title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel Road was the location of two 19th-century theatres: The Effingham (1834–1897) and The Pavilion Theatre (1828–1935; building demolished in 1962). Charles Dickens Jr. (eldest child of Charles Dickens), in his 1879 book "Dickens's Dictionary of London", described the Pavilion this way: "A large East-end theatre capable of holding considerably over 3,000 persons. Melodrama of a rough type, farce, pantomime, &c." In the early 20th century it became the home of Yiddish theatre, catering to the large Jewish population of the area, and gave birth to the Anglo-Jewish 'Whitechapel Boys' avant-garde literary and artistic movement.


title: Whitechapel

text: Since at least the 1970s, Whitechapel and other nearby parts of East London have figured prominently in London's art scene. Probably the area's most prominent art venue is the Whitechapel Art Gallery, founded in 1901 and long an outpost of high culture in a poor neighbourhood. As the neighbourhood has gentrified, it has gained citywide, and even international, visibility and support. From 2005 the gallery underwent a major expansion, with the support of £3.26 million from the Heritage Lottery Fund. The expanded facility opened in 2009.


title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel in the early 21st century has figured prominently in London's punk rock and skuzz rock scenes, with the main focal point for this scene being Whitechapel Factory and Rhythm Factory bar, restaurant, and nightclub. This scene includes the likes of The Libertines, Zap!, Nova, The Others, Razorlight, and The Rakes, all of whom have had some commercial success in the music charts.


title: Whitechapel

text: Bangladeshis are the most visible migrant group today, who make up 40% of the Whitechapel ward total population. The East London Mosque at the end of Whitechapel Road is a major symbol of the resident Islamic community. The mosque group was established as early as 1910, and the demand for a mosque grew as the Sylheti community grew rapidly over the years.


title: Whitechapel

text: In 1985 this large, purpose built mosque with a dome and minaret was built in the heart of Whitechapel, attracting thousands of worshippers every week, and it was further expanded with the London Muslim Centre in 2004. The Altab Ali Park near Adler Street was formerly a church site but was destroyed during the Blitz. It was renamed to 'Altab Ali Park' in memory of a Bangladeshi clothing worker who was the victim of a racially motivated murder on 4 May 1978, and of other victims of racist attacks during the 1970s.


title: Whitechapel

text: A library, the Whitechapel Idea Store, constructed in 2005 at a cost of £12 million by William Verry to a design by David Adjaye, was nominated for the 2006 Stirling Prize.


title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel features in Charles Dickens's "Pickwick Papers" (chapter 22) as the location of the Bull Inn, where the Pickwickians take a coach to Ipswich. En route, driving along Whitechapel Road, Sam Weller opines that it is "not a wery nice neighbourhood" and notes the correlation between poverty and the abundance of oyster stalls here. One of Fagin's dens in Dickens's "Oliver Twist" was located in Whitechapel and Fagin, himself, was possibly based on a notorious local 'fence' named Ikey Solomon (1785–1850).


title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel is also the setting of several novels by Jewish authors such as "Children of the Ghetto" and "The King of Schnorrers" by Israel Zangwill and "Jew Boy" by Simon Blumenfeld. Several chapters of Sholem Aleichem's classic Yiddish novel "Adventures of Mottel the Cantor's Son" take place in early 20th-century Whitechapel, depicted from the point of view of an impoverished East European Jewish family fleeing the pogroms. The novel "Journey Through a Small Planet" by Emanuel Litvinoff vividly describes Whitechapel and its Jewish inhabitants in the 1920s and 1930s.


title: Whitechapel

text: The prostitute and daughter of a Luddite leader Sybil Gerard, main character of William Gibson and Bruce Sterling's novel The Difference Engine comes from Whitechapel. The novel's plot begins there.


title: Whitechapel

text: One of the episodes in Michael Moorcock's novel "Breakfast in the Ruins" takes place in 1905 Whitechapel, described from the point of view of an eleven year old Jewish refugee from Poland, working with his parents at a sweatshop, who is caught up in the deadly confrontation between Russian revolutionaries and agents of the Czar's Secret Police.


title: Whitechapel

text: "Brick Lane", the 2003 novel by Monica Ali is based in Whitechapel and documents the life of a young Bangladeshi woman's experience of living in Tower Hamlets in the 1990s and early 2000s.


title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel is used as a location in most Jack the Ripper fiction. One such example is the bizarre "White Chappel Scarlet Tracings" (1987) by Iain Sinclair. It also features as the setting for the science fiction Webcomic "FreakAngels", written by popular comics writer Warren Ellis.


title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel is one of the worldwide locations referenced in Edith Piaf's song "C'est a Hambourg" , describing the harsh life of prostitutes.


title: Whitechapel

text: In 2002, Whitechapel was used as the setting for a Sherlock Holmes film, "The Case of the Whitechapel Vampire", based on the Arthur Conan Doyle story "The Adventure of the Sussex Vampire".


title: Whitechapel

text: The East London line extension northwards to Highbury & Islington and southwards to West Croydon was completed in 2010. A further extension opened in 2012 to provide a complete rail ring route around south London to Clapham Junction. Whitechapel is also scheduled to be a stop on the Crossrail project, for which preparatory works began in September 2010 at a large site excavating 'Cambridge Heath Shaft' (located at the eastern end of the Crossrail platform tunnels and adjacent to the junction of Whitechapel Road and Cambridge Heath Road, with Sainsbury's superstore and car park to the north-west of the site and The Blind Beggar public house immediately to the west).


title: Whitechapel

text: on the London Underground Hammersmith & City and District lines east–west and also the East London Line and connecting South London Line services north–south (re-opened as London Overground in June 2010)


title: Whitechapel

text: The Docklands Light Railway (Bank/Tower Gateway branch) and London, Tilbury and Southend line passes through Whitechapel to the south but there are presently no stations.


title: Whitechapel

text: London Buses 15, 25, 106, 115, 135, 205, 254, D3, N15, N205, N253, N550 and N551 all operate within the area.


title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel is connected to the National Road Network by both the A11 on Whitechapel Road in the centre and to the south the A13 and The Highway A1203 running east–west.


title: Whitechapel

text: Whitechapel Market and the A11 corridor is currently the subject of a £20 million investment to improve the public spaces along the route. The London Boroughs of Tower Hamlets & Newham are working with English Heritage and Transport for London to refurbish the historic buildings at this location and improve the market.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The Sarah Jane Adventures is a British science fiction television programme that was produced by BBC Cymru Wales for CBBC, created by Russell T Davies, and starring Elisabeth Sladen. The programme is a spin-off of the long-running BBC science fiction programme "Doctor Who" and is aimed at a younger audience than "Doctor Who". It focuses on the adventures of Sarah Jane Smith, an investigative journalist who, as a young woman, had numerous adventures across time and space with the Doctor. Following Sladen's sudden death from cancer, the BBC confirmed that the show would not return for a sixth series.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The series debuted on BBC One with a 60-minute special, "Invasion of the Bane", on 1 January 2007, and broadcast until Sladen’s death in 2011. It was nominated for a British Academy Children's Award in 2008 in the Drama category, and for a BAFTA Cymru in 2009 in the Children's Drama category. The programme won a Royal Television Society 2010 award for Best Children's Drama.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: A full series of ten 25-minute episodes began on 24 September 2007. The first series consisted of five two-part stories, and a second series, comprising six two-part stories, began airing on 29 September 2008. A third series, once again comprising six two-part stories to make a total of twelve episodes, with Russell T Davies serving as executive producer, aired from 15 October 2009 to 20 November 2009.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The fourth series was aired from 11 October 2010. An episode of another spin-off series, "Sarah Jane's Alien Files", was shown immediately after each of the first episodes of the stories. Filming for three of six two-part serials planned for the fifth series was completed prior to Elisabeth Sladen's death on 19 April 2011. The BBC stated that no further episodes would be filmed. The fifth series was broadcast starting 3 October 2011 on Mondays and Tuesdays. It finished just two weeks later on 18 October 2011.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: In 2006, Children's BBC expressed an interest in producing a "Doctor Who" spin-off. Their initial idea was "a drama based on the idea of a young "Doctor Who"", but Russell T Davies vetoed this. "Somehow, the idea of a fourteen year old Doctor, on Gallifrey inventing sonic screwdrivers, takes away from the mystery and intrigue of who he is and where he came from," said Davies. He suggested instead a series based on the Doctor's former companion Sarah Jane Smith.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The character of Sarah Jane Smith, played by Sladen, appeared in "Doctor Who" from 1973 to 1976, alongside both Jon Pertwee as the Third Doctor and Tom Baker as the Fourth Doctor. A pilot episode for another "Doctor Who" spin-off series, "K-9 and Company", made in 1981, featured Sarah Jane and the robot dog K9; however, a full series was never commissioned. Sarah Jane and K9 returned to "Doctor Who" in various media many times over the years, most notably in the 20th anniversary special "The Five Doctors" (1983), and in episodes "School Reunion" (2006), "The Stolen Earth" / "Journey's End" (2008) and "The End of Time" (2010).


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Sarah Jane is frequently voted the most popular "Doctor Who" companion by both "Doctor Who" fans and members of the general public.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: That a Sarah Jane series was being developed was first confirmed in the BBC's in-house newsletter, "Ariel", in early August 2006. These early rumours were associated with the working title "Sarah Jane Investigates".


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: K9's only appearances in the show's first two series were a cameo in the special and an appearance in the last episode of the first series. This was due to the concurrent development of the independently produced children's series, "K-9", which features a remodelled version of K9 with only indirect nods to "Doctor Who". However, in 2009, K9 appeared with "The Sarah Jane Adventures" cast in a sketch for "Comic Relief", and K9 appeared in six episodes of the third series, followed by two more appearances in the fourth series. He did not appear at all in Series 5.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Production on the full series began in April 2007. Two of the five two-part stories were scripted by the special's co-writer Gareth Roberts. "Bad Girls" and "New Captain Scarlet" writer Phil Ford wrote two stories and Phil Gladwin wrote one. Creator and executive producer Russell T Davies was going to write one story but was forced to drop out due to other work commitments.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: For the tenth anniversary of the show, an event was held 29 July 2017 at Cardiff University Students' Union, with proceeds going to Ty Hafan Hospice for Children. A total of £6643.35 was raised by the sale of tickets to the event and merchandise. Members of the cast and crew that took part in the event were Tommy Knight, Anjli Mohindra, Yasmin Paige, Sinead Michael, Mina Anwar, Katy Manning, Paul Marc Davis, Phil Ford, Gary Russell, Joe Lidster, Sam Watts, Richard Wisker, Cheryl Rowlands, Scott Handcock, Brian Miller, John Leeson, Mat Irvine and Chris Johnson. The event was recorded and was released onto DVD and Blu-ray and could be bought exclusively through the event's website.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: In addition to Sladen, the first series of the programme stars Yasmin Paige as Maria Jackson, Sarah Jane's 13-year-old neighbour in Ealing, west London, and Tommy Knight as a boy named Luke, who is adopted by Sarah Jane at the conclusion of the introductory story. The third member of Sarah Jane's young entourage is 14-year-old called Clyde Langer, played by Daniel Anthony, who is introduced in the first episode of the proper series. Actress Porsha Lawrence Mavour briefly played Maria's friend, Kelsey Hooper, in the 2007 New Year's Day special "Invasion of the Bane" which was created before the start of the series. Maria and her family are written out of the series in the first story of the second series, "The Last Sontaran", but Maria and her father return briefly in the second part of "The Mark of the Berserker". In the second story of that series, "The Day of the Clown", several new regular cast members are introduced: Rani Chandra and her parents, Haresh, and Gita (played by Anjli Mohindra, Ace Bhatti, and Mina Anwar, respectively).


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Joseph Millson appears throughout the first series as Maria's recently separated father, Alan, with Chrissie Jackson, Maria's mother, played by Juliet Cowan. One other regular is Alexander Armstrong of comedy duo Armstrong and Miller, who provides the voice of Mr Smith, an extraterrestrial computer in Sarah Jane's attic. The 2007 special featured Samantha Bond as the scheming villain Mrs Wormwood and Jamie Davis as her PR agent Davey. The first series included among its guest cast Jane Asher as Sarah Jane's childhood friend Andrea Yates, Floella Benjamin as Professor Rivers, who returned in Series 2, Series 3 and Series 5, and Phyllida Law as Bea Nelson-Stanley. The second series guest starred Bradley Walsh as an evil alien clown in the story "The Day of the Clown" and Russ Abbot as a sinister astrologer in "Secrets of the Stars". Also appearing in the second series were Gary Beadle and Jocelyn Jee Esien, who portrayed Clyde's parents Paul and Carla in "The Mark of the Berserker"; Esien reprised her role briefly in Series 4 and more prominently in series 5. Nicholas Courtney guest starred in "Enemy of the Bane" as classic "Doctor Who" character Sir Alistair Lethbridge-Stewart, and Samantha Bond also returned as Wormwood for the episode.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The original executive producers for "The Sarah Jane Adventures" were Phil Collinson, Russell T Davies and Julie Gardner. Susie Liggat produced the pilot, but Matthew Bouch worked as producer of the series. Co-writer Gareth Roberts, writing in "Doctor Who Magazine", said, "We're all determined that this will be a big, full-blooded drama; that nobody should ever think of it as 'just' a children's programme." Sue Nott was the executive producer of the second series for CBBC.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: In December 2007, the BBC released a statement that Julie Gardner would be replaced by Piers Wenger as executive producer for "Doctor Who" in January 2009, but that she would continue to executive-produce "Torchwood" and "The Sarah Jane Adventures" through 2008.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The fourth series in 2010 was executive produced by Russell T Davies and Nikki Wilson, and the producers were Brian Minchin and frequent writer Phil Ford. During this series, Cyril Nri was introduced as a new recurring character called The Shopkeeper. The production team remained in place for the completed episodes of Series 5, which were shot concurrently with Series 4. The show's abbreviated fifth and final series introduced a new main character named Sky, played by Sinead Michael. The episode that introduced Sky also featured a return appearance by the Shopkeeper, but the fact that the second half of the series was never produced left his story arc, as well as other ongoing plot points, unresolved. A special edition of "Doctor Who Magazine", "The Sarah Jane Companion Volume 3", published in August 2012, detailed the plotlines of the three unfilmed stories.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Including K9 and Sarah Jane, some characters from the past or current run of "Doctor Who" have appeared in "The Sarah Jane Adventures".


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Numerous others have been referenced in dialogue. Several former companions of the Doctor are referenced in the story "Death of the Doctor", and the episode also includes brief on-screen flashbacks showing the Third, Fourth and Tenth Doctors. Companion Harry Sullivan is referenced separately in dialogue on several occasions and a photograph of the character is visible in one episode. In an issue of "Doctor Who Magazine", Sophie Aldred was read an email from Russell T. Davies, in which he declared his plans to bring Ace into a story had the show continued, and she was alluded to at the end of "The Death of the Doctor" when the fates of Harry Sullivan, Ian Chesterton, Barbara Wright, Ben Jackson, Polly, Tegan Jovanka, and Ace are revealed. The episode "Sky" was originally to have featured the Eleventh Doctor, but Matt Smith was not available.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: "The Sarah Jane Adventures" was first seen by its original British audience in the form of a 60-minute New Year's Day special in 2007, titled "Invasion of the Bane", which was co-written by Russell T Davies and Gareth Roberts. "Invasion of the Bane" was not a pilot, although the story does contains many conventional introductory elements common to pilots. Creator Russell T Davies has commented upon the exceptional broadcast situation, saying ""Sarah Jane Adventures" is slightly unusual in that it was commissioned before we'd written the script. If we'd written a load of rubbish, they'd still have had to make it." He refers to "Invasion of the Bane" simply as the "first episode". The story focused on Sarah Jane's investigation of a popular and addictive soft drink called "Bubble Shock!".


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Series one of the show aired in September of that year, consisting of five two-part half-hour stories. Individual half-hour episodes aired once a week on BBC One, with episodes airing a week ahead on children's digital channel CBBC. The final part aired in November 2007. The second series started in September 2008 using the same format, with six stories instead of five, ending the series in December. The third series started 15 October 2009, twice weekly (Thursdays and Fridays) on BBC One from 15 October to 20 November. The fourth series aired from 11 October 2010. The first of each story pair was accompanied by an episode of "Sarah Jane's Alien Files", a set of 25-minute episodes in which a member of the cast updates Mr. Smith's database about certain aliens. It accompanied series 4 of the programme.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Due to the illness of Elisabeth Sladen, and her death on 19 April 2011, filming for the second half of the fifth series, which was due to air in the autumn of 2011, was postponed and later cancelled. Filming for three stories of the fifth series had been finished, and thus post-production on these stories was completed. The final series was aired from 3 to 18 October 2011 on CBBC and ended with a tribute to Elisabeth Sladen in the form of a video montage of scenes from the series and a couple of episodes of "Doctor Who" and the ending text "And the story goes on... forever."


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The script of the unfilmed "Sarah Jane Adventures" episode "The Thirteenth Floor" was rewritten and broadcast as an episode of "Wizards vs Aliens".


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: On 19 April 2020 a special 13-minute webcast mini episode entitled "Farewell, Sarah Jane" aired on "Doctor Who" social media channels as a tribute to Elisabeth Sladen. During this story, it was implied that Sarah Jane had been killed while preventing an alien invasion. As such, a memorial service was held, attended by Luke, Clyde, Rani, Sky and Maria, accompanied by their friends and families (among them several of the Doctor's former companions). Apart from an interruption from, and final confrontation with, the Trickster, the memorial went smoothly, and the group prepare to leave 13 Bannerman Road once more. Rani, however, stays behind, and, in her final conversation with Mr. Smith, expresses her hopes that Sarah Jane is travelling with the Doctor (who was absent, since her death would have broken both his (or her) hearts, according to Jo Grant) once again. It was written by Russell T Davies.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The story acted as an epilogue to the series narrated by Jacob Dudman and featured Tommy Knight, Daniel Anthony, Anjli Mohindra, Katy Manning, Mina Anwar all in their respective roles from the series and also included Sophie Aldred, who portrayed Ace, a companion to the Seventh Doctor. The episode's credits thanked Sacha Dhawan, Scott Handcock and Stuart Humphryes.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: On 19 July 2022, it was announced that Big Finish Productions would produce an audio spin-off of "The Sarah Jane Adventures" to release in April 2023 which will feature Rani Chandra (Anjli Mohindra) in "Beyond Bannerman Road: Rani Takes on the World" which is set 15 years after the events of the series and will also feature Clyde Langer (Daniel Anthony) and Gita Chandra (Mina Anwar), Rani's mother.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: "The Sarah Jane Adventures" has been generally well received by critics and the viewing public. At the end of the first series, Abi Grant of "The Daily Telegraph" wrote: "With the debate about the future of children's TV still rumbling on, this is what the BBC does best, and despite lacking the production values of "Doctor Who", it's still top tea-time programming." Daniel Martin of "The Guardian" described the show as looking very promising and more convincing than another "Doctor Who" spinoff "Torchwood". Review website "DVD Talk" called the series "wonderful", "thoughtful" and "imaginative children's entertainment" that was highly recommended. The series also received praise for its willingness to tackle "darker themes [such as] Alzheimer's, homelessness and loss."


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: At Metacritic, the first series received a generally favourable score of 66 out of 100 based on five critics. As the series progressed reviews became slightly more positive with "DVD Talk" reviewer David Cornelius saying that the "second series is even better than the first." However Eric Profancik from "DVD Verdict" stated that the second series suffered from "poor scripts and horrible acting", criticising it for having "simple plots, too many conveniences and having corny humour." Series three is described by Guy Clapperton of review site "ScreenJabber.com" as being slightly braver than its predecessors, while "Bullz-eye.com" described it as "a sweet, fun little show, with some neat ideas" with "its heart very much in the right place." Reviews for the final series were sympathetic for the series' end and the unavoidably incomplete nature of the series (following the death of Elisabeth Sladen) and its story arcs. Stephen Kelly from "The Guardian" said that it was "a fitting tribute to Elisabeth Sladen" and has occupied a "unique place in the Whoniverse".


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: BBC Worldwide's children's channel in Canada, BBC Kids, began broadcasting "The Sarah Jane Adventures" with "Invasion of the Bane" on 13 January 2008, airing the rest of the series back-to-back on Sundays thereafter.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The South African channel SABC 2 started airing the series beginning on 9 February 2008. The Hong Kong channel ATV World, which has also aired "Doctor Who" and "Torchwood", aired this series starting 17 February 2008. The first series began airing on Sci Fi in the USA beginning on 11 April 2008, but this is the only series broadcast on American television as of Summer 2010, though later series have continued to be released on DVD in America without a prior television broadcast. In Australia, "The Sarah Jane Adventures" started on 31 October 2008 on Nickelodeon Australia. In Brazil, the show started airing on 19 November 2012 on TV Cultura, right after their broadcast of "Doctor Who series 6" ended. It also screens in New Zealand on Nickelodeon New Zealand, and in Belgium on Ketnet. In 2013 the show started airing on JeemTV in Arabic. Various seasons of the series has also been broadcast multiple times on the Swedish children's Channel 'Barnkanalen' in Swedish.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Character Options have been awarded a licence to produce "The Sarah Jane Adventure" play sets, action figures, and a 'Sonic Lipstick' toy.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Four 2-figure sets have been released: Sarah Jane and Star Poet; Sarah Jane and General Kudlak; Sarah Jane and Child Slitheen and Sarah Jane and Graske. Also released are Sarah Jane's Sonic Lipstick with Watch Scanner and Alien Communicator. Character Options have now discontinued the range due to lack of customer interest.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The Adventurer The Sarah Jane Adventures series of "Doctor Who: Battles in Time" trading cards was a bonus set of 10 limited edition, additional cards (plus one cover card) released exclusively with Issue 62 and packaged in a clear plastic wrap.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: With the "Doctor Who: Battles in Time" (magazine) being extended beyond its original number of proposed issues, the "Adventurer The Sarah Jane Adventures" cards saw the series expanded once more by the inclusion of this popular spin-off series which frequently crossed-over to the parent series.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The Adventurer series consisted of 10 individual Common cards referenced by the prefix SJA, cards also showed their individual series number 01-10


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Ten audiobooks have been released on CD, all but the last two read by the series lead, Elisabeth Sladen, who read them in the first person in character as Sarah Jane. The final two books, released in November 2011 after Sladen's death, were read by Daniel Anthony and Anjli Mohindra, respectively, though not as their characters.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: The first two were the first time that BBC Audiobooks had commissioned new content for exclusive release on audio.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: A 20-minute mini-episode in two parts called "The Monster Hunt" written by Trevor Baxendale and read by Anjli Mohindra was made especially for the Monster Hunt game on the "Sarah Jane Adventures" website. Two more comics were released "Return of the Krulius" and "Defending Bannerman Road". All comics were available as a pdf and a free mp3 download on the official Sarah Jane Adventures website.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Five "The Sarah Jane Adventures" comics were released on the official "Sarah Jane Adventures" website. Four of them were comic adventures with audio narration by Anjli Mohindra. A pdf document and a MP3 audio track was available to download of the comics. An online version of "The Silver Bullet", presented, in full, a comic written and drawn by Clyde and briefly seen in, the episode "The Curse of Clyde Langer".


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: "The Sarah Jane Adventures" merchandising revived the concept of the novelisation, which had been part of the "Doctor Who" franchise from the 1970s to the 1990s (principally under the editorship of author and former "Who" script editor Terrance Dicks). The first series and most of the second were adapted in this way, but later series saw only a few releases and a transition from print to e-books.


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: In September 2010, Pearson Education published four simplified novelisations based on stories from the third series:


title: The Sarah Jane Adventures

text: Although there has never been a Sarah Jane Adventures magazine there have been three special editions of the Doctor Who Magazine, focused on the Sarah Jane Adventures, as well as regular mentions in the standard editions of Doctor Who Magazine.


title: Stanford White

text: Stanford White (November 9, 1853 – June 25, 1906) was an American architect. He was also a partner in the architectural firm McKim, Mead & White, one of the most significant Beaux-Arts firms. He designed many houses for the rich, in addition to numerous civic, institutional, and religious buildings. His temporary Washington Square Arch was so popular that he was commissioned to design a permanent one. His design principles embodied the "American Renaissance".


title: Stanford White

text: In 1906, White was shot and killed at the Madison Square Theatre by Harry Kendall Thaw, in front of a large audience during a musical theatre performance. Thaw was a wealthy but mentally unstable heir of a coal and railroad fortune who had become obsessed by White's alleged drugging, rape and subsequent relationship with his wife Evelyn Nesbit, which started when she was 16, four years before their marriage. She had married Thaw in 1905 and was a famous fashion model who was performing as an actress in the show. With the elements of a sex scandal among the wealthy and the public killing, the resulting sensational trial of Thaw was dubbed "The Trial of the Century" by contemporary reporters. Thaw was ultimately found not guilty by reason of insanity.


title: Stanford White

text: White was born in New York City in 1853, the son of Richard Grant White, a Shakespearean scholar, and Alexina Black (née Mease) (1830–1921). His father was a dandy and Anglophile with little money but with many connections to New York's art world, including the painter John LaFarge, the stained-glass artist Louis Comfort Tiffany, and the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted.


title: Stanford White

text: White had no formal architectural training; like many other architects at the time, he learned on the job as an apprentice. Beginning at age 18, he worked for six years as the principal assistant to Henry Hobson Richardson, known for his personal style (often called "Richardsonian Romanesque") and considered by many to have been the greatest American architect of his day.


title: Stanford White

text: In 1878, White embarked on a year and a half tour of Europe, to learn about historical styles and trends. When he returned to New York in September 1879, he joined two young architects, Charles Follen McKim and William Rutherford Mead, to form the firm of McKim, Mead and White. As part of the partnership, they agreed to credit all of the firm's designs as the work of the collective firm, not to be attributed to any individual architect.


title: Stanford White

text: In 1884, White married 22-year-old Bessie Springs Smith, daughter of J. Lawrence Smith. She was from a socially prominent Long Island family. Her ancestors had settled in what became Suffolk County in the colonial era, and Smithtown, was named for them. The White couple's estate, Box Hill, was both a home and a showplace for the luxe design aesthetic which White offered to prospective wealthy clients. Their son, Lawrence Grant White, was born in 1887.


title: Stanford White

text: In 1889, White designed the triumphal arch at Washington Square, which, according to White's great-grandson, architect Samuel G. White, is the structure for which White should be best remembered. White was director of the Washington Centennial celebration. His temporary triumphal arch was so popular, that money was raised to construct a permanent version.


title: Stanford White

text: Elsewhere in New York City, White designed the Villard Houses (1884), the second Madison Square Garden (1890, demolished in 1925), the Cable Building at 611 Broadway (1893), the baldechin (1888 to mid-1890s) and altars of Blessed Virgin and St. Joseph (both completed in 1905) at St. Paul the Apostle Church, the New York Herald Building (1894; demolished 1921), and the IRT Powerhouse on 11th Avenue and 58th Street.


title: Stanford White

text: White also designed the Bowery Savings Bank Building at the intersection of the Bowery and Grand Street (1894), Judson Memorial Church on Washington Square, the Century Club, Madison Square Presbyterian Church, as well as the Gould Memorial Library (1903), originally for New York University. It is now part of the campus of Bronx Community College and is the site of the Hall of Fame for Great Americans.


title: Stanford White

text: White designed several clubhouses that became centers for New York society, and which still stand: the Century, Colony, Harmonie, Lambs, Metropolitan, and The Players clubs. He designed two golf clubhouses. His Shinnecock Hills Golf Clubhouse design in Suffolk County on the South Shore is said to be the oldest golf clubhouse in the United States, and has been designated as a golf landmark. Palmetto Golf Club in Aiken, South Carolina boasts the second. It was completed in 1902. His clubhouse for the Atlantic Yacht Club, built in 1894 overlooking Gravesend Bay, burned down in 1934.


title: Stanford White

text: Sons of society families resided in White's St. Anthony Hall Chapter House at Williams College; the building is now used for college offices.


title: Stanford White

text: In the division of projects within the firm, the sociable and gregarious White landed the most commissions for private houses. His fluent draftsmanship helped persuade clients who were not attuned to a floorplan. He could express the mood of a building he was designing.


title: Stanford White

text: Many of White's Long Island mansions have survived. Harbor Hill was demolished in 1947, originally set on in Roslyn. These houses can be classified as three types, depending on their locations: Gold Coast chateaux along the wealthiest tier, mostly in Nassau County; neo-Colonial structures, especially those in the neighborhood of his own house at "Box Hill" in Smithtown, Suffolk County; and the South Fork houses in Suffolk County, from Southampton to Montauk Point, influenced by their coastal location. He also designed the Kate Annette Wetherill Estate in 1895.


title: Stanford White

text: White designed a number of other New York mansions as well, including the Iselin family estate "All View" and "Four Chimneys" in New Rochelle, suburban Westchester County. White designed several country estate homes in Greenwich, Connecticut, including the Seaman-Brush House (1900), now the Stanton House Inn, operated as a bed and breakfast. In New York's Hudson Valley, he designed the 1896 Mills Mansion in Staatsburg.


title: Stanford White

text: Among his "cottages" in Newport, Rhode Island, at Rosecliff (1898–1902, designed for Mrs. Hermann Oelrichs) he adapted Mansart's Grand Trianon. The mansion was built for large receptions, dinners, and dances with spatial planning and well-contrived dramatic internal views "en filade". His "informal" shingled cottages usually featured double corridors for separate circulation, so that a guest never bumped into a laundress with a basket of bed linens. Bedrooms were characteristically separated from hallways by a dressing-room foyer lined with closets, so that an inner door and an outer door gave superb privacy.


title: Stanford White

text: One of the few surviving urban residences designed by White is the Ross R. Winans Mansion in Baltimore's Mount Vernon-Belvedere neighborhood. It is now used as the headquarters for Agora, Inc. Built in 1882 for Ross R. Winans, heir to Ross Winans, the mansion is a premier example of French Renaissance revival architecture. Since its period as Winans's residence, it has served as a girls preparatory school, doctor's offices, and a funeral parlor, before being acquired by Agora Publishing. In 2005, Agora completed an award-winning renovation project.


title: Stanford White

text: White designed Golden Crest Estate in Elberon Park, NJ while at McKim Mead and White for E. F. C. Young, President of the First National Bank of Jersey City and unsuccessful Democratic candidate for New Jersey Governor in 1892. He built the house in 1901, as a golden wedding anniversary gift for Young's wife Harriet. In 1929, the house was sold to Victor and Edmund Wisner, who ran it as a rooming house for summer vacationers. In the 1960s, it was a fraternity house for the then Monmouth College. From 1972 to 1976, it was owned and restored by Mary and Samuel Weir. It is now a private residence.


title: Stanford White

text: White lived the same life as his clients, albeit not quite so lavishly, and he knew how the house had to perform: like a first-rate hotel, theater foyer, or a theater set with appropriate historical references. He could design a cover for "Scribner's Magazine" or design a pedestal for his friend Augustus Saint-Gaudens's sculpture.


title: Stanford White

text: He extended the limits of architectural services to include interior decoration, dealing in art and antiques, and planning and designing parties. He collected paintings, pottery, and tapestries for use in his projects. If White could not acquire the right antiques for his interiors, he would sketch neo-Georgian standing electroliers or a Renaissance library table. His design for elaborate picture framing, the Stanford White frame, still bears his name today. Outgoing and social, he had a large circle of friends and acquaintances, many of whom became clients. White had a major influence in the Shingle Style of the 1880s, Neo-Colonial style, and the Newport cottages for which he is celebrated.


title: Stanford White

text: He designed and decorated Fifth Avenue mansions for the Astors, the Vanderbilts (in 1905), and other high society families.


title: Stanford White

text: White, a tall, flamboyant man with red hair and a red mustache, impressed some as witty, kind, and generous. The newspapers frequently described him as "masterful", "intense", "burly yet boyish". He was a collector of rare and costly artwork and antiquities. He maintained a multi-story apartment with a rear entrance on 24th Street in Manhattan. One room was painted green and outfitted with a red velvet swing, which hung from the ceiling suspended by ivy-twined ropes. He used playing with the elaborate swing as a means to groom under-age girls for a sexual relationship, including Evelyn Nesbit, a popular photographer's fashion model and chorus dancer.


title: Stanford White

text: After White was killed and the newspapers began to investigate his life, continuing through the trial of Thaw, the married architect's sexual relations with numerous underage girls were revealed. The White family historian Suzannah Lessard writes:


title: Stanford White

text: White belonged to an underground sex circle, made up of select members from the Union Club, a legitimate men's club. According to Simon Baatz:


title: Stanford White

text: Mark Twain, who was acquainted with White, included an evaluation of his character in his "Autobiography". It reflected Twain's deep immersion in the testimony of the Thaw murder trial. Twain said that New York society had known for years preceding the incident that the married White was


title: Stanford White

text: Based on White's correspondence, including that conducted with Augustus Saint-Gaudens, recent biographers have concluded that White was bisexual, and that the office of McKim, Mead & White was unruffled by this. White's granddaughter has written that Stanford's eldest son (her father) was "unflinching in his awareness of Stanford's nature".


title: Stanford White

text: In 1901, White established a caretaking relationship with Evelyn Nesbit, helping Nesbit get established as a model for artists and photographers in New York society, with the approval of Nesbit's mother. Five years later, Nesbit would testify that one evening he invited her to his apartment for dinner and gave her champagne and possibly some drug, and then raped her after she passed out: she was about 16 years old at this time and White was 48.


title: Stanford White

text: For a period of at least six months afterwards, they acted as lovers and companions. Although they drifted apart, they remained in touch with each other and on good terms socially.


title: Stanford White

text: In 1905 she married Harry Kendall Thaw, a Pittsburgh millionaire with a history of severe mental instability. Thaw was jealous and thought of White as his rival. But, well before he was killed, White had moved on to other young women as lovers. White considered Thaw a poseur of little consequence and categorized him as a clown, once calling him the "Pennsylvania pug" a reference to Thaw's baby-faced features.


title: Stanford White

text: Accompanied by New York society figure James Clinch Smith, White dined at Martin's, near the theatre at Madison Square Garden. As it happened, Thaw and Nesbit also dined there, and Thaw was said to have seen White at the restaurant.


title: Stanford White

text: That evening the premiere of "Mam'zelle Champagne" was being performed at the theatre. During the show's finale, "I Could Love A Million Girls", Thaw approached White, produced a pistol, said, "You've ruined my wife", and fired three shots at White from two feet away. He hit White twice in the face and once in his upper left shoulder, killing him instantly. The crowd's initial reaction was to think the incident was an elaborate party trick. When it became apparent that White was dead, chaos ensued.


title: Stanford White

text: Nineteen-year-old Lawrence Grant White was guilt-ridden after his father was slain, blaming himself for the death. "If only he had gone [to Philadelphia]!" he lamented, referring to a trip that had been planned. Years later, he would write, "On the night of June 25th, 1906, while attending a performance at Madison Square Garden, Stanford White was shot from behind [by] a crazed profligate whose great wealth was used to besmirch his victim's memory during the series of notorious trials that ensued." (In fact, White was shot in the face, from directly in front of him, not from behind.)


title: Stanford White

text: Following the killing, there was blanket press coverage, as well as editorial speculation and gossip. Journalistic interest in the sensational story was sustained. William Randolph Hearst's newspapers played up the story, and the murder trial became known as "The Trial of the Century".


title: Stanford White

text: White's reputation was severely damaged by the testimony in the trial, as his sexual activities became public knowledge. The "Evening Standard" spoke of his "social dissolution". "The Nation" reconsidered his architectural work: "He adorned many an American mansion with irrelevant plunder." Newspaper accounts drew from the trial transcripts to describe White as "a sybarite of debauchery, a man who abandoned lofty enterprises for vicious revels."


title: Stanford White

text: Few friends or associates publicly defended White, as some feared possible exposure for having participated in White's secret life. McKim responded to inquiries saying, "There is no statement to make...There will be no information coming from us."


title: Stanford White

text: Richard Harding Davis, a war correspondent and reputedly the model for the "Gibson Man", was angered by the press accounts, which he said presented a distorted view of his friend White. An editorial published in "Vanity Fair", lambasting White, prompted Davis to a rebuttal. His article appeared on August 8, 1906, in "Collier's" magazine:


title: Stanford White

text: Since his death White has been described as a satyr. To answer this by saying that he was a great architect is not to answer at all...He admired a beautiful woman as he admired every other beautiful thing God has given us; and his delight over one was as keen, as boyish, as grateful over any others.


title: Stanford White

text: The autopsy report, made public by the coroner's testimony at the Thaw trial, revealed that White was in poor health when killed. He suffered from Bright's disease, incipient tuberculosis, and severe liver deterioration.


title: Stanford White

text: White's extensive professional correspondence and a small body of personal correspondence, photographs, and architectural drawings by White are held by the Department of Drawings & Archives of Avery Architectural and Fine Arts Library at Columbia University. His letters to his family have been edited by Claire Nicolas White, "Stanford White: Letters to His Family" 1997. The major archive for his firm, McKim, Mead & White, is held by the New-York Historical Society.


title: Gypsy (TV series)

text: Gypsy is an American drama streaming television series created by Lisa Rubin for Netflix. Naomi Watts stars as Jean Holloway, a psychologist who secretly infiltrates the private lives of her patients. Billy Crudup co-stars as her husband Michael. The first season comprises 10 episodes and was released on June 30, 2017.


title: Gypsy (TV series)

text: In February 2016, Sam Taylor-Johnson was announced as the director for the first two episodes of the series, in addition to an executive producer. Moreover, Lisa Rubin serves as executive producer and showrunner.


title: Gypsy (TV series)

text: Stevie Nicks re-recorded an acoustic version of her Fleetwood Mac song "Gypsy" to serve as the show's theme song. On August 11, 2017, the show was cancelled after one season.


title: Gypsy (TV series)

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes gave the first season a 40% rating based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 5.15/10. The critics consensus states, ""Gypsy"s ludicrous plot trudges along, dragging a talented cast with it." Metacritic gave the season a rating of 45 out of 100, based on 21 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Gypsy (TV series)

text: The show has been criticized by Roma organizations for its use of the term "gypsy". Many Romani people consider this to be an ethnic slur due to its historical use in antiziganist violence, including laws authorizing the enslavement, branding, deportations, and murder of Romanichal (British Roma) during the Tudor period in England.


title: Zee Studios

text: Zee Studios is a film production and distribution studio established in 2012, as a subsidiary of Zee Entertainment Enterprises Limited. Known to include a library of productions under its predecessor banners Zee Motion Pictures and Zee Limelight, it operates as a cinematic content engine with a presence in feature film production, distribution, international distribution, promotion, advertising and revenue generating streams.


title: Zee Studios

text: Zee Entertainment's first film was "" in 2001, which it released under Zee Network. After this, it released movies under the Zee Limelight and Zee Motion Pictures banners. The studio's first major film was the 2015 action thriller drama "Jazbaa", starring Aishwarya Rai Bachchan in her comeback and Irrfan Khan as the leads under Essel Vision Productions. Since 2017, it has been widely associated with the production and/or distribution of numerous mainstream projects, almost all of whose satellite rights are exclusively owned by Zee Cinema.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Charles Nesbitt Wilson (June 1, 1933 – February 10, 2010) was a United States naval officer and former 12-term Democratic United States Representative from Texas's 2nd congressional district. Wilson is best known for leading Congress into supporting Operation Cyclone, the largest-ever Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) covert operation, which during the Carter and Reagan administrations supplied military equipment to the Afghan Mujahideen during the Soviet–Afghan War. His behind-the-scenes campaign was the subject of the non-fiction book "" by George Crile III and the subsequent film "Charlie Wilson's War", where he was portrayed by Tom Hanks.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson was born in the small town of Trinity, Texas, to Charles Edwin Wilson, an accountant for a local timber company, and Wilmuth (née Nesbitt), a local florist, on June 1, 1933. Wilson had one younger sister, Sharon Wilson Allison, former chair of Planned Parenthood and president of the International Planned Parenthood Federation, who currently resides in Waco, Texas.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Growing up, Wilson attended Trinity public schools and, upon graduation from Trinity High School in 1951, he attended one semester at Sam Houston State University in Huntsville, Texas, before being appointed to the United States Naval Academy in Annapolis, Maryland. While at Annapolis, Wilson earned the second most demerits in the history of the academy (his roommate, Robert Mullen, earned the most demerits). Wilson graduated eighth from the bottom of his class in 1956 with a B.S. degree in Engineering, specializing in electronics.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Between 1956 and 1960, Wilson served in the United States Navy, attaining the rank of lieutenant and serving as the Gunnery Officer on the USS "John W. Weeks" (DD-701). He was assigned to the Pentagon as part of an Office of Naval Intelligence unit that evaluated the Soviet Union's nuclear forces.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: From a young age, Wilson took an interest in national security and foreign matters. Growing up during World War II encouraged Wilson to avidly read military history, including numerous articles and other literature on the war. This led Wilson to have a lifelong admiration for Winston Churchill. Wilson even took the opportunity as a child to "keep watch" over Trinity for Japanese aerial attacks from his post in the back yard. Wilson's early sense of patriotism and his strong interest in international affairs encouraged him to become politically active later in life.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: According to Wilson himself, he first entered politics as a teenager by running a campaign against his next-door neighbor, city council incumbent Charles Hazard. When Wilson was thirteen years old, his fourteen-year-old dog entered Hazard's yard. Hazard retaliated by mixing crushed glass into the dog's food, causing fatal internal bleeding. Following this incident, Wilson obtained a driver's permit and drove ninety-six voters to the polls in his family's two-door Chevrolet. As patrons left the car, Wilson told each of them that he didn't want to influence their vote, but that the incumbent Hazard had purposely killed his dog. After Hazard was defeated by a margin of 16 votes, Wilson went to his house to tell him that his black constituents voted to defeat him, and he "shouldn't poison any more dogs." Wilson cited this as "the day [he] fell in love with America."


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: While Wilson worked at the Pentagon, he volunteered to help in John F. Kennedy's 1960 presidential campaign. While volunteering in Kennedy's campaign, Wilson took a 30-day leave from the U.S. Navy and entered his name into the race for Texas state representative of his home district on the Democratic ticket. This action violated Navy regulations, as active-duty service members are prohibited from holding public office. When Wilson returned to duty, his family and friends went door to door campaigning. In 1961, at age 27, he was sworn into office in Austin, Texas.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Temple-Inland, Inc., an East Texas forest products producer owned by Arthur Temple, Jr., and Temple's son, Buddy Temple, employed Wilson during his incumbency in the Texas legislature, but business interests were nevertheless suspicious of Wilson's policies. While serving as a Texas state legislator for twelve years (six in the Texas House of Representatives and six in the Texas Senate), Wilson battled for the regulation of utilities, fought for Medicaid, tax exemptions for the elderly, the Equal Rights Amendment, and attempted to raise the state's minimum wage. He was also one of the few prominent Texas politicians to be pro-choice. All of these policies earned Wilson the reputation of being the "liberal from Lufkin."


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: In 1972, Wilson was elected to the United States House of Representatives from Texas's 2nd congressional district, taking office the following January. Re-elected eleven times, Wilson thoroughly enjoyed his job and always sought to "take care of the home folks" until his resignation on October 8, 1996. Although hawkish on foreign issues, he was liberal on other issues such as women's rights, social security and abortion.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: As a freshman representative, Wilson achieved the designation of the Big Thicket in Southeast Texas as a National Preserve in 1974. This early achievement made his colleagues respect his political power and Wilson quickly earned an appointment on the United States House Committee on Appropriations. During his incumbency, Wilson's colleagues regarded him as the "best horse trader in Washington" because of his ability to negotiate and trade votes with other congressmen to ensure passage of his favored bills.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Despite not having many Jewish constituents, Wilson developed a strong relationship with Israel during his entire congressional career. This bond began during Wilson's first year in Washington when the Yom Kippur War occurred. From a young age, Wilson had always supported the "underdog", and Wilson quickly went to Israel's defense as a self-proclaimed "Israeli commando." While on the Appropriations committee, Wilson increased U.S. aid to Israel to $3 billion annually. Later, Wilson's close ties with Israel enabled him to collaborate with Israeli defense engineers to create and transport man-portable anti-aircraft guns into Pakistan to be used in the Soviet–Afghan War.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: As for domestic policy, Wilson ceaselessly championed for the individual's rights, especially women's and minorities' rights. He continuously voted pro-choice and fought voting discrimination against African Americans. Women and African Americans were two of his largest constituent bases. Wilson respected his district's female vote so much that in 1974 he used the League of Women Voters to pass the Safe Drinking Water Act. In addition to supporting women's rights legislation, Wilson broke Washington tradition and hired female staffers. Although Wilson never had a female chief of staff, his office was filled with women who tirelessly helped the congressman. "Charlie's Angels", as they were commonly called, handled constituent problems for Wilson to ensure none of his constituents lacked in aid and support. Wilson's staff quickly drew the attention of his colleagues and media. Although rumors of scandals surrounded Wilson's office, Wilson emphatically insisted that his staff should be respected and their diligent work for the representative enabled them to have freedom to work independently of Wilson.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson worked on improving Americans' lives, especially those of the underprivileged. Wilson lobbied against business interests to maintain a $3.35 per hour minimum wage. Wilson also sought to increase Medicare and Medicaid funding for the elderly, underprivileged and veterans, and gained funding to open the Veterans Affairs Hospital in Lufkin, Texas. Wilson avidly supported the individual rights to own firearms. This support created tension between Wilson and his sister Sharon Allison, but they reached an agreement that Allison would leave Wilson alone about his views on firearms, and Wilson would support Allison's pro-choice agenda.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson achieved a measure of success through his horse trading capabilities. Speaker of the House Tip O'Neill appointed Wilson to the United States House Committee on Ethics in 1980 to help protect Representative John Murtha, Jr. from investigations during the Abscam scandal. In return for Wilson's appointment to this committee, O'Neill also gave him a coveted spot on the Kennedy Center Board of Trustees. Wilson also gained a position on the House Defense Appropriations subcommittee. This appointment enabled Wilson to funnel support money for Somoza in Nicaragua and support Mujahideen efforts to oust the Soviets from Afghanistan.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: In 1980, Wilson read an Associated Press dispatch on the congressional wires describing the refugees fleeing Soviet-occupied Afghanistan. The communist Democratic Republic of Afghanistan had taken over power during the Saur Revolution and asked the Soviet Union to help suppress resistance from the Mujahideen. According to biographer George Crile III, Wilson called the staff of the United States House Committee on Appropriations dealing with "black appropriations" and requested a two-fold appropriation increase for Afghanistan. Because Wilson had just been named to the House Appropriations Subcommittee on Defense (which is responsible for funding CIA operations), his request went through.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: That was not the last time he increased the CIA budget for its Afghan operation. In 1983, he secured an additional $40 million, $17 million of which was allocated for anti-aircraft weapons to shoot down Mil Mi-24 Hind helicopters.The next year, CIA officer Gust Avrakotos directly approached Wilson—breaking the CIA's policy against lobbying Congress for money—asking Wilson for $50 million more. Wilson agreed and convinced Congress, saying, "The U.S. had nothing whatsoever to do with these people's decision to fight ... but we'll be damned by history if we let them fight with stones." Later, Wilson succeeded in giving the Afghans $300 million of unused Pentagon money before the end of the fiscal year. Thus, Wilson directly influenced the level of United States government support for the Afghan Mujahideen. Wilson has said that the covert operation succeeded because "there was no partisanship or damaging leaks." Michael Pillsbury, a senior Pentagon official, used Wilson's funding to provide Stinger missiles to the Afghan resistance in a controversial decision.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Joanne Herring, along with others, played a role in helping the Afghan resistance fighters get support and military equipment from the United States government. She persuaded Wilson to visit the Pakistani leadership, and after meeting with them he was taken to a major Pakistan-based Afghan refugee camp so he could see for himself the atrocities committed by the Soviets against the Afghan people. About that visit, Wilson later said that "the experience that will always be seared in my memory, was going through those hospitals and seeing, especially those children with their hands blown off from the mines that the Soviets were dropping from their helicopters. That was perhaps the deciding thing ... and it made a huge difference for the next 10 or 12 years of my life because I left those hospitals determined, as long as I had a breath in my body and was a member in Congress, that I was going to do what I could to make the Soviets pay for what they were doing!" In 2008, Wilson said he had "got involved in Afghanistan because I went there and I saw what the Soviets were doing. And I saw the refugee camps."


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: For his efforts, Wilson was presented with the Honored Colleague Award by the CIA. He became the first civilian to receive the award. However, Wilson's role remains controversial because most of the aid was supplied to Islamist hardliner Gulbuddin Hekmatyar, who has been accused of serious war crimes and later allied with the Taliban after the U.S. invasion.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: The decision of the Soviet Union to withdraw from Afghanistan and declare the invasion a mistake led to Wilson commending the Soviet leadership on the floor of the House of Representatives. He also supported United States involvement in the Bosnian War, touring the former Yugoslavia over five days in January 1993; on his return he urged the Clinton administration to lift the arms embargo on Bosnia, remarking "This is good versus evil and, if we do not want to Americanize this, then what do we want to Americanize? We have to stand for something."


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: During Charlie Wilson's visit to Afghanistan, he met Jalaluddin Haqqani. He wanted to fire a Stinger missile at one of the Soviet helicopters. Haqqani was happy to make Charlie Wilson's wartime fantasy come true. They dragged chains and tires on the road to create a dust cloud, which would attract Soviet helicopters. However, none of the Soviet helicopters showed up and Charlie Wilson was unable to fire any missiles.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson unashamedly lived an extravagant and flamboyant life. Beginning in his naval years, Wilson enjoyed partying and having nights on the town. Wilson was a self-proclaimed "ladies' man" and the news media reported on his exotic bedroom, complete with hot tub and handcuffs where he engaged in romantic affairs. Wilson's "Good Time Charlie" image was first exposed to the public in a 1978 column by Kathleen McLean in "The Washington Post".


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Over the course of his congressional career, when reporters questioned Wilson about his constituents' view of their representative, Wilson reported that they knew they were not electing a "constipated monk" to office. Wilson unashamedly embraced his playboy persona and never played down his "Good Time" image in public.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson's enjoyment of parties led him to invest with two Texas businessmen to open the Elan–Washington Club. To increase the number of club patrons, Wilson passed out memberships to his congressional colleagues. Halfway through his passing out memberships, Wilson decided that his actions might not be deemed ethical by congress and commented that he "was ethicized right out of business."


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Throughout the course of his life, Wilson drank heavily, which may have been a factor in his divorce from Jerry. While in Washington, Wilson became a functioning alcoholic and suffered from severe bouts of depression and insomnia, and his drinking intensified during his involvement in Afghanistan. Wilson's drunkenness also led to a scandal in 1980 when an eyewitness reported that Wilson's Lincoln Continental hit a Mazda in a hit-and-run accident on the Key Bridge in Washington, D.C., the night before his first trip to Pakistan. Although he was never convicted, this accident illustrates Wilson's recklessness with alcohol.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: During one of his foreign excursions Wilson was transported to a hospital in Germany where doctors told Wilson his heart was failing due to his excessive drinking. Wilson sought a second and third opinion at hospitals in Bethesda and Houston and the German doctors' conclusions were confirmed: Wilson had to stop drinking. After these diagnoses Wilson quit drinking hard liquor but continued to drink wine for several years. His excessive drinking and associated heart problems forced Wilson to have a heart transplant in September 2007. Overcoming his struggle with alcoholism, Wilson finally quit drinking after marrying Barbara Alberstadt, a former ballerina, in 1999.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: In addition to alcohol abuse, Wilson allegedly used illegal drugs. In 1980, Wilson was accused of using cocaine at Caesars Palace in Las Vegas; however, the investigation by Justice Department attorney Rudy Giuliani was dropped due to lack of evidence. Liz Wickersham told investigators that she saw Wilson use cocaine only once in the Cayman Islands, but this was outside United States jurisdiction. In "The Charlie Wilson Real Story" Wilson reveals he traveled to Las Vegas in the summer of 1980, and recalls an experience with two strippers in a hot tub.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: When questioned about his past alleged cocaine use in 2007 Wilson reaffirmed, "Nobody knows the answer to that and I ain't telling".


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: In addition to his "Angels" in the office, Wilson always had a female escort when he was not on the House floor. Wilson's primary motivator to be on the Kennedy Center Board of Trustees was so he always had a place to take a date. Also, following his second trip to Pakistan, Wilson always brought a female companion with him. At one point he even brought Carol Shannon to entertain his hosts with her belly dancing ability. Bringing women to Pakistan created tension between Wilson and the CIA in 1987 when the agency refused to fund his girlfriend's travel expenses. In response, Wilson cut the agency's funding the next year. According to businesswoman and political activist Joanne Herring, Wilson cared about his dates and enjoyed being romantic and caring. Although he was an "unapologetic sexist, chauvinistic redneck", he attracted many women over a number of years.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson has been said to have lived life as "one big party", and lived by the mantra that he could "take his job seriously without taking himself seriously".


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson declined to run for re-election in 1996 and became a lobbyist for Pakistan before retiring to Lufkin. He donated his congressional papers to Stephen F. Austin State University. In 1999, he married Barbara Alberstadt, his second wife. Wilson received a heart transplant in 2007, and continued to follow the situation in Afghanistan and Pakistan, where he expressed concerns about events in that region. In July 2009, the University of Texas System Board of Regents established the Charles N. Wilson Chair in Pakistan Studies, which encourages research in the geopolitical importance of Pakistan, as well as its culture, history, and literature.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson died at the age of 76 on February 10, 2010, at Memorial Health System of East Texas at Lufkin (now the CHI St. Luke's Health Memorial Lufkin) in Lufkin, Texas, after collapsing earlier in the day. He suffered from cardiopulmonary arrest. "America has lost an extraordinary patriot whose life showed that one brave and determined person can alter the course of history," said Robert Gates, then United States Secretary of Defense.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson received a graveside service with full military honors at Arlington National Cemetery on February 23, 2010.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: A six-piece jazz band punctuated each eulogy with Charlie's favorites "As Time Goes By", "My Way", and in honor of his years as a naval intelligence officer "Anchors Aweigh", and "Navy Hymn".


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: "He will be missed from the Golan Heights to the Khyber Pass, from the Caspian to the Suez and the halls in Congress, for his civility, and willingness to listen and help and not posture," said John Wing, who worked closely with Wilson on global issues, the two forming a dynamic force in Afghanistan, as well as other regions.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: The front rows of the school's Temple Theater were packed with people such as Republican Senator Kay Bailey Hutchison, former U.S. Representative Martin Frost, former Lieutenant Governor Ben Barnes and Houston gas titan Oscar Wyatt and his wife Lynn.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: After Sunday's service, his widow Barbara welcomed a small group of her late husband's intimates to their home on the golf course in Lufkin. Next to an American eagle sculpture in the living room, the words of Abdur Rahman Khan, emir of Afghanistan from 1880 to 1901, are emblazoned on a brass plaque: "My spirit will remain in Afghanistan even though my soul will go to God. My last words to you my son and successor are: Never Trust the Russians."


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson's successful effort to increase the funding of the anti-Soviet Afghan war was revealed in the book "Charlie Wilson's War: The Extraordinary Story of the Largest Covert Operation in History" (2003), by George Crile III. In the 2007 film adaptation "Charlie Wilson's War", actor Tom Hanks portrayed Wilson. The film portrayed him as a politically incorrect swashbuckler who liked the company of beautiful women.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: Wilson was a key character in "Ghost Wars: The Secret History of the CIA, Afghanistan, and Bin Laden, from the Soviet Invasion to September 10, 2001" (2005), by Steve Coll.


title: Charlie Wilson (Texas politician)

text: On December 27, 2007, the History Channel broadcast "The True Story of Charlie Wilson", a two-hour documentary about the congressman's Afghan war efforts and his personal life.


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: Survivor: Worlds Apart — White Collar vs. Blue Collar vs. No Collar is the 30th season of the American CBS competitive reality television series "Survivor", which premiered on February 25, 2015, with the season finale on May 20, 2015. It was the fourth "Survivor" season filmed in San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua (tied with the Philippines and Samoa), the same location as "", "", and "", and features three tribes of six new players divided by social class: white collar, blue collar, and no collar. This season introduced the concept of an extra vote, in which one player can vote twice at a single Tribal Council, which was offered during the season's Survivor Auction. This season also saw the return of the firemaking tiebreaker challenge, last used in "".


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: The two-hour season finale and one-hour reunion special aired on May 20, 2015, where Mike Holloway was named the winner over Carolyn Rivera and Will Sims II in a 6–1–1 vote.


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: The cast is composed of 18 new players, initially split into three tribes containing six members each: Escameca ("Blue Collar"), Masaya ("White Collar"), and Nagarote ("No Collar"). Escameca is named after Playa Escameca, while Masaya and Nagarote both named after the populated places in Nicaragua. The cast includes former football placekicker Tyler Fredrickson. Additionally, So Kim was originally cast on "" with her sister Doo, but they dropped out after Doo had a medical emergency the day before the game began.


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: Mike Holloway, Carolyn Rivera, Shirin Oskooi, Joe Anglim, and Max Dawson were included on the public poll to choose the cast of the subsequent season, "". Due to Holloway winning "Worlds Apart", he was ineligible from participating in "Cambodia" despite placing in the top 10 of his ballot; Anglim and Oskooi were ultimately chosen to compete. Hali Ford and Sierra Dawn Thomas returned for "". Anglim returned again in "".


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: Outside of "Survivor", Anglim competed on the premiere of "Candy Crush". Thomas competed with two-time "Survivor" contestant Abi-Maria Gomes on a "Survivor" vs "Big Brother" episode of "Fear Factor". In 2020, Oskooi competed on the fourth season of the online reality show "Sequester".


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: The eighteen new castaways were divided into three tribes of six based on social class: Escameca (Blue Collar), Masaya (White Collar), and Nagarote (No Collar). Despite frequent arguments between the Blue Collars, they only went to Tribal Council once, as did the White Collars. Though the No Collars lost two members, a core alliance of Hali, Jenn, and Joe formed, with Will as their fourth. With 14 players remaining, the players were redistributed into two tribes of seven; on Escameca, Blue Collar Rodney and White Collar Joaquin aligned, but Rodney's former Blue Collar allies, led by Mike, blindsided Joaquin to break up the pair and retain Rodney's loyalty.


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: When the tribes merged, two alliances vied for dominance: the No Collar core alliance, now with White Collar Shirin, went against the Blue Collars. Though Rodney remained with the Blue Collars, he constructed his own alliance with the swing votes—Will, and White Collars Tyler and Carolyn—to eventually take down the other Blue Collars to avenge Joaquin; the augmented Blue Collar alliance systematically eliminated the others, unaware of Rodney's alliance. Mike overheard Rodney’s inner alliance plotting his blindside and outed their plans, but instead found himself ousted from the others and made the primary target. However, Mike won five of the last six immunity challenges and played a hidden immunity idol on the only time he was vulnerable, bringing himself to the end of the game alongside Will and Carolyn. Ultimately, for making it to the end despite being a massive target, Mike was awarded with six of the eight jury votes, and the title of Sole Survivor.


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: Despite Jeff Probst hyping up the season as one of the best and suggesting that the winner would become "one of the favorite winners of all time," reception for "Worlds Apart" was mostly negative. Critics lambasted the negativity and unlikability of the cast, as well as the predictability of the season.


title: Survivor: Worlds Apart

text: In a poll conducted by Dalton Ross of Entertainment Weekly, "Worlds Apart" was ranked as the 5th worst season out of the first 35 seasons of "Survivor". Ross himself ranked it 29th out of the 40 aired seasons, stating that there were "not enough people to root for" and criticized Dan Foley's and Will Sims's actions during the season. "Worlds Apart" was also ranked as the 4th worst season by fan site "The Purple Rock Podcast" in 2020, stating that the cast "quickly disappoints," and that the winner "becomes obvious fairly early on." In 2015, a poll by "Rob Has a Podcast" and Rob Cesternino ranked "Worlds Apart" 20th out of 30. This was updated in 2021 during Cesternino's podcast, "Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings", ranking 35th. In 2020, "Inside Survivor" ranked this season 36th out of 40 saying that the season had potential during the pre-merge but took a "disturbing turn" after the "Survivor" Auction.


title: Ray Donovan: The Movie

text: Ray Donovan: The Movie is an American crime drama television film directed by David Hollander for Showtime. It is the follow-up to the seventh and final season of the series of the same name, which aired in 2020. It centers on the title character, portrayed by Liev Schreiber and the relationships with his family, including brothers Terry, Bunchy and Daryll, played by Eddie Marsan, Dash Mihok and Pooch Hall, respectively. It debuted on January 14, 2022 on Showtime.


title: Ray Donovan: The Movie

text: Following from the events of the season 7 finale, Mickey (Jon Voight) is on the run, and Ray (Liev Schreiber) is determined to find and stop him before he can cause any more damage to his family and friends.


title: Ray Donovan: The Movie

text: In 2020, Showtime abruptly announced that season 7 of "Ray Donovan" would be the end of the series. Fans of the show petitioned for a follow up to be written after the final season left many questions unanswered. On February 12, 2020, Liev Schreiber wrote on his Instagram, "It seems your voices have been heard. Too soon to say how or when, but with a little luck and your continued support, there will be more "Ray Donovan"." Following the announcement of a television film followup, in 2021, Showtime's President of Entertainment Gary Levine stated that the audience would be satisfied with the ending of the film, admitting "we did hear from fans, and we are nothing if not responsive to our audience. I think this "Ray Donovan" two-hour movie will go a long way to making that landing more graceful."


title: Ray Donovan: The Movie

text: Principal photography began in May 2021 and was wrapped in a few months, with the film shot in New York, Connecticut and Massachusetts.


title: Ray Donovan: The Movie

text: Kerris Dorsey received an honorable mention for TVLine's Performer of the Week ending on January 15, 2022.


title: Ray Donovan: The Movie

text: The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported an approval rating of 87% based on 15 reviews, with an average rating of 6.7/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "If "Ray Donovan: The Movie" doesn't accomplish everything that a proper final season could have achieved, it nevertheless satisfies with a prologue and epilogue to the fixer's family woes."


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Vasily Ivanovich Ignatenko (; ; ; 13 March 1961 – 13 May 1986) was a Soviet firefighter and first responder to the Chernobyl disaster in 1986. Ignatenko was raised on a collective farm near Gomel in the Byelorussian SSR, and worked for a time as an electrician. He became a firefighter in 1980 as part of his service in the Soviet Military, and was employed as a paramilitary firefighter afterwards. On 26 April 1986, Ignatenko's fire brigade was involved in mitigating the immediate aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, fighting the fires started by the initial explosion. In the process, Ignatenko received a high dose of radiation, leading to his death in a Moscow radiological hospital eighteen days later.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Vasily Ivanovich Ignatenko was born on 13 March 1961, in the Brahin District of the Gomel Region of the Byelorussian SSR. He was the third child of Tatiana Petrovna Ignatenko and Ivan Tarasovish Ignatenko. Tatiana Ignatenko was a collective farm fieldworker, and Ivan Ignatenko a tractor, and later truck driver. They had been married in 1958. Ignatenko had an older sister, Lyudmilla, a younger brother, Nikolai, and a younger sister, Natasha. Lyudmilla trained in medicine and worked as an ambulance paramedic, Nikolai became a bus and truck driver, and Natasha, after working in a state-run kindergarten for a time, would follow Ignatenko into the fire service. Ignatenko also had an older brother named Vitya, who had died from fever at age two or three, before Ignatenko was born.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: As a child, Vasily Ignatenko lived in the village of with his family, helping with chores on the collective farm after school every day. He was especially fond of sports, spending Sundays playing football and other games.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: After Ignatenko completed the requisite 10 classes of schooling, he enrolled in the Gomel vocational school of electrical engineering (PTU No. 81), studying to become an electrician. Following his graduation in 1978, he was assigned work at a mechanical fertilizer machine factory in Bobruisk. Ignatenko worked at the factory as an electrician for two years before he was called up into the Soviet Military.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Ignatenko's firefighting career began during his time in military service. Following his call up in April 1980, he was assigned to the military fire department of Internal Troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs (MVD), in Moscow. (The Moscow fire department, at this time, was manned by conscripted military personnel.) It was here that he received his initial training in firefighting, and took the oath of service at the end of his training period. During his time in the Moscow fire department, Ignatenko became involved in fire-applied sports, contributing significantly to his fire brigade's success in competition.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Ignatenko was discharged at the end of his two year obligatory service on 25 August 1982, and returned home to Sperizh'e. On his return, he immediately began to look for employment as a firefighter in nearby cities. His mother recalled: "After the army, he decided to go to the fire department. He went to Chernigov, and for some reason he was not taken there. Our neighbor worked at the nuclear power plant, and Vasya decided to try it too. From Chernigov he went straight there. He was hired immediately. Not even a month had passed since the army."


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: With his firefighting training and experience, Ignatenko was hired in the city of Pripyat, becoming an employee of the Paramilitary Fire Service, a uniformed, yet civilian-manned, MVD firefighting organization. He soon moved into an apartment in the city fire station, beginning what would be a four-year term of service.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: During his time with Paramilitary Fire Brigade No.6 (СВПЧ-6), he was promoted to Senior Sergeant, becoming a squad leader. He also continued to be active as an applied-fire sport athlete, becoming known as the brigade's champion.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: On 26 April 1986, following the initial explosion at the Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant, Paramilitary Fire Brigade No. 6 was quickly called to the scene, the call out coming at 2:29 a.m. As Ignatenko was on duty that night, he was among the first 14 duty-watch firefighters from Pripyat to depart for the power station, located a mere away from the city.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: On the scene, Ignatenko fought fires on the roof of the ventilation building and unit three (adjacent to the destroyed fourth reactor), where numerous small blazes had been started by super-heated pieces of graphite, zirconium, and other components flung from the RBMK reactor during the explosion. Using the unit three fire escape to reach the top of the 20-story structure, he, along with fellow firefighters Vladimir Tishura, Nikolai Titenok, and Nikolai Vashchuck were led by Lieutenants Viktor Kibenok and Volodymyr Pravyk in using water to extinguish these localized fires, while coordinating efforts to run firehoses up to the roof. This was necessary because the building's internal firefighting water-pipes had been fractured by the explosion and water pumped through them was lost before it could reach the roof.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: The high level of radioactivity present on the roof, however, quickly began to take its toll. Ignatenko and the others were inhaling irradiated smoke, and working amid piles of ejected nuclear material, and soon began to experience the initial effects of acute radiation syndrome. Firefighters ordered by Major Leonid Telyatnikov to ascend the fire escape and assist met them halfway up as they struggled to descend, vomiting uncontrollably and unable to fully support themselves without one another's help. Helped to the ground by fellow firefighters, Ignatenko was evacuated to the Pripyat Hospital, around 4 a.m.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Ignatenko was initially hospitalised in Pripyat, but as the extent of the disaster began to be understood, all of the firefighters and plant personnel suffering from radiation exposure were evacuated by road to the Boryspil Airport near Kiev, and from there to Moscow by air. There he and the others were transported to Hospital No. 6, a hospital operated by Sredmash (the Soviet state nuclear energy agency) and the All-Union Physics Institute which had a specialized radiological department. There, in hopes of mitigating the effects of Acute Radiation Syndrome, Ignatenko was administered a bone marrow transplant on 2 May 1986, with his older sister as the donor. Ignatenko's younger sister Natasha had been identified as the preferable candidate and summoned to Moscow with her sister by telegram on April 28, but as she was then only thirteen years of age, Ignatenko rejected her out of concern for her health. It was hoped the procedure would raise his white blood cell count, which had been lowered sharply by radiation exposure, leaving him extremely vulnerable to infection.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Unfortunately, though Ignatenko recovered from the operation, the transplant was unsuccessful in producing the desired result and his condition continued to worsen. He experienced hair loss and skin necrosis as his digestive and respiratory system continued to degrade. By May 4, he was unable to stand. Infection brought on by damage to his immune system eventually led to organ failure. Vasily Ignatenko died at 11:20 in the morning on 13 May 1986.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Ignatenko's funeral was held two days later on 15 May, attended by his family and the families of other injured and deceased firefighters. Ignatenko was interred in two coffins, an inner one made of zinc, and an outer of wood. He was buried with full military honours alongside other Chernobyl victims in Mitinskoe Cemetery, Moscow.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Vasily Ignatenko remained very close to his family throughout his life, regularly taking the train from Pripyat to visit them on weekends. He helped around the house and with garden chores during these visits, even making furniture. After the accident, his family's village was contaminated, forcing them to resettle elsewhere. Their house, which the family had built in 1981, burned down soon after its abandonment.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: From 1983, Ignatenko was married to Lyudmilla Ignatenko (born 1963; not to be confused with Ignatenko's sister of the same name). She was from central Ukraine, and worked at the confectionery shop of a factory-kitchen enterprise in Pripyat. Meeting through mutual friends at an apartment party in Pripyat, they courted and were legally married on 24 September 1983. Two separate celebrations were held for the families of both the bride and groom in their respective hometowns following a civil ceremony.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: After the disaster, Lyudmilla traveled to Moscow with Ignatenko's father. There, she remained at the hospital through her husband's illness, helping to care for him through his decline in health up until his death. It was she who summoned the family to Moscow by telephone as Ignatenko entered terminal decline.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Vasily and Lyudmilla Ignatenko had one child following a previous unsuccessful pregnancy: Natasha Ignatenko. Reportedly born with congenital heart defects and cirrhosis of the liver, she died shortly after she was born and was buried with her father in Mitinskoe Cemetery, Moscow.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: As Lyudmilla was pregnant with her daughter at the time of the accident and during her husband's hospitalization, it has been speculated that her daughter's death was the result of radiation exposure from her husband. In a 1996 interview, Lyudmilla said that her baby "took the whole radioactive shock [...] She was like a lightning rod for it". However Ukrainian medical responder Alla Shapiro, in a 2019 interview with "Vanity Fair", said such beliefs were false, and that once Ignatenko was showered and out of his contaminated clothing, he would not have been dangerous to others, precluding this possibility. Robert Peter Gale, an American hematologist who was directly involved in the treatment of Chernobyl radiation patients, also writes that victims were not radioactive themselves and therefore did not pose a danger of radiation exposure to others, although this was unknown at the time of the disaster.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Vasily Ignatenko was awarded the Soviet Order of the Red Banner posthumously in 1986. In 2006, he was posthumously awarded the title of the Hero of Ukraine, the highest national award in the country, along with the Ukrainian Order for Courage. Several monuments have been erected in his honor, including in Berezino and his home district of Brahin, where a museum exhibit has also been dedicated to him. There are streets named in his honor in Minsk and Berezino.


title: Vasily Ignatenko

text: Ignatenko's wife, Lyudmilla Ignatenko, provided an account reflecting on her husband's death to Belorussian author Svetlana Alexievich for her 1997 book "Voices From Chernobyl". This story was adapted for use in streaming service HBO's 2019 miniseries "Chernobyl" (where Ignatenko and his wife were portrayed by Adam Nagaitis and Jessie Buckley respectively) and the subject of "Ljudmilas Röst", a 2001 documentary film by Gunnar Bergdahl.


title: Holly Flax

text: Hollis Partridge "Holly" Scott ("née" Flax) is a fictional character from the US television series "The Office", played by Amy Ryan. She is an original character, and not based on any character from the British version of the show.


title: Holly Flax

text: Initially introduced in season 4, Holly served as a replacement HR Representative for the Scranton branch of Dunder Mifflin, and quickly developed a romantic relationship with Michael Scott, the regional manager. After facing numerous challenges in their relationship, Holly and Michael ultimately get engaged and move to Colorado towards the end of season 7.


title: Holly Flax

text: Holly arrives at Dunder Mifflin to serve as the replacement for Toby Flenderson, the previous HR Representative for the Scranton branch. Michael initially dislikes Holly because she is part of Human Resources, but quickly falls in love with her after she playfully makes a joke about Toby's dullness. Holly is subjected to hazing by co-worker Dwight Schrute, who convinces her that Kevin Malone is mentally challenged, a belief she continues to harbor until season 5. When Dwight attempts to put a raccoon in Holly's convertible, Michael berates Dwight and loudly proclaims that Holly is the "best thing that has happened to this company since World War II." Holly invites Michael to go out for dessert following Toby's going away party, but Michael turns down her offer to go with his ex-girlfriend Jan Levinson, who is pregnant and had asked Michael to be there as if he were the child's father.


title: Holly Flax

text: Holly and Michael's relationship continues to grow throughout the first half of the season. After attending a new yoga class, Holly agrees to go on a date with the attractive yoga instructor, much to Michael's dismay. Holly buys tickets for Counting Crows, but the yoga instructor doesn't call her. Michael, who does not pick up on several hints that Holly has given him about attending the concert with her, purchases the tickets from her and rips them to pieces. She ultimately considers him to be her best friend in the office. It is also revealed that she was picked on as a child just like Michael.


title: Holly Flax

text: In "Baby Shower", Michael and the staff attend Jan's baby shower; Michael tries to pacify Jan by purposely being cold towards Holly, which makes her uncomfortable. However, despite witnessing Michael's treatment of Holly throughout the day, Jan notices the two of them have a lot in common, and orders Michael not to date Holly. This, in addition to feeling no connection with Jan's baby, prompts Michael to apologetically hug Holly and ask her out on a date, which she accepts, visibly moved.


title: Holly Flax

text: Holly and Michael begin a romantic relationship, eventually having sex in the office on their third date. While organizing a fundraiser, CFO David Wallace notices Michael and Holly kissing, and realizes they are in a relationship. In response, Holly is transferred back to Nashua. She and Michael plan to continue dating, but ultimately decide to break up, realizing on the trip that the distance is insurmountable. Later, Michael calls David and scolds him for transferring Holly from the Scranton branch.


title: Holly Flax

text: In "Lecture Circuit", Michael goes to Nashua with Pam Beesly to give a lecture about the Scranton branch; he plans to find closure with Holly, but she is away on an HR retreat. It is also revealed that she is dating A.J., one of her co-workers. This deeply upsets Michael and makes him unable to do his presentation. Sneaking into Holly's office, Michael discovers a file on her computer titled "Dear Michael" and copies it to his flash drive. Pam volunteers to read the document herself and deletes it afterward, telling Michael it said she still has feelings for him.


title: Holly Flax

text: In "Company Picnic", Holly and Michael reunite at the company picnic for the first time since she was transferred. She is still seeing A.J., who arrives with her. David Wallace lets Holly and Michael do a skit about the history of Dunder Mifflin; the two decide to do a skit that spoofs "Slumdog Millionaire". Michael and Holly reminisce about the presentation and talk about one in the future. Holly leaves with A.J., with Michael noting that it wasn't the right time to talk to her, but that they will eventually find each other.


title: Holly Flax

text: In "Classy Christmas", Holly returns to Scranton to fill in while Toby is away at jury duty. The initial excitement about seeing her old friend again turns to anger, when Michael, jealous that she is still with A.J., vandalizes A.J.'s gift to her - a Woody doll. Holly divulges to the women of the office that A.J. won't commit, and reveals she's giving him an ultimatum to propose to her by New Year's. Michael is cheered up by the news, as well as Holly lying to A.J. about how the Woody doll got damaged. Following the holiday break, Holly and A.J. break up, and her and Michael's friendship starts to rebuild itself. Holly initially rejects Michael's advances, stating she doesn't want to be involved with a co-worker again. However, they eventually admit that they miss each other and share a kiss. Michael and Holly start dating, and in the episode "PDA", they decide to move in together.


title: Holly Flax

text: As the season progresses, Holly's presence leads Michael to become a more mature adult. When Todd Packer returns to the sales bullpen, Holly initially trusts Michael's assessment of Packer, but confronts Michael after Packer shows his true colors. When Michael tries to smooth things over, Packer speaks disrespectfully about Holly; Michael decides not to disclose that Packer's "promotion" in Florida is a prank by Jim and Dwight, and as Michael and Holly watch him drive away, Michael admits that Packer is "an ass."


title: Holly Flax

text: In "Garage Sale", she discovers that her aging parents need assistance and decides to move home to Colorado. She briefly changes her mind when Michael seems reluctant, stating that he is her life now. At the end of the episode, Michael leads her through various spots in the building that are meaningful to them. Finally leading her to the annex, Michael mentions that it was where he first fell in love with her, and proposes to her in front of the staff. She accepts the proposal, and afterwards, Michael announces to the office that he's quitting his job to move to Colorado with Holly.


title: Holly Flax

text: Though Holly does not make an appearance in the final season, Pam reveals that Michael and Holly are living very happily together with their children.


title: Holly Flax

text: In a 2021 interview on the Office Ladies podcast, Ryan revealed that she was a fan of the show, and expressed interest to her agent about playing a role. Writer Paul Lieberstein, who had worked with Ryan before on The Naked Truth, approached Ryan about appearing on the show as Holly, a role which was initially one episode only. During the filming of "Goodbye, Toby", Lieberstein commented that “we started to see this really silly side that Amy brought to the character, and [we] found almost like a junior Michael in her. And we all saw it and knew what we had.” Impressed by Ryan’s performance, the writers hoped that Ryan would return for the fifth season, as the crew had not made a deal with her to film more episodes.


title: Holly Flax

text: Ryan's portrayal of Holly has received positive reviews from critics. In an Entertainment Weekly article about Holly's character, writer Darren Franich praised the addition of Holly in season 5, writing, "Amy Ryan managed to achieve the impossible: She made Holly seem like someone who could believably fall in love with Michael Scott." In a review of "Classy Christmas" by The A.V. Club, critic Myles McNutt wrote, "Holly is legitimately perfect for Michael. She's just crazy enough to play along with Michael's antics and just sane enough to know when he's crossed a line". Alan Sepinwall of Uproxx applauded Holly's return in season 7, calling her a "welcome return."


title: Ranunculus

text: Ranunculus is a large genus of about almost 1700 to more than 1800 species of flowering plants in the family Ranunculaceae. Members of the genus are known as buttercups, spearworts and water crowfoots.


title: Ranunculus

text: The genus is distributed in Europe, North America and South America. The familiar and widespread buttercup of gardens throughout Northern Europe (and introduced elsewhere) is the creeping buttercup "Ranunculus repens", which has extremely tough and tenacious roots. Two other species are also widespread, the bulbous buttercup "Ranunculus bulbosus" and the much taller meadow buttercup "Ranunculus acris". In ornamental gardens, all three are often regarded as weeds.


title: Ranunculus

text: Buttercups usually flower in the spring, but flowers may be found throughout the summer, especially where the plants are growing as opportunistic colonizers, as in the case of garden weeds.


title: Ranunculus

text: The water crowfoots ("Ranunculus" subgenus "Batrachium"), which grow in still or running water, are sometimes treated in a separate genus "Batrachium" (from Greek , "frog"). They have two different leaf types, thread-like leaves underwater and broader floating leaves. In some species, such as "R. aquatilis", a third, intermediate leaf type occurs.


title: Ranunculus

text: "Ranunculus" species are used as food by the larvae of some Lepidoptera species including the Hebrew character and small angle shades. Some species are popular ornamental flowers in horticulture, with many cultivars selected for large and brightly coloured flowers.


title: Ranunculus

text: Buttercups are mostly perennial, but occasionally annual or biennial, herbaceous, aquatic or terrestrial plants, often with leaves in a rosette at the base of the stem. In many perennial species runners are sent out that will develop new plants with roots and rosettes at the distanced nodes.


title: Ranunculus

text: The leaves lack stipules, have petioles, are palmately veined, entire, more or less deeply incised, or compound, and leaflets or leaf segments may be very fine and linear in aquatic species.