title: Marlboro Man

text: Wayne McLaren testified in favor of anti-smoking legislation at the age of 51. During the time of McLaren's anti-smoking activism, Philip Morris denied that McLaren ever appeared in a Marlboro ad, a position it later amended to maintain that while he did appear in ads, he was not the Marlboro Man; Winfield held that title. In response, McLaren produced an affidavit from a talent agency that had represented him, along with a pay check stub, asserting he had been paid for work on a 'Marlboro print' job. McLaren died before his 52nd birthday in 1992.


title: Marlboro Man

text: David McLean died of lung cancer at the age 73 in 1995. After his death, his widow, Lilo McLean, sued Philip Morris, claiming that McLean's disease was brought on because he had to smoke multiple packs of cigarettes during advertising shoots. Her case was dismissed and she was forced to pay the cigarette company's court case costs.


title: Marlboro Man

text: Eric Lawson, who appeared in Marlboro print ads from 1978 to 1981, died at the age of 72 on January 10, 2014, of respiratory failure due to chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or COPD. A smoker since age 14, Lawson later appeared in an anti-smoking commercial that parodied the Marlboro Man, and also in an "Entertainment Tonight" segment to discuss the negative effects of smoking.


title: Marlboro Man

text: A sixth Marlboro Man, Christian Haren, a Broadway and movie actor who was a primary Marlboro Man in ads the early 1960s in the period before Darrell Winfield, and also appeared in ads for Budweiser Beer, died of AIDS in San Francisco in 1996. Haren, who owned and operated a gay bar in Palm Springs, California, was the founder of "The Wedge", a "safe sex" AIDS prevention program for sexually at-risk teenagers in the San Francisco area.


title: Marlboro Man

text: "The Cowboy and His Elephant", which is ostensibly a biography of Bob Norris and mainly focuses on his raising an elephant on his ranch, also describes how Norris came to be photographed for "Life" magazine and become the Marlboro Man for the next twelve years.


title: Marlboro Man

text: From 1964 to 1978, Wayne Dunafon was a "Marlboro Man". He was a rancher in Kansas in addition to a long-time competitive rodeo rider. He died of natural causes in 2001.


title: Marlboro Man

text: The most famous of the 'Marlboro Men' lived a long life after fading from the public limelight. Darrell Winfield, a resident of Riverton, Wyoming, was the longest living Marlboro Man to appear on billboards and in advertisements. Leo Burnett Ad Agency discovered him in 1968 while he was working on the Quarter Circle 5 Ranch in Wyoming. Winfield's chiselled rugged good looks made him the macho face of Marlboro cigarettes on television, in newspapers, magazines and on billboards, from the 1968 to 1989. Winfield was survived by his wife, a son, five daughters, and grandchildren.


title: Marlboro Man

text: In many countries, the Marlboro Man is an icon of the past due to increasing pressure on tobacco advertising for health reasons, especially where the practice of smoking appears to be celebrated or glorified. The deaths described above may also have made it more difficult to use the campaign without attracting negative comment. The Marlboro Man image continued into the 21st century in countries such as Germany, Poland and the Czech Republic. It last appeared late 2012 in Indonesia, where such cigarette advertisements are still allowed in the country.


title: Marlboro Man

text: It still continues (on tobacco vending machines, for example) in the United States and Japan, where smoking is widespread in the male population at nearly 30%.


title: Marlboro Man

text: "Death in the West", a Thames Television documentary, is an exposé of the cigarette industry that aired on British television in 1976. In its March/April 1996 issue, "Mother Jones" said of "Death in the West": "It is one of the most powerful anti-smoking films ever made. You will never see it." The second sentence refers to the fact that Philip Morris sued the filmmakers, and in a 1979 secret settlement all copies were suppressed. However, Professor Stanton Glantz released the film and San Francisco's then-NBC affiliate KRON-TV aired the documentary in May 1982.


title: Marlboro Man

text: The California Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation, in cooperation with the Risk and Youth: Smoking Project Lawrence Hall of Science University of California, Berkeley, created a manual to accompany the film, titled "A Curriculum for Death in the West". The first two paragraphs of the Introduction read:


title: Marlboro Man

text: The California Nonsmokers' Rights Foundation is pleased to provide this booklet containing a self-contained curriculum for upper elementary and junior high school students to supplement the viewing of "Death in the West." Considered by many to be the most powerful anti-smoking documentary ever made, "Death in the West" contrasts the advertising image of the "Marlboro Man" with the reality of six American cowboys dying of cigarette-related illnesses. The film, produced in England in 1976 and later suppressed by the Philip Morris Company, makers of Marlboro cigarettes, illustrates the intrinsically false nature of cigarette advertising. It makes the Marlboro Man less attractive.


title: Marlboro Man

text: The "Death in the West" Curriculum is designed to maximize the educational and emotional impact of seeing the documentary. The curriculum is based on a comprehensive smoking prevention program created and tested by the Risk and Youth: Smoking Project of the Lawrence Hall of Science, University of California, Berkeley. The activities included here were developed in classrooms throughout the San Francisco Bay Area and adapted specifically for use with the airing of "Death in the West" by KRON-TV of San Francisco.


title: Marlboro Man

text: NBC Monitor produced an investigative TV report titled "Death in the West" (June 18, 1983), which is accessible at the Internet Archive.


title: Chris Redd

text: Christopher Jerell Redd (born March 25, 1985) is an American stand-up comedian and actor. He was a cast member of "Saturday Night Live" from 2017 to 2022. For his work on the show, he won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics in 2018 for co-writing the "SNL" song "Come Back Barack". He is also known for his roles in "" (2016), "Disjointed" (2017–2018), and "Kenan" (2021–2022).


title: Chris Redd

text: Redd was born on March 25, 1985, in St. Louis, Missouri, and moved to Naperville, a suburb of Chicago, at the age of eight. According to Redd, he had a childhood stutter that he overcame by learning how to rap. He attended Naperville schools, including Gregory Middle School and Neuqua Valley High School, and later attended community college in Elgin, Illinois, where he took his first improvisational theater class.


title: Chris Redd

text: Redd briefly pursued a career as a rapper, but switched to sketch comedy after realizing that he enjoyed improvisational comedy. He took comedy classes at Jokes & Notes, a now-closed comedy club in Chicago. Redd joined the comedy group The Second City, and was a member of its touring company. He moved to Los Angeles in 2016 to further pursue an acting career, and made his film debut as Hunter the Hungry, an underground rapper, in the 2016 mockumentary "". Redd co-starred in the 2017–2018 Netflix comedy series "Disjointed", in which he played the role of Dank, a stoner.


title: Chris Redd

text: After a previous unsuccessful audition for "Saturday Night Live", it was announced in September 2017 that Redd had joined the show's cast as a featured player for season 43, alongside fellow newcomers Heidi Gardner and Luke Null. In 2018, Redd won a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Original Music and Lyrics for writing the song "Come Back Barack", which lamented former president Barack Obama's departure from the White House and aired during Chance the Rapper's episode on November 18, 2017. The award was shared with co-writers Kenan Thompson and Will Stephen, and composer Eli Brueggemann. Redd and Gardner were promoted to repertory status in 2019, ahead of "SNL"s 45th season. His celebrity impressions on the show included U.S. Senator Cory Booker, Kanye West, Sterling K. Brown, and Mayor Eric Adams. Redd left "SNL" in 2022, after the show's 47th season.


title: Chris Redd

text: Redd's debut stand-up comedy album, "But Here We Are", was released by Comedy Central Records in March 2019. Between 2021 and 2022, Redd co-starred in the comedy television series "Kenan", alongside his "SNL" castmate Kenan Thompson. Their ongoing roles in both shows resulted in frequent travel between New York City, where "SNL" is filmed, and Los Angeles, where "Kenan" was filmed. Redd is slated to appear in the upcoming film "Spinning Gold" as Frankie Crocker, a disc jockey for the first black music radio station in New York. Other recent projects include the Lorne Michaels–produced comedy series "Bust Down", in which Redd plays a discontented casino employee, and a stand-up comedy special on HBO Max.


title: Chris Redd

text: In October 2022, Redd was assaulted by an unknown assailant outside of a comedy club in New York. He was then taken to the hospital, and later released.


title: Chris Redd

text: In June 2020, Redd and fellow The Second City alumna Lisa Beasley raised over $360,000 on GoFundMe to cover the medical costs of racial justice protestors who had contracted COVID-19. After Second City CEO Andrew Alexander resigned during the same month over allegations of institutional racism within the group, Redd and 18 other black alumni and current employees signed an open letter calling for an independent investigation into the allegations.


title: Daniel Chatto

text: Daniel St George Chatto (born Daniel Chatto St George Sproule; 22 April 1957) is a British artist and former actor. He is the husband of Lady Sarah Chatto, the daughter of Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, niece of the late Queen Elizabeth II and cousin of King Charles III.


title: Daniel Chatto

text: Daniel was born on 22 April 1957 in London, England, as "Daniel Chatto St George Sproule". He is the son of Thomas Chatto St George Sproule (1920–1982), better known as the actor Tom Chatto, and his wife Rosalind Joan Thompson (died 2012), better known as the theatrical agent Ros Chatto. He has an elder brother, James Chatto, a food writer in Toronto, whose daughter is the comedian Mae Martin.


title: Daniel Chatto

text: In 1987 he legally changed his name by a deed poll from Daniel Chatto St George Sproule to Daniel St George Chatto. At the same time, his mother, also using a deed poll, abandoned her married surname of Sproule in favour of Chatto.


title: Jordan Davis (American football)

text: Jordan X. Davis (born January 12, 2000) is an American football defensive tackle for the Philadelphia Eagles of the National Football League (NFL). He played college football at Georgia, where he was a part of the team that won the 2022 College Football Playoff National Championship while being named the Chuck Bednarik Award and Outland Trophy winner as a senior in 2021. Davis was drafted by the Eagles in the first round of the 2022 NFL Draft.


title: Jordan Davis (American football)

text: Davis was born on January 12, 2000, in Charlotte, North Carolina. He played basketball at Hopewell High School before transferring to Mallard Creek High School as a junior, where he began to play football. He committed to play college football at Georgia, turning down offers from Clemson, Florida, Miami (Florida) and North Carolina.


title: Jordan Davis (American football)

text: Davis played in 11 games with four starts as a true freshman, recording 25 tackles with 1.5 sacks and was named to the SEC All-Freshman team and a Freshman All-American by the Football Writers Association of America. As a sophomore, he had 18 tackles, 4.5 tackles for loss and 2.5 sacks. During the COVID-19 shortened 2020 season, Davis had 16 tackles and a sack while leading his team to a win in the 2021 Peach Bowl. Davis had his best season as a senior with 32 tackles, 2 sacks, and a rushing touchdown. After completing a perfect regular season, Davis and the Bulldogs fell to the Alabama Crimson Tide in the 2021 SEC Championship. Despite their loss, UGA was ranked as the third seed in the 2021 College Football Playoffs. They went on to defeat the second-ranked Michigan Wolverines in the 2021 Orange Bowl, creating a rematch against Alabama in the 2022 College Football Playoff National Championship. Georgia defeated Alabama 33–18, claiming their first national championship since 1980.


title: Jordan Davis (American football)

text: Davis ran a 4.78-second 40-yard dash at the 2022 NFL Combine, making him just the third player over 330 pounds to run under 5 seconds after Dontari Poe (2012) and Greg Robinson (2014).


title: Jordan Davis (American football)

text: Davis was selected by the Philadelphia Eagles in the first round (13th overall) of the 2022 NFL Draft. After the draft, he signed a four-year, $17 million contract with the Eagles, all of which was guaranteed. The contract included a $9.55 million signing bonus.


title: Jordan Davis (American football)

text: Davis was placed on injured reserve on November 3, 2022 after suffering an ankle injury in Week 8. He was activated on December 3.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: Darwin is an open-source Unix operating system first released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other free software projects' code, as well as code developed by Apple.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: Darwin forms the Unix-based core set of components upon which macOS (previously OS X and Mac OS X), iOS, watchOS, tvOS, iPadOS and bridgeOS are based. It is mostly POSIX-compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as compatible with any version of POSIX. Starting with Leopard, macOS has been certified as compatible with the Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3).


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: The heritage of Darwin began with Unix derivatives supplemented by aspects of NeXT's NeXTSTEP operating system (later, since version 4.0, known as OPENSTEP), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1996, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed into Rhapsody in 1997, Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000, and Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: In 1999, Apple announced it would release the source code for the Mach 2.5 microkernel, BSD Unix 4.4 OS, and the Apache Web server components of Mac OS X Server. At the time, interim CEO Steve Jobs alluded to British naturalist Charles Darwin by announcing "because it's about evolution". In 2000, the core operating system components of Mac OS X were released as open-source software under the Apple Public Source License (APSL) as Darwin; the higher-level components, such as the Cocoa and Carbon frameworks, remained closed-source.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: Up to Darwin 8.0.1, Apple released a binary installer (as an ISO image) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin on PowerPC and Intel x86 systems as a standalone operating system. Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: The kernel of Darwin is XNU, a hybrid kernel which uses OSFMK 7.3 (Open Software Foundation Mach Kernel) from the OSF, various elements of FreeBSD (including the process model, network stack, and virtual file system), and an object-oriented device driver API called I/O Kit. The hybrid kernel design provides the flexibility of a microkernel and the performance of a monolithic kernel.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: Darwin currently includes support for the 64-bit x86-64 variant of the Intel x86 processors used in Intel-based Macs and the 64-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone 5S and later, the 6th generation iPod Touch, the 5th generation iPad and later, the iPad Air family, the iPad Mini 2 and later, the iPad Pro family, the fourth generation and later Apple TVs, the HomePod family, and Macs with Apple silicon such as the 2020 Apple M1 Macs, as well as the Raspberry Pi 3B. An open-source port of the XNU kernel exists that supports Darwin on Intel and AMD x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, though it does not appear to have been updated since 2009. An open-source port of the XNU kernel also exists for ARM platforms. Older versions supported some or all of 32-bit PowerPC, 64-bit PowerPC, 32-bit x86, and 32-bit ARM.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: It supports the POSIX API by way of its BSD lineage (largely FreeBSD userland) and a large number of programs written for various other UNIX-like systems can be compiled on Darwin with no changes to the source code.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of macOS, such as the Carbon and Cocoa APIs or the Quartz Compositor and Aqua user interface, and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser-known features of macOS, such as mDNSResponder, which is the multicast DNS responder and a core component of the Bonjour networking technology, and launchd, an advanced service management framework.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the Apple Public Source License (APSL), which the Free Software Foundation (FSF) classifies as a free software license incompatible with the GNU General Public License. Previous versions were released under an earlier version of the APSL license, which did not meet the FSF definition of free software, although it did meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their derivative operating system releases. Note that the corresponding releases may have been released on a different date.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of macOS it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases).


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: The command in Terminal will show the Darwin version number ("20.3.0"), and the command will show the XNU build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: The command will show the corresponding ProductName ("macOS"), the ProductVersion number ("11.2.3") and the BuildVersion string ("20D91").


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there have been projects that aim to modify or enhance the operating system.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 by Apple Inc. and Internet Systems Consortium. Its goal was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and the free software community. Apple benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open source community benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects", and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed. They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this." The last stable release was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004.


title: Darwin (operating system)

text: PureDarwin is a project to create a bootable operating system image from Apple's released source code for Darwin. Since the halt of OpenDarwin and the release of bootable images since Darwin 8.x, it has been increasingly difficult to create a full operating system as many components become closed source. In 2015 the project created a preview release based on Darwin 9 with an X11 GUI, followed by a command-line only 17.4 Beta based on Darwin 17.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Matisse Vincent Thybulle ( ; born March 4, 1997) is an Australian-American professional basketball player for the Philadelphia 76ers of the National Basketball Association (NBA). He was selected in the first round of the 2019 NBA draft with the 20th overall pick. He was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team in 2021 and 2022.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle played college basketball for the Washington Huskies. As a senior in 2019, he was recognized as the top defender in the nation with the Naismith Defensive Player of the Year and the Lefty Driesell Award. Thybulle also earned first-team all-conference honors in the Pac-12, and repeated as the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle is a dual American-Australian citizen and spent around seven years of his childhood in Sydney. He was a member of the Australian national team at the 2020 Summer Olympics in Tokyo.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle was born in Scottsdale, Arizona, the son of Greg, a Haitian-born engineer raised in the Harlem neighborhood of New York, and Dr. Elizabeth Thybulle, a naturopath who died of leukemia in 2015. He was named after French artist Henri Matisse. When he was two, his family moved to Sydney, Australia, where they lived for around seven years. The Thybulle family lived in Sydney's North Shore while in Australia and the children attended elementary school at North Sydney Demonstration School. Matisse did not play much basketball in Australia and focused more on swimming while there, where he said lifeguards "were a really big deal". His family returned to the U.S. in 2005 and settled in Sammamish, Washington, a suburb east of Seattle.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle could not make layups consistently until around the eighth grade, when his coordination began matching his speed. He attended Skyline High School for two years, then transferred to nearby Eastside Catholic, where he was ranked a four-star recruit by Scout.com and three-star by ESPN, and graduated in 2015.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle chose to attend the University of Washington in Seattle based on his relationship with Huskies coach Lorenzo Romar. He started all 34 games as a true freshman in 2015–16, averaging 6.2 points, 3.2 rebounds, and 1.6 assists in 24.1 minutes per game. As a sophomore in 2016–17, he averaged 10.5 points, 3.1 rebounds, and 2.1 steals, but the Huskies won only two games in conference and were in Romar's fifteenth season at Washington, and he was fired.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle considered leaving the program after his coach left. However, he decided to return for 2017–18 after meeting with new coach Mike Hopkins. The former 22-year Syracuse assistant under Jim Boeheim sold him on the Orange's acclaimed 2–3 zone defense that he planned to install at Washington. On February 17, Thybulle scored a career-high 26 points in an 82–59 win over Colorado. Possessing a wingspan, he was instrumental to the Huskies' zone defense, which was a key to the team's first 20-win season since 2011–12. He was named the Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year, becoming the first player in school history to receive the honor. Thybulle averaged a career-high 11.2 points per game, set a Huskies single-season record with 101 steals, and led Washington with a team-leading 49 blocks. He became the second player in Pac-12 history with at least 90 steals and 40 blocks in the same season, joining Jeff Trepagnier (USC, 1999–2000).


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: In 2018–19, Thybulle had 17 points, six steals and five blocks in a 64–55 home win over Colorado to help the Huskies clinch a share of the Pac-12 regular season title. Including a win earlier in the week against Utah, he averaged 13.5 points, 6.0 steals, 4.5 blocks and 5.0 rebounds to earn Pac-12 Player of the Week honors for the first time in his career. Thybulle won the Naismith Defensive Player of the Year and Lefty Driesell Award as the top defensive player in the nation. He was also named first-team All-Pac-12, and became the second player in conference history to repeat as Pac-12 Defensive Player of the Year. He led all NCAA Division I players with 126 steals, which also broke the Pac-12 single-season record held previously by Jason Kidd. Thybulle also ranked eighth nationally with 83 blocks, becoming the only player in the past two decades to record at least 100 steals and 80 blocks. With averages of 3.5 steals and 2.3 blocks per game, he was one of three players in the last 20 years to average at least 2.0 steals and 2.0 blocks in a season. Thybulle also passed Gary Payton to become the conference leader in career steals with 331, and was the first in Pac-12 history with two 100-steal seasons. He also tied Washington's career blocks record of 186 held by Chris Welp, and he is the only player in Huskies history ranked in the top 10 in both career steals and blocks.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: The Philadelphia 76ers targeted Thybulle leading up to the 2019 NBA draft. They were coming off a second-round playoff loss to the eventual NBA champions, the Toronto Raptors, and were seeking someone who could immediately contribute to their goal of a championship. The 76ers had Thybulle stop working out for others teams, promising in exchange to select him in the first round with their No. 24 overall pick. They effectively ended up moving up to No. 20 to select him, receiving his draft rights from the Boston Celtics in a trade for Philadelphia's 24th and 33rd picks. On July 3, 2019, Thybulle signed with the 76ers. On October 23, he made his debut in NBA, coming off from bench in a 107–93 win over the Celtics with three points, a rebound, an assist, two steals and two blocks. After scoring 20 points, hitting five three-pointers, and making three steals in a win over the Raptors on December 8, he joined Allen Iverson as the only Sixers rookies to record five threes and three steals in a game since 1983. On July 11, 2020, Thybulle started uploading a series of vlog style YouTube videos showcasing the 2020 NBA Bubble at the ESPN Wide World of Sports Complex in Orlando, Florida.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: In his second season in 2020–21, Thybulle was named to the NBA All-Defensive Second Team, though he only averaged 20 minutes per game. He was the NBA leader with 3.8 steals per 100 possessions as well as 5.6 deflections per 36 minutes.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: On October 29th, 2021, the 76ers picked up Thybulle's team option, extending his contract through the 2022–23 season.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle is a dual citizen of Australia as well as the United States and is therefore eligible to represent either national team. When asked if he would represent the Australian Boomers at the 2020 Tokyo Olympics, Thybulle said he was proud of his Australian roots but would not presume he would earn automatic selection.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: On February 3, 2021, Thybulle was named as part of the Australian Boomers squad for the delayed 2020 Tokyo Olympics, which began immediately after the 2021 NBA Finals.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: Thybulle helped Australia to obtain their first ever Olympic medal in men's basketball, beating Slovenia in the bronze medal game.


title: Matisse Thybulle

text: On April 10, 2022, it went public that Thybulle was not fully vaccinated for COVID-19. This made him ineligible to play in Canada during the 76ers opening round of the NBA playoffs against the Toronto Raptors. “Yeah, I’m not fully vaccinated,” he told The Athletic’s Rich Hofmann. “This was a decision I made a long time ago. I thought a lot about what I would say here. Essentially I made this choice and I thought I can keep it to myself, I can keep it private, but people are always going to wonder why.” Thybulle, who said that he was brought up in a "holistic household" with "Chinese medicine and naturopathic doctors" did say that he had received the first dose of the Pfizer vaccine but did not continue on for the following shot.


title: W and Z bosons

text: In particle physics, the W and Z bosons are vector bosons that are together known as the weak bosons or more generally as the intermediate vector bosons. These elementary particles mediate the weak interaction; the respective symbols are , , and . The  bosons have either a positive or negative electric charge of 1 elementary charge and are each other's antiparticles. The  boson is electrically neutral and is its own antiparticle. The three particles each have a spin of 1. The  bosons have a magnetic moment, but the has none. All three of these particles are very short-lived, with a half-life of about . Their experimental discovery was pivotal in establishing what is now called the Standard Model of particle physics.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The  bosons are named after the "weak" force. The physicist Steven Weinberg named the additional particle the " particle", and later gave the explanation that it was the last additional particle needed by the model. The  bosons had already been named, and the  bosons were named for having "zero" electric charge.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The two  bosons are verified mediators of neutrino absorption and emission. During these processes, the  boson charge induces electron or positron emission or absorption, thus causing nuclear transmutation.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The  boson mediates the transfer of momentum, spin and energy when neutrinos scatter "elastically" from matter (a process which conserves charge). Such behavior is almost as common as inelastic neutrino interactions and may be observed in bubble chambers upon irradiation with neutrino beams. The  boson is not involved in the absorption or emission of electrons or positrons. Whenever an electron is observed as a new free particle, suddenly moving with kinetic energy, it is inferred to be a result of a neutrino interacting with the electron (with the momentum transfer via the Z boson) since this behavior happens more often when the neutrino beam is present. In this process, the neutrino simply strikes the electron (via exchange of a boson) and then scatters away from it, transferring some of the neutrino's momentum to the electron.


title: W and Z bosons

text: These bosons are among the heavyweights of the elementary particles. With masses of and , respectively, the and  bosons are almost 80 times as massive as the proton – heavier, even, than entire iron atoms.


title: W and Z bosons

text: Their high masses limit the range of the weak interaction. By way of contrast, the photon is the force carrier of the electromagnetic force and has zero mass, consistent with the infinite range of electromagnetism; the hypothetical graviton is also expected to have zero mass. (Although gluons are also presumed to have zero mass, the range of the color force is limited for different reasons; "see color confinement".)


title: W and Z bosons

text: All three bosons have particle spin "s" = 1. The emission of a or boson either lowers or raises the electric charge of the emitting particle by one unit, and also alters the spin by one unit. At the same time, the emission or absorption of a  boson can change the type of the particle – for example changing a strange quark into an up quark. The neutral Z boson cannot change the electric charge of any particle, nor can it change any other of the so-called "charges" (such as strangeness, baryon number, charm, etc.). The emission or absorption of a  boson can only change the spin, momentum, and energy of the other particle. (See also "Weak neutral current".)


title: W and Z bosons

text: The and bosons are carrier particles that mediate the weak nuclear force, much as the photon is the carrier particle for the electromagnetic force.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The bosons are best known for their role in nuclear decay. Consider, for example, the beta decay of cobalt-60.


title: W and Z bosons

text: This reaction does not involve the whole cobalt-60 nucleus, but affects only one of its 33 neutrons. The neutron is converted into a proton while also emitting an electron (called a beta particle in this context) and an electron antineutrino:


title: W and Z bosons

text: Again, the neutron is not an elementary particle but a composite of an up quark and two down quarks (). It is in fact one of the down quarks that interacts in beta decay, turning into an up quark to form a proton (). At the most fundamental level, then, the weak force changes the flavour of a single quark:


title: W and Z bosons

text: The is its own antiparticle. Thus, all of its flavour quantum numbers and charges are zero. The exchange of a  boson between particles, called a neutral current interaction, therefore leaves the interacting particles unaffected, except for a transfer of spin and/or momentum.


title: W and Z bosons

text: Following the success of quantum electrodynamics in the 1950s, attempts were undertaken to formulate a similar theory of the weak nuclear force. This culminated around 1968 in a unified theory of electromagnetism and weak interactions by Sheldon Glashow, Steven Weinberg, and Abdus Salam, for which they shared the 1979 Nobel Prize in Physics. Their electroweak theory postulated not only the bosons necessary to explain beta decay, but also a new  boson that had never been observed.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The fact that the and bosons have mass while photons are massless was a major obstacle in developing electroweak theory. These particles are accurately described by an SU(2) gauge theory, but the bosons in a gauge theory must be massless. As a case in point, the photon is massless because electromagnetism is described by a U(1) gauge theory. Some mechanism is required to break the SU(2) symmetry, giving mass to the and in the process. The Higgs mechanism, first put forward by the 1964 PRL symmetry breaking papers, fulfills this role. It requires the existence of another particle, the Higgs boson, which has since been found at the Large Hadron Collider. Of the four components of a Goldstone boson created by the Higgs field, three are absorbed by the and bosons to form their longitudinal components, and the remainder appears as the spin 0 Higgs boson.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The combination of the SU(2) gauge theory of the weak interaction, the electromagnetic interaction, and the Higgs mechanism is known as the Glashow–Weinberg–Salam model. Today it is widely accepted as one of the pillars of the Standard Model of particle physics, particularly given the 2012 discovery of the Higgs boson by the CMS and ATLAS experiments.


title: W and Z bosons

text: where formula_2 is the SU(2) gauge coupling, formula_3 is the U(1) gauge coupling, and formula_4 is the Higgs vacuum expectation value.


title: W and Z bosons

text: Unlike beta decay, the observation of neutral current interactions that involve particles requires huge investments in particle accelerators and detectors, such as are available in only a few high-energy physics laboratories in the world (and then only after 1983). This is because  bosons behave in somewhat the same manner as photons, but do not become important until the energy of the interaction is comparable with the relatively huge mass of the  boson.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The discovery of the and bosons was considered a major success for CERN. First, in 1973, came the observation of neutral current interactions as predicted by electroweak theory. The huge Gargamelle bubble chamber photographed the tracks of a few electrons suddenly starting to move, seemingly of their own accord. This is interpreted as a neutrino interacting with the electron by the exchange of an unseen boson. The neutrino is otherwise undetectable, so the only observable effect is the momentum imparted to the electron by the interaction.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The discovery of the and bosons themselves had to wait for the construction of a particle accelerator powerful enough to produce them. The first such machine that became available was the Super Proton Synchrotron, where unambiguous signals of W bosons were seen in January 1983 during a series of experiments made possible by Carlo Rubbia and Simon van der Meer. The actual experiments were called UA1 (led by Rubbia) and UA2 (led by Pierre Darriulat), and were the collaborative effort of many people. Van der Meer was the driving force on the accelerator end (stochastic cooling). UA1 and UA2 found the boson a few months later, in May 1983. Rubbia and van der Meer were promptly awarded the 1984 Nobel Prize in Physics, a most unusual step for the conservative Nobel Foundation.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The and bosons, together with the photon (), comprise the four gauge bosons of the electroweak interaction.


title: W and Z bosons

text: Before 2022, measurements of the W boson mass appeared to be consistent with the Standard Model. For example, in 2021, experimental measurements of the W boson mass were assessed to converge around 80,379 ± 12 MeV.


title: W and Z bosons

text: However, in April 2022, a new analysis of data that was obtained by the Fermilab Tevatron collider before its closure in 2011 determined the mass of the W boson to be 80,433 ± 9 MeV, which is seven standard deviations above that predicted by the Standard Model, meaning that if the model is correct there should only be a one-trillionth chance that such a large mass would arise by non-systematic observational error. According to Ashutosh Kotwal of Duke University and the leader of the Collider Detector at Fermilab collaboration, the lower beam luminosity used reduced the chance that events of interest would be obscured by other collisions and that the use of proton-antiproton collisions simplifies the process of quark-antiquark annihilation, which then decayed to give a lepton and a neutrino. The team deliberately encrypted its data and withheld any preliminary results from themselves until the analysis was complete, to prevent "confirmation bias" bending their interpretation of the data. Kotwal described it as the 'largest crack in this beautiful theory', speculating that it might be the 'first clear evidence' of other forces or particles not accounted for by the Standard Model, and which might be accounted for by theories such as supersymmetry. The Nobel-winning theoretical physicist Frank Wilczek described the result as a 'monumental piece of work'.


title: W and Z bosons

text: Besides being inconsistent with the Standard Model, the new measurement is also inconsistent with previous measurements such as ATLAS. This suggests that either the old or the new measurements, despite all precautions, have an unexpected systematic error, such as an undetected quirk in the equipment. Future experiments with the LHC may help determine which set of measurements, if either, are the correct ones. Fermilab Deputy Director Joseph Lykken reiterated that "...the (new) measurement needs to be confirmed by another experiment before it can be interpreted fully." Matthias Schott, of the University of Mainz, commented that "I do not think we have to discuss which new physics could explain the discrepancy between CDF[Collider Detector at Fermilab] and the Standard Model – we first have to understand why the CDF measurement is in strong tension with all [other measurements]".


title: W and Z bosons

text: The and bosons decay to fermion pairs but neither the nor the  bosons have sufficient energy to decay into the highest-mass top quark. Neglecting phase space effects and higher order corrections, simple estimates of their branching fractions can be calculated from the coupling constants.


title: W and Z bosons

text: bosons can decay to a lepton and antilepton (one of them charged and another neutral) or to a quark and antiquark of complementary types (with opposite electric charges and ). The decay width of the W boson to a quark–antiquark pair is proportional to the corresponding squared CKM matrix element and the number of quark colours, The decay widths for the W boson are then proportional to:


title: W and Z bosons

text: Here, , , denote the three flavours of leptons (more exactly, the positive charged antileptons). , , denote the three flavours of neutrinos. The other particles, starting with and , all denote quarks and antiquarks (factor is applied). The various formula_5 denote the corresponding CKM matrix coefficients.


title: W and Z bosons

text: formula_7 thus each of two quark rows Therefore, the leptonic branching ratios of the W boson are approximately formula_8formula_9formula_10 The hadronic branching ratio is dominated by the CKM-favored and final states. The sum of the hadronic branching ratios has been measured experimentally to be , with


title: W and Z bosons

text: bosons decay into a fermion and its antiparticle. As the  boson is a mixture of the pre-symmetry-breaking and bosons (see weak mixing angle), each vertex factor includes a factor formula_11 where formula_12 is the third component of the weak isospin of the fermion (the "charge" for the weak force), formula_13 is the electric charge of the fermion (in units of the elementary charge), and formula_14 is the weak mixing angle. Because the weak isospin formula_15 is different for fermions of different chirality, either left-handed or right-handed, the coupling is different as well.


title: W and Z bosons

text: The "relative" strengths of each coupling can be estimated by considering that the decay rates include the square of these factors, and all possible diagrams (e.g. sum over quark families, and left and right contributions). The results tabulated below are just estimates, since they only include tree-level interaction diagrams in the Fermi theory.


title: W and Z bosons

text: In 2018, the CMS collaboration observed the first exclusive decay of the  boson to a meson and a lepton-antilepton pair.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: In physical chemistry, the Arrhenius equation is a formula for the temperature dependence of reaction rates. The equation was proposed by Svante Arrhenius in 1889, based on the work of Dutch chemist Jacobus Henricus van 't Hoff who had noted in 1884 that the van 't Hoff equation for the temperature dependence of equilibrium constants suggests such a formula for the rates of both forward and reverse reactions. This equation has a vast and important application in determining the rate of chemical reactions and for calculation of energy of activation. Arrhenius provided a physical justification and interpretation for the formula. Currently, it is best seen as an empirical relationship. It can be used to model the temperature variation of diffusion coefficients, population of crystal vacancies, creep rates, and many other thermally-induced processes/reactions. The Eyring equation, developed in 1935, also expresses the relationship between rate and energy.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The Arrhenius equation gives the dependence of the rate constant of a chemical reaction on the absolute temperature as


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The only difference is the energy units of : the former form uses energy per mole, which is common in chemistry, while the latter form uses energy per molecule directly, which is common in physics.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The different units are accounted for in using either the gas constant, , or the Boltzmann constant, , as the multiplier of temperature .


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The units of the pre-exponential factor are identical to those of the rate constant and will vary depending on the order of the reaction. If the reaction is first order it has the units: s, and for that reason it is often called the "frequency factor" or "attempt frequency" of the reaction. Most simply, is the number of collisions that result in a reaction per second, is the number of collisions (leading to a reaction or not) per second occurring with the proper orientation to react and formula_3 is the probability that any given collision will result in a reaction. It can be seen that either increasing the temperature or decreasing the activation energy (for example through the use of catalysts) will result in an increase in rate of reaction.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: Given the small temperature range of kinetic studies, it is reasonable to approximate the activation energy as being independent of the temperature. Similarly, under a wide range of practical conditions, the weak temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor is negligible compared to the temperature dependence of the formula_4 factor; except in the case of "barrierless" diffusion-limited reactions, in which case the pre-exponential factor is dominant and is directly observable.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: With this equation it can be roughly estimated that the rate of reaction increases by a factor of about 2 or 3 for every 10°C rise in temperature.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: So, when a reaction has a rate constant that obeys the Arrhenius equation, a plot of ln "k" versus "T" gives a straight line, whose gradient and intercept can be used to determine "E" and "A" . This procedure has become so common in experimental chemical kinetics that practitioners have taken to using it to "define" the activation energy for a reaction. That is the activation energy is defined to be (−"R") times the slope of a plot of ln "k" vs. (1/"T"):


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The modified Arrhenius equation makes explicit the temperature dependence of the pre-exponential factor. The modified equation is usually of the form


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The original Arrhenius expression above corresponds to "n" = 0. Fitted rate constants typically lie in the range . Theoretical analyses yield various predictions for "n". It has been pointed out that "it is not feasible to establish, on the basis of temperature studies of the rate constant, whether the predicted "T" dependence of the pre-exponential factor is observed experimentally". However, if additional evidence is available, from theory and/or from experiment (such as density dependence), there is no obstacle to incisive tests of the Arrhenius law.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: where "β" is a dimensionless number of order 1. This is typically regarded as a purely empirical correction or "fudge factor" to make the model fit the data, but can have theoretical meaning, for example showing the presence of a range of activation energies or in special cases like the Mott variable range hopping.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: Arrhenius argued that for reactants to transform into products, they must first acquire a minimum amount of energy, called the activation energy "E". At an absolute temperature "T", the fraction of molecules that have a kinetic energy greater than "E" can be calculated from statistical mechanics. The concept of "activation energy" explains the exponential nature of the relationship, and in one way or another, it is present in all kinetic theories.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The calculations for reaction rate constants involve an energy averaging over a Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution with formula_13 as lower bound and so are often of the type of incomplete gamma functions, which turn out to be proportional to formula_14.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: One approach is the collision theory of chemical reactions, developed by Max Trautz and William Lewis in the years 1916–18. In this theory, molecules are supposed to react if they collide with a relative kinetic energy along their line of centers that exceeds "E". The number of binary collisions between two unlike molecules per second per unit volume is found to be


title: Arrhenius equation

text: where "N" is the Avogadro constant, "d" is the average diameter of "A" and "B", "T" is the temperature which is multiplied by the Boltzmann constant "k" to convert to energy units, and "μ" is the reduced mass.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The rate constant is then calculated as formula_16 so that the collision theory predicts that the pre-exponential factor is equal to the collision number "z". However for many reactions this agrees poorly with experiment, so the rate constant is written instead as formula_17. Here "formula_18" is an empirical steric factor, often much less than 1.00, which is interpreted as the fraction of sufficiently energetic collisions in which the two molecules have the correct mutual orientation to react.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: The Eyring equation, another Arrhenius-like expression, appears in the "transition state theory" of chemical reactions, formulated by Wigner, Eyring, Polanyi and Evans in the 1930s. The Eyring equation can be written:


title: Arrhenius equation

text: where formula_20 is the Gibbs energy of activation, formula_21 is the entropy of activation, formula_22 is the enthalpy of activation, formula_23 is the Boltzmann constant, and formula_24 is Planck's constant.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: At first sight this looks like an exponential multiplied by a factor that is "linear" in temperature. However, free energy is itself a temperature dependent quantity. The free energy of activation formula_25 is the difference of an enthalpy term and an entropy term multiplied by the absolute temperature. The pre-exponential factor depends primarily on the entropy of activation. The overall expression again takes the form of an Arrhenius exponential (of enthalpy rather than energy) multiplied by a slowly varying function of "T". The precise form of the temperature dependence depends upon the reaction, and can be calculated using formulas from statistical mechanics involving the partition functions of the reactants and of the activated complex.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: Both the Arrhenius activation energy and the rate constant "k" are experimentally determined, and represent macroscopic reaction-specific parameters that are not simply related to threshold energies and the success of individual collisions at the molecular level. Consider a particular collision (an elementary reaction) between molecules A and B. The collision angle, the relative translational energy, the internal (particularly vibrational) energy will all determine the chance that the collision will produce a product molecule AB. Macroscopic measurements of E and "k" are the result of many individual collisions with differing collision parameters. To probe reaction rates at molecular level, experiments are conducted under near-collisional conditions and this subject is often called molecular reaction dynamics.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: Another situation where the explanation of the Arrhenius equation parameters fall short is in heterogeneous catalysis, especially for reactions that show Langmuir-Hinshelwood kinetics. Clearly, molecules on surfaces do not "collide" directly, and a simple molecular cross-section does not apply here. Instead, the pre-exponential factor reflects the travel across the surface towards the active site.


title: Arrhenius equation

text: There are deviations from the Arrhenius law during the glass transition in all classes of glass-forming matter. The Arrhenius law predicts that the motion of the structural units (atoms, molecules, ions, etc.) should slow down at a slower rate through the glass transition than is experimentally observed. In other words, the structural units slow down at a faster rate than is predicted by the Arrhenius law. This observation is made reasonable assuming that the units must overcome an energy barrier by means of a thermal activation energy. The thermal energy must be high enough to allow for translational motion of the units which leads to viscous flow of the material.


title: Shu (Egyptian god)

text: Shu (Egyptian "šw", "emptiness" or "he who rises up", ) was one of the primordial Egyptian gods, spouse and brother to the goddess Tefnut, and one of the nine deities of the Ennead of the Heliopolis cosmogony. He was the god of peace, lions, air, and wind.


title: Shu (Egyptian god)

text: In Heliopolitan theology, Atum created the first couple of the Ennead, Shu and Tefnut by masturbating or by spitting. Shu was the father of Nut and Geb and grandfather of Osiris, Isis, Set, and Nephthys. His great-grandsons are Horus and Anubis.


title: Shu (Egyptian god)

text: As the air, Shu was considered to be a cooling, and thus calming, influence, and pacifier. Due to the association with dry air, calm, and thus Ma'at (truth, justice, order, and balance), Shu was depicted as the dry air/atmosphere between the earth and sky, separating the two realms after the event of the First Occasion. Shu was also portrayed in art as wearing an ostrich feather. Shu was seen with between one and four feathers. The ostrich feather was symbolic of lightness and emptiness. Fog and clouds were also Shu's elements and they were often called his bones. Because of his position between the sky and earth, he was also known as the wind.


title: Shu (Egyptian god)

text: In a much later myth, representing a terrible weather disaster at the end of the Old Kingdom, it was said that Tefnut and Shu once argued, and Tefnut left Egypt for Nubia (which was always more temperate). It was said that Shu quickly decided that he missed her, but she changed into a cat that destroyed any man or god that approached. Thoth, disguised, eventually succeeded in convincing her to return.


title: Shu (Egyptian god)

text: The Greeks associated Shu with Atlas, the primordial Titan who held up the celestial spheres, as they are both depicted holding up the sky.


title: Shu (Egyptian god)

text: According to the Heliopolitan cosmology, Shu and Tefnut, the first pair of cosmic elements, created the sky goddess, Nut, and the earth god, Geb. Shu separated Nut from Geb as they were in the act of love, creating duality in the manifest world: above and below, light and dark, good and evil. Prior to their separation, however, Nut had given birth to the gods Isis, Osiris, Nephthys (Horus) and Set. The Egyptians believed that if Shu did not hold Nut (sky) and Geb (earth) apart there would be no way for physically-manifest life to exist.


title: Shu (Egyptian god)

text: Shu is mostly represented as a man. Only in his function as a fighter and defender as the sun god and he sometimes receive a lion's head. He carries an ankh, the symbol of life.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Underworld: Awakening is a 2012 American action horror film directed by Måns Mårlind and Björn Stein. It is the fourth installment in the "Underworld" franchise, with Kate Beckinsale reprising her role as Selene, joined by Theo James, Michael Ealy, and India Eisley. Filming began in March 2011 in Vancouver, British Columbia and the film was released in Digital 3D, IMAX 3D and 2D theaters on January 20, 2012 and grossed $160 million worldwide. It was followed by "" in 2016.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: A few years after the events of , both the government and the general public have become aware of the existence of the Vampires and Lycans. A program to study and potentially harness their powers soon escalates into an all-out genocide and shortly after the Purge begins, Selene and Michael are captured by humans. Due to her enhanced vampiric traits, Selene is imprisoned in cryogenic suspension.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: After being frozen for twelve years, during which both species have been hunted to the brink of extinction, Selene manages to escape. She learns that another subject has also fled from the facility. While running away, Selene has visions from someone else's point of view. She follows the visions and encounters David, a young vampire who has been tracking her. Sick and weakened Lycans also appear; they are hunting the subject with whom Selene is connected. Selene fights her way through the Lycan pack and reaches the second escapee: a frightened and confused young girl.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Selene, David and the girl drive away using David's van, only to be attacked once again by a trio of Lycans. David and Selene kill two while the third smashes its way into the rear of the vehicle and bites the girl's shoulder. She partially transforms and rips the creature in half, revealing her hybrid traits. Selene realizes this is her and Michael's daughter. During her own escape from the facility, the girl found Selene's cryogenic tank and deactivated it. That is why Selene could escape. Despite her hybrid nature, the girl's bite wound does not heal and she is rapidly growing weaker, so David decides to take the pair to his coven.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: After she reluctantly drinks some blood, her wound heals. But as they do not feel welcome in the coven, due to the fact that the girl is noticeably different from Vampires, Lycans and even Hybrid, Selene prepares to leave. David tries to convince her to stay and help them start an offensive against the humans. Before she makes up her mind, the coven comes under attack by Lycans. Selene joins the fight and kills many Lycans before being knocked unconscious by a huge "Super-Lycan" that heals instantly and is not affected by silver. She later awakenens and finds that Thomas, David's father, has surrendered her daughter to the Lycans in return for them leaving. David has been mortally wounded in the battle, but Selene revives him with her blood. After leaving, she confronts Sebastian, a human detective who is sympathetic to the vampires due to his dead wife being a vampire. Sebastian confirms that the Lycans have been traced to Antigen, the corporation dedicated to killing off vampires. They also run the facility from which Selene has escaped.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Antigen is actually run by Lycans, who have been posing as humans in order to trick the world's governments into believing the Lycans are extinct. The director of Antigen, Dr. Jacob Lane, is trying to perfect the Lycan race and needs the DNA of Selene's daughter to do so. The "Super-Lycan" Selene faced earlier is Quint, Lane's son and the prototype for Lycan modifications. Selene and Sebastian assault Antigen to stop Lane and save Selene's daughter, who they begin calling "Eve". Selene comes across Subject 0, whom she identifies as Michael, and attempts to free him by shooting his cryogenic tank. However, she is forced to leave the thawing Michael in order to stop the Lycans from escaping with Eve. David, who since being healed by Selene's blood has inherited her immunity to sunlight, arrives and helps the heroes. In the ensuing fight, Selene confronts Quint. She tricks him into returning to his more vulnerable human form by hiding in a narrow tunnel and kills him by implanting a silver grenade in his stomach. Meanwhile, Eve kills Lane by ripping out his throat. As the police arrive, Selene, Eve, and David return to Michael's tank and find it empty. Knowing that the world will be hunting Michael, the trio vows to find him first.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Scott Speedman, who appeared as Michael Corvin in the first two films in the series, announced that he would not be reprising his role for the fourth installment, however he did appear in archive footage from the first and films, although a stand-in was used in the scenes where he is seen in an unconscious state.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: The fourth "Underworld" movie was in development ever since 2009, when Len Wiseman came up with the story for the film. It was actually the first original sequel story starring Selene, since originally the first two films were one long script. Screenwriter John Hlavin was the first one who wrote the script based on Wiseman's story that same year. Between 2009 and 2011 it went through many re-writes and changes by other writers, including some who are not credited in the final film. One of the credited writers, J. Michael Straczynski, wrote his version in September 2010, right when Kate Beckinsale officially signed on to star in the film. Wiseman himself also did some revisions on the script before filming started, sometimes alone or with other writers. A February 2011 draft of the script lists revision credit he did with another writer, Allison Burnett, who already did his own re-write of the script earlier.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Despite it already going through a number of writers and different versions, the film began principal photography without a finished script in March 2011 at Simon Fraser University in Vancouver, British Columbia. Due to all the changes made on the script, lot of the first promotional material was based on earlier storyline, which is why it includes some differences. For example, Antigen was originally called BioCom, Selene was imprisoned by the corporation for 15 years instead of 12, her daughter was originally called Nissa and she was 14 years old instead of 11, and original title would have been "Underworld 4: New Dawn", although in August 2011 interview producer Richard Wright said how many different subtitles were suggested and thrown out, including "Underworld 4: New Moon".


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Måns Mårlind and Björn Stein said in interviews how while the story for the film was good, nobody was "super happy" about the script. While it was keep getting changed, the tone of it kept going from more of a "wink-wink" with some humor and irony, to more serious one like original films were. Mårlind and Stein also ended up working on script re-writes, along with Wiseman, producer Gary Lucchesi and another new screenwriter, but none of them were credited in the film.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Wright also mentioned how for some reason production of this film was more difficult than others. Wiseman, who was working on remake of "Total Recall" at the same time, was often called for help, and sometimes he would have to re-write a scene during night which was going to be filmed the next day. Mårlind and Stein also said how entire ending is not the one which they originally had when production started, and how ending which is in the film was written during filming, although they gave no details about what the original ending was. Earlier versions of the script also included alternate opening, in which Selene's cryo tank is destroyed by some escaped mutated Lycan, who would then stalk weakened Selene around the lab until she manages to escape. This was possibly changed due to problems scene would cause with trying to cut around nudity. Selene would then find a medical gown which she would wear through rest of the film until she finds an outfit very similar to her old one inside David's vampire coven. This later part of this scene was still kept in January and February 2011 revised drafts of the script but in the film this was changed so her original outfit is kept in the same room where she is. The plot part about corporation planning to use Selene and Eve as breeders of super hybrids was also dropped and instead in the film they are after Eve's DNA.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Unfinished and constantly changing script also caused some issues for second unit director and visual effects supervisor James McQuaide, who did not know how was he supposed to design Lycan creatures in the film. Some of the storyboards for the film by Martin Bergquist also reveal how entire scenes including some action sequences were fully planned but ended up getting cut.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: The soundtrack was released to digital outlets on January 17, 2012, by Lakeshore Records. Most of the songs were remixed by Danny Lohner and use work from the bands Evanescence, Linkin Park, The Cure, Lacuna Coil and Aesthetic Perfection amongst others.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: The film grossed $25 million in first place during the opening weekend of January 20–22, 2012. It eventually grossed $62 million in North America and another $97 million overseas, in which brings the worldwide total of $160 million, making it the highest grossing film in the franchise. This also makes it the first film of 2012 to surpass the $100 million mark.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: "Underworld: Awakening" received generally negative reviews from film critics. Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gave the film a score of 27%, based on 71 reviews, with an average rating of 4.3/10. The site's consensus reads, "There's more vapid action and less story in "Underworld: Awakening" than previous installments, making the whole affair feel inconsequential." Metacritic has given the film a score of 39 out of 100, based in 17 critics. Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A−" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Underworld: Awakening

text: Movie review website The Filtered Lens gave the film a negative review citing that "if you try and pay attention to the plot you will get a headache". However, they did note that the action was well done and said it was the goriest of the series. Film critic Chris Pandolfi viewed the film positively, especially compared to the first two in the franchise, saying "although it's about as lasting as dust in the wind, I think it represents what the series should have been right from the start: An escapist supernatural action thriller that gives us license to put our brains on autopilot."


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Ubisoft Divertissements Inc., doing business as Ubisoft Montreal, is a Canadian video game developer and a studio of Ubisoft based in Montreal.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: The studio was founded in April 1997 as part of Ubisoft's growth into worldwide markets, with subsidies from the governments of Montreal, Quebec, and Canada to help create new multimedia jobs. The studio's initial products were low-profile children's games based on existing intellectual property. Ubisoft Montreal's break-out titles were 2002's "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell" and 2003's "". Subsequently, the studio continued to develop sequels and related games in both series, and developing its own intellectual properties such as "Assassin's Creed", "Far Cry", "Watch Dogs", and "For Honor".


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: As of 2021, the studio employs more than 4,000 staff. The studio helped to establish Montreal as a creative city, and brought other video game developers to establish studios there.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Following Ubisoft's initial public offering in 1996, the Montreuil, France-based publisher began looking to expand into more global markets. Establishing a studio in Quebec was of strong interest to the company; according to Ubisoft's CEO Yannis Mallat, a Quebec studio would allow them to bring in French-speaking employees and help with communication with the Montreuil headquarters, and was in close proximity to the United States, one of the largest markets for video games.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: At the same time, the city of Montreal in Quebec was looking to recover from job losses due to disappearing manufacturing and textile industries from the early 1990s. The controlling political party, Parti Québécois (PQ), pursued new job creation in technology, computers, and multimedia. Lobbyist Sylvain Vaugeois, hearing that Ubisoft was searching for jobs, came up with a plan called "Plan Mercure" which would incentivize Ubisoft to found a studio in Montreal by having the government subsidize each employee for five years, but the government rejected this plan, believing it was too expensive for use of public funds. Vaugeois still went on to meet with Ubisoft, inviting them to visit Montreal and suggesting "Plan Mercure" was viable, and upon their visit, discovered that they had been misled, leading to some embarrassment on the city and province. PQ representatives of Quebec's and Montreal's government met with Ubisoft to convince them to establish a studio in Quebec after hearing that Ubisoft was considering a studio instead near Boston or in New Brunswick, and recognised they needed to follow on some form of Vaugeois' "Plan Mercure" to convince Ubisoft to form a studio in Montreal. Pierre Pettigrew, the Minister of Human Resources Development worked with the Quebec and federal government to come to a solution, whereby the two governments would split the previously considered per employee ( from the Quebec government) to provide 500 new jobs to young persons and provide training in the multimedia sector. Ubisoft was agreeable to this, and established Ubisoft Montreal (formally named Ubisoft Divertissements Inc.) on 25 April 1997. The studio was founded in offices in the , a former textile factory, located in the Mile End neighbourhood along Saint-Laurent Boulevard.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Martin Tremblay joined the studio as executive vice-president in 1999, and was promoted to chief operating officer a year later.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: The studio began with 50 employees, with half having coming from Ubisoft's Montreuil headquarters, and the other hired in under the government subsidies. According to Mallet, a founding myth of the company was that they had thrown the new employees in a room with computers and were told to develop a game, but Mallet did acknowledge that there was a lack of experience in game development from this group. Initially, the studio developed children's games based on licensed intellectual property (IP) such as "" and games based on the Playmobil series of toys. While these were not critically significant games, they sold well to keep the studio profitable, and allowed them to establish an internal program for creating their own IP.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Ubisoft Montreal's break-out title came through "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell", released in 2002. Prior to this, Ubisoft had closed down an internal development studio at the New York offices in 1999, which had been working on a game called "The Drift", a third-person shooter with elements of stealth. Ubisoft had found the game lacking cohesion, and despite efforts to rebrand it as a potential "James Bond" game, Ubisoft opted to halt development and transfer key staff and all the work in progress to Ubisoft Montreal. The next year in 2000, Ubisoft acquired Red Storm Entertainment, which had successfully produced games based on Tom Clancy novels. The acquisition included the license to develop more Tom Clancy-based games, as well as access to the Unreal game engine. The Ubisoft Montreal team started experimenting with modern spy gadgetry within the existing "Drift" elements, and found some potential promise to make a game in the "Tom Clancy's" series from it. With "" soon to be released, Ubisoft Montreal was tasked with creating the "Metal Gear Solid" killer, which resulted in the first "Splinter Cell" game. The Montreal studio continued to develop several of the "Splinter Cell" sequels through 2010.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: In 2001, Ubisoft acquired the rights to the "Myst", "Chessmaster", and "Prince of Persia" IPs from Mattel and The Learning Company. Mallet was adamant about getting the "Prince of Persia" series and assured that the Montreal studio got the first chance to work with it. Ubisoft Montreal took the original 2D platforming games into a third-person 3D perspective, incorporating parkour, as well as bringing the series' original creator Jordan Mechner as a consultant for the game's story. "" was released in 2003, and proved a critical and financial success, with over 14 million copies sold by 2014, as well as several sequels.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: A small team in Ubisoft Montreal worked on developing a "Prince of Persia" for the next-generation consoles starting in 2004. They wanted to break away from having the player-character as a prince, and soon came to the concept of having the player control one of the Assassins in protecting the prince during the period of the Third Crusade. The newer hardware allowed them to expand the linear gameplay from "Prince of Persia: The Sands of Time" into an open world. Ubisoft was not keen on releasing a title in the "Prince of Persia" series where the Prince was not the prime character, and the title was reworked to be a new IP, called "Assassin's Creed" that ended up being released in 2007, selling over 10 million units by 2014. This was the third major IP being developed at Ubisoft Montreal, and has also had numerous sequels since its release.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Yet another major IP came to Ubisoft Montreal was the "Far Cry" series. Ubisoft had initially contracted with Crytek to expand their demonstration of their CryEngine into a full game named "Far Cry", which Ubisoft published in 2004. After its release, Crytek was approached by Electronic Arts to develop exclusively for them. Ubisoft established a deal with Crytek for the rights to "Far Cry" and a persistent licence to the CryEngine. Ubisoft assigned Ubisoft Montreal to develop console releases of "Far Cry", which allowed them to continue to work with the licence and improve upon the CryEngine, making a new proprietary engine called the Dunia engine. The Montreal team created several sequels to "Far Cry", starting with "Far Cry 2" released in 2008.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: During this period, in 2005, the government of Quebec gave Ubisoft to expand with anticipation of reaching 2,000 employees by 2010. In 2007, with already 1,600 employees, the government increased to to reach 3,000 employees by 2013, which would make Ubisoft Montreal the world's largest game development studio.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: During his time as COO, Martin Tremblay was a staunch supporter of non-compete clauses, in large part due to an incident in which Electronic Arts hired away several Ubisoft Montreal employees to the at the time newly opened EA Montreal studio. When Tremblay left Ubisoft in 2006 to become President of Worldwide Studios at Vivendi Games, he was prevented from taking the new position by a court order enforcing the non-compete clause in his Ubisoft contract. Upon Tremblay's departure in 2006, Yannis Mallat, a producer on the "Prince of Persia" games, became the new CEO, also filling the same roles as Tremblay's COO position.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Ubisoft Montreal continue to develop games in the "Tom Clancy's", "Prince of Persia", "Assassin's Creed", and "Far Cry" series, with various Ubisoft studios assisting at times. These series established Ubisoft Montreal's approach around open world games, a goal that Ubisoft wanted as the publisher prepared for the eighth generation of consoles, as well as dedication to the authenticity and historical accuracy of their products. To continue to expand its portfolio, Ubisoft Montreal subsequently developed the "Watch Dogs" series, with the first game released in 2014. "Watch Dogs" was developed as a modern, urban open world game, but to differentiate itself from "Grand Theft Auto", incorporated elements of hacking and surveillance.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Ubisoft Montreal developed another new IP, "For Honor", which was first released in 2017. Atypical of Ubisoft Montreal's properties, "For Honor" is a multiplayer action combat game that uses various warriors from across various time periods. It had been an idea that its lead developer Jason Vandenberghe had had for at least ten years prior to its announcement. "For Honor" represents the studio's first attempt at an "ongoing game", producing ongoing content released on a seasonal basis.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: In June and July 2020, as part of a larger wave of accusations of sexual misconduct through the video game industry as part of the #MeToo movement, several high-profile people within Ubisoft as a whole were also accused of misconduct. As part of a number of voluntary regulations following internal investigations, Ubisoft Montreal's CEO and managing director for Ubisoft's Canadian studios Yannis Mallat also stepped down and left the company on July 11, 2020. Christophe Derennes was named to Mallat's replaced at CEO at Ubisoft Montreal.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: The studio ventured into mobile game development, announcing "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Mobile" on April 5, 2022, for Android and iOS. The title is the mobile-adapted version of "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six Siege", a hit tactical shooter belonging to the "Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six" series, which Ubisoft Montreal released in December 2015 for PC and consoles.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: Ubisoft Montreal is the principal developer for games in the "Assassin's Creed", "Prince of Persia", "Far Cry", "Tom Clancy's Splinter Cell, Tom Clancy's Rainbow Six", and "Watch Dogs" series, among other titles. However, this does not mean that they develop all the titles in these franchises, and more often than not, other Ubisoft studios support them with development.


title: Ubisoft Montreal

text: The establishment of Ubisoft Montreal is considered to have significant impact on Montreal. The Mile End area over the next several years transformed from a low-rent area to a commercial hub with new businesses, stores, restaurants and other attractions for the young workforce. For the city overall, Ubisoft Montreal was the first major video game studio and helped to establish its position as a creative city. Several other publishers, including Electronic Arts, Eidos Interactive, THQ and Warner Bros., established studios in Montreal following Ubisoft, with the Quebec and federal governments continuity to offer subsidiary programs to support high-tech job creation. In exchange, the studio has spent up to in the province of Quebec, and with their parent publisher, helped to open Ubisoft Quebec in Quebec City in 2005 and Ubisoft Saguenay in Saguenay in 2018 to help support Ubisoft Montreal's efforts, using similar tax incentives from the province to help found these.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The Hindu Mahasabha (officially Akhil Bhārat Hindū Mahāsabhā, ) is a Hindu nationalist political party in India.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Founded in 1915, the Mahasabha functioned mainly as a pressure group advocating the interests of orthodox Hindus before the British Raj and within the Indian National Congress. In the 1930s, it emerged as a distinct party under the leadership of Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, who developed the far-right ideology of Hindutva (Hindu-ness) and became a fierce opponent of the secular nationalism espoused by the Congress. During the Second World War, the Mahasabha supported the British war effort and briefly entered coalitions with the Muslim League in provincial and central councils. This was the time when Communist Party of India members were spying for the British Government and even major Congress leaders like Mahatma Gandhi were also in favor of supporting Britain against the fascist aggression. The party opposed the 1947 partition of India and sought the establishment of a secular and united state named Hindusthan with same rights for citizens without regards to religion. After the assassination of Indian leader Mahatma Gandhi by Hindu Mahasabha activist Nathuram Godse, the Mahasabha's fortunes diminished in Indian politics, and it was soon eclipsed by the Bharatiya Jana Sangh.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The organisation was originally called "Sarvadeshik Hindu Sabha" ("Pan-Country Hindu Assembly"). In 1921, it changed to the present name "Akhil Bharatiya Hindu Mahasabha" ("All-India Hindu Grand Assembly").


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Local forerunners of the Hindu Mahasabha emerged in connection with the disputes after the partition of Bengal in 1905 in British India. Under the then viceroy Lord Curzon, the division of the province of Bengal was in two new provinces of East Bengal and Assam, as well as Bengal. The new province of Bengal had a Hindu majority, the province of East Bengal and Assam was mostly Muslim. The division was justified by the British for administrative reasons.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The formation of the All India Muslim League in 1906 and the British India government's creation of separate Muslim electorate under the Morley-Minto reforms of 1909 was a catalyst for Hindu leaders coming together to create an organisation to protect the rights of the Hindu community members.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In 1909, Lal Chand and U.N. Mukerji established the Punjab Hindu Sabha ("Punjab Hindu Assembly"). The Sabha stated that it was not a sectarian organisation, but an "all-embracing movement" that aimed to safeguard the interests of "the entire Hindu community". During 21–22 October 1909, it organised the Punjab Provincial Hindu Conference, which criticised the Indian National Congress for failing to defend Hindu interests, and called for promotion of Hindu-centered politics. In this conference Sabha leaders strongly proposed that Hindus need a separate nation and the Muslims should not be given any rights in that nation. The Sabha organised five more annual provincial conferences in Punjab.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The development of the broad work for Hindu unity that started in the early 20th century in Punjab was a precursor for the formation of the All India Hindu Sabha. Over the next few years, several such Hindu Sabhas were established outside Punjab, including in United Provinces, Bihar, Bengal, Central Provinces and Berar, and Bombay Presidency.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: A formal move to establish an umbrella All-India Hindu Sabha was made at the Allahabad session of Congress in 1910. A committee headed by Lala Baij Nath was set up to draw up a constitution, but it did not make much progress. Another conference of Hindu leaders in Allahabad also took the initial step to establish an All India Hindu Sabha in 1910, but this organisation did not become operational due to factional strife. On 8 December 1913, the Punjab Hindu Sabha passed a resolution to create an All India Hindu Sabha at its Ambala session. The Conference proposed holding a general conference of Hindu leaders from all over India at the 1915 Kumbh Mela in Haridwar.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Preparatory sessions of the All India Hindu Sabha were held at Haridwar (13 February 1915), Lucknow (17 February 1915) and Delhi (27 February 1915). In April 1915, "Sarvadeshak" (All India) Hindu Sabha was formed as an umbrella organisation of regional Hindu Sabhas, at the Kumbh Mela in Haridwar. Gandhi and Swami Shraddhanand were also present at the conference, and were supportive of the formation of All India Hindu Sabha. The Sabha laid emphasis on Hindu solidarity and the need for social reform.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: At its sixth session in April 1921, the "Sarvadeshak Hindu Sabha" formally changed its name to "Akhil Bharat Hindu Mahasabha" on the model of the Indian National Congress. Presided over by Manindra Chandra Nandi, it amended its constitution to remove the clause about loyalty to the British, and added a clause committing the organisation to a "united and self-governing" Indian nation.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: four times Indian National Congress president Pandit Madan Mohan Malaviya, who founded the Benaras Hindu University, the Punjabi populist Lala Lajpat Rai and Lajpat Rai's mentor Navin Chandra Rai of the Hindu Samaj who chaired the special Congress session of 1921 held at Lahore which gave the call for non-cooperation. Under Malaviya, the Mahasabha campaigned for Hindu political unity, for the education and economic development of Hindus as well as for the conversion of Muslims to Hinduism.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In the late 1920s, the Mahasabha came under the influence of leaders like Balakrishna Shivram Moonje and Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. Savarkar was a former revolutionary who had been banned from anti-British political activities and opposed the secularism of the Congress. Under Savarkar, the Mahasabha became a more intense critic of the Congress and its policy of wooing Muslim support. The Mahasabha suffered a setback when in 1925, its former member Keshav Baliram Hedgewar left to form the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS), a Hindu volunteer organisation that abstained from active politics. Although ideologically similar to the Mahasabha, the RSS grew faster across the nation and became a competitor for the core constituency of the Mahasabha.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The Hindu Mahasabha did not support unconditionally the Gandhian Indian freedom movement against British rule in India. However, it became part of movement on its own conditions and with regards to protect the interests of the Hindus. For example, it boycotted Simon Commission and its leader Lala Lajpat Rai was brutally assaulted by the British soldiers during a protest. He later succumbed to his injuries and as revenge Bhagat Singh assassinated Saunders. In the aftermath, it was part of the all party committee, which came out with Nehru report. However, it did not accept the report as according to Mahasabha, it gave too many concessions to Muslims.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Similarly, when Mahatma Gandhi observed a fast against Communal Award, Mahasabha worked with Gandhi and other parties to ensure Poona Pact is signed and Depressed Classes are given a fair representation.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Under the leadership of Mahatma Gandhi, the Congress led several nationwide campaigns of non-violent civil disobedience. The Mahasabha officially abstained from participating in the Civil Disobedience Movement of 1930.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The Indian National Congress won a massive victory in the 1937 Indian provincial elections, decimating the Hindu Mahasabha. However, in 1939, the Congress ministries resigned in protest against Viceroy Lord Linlithgow's action of declaring India to be a belligerent in the Second World War without consulting the Indian people. This led to the Hindu Mahasabha joining hands with the Muslim League and other parties to form governments, in certain provinces. Such coalition governments were formed in Sindh, NWFP, and Bengal.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In Sindh, Hindu Mahasabha members joined Ghulam Hussain Hidayatullah's Muslim League government. In Savarkar's own words,"Witness the fact that only recently in Sind, the Sind-Hindu-Sabha on invitation had taken the responsibility of joining hands with the League itself in running coalition government In March 1943, Sindh Government became the first Provincial Assembly of the sub-continent to pass an official resolution in favour of the creation of Pakistan. In spite of the Hindu Mahasabha's avowed public opposition to any political division of India, the Mahasabha Ministers of the Sindh government did not resign, rather they simply "contented themselves with a protest".


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In the North West Frontier Province, Hindu Mahasabha members joined hands with Sardar Aurang Zeb Khan of the Muslim League to form a government in 1943. The Mahasabha member of the cabinet was Finance Minister Mehr Chand Khanna.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In Bengal, Hindu Mahasabha joined the Krishak Praja Party led Progressive Coalition ministry of Fazlul Haq in December, 1941. Savarkar appreciated the successful functioning of the coalition government.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The Hindu Mahasabha openly opposed the call for the Quit India Movement and boycotted it officially. Vinayak Damodar Savarkar, the president of the Hindu Mahasabha at that time, even went to the extent of writing a letter titled ""Stick to your Posts"", in which he instructed Hindu Sabhaites who happened to be "members of municipalities, local bodies, legislatures or those serving in the army...to stick to their posts" across the country, and not to join the Quit India Movement at any cost.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Following the Hindu Mahasabha's official decision to boycott the Quit India movement, Syama Prasad Mukherjee, leader of the Hindu Mahasabha in Bengal (which was a part of the ruling coalition in Bengal led by Krishak Praja Party of Fazlul Haq), wrote a letter to the British Government as to how they should respond, if the Congress gave a call to the British rulers to Quit India. In this letter, dated July 26, 1942 he wrote: “Let me now refer to the situation that may be created in the province as a result of any widespread movement launched by the Congress. Anybody, who during the war, plans to stir up mass feeling, resulting internal disturbances or insecurity, must be resisted by any Government that may function for the time being”. Mookerjee in this letter reiterated that the Fazlul Haq led Bengal Government, along with its alliance partner Hindu Mahasabha would make every possible effort to defeat the Quit India Movement in the province of Bengal and made a concrete proposal as regards this: “The question is how to combat this movement (Quit India) in Bengal? The administration of the province should be carried on in such a manner that in spite of the best efforts of the Congress, this movement will fail to take root in the province. It should be possible for us, especially responsible Ministers, to be able to tell the public that the freedom for which the Congress has started the movement, already belongs to the representatives of the people. In some spheres it might be limited during the emergency. Indian have to trust the British, not for the sake for Britain, not for any advantage that the British might gain, but for the maintenance of the defense and freedom of the province itself. You, as Governor, will function as the constitutional head of the province and will be guided entirely on the advice of your Minister. Even the Indian historian R.C. Majumdar noted this fact and states: "Syama Prasad ended the letter with a discussion of the mass movement organised by the Congress. He expressed the apprehension that the movement would create internal disorder and will endanger internal security during the war by exciting popular feeling and he opined that any government in power has to suppress it, but that according to him could not be done only by persecution... In that letter he mentioned item wise the steps to be taken for dealing with the situation ... "


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Although it opposed untouchability, the Mahasabha's orthodoxy on other matters concerning Hindu law and customs were a handicap in attracting the support of many Hindus.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Savarkar met Subhash Chandra Bose at his residence in Mumbai in 1940. This was the first and only time Savarkar met him. The meeting was part of Bose's efforts to meet all national leaders across party lines.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In the 1940s, the Muslim League stepped up its demand for a separate Muslim state of Pakistan. The League's great popularity amongst Muslims forced the Congress leaders to hold talks with the League president, Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Even though Savarkar recognised Hindus and Muslims to be separate nations, he condemned Gandhi's eagerness to hold talks with Jinnah and regain Muslim support for the Congress as appeasement. After communal violence claimed the lives of thousands in 1946, Savarkar claimed that Gandhi's adherence to non-violence had left Hindus vulnerable to armed attacks by militant Muslims. When the Congress agreed to divide India in June 1947 after months of talks of power-sharing between the Congress and the League, the Mahasabha condemned the Congress and Gandhi for dividing India.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: On January 30, 1948 Nathuram Godse shot Mahatma Gandhi three times and killed him in Delhi. Godse and his fellow conspirators Digambar Badge, Gopal Godse, Narayan Apte, Vishnu Karkare and Madanlal Pahwa were identified as prominent members of the Hindu Mahasabha. Along with them, police arrested Savarkar, who was suspected of being the mastermind behind the plot. While the trial resulted in convictions and judgments against the others, Savarkar was released due to lack of evidence. Many leaders including Dr Babasaheb Ambedkar were convinced that Savarkar's arrest was nothing but a political vendetta. The Kapur Commission said,


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The Hindu Mahasabha considers Nathuram Godse to be a "real forgotten hero" of the independence struggle of India and criticises Gandhi for not having prevented the partition of India. In 2014, following the Bharatiya Janata Party's rise to power, the Hindu Mahasabha began attempts to rehabilitate and portray him as a patriot. It requested Prime Minister Narendra Modi to install the bust of Nathuram Godse. It created a documentary film "Desh Bhakt Nathuram Godse" (Patriot Nathuram Godse) for release on the death anniversary of Gandhi on 30 January 2015.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: There were attempts to build a temple for Nathuram Godse and to celebrate 30 January as a "Shaurya Diwas" ("Bravery Day"). A civil suit was filed in Pune Court asking for a ban on the documentary film.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In September 2021, the state general secretary for Hindu Mahasabha in Karnataka, Dharmendra, threatened to kill Karnataka Chief Minister Basavaraj Bommai over the demolition of an unlicensed temple in Nanjangud, Mysuru, along with comments about killing Mahatma Gandhi. For these threats, he and two other associates, Rajesh Pavitran and Prem Poolali, were arrested.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: Although the Hindu Mahasabha did not call for the exclusion of other religious communities from government, it identified India as a Hindu Rashtra ("Hindu Nation") and believed in the primacy of Hindu culture, religion and heritage. The Mahasabha advocates that Sikhs, Jains and Buddhists are identical to Hinduism in terms of teachings and cultural, national and political identity. It argues that Islam and Christianity are foreign religions, with their holy places being in Arabia, Palestine and Rome, and that Indian Muslims and Christians are simply descendants of Hindus who were converted by force, coercion and bribery. At various points in its history, the party called for the re-conversion of Muslims and Christians to Hinduism. The Hindu Mahasabha stridently opposes Westernisation, which it regards as a decadent influence on Indian youth and culture. It calls for a revival of the Sanskrit language. The Mahasabha opposed socialism and communism as decadent foreign ideologies that do not represent India's indigenous needs and conditions.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The party was opposed to caste system and untouchability, and used to organize all caste dinners in Nagpur and in Kanpur. Savarkar was very critical of caste system and untouchability, and among the social institutions, he saw it as the greatest curse of India.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: The Mahasabha promoted the principles of Hindutva, a Hindu nationalist ideology developed by its pre-eminent leader Vinayak Damodar Savarkar. The Mahasabha identified India as "Hindu Rashtra" (Hindu Nation). Although it broadly supported the Indian National Congress in its efforts to attain national independence, it criticised the Congress commitment to non-violence, civil disobedience and secularism, as well as its efforts to integrate Muslims and engage in dialogue with the separatist All India Muslim League, which the Mahasabha deemed to be appeasement.


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In 2015, Vice President of All India Hindu Mahasabha, VP Sadhvi Deva Thakur said Muslims and Christians must undergo sterilization to restrict their growing population which was posing a threat to Hindus. She said, "The population of Muslims and Christians is growing day by day. To rein in this, Union will have to impose emergency, and Muslims and Christians will have to be forced to undergo sterilization so that they can't increase their numbers".


title: Hindu Mahasabha

text: In April 2015, the general secretary of the Hindu Mahasabha Munna Kumar Shukla claimed that it is not illegal to attack a church and it does not violate any law. He requested the NDA government to give legal and administrative protection to the Hindus who attack churches. He justified his claim by saying that churches were only conversion factories. Shukla also promised the Mahasabha would give protection and awards to those who marry Muslim girls and attack churches. He also said that Taj Mahal would meet the same fate as Babri masjid as it was a Shiva Temple.


title: Crystal oscillator

text: A crystal oscillator is an electronic oscillator circuit that uses a piezoelectric crystal as a frequency-selective element. The oscillator frequency is often used to keep track of time, as in quartz wristwatches, to provide a stable clock signal for digital integrated circuits, and to stabilize frequencies for radio transmitters and receivers. The most common type of piezoelectric resonator used is a quartz crystal, so oscillator circuits incorporating them became known as crystal oscillators. However, other piezoelectricity materials including polycrystalline ceramics are used in similar circuits.


title: Crystal oscillator

text: A crystal oscillator relies on the slight change in shape of a quartz crystal under an electric field, a property known as inverse piezoelectricity. A voltage applied to the electrodes on the crystal causes it to change shape; when the voltage is removed, the crystal generates a small voltage as it elastically returns to its original shape. The quartz oscillates at a stable resonant frequency, behaving like an RLC circuit, but with a much higher Q factor (less energy loss on each cycle of oscillation). Once a quartz crystal is adjusted to a particular frequency (which is affected by the mass of electrodes attached to the crystal, the orientation of the crystal, temperature and other factors), it maintains that frequency with high stability.