title: Gentry

text: Surnames in Sweden can be traced to the 15th century, when they were first used by the Gentry (Frälse), i.e., priests and nobles. The names of these were usually in Swedish, Latin, German or Greek.


title: Gentry

text: The adoption of Latin names was first used by the Catholic clergy in the 15th century. The given name was preceded by Herr (Sir), such as Herr Lars, Herr Olof, Herr Hans, followed by a Latinized form of patronymic names, e.g., Lars Petersson Latinized as Laurentius Petri. Starting from the time of the Reformation, the Latinized form of their birthplace (Laurentius Petri Gothus, from Östergötland) became a common naming practice for the clergy.


title: Gentry

text: In the 17th and 18th centuries, the surname was only rarely the original family name of the ennobled; usually, a more imposing new name was chosen. This was a period which produced a myriad of two-word Swedish-language family names for the nobility (very favored prefixes were Adler, "eagle"; Ehren – "ära", "honor"; Silfver, "silver"; and Gyllen, "golden"). The regular difference with Britain was that it became the new surname of the whole house, and the old surname was dropped altogether.


title: Gentry

text: The Western Ukrainian Clergy of the Ukrainian Greek Catholic Church were a hereditary tight-knit social caste that dominated western Ukrainian society from the late eighteenth until the mid-20th centuries, following the reforms instituted by Joseph II, Emperor of Austria. Because, like their Eastern Orthodox brethren, Ukrainian Catholic priests could marry, they were able to establish "priestly dynasties", often associated with specific regions, for many generations. Numbering approximately 2,000–2,500 by the 19th century, priestly families tended to marry within their group, constituting a tight-knit hereditary caste. In the absence of a significant native nobility and enjoying a virtual monopoly on education and wealth within western Ukrainian society, the clergy came to form that group's native aristocracy. The clergy adopted Austria's role for them as bringers of culture and education to the Ukrainian countryside. Most Ukrainian social and political movements in Austrian-controlled territory emerged or were highly influenced by the clergy themselves or by their children. This influence was so great that western Ukrainians were accused of wanting to create a theocracy in western Ukraine by their Polish rivals. The central role played by the Ukrainian clergy or their children in western Ukrainian society would weaken somewhat at the end of the 19th century but would continue until the mid-20th century.


title: Gentry

text: The Colonial American use of "gentry" was not common. Historians use it to refer to rich landowners in the South before 1776. Typically large scale landowners rented out farms to white tenant farmers. North of Maryland, there were few large comparable rural estates, except in the Dutch domains in the Hudson Valley of New York.


title: Gentry

text: The British upper classes consist of two sometimes overlapping entities, the peerage and landed gentry. In the British peerage, only the senior family member (typically the eldest son) inherits a substantive title (duke, marquess, earl, viscount, baron); these are referred to as peers or lords. The rest of the nobility form part of the "landed gentry" (abbreviated "gentry"). The members of the gentry usually bear no titles but can be described as esquire or gentleman. Exceptions are the eldest sons of peers, who bear their fathers' inferior titles as "courtesy titles" (but for Parliamentary purposes count as commoners), Scottish barons (who bear the designation Baron of X after their name) and baronets (a title corresponding to a hereditary knighthood). Scottish lairds do not have a title of nobility but may have a description of their lands in the form of a territorial designation that forms part of their name.


title: Gentry

text: The landed gentry is a traditional British social class consisting of gentlemen in the original sense; that is, those who owned land in the form of country estates to such an extent that they were not required to actively work, except in an administrative capacity on their own lands. The estates were often (but not always) made up of tenanted farms, in which case the gentleman could live entirely off rent income. Gentlemen, ranking below esquires and above yeomen, form the lowest rank of British nobility. It is the lowest rank to which the descendants of a Knight, Baronet or Peer can sink. Strictly speaking, anybody with officially matriculated English or Scottish arms is a gentleman and thus noble.


title: Gentry

text: The term "landed gentry", although originally used to mean nobility, came to be used for the lesser nobility in England around 1540. Once identical, these terms eventually became complementary. The term "gentry" by itself, as commonly used by historians, according to Peter Coss, is a construct applied loosely to rather different societies. Any particular model may not fit a specific society, yet a single definition nevertheless remains desirable. Titles, while often considered central to the upper class, are not strictly so. Both Captain Mark Phillips and Vice Admiral Sir Timothy Laurence, the respective first and second husbands of HRH Princess Anne, lacked any rank of peerage at the time of their marriage to Princess Anne. However, the backgrounds of both men were considered to be essentially patrician, and they were thus deemed suitable husbands for a princess.


title: Gentry

text: Esquire (abbreviated Esq.) is a term derived from the Old French word "escuier" (which also gave equerry) and is in the United Kingdom the second-lowest designation for a nobleman, referring only to males, and used to denote a high but indeterminate social status. The most common occurrence of term "Esquire" today is the conferral as the suffix "Esq." in order to pay an informal compliment to a male recipient by way of implying gentle birth. In the post-medieval world, the title of "esquire" came to apply to all men of the higher landed gentry; an esquire ranked socially above a gentleman but below a knight. In the modern world, where all men are assumed to be gentlemen, the term has often been extended (albeit only in very formal writing) to all men without any higher title. It is used post-nominally, usually in abbreviated form (for example, "Thomas Smith, Esq.").


title: Gentry

text: A knight could refer to either a medieval tenant who gave military service as a mounted man-at-arms to a feudal landholder, or a medieval gentleman-soldier, usually high-born, raised by a sovereign to privileged military status after training as a page and squire (for a contemporary reference, see British honours system). In formal protocol, "Sir" is the correct styling for a knight or for a baronet, used with (one of) the knight's given name(s) or full name, but not with the surname alone. The equivalent for a woman who holds the title in her own right is Dame; for such women, the title "Dame" is used as "Sir" for a man, never before the surname on its own. This usage was devised in 1917, derived from the practice, up to the 17th century (and still also in legal proceedings), for the wife of a knight. The wife of a knight or baronet is now styled "Lady [husband's surname]".


title: Gentry

text: The "Storm over the gentry" was a major historiographical debate among scholars that took place in the 1940s and 1950s regarding the role of the gentry in causing the English Civil War of the 17th century. R. H. Tawney had suggested in 1941 that there was a major economic crisis for the nobility in the 16th and 17th centuries, and that the rapidly rising gentry class was demanding a share of power. When the aristocracy resisted, Tawney argued, the gentry launched the civil war. After heated debate, historians generally concluded that the role of the gentry was not especially important.


title: Gentry

text: The 'four divisions of society' refers to the model of society in ancient China and was a meritocratic social class system in China and other subsequently influenced Confucian societies. The four castes—gentry, farmers, artisans and merchants—are combined to form the term Shìnónggōngshāng (士農工商).


title: Gentry

text: Gentry (士) means different things in different countries. In China, Korea, and Vietnam, this meant that the Confucian scholar gentry that would – for the most part – make up most of the bureaucracy. This caste would comprise both the more-or-less hereditary aristocracy as well as the meritocratic scholars that rise through the rank by public service and, later, by imperial exams. Some sources, such as Xunzi, list farmers before the gentry, based on the Confucian view that they directly contributed to the welfare of the state. In China, the farmer lifestyle is also closely linked with the ideals of Confucian gentlemen.


title: Gentry

text: In Japan, this caste essentially equates to the samurai class. In the Edo period, with the creation of the Domains ("han") under the rule of Tokugawa Ieyasu, all land was confiscated and reissued as fiefdoms to the "daimyōs".


title: Gentry

text: The small lords, the , were ordered either to give up their swords and rights and remain on their lands as peasants or to move to the castle cities to become paid retainers of the "daimyōs". Only a few samurai were allowed to remain in the countryside; the . Some 5 per cent of the population were samurai. Only the samurai could have proper surnames, something that after the Meiji Restoration became compulsory to all inhabitants (see Japanese name).


title: Gentry

text: There were two leading classes, i.e. the gentry, in the time of feudal Japan: the "daimyō" and the "samurai". The Confucian ideals in the Japanese culture emphasised the importance of productive members of society, so farmers and fishermen were considered of a higher status than merchants.


title: Gentry

text: Emperor Meiji abolished the samurai's right to be the only armed force in favor of a more modern, Western-style, conscripted army in 1873. Samurai became "Shizoku" (), but the right to wear a katana in public was eventually abolished along with the right to execute commoners who paid them disrespect.


title: Gentry

text: In defining how a modern Japan should be, members of the Meiji government decided to follow in the footsteps of the United Kingdom and Germany, basing the country on the concept of "noblesse oblige". Samurai were not to be a political force under the new order. The difference between the Japanese and European feudal systems was that European feudalism was grounded in Roman legal structure, while Japan feudalism had Chinese Confucian morality as its basis.


title: Gentry

text: Korean monarchy and the native ruling upper class existed in Korea until the end of the Japanese occupation. The system concerning the nobility is roughly the same as that of the Chinese nobility.


title: Gentry

text: As the monastical orders did during Europe's Dark Ages, the Buddhist monks became the purveyors and guardians of Korea's literary traditions while documenting Korea's written history and legacies from the Silla period to the end of the Goryeo dynasty. Korean Buddhist monks also developed and used the first movable metal type printing presses in history—some 500 years before Gutenberg—to print ancient Buddhist texts. Buddhist monks also engaged in record keeping, food storage and distribution, as well as the ability to exercise power by influencing the Goryeo royal court.


title: Gentry

text: Historically, the nobles in Europe became soldiers; the aristocracy in Europe can trace their origins to military leaders from the migration period and the Middle Ages. For many years, the British Army, together with the Church, was seen as the ideal career for the younger sons of the aristocracy. Although now much diminished, the practice has not totally disappeared. Such practices are not unique to the British either geographically or historically. As a very practical form of displaying patriotism, it has been at times fashionable for "gentlemen" to participate in the military.


title: Gentry

text: The fundamental idea of gentry had come to be that of the essential superiority of the fighting man, usually maintained in the granting of arms. At the last, the wearing of a sword on all occasions was the outward and visible sign of a "gentleman"; the custom survives in the sword worn with "court dress". A suggestion that a gentleman must have a coat of arms was vigorously advanced by certain 19th- and 20th-century heraldists, notably Arthur Charles Fox-Davies in England and Thomas Innes of Learney in Scotland. The significance of a right to a coat of arms was that it was definitive proof of the status of gentleman, but it recognised rather than conferred such a status, and the status could be and frequently was accepted without a right to a coat of arms.


title: Gentry

text: "Chivalry" is a term related to the medieval institution of knighthood. It is usually associated with ideals of knightly virtues, honour and courtly love.


title: Gentry

text: Christianity had a modifying influence on the virtues of chivalry, with limits placed on knights to protect and honour the weaker members of society and maintain peace. The church became more tolerant of war in the defence of faith, espousing theories of the just war. In the 11th century, the concept of a "knight of Christ" ("miles Christi") gained currency in France, Spain and Italy. These concepts of "religious chivalry" were further elaborated in the era of the Crusades.


title: Gentry

text: In the later Middle Ages, wealthy merchants strove to adopt chivalric attitudes. This was a democratisation of chivalry, leading to a new genre called the courtesy book, which were guides to the behaviour of "gentlemen".


title: Gentry

text: When examining medieval literature, chivalry can be classified into three basic but overlapping areas:


title: Gentry

text: These three areas obviously overlap quite frequently in chivalry and are often indistinguishable. Another classification of chivalry divides it into warrior, religious and courtly love strands. One particular similarity between all three of these categories is honour. Honour is the foundational and guiding principle of chivalry. Thus, for the knight, honour would be one of the guides of action.


title: Gentry

text: The term gentleman (from Latin "gentilis", belonging to a race or "gens", and "man", cognate with the French word "gentilhomme", the Spanish "gentilhombre" and the Italian "gentil uomo" or "gentiluomo"), in its original and strict signification, denoted a man of good family, analogous to the Latin "generosus" (its invariable translation in English-Latin documents). In this sense the word equates with the French "gentilhomme" ("nobleman"), which was in Great Britain long confined to the peerage. The term "gentry" (from the Old French "genterise" for "gentelise") has much of the social-class significance of the French "noblesse" or of the German "Adel", but without the strict technical requirements of those traditions (such as quarters of nobility). To a degree, "gentleman" signified a man with an income derived from landed property, a legacy or some other source and was thus independently wealthy and did not need to work.


title: Gentry

text: The Far East also held similar ideas to the West of what a gentleman is, which are based on Confucian principles. The term "Jūnzǐ" (君子) is a term crucial to classical Confucianism. Literally meaning "son of a ruler", "prince" or "noble", the ideal of a "gentleman", "proper man", "exemplary person", or "perfect man" is that for which Confucianism exhorts all people to strive. A succinct description of the "perfect man" is one who "combine[s] the qualities of saint, scholar, and gentleman" (CE). A hereditary elitism was bound up with the concept, and gentlemen were expected to act as moral guides to the rest of society. They were to:


title: Gentry

text: The opposite of the "Jūnzǐ" was the "Xiǎorén" (小人), literally "small person" or "petty person". Like English "small", the word in this context in Chinese can mean petty in mind and heart, narrowly self-interested, greedy, superficial, and materialistic.


title: Gentry

text: The idea of "noblesse oblige", "nobility obliges", among gentry is, as the "Oxford English Dictionary" expresses, that the term "suggests noble ancestry constrains to honorable behaviour; privilege entails to responsibility". Being a noble meant that one had responsibilities to lead, manage and so on. One was not to simply spend one's time in idle pursuits.


title: Gentry

text: A coat of arms is a heraldic device dating to the 12th century in Europe. It was originally a cloth tunic worn over or in place of armour to establish identity in battle. The coat of arms is drawn with heraldic rules for a person, family or organisation. Family coats of arms were originally derived from personal ones, which then became extended in time to the whole family. In Scotland, family coats of arms are still personal ones and are mainly used by the head of the family. In heraldry, a person entitled to a coat of arms is an armiger, and their family would be armigerous.


title: Gentry

text: Ecclesiastical heraldry is the tradition of heraldry developed by Christian clergy. Initially used to mark documents, ecclesiastical heraldry evolved as a system for identifying people and dioceses. It is most formalised within the Catholic Church, where most bishops, including the pope, have a personal coat of arms. Clergy in Anglican, Lutheran, Eastern Catholic, and Orthodox churches follow similar customs.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Fearne Wood ( Cotton; born 3 September 1981) is an English broadcaster and author"." She began her career in the late 1990s presenting various children's television shows for GMTV, CITV and CBBC. In 2007, Cotton presented "The Xtra Factor", an ITV2 spin-off from the main show. She presented "Top of the Pops" from 2004 to 2021, and the "Red Nose Day" and "Children in Need" telethons"." From 2008 to 2018, she was a team captain on the ITV2 comedy panel show "Celebrity Juice."


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2007, Cotton became the first regular female presenter of the Radio 1 Chart Show, which she co-hosted with Reggie Yates for two years. She went on to present her own Radio 1 show, airing every weekday morning from 2009 to 2015. She joined BBC Radio 2 in 2016.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2018, Cotton began presenting "Happy Place", a podcast available to online streaming platforms. She has also released eight self-help books, two children's books, and four books on healthy eating.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton was born in Northwood, London Borough of Hillingdon, to Mick and Lyn Cotton; she has a younger brother, Jamie Cotton. Her father was a signwriter for events such as Live Aid, and her mother worked in alternative therapy. She grew up in nearby Eastcote, and was educated at Haydon School. She is a pescetarian and an animal lover. She has participated in several half marathons for charity. Former BBC executive Bill Cotton (1928–2008) was her paternal grandfather's cousin. He was the son of the well-known entertainer and band leader Billy Cotton. In August 2017, Cotton's ancestry was explored in the BBC TV series "Who Do You Think You Are?"


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton began her presenting career in 1996, at the age of 15, with early-morning GMTV children's programme "The Disney Club", after winning a competition for young talent to present the show. Cotton later continued with the show and with its replacement "Diggit". She left in 2000, to concentrate on her other projects with CITV, including "Draw Your Own Toons" and "Mouse", aimed at encouraging children to use computers.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton joined CBBC in 2001 to present children's science programme "Eureka TV". From 2001 until 2003, she presented "Finger Tips", an arts and crafts programme for children, which she co-presented with Stephen Mulhern. She later co-presented on CBBC's Sunday morning show, "Smile" and on "The Saturday Show". She has also made appearances in the CBBC show "Only in America", alongside her good friend and fellow presenter Reggie Yates. Cotton returned to children’s television in 2015 by voicing one of the Voice Trumpets in the reboot of the classic British children’s television series "Teletubbies".


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2007, she took over from Ben Shephard as host of "The X Factor" spin-off programme "The Xtra Factor" on ITV2, presenting the programme for one series before resigning to work in America; she was replaced in the following series by Holly Willoughby.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Starting on 5 September 2007, Cotton co-hosted with Holly Willoughby the ITV2 dating programme "Holly & Fearne Go Dating", which saw the pair try to find dates for lonely singletons.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Beginning in 2008, Cotton appeared as a team captain on the ITV2 comedy panel show "Celebrity Juice" alongside host Keith Lemon and fellow team captain Holly Willoughby. Cotton took a short break from the programme in 2013 whilst on maternity leave, and Kelly Brook stood in for her during the ninth series. She quit the series in 2018.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Since 2009, Cotton has hosted "Fearne and..." on ITV2. In 2012, Cotton hosted "The Nation's Favourite Number One Single", a three-part series, revealing Britain's Favourite No. 1 single. Since 2016, Cotton has co-presented "Fearne & Gok: Off The Rails", alongside Gok Wan for ITVBe. In March 2017, Cotton guest presented five episodes of ITV Breakfast's "Lorraine" programme.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2003, Cotton moved over to mainstream broadcasting. She along with Simon Grant (her co-presenter from "The Saturday Show") presented the spin-off show "Top of the Pops: Saturday" (later renamed "Top of the Pops: Reloaded") that year. In 2004, she moved up to work alongside Reggie Yates on the main programme, "Top of the Pops" (the then flagship chartshow for the BBC) becoming one of the last regular presenters for that programme, which ended in July 2006. Due to other commitments, she was unable to present the final show itself, appearing instead in a short film shown at the head of that show, in which she made her personal farewells. Cotton and Yates presented the one-off Christmas and New Year specials in both 2008 and 2009, as well as the Comic Relief special in 2009.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: She has hosted parts of the "Red Nose Day" telethon for Comic Relief (2005, 2007, 2009 and 2011) presenting several strands alongside Jonathan Ross and Lenny Henry.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton has also presented many charity telethons for both Comic Relief and Children in Need on BBC One and BBC Two. In July 2005 she co-presented the BBC's coverage of "Live 8" in Hyde Park. During the event, British pop star and former Take That member Robbie Williams flirted with her in front of the cameras, causing much speculation in the media at the time, but which was later repudiated by the pair. In 2008, she hosted a "Strictly Come Dancing" special as part of Children in Need.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In June 2012, Cotton was one of the BBC's presenters for its coverage of the Thames Diamond Jubilee Pageant. Following more than 4,000 complaints made about the BBC's coverage of the Diamond Jubilee in 2012 and in particular criticism of Cotton's role, she responded on Twitter by stating, "Grown men who slag me off in articles/online are huge bullies. I love my job and wouldn't be doing it if I wasn't any good at it."


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton guest presented "The One Show" on BBC One for two nights in November 2013, two nights in February 2014, one night in March 2014 and one night in March 2016.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: She also presented the Friday night live eviction programme that year for the Channel 5 reality television series "Make Me a Supermodel".


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton is the voice over of the Tesco Mobile adverts since late 2020. She also became the voice over of the On the Beach radio adverts in 2022.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2008, Cotton moved to the USA to host "The Guinness Book of Records – Live". Cotton later co-hosted the NBC reality show "Last Comic Standing".


title: Fearne Cotton

text: On 20 May 2006, she read the United Kingdom's votes at the Eurovision Song Contest 2006, held in Athens, Greece.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: On 17 March 2007, she, along with Terry Wogan, hosted "Making Your Mind Up 2007", the show to decide which song the UK sent to the Eurovision Song Contest 2007 in Helsinki, Finland. On the night, after the final "sing-off" between the two remaining acts, Wogan and Cotton simultaneously announced different winners. Since Wogan was the more experienced presenter, it was assumed that he was right. In fact, Wogan had accidentally announced the wrong artist, Cyndi, as the winner. Cotton had to persist in repeating the correct name until the confusion was resolved. The group Scooch was quickly proclaimed as the correct winner but came only second from bottom in the main competition, just avoiding "Nil Points". Cotton also presented the United Kingdom's votes at the show itself, held in Helsinki, Finland, on 12 May 2007.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In September 2005, she joined BBC Radio 1 to present the Friday early morning slot with Reggie Yates, with whom she had previously worked on CBBC, "Only in America" and "Top of the Pops". Since 14 October 2007, Cotton and Yates presented BBC Radio 1's "Chart Show", taking over from JK & Joel, who had left the station. Cotton then became the first ever permanent female presenter of a BBC radio chart show. (Jo Whiley had preceded her as the first female presenter of "The Official UK Top 40", as it was then called, but presented it only once, on 24 November 2002.)


title: Fearne Cotton

text: On 16 July 2009, it was announced that Cotton would become the new presenter of BBC Radio 1's weekday mid-morning show, taking over from Jo Whiley (who moved to weekends). Her new programme began on 21 September 2009.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: On 27 February 2015, she announced that she was pregnant with her second child and that she would be leaving BBC Radio 1. Clara Amfo replaced Cotton on 25 May 2015, taking over the mid-morning show. Cotton's final show was broadcast on 22 May 2015.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton joined BBC Radio 2 in July 2016 standing in for Graham Norton with former Spandau Ballet bassist Martin Kemp on Saturday mornings (10 am–1 pm) while Norton took his annual summer break. Fearne covered for Ken Bruce 24–28 October 2016, in 2017 on 13–17 February, 3–7 and 10–14 April, 11 May, 29 May–2 June and 23–27 October, and in 2018 on 14–16 February.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Fearne has also covered for Chris Evans on the Breakfast Show from 9–13 April 2018. In late 2018, Cotton sat in for Claudia Winkleman on Sundays.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2019, Cotton was the cover host for Zoe Ball during the holidays. On 19 March 2020 Cotton launched BBC Radio 2's fourth music decades show, "Sounds of the 90s".


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In August 2017, Cotton collaborated with Mini Club, a children's clothing company that sells through Boots stores and their website, to produce her own clothing range. She publicised the range across her various social media accounts, posting pictures of herself and her daughter wearing lines from the collection. She also has clothing and homeware ranges with online retailer Very.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2018, Cotton began presenting "Happy Place", a podcast available to streaming platforms. The podcast features Cotton interviewing different celebrities.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton said on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross" that she has eleven tattoos over her body, the most notable of which is a fern leaf, covering her right hip up to her rib cage.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton dated skateboarder Jesse Jenkins who proposed on her 29th birthday. However, the engagement was called off and the couple split nine months later. Cotton starting dating Jesse Wood, the son of Rolling Stones guitarist Ronnie Wood. On 8 August 2012, Cotton announced she was pregnant with her first child. On 21 February 2013, she announced on Twitter that she had given birth that morning to a son, Rex Rayne Wood. Wood and Cotton got married in July 2014. On 27 February 2015, Cotton announced that she was expecting her second child as part of her announcement that she was leaving BBC Radio 1, to start a new chapter. On 9 September 2015, she announced on Twitter that she had given birth that morning to a daughter, Honey Krissy Wood.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton is a friend of fellow TV presenter Holly Willoughby, with whom she has co-presented several shows. Cotton and Sarah Cawood acted as two of the bridesmaids at Willoughby's wedding to Dan Baldwin on 4 August 2007. Cotton is a pescatarian. Cotton is not vegan but in 2019 authored a vegan cookbook.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: Cotton supports a number of charities including CoppaFeel!, Post Pals, Macmillan Cancer Support, Children in Need and Red Nose Day.


title: Fearne Cotton

text: In 2009, she climbed Mount Kilimanjaro, alongside Ben Shephard, Gary Barlow, Alesha Dixon, Ronan Keating, Denise Van Outen and Chris Moyles, and Girls Aloud members Cheryl Cole and Kimberley Walsh. Cotton and others collapsed from altitude sickness during the five-day climb. She was in the first group (with Van Outen, Shephard and Cole) to reach the summit and helped raise £3.3m. Cotton filmed a video piece for Comic Relief about malaria. She visited a children's hospital in Uganda where she witnessed a young child in pain through malaria. Cotton had to walk out of the room and collapsed as she did so but was able to continue shortly after. The child died later. Cotton also recorded her voice for the BT Speaking Clock to raise funds for Comic Relief.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Wallander is a British television series adapted from the Swedish novelist Henning Mankell's Kurt Wallander novels and starring Kenneth Branagh as the eponymous police inspector. It was the first time the "Wallander" novels have been adapted into an English-language production. Yellow Bird, a production company formed by Mankell, began negotiations with British companies to produce the adaptations in 2006. In 2007, Branagh met Mankell to discuss playing the role. Contracts were signed and work began on the films, adapted from the novels "Sidetracked", "Firewall" and "One Step Behind", in January 2008. Emmy-award-winning director Philip Martin was hired as lead director. Martin worked with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle to establish a visual style for the series.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The first three-episode series, produced by Yellow Bird, Left Bank Pictures and TKBC for BBC Scotland, was broadcast on BBC One from November to December 2008. The second series was filmed from July to October 2009 and was broadcast in January 2010. The third series was filmed in the summer of 2011 in Ystad, Scania, Sweden, and Riga, Latvia, and aired in July 2012. The fourth and final series was shot from October 2014 to January 2015 and premiered on German TV, dubbed into German, in December 2015. The final series aired in the original English on BBC One in May 2016. Critics have written positively of the series, which has won a Broadcasting Press Guild Award (Best Actor for Branagh) and six British Academy Television Awards, including Best Drama Series.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The series is based on Kurt Wallander (Branagh), a detective and police inspector in the small town of Ystad, Sweden. Branagh describes Wallander as "an existentialist who is questioning what life is about and why he does what he does every day, and for whom acts of violence never become normal. There is a level of empathy with the victims of crime that is almost impossible to contain, and one of the prices he pays for that sort of empathy is a personal life that is a kind of wasteland." In the novels, Wallander regularly listens to opera in his apartment and his car. This signature hobby has been dropped for this adaptation; producer Francis Hopkinson believes it would make Wallander too similar to Inspector Morse, whose love of opera is already familiar to British viewers. Branagh did not watch any of the Swedish "Wallander" films before playing the role, preferring to bring his own interpretation of the character to the screen.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Wallander's team at the Ystad police station is made up of: Anne-Britt Hoglund (Smart), Kalle Svedberg (Beard), and Magnus Martinsson (Hiddleston). Of Wallander and Hoglund, Smart said, "Our relationship is based on this impeccable mutual respect which is all very Scandinavian and, actually, more interesting to play." The team is joined at murder scenes by Nyberg (McCabe), a forensics expert. The team is overseen by Lisa Holgersson (Shimmin), Ystad's chief of police. Away from the police station, Wallander has a tempestuous relationship with his daughter Linda (Spark) and his father Povel (Warner), who Wallander discovers in "Sidetracked" has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. Wallander's father spends his days sitting in an art studio, painting the same landscape repeatedly while in the care of his new wife Gertrude (Hemingway).


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: In 2006, Yellow Bird managing director Morten Fisker opened discussions with British production companies about developing English-language adaptations of the Kurt Wallander novels, to which Yellow Bird holds the distribution rights. The BBC and Channel 4 were believed to be involved in discussions; the BBC had already announced plans to adapt Mankell's "The Return of the Dancing Master". Fisker wanted to bring a new detective to British screens to replace Inspector Morse, who had been killed off on-screen in 2000. Actors proposed to play Wallander were Trevor Eve, Neil Pearson, Jason Isaacs, David Morrissey, Clive Owen and Michael Gambon. Negotiations were still under way in 2007, when Kenneth Branagh met Henning Mankell at an Ingmar Bergman film festival and asked to play Wallander. Branagh had started reading the "Wallander" books "relatively late" but enjoyed them, and read all nine translated novels in a month. Mankell agreed to let Branagh play the role, and Branagh visited Ystad in December to scout for locations and meet Film i Skånes chief executive Ralf Ivarsson.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: A series of three 90-minute adaptations was commissioned by BBC Scotland's Anne Mensah and BBC Controller of Fiction Jane Tranter in January 2008. Like Morten Fisker, the BBC wanted a returning series that would have the same audience appeal as "Inspector Morse", "Prime Suspect" and "Cracker". Yellow Bird was contracted as a co-producer, working with Left Bank Pictures, a production house formed in 2007 by former ITV Controller of Comedy, Drama and Film Andy Harries. Harries described "Wallander" as "more than just a detective series" and that it would be visually "very picture postcard". The first series consists of adaptations of "Sidetracked", "Firewall" and "One Step Behind". Philip Martin was hired as lead director of the series, and met with Branagh, Harries and Left Bank producer Francis Hopkinson in January. The four discussed how the adaptations would appear on screen, agreeing that the characterisations, atmosphere and ideas would be difficult to portray on screen. Richard Cottan was hired to adapt Mankell's novels, and delivered his first scripts in February. Cottan changed the plots of some of the books in order to fit them into a 90-minute adaptation, though made sure the scripts retained Wallander's "journey". The following month, Martin began discussions with cinematographer Anthony Dod Mantle about what visual style the films would have. They agreed to use the Red One digital camera to shoot on, which has a near-35 mm resolution and is not as expensive as 35 mm; Dod Mantle said that the BBC "has politics" about the cheaper 16 mm and Super 16. Casting of British actors, which was done in London, was completed by April, and the whole crew moved over to Ystad to begin rehearsals. Martin wanted the actors playing police officers to know how to fire a gun, so arranged for them to spend time at a firing range using live ammunition. Wallander’s distinctive mobile phone ringtone was specially composed by Lee Crichlow.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: A £6 million budget was originally assigned to the first series, which increased to £7.5 million. Half of that came from the BBC, and the rest from pre-sale co-production funding from American WGBH Boston and German ARD Degeto, and a tax deduction for filming in Sweden. ARD Degeto and WGBH are credited as co-producers for their budget contribution. Using scripts adapted by Richard Cottan and Richard McBrien, filming ran for 12 weeks from April to July 2008 in Wallander's hometown of Ystad, Sweden.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Location filming was principally set in Ystad. Interior sets were constructed at Ystad Studios under the supervision of Anders Olin, who also designed the sets of the Swedish "Wallander" films. The main police station set is 500 square metres, twice the size of Olin's previous sets. For exterior shots of the police station, a combination of the Ystad railway station and swimming pool was used. Mock-ups of "Ystads Allehanda", a local newspaper, were produced as working props. Producer Simon Moseley explained that the mock-ups use Swedish words that can be understood by English-speaking audiences. Moseley also explained that some pronunciations of Swedish words are Anglicised (such as the pronunciation of "Ystad" and "Wallander"), as "the authentic local accent is very strange to English ears and we didn't want to stray into "'Allo 'Allo!" territory". Like Branagh, Philip Martin did not watch any of the Swedish-language "Wallander" films so that he could bring a fresh interpretation to the films. Filming was scheduled for 66 days over 12 weeks in Sweden; each film would be shot back-to-back over 22 days. Martin directed the first and third films and Niall MacCormick directed the second. Dod Mantle was keen to conceive a good style for what could become a long-running series.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Filming on "Sidetracked" commenced on 14 April on location at a townhouse in Södra Änggatan, Ystad. The same week, filming was done at Häckeberga Castle near Genarp. Another castle was going to be used, but the deal fell through. The manager of Häckeberga Castle, which had been turned into a hotel, allowed filming to take place there on the night of 17 April, though guests had to be moved to stables for the night. Scenes set in the rapeseed field were filmed at Charlottenlund Mansion. Location scouts had been impressed with the look of the winter rapeseed. The team from Danish Special Effects had difficulty setting the field on fire. Using the Red One digital camera meant that rushes could be viewed on set, saving time on the already tight schedule. Martin and Dod Mantle believed that the Red captured the Swedish light well, so there was no need to use big lighting rigs. The cheaper filming option meant that the budget could be used on other things.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: "One Step Behind" was filmed in May. The opening scene, featuring a multiple murder and burial in the woods, was filmed on location at the Hagestads nature reserve. A large hole was needed for the shallow grave, so Yellow Bird approached the local authority for permission. The request was granted on the same day as it was lodged, with the stipulation that the hole be filled in after filming. Niall MacCormick arrived in Sweden to film "Firewall" in June, concluding in the third week of July. Danish Special Effects also worked on body squibs, bullet hits and atmospheric effects. Their post-production work was completed in August. While the crew were in Sweden, editing was done at The Chimney Pot in Stockholm. Post-production was completed by The Farm in London. Martin Phipps composed the soundtrack to the series. A version of "Nostalgia" by Australian singer-songwriter Emily Barker is the opening theme. The three films of series 1 were broadcast on BBC One on 30 November 7 December, and 14 December 2008 respectively.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The production of three new films based on "Faceless Killers", "The Fifth Woman" and "The Man Who Smiled" was confirmed by the BBC in May 2009 to start in the summer in Ystad. The BBC broadcast the series in January 2010. Richard Cottan wrote "Faceless Killers" and "The Fifth Woman", while Simon Donald wrote "The Man Who Smiled". Hettie MacDonald directed "Faceless Killers", Andy Wilson handled "The Man Who Smiled" while Aisling Walsh directed "The Fifth Woman". Photographer Igor Martinovic (director of photography on "Man on Wire") worked with Macdonald and Wilson while Lukas Strebel, who won an Emmy in 2009 for "Little Dorrit", was in charge of photography for "The Fifth Woman".


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The second series started shooting on 22 June 2009. The film crew consisted of slightly more Britons, as the Swedish-language films were still filming in the area until December 2009. Yellow Bird's Daniel Ahlqvist said, "It is a quite special that we are doing two different "Wallander" productions at the same time. So it has been a little bit tougher to recruit competent personnel here in Skåne. We came to the conclusion that if we cannot get people from Skåne, we might as well bring in folks from the UK rather than Stockholm." The landscape of Skåne was a big part of the second series. Shooting started in the outskirts of Ystad but a big scene in Ystad city square was planned. Scenes were also planned to be filmed at the summer residence that served as the home for Wallander's father. "Faceless Killers" was first in the shooting schedule, followed by "The Fifth Woman" and last "The Man Who Smiled". As with Series 1, each episode is filmed over approximately 22–23 days, with just 3–5 days set aside for studio recording, and the rest for location shooting. On 23 June, the film team spent all day in Simrishamn, a coastal town north east of Ystad. Scenes were shot at the local police station and in the town square. Production Manager Nina Sackmann explained that "the town was perfect for what we needed to convey with this film". On 21 July, the portions of road 1015 passing by the Karlsfält Farmland Estate north of Ystad was closed from 11 p.m. until midnight to accommodate the film crew.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: On 18 August, closing scenes of "The Fifth Woman", where Kurt Wallander is dragged away at gunpoint, were shot on location at Ystad railway station. On the right side of the railway track, this dramatic scene was being filmed and on the left side, commuters were exiting the train. About 40 metres away, the Swedish language Wallander film "Vålnaden" ("The Ghost") was being filmed at the same time. Earlier in the week, scenes were shot at an old automobile repair and maintenance shop from 1928 in Hammenhög village. Part of the building had served as a flower shop when Mankell wrote "The Fifth Woman" and, since a murder victim is a flower shop owner, it was convenient to shoot in the now abandoned building.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Filming on "The Man Who Smiled" began at the beginning of September. Location production on the episode concluded on 2 October. The first couple of weeks featured location work outside of the swimming baths—which doubles as the exterior of the police station. For the last two weeks, production moved to locations around the countryside of Österlen. On Monday evening 14 September, the Ystad city square was closed off to film an important action scene from "The Man Who Smiled" where Kurt Wallander comes running across the square as a car explodes. The clear blue September sky caused problems with the lighting and they had to wait until the sun started to set.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Kenneth Branagh explained that the challenge for filming series one was to "create" the strange world of Ystad, in part as Henning Mankell saw it, in part as script writer Rick Cottan saw it, and then upon arrival to realise that the town looks different. "To get all these different visions to work together was a bit nervous last year. This year the pressure is to develop the style of this show and develop the characters, for example the other policemen at the station. Branagh claimed that there had been no problems shooting due to weather conditions except the last day of filming: "Henning Mankell often writes about the long Swedish summer rains, but during two years of filming we have not seen any of that. No wonder British tourists like to visit." He also stated that there is a possibility of a third series. "It all depends on how these new episodes are received, but I think I really would like to film more episodes. But we also need to feel that we have something more to offer, more to tell and that the scripts are good." Any filming on a third series would be postponed until 2011, to allow Branagh to work on "Thor". Yellow Bird's Daniel Ahlqvist believes that "The White Lioness"s South African setting makes it difficult to film, and the post-Cold War plot of "The Dogs of Riga" is no longer relevant, but sees no reason why "Before the Frost" and some new story ideas, in the same vein as the original Yellow Bird films could not be developed for the BBC.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Local politicians supported and invested 8,000,000 Swedish kronor (roughly £750,000) in the second Wallander series through "Film i Skåne", a regional resource and production centre.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Series 2 features some interesting choices of actors for minor roles. Fredrik Gunnarsson features in "Faceless Killers" as Valfrid Strom, Gunnarson appears in 17 episodes of Yellow Bird's Swedish language TV series as uniformed police officer Svartman. Rune Bergman had a minor role in the Swedish language adaptation of "Faceless Killers" and also featured in the TV film "Luftslottet". Patrik Karlson featured in the Swedish language adaptation of "The Man Who Smiled" as well as the TV film "Mastermind". Bergman and Karlson have the distinction of appearing in films starring the three Kurt Wallander actors. Karin Bertling also appears in the English language "Faceless Killers" and has previously worked on the Swedish-language TV film "Before the Frost".


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The third series aired in July 2012. Screenwriter Peter Harness wrote the scripts for all three films that made up Series 3. Mankell worked closely with Harness on the scripts. "He is too busy to talk to me all the time. But we have met to discuss the material, so he is involved in what happens", Harness told "Ystads Allehanda".


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Hiddleston and Shimmin did not return for this series. Actress Rebekah Staton portrayed a new character, Kristina, in all three episodes. Mark Hadfield joined the cast as police officer Stefan Lindeman, one of the main characters in the first season of the Swedish "Wallander" TV series and the lead character in the Mankell novel "The Return of the Dancing Master" (a book that has already been filmed in Swedish and German versions). Barnaby Kay plays Lennart Mattson, who is Chief Holgerson's successor.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: On 4 August 2011 it was made official that three new films were in production. The filming of "The Dogs of Riga" started in Latvia on 1 August at The Hotel Riga, and concluded on 20 August. More scenes were shot in Ystad the following week. This film was directed by Esther May Campbell, and featured cinematography by Lukas Strebel who worked on the second "Wallander" series. The production tried to use as many Latvian actors as possible but a problem arose as most Latvian actors had a very limited knowledge of English. Latvian actor Artūrs Skrastiņš was the only native actor that landed a speaking role in the film. He portrayed Colonel Putnis. Romanian actor Dragos Bucur portrays Sergei Upitis, an investigative journalist. The film was partially funded by The Riga Film Fund and co-stars Lithuanian actress Ingeborga Dapkūnaitė.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: On 10 August, several scenes were shot outside the Latvian Parliament and outside a building on Jēkaba street that was decorated with Swedish flags, to stand in for the Swedish embassy in Riga. On 13 August, the city closed down several streets to accommodate the filming. On 16 August scenes were filmed at Riga Central Station. The national police cars used in for this production had been equipped with stickers that said Rīgas pilsētas policijas (Riga City Police). These stickers covered up the usual coat of arms that Latvian police cars are decorated with, these stickers were designed specifically for the film and are easily removed. Nothing on Latvian police cars specifies what city they serve in.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: On 22 August the film team was back in Sweden to film for one week. The shooting started at a football pitch in Kåseberga, which has been converted into a filming area. Producer Hillary Benson explained to local press that once "The Dogs of Riga" had wrapped up, the film team would be back in mid October to start filming the other two episodes. The first two series were filmed in the summer, this time around the aim was to film in autumn and winter.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The other two films in the series are "Before the Frost", based on the novel of the same name, and "An Event in Autumn", which is based on the short story "Händelse om hösten" (The Grave), a short story from 2004 published only in the Netherlands.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: "Before the Frost" was directed by Charles Martin. Filming started in Ystad on 12 October 2011. The first days of shooting were stunts and scenes with an animal trainer as Kenneth Branagh did not arrive until 17 October. Scenes were also shot at The Chemistry Hall at the Macklean School in Skurup Municipality. With the local firefighters on standby, a stunt man poured petrol over himself and then set himself alight. This three-minute long film sequence took nine and a half hours to shoot. Filming began on Friday 14 October at 6 pm and wrapped at 3:30 am on Saturday morning. The film crew later came back at the end of October to shoot a scene using headmaster Christin Stigborgs' office. From Tuesday, 24 October and until the end of the week, three streets in central Ystad (Lilla Norregatan, Stora Norregatan and Sladdergatan) had to be closed down for a short time to shoot several scenes.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Parts of the film were shot in the Snogeholm nature conservation area, Sjöbo Municipality. Filming took place for several days along the roads and a parking space. This was mainly shots of the environment and the nature of the conversation area and the Snogeholm lake, according to production manager Martin Ersgård.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: "An Event in Autumn" was the last film. Filming started 14 November and was directed by Toby Haynes According to Yellow Bird producer Daniel Ahlqvist, "An Event in Autumn" is about how "Kurt tries to take charge of his own life by getting a new house but gets interrupted and is more or less forced back to his job".


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: On 21 and 23 October the crew was filming at an old small farm in the small village of Svarte. It is around the corner from the house where Wallander's father lived in the previous films. The small farm house is Wallander's new home but the remains of a dead woman are found on the property. Due to time constraints and unusually for a BBC production, all scenes were filmed with two cameras to provide more material for post production and cutting. The last week of shooting included filming some scenes in Germany.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: With the previous two series, the Skåne Regional Council invested 7 and 8 million Swedish Krona through its subsidiary "Film i Skåne". With the third series, the Skåne Regional Council only wanted to invest 2 million Krona. They later signed on to support the production by other means such as letting BBC and Yellow Bird use Ystad Studios for free, worth about half a million Swedish Krona. City of Ystad-Österlens Film Bond also invested 2 million Swedish Krona.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: On 8 October 2014, the BBC announced that principal photography of the final three-episode fourth series had started.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The first episode, "The White Lioness", is written by James Dormer ("Strike Back", "Outcast"), and directed by Benjamin Caron (", Skins, My Mad Fat Diary"). Most of the book takes place in South Africa and the episode was filmed in Cape Town in January 2015.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The final two installments in the Wallander series, "A Lesson in Love" and "The Troubled Man" were written by Peter Harness, not Ronan Bennett, as previously announced, and also directed by Benjamin Caron, and adapted from the final Wallander novel, "The Troubled Man". These two episodes were filmed on location in Skåne, Sweden, and Copenhagen, Denmark.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Returning cast include Jeany Spark as Linda Wallander, Richard McCabe as Nyberg, Barnaby Kay as Lennart Mattson, and Ingeborga Dapkunaite as Baiba Liepa.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Shooting took place in Ystad Studios, simultaneously with the third season of Swedish-Danish crime drama "The Bridge". The budget for the final season is 100 million Swedish kronor. The tax funded entities Ystad-Österlens filmfond and Film i Skåne have put three million Swedish kronor into the production according to Sveriges Radio.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The new series was shot on several locations surrounding Ystad, including Mossbystrand, Östra Hoby, Vårhallen Beach, Tunbyholm Castle plus Blekinge Province and the Danish island of Zealand. On 30 October, several scenes were shot at the Norreportskolan, a local Ystad middle school. Several of the students participated as extras.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The final three episodes had their world première dubbed into German on German network ARD, which co-produced them. They aired over three nights, on 25 December, 26 and 27, 2015. In Poland, the episodes aired on Ale Kino+ on 11, 18 and 25 March 2016. They made their English language première on BBC UKTV New Zealand on 11 April. In the US, 80-minute-long re-edited versions of the episodes aired as "Wallander, The Final Season" on the PBS anthology series "Masterpiece Mystery!" on 8, 15 and 22 May.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: A public screening of "Sidetracked" was given by the British Academy of Film and Television Arts on 10 November 2008, and was followed by a question-and-answer session with Philip Martin and Kenneth Branagh. A gala premiere of "Sidetracked" was held in Ystad on 23 November, a week before it was broadcast in Britain. "Sidetracked"s first British broadcast came on BBC One on 30 November, followed by "Firewall" on 7 December, and "One Step Behind" on 14 December. Episodes were simulcast on BBC HD. BBC Four broadcast programmes and films to complement the series; the schedule included a documentary by John Harvey titled "Who is Kurt Wallander", as well as the Swedish adaptation of the Linda Wallander novel "Before the Frost", and "Mastermind", an installment of the "Mankell's Wallander" film series starring Krister Henriksson.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The series has already been sold to 14 countries and territories across the world, including TV4 Sweden, TV2 Norway, DR Denmark, MTV3 Finland, France on Arte, Canada, Slovenia, Australia, Poland, Lumiere Benelux and Svensk Film for its pan Scandinavian feed. BBC Worldwide, the BBC's commercial arm, sold the series to further buyers at the Mipcom television festival in October 2008. In the United States, PBS secured the broadcast rights through the co-production deal struck between its affiliate WGBH Boston and the BBC. It aired as part of WGBH's "Masterpiece Mystery!" in May 2009. In advance of the broadcast, Branagh and WGBH Boston's Rebecca Eaton presented a screening of an episode at The Paley Center for Media on 29 April. In Germany, ARD broadcast the first series episodes on 29 and 30 May, and 1 June 2009. TV4 broadcast the first series in Sweden from 11 October 2009.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The series received a positive reception from critics, who praised both Branagh's performance and the character he played; in a preview of the BBC's Autumn season, Mark Wright of The Stage Online wrote that Branagh was "a good fit" for the character and had "high hopes for the success of [the] series". Previewing "Sidetracked", "The Times"s David Chater called Branagh "superb as Kurt Wallander", and the series "one of those superior cop shows in which the character of the detective matters more than the plot". In a feature in "The Knowledge", a supplement of "The Times", Paul Hoggart called Branagh's performance "understated, ruminative, warm, sensitive and depressed" and wrote positively of the design and cinematography and concluded by writing that ""Wallander" is that rare treasure: a popular form used for intelligent, thoughtful, classy drama and superbly shot". At the time the series was commissioned, Scottish author Ian Rankin expressed disappointment to "The Scotsman" that BBC Scotland was producing adaptations of Swedish literature; "My main caveat is that there's so much good, complex and diverse Scottish crime writing going on right now that I'd like to have seen BBC Scotland pick up on that".


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Reviewing "Sidetracked" after it aired, Tom Sutcliffe for "The Independent" called it, "often a visually dazzling experience, the camerawork as attentive to the contours of Branagh's stubbly, despairing face as it was to the Swedish locations in which the action took place or the bruised pastels of a Munch sunset". He praised Branagh's acting but felt the Wallander character was "shallower than the performance, the disaffection and Weltschmerz just another detective gimmick". "The Guardian"s Kira Cochrane was also complimentary to Branagh, calling him "faultless", but was not impressed with the scenes between Wallander and his father, which she believed slowed the pace of the film, as she did not want to learn Wallander's entire backstory immediately. Like Sutcliffe, Cochrane praised the cinematography and was pleased that the ending "tied up nicely". Andrew Billen of "The Times" wrote, "This distinctly superior cop show is both spare and suggestive, and brilliantly acted." He took time to adjust to Kenneth Branagh as Wallander, and found the warm blue skies of Sweden unexpected. Billen's and Cochrane's opinions of the child abuse storyline differed; Billen believed that it was "used too often in fiction, but here it meant something", though Cochrane called it a "familiar element". In "The Daily Telegraph", James Walton was disappointed with the revelation that the crimes stemmed from sexual abuse; "once quite a daring TV subject, now a rather clichéd short cut to the black recesses of the human heart". Walton, like others, was complimentary of Branagh, and concluded by writing, "The series still probably won't appeal to fans of "Heartbeat", but if you fancy an undoubtedly classy antidote to the cosy cop show, you could do a lot worse." The broadcast had an average 6.2 million viewers and 23.9% audience share. The episode began with a peak of 6.9 million (25.4%) but dropped to 5.8 million (24.6%) at the end. 57.2% of the audience was from the upmarket ABC1 demographic and 6.1% were in the age 16–34 demographic. The average viewer rating was down 300,000 on the same timeslot in the previous week. Final ratings, incorporating those who watched via DVR, was 6.54 million, making it the eighth-most-watched programme on BBC One that week. An editorial in "The Independent" complained that the episode's closing credits ran too fast; a hundred names were displayed in 14 seconds. Branagh called the speed of the credits "insulting". The actors' union Equity also complained to BBC director general Mark Thompson.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: "Firewall" was seen by 5.6 million (23% share), 600,000 viewers and one share point down on the previous week. Final ratings boosted it to 5.90 million and the tenth-most-watched broadcast on BBC One that week. In "The Guardian", Sam Wollaston wrote, "with the greyness, the cold, the Scandinavian sadness, and a troubled Kenneth Branagh mooching around in the gloom trying to figure out who killed these people so horribly, it's all pretty perfect." Andrew Billen wrote in "The Times" that Wallander and Ella's relationship not working out is conventional for a television detective drama, though liked how Wallander's depression "has grown out of the failure of his marriage and the experiences of his career". On TV Scoop website, John Beresford wrote that the episode "went quickly downhill" from the murder of the taxi driver in the opening minutes; "Pedestrian plots, characters that wander aimlessly about with next to nothing to do or say, and a format that seems better fitted for radio than it is for television. By that I mean the endless shots where there's a someone on the left of the screen, someone on the right, and they stand there for hours tal...king...verrrry...slow...ly to each other with absolutely nothing else happening." "One Step Behind" received overnight ratings of 5.6 million (22.4%). Final ratings were recorded as 5.66 million, making it the week's twelfth-most-watched programme on BBC One. David Chater's "Times" preview called Branagh "a masterpiece of vulnerability and despair". He wrote of the conclusion: "a climactic scene that has been done dozens of times in thrillers, on this one occasion it felt entirely believable". The "Daily Record" named it "Best of this week's TV" though it was criticised in "The Herald"; David Belcher called it "far worse than initially reckoned. Never has there been a less observant, more irritating fictional detective". Belcher hoped that no more adaptations would be made.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: In a review called "Wåll-and-ör– den äkta Wallander" (the title is first poking fun at Branagh's pronunciation of Wallander while at the same time calling the version the real or proper Wallander), Martin Andersson of southern Sweden's main daily newspaper "Sydsvenskan" was very positive to Branagh's interpretation of Wallander, and thought the BBC series to be of better quality than the current Swedish-language series. He emphasised that not only was Branagh's performance of higher quality than the current Swedish Wallander actor Krister Henriksson, but the BBC series really understood how to use the nature and environment of the Skåne province to tell the proper story and added that, as a person from southern Sweden, he recognised all the settings and they had never looked as beautiful as in this production.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Branagh won the award for best actor at the 35th Broadcasting Press Guild Television and Radio Awards (2009). It is his first major television award win in the UK. The series was nominated for Best Drama Series but lost to "The Devil's Whore". The series, represented by "Sidetracked", won the British Academy Television Award for Best Drama Series. Richard Cottan, Branagh, Philip Martin and Francis Hopkinson are named as the nomination recipients. At the BAFTA Television Craft Awards, the series won four of five nominations: Martin Phipps for Original Television Music, Anthony Dod Mantle for Photograph & Lighting (Fiction/Entertainment), Jacqueline Abrahams for Production Design, and Bosse Persson, Lee Crichlow, Iain Eyre and Paul Hamblin for Sound (Fiction/Entertainment). Ray Leek was also nominated for his opening titles work.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: In May 2009, PBS distributed promotional DVDs of "One Step Behind" to members of the Academy of Television Arts & Sciences for nomination consideration at the 61st Primetime Emmy Awards. The episode was not nominated, but Branagh was nominated for his performance in the Outstanding Actor, Miniseries or Movie category and Philip Martin was nominated for Outstanding Directing For A Miniseries, Movie Or A Dramatic Special. Branagh was placed on longlist in the Best Actor category of the 2010 National Television Awards. The series was nominated for The TV Dagger at the 2009 Crime Thriller Awards.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: In November 2009, the Royal Television Society presented the series with two awards at the 2009 RTS Craft & Design Awards; Aidan Farrell at post-production house The Farm was presented with the Effects (Picture Enhancement) award, and Martin Phipps and Emily Barker with the Music (Original Title) award for the opening theme. Anthony Dod Mantle was also nominated in the Lighting, Photography & Camera (Photography)—Drama category, and Bosse Persson, Lee Crichlow, Iain Eyre and Paul Hamblin in the Sound (Drama) category. The series was nominated in the Best Drama Series/Serial category at the Broadcast Awards 2010. The International Press Academy nominated the series for the Satellite Award for Best Miniseries and Branagh for the Satellite Award for Best Actor – Miniseries or Television Film. The Hollywood Foreign Press Association nominated Branagh for the Golden Globe Award for Best Miniseries or Television Film for his performance in "One Step Behind".


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: In a "Radio Times" interview, Henning Mankell announced that he has a new "Wallander" book in the works. Several Swedish media outlets have speculated that the renewed Wallander interest in the UK and the warm reception of the BBC adaptations has sparked a new motivation in writing further Wallander novels; Mankell's last book starring the Ystad inspector was originally published in 1999. The new and final Kurt Wallander book, "The Troubled Man", was published in Swedish in August 2009.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The increase in sales of the novels already published in the UK was also attributed to the television series.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: The series has resulted in a new interest among British tourists to visit Sweden, and especially Ystad and the rest of the Skåne province according to Itta Johnson, Marketing Strategist with Ystad County. Johnson reports that in the past British people were reluctant to visit Sweden since they saw the country as cold and expensive, but now questions are mostly about the light and the nature seen in the BBC series. Statistics Sweden reports that Skåne is the only Swedish region that has seen an increase in hotel visits during the first quarter of 2009. The largest increase in non-Scandinavian tourists is seen among Britons, who now count for 12% which is almost as large as the percentage of visitors from Germany, at 13%. In 2009, Ystad saw an increase of tourists from the UK with 18%, and local politicians credit the BBC "Wallander" series with attracting British tourists.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Johnson estimates that 2–3% of the people who watched the first series of "Wallander" on the BBC decided to visit the region. In 2008 tourism brought into Ystad 51 million Swedish kronor (c. £4.4 million) and with the influx of British tourists this number could very likely be higher for 2009.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: "A lot of travel organisers from the UK call and want to include Ystad in what they can offer their clients" says Marie Holmström, tourism coordinator with Ystad tourism agency. "This year (2009) we have 30% more hotel bookings from Great Britain, compared to last year. Kenneth Branagh says many good things about this town and we have received many requests from British press". Jolanta Olsson, tourism coordinator with Ystad tourism agency, says they get many requests from visiting Britons concerning shooting locations and where the film crew reside.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Starting in October 2009, Ystad will start hosting a film festival with a focus on crime fiction. The festival is kick started with a marathon of series one and a speech by Yellow Bird producer Daniel Ahlqvist.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Ystad was awarded the 2009 "Stora Turismpriset" (The Great Tourism Award). "The brand of Ystad as a film- and tourism town has been strengthened due consequent and longsighted film investments" said Pia Jönsson- Rajgård, President of Tourism in Skåne.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Vintage Books published paperbacks of the first three adapted novels in Series One with tie-in covers featuring Branagh on 20 November 2008. The Series One DVD was published by 2 Entertain Video on 26 December 2008. It features all three films, the "Who is Kurt Wallander?" documentary, and a 55-minute documentary entitled "The Wallander Look". Half of "The Wallander Look" features Branagh and Mankell discussing Wallander. The DVD was released in the United States on 2 June 2009.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: Tie-in editions of the novels adapted for Series 2 were published on 31 December 2009. The second series was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 8 February 2010.


title: Wallander (British TV series)

text: No tie-in editions of the two full novels adapted for the third series were released, and the short story "An Event In Autumn" was not even available in English at the time.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Cocoa butter, also called theobroma oil, is a pale-yellow, edible fat extracted from the cocoa bean. It is used to make chocolate, as well as some ointments, toiletries, and pharmaceuticals. Cocoa butter has a cocoa flavor and aroma. Its melting point is just below human body temperature.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Cocoa butter is obtained from whole cocoa beans. For use in chocolate manufacture, the beans are fermented before being dried. The beans are then roasted and separated from their hulls to produce cocoa nibs. About 54–58% of the cocoa nibs is cocoa butter. The cocoa nibs are ground to form cocoa mass, which is liquid at temperatures above the melting point of cocoa butter and is known as cocoa liquor or chocolate liquor. Chocolate liquor is pressed to separate the cocoa butter from the non-fat cocoa solids. Cocoa butter is sometimes deodorized to remove strong or undesirable tastes.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Cocoa butter contains a high proportion of saturated fats as well as monounsaturated oleic acid, which typically occurs in each triglyceride. The predominant triglycerides are POS, SOS, POP, where P = palmitic, O = oleic, and S = stearic acid residues. Cocoa butter, unlike non-fat cocoa solids, contains only traces of caffeine and theobromine.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Some food manufacturers substitute less expensive materials in place of cocoa butter. Several analytical methods exist for testing for diluted cocoa butter. Adulterated cocoa butter is indicated by its lighter color and its diminished fluorescence upon ultraviolet illumination. Unlike cocoa butter, adulterated fat tends to smear and have a higher non-saponifiable content.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Cocoa butter is becoming increasingly costly. Substitutes have been designed to use as alternatives. In the United States, 100% cocoa butter must be used for the product to be called chocolate. The EU requires that alternative fats not exceed 5% of the total fat content.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Substitutes include: coconut, palm, soybean, rapeseed, cottonseed and illipe oils; and shea butter, mango kernel fat and a mixture of mango kernel fat and palm oil, and PGPR.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Cocoa butter is a major ingredient in practically all types of chocolates (white chocolate, milk chocolate, and dark chocolate). This application continues to dominate consumption of cocoa butter.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Pharmaceutical companies use cocoa butter's physical properties extensively. As a nontoxic solid at room temperature that melts at body temperature, it is considered an ideal base for medicinal suppositories.


title: Cocoa butter

text: For a fat melting around body temperature, cocoa has good stability. This quality, coupled with natural antioxidants, prevents rancidity – giving it a storage life of two to five years. The velvety texture, pleasant fragrance and emollient properties of cocoa butter have made it a popular ingredient in products for the skin, such as soaps and lotions.


title: Cocoa butter

text: Cocoa butter typically has a melting point of around 34–38 °C (93–101 °F), so chocolate is solid at room temperature but readily melts once inside the mouth. Cocoa butter displays polymorphism, having different crystalline forms with different melting points. Conventionally the assignment of cocoa butter crystalline forms uses the nomenclature of Wille and Lutton with forms I, II, III, IV, V and VI having melting points 17.3, 23.3, 25.5, 27.5, 33.8 and 36.3 °C, respectively. The production of chocolate aims to crystallise the chocolate so that the cocoa butter is predominantly in form V, which is the most stable form that can be obtained from melted cocoa butter. (Form VI either develops in solid cocoa butter after long storage, or is obtained by crystallisation from solvents). A uniform form V crystal structure will result in smooth texture, sheen, and snap. This structure is obtained by chocolate tempering. Melting the cocoa butter in chocolate and then allowing it to solidify without tempering leads to the formation of unstable polymorphic forms of cocoa butter. This can easily happen when chocolate bars are allowed to melt in a hot room and leads to the formation of white patches on the surface of the chocolate called fat bloom or chocolate bloom.


title: Hornbill

text: Hornbills (Bucerotidae) are a family of bird found in tropical and subtropical Africa, Asia and Melanesia. They are characterized by a long, down-curved bill which is frequently brightly coloured and sometimes has a casque on the upper mandible. Both the common English and the scientific name of the family refer to the shape of the bill, "buceros" being "cow horn" in Greek. Hornbills have a two-lobed kidney. They are the only birds in which the first and second neck vertebrae (the atlas and axis respectively) are fused together; this probably provides a more stable platform for carrying the bill. The family is omnivorous, feeding on fruit and small animals. They are monogamous breeders nesting in natural cavities in trees and sometimes cliffs. A number of mainly insular species of hornbill with small ranges are threatened with extinction, namely in Southeast Asia.


title: Hornbill

text: In the Neotropical realm, toucans occupy the hornbills' ecological niche, an example of convergent evolution. Despite their close appearances, the two groups are not related, with toucans being allied with the woodpeckers, honeyguides and several families of barbet, while hornbills (and their close relatives the ground hornbills) are allied with the hoopoes and wood-hoopoes.


title: Hornbill

text: Hornbills show considerable variation in size. The smallest species is the black dwarf hornbill ("Tockus hartlaubi"), at and in length. The largest and most massive species appears to be the southern ground hornbill which has an average weight of , and can weigh up to and span about across the wings. Other species rival the southern ground species in length, at up to about , including the Abyssinian ground hornbill ("Bucorvus abyssinicus"), the great hornbill ("Buceros bicornis") and, probably the longest of all (perhaps exceeding ) thanks in part to its extended tail feathers, the helmeted hornbill ("Rhinoplax vigil"). Males are always bigger than the females, though the extent to which this is true varies according to species. The extent of sexual dimorphism also varies with body parts. For example, the difference in body mass between males and females is 1–17%, but the variation is 8–30% for bill length and 1–21% in wing length.


title: Hornbill

text: The most distinctive feature of the hornbills is the heavy bill, supported by powerful neck muscles as well as by the fused vertebrae. The large bill assists in fighting, preening, constructing the nest, and catching prey. A feature unique to the hornbills is the casque, a hollow structure that runs along the upper mandible. In some species it is barely perceptible and appears to serve no function beyond reinforcing the bill. In other species it is quite large, is reinforced with bone, and has openings between the hollow centre, allowing it to serve as a resonator for calls. In the helmeted hornbill the casque is not hollow but is filled with hornbill ivory and is used as a battering ram in dramatic aerial jousts. Aerial casque-butting has also been reported in the great hornbill.


title: Hornbill

text: The plumage of hornbills is typically black, grey, white, or brown, and is frequently offset by bright colours on the bill, or by patches of bare coloured skin on the face or wattles. Some species exhibit sexual dichromatism, where the colouration of soft parts varies by gender.


title: Hornbill

text: Hornbills possess binocular vision, although unlike most birds with this type of vision, the bill intrudes on their visual field. This allows them to see their own bill tip and aids in precision handling of food objects with their bill. The eyes are also protected by large eyelashes which act as a sunshade.


title: Hornbill

text: The Bucerotidae include about 55 living species, though a number of cryptic species may yet be split, as has been suggested for the red-billed hornbill. Their distribution includes Sub-Saharan Africa and the Indian subcontinent to the Philippines and the Solomon Islands, but no genus is found in "both" Africa and Asia. Most are arboreal birds, but the large ground hornbills ("Bucorvus"), as their name implies, are terrestrial birds of open savanna. Of the 24 species found in Africa, 13 are birds of the more open woodlands and savanna, and some occur even in highly arid environments; the remaining species are found in dense forests. This contrasts with Asia, where a single species occurs in open savanna and the remainder are forest species. The Indian subcontinent has 10 species of hornbills, of which 9 are found in India and adjoining countries, while the Sri Lanka grey hornbill is restricted to the island. The most common widespread species in the Indian subcontinent is the Indian grey hornbill.


title: Hornbill

text: According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), Indonesia has 13 hornbill species: 9 of them exist in Sumatra, and the rest exist in Sumba, Sulawesi, Papua and Kalimantan. Kalimantan has the same hornbill species as Sumatra, except that the great hornbill is not found there.


title: Hornbill

text: In the Neogene (at least in the late Miocene), hornbills inhabited North Africa and South Europe. Their remains have been found in Morocco and Bulgaria. The oldest known hornbill is from the Early Miocene of Uganda, around 19 million years ago, which is similar to modern "Tockus."


title: Hornbill

text: Hornbills are diurnal, generally travelling in pairs or small family groups. Larger flocks sometimes form outside the breeding season. The largest assemblies of hornbills form at some roosting sites, where as many as 2400 individual birds may be found.


title: Hornbill

text: Hornbills are omnivorous birds, eating fruit, insects and small animals. They cannot swallow food caught at the tip of the beak as their tongues are too short to manipulate it, so they toss it back to the throat with a jerk of the head. While both open country and forest species are omnivorous, species that specialise in feeding on fruit are generally found in forests, while the more carnivorous species are found in open country. Forest-dwelling species of hornbills are considered to be important seed dispersers.


title: Hornbill

text: Some hornbill species (e.g Malabar pied-hornbill) even have a great preference for the fruits of the strychnine tree ("Strychnos nux-vomica"), which contain the potent poison strychnine.


title: Hornbill

text: Some hornbills defend a fixed territory. Territoriality is related to diet; fruit sources are often patchily distributed and require long-distance travel to find. Thus, species that specialise in fruit are less territorial.


title: Hornbill

text: Hornbills generally form monogamous pairs, although some species engage in cooperative breeding. The female lays up to six white eggs in existing holes or crevices, either in trees or rocks. The cavities are usually natural, but some species may nest in the abandoned nests of woodpeckers and barbets. Nesting sites may be used in consecutive breeding seasons by the same pair. Before incubation, the females of all Bucerotinae—sometimes assisted by the male—begin to close the entrance to the nest cavity with a wall made of mud, droppings and fruit pulp. When the female is ready to lay her eggs, the entrance is just large enough for her to enter the nest, and after she has done so, the remaining opening is also all but sealed shut. There is only one narrow aperture, big enough for the male to transfer food to the mother and eventually the chicks. The function of this behaviour is apparently related to protecting the nesting site from rival hornbills. The sealing can be done in just a few hours; at most it takes a few days. After the nest is sealed, the hornbill takes another five days to lay the first egg. Clutch size varies from one or two eggs in the larger species to up to eight eggs for the smaller species. During the incubation period the female undergoes a complete and simultaneous moult. It has been suggested that the darkness of the cavity triggers a hormone involved in moulting. Non-breeding females and males go through a sequential moult. When the chicks and the female are too big to fit in the nest, the mother breaks out the nest and both parents feed the chicks. In some species the mother rebuilds the wall, whereas in others the chicks rebuild the wall unaided. The ground hornbills do not adopt this behaviour, but are conventional cavity-nesters.


title: Hornbill

text: A number of hornbills have associations with other animal species. For example, some species of hornbills in Africa have a mutualistic relationship with dwarf mongooses, foraging together and warning each other of nearby birds of prey and other predators. Other relationships are commensal, for example following monkeys or other animals and eating the insects flushed up by them.


title: Hornbill

text: The family Bucerotidae was introduced (as Buceronia) by the French polymath Constantine Samuel Rafinesque in 1815. There are two subfamilies: the Bucorvinae contain the two ground hornbills in a single genus, and the Bucerotinae contain all other taxa. Traditionally they are included in the order Coraciiformes (which includes also kingfishers, rollers, hoopoes and bee-eaters). In the Sibley-Ahlquist taxonomy, however, hornbills are separated from the Coraciiformes into an order of their own, Bucerotiformes, with the subfamilies elevated to family level. Given that they are almost as distant from the rollers, kingfishers and allies as are the trogons, the arrangement chosen is more a matter of personal taste than any well-established taxonomic practice. All that can be said with reasonable certainty is that placing the hornbills outside the Coraciiformes and the trogons inside would be incorrect.


title: Hornbill

text: Genetic data suggests that ground hornbills and "Bycanistes" form a clade outside the rest of the hornbill lineage. They are thought to represent an early African lineage, while the rest of Bucerotiformes evolved in Asia. However, another study claims that the ground hornbills diverged first, followed by "Tockus". Within "Tockus", two clades have been identified based on genetics and vocal types - 'whistlers' and 'cluckers'. The 'cluckers' have been placed in a separate genus, "Lophoceros".


title: Hornbill

text: "Bycanistes" belongs to a clade of mostly African species that also includes "Ceratogymna" and "Tropicranus". Another member of this clade is the Black dwarf hornbill. The Black dwarf hornbill is typically classified in the genus "Tockus" but in this study, is a sister species to the White-crested hornbill. If these two species are classified in congeneric, "Tropicranus" becomes a junior synonym of "Horizocerus", as that was one of the old names used for the Black dwarf hornbill. This clade also includes one Southeast Asian species, the white-crowned hornbill.


title: Hornbill

text: As for the other Asian hornbill species, "Buceros" and "Rhinoplax" are each other's closest relatives, "Anorrhinus" is part of a clade that has "Ocyceros" and "Anthracoceros" as sister taxa, and "Aceros", "Rhyticeros", and "Penelopides" form another clade. However, according to this study, "Aceros" is polyphyletic; the rufous-headed hornbill, writhed hornbill, and wrinkled hornbill form a clade with the Sulawesi hornbill, and are in turn more closely related to "Penelopides". These four species have been classified in a separate genus, "Rhabdotorrhinus". Similarly, the knobbed hornbill is more closely related to "Rhyticeros", leaving the rufous-necked hornbill the only member of the genus "Aceros".


title: Hornbill

text: This is a list of extant hornbill species, presented in taxonomic order. The family contains 15 genera and 59 species.


title: Hornbill

text: Some scientist believe the hornbill evolutionary tree spread from the Indian microcontinent after Gondwana, before India merged with Asia.


title: Hornbill

text: Most species' casques are very light, containing much airspace. However, the helmeted hornbill has a solid casque made of a material called hornbill ivory, which is greatly valued as a carving material in China and Japan. It was used as a medium for the art of netsuke. Also used for hunting purposes in places like India. The Iban people of Borneo regards the Rhinoceros hornbill (known as Kenyalang) as the king of the worldly birds, who acts as the intermediary between the man and the God. However, in reality, the helmeted hornbill ("Buceros vigil") called Tajai is the actual king of the worldly birds, having the largest body size and a solid casque with its arrival on any fig trees will always cause other birds including the Rhinoceros hornbill and other animals on the trees to fly away to let it feed. The Wreathed hornbill (Undan) is believed by the Iban people to be the guide of dead souls to the lower world.


title: Hornbill

text: None of the African species of hornbills are seriously threatened, but many Asian hornbills are threatened by hunting and habitat loss, as they tend to require primary forest. Among these threatened species, only the plain-pouched hornbill and rufous-necked hornbill are found on the Asian mainland; all others are insular in their distribution. In the Philippines alone, one species (the Palawan hornbill) is vulnerable, and two species (the Mindoro and Visayan hornbills) are endangered. Two of the three critically endangered hornbills, the rufous-headed hornbill and the Sulu hornbill, are also restricted to the Philippines. The latter species is one of the world's rarest birds, with only 20 breeding pairs or 40 mature individuals, and faces imminent extinction. The Ticao hornbill, a subspecies of the Visayan hornbill, is probably already extinct. The other critically endangered species, the helmeted hornbill, is threatened by uncontrolled hunting and the trade in hornbill ivory.


title: Hornbill

text: A hornbill named Zazu is the king's adviser and one of the characters in "The Lion King" franchise, voiced by Rowan Atkinson in the 1994 animated version and John Oliver in the 2019 live action version.


title: Hornbill

text: Hornbill was used as the official mascot of one of Malaysia's political parties, the Democratic Action Party.


title: Hornbill

text: The Rhinoceros hornbill is the official state animal of Sarawak, a Malaysian state located in Borneo.


title: Hornbill

text: The great hornbill, a member of the hornbill family, is the official state bird of Kerala, an Indian state.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Mihaly Robert Csikszentmihalyi (, , ; 29 September 1934 – 20 October 2021) was a Hungarian-American psychologist. He recognized and named the psychological concept of "flow", a highly focused mental state conducive to productivity. He was the Distinguished Professor of Psychology and Management at Claremont Graduate University. He was also the former head of the department of psychology at the University of Chicago and of the department of sociology and anthropology at Lake Forest College.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Mihaly Robert Csikszentmihalyi was born on 29 September 1934 in Fiume, now known as Rijeka, then part of the Kingdom of Italy. His family name derives from the village of Csíkszentmihály in Transylvania. He was the third son of a career diplomat at the Hungarian Consulate in Fiume. His two older half-brothers died when Csikszentmihalyi was still young; one was an engineering student who was killed in the Siege of Budapest, and the other was sent to labor camps in Siberia by the Soviets.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: His father was appointed Hungarian Ambassador to Italy shortly after the Second World War, moving the family to Rome. When Communists took over Hungary in 1949, Csikszentmihalyi's father resigned rather than choosing to work for the regime. The Communist regime responded by expelling his father and stripping the family of their Hungarian citizenship. To earn a living, his father opened a restaurant in Rome, and Csikszentmihalyi dropped out of school to help with the family income. At this time, the young Csikszentmihalyi, then travelling in Switzerland, saw Carl Jung give a talk on the psychology of UFO sightings.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Csikszentmihalyi emigrated to the United States at the age of 22, working nights to support himself while studying at the University of Chicago. He received a B.A. in 1959 and a Ph.D. in 1965, both from the University of Chicago. He then taught at Lake Forest College, before becoming a professor at the University of Chicago in 1969.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Csikszentmihalyi was noted for his work in the study of happiness and creativity, but is best known as the architect of the notion of "flow" and for his years of research and writing on the topic. Martin Seligman, former president of the American Psychological Association, described Csikszentmihalyi as the world's leading researcher on positive psychology. Csikszentmihalyi once said: "Repression is not the way to virtue. When people restrain themselves out of fear, their lives are by necessity diminished. Only through freely chosen discipline can life be enjoyed and still kept within the bounds of reason." His works are influential and are widely cited.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: In his seminal work, "Flow: The Psychology of Optimal Experience", Csíkszentmihályi outlined his theory that people are happiest when they are in a state of "flow"—a state of concentration or complete absorption with the activity at hand and the situation. It is a state in which people are so involved in an activity that nothing else seems to matter. The flow state is colloquially known as being "in the zone" or "in the groove". It is an optimal state of "intrinsic motivation", where the person is fully immersed in what they are doing. This is a feeling everyone has at times, characterized by a feeling of great absorption, engagement, fulfillment, and skill—and during which temporal concerns (time, food, ego-self, etc.) are typically ignored.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: In an interview with "Wired" magazine, Csíkszentmihályi described flow as "being completely involved in an activity for its own sake. The ego falls away. Time flies. Every action, movement, and thought follows inevitably from the previous one, like playing jazz. Your whole being is involved, and you're using your skills to the utmost."


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Csikszentmihályi characterized nine component states of achieving flow, including "challenge-skill balance, merging of action and awareness, clarity of goals, immediate and unambiguous feedback, concentration on the task at hand, paradox of control, transformation of time, loss of self-consciousness, and autotelic experience". To achieve a flow state, a balance must be struck between the challenge of the task and the skill of the performer. If the task is too easy or too difficult, flow cannot occur as both skill level and challenge level must be matched and high; if skill and challenge are low and matched, apathy results.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: One state that Csikszentmihalyi researched was that of the autotelic personality. The autotelic personality is one in which a person performs acts because they are intrinsically rewarding, rather than to achieve external goals. Csikszentmihalyi described the autotelic personality as a trait possessed by people who can learn to enjoy situations that most others would find miserable. Research has shown that aspects associated with the autotelic personality include curiosity, persistence, and humility.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Most of Csikszentmihalyi's final works focused on the idea of motivation and the factors that contribute to motivation, challenge, and overall success. One personality characteristic that Csikszentmihalyi researched in detail was that of intrinsic motivation. He and his colleagues found that intrinsically motivated people were more likely to be goal-directed and enjoy challenges that would lead to an increase in overall happiness.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Csikszentmihalyi identified intrinsic motivation as a powerful trait to optimize and enhance positive experience, feelings, and overall well-being as a result of challenging experiences. The results indicated a new personality construct, which he called "work orientation", characterized by "achievement, endurance, cognitive structure, order, play, and low impulsivity". A high level of work orientation in students is said to be a better predictor of grades and fulfillment of long-term goals than any school or household environmental influence.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Csikszentmihalyi married Isabella Selega in 1961. He was the father of artist and professor Christopher Csíkszentmihályi, and University of California, Berkeley professor of philosophical and religious traditions of China and East Asia Mark Csikszentmihalyi.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: In 2009, Csikszentmihalyi was awarded the Clifton Strengths Prize. He received the Széchenyi Prize at a ceremony in Budapest in 2011. He was awarded the Grand Cross Order of Merit of the Republic of Hungary in 2014. He was a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and a member of both the National Academy of Education and the Academy of Leisure Sciences.


title: Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi

text: Csikszentmihalyi died on 20 October 2021 of cardiac arrest, at his home in Claremont, California, at the age of 87.


title: John Warner

text: John William Warner III (February 18, 1927 – May 25, 2021) was an American lawyer and politician who served as the United States Secretary of the Navy from 1972 to 1974 and as a five-term Republican U.S. Senator from Virginia from 1979 to 2009. Warner served as Chairman of the Senate Armed Services Committee from 1999 to 2001, and again from 2003 to 2007. He also served as the Chair of the Senate Rules Committee from 1995 to 1999.


title: John Warner

text: Warner was a veteran of the Second World War and Korean War, and was one of five World War II veterans serving in the Senate at the time of his retirement. He did not seek reelection in 2008. After leaving the Senate, he worked for the law firm of Hogan Lovells, where he had previously been employed before joining the United States Department of Defense as the Under Secretary of the Navy during the presidency of Richard Nixon in 1969.


title: John Warner

text: Warner's 2002 re-election is the most recent election in which a Republican won a U.S. Senate seat in Virginia.


title: John Warner

text: John William Warner III was born on February 18, 1927, in Washington, D.C., to Martha Budd and Dr. John Warner Jr., an obstetrician-gynecologist in Washington. He grew up in the District, where he attended the elite St. Albans School before graduating from Woodrow Wilson High School in February 1945.


title: John Warner

text: Warner enlisted in the United States Navy during World War II in January 1945, shortly before his 18th birthday. He served until the following year, leaving as a petty officer third class. He went to college at Washington and Lee University, where he was a member of Beta Theta Pi, graduating in 1949; he then entered the University of Virginia Law School.


title: John Warner

text: Warner joined the U.S. Marine Corps in October 1950, after the outbreak of the Korean War, and served in Korea as a ground aircraft maintenance officer with the 1st Marine Aircraft Wing. His service number was 050488. He continued in the Marine Corps Reserves after the war, eventually reaching the rank of captain. He then resumed his studies, taking courses at the George Washington University before receiving his law degree from UVA in 1953. That year, he became a law clerk to Chief Judge E. Barrett Prettyman of the United States Court of Appeals. In 1956, he became an assistant U.S. attorney.


title: John Warner

text: In 1960, he entered private law practice and joined Hogan & Hartson (now Hogan Lovells). In the 1960 United States presidential election, he served as an aide to Vice President Richard Nixon's campaign team.