title: My Sassy Girl

text: A year after Gyeon-woo visits the tree, the Girl finally arrives. Sitting under the tree is an old man. She reveals that she was supposed to meet someone at the tree a year ago, but that her courage failed her. She believed that if she was truly meant to be with him, destiny would bring them together. During their conversation the old man reveals the secret of the tree, that it is not the same tree; the original tree had been struck and killed by lightning a year before and a similar tree had been planted by a young man so that his special someone would not be sad. The tree was dead and split into two. After the girl reads his letter, she tries repeatedly to call Gyeon-woo, but is unable to reach him.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: Some time later, the Girl is on a train and the door closes right before a man tries to board. She has her back turned to him, so she doesn't realize it is Gyeon-woo, who realizes it is her and chases the train down the platform, to no avail. They fail to cross paths again.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: As it turns out, the Girl is on her way to lunch with her deceased boyfriend's mother, who has planned to introduce the Girl to her nephew for a blind date. The nephew arrives and it turns out to be Gyeon-woo; as it turns out, Gyeon-woo is the boy that she had been trying to introduce to the Girl for years. The mother offers reasons as to why they'd be a great match for one another, but Gyeon-woo and the Girl are too busy gazing into each other's eyes. The mother asks "Do you two know each other?"; the camera pans out and they are holding hands under the table.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: "My Sassy Girl" was released in South Korea on July 27, 2001. In the Philippines, the film was released by Amuse Pictures with a Tagalog dub on October 26, 2005.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: "My Sassy Girl" was the second highest-selling Korean film in 2001 (behind the film "Friend"), and at the time, it was the highest-grossing Korean comedy film of all time. 4,852,845 tickets were sold nationwide and 1,765,100 in Seoul over its 10 weeks in the cinemas. It grossed in the country, making it one of the top five highest-grossing films ever in South Korea, at the time. In Hong Kong, it topped the box office for two weeks and earned more than . It Japan, it grossed from a limited release in 2003. The film also grossed $310,415 in Taiwan. In total, the film grossed in East Asia.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: The film's DVD release was an international success, drawing a large cult following in Asia and beyond. In Japan, for example, it was the best-selling Korean DVD in 2006. There were also a large number of pirated copies in circulation, particularly in Asia. The Blu-Ray release was in 2019.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: The film was acclaimed by critics. "Koreanfilm.org" praised Jun Ji-hyun's portrayal of the character, calling her the "undisputed star" and stating "it could not have succeeded anywhere near as well without her".


title: My Sassy Girl

text: The soundtrack album for "My Sassy Girl" features a variation on Pachelbel's "Canon in D") and a soundtrack of twenty-one pieces. The Korean song entitled "I Believe" by Shin Seung Hun (신승훈) is the theme song of this film. The song has been translated to different Asian languages such as Japanese, Chinese and Filipino.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: There are two scenes within the movie that have different soundtracks from each varying version, notably the EDKO and Starmax distributions.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: Tsuyoshi Kusanagi and actress Rena Tanaka are the lead characters in the Japanese drama of the same name which started broadcasting in April 2008.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: A South Korean historical time period drama remake titled "My Sassy Girl", starring Joo Won and Oh Yeon-seo, airing this 2017 on SBS.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: In Thailand, it was remake as a Thai TV series titled "My Sassy Girl" started airing on October 11, 2021, on True Asian More starred by Jarinya Sirimongkolsakul and Nutthasit Kotimanuswanich.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: This American remake of the film is set in New York City's Central Park and Upper East Side. Director Yann Samuell states "It's a fable about destiny, in the end." whilst Jesse Bradford who plays the lead protagonist summarized the movie as "a romantic comedy about how they pull each other to a more healthy place by virtue of their relationship."


title: My Sassy Girl

text: An uncredited Bollywood version called "Ugly Aur Pagli" starring Ranvir Shorey and Mallika Sherawat was released on August 1, 2008. The movie is directed by Sachin Khot.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: A Telugu remake of the film was made starring Bharat and Videesha. It was titled "Maa Iddhari Madhya".


title: My Sassy Girl

text: A Malayalam remake titled "White" was also made starring Mammootty and Huma Qureshi (in double role) with some changes. While another Malayalam movie "Vinodayathra" was reported to have scenes inspired from this movie.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: A Chinese version named "My Sassy Girl 2" (我的野蠻女友2) directed by Joe Ma stars Lynn Hung and Leon Jay Williams was released in 2010.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: A Nepali version titled "Sano Sansar" was released on 12 September 2008 and became very popular amongst teenagers in the country.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: A Lithuanian version titled Moterys meluoja geriau: Robertėlis was released on 3 August 2018. It was based on the characters form a popular local TV drama.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: A Filipino version of "My Sassy Girl" was announced in 2021, to be starred by Toni Gonzaga and Pepe Herrera. Filming and production completed in the same year, release date has yet to be announced.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: An Indonesian version directed by , and starring Tiara Andini and . This version was released on June 23, 2022.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: Cha Tae-hyun starred in the direct sequel, "My New Sassy Girl", which was released in China on April 22, 2016, and South Korea on May 5 as a South Korean-Chinese co-production. The movie was not as well-received as its original.


title: My Sassy Girl

text: Cha Tae-hyun has made cameo appearances in Jun Ji-hyun's film "Windstruck" (whose ending scene at the train station is very similar to that of "My Sassy Girl") and TV series "The Legend of the Blue Sea" (Episode 4, where he makes reference to Jun's character's history as "sassy"). A poster of "My Sassy Girl" appears in "My Love from the Star" (Episode 5) as one of the previous hit films by Jun's character.


title: Tiger (franchise)

text: Tiger is an Indian film series part of the YRF Spy Universe consisting of action spy films. The original work is 2012 film, named "Ek Tha Tiger", directed by Kabir Khan and produced by Yash Raj Films. It centers on a fictional RAW spy named "Avinash Singh Rathore" aka "Tiger" played by Salman Khan who falls in love with a Pakistani spy of ISI named "Zoya Humaini" played by Katrina Kaif.


title: Tiger (franchise)

text: It has a sequel named "Tiger Zinda Hai", directed by Ali Abbas Zafar, that released on 22 December 2017. The sequel is based on the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL. The first film also spawned a series of graphic novels, published by Yomics World.


title: Tiger (franchise)

text: A RAW agent, Tiger (Salman Khan), is sent to Dublin to observe an Indian scientist who is suspected of sharing nuclear secrets with the Inter-Services Intelligence (ISI). He meets and falls for his caretaker Zoya (Katrina Kaif), a girl with a dark secret.


title: Tiger (franchise)

text: RAW Agent Tiger joins forces with Zoya in order to rescue a group of nurses who are held hostage by a terrorist organisation. This sequel is based on the 2014 abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL.


title: Tiger (franchise)

text: The first installment of the series, based on a true incidents. A RAW agent, Tiger, is sent to Dublin to observe an Indian scientist who is suspected of sharing nuclear secrets with the ISI. He meets and falls for his caretaker Zoya, a girl with a dark secret. Ek Tha Tiger was released on 15 August 2012 (worldwide) and gained positive reviews. .It earned ₹325 crore worldwide against a budget of ₹75 crore. becoming one of the highest-grossing Bollywood films by international gross.


title: Tiger (franchise)

text: After the success of Ek Tha Tiger Salman and Katrina Re-unite once again for sequel. The film was titled as "Tiger Zinda Hai" and also second installment in this series. The film is based on true incidents that happened in 2014 the abduction of Indian nurses by ISIL. The film was released on 22 December 2017 worldwide. The film received a U/A certificate from Central Board of Film Certification. "Tiger Zinda Hai" opened to mostly positive reviews. Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave 4.5 stars, and said "Salman is the lifeline, the real treasure of "Tiger Zinda Hai". He sinks his teeth into the character and, in several sequences, peels off the mask of super-stardom and brings the actor to the fore. Katrina is in solid form, in action sequences specifically commands attention." "Tiger Zinda Hai" made a new non-holiday record in India as it collected 34.1crore nett on its first day. It went on to collect ₹35.30 crore nett gross on second day. The film recorded the second highest day of all time. It netted Rs 154 crore in its first four days in India. The film grossed 565crore worldwide becoming the eighth highest-grossing Indian film. At the 63rd Filmfare Awards, it won for Best Action.


title: Tiger (franchise)

text: The third installment of the franchise, titled "Tiger 3" will mark the return of both Khan and Kaif and is directed by Maneesh Sharma. Aditya Chopra, Akash Solanki, and Shridhar Raghavan are said to have written the film. Shah Rukh Khan and Hrithik Roshan will have extended cameo roles in Tiger 3 as a crossover from the films; "War" and "Pathaan".


title: Indian summer

text: An Indian summer is a period of unseasonably warm, dry weather that sometimes occurs in autumn in temperate regions of the northern hemisphere. Several sources describe a true Indian summer as not occurring until after the first frost, or more specifically the first "killing" frost.


title: Indian summer

text: The late 19th-century lexicographer Albert Matthews made an exhaustive search of early American literature in an attempt to discover who coined the expression. The earliest reference he found dated to 1851. He also found the phrase in a letter written in England in 1778, but discounted that as a coincidental use of the phrase.


title: Indian summer

text: Later research showed that the earliest known reference to Indian summer in its current sense occurs in an essay written in the United States circa 1778 by J. Hector St. John de Crevecoeur. The letter was first published in French. The essay remained unavailable in the United States until the 1920s.


title: Indian summer

text: Although the exact origins of the term are uncertain, it was perhaps so-called because it was first noted in regions inhabited by Native Americans, or because the natives first described it to Europeans, or it had been based on the warm and hazy conditions in autumn when Native Americans hunted. John James Audubon wrote about "The "Indian Summer" that extraordinary Phenomenon of North America" in his journal on November 20, 1820. He mentions the "constant "Smoky" atmosphere" and how the smoke irritates his eyes. Audubon suspects that the condition of the air was caused by "Indians, firing the Prairies of the West." Audubon also mentions in many other places in his writings the reliance Native Americans had on fire. At no point does Audubon relate an Indian Summer to warm temperatures during the cold seasons.


title: Indian summer

text: Because the warm weather is not a permanent gift, the connection has been made to the pejorative term Indian giver. It is also suggested that it comes from historic Native American legends, granted by the God or "Life-Giver" to various warriors or men, to allow them to survive after great misfortune, such as loss of crops.


title: Indian summer

text: Weather historian William R. Deedler wrote that "Indian summer" can be defined as "any spell of warm, quiet, hazy weather that may occur in October or November," though he noted that he "was surprised to read that Indian Summers have been given credit for warm spells as late as December and January." Deedler also noted that some writers use Indian summer in reference to the weather in only New England, "while others have stated it happens over most of the United States, even along the Pacific coast."


title: Indian summer

text: In literature and history, the term is sometimes used metaphorically. The title of Van Wyck Brooks' "New England: Indian Summer" (1940) suggests an era of inconsistency, infertility, and depleted capabilities, a period of seemingly robust strength that is only an imitation of an earlier season of actual strength. William Dean Howells' 1886 novel "Indian Summer" uses the term to mean a time when one may recover some of the happiness of youth. The main character, jilted as a young man, leads a solitary life until he rediscovers romance in early middle age.


title: Indian summer

text: In British English, the term is used in the same way as in North America. In the UK, observers knew of the American usage from the mid-19th century onward, and "The Indian Summer of a Forsyte" is the metaphorical title of the 1918 second volume of "The Forsyte Saga" by John Galsworthy. However, early 20th-century climatologists Gordon Manley and Hubert Lamb used it only when referring to the American phenomenon, and the expression did not gain wide currency in Great Britain until the 1950s. In former times, such a period was associated with the autumn feast days of St. Martin and Saint Luke.


title: Indian summer

text: In the English translation of Boris Pasternak's "Doctor Zhivago", the term is used to describe the unseasonably warm weather leading up to the October Revolution.


title: Indian summer

text: Similar weather conditions with local variations also exist. A warm period in autumn is called "Altweibersommer" (: "old women's summer") in Germany, Austria, Switzerland, Lithuania, Hungary (Hungarian: "vénasszonyok nyara"), Estonia (Estonian: ""), and in a number of Slavic-language countries—for example, in the Czech Republic, Ukraine, Poland, Slovakia, Russia and Slovenia, – it is known as "(old) women's summer" (, , , , . In Bulgaria, it is known as "gypsy summer" or "poor man's summer," and in Serbia it is known as "Miholjsko leto" because Saint Michael or "Miholjdan" is celebrated on October 12. In Sweden, there's "Brittsommar" (out of "Birgitta" and "Britta", having their name days around the time, on October 7). In Finland, the period is today called "intiaanikesä," a direct translation, but historically a warm period in autumn was named after Bartholomew, his saint day being in late August. In Gaelic Ireland, the phenomenon is called "fómhar beag na ngéanna" (little autumn of the geese).


title: Indian summer

text: In temperate parts of South America—such as southernmost Brazil, Argentina, Chile and Uruguay—the phenomenon is known as "Veranico," "Veranito" or "Veranillo" (literally, "little summer"), and usually occurs in early autumn, between late April and mid-May, when it is known as "Veranico de Maio" ("May's little summer") or as "Veranito de San Juan" ("Saint John's little summer"). Its onset and duration are directly associated with the occurrence of El Niño.


title: Indian summer

text: In other countries, it is associated with autumnal name days or saint days, such as Teresa of Ávila (Portugal, Spain and France), St. Martin's Summer (Spain, France, Italy, Portugal and Malta), St. Michael's summer ("Miholjsko leto", Serbia, Montenegro and Bosnia and Herzegovina), St. Martin's Day (Netherlands and Italy), St. Demetrius (Greece and Cyprus), Bridget of Sweden in Sweden, and Saint Michael the Archangel in Wales ("haf bach Mihangel"). In Turkey, it is called pastırma yazı, meaning "pastrami summer," since the month of November was considered to be the best time to make pastırma (the meat that, though slightly different, pastrami originated from).


title: Indian summer

text: The American Meteorological Society (AMS) also notes that a similar phenomenon may be referred to poetically as halcyon days, a term that originated in Greek mythology. Halcyon days in Greece take place in winter, usually 16-31 of January and last around 4-7 days with extremely warm and sunny days. "All-hallown summer" or "All Saints' summer" is also referenced in English folklore and by Shakespeare, but its use appears to have died out. The AMS and the Associated Press Stylebook, among others, have discouraged the use of the term "Indian summer", preferring other terms such as "second summer".


title: Sorcha Cusack

text: Sorcha Cusack (; born 9 April 1949) is an Irish television and stage actress. Her numerous television credits include playing the title role in "Jane Eyre" (1973), "Casualty" (1994–1997), "Coronation Street" (2008) and "Father Brown" (2013–present).


title: Sorcha Cusack

text: Cusack was born on 9 April 1949 in Dublin, Ireland. She is the second daughter of the actors Cyril Cusack (1910–1993) and Maureen Cusack (1920–1977), her elder sister is actress Sinéad Cusack, and her younger sister is actress Niamh Cusack. She is a half-sister to Catherine Cusack. Through her sister Sinéad, she is the sister-in-law of actor Jeremy Irons and the aunt of actor Max Irons and his brother, former child actor Samuel Irons. She is married to actor Nigel Cooke with whom she has two children.


title: Sorcha Cusack

text: Cusack has made many film and television appearances including "Inspector Morse" (“Cherubim and Seraphim“, S6:E5, 1992) as Joyce, "The Bill", "Casualty" (as Staff Nurse / Ward Sister Kate Wilson from 1994 to 1997), a BBC adaptation of " Jane Eyre" (1973), and the film "Snatch" (2000) as the traveller mother of Mickey, played by Brad Pitt. In 1993 she appeared in Poirot “Jewel Robbery at the Grand Metropolitan”. In 1998, she voiced Mother Duck on the cartoon "The First Snow of Winter" in UK Version. She has also acted for radio, including a guest appearance in the BBC Radio 4 series "Baldi" and starring as Juno Boyle in the 2014 BBC Radio 3 production of "Juno and the Paycock". She played Helen Connor in "Coronation Street" in 2008, but because of her other acting commitments the role was played by Dearbhla Molloy when the character returned in July 2009.


title: Sorcha Cusack

text: In 2011, Cusack played Prof. Joanna Pinnock in “Wild Justice”, S5:E2 of Lewis. In the same year she portrayed Hillary Nicholson in two episodes of the first series of "Mrs. Brown's Boys". Susie Blake took over the role for the second and third series. Despite this, she did play the part of Justice Dickie in the 2014 film "Mrs. Brown's Boys D'Movie". Since 2013, she has played Mrs. McCarthy, the housekeeper and parish secretary, in the BBC adaptation of "Father Brown". Cusack played Bridie Stevenson in the BBC television series "River" (2015).


title: Sorcha Cusack

text: Cusack has had an extensive career on stage including seasons at the Dublin in Dublin where she made her theatrical debut, the Abbey Theatre, Dublin, the Royal Shakespeare Company, the Royal Exchange, Manchester and The National Theatre in London. Her West End appearances include Maggie in "Dancing at Lughnasa" and Monica Murray in "By the Bog of Cats" with Holly Hunter. On Broadway she played Nora Clitheroie in Sean O'Casey's "The Plough and the Stars" and Lily Doherty in Brian Friel's "The Freedom of the City" at the Lincoln Centre in 2000.


title: James Rolfe

text: James D. Rolfe (born July 10, 1980) is an American YouTuber, online personality, actor, and filmmaker. He is best known for creating and starring in the retrogaming web series "Angry Video Game Nerd" (2004–present), a joint production between his Cinemassacre Productions, GameTrailers, and ScrewAttack. His spin off projects include reviews of other retro films, television series, and board games. He is considered a pioneer of internet gaming videos, inspiring the younger generation of gamers to make their own videos in his style, and at a point was one of the most popular content creators on YouTube.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe began creating homemade video productions in the late 1980s, and has created more than 270 videos throughout his career. His career as an online celebrity took off in 2004 with the beginning of "Angry Video Game Nerd". Two years later, Rolfe gained mainstream attention after one of his videos went viral upon being published on YouTube. In the interim, he filmed videos he created on his own and most of them have been released on his website, Cinemassacre.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania on July 10, 1980. He was raised in south New Jersey. His parents bought him an audio recorder as a Christmas present sometime in the early to mid-1980s. Later, he got a camera and took photographs of him and his friends play fighting. He was inspired by "The Legend of Zelda" and "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" to create adventure stories. Rolfe also illustrated comic books, which he updated monthly. One such comic he created had a plot inspired by the video game "".


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe started filming shorts in 1989 continuing this hobby into the mid 1990s. He used "Mario Paint" for a few of his early films. He eventually took classes for hand-drawn animation at a university. His early films did not have scripts or rehearsal. However, once he started writing scripts, his friends gradually lost interest because of the pressure of trying to remember their lines, which left many of Rolfe's films unfinished. He then tried his hand at action figures and puppets. The plot of "The Giant Movie Director" (1994) involved toys coming to life. Rolfe attended a special education school for seven-and-a-half years during his childhood. He reflected on his past, "In school, I had a rough time communicating. I went to special ed for seven-and-a-half years. I liked it, I had a good time. But socializing in general... I was a little awkward. Art always made me feel comfortable."


title: James Rolfe

text: Since his early teen years, Rolfe operated and ran an annual "haunted house" Halloween attraction out of his parents' garage (the same garage was later used in building a graveyard for his horror comedy film "The Deader, the Better" and again used in his film/series pilot "Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole"), using a collection of several props and antiques that he later reused multiple times in his other films.


title: James Rolfe

text: In May 1996, he filmed "A Night of Total Terror" in his backyard, a horror film that he has called "the turning point of my life". In the late 1990s, Rolfe created several films such as the B-horror movie "The Head Incident" that he finished in 1999 but did not release until its tenth anniversary in 2009. He also made "Cinemaphobia" in 2001, which follows an actor who suffers from an overload of work and sees hallucinations of cameras following him. Two versions of the film were made, a ten-minute version and an extended, fifteen-minute version. Rolfe has stated his preference for the shorter ten-minute version. The same year, he created "Kung Fu Werewolf from Outer Space" which is a mainly silent movie except for narration. He also created an hour-long comedy film entitled "Stoney", which is a spoof of the 1976 film "Rocky". His eighth film of 2001 was "It Came from the Toilet!". In 2003, he created another film, "Curse of the Cat Lover's Grave", which was split into three parts to define three different horror genres. Rolfe made a pilot of a planned web series entitled "Jersey Odysseys: Legend of the Blue Hole", which is based on the urban legends of the state of New Jersey. The pilot centers around on the legend of the Jersey Devil.


title: James Rolfe

text: In May 2007, he began a new web series called "You Know What's Bullshit?", in which he rants about everyday pet peeves; such as pennies, shoelaces, pay toilets, and printers. Originally just being rants by Rolfe, he instead decided to create a new character to host the series named "The Bullshit Man" (which is just Rolfe wearing a mask resembling cow dung). The Bullshit Man made several cameo appearances in AVGN content, including select videos and the video game "AVGN Adventures" as a secret character. In 2020, the show's name was abbreviated to "You Know What's BS?" due to YouTube's advertising policies.


title: James Rolfe

text: In 2007, Rolfe began filming "The Deader, the Better", a classic-style B-movie horror film that pays homage to the 1968 horror film "Night of the Living Dead". The film was shown at the Atlanta Horror Fest in October 2007. On May 5, 2006, Rolfe released a music video that included stock footage from a trip he had made to England and Scotland. The music used in his work was from the Black Sabbath single "Heaven and Hell". Rolfe also participated in the 48 Hour Film Project between 2004 and 2007. In the 2007 event, he was the Audience Award Winner for his film "Spaghetti Western". His other entries were a trilogy of films called "Death Suit" (2004), "Death Seen" (2005) and "Death Secret" (2006).


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe's career did not gain much momentum until May 2004, when he filmed a 5-minute short review of the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) game "" under the name "Bad NES Games". His character was originally named "The Angry Nintendo Nerd" but was changed to "The Angry Video Game Nerd" (sometimes shortened to "The Nerd") to avoid trademark issues and because he started reviewing games on other consoles (e.g. Sega Genesis, Atari 2600). Rolfe conceived of the character while studying at the University of the Arts of Philadelphia when he attended from 1999 to 2004. Rolfe then made another video, a review of the 1988 game "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde", originally intended as the last of the series due to it being the game Rolfe hated most. The video introduced the running joke of The Nerd drinking alcohol due to the badness of a game; Rolfe initially used Rolling Rock for the gag as it was the only beer in his refrigerator at the time, but would later perform the joke with Yuengling beer, hard-liquor, or non-alcoholic hot sauce. Rolfe originally intended to keep his videos private, but his friend and collaborator, Mike Matei, convinced him to post the videos to a YouTube channel called "JamesNintendoNerd" (now called "Cinemassacre") on April 6, 2006, which Matei created and managed for him.


title: James Rolfe

text: On September 12, 2006, Rolfe's character first gained mainstream attention when his review of "Teenage Mutant Ninja Turtles" became popular on YouTube. His videos were also posted on GameTrailers and ScrewAttack and had gained 30 million views monthly. He has over 3 million subscribers, as of September 2019. At the end of 2007, Rolfe halted the production of the series and cancelled an appearance at MAGFest after suffering from a break in his voice. On March 17, 2010, he made the announcement that he was suffering from burnout as a result of consistently writing, directing and starring in the videos, and that the show would be entering a brief hiatus. It was scheduled to return in May 2010; however, an episode was released on April 30. Episodes are released on either the first or second Wednesday of each month, as opposed to two episodes per month due to Rolfe's other projects. Episodes were at one point posted on YouTube over a year after their original release on GameTrailers. Rolfe formerly had affiliations with ScrewAttack before leaving in 2013.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe's Nerd character gained further fame through a fictional feud with fellow YouTuber Doug Walker's Nostalgia Critic character. This began with the Critic launching a satirical attack in an early video, prompting a response from the Nerd. The feud took place over several videos between 2008 and 2009, culminating in a crossover video entitled "TGWTG Team Brawl" wherein the characters fight and ultimately reconcile. Out of character, Rolfe and Walker clarified that the feud was entirely fictional and that they were in fact good friends; both have since collaborated on a number of videos and other projects.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe made a cameo appearance as the Nerd in a music video parody of Britney Spears' single "Piece of Me" entitled "Piece of Meat" on cinevore.com.


title: James Rolfe

text: For a period, Rolfe focused his efforts on producing "", which revolves around "E.T. the Extra-Terrestrial", the video game for the Atari 2600. The film was a collaboration between Rolfe and Kevin Finn and was entirely funded by fan donations. The release of the film in 2014 coincided with the 31st anniversary of the 1983 video game crash. The final sequence of the movie, in which The Nerd reviews "E.T.", was later released as a standard AVGN episode.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe had a cameo in a Doritos and Pepsi commercial published online in November 2010. The ad was part of a voting contest of which the winning clip was to be shown during Super Bowl XLV. However, the ad was eventually withdrawn due to public backlash, because it parodied the Catholic practice of Eucharist. In 2007, Rolfe had a cameo in the fan film "Return of the Ghostbusters". He was featured in the 2009 documentary "His Name Was Jason", in which he talks about the "Friday the 13th" movie series and its antagonist Jason Voorhees. Similarly, Rolfe appeared in a bonus feature to the 2010 documentary "", in which he discusses the "Nightmare on Elm Street" NES game, a title he had previously covered as the Nerd in the 13th AVGN episode. The bonus feature can be found on the second disc of the "Never Sleep Again" DVD set.


title: James Rolfe

text: In 2010, it was announced that Rolfe was set to feature in a low-budget remake of "Plan 9 from Outer Space" entitled "Plan 9", which was released through Video on Demand beginning February 16, 2016, and then released on physical media in stores on January 5, 2017. Around early to mid January 2013, Rolfe played a brief role as a news reporter in an independent short film about Sonic the Hedgehog. He was offered a role in "V/H/S/2" by Adam Wingard, but had to decline due to working on "Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie". He was later offered a potential cameo in "Godzilla vs. Kong" by Wingard, but the demands of production, alongside the timing of the birth of Rolfe's second daughter, made the arrangement unfeasible. Rolfe also appeared in the crowdfunded 1980's horror documentary "In Search of Darkness".


title: James Rolfe

text: Commitment to the YouTube videos has slowed Rolfe's progress in making new features, but he did make a trilogy of new shorts after "Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie", including "Dr. Jekyll and Mr. Hyde: The Movie" (2015), based on the video game, "Flying Fuckernauts vs. The Astro-Bastards" (2016), a tribute to B-movie sci-fi, and "Mimal the Elf" (2017), a mockumentary. On May 25, 2017, in a general update video about the future of the YouTube channel, Rolfe announced he was in very early development on what he termed an "atmospheric horror movie... [the film would] take place in one room... very minimal". On December 29, Rolfe announced that 2018 would lean more toward his own original projects, and that he had begun writing the untitled horror film. It would be in the vein of past projects, such as "Legend of the Blue Hole" and "Cinemaphobia". On August 8, 2018, Rolfe said he was 50-75% done with the script, and that it would contain some type of 'nostalgia theming', but it would likely undergo further rewrites and had no plans to film it in the near future. On June 19, 2019, Rolfe said the script was completed, but commitment to video production would delay the project for the foreseeable future.


title: James Rolfe

text: On October 18, 2020, Rolfe announced the horror film was postponed indefinitely due to time constraints. Instead, he directed a sequel to his 1999 horror short, "The Head Incident", reuniting several members of the original cast/crew. On June 10, 2021, Rolfe released a video, explaining the premise of the shelved 'nostalgic' horror film: It would be about a man revisiting a childhood amusement park, only to become trapped there. Rolfe stated that the project could be revived in another medium, and that he was working on another small-scale screenplay.


title: James Rolfe

text: Cinemassacre has published a number of other reviews featuring Rolfe and associates as themselves. The topics include video games (under the "James & Mike Mondays" series), video game peripherals such as the VictorMaxx Stuntmaster headset, and films. One of Rolfe's other series is "Board James", where he, Brendan "Bootsy" Castner and Mike Matei review old board games in a humorous way, often with recurring characters. This show eventually developed into a psychological horror series, while still containing board game reviews in each episode. The show ran for 3 seasons and 27 episodes before ending in 2015.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe was involved in a fifteen-part series titled "OverAnalyzers", where he played the part of the manager of a fictional company that over analyzed various pop culture references. The series was edited and produced by another website called Cinevore. He also worked as a film reviewer on Spike.com.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe has run "Monster Madness", in which he reviews one horror movie for each day in October, since 2007. Each year, he has adopted a different theme for "Monster Madness". 2007 was the history of horror. 2008 was "Godzillathon", in which he reviewed all of the Godzilla films chronologically. 2009 was "Monster Madness Three", which dealt with a variety of popular and little known films of horror. 2010 was "Camp Cult", which dealt with both campy horror films as well as cult classic films, such as "Troll 2". 2011 was "Sequel-A-Thon", which dealt with horror sequels. And 2012 was "80's-a-Thon", which included only movies made in the 1980s. While the first five years of "Monster Madness" have been one film review per day for the entirety of the month of October 2012's "80's-a-Thon" series of "Monster Madness" was reduced to every other day of October due to the production of "The Angry Video Game Nerd Movie". Despite the decreased number of film reviews, the film reviews in "80's-a-Thon" were longer than previous reviews on "Monster Madness". With October 2013's "Sequel-A-Thon 2", "Monster Madness" has returned to one review per day. 2013 was "Sequel-A-Thon 2", which dealt with more horror sequels. The previous 31 marathon "Monster Madness" series ran during October 2016. Rolfe expressed his desire to move onto other Halloween-themed projects and reviews in the future, but said that "Monster Madness" will always live on in some way.


title: James Rolfe

text: In 2017, "Son of Monster Madness" debuted, which consisted simply of five new reviews, with the rest of October bulked by reuploads of older reviews previously not available on YouTube. "Monster Madness", under the original branding despite not having videos posted everyday, returned in October 2019, now having Rolfe with a guest talk about the films. Rolfe brought back "Monster Madness" in 2021 with the aid of Screenwave Media. However, Rolfe redacted the first two published videos of the 2021 series after realizing that his writer had plagiarized contents of the episodes' scripts.


title: James Rolfe

text: In 2012, Rolfe and Mike Matei created a Let's Play series called "James and Mike Mondays", formerly called "James and Mike Plays", for Cinemassacre's YouTube channel. The series featured guests such as Kyle Justin, who composed the "Angry Video Game Nerd" theme song, Brandon Castner, better known as Bad Luck Bootsy from "Board James", JonTron and Macaulay Culkin. Rolfe and Matei produced episodes for eight consecutive years until they announced the series would be on hiatus until February 2021. However, Matei left Cinemassacre in December 2020 to become a full-time streamer on Twitch.


title: James Rolfe

text: On May 16, 2016, Rolfe uploaded a video to Cinemassacre's YouTube channel in which he expressed unhappiness with the 2016 "Ghostbusters" reboot film and how he planned on not seeing it or releasing a review. Rolfe criticized the film's lack of originality but had no problem with the female cast. This stance was criticized by some in the entertainment industry, with many theorizing that a significant portion of fan backlash against the movie was being grounded in sexism. Actor Patton Oswalt, who criticized Rolfe, pulled back his accusation later, claiming to have "picked the wrong target". Rolfe had no ill feelings towards Oswalt and admitted in an interview with "Double Toasted" in 2021 that he did not even think what he said was intended to be bad.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe attended the University of the Arts in Philadelphia from 1999 to 2004 and continued living there after graduation. He briefly relocated to Los Angeles while filming "" (2014) but returned to Philadelphia upon completion of the movie.


title: James Rolfe

text: In 2004, Rolfe was involved in a car crash when a utility trailer came loose from its truck, flung out to the other part of the highway, and hit him head-on. Rolfe sustained no physical injuries from the crash, while his Saturn Ion, which he had bought just nine days prior, was wrecked. Later that year, Rolfe discussed his experience in a short movie, "Mechanical Losses".


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe met April Chmura in July 2004; she was a cinematographer on the early "Nerd" episodes. They began dating shortly after and got married in November 2007. He announced at the premiere trailer for "Angry Video Game Nerd: The Movie" in November 2012, that they were expecting their first child. In April 2013, she gave birth to a baby girl. Rolfe has not divulged details about his daughter except for a few photos and expressing thanks that his wife got past complications resulting during childbirth.


title: James Rolfe

text: In November 2013, April posted an update on Rolfe's Cinemassacre website that their daughter is continually seeking medical treatment due to unspecified complications. On April 13, 2016, Rolfe revealed what happened while announcing an auction of various Cinemassacre memorabilia to benefit Shriners Hospitals for Children. During birth, his daughter suffered nerve damage in one of her arms, and required many months of physical therapy to gain full use of it. Rolfe expressed gratitude to Shriners for all they did for his family during that time.


title: James Rolfe

text: Rolfe had a pet cat named Boo who occasionally appeared on the "Angry Video Game Nerd". Boo died of cancer on April 27, 2020.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: Angels in America is a 2003 American HBO miniseries directed by Mike Nichols and based on the Pulitzer Prize–winning 1991 play of the same name by Tony Kushner. Set in 1985, the film revolves around six New Yorkers whose lives intersect. At its core, it is the fantastical story of Prior Walter, a gay man living with AIDS who is visited by an angel. The film explores a wide variety of themes, including Reagan era politics, the spreading AIDS epidemic, and a rapidly changing social and political climate.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: HBO broadcast the film in various formats: two three-hour chunks that correspond to "Millennium Approaches" and "Perestroika", further divided into six one-hour "chapters" that roughly correspond to an act or two of each of these plays; the first three chapters ("Bad News", "In Vitro", and "The Messenger") were initially broadcast on December 7, 2003, to international acclaim, with the final three chapters ("Stop Moving!", "Beyond Nelly", and "Heaven, I'm in Heaven") following.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: "Angels in America" was the most-watched made-for-cable film in 2003, and earned much critical acclaim and numerous accolades: at the 56th Primetime Emmy Awards, it became the first of only three programs in Emmy history (along with "Schitt's Creek" in 2020, and "The Crown" in 2021) to sweep every major eligible category, and won all four acting categories. It also won in all five eligible categories at the 61st Golden Globe Awards. In 2006, "The Seattle Times" listed the series among "Best of the filmed AIDS portrayals" on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of AIDS.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: It is 1985, Ronald Reagan is in the White House, and AIDS is causing mass death in the Americas. In Manhattan, Prior Walter tells Louis, his lover of four years, that he has AIDS; Louis, unable to handle it, leaves him. As disease and loneliness ravage Prior, guilt invades Louis. Joe Pitt, a Mormon and Republican attorney, is pushed by right-wing Roy Cohn toward a job at the US Department of Justice. Both Pitt and Cohn are in the closet: Pitt out of shame and religious turmoil, Cohn to preserve his power and image. Pitt's wife Harper is strung out on Valium, causing her to hallucinate constantly (sometimes jointly with Prior during his fever dreams) and she longs to escape from her sexless marriage. An angel with ulterior motives commands Prior to become a prophet.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: Prior is helped in his decision by Joe's mother, Hannah, and Belize, a close friend and drag queen. Joe leaves his wife and goes to live with Louis, but the relationship does not work out because of ideological differences. Roy is diagnosed with AIDS early on and, as his life comes to a close, he is haunted by the ghost of Ethel Rosenberg. As the film continues, the lost souls come together to create bonds of love, loss, and loneliness and, in the end, discover forgiveness and overcome abandonment.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: The of the series by Thomas Newman was nominated for the Grammy Award for Best Score Soundtrack Album for a Motion Picture, Television or Other Visual Media.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: Cary Brokaw, executive producer of the series, worked for over ten years to bring the 1991 stage production to television, having first read it in 1989, before its first production. In 1993, Al Pacino committed to playing the role of Roy Cohn. In the meantime, a number of directors, including Robert Altman, were part of the project. Altman worked on the project in 1993 and 1994, before budget constraints forced him to move out, as few studios could risk producing two successive 150-minute movies at the cost of $40 million. Subsequently, Kushner tried squeezing the play into a feature film, at which he eventually failed, realizing there was "literally too much plot," and settling for the TV miniseries format. While Kushner continued adapting the play until the late 1990s, HBO Films stepped in as producer, allocating a budget of $60 million.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: Brokaw gave Mike Nichols the script while he was working with him on "Wit" (2001) starring Emma Thompson, who also co-adapted the play of the same title. The principal cast, including Meryl Streep, Pacino, and Thompson, having recently worked with Nichols, was immediately assembled by him. Though Ben Shenkman had previously portrayed Louis in the San Francisco A.C.T.'s production (as well as portraying Roy Cohn in the NYU graduate acting program's workshop of "Perestroika" prior to its Broadway opening), Jeffrey Wright was the only original cast member to appear in the Broadway version, having won the 1994 Tony Award for Best Performance by a Featured Actor for his stage performance. The shooting started in May 2002, and after a 137-day schedule, ended in January 2003. Filming was done primarily at Kaufman Astoria Studios, New York City, with important scenes at Bethesda Fountain in Central Park. The Heaven sequence was shot at Hadrian's Villa, the Roman archaeological complex at Tivoli, Italy, dating early 2nd century.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: Special effects in the series were by Richard Edlund ("Star Wars" trilogy), who created the two important Angel visitation sequences, as well as the opening sequence wherein the angel at the Bethesda Fountain opens its eyes in the end, signifying her "coming to life". Costumer Martin Izquierdo was hired to design functioning wings for Thompson's Angel.


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes gave the series a 92% "Certified Fresh" rating based on 24 reviews, with an average rating of 9.5/10. The critical consensus reads "In "Angels of America", writer Tony Kushner and director Mike Nichols imaginatively and artistically deliver heavy, vital subject matter, colorfully imparted by a stellar cast." "The New York Times" wrote that "Mike Nichols's television version is a work of art in itself." According to a "Boston Globe" review, "director Mike Nichols, and a magnificent cast led by Meryl Streep have pulled a spellbinding and revelatory TV movie out of the Tony- and Pulitzer Prize-winning work" and that he "managed to make "Angels in America" thrive onscreen..."


title: Angels in America (miniseries)

text: In 2004, "Angels in America" broke the record previously held by "Roots" for the most Emmys awarded to a miniseries in a single year by winning 11 awards from 21 nominations. 'Angels' along with television movie Eleanor and Franklin became one of the two most honored programs in television history. The record was broken four years later by "John Adams" at the 60th Primetime Emmy Awards when it won 13 trophies from 23 nominations. Also miniseries became the first of only three programs (following by "Schitt's Creek" in comedy at the 72nd Primetime Emmy Awards; and The Crown in drama at the 73rd Primetime Emmy Awards) to sweep every major category, going 7/7, in Emmy history. It also joined "Caesar's Hour", in 1957, as the only series to win all four main acting categories in one night.


title: Marianne Jean-Baptiste

text: Marianne Raigipcien Jean-Baptiste (born 26 April 1967) is an English actress. She is known for her role in the 1996 comedy-drama film "Secrets & Lies", for which she received acclaim and earned nominations for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress and the Golden Globe and BAFTA Award in the same category. Baptiste is also known for her role as Vivian Johnson on the television series "Without a Trace" from 2002 to 2009, and has since starred in television shows such as "Blindspot" (2015–2016) and "Homecoming" (2018).


title: Marianne Jean-Baptiste

text: Jean-Baptiste was born in London to a mother from Antigua and a father from Saint Lucia, growing up in Peckham. She attended St Saviour's and St Olave's secondary school. She was classically trained at the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art in London and performed at the Royal National Theatre. She was nominated for a 1994 Ian Charleson Award for her performance in William Shakespeare's "Measure For Measure" with theatre company Cheek by Jowl.


title: Marianne Jean-Baptiste

text: Jean-Baptiste gained international acclaim for the Mike Leigh-directed social drama "Secrets & Lies" (1996), receiving both Golden Globe and Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress nominations for her performance, becoming the first black British actress to be nominated for an Academy Award and the second black Briton to be nominated, succeeding Jaye Davidson. She had previously collaborated with Leigh onstage in "It's a Great Big Shame" (1993). She caused controversy when she accused the film industry of racism, noting that leading actors had been asked to attend the Cannes Film Festival, but despite her success, she was not invited.


title: Marianne Jean-Baptiste

text: A writer and composer, Jean-Baptiste recorded an album of blues songs and composed the musical score for Leigh's 1997 film "Career Girls". In 1999, she performed in Paris in a French-language production by Peter Brook of "The Suit" (), a one-act play by Barney Simon and Mothobi Mutloatse, based on the short story by Can Themba. She was also acclaimed for her role as Doreen Lawrence in "The Murder of Stephen Lawrence" (1999).


title: Marianne Jean-Baptiste

text: Jean-Baptiste relocated for work reasons to the U.S. and lives in Los Angeles with her husband and two daughters. She honed her American accent and starred in the American television series "Without a Trace" as FBI agent Vivian Johnson. More recently, the actress has appeared in such films as "Takers" (2010), "Secrets in the Walls" (2010) and "Harry's Law" (2012). She played Detroit police chief Karen Dean in "RoboCop" (2014).


title: Marianne Jean-Baptiste

text: She was praised for her stage performance in the 2013 National Theatre production of James Baldwin's play "The Amen Corner", directed by Rufus Norris.


title: Marianne Jean-Baptiste

text: As a friend of Angela Bassett, Jean-Baptiste attended Women's Image Network Awards and on Bassett's behalf picked up an award, reading Bassett's poetic acceptance speech for her winning role in the 2013 film "Betty & Coretta".


title: Hummer H2

text: The Hummer H2 is a large SUV that was marketed by Hummer and built in the AM General facility under contract from General Motors from 2002 to 2009. It is based on a modified GMT820 GM three-quarter-ton pickup truck in the front and a half-ton 1500 frame in the rear. A four-door pickup truck version with a midgate that opens the vehicle's interior to the external cargo bed was introduced for 2005 as the H2 SUT (sport utility truck).


title: Hummer H2

text: In 2001 and 2002, GM allowed journalists to examine early versions of the Hummer H2, which were still under development at the time.


title: Hummer H2

text: The H2 was built by AM General under contract with General Motors at AM General Military Assembly Plant in Mishawaka, Indiana.


title: Hummer H2

text: Standard features include air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls, tilt leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, leather upholstery, heated front and rear seats, 8-way power front seats, dual memory system, BOSE premium sound system, single-CD/cassette player and later in 2004, a 6-disc CD changer, then in 2008,a single CD-player with MP3 capability, an auxiliary input jack and DVD player, outside-temperature indicator, compass, rear radio controls, independent front torsion bar suspension, rear 5-link coil spring suspension specially created for the H2, oversized tires with HUMMER wheels, universal garage door opener and remote engine start (2008–2009).


title: Hummer H2

text: Options for the H2 include adjustable rear suspension [which is included within the Adventure Package], a wide power sunroof, rearview camera, DVD entertainment system, navigation system, ladder, custom grilles, side step bars, Air compressor with road assistance kit, and 20" chrome wheels (slightly different from stock wheels).


title: Hummer H2

text: For 2008, the Hummer H2 and H2 SUT received an update. While largely unchanged on the exterior, the H2 and H2 SUT interiors were redesigned. This included new instrument cluster with improved gauges and Driver Information Center (DIC), a new leather-wrapped steering wheel, three new radios with a Bose premium audio system and auxiliary audio inputs (including a new touchscreen GPS navigation radio with DVD audio and video playback while in park, and XM Nav-Traffic capabilities), a new rear seat DVD entertainment system, Bluetooth hands-free calling capabilities, enhanced voice activation, new OnStar hardware with buttons moved from the rearview mirror to the overhead console, a lower dashboard-mounted radio, new dual-zone climate controls, new rear seat audio system controls, a new dash-mounted control knob for the 4X4 system to replace the old pushbutton controls, brushed aluminum interior trim panels, new interior color options, available remote engine start, and a center dashboard-mounted analog clock.


title: Hummer H2

text: Also for 2008, a new 393-horsepower, 6.2 L V8 gasoline engine replaced the old 325-horsepower, 6.0 L V8 gasoline unit, with a new "6L80-E" six-speed automatic transmission replaced the old "4L65-E" four-speed automatic unit.


title: Hummer H2

text: Hummer launched a special 2009 Black Chrome Limited Edition featuring a new paint color, Sedona Metallic. All Black Chrome editions also had Sedona interior, black chrome accents instead of standard chrome, and unique 20 inch black chrome wheels.


title: Hummer H2

text: Initially there were to be 1000-1300 Black Chrome editions made. However due to production shutdown mid-year only 6 of them were ever actually made, and they were never made available to the public.


title: Hummer H2

text: General Motors is not required to provide official fuel economy ratings for the H2 due to the vehicle's heavy gross vehicle weight rating (GVWR). Prior to 2011, the United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) exempted vehicles with a GVWR over from fuel economy standards and testing.


title: Agglutinative language

text: An agglutinative language is a type of synthetic language with morphology that primarily uses agglutination. Words may contain different morphemes to determine their meanings, but all of these morphemes (including stems and affixes) tend to remain unchanged after their unions, although this is not a rule: for example, Finnish is a typical agglutinative language, but morphemes are subject to (sometimes unpredictable) consonant alternations called consonant gradation. Despite the occasional outliers, agglutinative languages tend to have more easily deducible word meanings if compared to fusional languages, which allow unpredictable modifications in either or both the phonetics or spelling of one or more morphemes within a word. This usually results in a shortening of the word, or it provides easier pronunciation.


title: Agglutinative language

text: Agglutinative languages have generally one grammatical category per affix while fusional languages have multiple. The term was introduced by Wilhelm von Humboldt to classify languages from a morphological point of view. It is derived from the Latin verb "agglutinare", which means "to glue together".


title: Agglutinative language

text: Non-agglutinative synthetic languages are fusional languages; morphologically, they combine affixes by "squeezing" them together, drastically changing them in the process, and joining several meanings in a single affix. For example, in the Spanish word "comí" ("I ate"), the suffix -"í" carries the meanings of first person, singular number, past tense, perfective aspect, indicative mood, active voice. The term "agglutinative" is sometimes incorrectly used as a synonym for synthetic, but that term also includes fusional languages. The agglutinative and fusional languages are two ends of a continuum, with various languages falling more toward one or the other end. For example, Japanese is generally agglutinative, but displays fusion in some nouns, such as , from "oto" + "hito" (originally "woto" + "pito", "young, younger" + "person"), and Japanese verbs, adjectives, the copula, and their affixes undergo sound transformations. For example, affixed with and becomes . A synthetic language may use morphological agglutination combined with partial usage of fusional features, for example in its case system (e.g., German, Dutch, and Persian).


title: Agglutinative language

text: Agglutinative languages tend to have a high rate of affixes or morphemes per word, and to be very regular, in particular with very few irregular verbs. For example, Japanese has very few irregular verbs – only two are significantly irregular, and there are only about a dozen others with only minor irregularity; Luganda has only one (or two, depending on how "irregular" is defined); while in the Quechua languages, all the ordinary verbs are regular. Both Georgian and Korean are exceptions; such languages have a significant number of irregular verbs.


title: Agglutinative language

text: Many unrelated languages spoken by Ancient Near East peoples were agglutinative, though none from larger families have been identified:


title: Agglutinative language

text: Some well known constructed languages are agglutinative, such as Esperanto, Klingon, Quenya and Black Speech.


title: Agglutinative language

text: Agglutination is a typological feature and does not imply a linguistic relation, but there are some families of agglutinative languages. For example, the Proto-Uralic language, the ancestor of the Uralic languages, was agglutinative, and most descended languages inherit this feature. But since agglutination can arise in languages that previously had a non-agglutinative typology and it can be lost in languages that previously were agglutinative, agglutination as a typological trait cannot be used as evidence of a genetic relationship to other agglutinative languages. The uncertain theory about Ural-Altaic proffers that there is a genetic relationship with this proto-language as seen in Finnish, Mongolian and Turkish.


title: Agglutinative language

text: Many languages have developed agglutination. This developmental phenomenon is known as language drift. There seems to exist a preferred evolutionary direction from agglutinative synthetic languages to fusional synthetic languages, and then to non-synthetic languages, which in their turn evolve into isolating languages and from there again into agglutinative synthetic languages. However, this is just a trend, and in itself a combination of the trend observable in Grammaticalization theory and that of general linguistic attrition, especially word-final apocope and elision.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Albertín Aroldis Chapman de la Cruz (; born February 28, 1988) is a Cuban-born American professional baseball relief pitcher who is a free agent. He has played in Major League Baseball (MLB) for the Cincinnati Reds, New York Yankees and Chicago Cubs and in the Cuban National Series for Holguín. Chapman bats and throws left-handed, and is nicknamed the "Cuban Missile" or the "Cuban Flame Thrower".


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman pitched for Holguín domestically and internationally for the Cuban national baseball team. He defected from Cuba in 2009 and signed a contract with the Reds in 2010. Chapman made his MLB debut that season. He won the MLB Delivery Man of the Month Award as the best relief pitcher for July 2012, was named to four straight National League All-Star teams from 2012 to 2015. The Reds traded Chapman to the Yankees after the 2015 season, and the Yankees traded Chapman to the Cubs during the 2016 season. With the Cubs, Chapman won Game 7 of the 2016 World Series. He signed with the Yankees after the 2016 season.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On July 11, 2014, Chapman broke the record, previously held by Bruce Sutter, for the most consecutive relief appearances with a strikeout, having struck out at least one batter in 40 consecutive appearances. Chapman's streak began on August 21, 2013, and lasted 49 consecutive games over two seasons, with the 49th and final game being on August 13, 2014. Chapman currently has the record for the fastest recorded pitch speed in MLB history, at , as well as the Guinness World Record for fastest baseball pitch.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman was born in Holguín, Cuba, on February 28, 1988. He lived in a three-room house with his parents and two sisters. Chapman's father was a boxing trainer and then later worked for the city. His mother did not work outside the home. Chapman's paternal grandparents had emigrated from Jamaica to Cuba in order to get a better education. The Chapmans, whose last name can be traced to English settlers in Jamaica in the late 1600s, were not a prominent family.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: A friend of Chapman invited him to join a local baseball team at the age of 15. He began playing as a first baseman until the coach noticed that Chapman could throw well enough to become a pitcher, which Chapman began in 2003.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman joined the Holguín Sabuesos of the Cuban National Series League in 2006. In 327 career innings, Chapman compiled a 24–19 win–loss record, a 3.74 earned run average (ERA), and 365 strikeouts. He was used mainly as a starting pitcher, although he made 11 relief appearances in the 2007 season.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman was part of the Cuban national team at the 2007 Pan American Games and the 2009 World Baseball Classic.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: After a failed attempt to defect in the spring of 2008, Chapman reported to Havana to meet with Cuban president Raúl Castro who gave him a conditional reprieve, suspending him for the remainder of the National Series season and also keeping him off Cuba's national team for the 2008 Summer Olympics but allowing him to return to the National Series and play in the WBC in 2009.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman successfully defected from Cuba while in Rotterdam, Netherlands where the Cuban national team was participating in the World Port Tournament on July 1, 2009; Chapman walked out the front door of the team hotel and entered into an automobile driven by an acquaintance. Gerardo Concepción defected from the Cuban national team in the same tournament. Chapman eventually established residency in Andorra and petitioned MLB to be granted free agent status.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: The Reds announced that they had signed Chapman to a six-year contract, worth $30.25 million according to MLB sources. The Associated Press reported that the bonus totals $10.25 million, paid annually over 11 years, with an additional bonus if he became eligible for salary arbitration in 2012 or 2013.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman began the 2010 season assigned to the Triple-A Louisville Bats, and made his professional debut with the Louisville Bats on Sunday, April 11, in Toledo against the Mud Hens, where he pitched innings, giving up one unearned run, while striking out nine. Chapman made 13 starts with Louisville, pitching to a 4.11 ERA, and pitched to a 2.40 ERA after the team used him as a relief pitcher.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman made his Major League debut August 31, 2010, in the eighth inning against the Milwaukee Brewers; his first pitch was clocked at 98 mph (158 km/h) as a called strike (which was promptly tossed to the dugout by catcher Ryan Hanigan, to be saved). In nine pitches he retired the side. He recorded his first Major League win on September 1 after pitching an inning of relief against the Brewers.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman threw the fastest pitch recognized by MLB on September 24, 2010, at Petco Park in San Diego, California. It was clocked at 105.1 mph to Tony Gwynn Jr. in the eighth inning.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: In Game 2 of the 2010 NLDS against the Philadelphia Phillies, Chapman allowed three unearned runs due to miscues of the outfielders. He got his first career postseason loss and the Reds lost the division series to the Phillies in a three-game sweep.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman served solely as a relief pitcher in 2011, appearing in 54 regular season games and finishing the season with a 3.60 ERA. He also struck out 71 batters in just 50 innings of work that season.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman was due to be introduced as a starter for the 2012 season, but preseason injuries to closer Ryan Madson and middle relievers Bill Bray and Nick Masset led manager Dusty Baker to put Chapman in the setup role. Interim closer Sean Marshall struggled early in the season, and Chapman was given the closer role in late May.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On July 1, 2012, Chapman was named to his first All-Star Game. Chapman won the MLB Delivery Man of the Month Award for July 2012, in which he recorded 13 saves while not allowing a run in innings while striking out 31 batters—more than 60% of the batters he faced. It was the third month of the season in which he did not allow a single run. He was named the August Delivery Man of the Month. Chapman finished the 2012 season with a 1.51 ERA and 38 saves in 43 chances, recording 122 strikeouts and 23 walks in innings.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: In March 2013, it was announced that Chapman would be the closer for the Cincinnati Reds. He was an All-Star selection for the second season in a row. He finished the 2013 year with 38 saves, a 4–5 record, 112 strikeouts, and a 2.54 ERA.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: During a spring training game against the Kansas City Royals on March 19, 2014, Chapman was struck in the head by a line drive from Salvador Pérez. The spring-training game between the Reds and the Royals was ended at that point with Kansas City leading 8–3. Chapman underwent surgery to fix a skull fracture above his left eye. A metal plate was inserted into his head to stabilize the fracture.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman began the 2014 season on the 15-day disabled list. He was activated from the disabled list on May 10. Chapman recorded his 100th save against the Arizona Diamondbacks on July 29, 2014, becoming the eighth-fastest pitcher to reach the milestone. In the 20-pitch appearance, Chapman threw 15 fastballs, all of which were above 100 mph. In 54 appearances, Chapman produced 106 strikeouts with 36 saves going 0–3 with an ERA of 2.00.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman and the Reds agreed to a one-year, $8.05 million contract on February 13, 2015. Chapman was selected to the 2015 MLB All-Star Game. He pitched a scoreless ninth inning and struck out the side on 14 pitches, 12 of which were recorded at 100 mph or greater. His fastest pitch in 2016 was 103.9 mph, best in MLB. His four-seam fastball had the highest average speed of any MLB pitcher's pitches in 2015, at 100.0 mph. In the 2015 season, Chapman made 65 relief appearances with a 4–4 record, a 1.63 ERA, and 33 saves.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On December 28, 2015, Chapman was traded to the New York Yankees. Cincinnati received four minor league players including right-handed pitchers Caleb Cotham and Rookie Davis, and infielders Eric Jagielo and Tony Renda in the exchange. On January 11, 2016, manager Joe Girardi named Chapman the team's new closer. He avoided arbitration on February 12, 2016, by agreeing to a one-year contract worth $11.325 million.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: MLB suspended Chapman for the first 30 games of the season due to an off-season personal conduct policy violation related to domestic violence. He made his first appearance for the Yankees on May 9, 2016, striking out two and allowing a run as the Yankees won 6–3 over the Kansas City Royals. On July 18 against the Orioles, Chapman threw for twice in the top of the ninth inning, averaging with his fastball.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On July 25, 2016, the Yankees traded Chapman to the Chicago Cubs for Gleyber Torres, Billy McKinney, Adam Warren, and Rashad Crawford. In an interview with ESPN, Chapman stated he was thrilled that the Cubs went after him, especially considering the recent success of Héctor Rondón. Chapman made his first appearance as a member of the Cubs on July 27, pitching a 1–2–3 ninth and striking out two batters in a non-save situation. His fastest pitch in 2016 was 105.1 miles an hour, best in MLB. His four-seam fastball had the highest average speed of any MLB pitcher's pitches in 2016, at 100.9 mph, and his two-seam fastball had the third-highest average speed, at 100.4 mph.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman made three saves in four opportunities in the 2016 National League Division Series against the San Francisco Giants to tie and set new Division Series records respectively; Wade Davis tied his record in the 2017 National League Division Series, but Davis did it with only three opportunities.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman made four appearances during the 2016 National League Championship Series (NLCS) against the Los Angeles Dodgers. Chapman blew a save opportunity during the first game of the NLCS, but the Cubs rallied back and Chapman remained in the game to earn the win. He pitched the final innings of Game 6 to secure the Cubs' first pennant since 1945.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman's workload in the 2016 World Series escalated with the Cubs facing elimination at the hands of the Cleveland Indians. Down 3–1 in the series, Chapman pitched through the seventh, eighth, and ninth innings of Game 5, allowing only one hit and preserving the Cubs' 3–2 lead. He was called upon again in the seventh and eighth innings of Game 6, where he allowed one hit and one run en route to a 9–3 victory. Chapman appeared the next day to close out Game 7 with a 6–3 lead in the bottom of the eighth inning, but blew the save opportunity, allowing Cleveland to tie the game on a two-run homer by Rajai Davis. Chapman pitched through the bottom of the ninth to send the game into extra innings. The Cubs tallied the game-winning run in the 10th inning, making Chapman the winning pitcher and giving him his first World Series title.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On December 15, 2016, Chapman signed a five-year, $86 million contract to return to the Yankees. This was the largest contract given to a relief pitcher as of 2017.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On May 14, 2017, Chapman was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to rotator cuff inflammation in his left shoulder. Although MRIs revealed no structure damage, Chapman was ruled out for at least two weeks. On June 18, the Yankees activated Chapman from the DL and he pitched that afternoon against the Oakland A's.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On August 13, Chapman gave up a home run to Rafael Devers of the Boston Red Sox. The pitch was clocked at 103 mph, making it the fastest pitch hit for a home run in the Statcast era (breaking Kurt Suzuki's home run off of a Chapman 102 mph pitch the previous year). It was also Chapman's first home run given up to a left-handed batter since Luke Scott of the Baltimore Orioles did so in 2011. Later that month, Chapman gave up only his third home run off a left-hander when Yonder Alonso of the Seattle Mariners hit one of his 101 mph fastballs out. His fastest pitch of 2017 was 104.3 miles an hour, best in MLB. His four-seam fastball had the highest average speed of any MLB pitcher's pitches in 2017, at 99.7 mph.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: In 2018 Chapman was elected as an MLB All-Star, representing the American League. On July 13, 2018, he announced that he would skip the All Star Game to rest his knee due to tendinitis. On August 22, Chapman was placed on the 10-day disabled list due to left knee tendinitis. His fastest pitch of 2018 was 104.4 miles an hour, second-best in MLB only to pitches by Jordan Hicks. His sinker had the highest average speed of any MLB pitcher's pitches in 2018, at 100.9 mph. In 2018, he had the lowest swing rate for his in-strike-zone sliders of any pitcher in baseball (42.5%).


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: In 2019, he was 3–2 with 37 saves and a 2.21 ERA, as in 60 relief appearances he struck out 85 batters in 57.0 innings (13.4 per nine innings). He received the AL Reliever of the Month Award for both May and August. Chapman logged one save in the American League Division Series and one in the American League Championship Series but gave up a walk-off home run to José Altuve with two outs in the ninth inning of Game 6 of the ALCS, eliminating the Yankees from the playoffs.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On July 11, 2020, during the COVID-19 pandemic, it was reported that Chapman had tested positive for the virus. Manager Aaron Boone announced that he was cleared to return to the team on July 31. Chapman pitched in his first major league game of 2020 on August 17. On September 2, Chapman received a three-game suspension for throwing a pitch at the head of Tampa Bay Rays batter Mike Brosseau. Brosseau later hit a game-winning home run off Chapman in Game 5 of the ALDS, effectively ending the Yankees season. His 100.5 mph-average sinker was the fastest sinker of any major league pitcher for the 2020 season. During the regular season, Chapman recorded a 3.09 ERA and 22 strikeouts in innings.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On August 26, 2021, Chapman recorded his 300th career save, closing out a 7–6 victory against the Oakland Athletics. On September 30, Chapman recorded his 1,000th strikeout during a game against the Toronto Blue Jays. He struck out George Springer in the bottom of the ninth inning, eventually winning the game 6–2. Chapman finished the 2021 season with 30 saves and a 3.36 ERA. He recorded 97 strikeouts and 38 walks in innings.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman struggled throughout the 2022 season and lost the closer role to Clay Holmes. He missed a mandatory workout before the 2022 American League Division Series and was left off the team's postseason roster.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: With a three-quarters delivery, Chapman throws four pitches: a four-seam fastball averaging , a slider averaging , a splitter, and a change-up. Since 2018, he also added a sinker that tops out at 102 mph (164.15kph) and averages over 100 mph. His fastball averaged in 2010, but that declined to in 2011 and through August 2012. This more modest speed might have been part of an attempt to better control his fastball. By 2015, Chapman's fastball averaged . That same year, Statcast revealed that Chapman threw the 62 fastest pitches of the season, topping out at .


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: His fastball and slider both have extraordinarily high whiff rates—33% for the fastball and 58% for the slider. These have given Chapman a career strikeouts per nine innings rate of 14.66 , second all-time to Craig Kimbrel, and the third-highest career percentage of pitches for swinging strikes (16.5%).


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Due to the high velocity of pitches that Chapman throws, before he comes in, the Yankees play a video on the scoreboards showing Chapman's name on fire, and fiery looking videos of him, as high velocity pitches are commonly called "heat."


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Scouts worried about his control issues and lack of a solid third pitch, noting that these issues could affect his ability to be a Major League starter, but Chapman's control seemed to improve. After issuing 41 walks in 50 innings the previous season, Chapman walked 23 batters in 2012 over innings.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On September 24, 2010, against the San Diego Padres, Chapman was clocked at 105.1 mph (169.1 km/h), according to PITCHf/x, the fastest pitch ever recorded in Major League Baseball. On July 19, 2016, Chapman matched his previous record of 105.1 mph with a ball to Baltimore's J. J. Hardy. That record was tied by Jordan Hicks on May 20, 2018.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On April 18, 2011, Chapman threw a pitch to Pittsburgh's Andrew McCutchen that the scoreboard at Great American Ball Park clocked at 106 mph (170.6 km/h), but the box on Fox Sports Ohio's broadcast listed it at 105 mph (169 km/h) and the PITCHf/x system calculated a release speed of 102.4 mph (164.8 km/h). The disparity between these speeds has been widely discussed and questioned.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: "Sports Illustrated" writer Joe Posnanski wrote of Chapman, "There is no violence at all in his motion; he's like the anti-Bob Gibson in that way. Just a slow beginning, a fluid motion, and BLAMMO the ball just fires out like the Batmobile rolling out of the cave." A more technical analysis reveals the following:


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: One scout noted that although "[t]here are no obvious flaws in Chapman's delivery ... Chapman has to coordinate a lot of moving parts," which may limit his consistency. Chapman's extreme pitch speed may also pose an injury risk to his pitching arm over time.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: Chapman's long and complicated delivery is incredibly taxing on his body. He almost never pitches more than one inning per appearance, which is a major reason for him being used as a formidable closer.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: When Chapman left Cuba, he left behind his father, mother, two sisters, girlfriend Raidelmis Mendosa Santiestelas, and newborn baby Ashanty Brianna. He reunited with them when he helped them transfer to the United States; the details of how they transferred remain confidential. On June 30, 2014, his son, Atticus Gabriel Chapman, was born in Cincinnati. In May 2012, it was reported that Chapman was being sued for allegedly serving as "an informant for Cuban state authorities after a failed defection attempt and help[ing] turn in another man in order to get back on the country's national baseball team."


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On December 7, 2015, news broke that Chapman was involved in an alleged domestic violence incident with his girlfriend in Davie, Florida at his home on October 30, 2015. A pending trade with the Los Angeles Dodgers was put on hold as MLB announced it would investigate the incident as part of its personal conduct policy. In the incident, he was accused of pushing his girlfriend, putting his hands around her neck, and choking her; he subsequently fired eight gunshots. No charges were filed by the police due to inconsistency of the reports and insufficient evidence, and his attorney issued a statement denying the allegations. The trade to the Dodgers was canceled and the Reds traded Chapman to the Yankees three weeks later. Although he was not charged, MLB suspended Chapman for 30 games as a result of his "use of a firearm and the impact of that behavior on his partner," ending May 9, 2016. He was the first player disciplined by the new personal conduct policy enacted in August 2015, which empowered MLB to suspend a player from games without a final sentence.


title: Aroldis Chapman

text: On July 11, 2020, it was announced that Chapman had tested positive for COVID-19. He recovered and returned to baseball activities on August 17, 2020.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Hyperacusis is the increased sensitivity to sound and a low tolerance for environmental noise. Definitions of hyperacusis can vary significantly; it can refer to normal noises being perceived as: loud, annoying, painful, fear-inducing, or a combination of those, and is often categorized into four subtypes: loudness, pain, annoyance, and fear.


title: Hyperacusis

text: It can be a highly debilitating hearing disorder. Hyperacusis is often coincident with tinnitus. The latter is more common and there are important differences between their involved mechanisms.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Little is known about the prevalence of hyperacusis, in part due to the degree of variation in the term's definition. Reported prevalence in children and adolescents ranges from 3% to 17%.


title: Hyperacusis

text: In hyperacusis, the symptoms are ear pain, annoyance, distortions, and general intolerance to many sounds that most people are unaffected by. Crying spells or panic attacks may result from the experience of hyperacusis. It may affect only one or both ears. Hyperacusis can also be accompanied by tinnitus. Hyperacusis can result in anxiety, stress and phonophobia. Avoidant behavior is often a response to prevent the effects of hyperacusis and this can include avoiding social situations.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Hyperacusis is most often characterized by a sensitivity to sound, where the perception of loudness is much greater than for a typical person; it is often associated with certain volumes and/or frequencies. Hyperacusis can occur in children and adults, and can be either "short-term" in a duration of weeks to less than a year before recovery, or, less-commonly, "long-term", spanning years and in some cases becoming permanent. Sensitivity is often different between ears.


title: Hyperacusis

text: In some instances, hyperacusis is accompanied by pain, which is known as noxacusis. Noxacusis is characterized by pain resulting from sounds, often initiated at certain volumes or frequencies; pain can be immediate or delayed, and sometimes persists for an extended period of time following exposure. Pain can be acute or chronic, and is often described as stabbing, burning, acid, or nerve pain, and is sometimes equated with the pain of a root canal or a broken tooth.


title: Hyperacusis

text: After a period of some relief from symptoms, discomfort resumes; often resulting from exposure to sound, or, in some cases, ototoxic medications or injuries. Setback prevention is an important focus among those affected.


title: Hyperacusis

text: The most common cause of hyperacusis is overexposure to excessively high decibel (sound pressure) levels.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Some affected people acquire hyperacusis suddenly as a result of taking ear sensitizing drugs, Lyme disease, Ménière's disease, head injury, or surgery. Others are born with sound sensitivity, develop superior canal dehiscence syndrome, have had a history of ear infections, or come from a family that has had hearing problems. Bell's palsy can trigger hyperacusis if the associated flaccid paralysis affects the tensor tympani, and stapedius, two small muscles of the middle ear. Paralysis of the stapedius muscle prevents its function in dampening the oscillations of the ossicles, causing sound to be abnormally loud on the affected side. Age may also be a significant factor .


title: Hyperacusis

text: Some psychoactive drugs such as LSD, methaqualone, or phencyclidine can cause hyperacusis. An antibiotic, ciprofloxacin, has also been seen to be a cause, known as "ciprofloxacin-related hyperacusis". Benzodiazepine withdrawal syndrome is also a possible cause.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Over-protection (e.g. by wearing earmuffs and/or ear plugs in normal sound environments) may also cause hyperacusis.


title: Hyperacusis

text: As one important mechanism, adaptation processes in the auditory brain that influence the dynamic range of neural responses are assumed to be distorted by irregular input from the inner ear. This is mainly caused by hearing loss related damage in the inner ear. The mechanism behind hyperacusis is not currently known, but it is suspected to be caused by damage to the inner ear and cochlea. It is theorized that type II afferent fibers become excited after damage to hair cells and synapses, triggering a release of ATP in response. This release of ATP results in pain, sound sensitivity, and cochlear inflammation.


title: Hyperacusis

text: The basic diagnostic test is similar to a normal audiogram. The difference is that additionally to the hearing threshold at each test frequency also the lowest uncomfortable sound level is measured. This level is called "loudness discomfort level" (LDL), "uncomfortable listening level" (UCL), or "uncomfortable loudness level" (ULL). In patients with hyperacusis this level is considerably lower than in normal subjects, and usually across most parts of the auditory spectrum.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Setback prevention and reduction of pain symptoms are high priorities among those with hyperacusis and noxacusis, which is often managed through a combination of controlling the environment so as to avoid loud sounds, soundproofing, and wearing hearing protection, such as earplugs and/or safety earmuffs, such as the type used at firing ranges or industrial applications


title: Hyperacusis

text: Diet may play a role in symptom management in some cases of hyperacusis, with response to a migraine diet, low-histamine diet, or low sodium diet.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Sound therapy is sometimes recommended for those with hyperacusis, though its application among those with pain (noxacusis) should be used with caution. Tinnitus retraining therapy, a treatment originally used to treat tinnitus, uses broadband noise to treat hyperacusis. Pink noise can also be used to treat hyperacusis. By listening to broadband noise at soft levels for a disciplined period of time each day, some patients can rebuild (i.e., re-establish) their tolerances to sound. More research is needed on the efficacy of sound therapy techniques when hyperacusis is the primary complaint, rather than a secondary symptom, indicating that "no strong conclusions can be made" about its efficacy at this time.


title: Hyperacusis

text: Another possible treatment is cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT), which may also be combined with sound therapy. However, randomized controlled trials with active control groups are still needed to establish the effectiveness of CBT for hyperacusis and the usefulness of CBT for noxacusis (pain hyperacusis) is not yet demonstrated in the scientific literature.


title: Japanese calendar

text: Japanese calendar types have included a range of official and unofficial systems. At present, Japan uses the Gregorian calendar together with year designations stating the year of the reign of the current Emperor. The written form starts with the year, then the month and finally the day, coinciding with the ISO 8601 standard. For example, February 16, 2003 can be written as either 2003年2月16日 or 平成15年2月16日 (the latter following the regnal year system). 年 reads "nen" and means "year", 月 reads "gatsu" or 「がつ」and means "month" and finally 日 (usually) reads "nichi" (its pronunciation depends on the number that precedes it, see below) and means "day".


title: Japanese calendar

text: Prior to the introduction of the Gregorian calendar in 1873, the reference calendar was based on the lunisolar Chinese calendar.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The lunisolar Chinese calendar was introduced to Japan via Korea in the middle of the sixth century. After that, Japan calculated its calendar using various Chinese calendar procedures, and from 1685, using Japanese variations of the Chinese procedures. But in 1873, as part of Japan's Meiji period modernization, a calendar based on the solar Gregorian calendar was introduced. In Japan today, the old Chinese calendar is virtually ignored; celebrations of the Lunar New Year are thus limited to Chinese and other Asian immigrant communities.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The official dating system known as (or, strictly speaking, ), has been in use since the late 7th century. Years are numbered within regnal eras, which are named by the reigning Emperor. Beginning with Meiji (1868–1912), each reign has been one era, but many earlier Emperors decreed a new era upon any major event; the last pre-Meiji Emperor's reign (1846–1867) was split into seven eras, one of which lasted only one year. The "nengō" system remains in wide use, especially on official documents and government forms.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The imperial year system ("kōki") was used from 1872 to the Second World War. Imperial year 1 ("Kōki" 1) was the year when the legendary Emperor Jimmu founded Japan – 660 BC according to the Gregorian Calendar. Usage of "kōki" dating can be a nationalist signal, pointing out that the history of Japan's imperial family is longer than that of Christianity, the basis of the Anno Domini (AD) system. "Kōki" 2600 (1940) was a special year. The 1940 Summer Olympics and Tokyo Expo were planned as anniversary events, but were canceled due to the Second Sino-Japanese War. The Japanese naval Zero Fighter was named after this year. After the Second World War, the United States occupied Japan, and stopped the use of "kōki" by officials. Today, "kōki" is rarely used, except in some judicial contexts.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The 1898 law determining the placement of leap years is officially based on the "kōki" years, using a formula that is effectively equivalent to that of the Gregorian calendar: if the "kōki" year number is evenly divisible by four, it is a leap year, unless the number minus 660 is evenly divisible by 100 and not by 400. Thus, for example, the year "Kōki" 2560 (AD 1900) is divisible by 4; but 2560 − 660 = 1900, which is evenly divisible by 100 and not by 400, so "kōki" 2560 was not a leap year, just as in most of the rest of the world.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The present era, Reiwa, formally began on 1 May 2019. The name of the new era was announced by the Japanese government on 1 April 2019, a month prior to Naruhito's succession to the throne. The previous era, Heisei, came to an end on 30 April 2019, after Japan's former emperor, Akihito, abdicated the throne. Reiwa is the first era name whose characters come from a Japanese root source; prior eras' names were taken from Chinese classic literature.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The modern Japanese names for the months literally translate to "first month", "second month", and so on. The corresponding number is combined with the suffix ("-gatsu", "month"). The table below uses traditional numerals, but the use of Western numerals (, , etc.) is common.


title: Japanese calendar

text: In addition, every month has a traditional name, still used by some in fields such as poetry; of the twelve, "Shiwasu" is still widely used today. The opening paragraph of a letter or the greeting in a speech might borrow one of these names to convey a sense of the season. Some, such as "Yayoi" and "Satsuki", do double duty as given names (for women). These month names also appear from time to time on "jidaigeki", contemporary television shows and movies set in the Edo period or earlier.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The old Japanese calendar was an adjusted lunar calendar based on the Chinese calendar, and the year—and with it the months—started anywhere from about 3 to 7 weeks later than the modern year, so in historical contexts it is not entirely accurate to equate the first month with January.


title: Japanese calendar

text: Japan uses a seven-day week, aligned with the Western calendar. The seven-day week, with names for the days corresponding to the Latin system, was brought to Japan around AD 800 with the Buddhist calendar. The system was used for astrological purposes and little else until 1876.


title: Japanese calendar

text: Much like in multiple European languages, in which the names for weekdays are, partially or fully, based on what the Ancient Romans considered the seven visible planets, meaning the five visible planets and the sun and the moon, in The Far East the five visible planets are named after the five Chinese elements (metal, wood, water, fire, earth.) On the origin of the names of the days of the week, also see East Asian Seven Luminaries.


title: Japanese calendar

text: Sunday and Saturday are regarded as "Western style take-a-rest days". Since the late 19th century, Sunday has been regarded as a "full-time holiday", and Saturday a . These holidays have no religious meaning (except those who believe in Christianity or Judaism). Many Japanese retailers do not close on Saturdays or Sundays, because many office workers and their families are expected to visit the shops during the weekend. An old Imperial Japanese Navy song () says "Mon Mon Tue Wed Thu Fri Fri!" which means "We work throughout the entire week."


title: Japanese calendar

text: Japanese people also use 10-day periods called . Each month is divided into two 10-day periods and a third with the remaining 8 to 11 days:


title: Japanese calendar

text: These are frequently used to indicate approximate times, for example, "the temperatures are typical of the "jōjun" of April"; "a vote on a bill is expected during the "gejun" of this month." The magazine "Kinema Junpo" was originally published once every "jun" (i.e. three times a month).


title: Japanese calendar

text: Each day of the month has a semi-systematic name. The days generally use "kun" (native Japanese) numeral readings up to ten, and thereafter "on" (Chinese-derived) readings, but there are some irregularities. The table below shows dates written with traditional numerals, but use of Arabic numerals (, , , etc.) is extremely common in everyday communication, almost the norm.


title: Japanese calendar

text: "Tsuitachi" is a worn-down form of "tsuki-tachi" (), which means "the month beginning". The last day of the month was called "tsugomori", which means "Moon hidden". This classical word comes from the tradition of the lunisolar calendar.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The 30th was also called "misoka", just as the 20th is called "hatsuka". Nowadays, the terms for the numbers 28–31 plus "nichi" are much more common. However, "misoka" is much used in contracts, etc., specifying that a payment should be made on or by the last day of the month, whatever the number is. New Year's Eve is known as , and that term is still in use.


title: Japanese calendar

text: There is traditional belief that some days are lucky ("kichijitsu") or unlucky. For example, there are some who will avoid beginning something on an unlucky day.


title: Japanese calendar

text: After World War II, the names of Japanese national holidays were completely changed because of the secular state principle (Article 20, The Constitution of Japan). Although many of them actually originated from Shinto, Buddhism and important events relating to the Japanese imperial family, it is not easy to understand the original meanings from the superficial and vague official names.


title: Japanese calendar

text: Notes: Single days between two national holidays are taken as a bank holiday. This applies to May 4, which is a holiday each year. When a national holiday falls on a Sunday the next day that is not a holiday (usually a Monday) is taken as a holiday.


title: Japanese calendar

text: In contrast to other East Asian countries such as China, Vietnam, Korea and Mongolia, Japan has almost completely forgotten the Chinese calendar. Since 1876, January has been officially regarded as the "first month" even when setting the date of Japanese traditional folklore events (other months are the same: February as the second month, March as the third, and so on). But this system often brings a strong seasonal sense of gap since the event is 3 to 7 weeks earlier than in the traditional calendar. Modern Japanese culture has invented a kind of "compromised" way of setting dates for festivals called "Tsuki-okure" ("One-Month Delay") or "Chūreki" ("The Eclectic Calendar").


title: Japanese calendar

text: The festival is celebrated just one solar calendar month later than the date on the Gregorian calendar. For example, the Buddhist festival of Obon was the 15th day of the 7th month. Many places the religious services are held on July 15. However, in some areas, the rites are normally held on August 15, which is more seasonally close to the old calendar. (The general term "Obon holiday" always refers to the middle of August.) Although this is just de facto and customary, it is broadly used when setting the dates of many folklore events and religious festivals. But Japanese New Year is the great exception. The date of Japanese New Year is always January 1.


title: Japanese calendar

text: Some days have special names to mark the change in seasons. The 24 "sekki" () are days that divide the solar year into twenty four equal sections. is a collective term for the seasonal days other than the 24 "sekki". days are made from dividing the 24 "sekki" of a year further by three. These were named based upon the climate of Northern China, so many of the names do not fit in with the climate of Japanese archipelago. But some of these names, such as "Shunbun", "Risshū" and "Tōji", are still used quite frequently in everyday life in Japan.


title: Japanese calendar

text: The following are known as the five seasonal festivals ( "sekku", also "gosekku"). The "sekku" were made official holidays during Edo period on Chinese lunisolar calendar. The dates of these festivals are confused nowadays; some on the Gregorian calendar, others on ""Tsuki-okure"".


title: Japanese calendar

text: The are a series of six days calculated from the date of Chinese calendar that supposedly predict whether there will be good or bad fortune during that day. The "rokuyō" are commonly found on Japanese calendars and are often used to plan weddings and funerals, though most people ignore them in ordinary life. The "rokuyō" are also known as the . In order, they are:


title: Japanese calendar

text: The "rokuyō" days are easily calculated from the Japanese lunisolar calendar. The first day of the first month is always "senshō", with the days following in the order given above until the end of the month. Thus, the 2nd day is "tomobiki", the 3rd is "senbu", and so on. The 1st day of the 2nd month restarts the sequence at "tomobiki". The 3rd month restarts at "senbu", and so on for each month. The latter six months repeat the patterns of the first six, so the 1st of the 7th is "senshō", the 1st of the 12th is "shakkō" and the moon-viewing day on the 15th of the 8th is always "butsumetsu".


title: Japanese calendar

text: The first day of April has broad significance in Japan. It marks the beginning of the government's fiscal year. Many corporations follow suit. In addition, corporations often form or merge on that date. In recent years, municipalities have preferred it for mergers. On this date, many new employees begin their jobs, and it is the start of many real-estate leases. The school year begins on April 1.


title: Joint probability distribution

text: Given two random variables that are defined on the same probability space, the joint probability distribution is the corresponding probability distribution on all possible pairs of outputs. The joint distribution can just as well be considered for any given number of random variables. The joint distribution encodes the marginal distributions, i.e. the distributions of each of the individual random variables. It also encodes the conditional probability distributions, which deal with how the outputs of one random variable are distributed when given information on the outputs of the other random variable(s).


title: Joint probability distribution

text: In the formal mathematical setup of measure theory, the joint distribution is given by the pushforward measure, by the map obtained by pairing together the given random variables, of the sample space's probability measure.


title: Joint probability distribution

text: In the case of real-valued random variables, the joint distribution, as a particular multivariate distribution, may be expressed by a multivariate cumulative distribution function, or by a multivariate probability density function together with a multivariate probability mass function. In the special case of continuous random variables, it is sufficient to consider probability density functions, and in the case of discrete random variables, it is sufficient to consider probability mass functions.