in the world), and Immunology (2nd in Japan, 20th in the world).


title: University of Tokyo

text: In another ranking, Nikkei Shimbun on 16 February 2004 surveyed about the research standards in Engineering studies based on Thomson Reuters, Grants in Aid for Scientific Research and questionnaires to heads of 93 leading Japanese Research Centers, and Todai was placed 4th (research planning ability 3rd/informative ability of research outcome 10th/ability of business-academia collaboration 3rd) in this ranking. also reported that Todai has the 3rd highest research standard in Japan in terms of research fundings per researchers in . In the same article, it is also ranked 21st in terms of the quality of education by funds per student.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Todai also has been recognized for its research in the social sciences and humanities. In January 2011, Repec ranked Todai's Economics department as Japan's best economics research university. And it is the only Japanese university within world top 100. Todai has produced 9 presidents of the Japanese Economic Association, the largest number in the association. Asahi Shimbun summarized the number of academic papers in Japanese major legal journals by university, and Todai was ranked top during 2005–2009.


title: University of Tokyo

text: The university's School of Science and the Earthquake Research Institute are both represented on the national Coordinating Committee for Earthquake Prediction.


title: University of Tokyo

text: University of Tokyo ("Todai") is considered to be the most selective and prestigious university in Japan and is counted as one of the best universities in the world.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Nikkei BP has been publishing a ranking system "Brand rankings of Japanese universities" every year, composed by the various indications related to the power of brand, and Todai has been 2nd in 2009–2010 in Greater Tokyo Area. The university has been ranked 1st during 2006–2010 in the ranking "Truly Strong Universities" by Toyo Keizai. In another ranking, Japanese prep school ranked Todai as the best university in Japan. The University of Tokyo is the most difficult university in Japan, boasting the highest deviation value.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Todai was ranked second in the world, behind Harvard University, in (2011), which measured universities' numbers of alumni holding CEO positions in Fortune Global 500 companies.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Todai alumni are distinctively successful in Japanese industries. According to the 's 2010 rankings, graduates from Todai have the 12th best employment rate in 400 major companies in Japan. However, this lower ranking position is because of the large number of alumni who become government bureaucrats, which is more than double of alumni from any other universities. In fact, alumni of Todai have the highest average salary in Japan, according to .


title: University of Tokyo

text: School of Law was 3rd out of all the 74 law schools in Japan according to the ratio, 78.91%, of the successful graduates who passed the bar examinations from 2007 to 2017 on average.


title: University of Tokyo

text: In 2019, School of Law became 3rd out of all the 72 law schools in Japan according to the ratio, 56.30%, of the successful graduates who passed the bar examination.


title: University of Tokyo

text: In 2019, enrollment figures from the University of Tokyo reveal that 5,267 of 24,674 (21.3%) domestic students are female. The ratio is more equal among international students, where 1,465 of 3,735 (39.2%) students are female. The gender imbalance is more stark among the faculty, where 7.8 percent of professors are female.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Within student life, some clubs excluded female students even though the university discourages such a practice. Of more than 30 tennis clubs at the University of Tokyo, even though no clubs announced that they reject female students, only two actively recruited women, allowing them to join without passing the exam required for male applicants. In 2020, the Orientation Committee announced that clubs that did not admit female students' membership could not join circle recruitment events.


title: University of Tokyo

text: Since 2017, the University of Tokyo has paid thirty thousand yen in housing allowances for female students exclusively in order to gain more female applicants from distant regions.


title: University of Tokyo

text: The main Hongo campus occupies the former estate of the Maeda family, Edo period feudal lords of Kaga Province. One of the university's best known landmarks, Akamon (the Red Gate), is a relic of this era. The symbol of the university is the ginkgo leaf, from the trees found throughout the area. The Hongo campus also hosts the University of Tokyo's annual May Festival.


title: University of Tokyo

text: , university's Hongo campus, dates to 1615. After the fall of the Osaka Castle, the shōgun gave this pond and its surrounding garden to Maeda Toshitsune. With further development of the garden by Maeda Tsunanori, it became known as one of the most beautiful gardens in Edo (Now Tokyo), with the traditional eight landscapes and eight borders, and known for originality in artificial pond, hills, and pavilions. It was at that time known as "Ikutoku-en" (Garden of Teaching Virtue). The pond's contours are in the shape of the character "kokoro" or "shin" (heart), and thus its official name is "Ikutoku-en Shinjiike". It has been commonly called Sanshiro Pond after the title of Natsume Sōseki's novel "Sanshiro".


title: University of Tokyo

text: One of the five campuses of the University of Tokyo, the Komaba Campus is home to the College of Arts and Sciences, the Graduate School of Arts and Sciences, the Graduate School of Mathematical Sciences, and a number of advanced research facilities and campus services. This is the campus where all the freshmen and sophomores of the University of Tokyo spend their college life. The University of Tokyo is the only university in Japan which has a system of two years of general education before students can choose and move on to special fields of study. The Komaba Campus is the cornerstone of general education, and was designated as the "center of excellence" for three new areas of research by the Ministry of Education and Science. There are currently over 7,000 students (freshmen and sophomores) enrolled in the general education courses, about 450 students (juniors and seniors) pursuing their specialties in the College of Arts and Sciences, and 1,400 graduate students in the advanced study.


title: University of Tokyo

text: One of the five campuses of the University of Tokyo, the Kashiwa Campus is home to the Graduate School of Frontier Sciences and a number of advanced research facilities and campus services. The Kashiwa Campus also hosts the Institute for Cosmic Ray Research (ICRR), Institute for Solid State Physics, and Atmosphere and Ocean Research Institute, which is entirely dedicated to postgraduate studies.


title: University of Tokyo

text: The relatively small Shirokanedai Campus hosts the Institute of Medical Science of the University of Tokyo (IMSUT), which is entirely dedicated to postgraduate studies. The campus is focused on genome research, including among its facilities the Human Genome Center (HGC), which have at its disposal the largest supercomputer in the field.


title: University of Tokyo

text: The university has produced many notable people. 15 prime ministers of Japan have studied at the University of Tokyo. Former prime minister Kiichi Miyazawa ordered Japanese government agencies to reduce the rate of employees who had attended the university's law faculty to below 50 percent due to concerns about diversity in the bureaucracy.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Speed limits in the United States are set by each state or territory. States have also allowed counties and municipalities to enact typically lower limits. Highway speed limits can range from an urban low of to a rural high of . Speed limits are typically posted in increments of . Some states have lower limits for trucks, some also have night and/or minimum speed limits.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: The highest speed limits are generally on the West Coast and the inland eastern states, in inland western states, along with Arkansas, Louisiana, Maine, and Michigan; and on the Eastern Seaboard. Alaska, Connecticut, Delaware, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, Puerto Rico, Rhode Island, and Vermont have a maximum limit of , and Hawaii has a maximum limit of . The District of Columbia and the U.S. Virgin Islands have a maximum speed limit of . Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands have speed limits of . American Samoa has a maximum speed limit of . Two territories in the U.S. Minor Outlying Islands have their own speed limits: in Wake Island, and in Midway Atoll. Unusual for any state east of the Mississippi River, much of Interstate 95 (I-95) in Maine north of Bangor allows up to , and the same is true for up to of freeways in Michigan. Portions of the Idaho, Montana, Nevada, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Utah, and Wyoming road networks have posted limits. The highest posted speed limit in the country is and can be found only on Texas State Highway 130, a toll road that bypasses the Austin metropolitan area for long-distance traffic.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: During World War II, the U.S. Office of Defense Transportation established a national 35 mph "Victory Speed Limit" (also known as "War Speed") to conserve gasoline and rubber for the American war effort, from May 1942 to August 1945, when the war ended. For 13 years (January 1974–April 1987), federal law withheld Federal highway trust funds to states that had speed limits above . From April 1987 to December 8, 1995, an amended federal law allowed speed limits up to on rural Interstate and rural roads built to Interstate highway standards.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: This table contains the most usual posted daytime speed limits, in miles per hour, on typical roads in each category. The values shown are not necessarily the fastest or slowest. They usually indicate, but not always, statutory speed limits. Some states and territories have lower truck speed limits applicable to heavy trucks. If present, they are usually only on freeways or other high-speed roadways. Washington allows for speeds up to , but the highest posted signs are . Mississippi allows speeds up to on toll roads, but no such roads exist.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: One of the first speed limits in what would become the United States (at the time, still a British colony) was set in Boston in 1701 by the board of selectmen (similar to a city council):"Ordered, That no person whatsoever Shall at any time hereafter ride or drive a gallop or other extream pace within any of the Streets, lanes, or alleys in this Town on penalty of forfeiting three Shillings for every such offence, and it may be lawfull for any of the Inhabitants of this Town to make Stop of such horse or Rider the name of the offender be known in order to prosecution"


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: In response to the 1973 oil crisis, Congress enacted the National Maximum Speed Law that created the universal speed limit. States had to agree to the limit if they desired to receive federal funding for highway repair. The federal government enforced the national maximum speed limit by withholding federal funding for projects whose speed limits exceeded . Federal highway funding is normally allocated according to 23 U.S. Code § 106, the National Maximum Speed Law (also known as H.R.11372 - An Act to conserve energy on the Nation's highways) modified the allocation process. As stated, in part:


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: In 1984, a comprehensive study by the National Research Council found that the lower speed limits contributed to saving 3,000 to 5,000 lives in 1974 and from 2,000 to 4,000 lives each year thereafter, due to slower and more uniform speeds on American highways.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: The law was widely disregarded by motorists, even after the national maximum was increased to on certain roads in 1987 and 1988. In 1995, the law was repealed by the National Highway System Designation Act of 1995, returning the choice of speed limit to each state.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Upon that repeal, there was effectively no speed limit on Montana's highways for daytime driving (the nighttime limit was set at ) from 1995 until 1999, when the state Supreme Court threw out the law requiring a "reasonable and prudent" speed as "unconstitutionally vague." The state legislature enacted a daytime limit in May 1999. Overall, the new speed limit law in Montana was found to be satisfactory to residents of the state.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: As of May 15, 2017, 41 states have maximum speed limits of or higher. 18 of those states have speed limits or higher, while 7 states of that same portion have speed limits, with Texas even having an speed limit on one of its toll roads. There are 8 states that have speed limits. Hawaii has the lowest maximum speed limit, with its freeways being signed at .


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: There is mixed evidence of the 1995 repeal's effect on fatalities. On one hand, statistical records of motor vehicle fatalities indicate that total traffic deaths in the United States have declined from 41,817 that year to 32,479 in 2011, the lowest level in 60 years, before increasing to 37,133 in 2017.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: On the other hand, the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS) published a study in April 2019 that controlled for general time trends, the unemployment rate, percentage of young drivers, and safety belt use rate. The study concluded the increase of speed limits not only increases the speed of vehicles but can also generate additional deaths: "A 5 mph increase in the maximum state speed limit was associated with an 8.5% increase in fatality rates on interstates/freeways and a 2.8% increase on other roads."


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Some jurisdictions set lower speed limits that are applicable only to large commercial vehicles like heavy trucks and buses. While they are called "truck speed limits", they generally do not apply to light trucks.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: A 1987 study said that crash involvement significantly increases when trucks drive much slower than passenger vehicles, suggesting that the difference in speed between passenger vehicles and slower trucks could cause crashes that otherwise may not happen. In a review of available research, the Transportation Research Board said "[no] conclusive evidence could be found to support or reject the use of differential speed limits for passenger cars and heavy trucks" and "a strong case cannot be made on empirical grounds in support of or in opposition to differential speed limits". Another study said that two thirds (67%) of truck/passenger car crashes are the fault of the passenger vehicle.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: In addition to the legally defined maximum speed, minimum speed limits may be applicable. Occasionally there are default minimum speed limits for certain types of roads, generally freeways. Numeric night speed limits are occasionally used.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Traffic violations can be a lucrative income source for jurisdictions and insurance companies. For example:


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Thus, an authority that sets and enforces speed limits, such as a state government, regulates and taxes insurance companies, who also gain revenue from speeding enforcement. Furthermore, such an authority often requires "all" drivers to have policies with those same companies, solidifying the association between the state and auto insurers. If a driver cannot be covered under an insurance policy because of high risk, the state will assume that high risk for a greater monetary amount; thus resulting in even more revenue generation for the state.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: When a speed limit is used to generate revenue but has no safety justification, it is called a speed trap. The town of New Rome, Ohio was such a speed trap, where speeding tickets raised up to $400,000 per year to fund the police department of a 12-acre village with 60 residents.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Reduced speed limits are sometimes enacted for air quality reasons. The most prominent example includes Texas' environmental speed limits.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Speeds in excess of speed limits account for most speed-related traffic citations; generally, "driving too fast for conditions" tickets are issued only after an incident where the ticket issuer found tangible evidence of unreasonable speed, such as a crash. Driving too fast for conditions is sometimes cited when a motorist is caught exceeding the posted speed limit, but the speed falls below a state's "default" speed limit codified in law. This makes it difficult for the motorist to get out of a ticket by claiming the speed at which he or she was travelling was within the state's legal speed limit, despite the lower posted speed limit for which the motorist may or may not have been aware of.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Variable speed limits offer some potential to reduce speed-related crashes. However, due to the high cost of implementation, they exist primarily on freeways. Furthermore, most speed-related crashes occur on local and collector roads, which generally have far lower speed limits and prevailing speeds than freeways.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Most states have absolute speed limits, meaning that a speed in excess of the limit is illegal per se. However, some states have prima facie speed limits. This allows motorists to defend against a speeding charge if it can be proven that the speed was in fact reasonable and prudent.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Speed limits in various states, including Texas, Utah, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Connecticut, Ohio, Oregon, and Rhode Island are prima facie. Some other states have a hybrid system: speed limits may be prima facie up to a certain speed or only on certain roads. For example, speed limits in California up to 55 mph, or 65 mph on highways, are prima facie, and those at or above those speeds are absolute.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: A successful prima facie defense is rare. Not only does the burden of proof rest upon the accused, a successful defense may involve expenses well in excess of the cost of a ticket, such as an expert witness. Furthermore, because prima facie defenses must be presented in a court, such a defense is difficult for out-of-town motorists.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: Metric speed limits are no longer included in the Federal Highway Administration's Manual on Uniform Traffic Control Devices (MUTCD), which provides guidelines for speed limit signage, and therefore, new installations are not legal in the United States. Prior to 2009, a speed limit could be defined in kilometers per hour (km/h) as well as miles per hour (mph). The 2003 version of the MUTCD stated that "speed limits shown shall be in multiples of 10 km/h or 5 mph." If a speed limit sign indicated km/h, the number was circumscribed and "km/h" was written below. Prior to 2003, metric speed limits were designated using the standard speed limit sign, usually with yellow supplemental "METRIC" and "km/h" plaques above it and below it, respectively.


title: Speed limits in the United States

text: In 1995, the National Highway System Designation Act prohibited use of federal funds to finance new metric signage.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Since the beginning of his career, American singer Elvis Presley has had an extensive cultural impact. According to "Rolling Stone", "It was Elvis who made rock 'n' roll the international language of pop." "The Rolling Stone Encyclopedia of Rock & Roll" describes Presley as "an American music giant of the 20th century who single-handedly changed the course of music and culture in the mid-1950s". His recordings, dance moves, attitude and clothing came to be seen as embodiments of rock and roll. His music was heavily influenced by African-American blues, Christian gospel, and Southern country. In a list of the greatest English language singers, as compiled by "Q" magazine, Presley was ranked first, and second in the list of greatest singers of the 20th century by BBC Radio. Some people claim that Presley created a whole new style of music: "It wasn't black, wasn't white, wasn't pop or wasn't country—it was different." He gave teens music to grow up with and listen to, as most singers in his time created music geared for adults.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley sang hard-driving rock and roll, rockabilly dance songs, and ballads, laying a commercial foundation upon which other rock musicians would build their careers. African-American performers such as Big Joe Turner, Wynonie Harris and Fats Domino came to national prominence after Presley's acceptance among mass audiences of white American adults. Singers like Jerry Lee Lewis, the Everly Brothers, Chuck Berry, Bo Diddley, Little Richard, Buddy Holly, Johnny Cash, Roy Orbison and others immediately followed in his wake. John Lennon later commented: "Before Elvis, there was nothing."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: During the post-WWII economic boom of the 1950s, many parents were able to give their teenage children much higher weekly allowances, signaling a shift in the buying power and purchasing habits of American teens. During the 1940s bobby soxers had idolized Frank Sinatra, but the buyers of his records were mostly between the ages of eighteen and twenty-two. Presley triggered a lot of demand for his records by near-teens and early teens aged ten and up. Along with Presley's "ducktail" haircut, the demand for black slacks and loose, open-necked shirts resulted in new lines of clothing for teenage boys whereas a girl might get a pink portable 45 rpm record player for her bedroom. Meanwhile, American teenagers began buying newly available portable transistor radios and listened to rock and roll on these, helping to propel that fledgling industry from an estimated 100,000 units sold in 1955 to 5,000,000 units by the end of 1958. Teens were asserting more independence and Presley became a national symbol of their parents' consternation.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley's impact on the American youth consumer market was noted on the front page of "The Wall Street Journal" on the December 31, 1956, when business journalist Louis M. Kohlmeier wrote, "Elvis Presley today is a business", and reported on the singer's record and merchandise sales. Half a century later, historian Ian Brailsford (University of Auckland, New Zealand) commented, "The phenomenal success of Elvis Presley in 1956 convinced many doubters of the financial opportunities existing in the youth market."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: In spite of the facts that Nat King Cole had the #7 song in 1959, and the #1 song in 1961, and Chuck Berry had a major hit with "Maybellene" in 1955, in the United States in the 1950s legal segregation and discrimination against African Americans were common, especially in the Deep South. Presley would nevertheless publicly cite his debt to African American music, pointing to artists such as B. B. King, Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup, Ivory Joe Hunter, and Fats Domino. The reporter who conducted Presley's first interview in New York City in 1956 noted that he named blues singers who "obviously meant a lot to him. [He] was very surprised to hear him talk about the Black performers down there and about how he tried to carry on their music." Later that year in Charlotte, North Carolina, Presley was quoted as saying: "The colored folks been singing it and playing it just like I'm doin' now, man, for more years than I know. They played it like that in their shanties and in their juke joints and nobody paid it no mind 'til I goosed it up. I got it from them. Down in Tupelo, Mississippi, I used to hear old Arthur Crudup bang his box the way I do now and I said if I ever got to a place I could feel all old Arthur felt, I'd be a music man like nobody ever saw." Little Richard said of Presley: "He was an integrator. Elvis was a blessing. They wouldn't let Black music through. He opened the door for Black music." B. B. King said he began to respect Presley after he did Arthur "Big Boy" Crudup material and that after he met him, he thought the singer really was something else and was someone whose music was growing all the time right up to his death.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Up to the mid-1950s, Black artists had sold minuscule amounts of their recorded music relative to the national market potential. Black songwriters had mostly limited horizons and could only eke out a living. But after Presley purchased the music of African American Otis Blackwell and had his "Gladys Music" company hire talented black songwriter Claude Demetrius, the industry underwent a dramatic change. In the spring of 1957, Presley invited African American performer Ivory Joe Hunter to visit Graceland and the two spent the day together, singing "I Almost Lost My Mind" and other songs. Of Presley, Hunter commented, "He showed me every courtesy, and I think he's one of the greatest."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: "Racists attacked rock and roll because of the mingling of black and white people it implied and achieved, and because of what they saw as black music's power to corrupt through vulgar and animalistic rhythms. ... The popularity of Elvis Presley was similarly founded on his transgressive position with respect to racial and sexual boundaries. ... White cover versions of hits by black musicians ... often outsold the originals; it seems that many Americans wanted black music without the black people in it," and Elvis had undoubtedly "derived his style from the Negro rhythm-and-blues performers of the late 1940s."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: The white disc-jockeys wouldn't touch... Negroes' music and the Negro disc-jockeys didn't want anything to do with a record made by a white man.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Ironically, hillbilly singer Mississippi Slim, one of Presley's heroes, was one of the singer's fiercest critics. Phillips felt Dewey Phillips—a white DJ who did play 'black' music—would promote the new material, but many of the hundreds of listeners who contacted the station when "That's All Right" was played were sure Presley must be black. The singer was interviewed several times on air by the DJ and was pointedly asked which school he had attended, to convince listeners that he was white.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: In 1957, Presley had to defend himself from claims of being a racist: he was alleged to have said: "The only thing Negro people can do for me is to buy my records and shine my shoes." The singer always denied saying, or ever wanting to say, such a racist remark. "Jet" magazine, run by and for African-Americans, subsequently investigated the story and found no basis to the claim. However, the "Jet" journalist did find plenty of testimony that Presley judged people "regardless of race, color or creed."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Certain elements in American society have dismissed Presley as no more than a racist Southerner who stole black music. The "Elvis stole black music" theme is an enduring one with arguments for and against published in books. A southern background combined with a performing style largely associated with African Americans had led to "bitter criticism by those who feel he stole a good thing", as "Tan" magazine surmised. No wonder that Elvis became "a symbol of all that was oppressive to the black experience in the Western Hemisphere." A black southerner in the late 1980s even captured that sentiment: "To talk to Presley about blacks was like talking to Adolf Hitler about the Jews."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: In his scholarly work "Race, Rock, and Elvis", Tennessee State University professor Michael T. Bertrand examined the relationship between popular culture and social change in America and these allegations against Presley. Professor Bertrand postulated that Presley's rock and roll music brought an unprecedented access to African American culture that challenged the 1950s segregated generation to reassess ingrained segregationist stereotypes. The "American Historical Review" wrote that the author "convincingly argues that the black-and-white character of the sound, as well as Presley's own persona, helped to relax the rigid color line and thereby fed the fires of the civil rights movement." The U.S. government report stated: "Presley has been accused of "stealing" black rhythm and blues, but such accusations indicate little knowledge of his many musical influences ... However much Elvis may have 'borrowed' from black blues performers (e.g., 'Big Boy' Crudup, 'Big Mama' Thornton), he borrowed no less from white country stars (e.g., Ernest Tubb, Bill Monroe) and white pop singers," and most of his borrowings came from the church; its gospel music was his primary musical influence and foundation."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Whether or not it was justified, the fact remains that distrust of Presley was common amongst the general African-American population after the accusations of racism were made public. According to George Plasketes, several songs by other performers came out after the singer's death which are a part of a "demystification process as they portray Elvis as a racist." In his book, "Colored White: Transcending the Racial Past", David Roediger considers contemporary "w*ggers" in light of the tensions in racial impersonation embodied by Elvis Presley. Chuck D and others have at one point or another publicly condemned Presley for "stealing" black music. However, in 2002, Chuck D, in an interview with the Associated Press in connection with the 25th Anniversary of Presley's death, explained how his feelings for Elvis' legacy were no longer those as originally suggested by the lyrics in "Fight The Power", a song which he had written 12 years earlier. When broadcast as a part of the NBC-produced documentary "Elvis Lives", Chuck D had the following to say about Presley: "Elvis was a brilliant artist. As a musicologist—and I consider myself one—there was always a great deal of respect for Elvis, especially during his Sun sessions. As a black person, we all knew that. (In fact), Eminem is the new Elvis because, number one, he had the respect for black music that Elvis had."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: As one writer stated on the controversy, "Music is a universal language, like mathematics and money. It knows few borders. Jazz began in the return of black bands from graveyard interments in New Orleans. But the bands played white hymns out to the above-ground graves."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: By the spring of 1956, Presley was fast becoming a national phenomenon and teenagers came to his concerts in unprecedented numbers. There were many riots at his early concerts. Scotty Moore recalled: "He'd start out, 'You ain't nothin' but a Hound Dog', and they'd just go to pieces. They'd always react the same way. There'd be a riot every time." Bob Neal wrote: "It was almost frightening, the reaction... from teenage boys. So many of them, through some sort of jealousy, would practically hate him." In Lubbock, Texas, a teenage gang fire-bombed Presley's car. Some performers became resentful (or resigned to the fact) that Presley going on stage before them would "kill" their own act; he thus rose quickly to top billing. At the two concerts he performed at the 1956 Mississippi-Alabama Fair and Dairy Show, one hundred National Guardsmen were on hand to prevent crowd trouble.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley was considered by some to be a threat to the moral well-being of young women, because "Elvis Presley didn't just represent a new type of music; he represented sexual liberation." "Unlike Bill Haley, who was somewhat overweight and looked like everyone's 'older brother'," Presley generated an "anti-parent outlook" and was the "personification of evil". To many adults, the singer was "the first rock symbol of teenage rebellion. ... they did not like him, and condemned him as depraved. Anti-Negro prejudice doubtless figured in adult antagonism. Regardless of whether parents were aware of the Negro sexual origins of the phrase 'rock 'n' roll,' Presley impressed them as the visual and aural embodiment of sex." In 1956, a critic for the "New York Daily News" wrote that popular music "has reached its lowest depths in the 'grunt and groin' antics of one Elvis Presley" and the Jesuits denounced him in its weekly magazine, "America". "Time" magazine of June 11, 1956, mockingly referred to the singer as "dreamboat Groaner Elvis ('Hi luh-huh-huh-huv-huv yew-hew') Presley." Even Frank Sinatra opined: "His kind of music is deplorable, a rancid smelling aphrodisiac. It fosters almost totally negative and destructive reactions in young people."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley was even seen as a "definite danger to the security of the United States." His actions and motions were called "a strip-tease with clothes on" or "sexual self-gratification on stage". They were compared with "masturbation or riding a microphone". Some saw the singer as a sexual pervert, and psychologists feared that teenage girls and boys could easily be "aroused to sexual indulgence and perversion by certain types of motions and hysteria—the type that was exhibited at the Presley show." In August 1956 in Jacksonville, Florida, a local juvenile court judge called Presley a "savage" and threatened to arrest him if he shook his body while performing at Jacksonville's Florida Theatre, justifying the restrictions by saying his music was undermining the youth of America. Throughout the performance, Presley stood still as ordered but poked fun at the judge by wiggling a finger. Similar attempts to stop his "sinful gyrations" continued for more than a year and included his often-noted January 6, 1957, appearance on "The Ed Sullivan Show" (during which he performed the spiritual number "Peace in the Valley"), when he was filmed only from the waist up.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: In an interview with PBS television, social historian Eric Lott said, "all the citizens' councils in the South called Elvis 'n*gger music' and were terribly afraid that Elvis, white as he was, being ambiguously raced just by being working-class, was going to corrupt the youth of America." Robert Kaiser says Elvis was the first who gave the people "a music that hit them where they lived, deep in their emotions, yes, even below their belts. Other singers had been doing this for generations, but they were black." Therefore, his performance style was frequently criticized. Social guardians blasted anyone responsible for exposing impressionable teenagers to his "gyrating figure and suggestive gestures". The Louisville chief of police, for instance, called for a no-wiggle rule, so as to halt "any lewd, lascivious contortions that would excite the crowd". Even Priscilla Presley confirms that "his performances were labeled obscene. My mother stated emphatically that he was 'a bad influence for teenage girls. He arouses things in them that shouldn't be aroused.'"


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: According to rhythm and blues artist Hank Ballard, "In white society, the movement of the butt, the shaking of the leg, all that was considered obscene. Now here's this white boy that's grinding and rolling his belly and shaking that notorious leg. I hadn't even seen the black dudes doing that." Presley complained bitterly in a June 27, 1956, interview about being singled out as "obscene". Because of his controversial style of song and stage performances, municipal politicians began denying permits for Presley appearances. This caused teens to pile into cars and travel elsewhere to see him perform. Adult programmers announced they would not play Presley's music on their radio stations because of religious convictions that his music was "devil music" and to racist beliefs that it was "n*gger music". Many of Presley's records were condemned as wicked by Pentecostal preachers, warning congregations to keep rock and roll music out of their homes and away from their children's ears (especially the music of "that backslidden Pentecostal pup"). However, the economic power of Presley's fans became evident when they tuned in to alternative radio stations playing his records. In an era when radio stations were shifting to an all-music format, in reaction to competition from television, profit-conscious radio station owners learned quickly when sponsors bought more advertising time on new all "rock and roll" stations, some of which reached enormous markets at night with clear channel signals from AM broadcasts.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley seemed bemused by all the criticism. On another of the many occasions he was challenged to justify the furor surrounding him, he said, "I don't see how they think [my act] can contribute to juvenile delinquency. If there's anything I've tried to do, I've tried to live a straight, clean life and not set any kind of a bad example. You cannot please everyone."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley's record sales grew quickly throughout the late 1950s, with hits like "All Shook Up" and "(Let Me Be Your) Teddy Bear." "Jailhouse Rock", "Loving You" (both 1957) and "King Creole" (1958) were released and are regarded as the best of his early films.


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: However, critics were not impressed—very few authoritative voices were complimentary. In response, it has been claimed that while "Elvis' success as a singer and movie star dramatically increased his economic capital, his cultural capital never expanded enough for him to transcend the stigma of his background as a truck driver from the rural South... 'No matter how successful Elvis became... he remained fundamentally disreputable in the minds of many Americans... He was the sharecropper's son in the big house, and it always showed.'"


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley remains an immediately recognizable face even amongst groups not normally recognized as his fans. In 2008, a 1,800-year-old Roman bust described as bearing a "striking" resemblance to Elvis was displayed ahead of an intended auction. A spokesman for the auctioneers said that fans could "be forgiven for thinking that their idol may well have lived a previous life in Rome."


title: Cultural impact of Elvis Presley

text: Presley made a large enough impact on society that traditions are carried on to remember him to this day. A candle lighting is held in Memphis, Tennessee at his Graceland Estate each year on August 15 in his honor. Also, a "nostalgia concert" is held by singers that worked with Presley as a tribute to him. Presley was a big fan of Karate, and an Elvis Presley Memorial Karate Tournament was organized many years ago to let others enjoy something he used to love so much. The tournament has a large turnout, with around 500 competitors each year. Last, a Sock Hop is held, playing his songs and portraying some of his artwork.


title: Nexus Mods

text: Nexus Mods is a site which allows users to upload and download "mods" (modifications) for computer games. It acts as a source for the distribution of original content. It is one of the largest gaming modification websites on the web, and, as of January 2022, had thirty million registered members. Founded in 2001 as a fan site, Nexus Mods was modified into the website TESSsource in 2007. After that, the site has expanded to host mod files for many other modifiable PC games. As of June 2022, the Nexus Mods network supported 1733 games, with a single forum and a wiki for site- and mod-related topics. The website's hosting and publication of various mods has been covered in the gaming and computer press.


title: Nexus Mods

text: Nexus Mods was founded by Robin Scott and a friend in August 2001 as a fan site for the Bethesda Softworks game "" under the name "Morrowind Chronicles". After the success of Morrowind Chronicles, Scott and the friend he was working alongside founded a company by the name of GamingSource and created the website TESSource, which allowed users to upload their modifications and content for games in "The Elder Scrolls" video game series. Scott soon became tired with the revenue of the websites being split when he was operating the websites by himself, and made the decision to break away from TESSource in 2007 and founded his own website under the name of TESNexus. Scott made use of the TESSource website with his new venture. This resulted in more than 200 additional games being supported by early 2017.


title: Nexus Mods

text: Scott indicated in 2013 that the Nexus sites would remain free of corporate investment in the foreseeable future, also avoiding direct ads. Revenue instead came from premium memberships, with the site otherwise free.


title: Nexus Mods

text: In December 2015, the website reported a possible security breach of account names, and recommended that its members change their passwords.


title: Nexus Mods

text: In 2016, following an extensive survey of existing users, the website received its biggest redesign to date. The redesign saw the introduction of a responsive viewport allowing seamless browsing on a mobile device, an intuitive navigation bar and the ability to pin games to the user's profile.


title: Nexus Mods

text: As of April 2021, Nexus Mods has a reported 26 million members. As of 2021, Nexus Mods is the largest gaming modification site on the internet, ranking at #1090 in the Alexa Rankings, with over 4.5 billion downloads since its initial launch.


title: Nexus Mods

text: In June 2021, in a series of announcements in Nexus's developer forums followed by a lengthy public announcement on July 1, Nexus Mods stated that they would no longer be deleting mods at mod authors' request, but instead retaining archival copies for use in a new Collections feature. The initial announcements sparked complaints by numerous mod authors, causing Nexus to allow a one-month grace period for mod authors to either accede to the policy change or pull all of their mods from the site. The response by mod-authors has been mixed, with some announcing that they would be pulling or ceasing support for their mods, while others supported the move.


title: Nexus Mods

text: In August 2022, an alleged sockpuppet troll account who went by the alias "Mike Hawk" uploaded a texture modification for the Windows release of "Marvel's Spider-Man" called "Non-Newtonian New York" replacing the rainbow flag with the flag of the United States, with the description "changes the stupid pride flags with american flags" in an apparent effort to sow controversy. The modification was removed by Nexus Mods moderators shortly after, but not without garnering controversy from some users who were displeased with the ban; the site later went on to state that "we are for inclusivity, we are for diversity. If we think someone is uploading a mod on our site with the intent to deliberately be against inclusivity and/or diversity then we will take action against it," also frankly advising users who disagreed with the ban to "move on". A similar announcement was also made by ModDB when a Twitter user informed the site that the flag modification was also mirrored on ModDB, which the site's moderators promptly removed.


title: Nexus Mods

text: Mods hosted on the site can change games in a number of ways, from adding a first-person perspective to adding fully developed worldspaces with voice-acted quests. Mods for "The Witcher" have been built for improving immersion, and Nexus Mods is highly noted for its support of the game "" and is often regarded as the largest website supporting modifications for games in "The Elder Scrolls" series of games, with sites like "PC Gamer" and "Kotaku" referencing Nexus in multiple articles regarding modifications for "The Elder Scrolls" series.


title: Nexus Mods

text: The website's hosting and publication of various mods has been covered in the gaming and computer press. In 2016, "Forbes" praised the "Alternate Start - Live Another Life" mod posted to Nexus for "" in a feature article. In January 2017, a "Fallout 4" mod on Nexus Mods was covered in the "Daily Express", with other "Fallout 4" mods reported on by "WWG", "Paste Magazine", the "Christian Times", and "PC Gamer".


title: Nexus Mods

text: Nexus Mods requires users to register before uploading any files or downloading files over a certain size. User accounts integrate across all of the available sites, meaning a user only needs one account to make use of all of the Nexus websites. Each account and file page is also integrated with the Nexus Forums.


title: Nexus Mods

text: In June 2016, wide-ranging theft of NexusMods mods for other corporate mod websites was noted in the press, with Nexus owner Robin Scott (Dark0ne) criticizing Bethesda's lack of response to the issue. That month, Nexus added an extra permissions system to the website so stolen mods on other websites were easier to see. Although there was already an extensive permissions system for mods, the addition to the system for console modding allowed users to select what their intent for the mod was in terms of use, and where they would allow it to be available. It also allowed "console players to search the Nexus system for mods they can find via their console's Bethesda.net browser if they like the look of them."


title: Nexus Mods

text: The Nexus Mods network supported 1733 games as of June 2022, and features a single forum and a wiki for site and mod-related topics. The main Nexus Mods web page lists the various games for which mods are available, along with the number of files, authors and downloads. Games with the most mods hosted were:


title: Nexus Mods

text: Nexus Mod Manager (NMM) is an open-source program associated with Nexus Mods. Available only for Microsoft Windows, it automates the download and installation of mods for 30+ games as of May 2022, among them "" and "Fallout 3". Advantages of using NMM over manual mod installation include easy organization, installation, and uninstallation of mods. According to the Nexus site, NMM "integrates with the Nexus sites to provide you with a fast, efficient, and much less hassled modding experience."


title: Nexus Mods

text: Nexus Mods has since replaced Nexus Mod Manager with Vortex, the official Nexus Mods mod manager with improved mod handling and a more modern interface.


title: Nexus Mods

text: Nexus Mod Manager is still maintained by the same developer with the help of the community and it is now called NMM Community Edition.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Mikhail Nikolayevich Tukhachevsky (;  – 12 June 1937) nicknamed the Red Napoleon by foreign newspapers, was a Soviet general who was prominent between 1918 and 1937 as a military officer and theoretician.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: After service in World War I of 1914-1917 and in the Russian Civil War of 1917-1923, from 1920 to 1921 he commanded the Soviet Western Front in the Polish–Soviet War. Soviet forces under his command successfully repelled the Polish forces from Western Ukraine, driving them back into Poland, but the Red Army suffered defeat outside of Warsaw, and the war ended in a Soviet defeat. He later served as chief of staff of the Red Army from 1925 through 1928, as assistant in the People's Commissariat of Defense after 1934 and as commander of the Volga Military District in 1937. He achieved the rank of Marshal of the Soviet Union in 1935.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: As a major proponent of modernization of Soviet armament and army force structure in the 1920s and 1930s, he became instrumental in the development of Soviet aviation, and of mechanized and airborne forces. As a theoretician, he was a driving force behind the Soviet development of the theory of deep operations in the 1920s and 1930s. Soviet authorities accused Tukhachevsky of treason, and after confessing during torture he was executed in 1937 during Stalin's military purges of 1936–1938.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky was born at Alexandrovskoye, Safonovsky District (in the present-day Smolensk Oblast of Russia), into a family of impoverished hereditary nobles. Legend states that his family descended from a Flemish count who ended up stranded in the East during the Crusades and took a Turkish wife before settling in Russia. His great-grandfather Alexander Tukhachevsky (1793–1831) served as a colonel in the Imperial Russian Army. He was of Russian ethnicity. After attending the Cadet Corps (Russia)in 1912, he moved on to the , whence he graduated in 1914.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: At the outset of the First World War he joined the Semyenovsky Guards Regiment (July 1914) as a second lieutenant, declaring:


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: I am convinced that all that is needed in order to achieve what I want is bravery and self-confidence. I certainly have enough self-confidence... I told myself that I shall either be a general at thirty, or that I shall not be alive by then.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Taken prisoner by the Imperial German Army in February 1915, Tukhachevsky escaped four times from prisoner-of-war camps and was finally held as an incorrigible escapee in Ingolstadt fortress in Bavaria.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: There he met Le Monde journalist Remy Roure and shared a cell with Captain Charles de Gaulle. Tukhachevsky played his violin, spouted nihilist beliefs and spoke against Jews, whom he called dogs who "spread their fleas throughout the world". Roure, under the pseudonym of Pierre Fervacque, wrote about his encounter with Tukhachevsky. He reported that Tukhachevsky highly praised Napoleon, and also in a certain conversation, Tukhachevsky said he hated Jews for bringing Christianity and the "morality of capital" to Russia. Roure then asked him if he was a socialist, and he replied:


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: According to Roure, Tukhachevsky said that he would only follow Lenin if he "de-europeanised and threw Russia into barbarism", but feared Lenin would not do that. After ranting about how he could use Marxism as a justification to secure the territorial aims of the Tsars and cement Russia's position as a world power, he laughed and said he was only joking. Roure said the laugh had an ironic and despairing tone.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: In another, different occasion, following the February Revolution, Roure observed Tukhachevsky carving a "scary idol from colored cardboard", with "burning eyes", a "gaping mouth", and a "bizarre and terrible nose". He inquired about its purpose, to which Tukhachevsky responded:


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky's apparent neo-paganism was also corroborated by another prisoner at Ingolstadt, , who recalled that he once saw a "scarecrow" in the corner of Tukhachevsky's cell, and upon asking him as to what it was, Tukhachevsky responded (to what Tsurikov interpreted as heavy sarcasm), that it was an effigy of Yarilo (the Slavic god of vegetation, fertility and springtime), which he had created during Shrovetide.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky never denied, and later even confirmed, these stories about his imprisonment in Germany, but always said that he was politically immature in 1917 and greatly regretted his early views. In France 1936, when confronted with what Roure wrote about him, he said that he had read his book and stated the following:I was still very young... a novice at politics, and all I knew about revolutions was the last phase of the citizens' revolution in France: the Bonapartism whose military triumphs filled me with boundless admiration. (...) I never think of my views at Ingolstadt without regretting them, since they could cause doubts about my devotion to the Soviet motherland. I'm taking advantage of our reunion to tell you my true feelings.Whether or not Tukhachevsky really gave up on his old views, the assertion that he was a fully-fledged Bolshevik by the time he joined them is most likely not true.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky's fifth escape met with success, and after crossing the Swiss-German border, carrying with him some small pagan idols, he returned to Russia in September 1917. Following the October Revolution of 1917, Tukhachevsky joined the Bolsheviks and went on to play a key role in the Red Army – despite his noble ancestry.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: He became an officer in the newly established Red Army and rapidly advanced in rank because of his great ability. During the Russian Civil War, he was given responsibility for defending Moscow. The Bolshevik Defence Commissar, Leon Trotsky, gave Tukhachevsky command of the 5th Army in 1919, and he led the campaign to capture Siberia from the anticommunist White forces of Aleksandr Kolchak. Tukhachevsky used concentrated attacks to exploit the enemy's open flanks and threaten them with envelopment. According to Tukhachevsky's close confidant Leonid Sabaneyev, in 1918, when he was in the service of the Military Department of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, in his last overt display of neopaganism, Tukhachevsky drew up a project for destruction of Christianity and restoration of Slavic paganism. To this end, Tukhachevsky submitted a memo on declaring paganism as the state religion of the RSFSR, which although mocked, also received some serious discussion in the Small Council of People's Commissars, which commended Tukhachevsky for his "joke" and his commitment to atheism. Sabaneyev observed that Tukhachevsky seemed "as happy as a schoolboy who had just succeeded in a prank."


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: He also helped defeat General Anton Denikin in the Crimea in 1920, conducting the final operations. In February 1920, he launched an offensive into the Kuban, using cavalry to disrupt the enemy's rear. In the retreat that followed, Denikin's force disintegrated, and Novorossiysk was evacuated hastily.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: In the final stage of the civil war, Tukhachevsky commanded the 7th Army during the suppression of the Kronstadt rebellion in March 1921. He also commanded the assault against the Tambov Republic between 1921 and 1922. British historian Simon Sebag Montefiore has described Tukhachevsky as being "as ruthless as any Bolshevik". He was known for using summary execution of hostages and poison gas in his suppression of peasant uprisings.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky commanded the Soviet invasion of Poland during the Polish-Soviet War in 1920. In the lead-up to hostilities, Tukhachevsky concentrated his troops near Vitebsk, which he theatrically dubbed, "The Gates of Smolensk". When he issued his troops orders to cross the border, Tukhachevsky said, "The fate of world revolution is being decided in the west: the way leads over the corpse of Poland to a universal conflagration... On to Wilno, Minsk, and Warsaw -- forward!"


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: According to Richard M. Watt, "The boldness of Tukhachevsky's drive westward was the key to his success. The Soviet High Command dispatched 60,000 men as reinforcements, but Tukhachevsky never stopped to let them catch up. His onrushing armies were leaving behind greater numbers of stragglers every day, but Tukhachevsky ignored these losses. His supply services were in chaos and his rear scarcely existed as an organized entity, but Tukhachevsky was unconcerned; his men would live off the land. On the day his troops captured Minsk, a new cry arose--'Give us Warsaw!' Tukhachevsky was determined to give them what they wanted. All things considered, Tukhachevsky's performance was a virtuoso display of energy, determination, and, indeed, rashness."


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: His armies were defeated by Józef Piłsudski outside Warsaw. It was during the Polish war that Tukhachevsky first came into conflict with Stalin. Both blamed the other for the Soviet failure to capture Warsaw. Tukhachevsky later lamented:


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky fervently criticised the Red Army's performance during the 1926 Summer manoeuvres. He criticised the officers’ inability to determine what course of action to take and communicate that with their troops especially harshly. Tukhachevsky noted that initiative among officers was lacking, that they responded slowly to changes in the situation and that communication was poor. This was not purely the officers’ fault as the only way of communication from local unit headquarters to the field positions was a single telephone line. In contrast German divisions mobilised shortly after during the interwar period had telephones, radio, horse, cycle and motorcycle messengers, signal lights and flags and pieces of cloth with which messages were to be conveyed mostly to aircraft.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky reached the position of 1st deputy commissar for defence to commissar for defence Kliment Voroshilov. Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky and would later be one of the initiators of the great purge which wouldn't benefit Tukhachevsky's safety. According to Zhukov it was Tukhachevsky and not Voroshilov who ran the ministry in practice. While Voroshilov disliked Tukhachevsky, his perception of military doctrine was nonetheless impacted significantly by Tukhachevsky's ideas.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: According to Simon Sebag Montefiore, Stalin regarded Tukhachevsky as his bitterest rival and dubbed him "Napoleonchik" (little Napoleon). Upon Stalin's ascension to Party leadership in 1929, he began receiving denunciations from senior officers who disapproved of Tukhachevsky's tactical theories. Then, in 1930, the Joint State Political Directorate forced two officers to testify that Tukhachevsky was plotting to overthrow the Politburo via a coup d'état.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Following this, Tukhachevsky wrote several books on modern warfare and, in 1931, after Stalin had accepted the need for an industrialized military, Tukhachevsky was given a leading role in reforming the army. He held advanced ideas on military strategy, particularly on use of tanks and aircraft in combined operations.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky took a keen interest in the arts, and became a political patron and close friend of composer Dmitri Shostakovich; they met in 1925 and subsequently played music together at the Marshal's home (Tukhachevsky played the violin). In 1936, Shostakovich's music was under attack following the "Pravda" denunciation of his opera "Lady Macbeth of Mtsensk". However, Tukhachevsky intervened with Stalin on his friend's behalf. After Tukhachevsky's arrest, pressure was put on Shostakovich to denounce him, but he was saved from doing so by the fact that the investigator was himself arrested.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky is often credited with the theory of deep operation in which combined arms formations strike deep behind enemy lines to destroy the enemy's rear and logistics, but his exact role is unclear and disputed because of shortage of firsthand sources, and his published works containing only limited amounts of theory on the subject. The theories were opposed by some in the military establishment but were largely adopted by the Red Army in the mid-1930s. They were expressed as a concept in the Red Army's "Field Regulations of 1929" and more fully developed in the 1935 "Instructions on Deep Battle". The concept was finally codified into the army in 1936 in the "Provisional Field Regulations of 1936". An early example of potential effectiveness of deep operations can be found in the Soviet victory over Japan at the Battle of Khalkhin Gol (Nomonhan), where a Soviet Corps under the command of Georgy Zhukov defeated a substantial Japanese force in August and September 1939.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: It is often stated that the widespread purges of the Red Army officer corps in 1937 to 1939 made "deep operations" briefly fall from favour. However, they were certainly a major part of Soviet doctrine after their efficacy was demonstrated by the Battle of Khalkin Gol and the success of similar German operations in Poland and France. They were used with great success during World War II on the Eastern Front, in such victories as the Battle of Stalingrad and Operation Bagration.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: On November 20, 1935, Tukhachevsky was made a Marshal of the Soviet Union when he was 42. In January 1936, Tukhachevsky visited the United Kingdom, France, and Germany.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Just before his arrest, Tukhachevsky was relieved of duty as assistant to Marshal Voroshilov and appointed military commander of the Volga Military District. Shortly after departing to take up his new command, he was secretly arrested on May 22, 1937, and brought back to Moscow in a prison van.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky's interrogation and torture were directly supervised by NKVD Chief Nikolai Yezhov. Stalin instructed Yezhov, "See for yourself, but Tukhachevsky should be forced to tell everything... It's impossible he acted alone."


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: According to Montefiore, a few days later, as Yezhov buzzed in and out of Stalin's office, a broken Tukhachevsky confessed that Avel Yenukidze had recruited him in 1928 and that he was a German agent cooperating with Nikolai Bukharin to seize power. Tukhachevsky's confession, which survives in the archives, is dappled with a brown spray that was later found to be blood-spattered by a body in motion.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: On June 11, 1937, the Soviet Supreme Court convened a special military tribunal to try Tukhachevsky and eight generals for treason. The trial was dubbed the Case of Trotskyist Anti-Soviet Military Organization. Upon hearing the accusations, Tukhachevsky was heard to say, "I feel I'm dreaming." Most of the judges were also terrified. One was heard to comment, "Tomorrow I'll be put in the same place."


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: At 11:35 that night, all of the defendants were declared guilty and sentenced to death. Stalin, who was awaiting the verdict with Yezhov, Molotov and Lazar Kaganovich did not even examine the transcripts. He simply said, "Agreed."


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Within the hour, Tukhachevsky was summoned from his cell by NKVD captain Vasily Blokhin. As Yezhov watched, the former Marshal was shot once in the back of the head.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Immediately afterward, Yezhov was summoned into Stalin's presence. Stalin asked, "What were Tukhachevsky's last words?" Yezhov responded, "The snake said he was dedicated to the Motherland and Comrade Stalin. He asked for clemency. But it was obvious that he was not being straight, he hadn't laid down his arms."


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Tukhachevsky's family members all suffered after his execution. His wife, Nina Tukhachevskaya, and his brothers Alexandr and Nikolai, both instructors in a Soviet military academy, were all shot. Three of his sisters were sent to the Gulag. His underage daughter was arrested when she reached adulthood and remained in the Gulag until the 1950s Khrushchev thaw. She lived in Moscow after her release and died in 1982.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Before Nikita Khrushchev's Secret Speech in 1956, Tukhachevsky was officially considered a fascist and fifth columnist. Soviet diplomats and supporters in the West enthusiastically promulgated this opinion. Then, on January 31, 1957, Tukhachevsky and his codefendants were declared innocent of all charges and were rehabilitated.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Although Tukhachevsky's prosecution is almost universally regarded as a sham, Stalin's motivations continue to be debated. In his 1968 book "The Great Terror", British historian Robert Conquest accuses Nazi Party leaders Heinrich Himmler and Reinhard Heydrich of forging documents that implicated Tukhachevsky in an anti-Stalinist conspiracy with the Wehrmacht General Staff, to weaken the Soviet Union's defence capacity. These documents, Conquest said, were leaked to President Edvard Beneš of Czechoslovakia, who passed them to Soviet Russia through diplomatic channels. Conquest's thesis of an SS conspiracy to frame Tukhachevsky was based upon the memoirs of Walter Schellenberg and Beneš.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: In 1989, the Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union announced that new evidence had been found in Stalin's archives indicating German intelligence's intentions to fabricate disinformation about Tukhachevsky with the goal of eliminating him. "Knowledge of personal characteristics of Stalin - like paranoia and extreme suspicion, had been possibly highest factor in it."


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: According to the opinion of Igor Lukes, who conducted a study on the matter, it was Stalin, Kaganovich and Yezhov who actually concocted Tukhachevsky's "treason" themselves. At Yezhov's order, the NKVD had instructed a known double agent, Nikolai Skoblin, to leak to Heydrich's Sicherheitsdienst (SD) concocted information suggesting a plot by Tukhachevsky and the other Soviet generals against Stalin.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: Seeing an opportunity to strike a blow at the Soviet military, Heydrich immediately acted on the information and undertook to improve on it. Heydrich's forgeries were later leaked to the Soviets via Beneš and other neutral nations. While the SD believed that it had successfully fooled Stalin into executing his best generals, in reality, it had merely served as an unwitting pawn of the Soviet NKVD. Ironically, Heydrich's forgeries were never used at trial. Instead, Soviet prosecutors relied on signed "confessions" beaten out of the defendants.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: In 1956, NKVD defector Aleksandr Mikhailovich Orlov published an article in "Life Magazine" with "The Sensational Secret Behind the Damnation of Stalin" as title. The story held that NKVD agents had discovered papers in the tsarist Okhrana archives proving Stalin had once been an informer. From this knowledge, the NKVD agents had planned a coup d'état with Tukhachevsky and other senior officers in the Red Army. According to Orlov, Stalin uncovered the conspiracy and used Yezhov to execute those responsible. The article lists the Eremin letter as documentary evidence that Stalin was part of the Okhrana, but most historians agree it's a forgery.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: It has been speculated that the reason why Stalin had Tukhachevsky and other high ranking generals executed was to remove a potential threat to his political power. Ultimately, Stalin and Yezhov would orchestrate the arrest and execution of thousands of Soviet military officers as well as five of the eight generals who presided over Tukhachevsky's show trial.


title: Mikhail Tukhachevsky

text: While at the time of his death the Red Army was still firmly in the grip of the cavalry, Tukhachevsky had changed the Red Army's mentality quite significantly. While many machinists were being arrested and marshal Budyonny spoke in favour of cavalry, influential people — even including marshal Voroshilov, under whom Tukhachevsky served, and who took part in the arrests — began to question the cavalry's position inside the Red Army. The horse remained ingrained in the Red Army, however. In peacetime, cavalry made sense to the Red Army; it was effective in smaller actions and internal security actions, many horse riders were available without requiring significant training, and there were the memories of the effectiveness of cavalry during the Civil War, all of which helped the horse in maintaining its central position inside the Red Army. When the Second World War began mixed units were set up, which included both cavalry and tanks; these played a central role in use of the deep operations doctrine during WWII.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: Dorothy Jean Johnson Vaughan (September 20, 1910 – November 10, 2008) was an American mathematician and human computer who worked for the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA), and NASA, at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia. In 1949, she became acting supervisor of the West Area Computers, the first African-American woman to receive a promotion and supervise a group of staff at the center.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: She later was promoted officially to the position of supervisor. During her 28-year career, Vaughan prepared for the introduction of computers in the early 1960s by teaching herself and her staff the programming language of Fortran. She later headed the programming section of the Analysis and Computation Division (ACD) at Langley.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: Vaughan is one of the women featured in Margot Lee Shetterly's history "Hidden Figures: The Story of the African-American Women Who Helped Win the Space Race" (2016). It was adapted as a biographical film of the same name, also released in 2016.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: Vaughan was born September 20, 1910, in Kansas City, Missouri, as Dorothy Jean Johnson. She was the daughter of Annie and Leonard Johnson. At the age of seven, her family moved to Morgantown, West Virginia, where she graduated from Beechurst High School in 1925 as her class valedictorian. Vaughan received a full-tuition scholarship from West Virginia Conference of the A.M.E. Sunday School Convention to attend Wilberforce University in Wilberforce, Ohio. She joined the Alpha Kappa Alpha chapter at Wilberforce and graduated in 1929 with a B.A. in mathematics. In 1932, she married Howard Vaughan, who died in 1955. The couple moved to Newport News, Virginia, where they had six children: Ann, Maida, Leonard, Kenneth, Michael and Donald. The family also lived with Howard's wealthy and respected parents and grandparents on South Main Street in Newport News, Virginia. Vaughan was very devoted to family and the church, which would play a huge factor in whether she would move to Hampton, Virginia, to work for NASA.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: Vaughan graduated from Wilberforce University in 1929. Although encouraged by professors to do graduate study at Howard University, Vaughan worked as a mathematics teacher at Robert Russa Moton High School in Farmville, Virginia, in order to assist her family during the Great Depression. During the 14 years of her teaching career, Virginia's public schools and other facilities were still racially segregated under Jim Crow laws.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: In 1935, the NACA had established a section of women mathematicians, who performed complex calculations. In 1941, President Franklin D. Roosevelt issued Executive Order 8802, to desegregate the defense industry, and Executive Order 9346 to end racial segregation and discrimination in hiring and promotion among federal agencies and defense contractors. These helped ensure the war effort drew from all of American society after the United States entered World War II in 1942. With the enactment of the two Executive Orders, and with many men being swept into service, federal agencies such as the National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) also expanded their hiring and increased recruiting of women, including women of color, to support the war production of airplanes. Two years following the issuance of Executive Orders 8802 and 9346, the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory (Langley Research Center), a facility of the NACA, began hiring more black women to meet the drastic increase in demand for processing aeronautical research data. The US believed that the war was going to be won in the air. It had already ramped up airplane production, creating a great demand for engineers, mathematicians, craftsmen and skilled tradesmen.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: In 1943, Vaughan began a 28-year-career as a mathematician and programmer at Langley Research Center in Hampton, Virginia, in which she specialized in calculations for flight paths, the Scout Project, and computer programming. Her career in this field kicked off during the height of World War II. She came to the Langley Memorial Aeronautical Laboratory thinking that it would be a temporary war job. One of her children later worked at NACA. Vaughan was assigned to the West Area Computing, a segregated unit, which consisted of only African Americans. This was due to prevailing Jim Crow laws that required newly hired African American women to work separately from their white women counterparts. They were also required to use separate dining and bathroom facilities. This segregated group consisted of African-American women who made complex mathematical calculations by hand, using tools of the time.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: The West Computers made contributions to every area of research at Langley. Their work expanded in the postwar years to support research and design for the United States' space program, which was emphasized under President John F. Kennedy. In 1949, Vaughan was assigned as the acting head of the West Area Computers, taking over from a white woman who had died. She was the first black supervisor at NACA and one of few female supervisors. She led a group composed entirely of African-American women mathematicians. She served for years in an acting role before being promoted officially to the position as supervisor. Vaughan worked for opportunities for the women in West Computing as well as women in other departments.


title: Dorothy Vaughan

text: Seeing that machine computers were going to be the future, she taught the women programming languages and other concepts to prepare them for the transition. Mathematician Katherine Johnson was initially assigned to Vaughan's group, before being transferred to Langley's Flight Mechanics Division. Vaughan moved into the area of electronic computing in 1961, after NACA introduced the first digital (non-human) computers to the center. Vaughan became proficient in computer programming, teaching herself FORTRAN and teaching it to her coworkers to prepare them for the transition. She contributed to the space program through her work on the Scout Launch Vehicle Program. A blog describing her work at NASA is on the Science Museum group website