title: American badger

text: American badgers require cover for sleep, concealment, protection from weather, and natal denning. They typically enlarge foraged out gopher or other prey holes, or other animal burrows. Their dens range from about 4 feet to 10 feet in depth and 4 feet to 6 feet in width. A female American Badger may create 2 to 4 burrows in proximity with a connecting tunnel for concealment and safety for her young. Displaced soil from digging out the burrow characteristically appears in front of the burrow entrance, and a view from a distance reveals a mound-like roof of the burrow, with the living and concealment space created underneath the raised-roof appearing mound.


title: American badger

text: During summer and autumn, badgers range more frequently, with mating season generally in November, and burrowing patterns reflect 1 to 3 burrows may be dug from foraged out prey holes in a day, used for a day to a week, and then abandoned, with possible returns later, and other small wildlife utilizing abandoned burrows in the interim. Where prey is particularly plentiful, they will reuse dens, especially in the fall, sometimes for a few days at a time. In winter, a single den may be used for most of the season. Natal dens are dug by the female and are used for extended periods, but litters may be moved, probably to allow the mother to forage in new areas close to the nursery. Natal dens are usually larger and more complex than diurnal dens.


title: American badger

text: While the American badger is an aggressive animal with few natural enemies, it is still vulnerable to other species in its habitat. Predation on American badger by golden eagles ("Aquila chrysaetos"), coyotes ("Canis latrans") and bobcats ("Lynx rufus") have been reported. Bears ("Ursus" spp.) and gray wolves ("Canis lupus") occasionally kill American badgers, while cougars ("Puma concolor"), according to a 2019 study, apparently are the main predators of adults, hunting them much more frequently than the other carnivorans, with a documented case where the badger is one of the main prey of a collared cat.


title: American badger

text: American badgers are trapped by humans for their pelts. Their fur is used for shaving and painting brushes.


title: American badger

text: In May 2000, the Canadian Species at Risk Act listed both of the subspecies "Taxidea taxus jacksoni" and "T. t. jeffersonii" as an endangered species in Canada. The California Department of Fish and Game designated the American badger as a California species of special concern.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Race to Witch Mountain is a 2009 American science fiction adventure thriller film directed by Andy Fickman and starring Dwayne Johnson in the lead role, AnnaSophia Robb, Alexander Ludwig, Ciarán Hinds and Carla Gugino. The film is a remake of the 1975 Disney live-action film "Escape to Witch Mountain", which is based on the 1968 novel of the same name by Alexander Key. It was Disney's third film adaptation of the novel; the second was "Escape to Witch Mountain" (1995). Filming began in Los Angeles in March 2008. It was released on March 13, 2009 to mixed reviews but was a box office success.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: It is Johnson's second collaboration with Fickman, following "The Game Plan", which was also a live-action movie released by Disney.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: An alien spacecraft crashes near Searchlight, Nevada, 45 miles outside of Las Vegas. Project Moon Dust, a secret Defense Department unit led by Henry Burke, arrive at the scene of the crash in black helicopters. Men in black seize the spaceship and search for its passengers with the intention of harnessing their DNA and powers.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Back in Vegas, former mob getaway driver Jack Bruno works as a taxi cab driver to avoid returning to jail. One of his passengers is Dr. Alex Friedman, a failed astrophysicist who has come to Vegas to speak at a UFO convention at the Planet Hollywood hotel.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: After fending off two thugs who seek his services for a mob boss named Andrew Wolfe, Bruno finds two teenagers, Sara and Seth, in his cab. They offer $15,000 to drive them to an unknown destination. Burke's men track down the teenagers (who turn out to be the spaceship's passengers) through various discoveries such as stolen clothes, a car being burglarized, a bus leading to Las Vegas, and an ATM being deprived of all of its contents, which eventually pinpoints their location in Bruno's taxi. They engage Bruno in a high-speed chase. Mistaking the government agents for more mob thugs, he tries to evade them with his driving skills. Seth's ability to vary his molecular density, as well as Sara's telepathy and telekinesis, helps the group to escape.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: When they arrive at an abandoned house, Bruno follows them out of concern and curiosity. The teenagers retrieve the device they were looking for within a hidden underground laboratory, but the three are attacked by the "Siphon", a powerful armored alien assassin. The Siphon pursues the group until its spaceship crashes into a train and the creature is wounded. After Seth and Sara prove their otherworldly biology to Bruno, the three settle at a diner to calm their nerves, only to be tracked by and escape from Burke's agents again.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Bruno brings Seth and Sara to Dr. Friedman at the UFO convention. Despite initially dismissing Bruno's story, she believes him after Seth and Sara show off their powers and narrate their current situation: they are aliens from a dying planet located 3,000 light years from Earth and are able to travel by using wormholes on their spaceships. Its government intends to invade Earth, despite the majority of their race being fully opposed to the plan, so that their kind may survive. Seth and Sara's parents are scientists who sought a way to save their planet without invasion, but were arrested before completing their experiment. The teenagers came to retrieve the successful results, but the alien government (who still have their sights on invading Earth rather than trying to save their home planet) sent the Siphon to stop them. To save both worlds, they must retrieve their spaceship and return home with the results in order to prevent the invasion from happening.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Friedman then realizes that the teenagers are what she has been searching for and joins the group. They meet fellow UFOlogist and conspiracy theorist Dr. Donald Harlan, who tells them that the spaceship was taken to the secret US government base named Witch Mountain. Harlan and his men distract the soldiers with Bruno's taxi while the others escape to Witch Mountain in Harlan's RV after evading the Siphon. The group arrives at the base, but are captured by Burke. He orders that the teenagers be prepared for vivisection, but Burke frees the adults, confident that nobody will believe them.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The Siphon attacks Witch Mountain and engages the soldiers, allowing Bruno and Friedman to infiltrate the base and free Seth and Sara. They launch the ship, escape through the mountain's tunnels, and finally kill The Siphon, who has stowed away on the spaceship. The teenagers give Bruno and Friedman a tracking device that will allow the aliens to always find them. They tearfully wish them farewell, but not before Sara gives her telepathic powers to Bruno.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Some weeks later, Bruno and Friedman become successful authors of a book named "Race to Witch Mountain: A True Story". They promote their book and knowledge on the UFO convention circuit, explaining that the publicity protects them from government reprisal. As they leave the convention, the alien device activates, implying that the alien teenagers may be returning to Earth.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Kim Richards and Ike Eisenmann, who portrayed Tia and Tony in the original "Witch Mountain" films of the 1970s, made cameo appearances in "Race to Witch Mountain". Richards appears as a roadhouse waitress (named "Tina," a minor change from the character [Tia] she played in the 1975 and 1978 films) and Eisenmann appears as Sheriff Anthony (a reference to his character [Tony] from the previous films). Meredith Salenger, the star of Disney's 1985 adventure "The Journey of Natty Gann" has a cameo as a TV reporter named "Natalie Gann."


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: In April 2001, it was announced development had begun on a remake of "Escape to Witch Mountain" with writing duties handed to Adam Kulakow. In July 2007, Walt Disney Pictures hired Andy Fickman to direct "Witch Mountain", a "modern re-imagining" of "Escape to Witch Mountain", using a script by Matt Lopez.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The following August, Dwayne Johnson (most notably famous for portraying The Rock in the WWE) was cast into a lead role, with filming scheduled to begin in March 2008.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Fickman did not describe the film as a remake, defining his production as "a new chapter within the world of Witch Mountain". The director also described the book, in which the films are based as "a very cool dark thriller" and anticipated drawing elements from it that did not exist in the 1975 film.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The film was re-titled "Race to Witch Mountain", and it began filming in Los Angeles in the same month.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The convention center in Pomona, California was converted into the film's UFO Expo 9, and the interior of Witch Mountain was designed using photographs from a tour of NORAD's Cheyenne Mountain Complex.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The director sought assistance from UFO experts, the military, and CIA advisers to shape the elements of the film.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: He also introduced a new element in the remake, an extraterrestrial creature called Siphon. The creature was conceived by the design team who created the looks for Alien and Predator in the film "Alien vs. Predator".


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The Offspring song "Stuff is Messed Up" and Future World Music song "Heart Of Fury" were used in promos for the movie. The score to "Race to Witch Mountain" was composed by Trevor Rabin, who recorded his score with a 78-piece ensemble of the Hollywood Studio Symphony and a 24-person choir at the Sony Scoring Stage. Two of the songs in the film were written and performed by country and western band Brokedown Cadillac, which appears briefly in an opening scene.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The film also features the hit single "Fly on the Wall" by Miley Cyrus and "Emergency" by Hollywood Records artist Steve Rushton, on the soundtrack.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: "Race to Witch Mountain" was released on DVD and Blu-ray August 4, 2009 in three different sets; first, a single disc containing a wide-screen version of the film with no bonus features; second, a Deluxe-Edition that contains deleted scenes as well as other bonus features and a Digital Copy; third, a Blu-ray release with the same extras as the Deluxe Edition, along with a DVD copy of the film and a Digital Copy in the Blu-ray format.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes reports a 42% rating based on 153 reviews, and an average rating of 5.12/10. The website's critical consensus reads, "Despite the best efforts of a talented cast, "Race to Witch Mountain" is a tepid reboot that lacks the magic of the original." On Metacritic, the film has a score of 52 out of 100, based on 28 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale.


title: Race to Witch Mountain

text: The film was a box office hit. It became the first Disney film in 2009 to open at #1, grossing $24.4 million. The film went on to gross over $67 million at the North American domestic box office, and over $39 million internationally, for a worldwide total of $106 million.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: We Are Not Your Kind is the sixth studio album by American heavy metal band Slipknot. Recorded at EastWest Studios in Hollywood, California with co-producer Greg Fidelman (who previously produced the band's 2014 album ""), it was released on August 9, 2019 by Roadrunner Records. The title is taken from a lyric in the song "All Out Life", which was released as a standalone single in 2018 and features as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of the album. "We Are Not Your Kind" is the only Slipknot album to be recorded as an eight-member band, as their former percussionist Chris Fehn was fired from the band in March 2019 after suing the group for alleged unpaid royalties.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: After the conclusion of the touring cycle for ".5: The Gray Chapter", Slipknot guitarist Jim Root and percussionist Shawn "Clown" Crahan began writing and demoing material for the band's follow-up album in early 2017. According to Crahan, the group wrote and recorded a total of 22 songs and 26 interludes, with the plan initially being to produce the band's first double album. Recording began in November 2018, shortly after the release of the standalone single "All Out Life". The album was completed by April 2019 and "Unsainted" was released as the lead single the next month. This was followed by "Solway Firth" in July, "Birth of the Cruel" in August and "Nero Forte" in December.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: "We Are Not Your Kind" received critical acclaim; numerous commentators hailed the album as one of the best releases of Slipknot's career, praising the level of experimentation displayed on several key songs. Others highlighted it as a modern landmark release in the heavy metal genre. "Unsainted" reached number 10 on the US "Billboard" Mainstream Rock chart, while "Solway Firth" also reached the UK Rock & Metal Singles Chart top ten. "We Are Not Your Kind" debuted at number 1 on the US "Billboard" 200, becoming the band's third consecutive album to do so on both charts, as well as several other charts around the world.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Work on Slipknot's sixth studio album began in February 2017, when the band's guitarist Jim Root and percussionist Shawn "Clown" Crahan started writing new material together. Speaking to "Rolling Stone" in November 2016, Crahan simply stated that "we want to write", but that a recording timeline would remain unconfirmed for the time being. He later elaborated on this plan by claiming that the group's members wanted to take their time working on new songs, rather than producing it within a set timeframe as they had done before. Plans for the direction of the album had been touted by the percussionist as early as the summer of 2015, when he claimed that he wanted to write an "art record" in the vein of "The Wall" by Pink Floyd or "Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band" by the Beatles, likely in the form of a double album with an overall concept and numerous interludes. Several song ideas also came from rough demos tracked during the previous tour, with Crahan estimating that the band had "hundreds of ideas".


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: By August 2017, Crahan estimated that the writing process had spawned "about 27 pieces of work" so far. In an interview with the "NME", he added that "A lot of us are meeting up in September to start working on those 27 pieces of music and we're going to add to that," reasserting his desire to make a double album. Following up with "Metal Hammer" in October, Crahan revealed that he had been working with Root and drummer Jay Weinberg on organizing the material written during the previous touring cycle, which combined with new material resulted in "seven or eight" full song ideas. Much of the initial writing process took place without the band's frontman Corey Taylor, who spent 2017 recording and touring in promotion of "Hydrograd", the sixth album by his other band Stone Sour. The vocalist began writing lyrics for three new songs in early 2018, which he claimed would be based on events in his life over the last few years. By April, Taylor claimed that he had completed lyrics for "almost all" of the band's new music.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: After almost two years of writing, Shawn Crahan revealed that recording for Slipknot's sixth album would begin in November 2018. The full band later joined the percussionist in January 2019. Production was handled again by Greg Fidelman, who engineered and mixed 2004's "", and produced 2014's "" and the 2018 single "All Out Life". Speaking about working with the producer, vocalist Corey Taylor credited Fidelman with his contributions to their previous releases and noted that "He gets us, he challenges us ... we have a great relationship with him". It was initially suggested in the media that Ross Robinson, who worked with the band on 1999's "Slipknot" and 2001's "Iowa", would be producing the album, however this rumor was quickly dismissed by guitarist Jim Root. The recording of "We Are Not Your Kind" was completed by April 2019, when turntablist Sid Wilson revealed that he was "laying the last" of his parts on the album.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Speaking to British retailer HMV about the album's recording process, Root recalled that the band spent a lot of time working on initial arrangements for the new material, explaining that "We spent all the time on the demos. We built them and let them evolve." This allowed the band to "step back" from recordings and revisit them later, leading to what the guitarist described as an "organic" outcome. However, he added that the final tracking process was "a big challenge", lamenting that "I wish we'd had that time to actually record the album." Root also distinguished the approach on "We Are Not Your Kind" from its predecessor ".5: The Gray Chapter"; he recalled that for the 2014 release "[The] songs came straight from my garage and they don't have the push and pull of a live band," contrasting the recording of its follow-up by explaining that "we were playing the songs as a band and tracked them with and without a click track. The ones without click are the ones that we used on the record."


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Due to the amount of time spent writing and recording demos for the album, there are many tracks from the "We Are Not Your Kind" sessions which remain unreleased. According to Crahan, the band recorded a total of 22 songs and 26 interludes for the album, with many shelved in favor of stronger tracks. Before the album's release, the percussionist revealed to "Kerrang!" magazine that "There's another 15 songs that didn't make the cut", estimating that "there's at least seven or eight songs that are recorded, with vocals, that did not make this album." Speaking on music streaming service Spotify's "Metal Talks" podcast, Crahan explained that when choosing what songs to include on an album, he tries to "picture [himself] as a fan in the world that we live in today". He went on to say that this line of thinking is what ultimately led to the exclusion of "All Out Life" from the album, claiming that he believed fans would prefer to hear a new song in place of one that was already available to stream.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Musically, "We Are Not Your Kind" has been described as nu metal, heavy metal, groove metal, extreme metal and hard rock. "We Are Not Your Kind" has been recognized by commentators and band members as one of the most experimental albums of Slipknot's career. The album features moody instrumentals and has elements of electronic, progressive rock, electronic rock, rap metal, and electro-industrial. During a pre-release interview with Daniel P. Carter on the BBC Radio 1 Rock Show, Corey Taylor claimed that "it is probably the furthest we've pushed the boundaries of creativity and experimentation," adding that "We not only went places that we've hinted at musically over the years, but never really went full-board, but we're also doing heavier things than we've ever done." Emily Carter of "Kerrang!" described it as "the 'Knot's most experimental album to date," "NME" writer Jordan Bassett called it "Slipknot at their artiest", and Roisin O'Connor of "The Independent" claimed that "The sheer ambition of "We Are Not Your Kind" is just as staggering as their seminal record "Iowa"". Several critics highlighted "Spiders" as one of the most avant-garde songs on the album, on which "creepy piano tinklings" and "scattershot drum beats" are favored over the more commonly used low-end guitar riffs.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Another quality of "We Are Not Your Kind" touted in the build-up to its release was the heaviness of the music. As early as June 2018, Taylor claimed that their sixth album would be ""Iowa" levels of heavy". He later reiterated the suggestion, claiming that the album contains one of the heaviest songs of their career. Sam Taylor of the "Financial Times" admitted that the band "weren't bluffing" when making such claims, suggesting that the album "often verges on the attritional". Similarly, "Gigwise" writer Anna Smith suggested that "We Are Not Your Kind" featured "some of the heaviest material since [the band's] eponymous debut". Reviewing the album for the website Blabbermouth.net, Jay H. Gorania praised the band's attempts at being heavy on "We Are Not Your Kind" – describing their first two albums, Gorania opined that "Slipknot seemed as though they were trying to be the heaviest band on the market and trying too hard," before concluding that "When they are in overdrive nowadays, however, it feels more authentic and expressive."


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: According to Taylor, "We Are Not Your Kind" features some of his most personal lyrics to date. During the writing process, the band's frontman explained that "It's been a heavy couple of years for me personally. [...] I've been able to kind of grab hold of some of the depression that I've been fighting and kind of formulate the way that I want to describe it." Early on in the process, he claimed that "It's probably the most autobiographical I've been in years", describing the lyrical content as "dark ... really dark". One of the main influences on Taylor's lyrics was his separation from then-wife Stephanie Luby in 2016; in an interview with "Loudwire", he explained that "The narrative [of the album] really came from me working my way through the repercussions of a really toxic relationship. And the fallout that came with finally extricating myself from that relationship." Another major influence on the album's lyrical content is that of global "divisiveness", which Taylor claims is fueled by US President Donald Trump through "bigotry" and "racism".


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: The first new song released during the recording process for "We Are Not Your Kind" was the single "All Out Life" on October 31, 2018. It was produced by Greg Fidelman, who later also worked on the album. The song's music video, directed by Shawn "Clown" Crahan, broke the band's record for most views in a single day on YouTube, with more than 3.4 million. The track was initially slated to appear on "We Are Not Your Kind" (the title of which is lifted from one of the song's main lyrics), however when the track listing was revealed it was not included; vocalist Corey Taylor later explained that "it was kind of its own thing that really just let people know that we weren't gone". In February 2019, the band launched a teaser website at the URL wearenotyourkind.com, with the album's release date confirmed a few days later. Two months later, the band revealed the track listing for the album and officially confirmed that it would be called "We Are Not Your Kind".


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Less than two weeks after the announcement of the album's release date, it was revealed that percussionist Chris Fehn was suing the rest of the band (with Taylor and Crahan named as separate defendants), claiming that royalties from merchandising and touring had been withheld from him. A few days later he was dismissed from the band, with the official news release stating that "Chris knows why he is no longer a part of Slipknot. We are disappointed that he chose to point fingers and manufacture claims, rather than doing what was necessary to continue to be a part of Slipknot." Fehn's position was taken by an as-yet unknown replacement, dubbed by fans as "Tortilla Man" due to the design of his mask. Jim Root later claimed that Fehn's departure had little impact on the production of the album.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: On May 16, 2019, the day of the album's official announcement, Slipknot released "Unsainted" as the first single from "We Are Not Your Kind", alongside a music video which revealed each member's new mask. The video broke the record set by "All Out Life" as the band's most popular in its first 24 hours on YouTube, receiving over 4.7 million views. The single peaked at number 10 on the US "Billboard" Mainstream Rock chart, the band's highest position since "The Devil in I" in 2014, and at number 68 on the UK Singles Chart, the band's highest position since "Psychosocial" in 2008. Both "Unsainted" and "All Out Life" received their live premieres the following day, when the band performed on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!" in their first live appearance since November 2016. "Solway Firth" was released as the album's second single on July 22, reaching number 14 on the "Billboard" Hot Rock Songs chart. On August 5, "Birth of the Cruel", was released as the third single and "Nero Forte" was the fourth single, released on December 16.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Following their brief performance on "Jimmy Kimmel Live!", Slipknot performed at a number of European festivals during the summer of 2019. The run included the band's fourth headline slot at the UK's Download Festival in June, footage from which was later included in the "Solway Firth" music video. This was followed by the first Knotfest Roadshow tour in North America from July to September. Slipknot was due to open for Metallica later in the year for a run of shows in Australia and New Zealand on its WorldWired Tour, however the shows were later cancelled due to Metallica frontman James Hetfield entering rehab. A tour of the UK and Europe will follow in 2020. "We Are Not Your Kind" was released worldwide on August 9, 2019 by Roadrunner Records. "All Out Life" was featured as a bonus track on the Japanese edition of the release.


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: "We Are Not Your Kind" was met with critical acclaim. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalized rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream publications, the album received an average score of 89, based on 14 reviews. "Forbes" writer Quentin Singer claimed that the album was "a metal magnum opus".


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: In a five-star review for the "NME", Jordan Bassett described "We Are Not Your Kind" as "an astonishing record: a roaring, horrifying delve into the guts of the band's revulsion, a primal scream of endlessly inventive extreme metal and searing misanthropy". "Kerrang!" writer Emily Carter also gave the album a perfect rating, writing that "20 years since their debut, Slipknot are as bold, fearless and exhilarating as ever." Roisin O'Connor of "The Independent" gushed that "The sheer ambition of "We Are Not Your Kind" is just as staggering as their seminal record "Iowa" [and] the dynamic might be even better". Similarly, "Consequence of Sound" writer Michael Pementel hailed the album as a strong evolution of the band's style, dubbing it "one of the strongest albums in their career". Joe Smith-Engelhardt of "Exclaim!" described it as "a return to form" following their last two albums, which he called "a tad formulaic". Blabbermouth.net's Jay H. Gorania called it "a shining gem in Slipknot's crown".


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Multiple critics hailed lead single "Unsainted" as one of the album's highlights. Bassett called the song "one of the greatest things Slipknot have ever done", while Kory Grow of "Rolling Stone" described it as "one of the catchiest – and grittiest – songs of the band's career". Anna Smith of "Gigwise" called the song "a welcome amalgamation of old and new". Other commentators focused on the level of experimentation present on the album. Adam Rees of "Metal Hammer" highlighted "A Liar's Funeral" and "Not Long for This World" as having "the biggest impact" on the album, while "Loudwire" contributor Jon Wiederhorn wrote that "With "We Are Not Your Kind" ... Slipknot have done more than play to their strengths, they've broadly expanded their parameters, taking the band in musical directions that they've previously only hinted at." The band's frontman Corey Taylor also received widespread praise for his lyrics and vocals, described by Carter as "outstanding" and by Pementel as "remarkable".


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: Very few reviews of "We Are Not Your Kind" featured major criticisms for the album. Pementel admitted that "To be frank, given all the stylization, the production, and creativity taking place, it's tough to find something wrong with the album," claiming that "fans who pine for the band's early sound may not latch onto "We Are Not Your Kind" immediately – but even those listeners will likely come around to this exceptional LP." "Pitchfork" contributor Andy O'Connor admitted that while the album "has more to offer than expected", it is "still sometimes frustratingly short-sighted", claiming that "Slipknot know what works for them and they exploit it to a fault". While hailing the release as "easily the best album Slipknot has produced in 15 years", Sputnikmusic complained of the album's length and its "homogenised stomping rhythm".


title: We Are Not Your Kind

text: "We Are Not Your Kind" opened at the top ten on more than 20 album charts, debuting atop about 10 (including Australian, Belgian, Canadian, Finnish, Irish, Portuguese, Spanish, British and American charts). The album debuted atop the US "Billboard" 200 with 118,000 album-equivalent units including 102,000 pure album sales, becoming Slipknot's third consecutive album to reach the country's summit after "All Hope Is Gone" and "". Ten previously uncharted album tracks also registered on the "Billboard" Hot Rock Songs chart – "Nero Forte" at number 11, "Birth of the Cruel" at number 14, "Critical Darling" at number 19, "Orphan" at number 28, "Red Flag" at number 30, "Spiders" at number 34, "A Liar's Funeral" at number 38, "Insert Coin" at number 39, "Death Because of Death" at number 40 and "Not Long for This World" at number 43. The album debuted at number one on the UK Albums Chart, preventing Ed Sheeran's "No.6 Collaborations Project" from getting a fifth consecutive week at the top spot by selling 31,800 units in its first week, including 25,500 physical copies. This would give the band its first UK number one since 2001's "Iowa".


title: Alastair Duncan (actor, born 1958)

text: Alastair Duncan is a Scottish actor and real estate broker. He is known for his voice-work in animation, films and video games.


title: Alastair Duncan (actor, born 1958)

text: Duncan's breakout role was as side-kick DS Peter Livingstone to Mark McManus's "Taggart" in Scottish television's eponymous detective series.


title: Alastair Duncan (actor, born 1958)

text: Leaving the show after the first two series, Duncan then appeared in the 1988 television adaptation of "The Hound of the Baskervilles", starring Jeremy Brett as Sherlock Holmes.


title: Alastair Duncan (actor, born 1958)

text: Duncan's next key role was in the 1992 science fiction film "Split Second", with Rutger Hauer. He continued with guest roles on television series and he appeared in other films such as "War Dogs", "Trick of the Eye", "Dazzle" (1995) and "Tower of Terror".


title: Alastair Duncan (actor, born 1958)

text: Since the early 2000s, he has been doing voiceover work, including films like "" and video games like "Warlords Battlecry", "", "", "", "", "Final Fantasy XIV", "Mass Effect", "Infinity Blade II", "Infinity Blade III", "" and "", as well as animated television series: Alfred Pennyworth in "The Batman" and Adrian Toomes in "Marvel's Spider-Man".


title: Alastair Duncan (actor, born 1958)

text: His most notable television guest appearances include episodes of "Tracey Takes On...", "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", "Charmed", "Angel" and "Leverage".


title: Alastair Duncan (actor, born 1958)

text: Duncan was one of 400 actors considered for the lead role in the international hit series "" but lost out to Adrian Paul yet he later guest-starred in the fifth season's episode "Dramatic License" as immortal Terence Coventry.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: Jenna Noelle Ushkowitz (; born April 28, 1986) (born Min Ji []) is a South Korean-born American actress, singer, producer and podcast host. She is known for her performances in Broadway musicals such as "The King and I" and "Waitress" and in the role of Tina Cohen-Chang on the Fox comedy-drama series "Glee". She is a two-time Tony Award winner for her work as a producer of the Broadway musical "Once on This Island" and the Broadway play "The Inheritance".


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: Born in Seoul, South Korea, Ushkowitz was adopted at the age of three months and raised in East Meadow, New York. Her mother Judi was a secretary turned housewife, and her father Brad was in transportation-industry sales. She has an older brother, Gregg. Her immediate adoptive family is Catholic, her adoptive paternal grandfather was Jewish. She attended elementary school at the Parkway School in East Meadow, followed by Holy Trinity Diocesan High School, a Catholic school in Hicksville, Long Island. As a young child, she began her career in print advertisements, beginning with an ad for Playskool's Dress Me Up Ernie doll. She next did a Toys R Us television commercial, and went on to do three Burger King and Hess toy truck commercials each, and at ages 3, 6 and 11 did three Jell-O commercials starring comedian Bill Cosby.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: During high school, Ushkowitz appeared in numerous musicals, including the first high school production of "Les Misérables". Her other roles included Penny in "Honk!", Inez in "The Baker's Wife", Little Red Riding Hood in "Into the Woods", and Romaine Patterson in "The Laramie Project". Ushkowitz graduated from high school in 2004 and moved on to attend Marymount Manhattan College, where she once again took the role of Little Red Riding Hood in "Into the Woods". She graduated from Marymount Manhattan in 2007 with a Bachelor of Arts in theatre arts, with a concentration in performance and a minor in musical theatre.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: At age 3, Ushkowitz began appearing on "Sesame Street" and other children's television shows. Her Broadway musical debut was in the 1996 revival of "The King and I". Ushkowitz sang the American National Anthem at a New York Knicks game at Madison Square Garden when she was 13. Ushkowitz understudied the roles of Ilse, Anna, Martha, and Thea in the Broadway musical "Spring Awakening" in 2008. In 2009, Ushkowitz landed the role of Tina Cohen-Chang on Fox's musical comedy-drama series "Glee". In casting "Glee", series creator Ryan Murphy sought out actors who could identify with the rush of starring in theatrical roles. Instead of using traditional network casting calls, he spent three months on Broadway, where he found Ushkowitz. She was initially given a bit of information about Tina's back story, and believed that the character's stutter was real.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: Ushkowitz's solos have included the songs "True Colors" by Cyndi Lauper, "I Follow Rivers" by Lykke Li, "Because You Loved Me" by Celine Dion, "Gangnam Style" by PSY, "I Don't Know How to Love Him" from the musical "Jesus Christ Superstar", "Hung Up" by Madonna, and "I Kissed a Girl" by Katy Perry. Raymund Flandez of "The Wall Street Journal" hailed the "True Colors" cover as showcasing Ushkowitz's "strong crystalline voice". Gerrick D. Kennedy, writing for the "Los Angeles Times", wrote that the "poignant" rendition was one of his "feel-good, tearjerker moments". The version charted at number 47 on the Australian Singles Chart, 38 on the Canadian Hot 100, 15 on the Irish Singles Chart, 35 on the UK Singles Chart, and 66 on the "Billboard" Hot 100. "Rolling Stone" journalist Erica Futterman wrote that her "Because You Loved Me" performance "removes some of the Lite FM softness embedded in the tune" and added that it was "really is great to see Tina get a song that suits her vocal abilities".


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: In both 2010 and 2011, Ushkowitz embarked on live concert tours with her "Glee" co-stars, with performances taking place in the United States, Canada, England, and Ireland. In 2011, Ushkowitz appeared briefly in Lady Gaga's music video for "Marry the Night", playing the role of Gaga's friend. Ushkowitz's autobiography, "Choosing Glee", was released on May 14, 2013. During "Glee" fifth season, Ushkowitz's character graduated and was accepted into Brown University.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: In August 2014, Ushkowitz was cast as Jeannie Ryan in the Hollywood Bowl production of "Hair". Also in 2014, Ushkowitz was approached by fellow adoptee Samantha Futerman to found Kindred: The Foundation for Adoption, created to provide international and domestic adoptees and their families (both adoptive and biological) with services such as travel, translation, and support for those who wish to reunite. With the same spirit that made her create Kindred, in 2015, Ushkowitz executive produced the documentary "Twinsters", a film showing the story that connected Samantha and Anaïs, identical twin sisters separated at birth. The film premiered at the 2015 South by Southwest. That same year, she was cast as the lead character, Julia Sullivan, in a special production of "The Wedding Singer" at the Pittsburgh Civic Light Opera. The play was initially set to last one week, but the positive response from critics and audiences extended its run.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: In December 2015, it was announced that Ushkowitz had been cast as Marie the Nurse in the film adaptation of the musical "Hello Again", alongside Nolan Gerard Funk, Audra McDonald, and Martha Plimpton. In 2016, Ushkowitz co-founded the podcast network At Will Radio with Will Malnati. The network debuted "Infinitie Positivities", a show hosted by Ushkowitz that contains discussions of topics from her book "Choosing Glee", and conversations with people who inspire her; guests include fellow actors, authors, and experts. In each episode, she talks about a new way to live life with a positive outlook.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: Ushkowitz temporarily assumed the role of Dawn Williams from Kimiko Glenn in the Broadway production of "Waitress", beginning performances July 29, 2016, and completing her run on October 19, 2016. She then appeared alongside Tracie Thoms and Rachel Dratch in Broadway's "The 24 Hour Plays", with a performance on November 14, 2016. In 2018, she won a Tony Award for her role as a producer of that year's Best Revival of a Musical, "Once on This Island". In 2020, she won a Tony Award for her role as a co-producer of that year's Best Play, "The Inheritance".


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: In 2019 Ushkowitz and former Glee co-star Kevin McHale launched the podcast "Showmance" to discuss their on-screen and offline relationship. One of the most requested discussion topics of Season 1 of the podcast was their time on Glee. In season 2 they started an in-depth recap of Glee Season 1. Each episode of season 2 features McHale and Ushkowitz re-watching episodes of Glee and sharing behind-the-scenes secrets while also sharing personal sentiments and reflections about filming. The podcast is part of the LadyGang network on PodcastOne. The podcast started an indefinite hiatus in July 2020 following the death of Naya Rivera.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: In September 2022, McHale and Ushkowitz announced their new podcast endeavor "And That's What You Really Missed" on iHeartRadio. Their rebranded and reimagined "Glee" recap podcast will start at the beginning, recapping and sharing memories from all six seasons of the show.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: Besides her work with Kindred Foundation, Ushkowitz has advocated for several causes. In 2012, she posed with "Glee" co-star Kevin McHale for the NOH8 Campaign, supporting the repeal of Proposition 8 in California, which had previously banned same-sex marriages in the state. Ushkowitz has worked with NYCLASS and Oceana. A long time supporter of ocean conservation, Ushkowitz took a trip during summer of 2015 with Oceana to the Channel Islands, in order to raise awareness on the overfishing of forage fish and its effects on their survival. That same year, she hosted the 2015 Nautica Oceana Beach House event. She has made efforts to raise awareness about the declining population of sea lions in California, also caused by the overfishing of forage fish.


title: Jenna Ushkowitz

text: In August 2020, Ushkowitz announced her engagement to David Stanley. In May 2021, Ushkowitz celebrated her bachelorette party along with friend and "Glee" co-star Kevin McHale, who served as her "man of honor" during the ceremony. She and Stanley wed on July 24, 2021. On January 26, 2022, Ushkowitz announced on Instagram that she and Stanley are expecting their first child. In June 2022, she gave birth to their daughter, Emma.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: TwoSet Violin is a musical comedy duo consisting of Australian violinists Brett Yang and Eddy Chen. The pair is best known for their musical comedy on their YouTube channel, which has reached over 3.8 million subscribers and 1.2 billion views as of July 2022.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: Brett Yang and Eddy Chen first met each other as young teens in an after-school maths group. They became acquainted as the youngest members of a youth orchestra and later as students at the Queensland Conservatorium Griffith University in Brisbane, Australia. In 2012, Yang debuted at Queensland Conservatorium performing the Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto. He later worked with various other Australian orchestras, including a performance at the 2014 G20 Brisbane summit. Chen was a finalist for the 2014 National Young Virtuoso Award in Queensland, and had played with the Queensland Symphony Orchestra and the Melbourne Symphony Orchestra.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: In 2013, the duo started posting covers of pop music played on the violin on a YouTube channel. Yang said that they had viewed violin virtuosos playing covers that had garnered millions of views on YouTube, and attempted to do the same to minimal reaction. Discovering that Taiwanese-Australian violinist Ray Chen made comedic videos, they shifted their content production in a similar direction, focusing their videos on their lives at conservatory, as classical musicians and as students, which led to a dramatic increase in viewership. At the end of 2016, Yang and Chen resigned their places in the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and the Queensland Symphony Orchestra respectively to begin performing live concerts of their own.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: The TwoSet Violin YouTube channel received a Silver Play Button in 2018 for surpassing 100 thousand subscribers, and a Gold Play Button in 2019 for surpassing 1 million subscribers. Classic FM's Kyle Macdonald listed TwoSet Violin as one of the "10 ways the 2010s changed classical music forever". In January 2020, it was announced that the duo would be attending that year's Menuhin Competition, held at Richmond, Virginia, as roving reporters; the competition was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On 8 February 2020, TwoSet Violin live-streamed a performance of the Tchaikovsky Violin Concerto to celebrate their achievement of two million subscribers. Yang played the solo part while Chen performed an original arrangement of the orchestral component for solo violin.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: In December 2020, the duo announced a temporary hiatus from YouTube while Yang addressed some health issues, and announced a slow return to making videos in January 2021. In 30 January 2021, to celebrate their achievement of 3 million YouTube subscribers, TwoSet Violin live-streamed another performance, of the Sibelius Violin Concerto, with Chen playing the solo while Yang performed an arrangement of the orchestral component for solo violin. In May 2021, they posted videos to support the Menuhin Competition. On 16 November 2022, to celebrate their upcoming 4 million subscribers achievement, TwoSet Violin live-streamed a performance of Mendelssohn's Violin Concerto in E minor, Op. 64 and Bach Concerto in D minor for Two Violins, BWV 1043 with support by the Singapore Symphony Orchestra at the Victoria Concert Hall.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: With KickStarter as their fundraising method along with street performance in Sydney, they raised enough money to go on a worldwide tour in 2017 to 11 cities in 10 countries in Asia and Europe, including Taipei, Helsinki, and Frankfurt. In 2018, they performed in several places in the United States including New York City, San Francisco, and Los Angeles.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: In October 2019, TwoSet announced another world tour where they planned to visit multiple locations in Oceania, Europe, Asia and North America. However, the tour was postponed as a result of the COVID-19 pandemic, and a virtual world tour event was held instead on 28 December 2021. On 16 November 2022, they announced an upcoming world tour for 2023–24.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: In 2017, TwoSet Violin made a comedic reference to Ling Ling, a fictional violinist who "practices 40 hours a day". In an interview with Yle Uutiset, they described Ling Ling as the final boss of a video game: the Chuck Norris of violinists. Chen said they improvised the character from their comedy sketch video concerning a teenage violin student's tiger mom comparing the student to her friend's child. In 2018, they released a series of videos called the Ling Ling Workout. In these challenges, the duo play classical pieces (or contemporary music) with handicaps such as playing at double speed, with scordatura, while dancing or hula hooping, with hand positions reversed, or while upside down. Prominent violinists such as Ray Chen, Ziyu He, and Hilary Hahn have also attempted the challenge on their channel.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: In July 2018, they released a series of videos in which they performed classical music using rubber chickens. Recurring themes include violin charades, trying out various instruments, and viola jokes.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: Another popular video series consists of reviews of film and TV show scenes that feature violin playing, in which Yang and Chen critique egregiously fake performances. On April Fools' Day 2019, they claimed they discovered a new Double Violin Concerto by J.S. Bach.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: In September 2018, TwoSet Violin uploaded a reaction video to a BBC News story titled "Fastest Violinist in the World", in which they challenged violinist Ben Lee's Guinness World Record claim of playing "Flight of the Bumblebee" for what they perceived to be significant inaccuracy. They satirically timed themselves purposefully playing random fast notes before declaring they had broken the world record.


title: TwoSet Violin

text: Twoset Violin, in addition with their usual content, has also posted music and films mainly composed by them and Jordon He. In October of 2020, they released a video titled "Prelude", a short piece played and composed by TwoSet Violin and He. In June 2022, they posted to their channel "FANTASIA", a short film written by the duo, that was composed of several pieces composed by them and He, consisting of the previously mentioned 'Prelude', 'Scherzo', 'Adagio', and 'Rhapsody'. The film also includes a guest appearance of Chloe Chua.


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: The 2016–17 NBA season was the 71st season of the National Basketball Association. The regular season began on October 25, 2016, with the 2016 NBA champion Cleveland Cavaliers hosting a game against the New York Knicks. The 2017 NBA All-Star Game was played at the Smoothie King Center in New Orleans, Louisiana, on February 19, 2017, with the West defeating the East 192–182. Anthony Davis of the New Orleans Pelicans was named the All Star Game MVP after breaking Wilt Chamberlain's record by scoring 52 points in the All Star Game. The original host of the game, Charlotte's Spectrum Center, was removed as the host on July 21, 2016, due to the league's opposition against North Carolina's Public Facilities Privacy & Security Act. The regular season ended on April 12, 2017, and the playoffs began on April 15, 2017, and ended on June 12, 2017, with the Golden State Warriors going 16–1 in the playoffs and beating the Cleveland Cavaliers in five games during their third consecutive matchup in the NBA Finals. This was the last season for the NBA to use Adidas jerseys. Starting with the 2017-18 NBA season, the jerseys were from Nike. Additionally, Kevin Durant signed with the Golden State Warriors, and Dwyane Wade with the Chicago Bulls, after playing their entire careers until then with one team (Seattle SuperSonics/Oklahoma City Thunder and Miami Heat, respectively).


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: Free agency negotiations began on July 1, 2016, at 12:01 a.m. e.t. Players were allowed to sign starting on July 6, after the July moratorium ended.


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: There were no head coaching changes during the regular season. This was the first time since the 1963–64 NBA season that there was no in-season coaching changes, the fourth time this happened in league history.


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: The regular season began on October 25, 2016. Christmas Day games were played on December 25, 2016. The regular season ended on April 12, 2017. The schedule was released at 6:00 p.m. ET on August 11, 2016.


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: The 2017 NBA Playoffs began on April 15, 2017. In May 2017, ESPN aired the Western Conference Finals and TNT aired the Eastern Conference Finals. The season ended with the 2017 NBA Finals which began on June 1, 2017, and ended on June 12, 2017, on ABC.


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: Awards were presented at the NBA Awards ceremony, which were held on June 26. Finalists for voted awards were announced during the playoffs and winners were presented at the award ceremony. The All-NBA Teams were announced in advance in order for teams to have all the necessary information to make off-season preparations.


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: This was the first season of the new nine-year U.S. television contracts with ABC, ESPN, TNT, and NBA TV.


title: 2016–17 NBA season

text: In Canada, rights were divided between the TSN and Sportsnet groups of channels and NBA TV Canada. These rights are of indefinite duration, as NBA TV Canada is owned by the Toronto Raptors' ownership group, Maple Leaf Sports & Entertainment, which in turn is controlled by the parent companies of TSN and Sportsnet (Bell Canada and Rogers Communications, respectively). TSN and Sportsnet each have rights to 41 Toronto Raptors regular season games and over 100 other regular season games, and were expected (as in 2015–16) to share coverage of NBA All-Star Weekend, and split coverage of the playoffs and the NBA Finals. NBA TV Canada carried 105 additional regular season games, plus replays of other games carried on TSN and Sportsnet.


title: Marin County, California

text: Marin County is a county located in the northwestern part of the San Francisco Bay Area of the U.S. state of California. As of the 2020 census, the population was 262,231. Its county seat and largest city is San Rafael. Marin County is across the Golden Gate Bridge from San Francisco, and is included in the San Francisco–Oakland–Berkeley, CA Metropolitan Statistical Area.


title: Marin County, California

text: Marin County's natural sites include the Muir Woods redwood forest, the Marin Headlands, Stinson Beach, the Point Reyes National Seashore, and Mount Tamalpais. As of 2019, Marin County had the sixth highest income per capita of all U.S. counties, at $141,735. The county is governed by the Marin County Board of Supervisors.


title: Marin County, California

text: The Marin County Civic Center was designed by Frank Lloyd Wright and draws thousands of visitors a year to guided tours of its arch and atrium design. In 1994, a new county jail facility was embedded into the hillside nearby.


title: Marin County, California

text: The United States' oldest cross country running event, the Dipsea Race, takes place annually in Marin County, attracting thousands of athletes. Modern Mountain biking has many early origins on the slopes of Mount Tamalpais in Marin.


title: Marin County, California

text: In 1770, Coast Miwok population ranged from 1,500 to 2,000, with about 600 village sites throughout the county.


title: Marin County, California

text: In 1967, the Marin Museum of the American Indian was established, with exhibits focusing on Coast Miwok artifacts, crafts, and artwork. As of 2021, Indigenous-led events include healing drumming, dogbane cordage demonstrations, trade feasts, and traditional dancing.


title: Marin County, California

text: During the Mexican-American war, areas of Marin County were seized by Americans as part of the invasion of California (1846-1847). Marin County is one of the original 27 counties of California, created February 18, 1850, following adoption of the California Constitution of 1849 and just months before the state was admitted to the Union.


title: Marin County, California

text: According to General Mariano Vallejo, who headed an 1850 committee to name California's counties, the county was named for "Marin," great chief of the tribe Licatiut." Marin had been named "Huicmuse" until he was baptized as "Marino" at about age 20. Marin / Marino was born into the Huimen people, a Coast Miwok tribe of Native Americans who inhabited the San Rafael area. Vallejo believed that "Chief Marin" had waged several fierce battles against the Spanish. Marino definitely did reside at Mission Dolores (in modern San Francisco) much of the time from his 1801 baptism and marriage until 1817, frequently serving as a baptism witness and godfather; he may have escaped and been recaptured at some point during that time. Starting in 1817, he served as an alcalde (in effect, an overseer) at the San Rafael Mission, where he lived from 1817 off and on until his death. In 1821, Marino served as an expedition guide for the Spanish for a couple of years before escaping and hiding out for some months in the tiny Marin Islands (also named after him); his recapture resulted in a yearlong incarceration at the Presidio before his return to the Mission San Rafael area for about 15 years until his death in 1839. In 2009, a plaque commemorating Chief Marin was placed in Mill Valley.


title: Marin County, California

text: Another version of the origin of the county name is that the bay between San Pedro Point and San Quentin Point was named "Bahía de Nuestra Señora del Rosario la Marinera" in 1775, and that Marin is simply an abbreviation of this name.


title: Marin County, California

text: Francis Drake and the crew of the "Golden Hind" was thought to have landed on the Marin coast in 1579 claiming the land as "Nova Albion". A bronze plaque inscribed with Drake's claim to the new lands, fitting the description in Drake's own account, was discovered in 1933. This so-called "Drake's Plate of Brass" was revealed as a hoax in 2003.


title: Marin County, California

text: In 1595, Sebastian Cermeno lost his ship, the "San Agustin", while exploring the Marin Coast. The Spanish explorer Vizcaíno landed about twenty years after Drake in what is now called Drakes Bay. However the first Spanish settlement in Marin was not established until 1817 when Mission San Rafael Arcángel was founded partly in response to the Russian-built Fort Ross to the north in what is now Sonoma County.


title: Marin County, California

text: Mission San Rafael Arcángel was founded in what is now downtown San Rafael as the 20th Spanish mission in the colonial Mexican province of "Alta California" by four priests, Father Narciso Duran from Mission San Jose, Father Abella from Mission San Francisco de Asís, Father Gil y Taboada and Father Mariano Payeras, the President of the Missions, on December 14, 1817, four years before Mexico gained independence from Spain.


title: Marin County, California

text: According to the U.S. Census Bureau, the county has a total area of , of which is land and (37.2%) is water. It is the fourth-smallest county in California by land area. According to the records at the County Assessor-Recorder's Office, as of June 2006, Marin had of taxable land, consisting of 79,086 parcels with a total tax basis of $39.8 billion. These parcels are divided into the following classifications:


title: Marin County, California

text: Geographically, the county forms a large, southward-facing peninsula, with the Pacific Ocean to the west, San Pablo Bay, and San Francisco Bay to the east, and – across the Golden Gate – the city of San Francisco to the south. Marin County's northern border is with Sonoma County.


title: Marin County, California

text: Most of the county's population resides on the eastern side, with a string of communities running along U.S. Route 101 and the San Francisco Bay, from Sausalito to Tiburon to Corte Madera to San Rafael and Novato. The interior contains large areas of agricultural and open space; West Marin, through which State Route 1 runs alongside the California coast, contains many small unincorporated communities whose economies depend on agriculture and tourism. West Marin has beaches which are popular destinations for surfers and tourists year-round.


title: Marin County, California

text: Notable features of the shoreline along the San Francisco Bay include the Sausalito shoreline, Richardson Bay, the Tiburon Peninsula, Ring Mountain, and Triangle Marsh at Corte Madera. Further north lies San Quentin State Prison along the San Rafael shoreline.


title: Marin County, California

text: The Marin County Department of Parks and Open Space manages numerous county parks and open spaces, including Stafford Lake County Park. The Marin Municipal Water District has of trails.


title: Marin County, California

text: Like underwater parks, these marine-protected areas help conserve ocean wildlife and marine ecosystems:


title: Marin County, California

text: Marin County is considered in the California Floristic Province, a zone of extremely high biodiversity and endemism. There are numerous ecosystems present, including Coastal Strand, oak woodland, mixed evergreen forest, and Coast Redwood Forests chaparral and riparian zones. There are also a considerable number of protected plant and animal species present: Fauna include the California red-legged frog ("Rana aurora draytonii") and California freshwater shrimp while flora include Marin Dwarf Flax, "Hesperolinon congestum"; Tiburon Jewelflower, "Streptanthus niger"; and Tiburon Indian paintbrush, "Castilleja neglecta".


title: Marin County, California

text: A number of watersheds exist in Marin County, including Walker Creek, Lagunitas Creek, Miller Creek, and Novato Creek.


title: Marin County, California

text: Notably, the Lagunitas Creek Watershed is home to the largest remaining wild run of coho salmon ("Oncorhynchus kisutch") in Central California. These coho are part of the "Central California Coast Evolutionarily Significant Unit, " or CCC ESU, and are listed as "endangered" at both the state and federal level.


title: Marin County, California

text: Significant efforts to protect and restore these fish have been underway in the Watershed since the 1980s. Fifty percent of historical salmon habitat is now behind dams. Strong efforts are also being made to protect and restore undammed, headwater reaches of this Watershed in the San Geronimo Valley, where upwards of 40% of the Lagunitas salmon spawn each year and where as much as 1/3 of the juvenile salmon (or fry) spend their entire freshwater lives. The "Salmon Protection and Watershed Network" leads winter tours for the public to learn about and view these spawning salmon, and also leads year-round opportunities for the public to get involved in stream restoration, monitoring spawning and smolt outmigration, juvenile fish rescue and relocation in the summer, and advocacy and policy development. Around 490 different species of birds have been observed in Marin County.


title: Marin County, California

text: Despite the lack of rain in the Marin County area due to historic drought levels, in 2014, an estimated 20,000 juvenile Coho salmon made the migration from their spawning grounds in the Lagunitas Creek area to the Pacific Ocean. This increase in migration was significantly up from the previous historic record for the same migration measured in 2006 at 11,000.


title: Marin County, California

text: When Richard Henry Dana, Jr. visited San Francisco Bay in 1835, he wrote about vast tule elk ("Cervus canadensis nannodes") herds near the Golden Gate on December 27: "...we came to anchor near the mouth of the bay, under a high and beautifully sloping hill, upon which herds of hundreds and hundreds of red deer [note: "red deer" is the European term for "elk"], and the stag, with his high branching antlers, were bounding about...," although it is not clear whether this was the Marin side or the San Francisco side.


title: Marin County, California

text: "Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos can be of any race."


title: Marin County, California

text: The 2010 United States Census reported that Marin County had a population of 252,409. The racial makeup of Marin County was 201,963 (80.0%) White, 6,987 (2.8%) African American, 1,523 (0.6%) Native American, 13,761 (5.5%) Asian, 509 (0.2%) Pacific Islander, 16,973 (6.7%) from other races, and 10,693 (4.2%) from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 39,069 persons (15.5%).


title: Marin County, California

text: As of the census of 2000, there were 247,289 people, 100,650 households, and 60,691 families residing in the county. The population density was . There were 104,990 housing units at an average density of 202 per square mile (78/km). The racial makeup of the county was 84.0% White, 2.9% Black or African American, 0.4% Native American, 4.5% Asian, 0.2% Pacific Islander, 4.5% from other races, and 3.5% from two or more races. 11.1% of the population were Hispanic or Latino of any race.


title: Marin County, California

text: In 2000, there were 100,650 households, out of which 27.5% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 48.4% were married couples living together, 8.5% had a female householder with no husband present, and 39.7% were non-families. 29.8% of all households were made up of individuals, and 9.6% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.34 and the average family size was 2.90.


title: Marin County, California

text: In the county, the population was spread out, with 20.3% under the age of 18, 5.5% from 18 to 24, 31.0% from 25 to 44, 29.7% from 45 to 64, and 13.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 41 years. For every 100 females there were 98.2 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 96.4 males.


title: Marin County, California

text: According to the most recent data on U.S. life expectancy, published in 2010 by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, a female in Marin County could expect to live 85.0 years, the longest for any county in the United States. The national average is 80.8 years for a female.


title: Marin County, California

text: According to the 2006–2008 American Community Survey (ACS), 81.3% of Marin County's residents were born in the United States. Approximately 80.0% of the county's residents were born in one of the fifty states or born abroad to American parents.


title: Marin County, California

text: Foreign-born individuals made up the remaining 18.7% of the population. Latin America was the most common birthplace of foreign-born residents; those born in Latin America made up the plurality (42.2%) of Marin County's foreign population. Individuals born in Europe were the second largest foreign-born group; they made up 25.3% of Marin County's foreign population. Immigrants from Asia made up 23.7% of the county's foreign population. Those born in other parts of North America and Africa made up 3.9% and 3.8% of the foreign-born populace respectively. Lastly, residents born in Oceania made up a mere 1.2% of Marin County's foreign population.


title: Marin County, California

text: According to the 2006–2008 ACS, English was the most commonly spoken language at home by residents over five years of age; those who spoke only English at home made up 77.1% of Marin County's residents. Speakers of non-English languages accounted for the remaining 22.9% of the population. Speakers of Spanish made up 11.7% of the county's residents, while speakers of other Indo-European languages made up 7.1% of the populace. Speakers of Asian languages and indigenous languages of the Pacific islands made up 3.4% of the population. The remaining 0.7% spoke other languages.


title: Marin County, California

text: According to the 2007–2009 ACS, there were 16 ancestries in Marin County that made up over 0.9% of its population each. The 16 ancestries are listed below:


title: Marin County, California

text: The median income for a household in the county was $71,306 and the median income for a family was $88,934. As of 2007, these figures had risen to $83,732 and $104,750.


title: Marin County, California

text: In May 2010, the county had the lowest unemployment rate in California. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, however, in July 2010, Marin's unemployment rate rose to 8.3%.


title: Marin County, California

text: San Quentin State Prison of the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation is in the county. San Quentin houses the male death row and the execution chamber of California.


title: Marin County, California

text: In the United States House of Representatives, Marin County is in . From 2008 to 2012, Huffman represented Marin County in the California State Assembly.


title: Marin County, California

text: For most of the 20th century, Marin County was a Republican stronghold in presidential elections. From 1880 until 1984, the only Democrats to win there were Franklin Roosevelt and Lyndon Johnson. However, the brand of Republicanism prevailing in Marin County was historically a moderate one. Like most of the historically Republican suburbs of the Bay Area, it became friendlier to Democrats as the demographics of the area changed and the national party embraced social and religious conservatism. In 1984, it very narrowly voted for Walter Mondale and has supported the Democratic candidate in every presidential election since then. Out of all California counties, only San Francisco County voted more Democratic in the 2020 presidential election.


title: Marin County, California

text: Marin has voted for many gubernatorial candidates who went on to become high-profile national figures, including Richard Nixon, Ronald Reagan, Jerry Brown, and Dianne Feinstein.


title: Marin County, California

text: On November 4, 2008, the citizens of Marin County voted strongly against Proposition 8, a constitutional amendment which eliminated the right of same-sex couples to marry, by a 75.1 percent to 24.9 percent margin. The official tally was 103,341 against and 34,324 in favor. Only San Francisco County voted against the measure by a wider margin (75.2% against).


title: Marin County, California

text: According to the California Secretary of State, as of February 10, 2019, Marin County has 161,870 registered voters. Of those, 89,526 (55.31%) are registered Democrats, 23,380 (14.44%) are registered Republicans, 7,020 (4.35%) are registered with other political parties, and 41,908 (25.89%) have declined to state a political party. Democrats hold wide voter-registration majorities in all political subdivisions in Marin County. Democrats' largest registration advantage in Marin is in the town of Fairfax, wherein there are only 344 Republicans (6.1%) out of 5,678 total voters compared to 3,758 Democrats (66.2%) and 1,276 voters who have declined to state a political party (22.5%).


title: Marin County, California

text: The last time Marin elected a Republican to represent them in the United States House of Representatives was William S. Mailliard in 1972. The last competitive race for the U.S. House of Representatives in Marin was in 1982 when Barbara Boxer was first elected. The longest serving representative of Marin in congress was Clarence F. Lea who served in the House from 1917 to 1949.


title: Marin County, California

text: Due to the rapidly expanding nature of California's population, Marin's congressional district has changed numerous times over the decades. The county has been part of the 2nd congressional district of California since 2012; the only other time it was part of the 2nd district was 1902–12. It has also been part of the 1st (1894–1902 and 1912–66), 3rd (1864–94), 5th (1974–82), and the 6th (1972–74 and 1982–2012). The only time the county has not been in a single congressional district was between 1966 and 1972, when it was divided between the northern half in the 1st district and the southern half in the 6th district.


title: Marin County, California

text: In 2002, former U.S. President George H. W. Bush denounced convicted American Taliban associate John Walker Lindh as "some misguided Marin County hot-tubber," as a reference to the county's liberal, "hippie" political culture, mispronouncing "Marin" as he did so. Outraged by the label, some local residents wrote scathing letters to the "Marin Independent Journal", complaining of Bush's remarks. In response, Bush wrote a letter to readers in the same newspaper, admitting regret and promising to not use the phrases "Marin County" and "hot tub" "in the same sentence again."


title: Marin County, California

text: Golden Gate Transit provides service primarily along the U.S. 101 corridor, serving cities in Marin County, as well as San Francisco and Sonoma County. Service is also provided to Contra Costa County via the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge. Ferries to San Francisco operate from Larkspur, Sausalito and Tiburon. Ferry service from Tiburon is provided by Golden Gate Ferry, Blue and Gold Fleet and by the Angel Island Ferry.


title: Marin County, California

text: Local bus routes within Marin County are operated by Golden Gate Transit under contract with Marin Transit. Marin Transit also operates the West Marin Stage, serving communities in the western, rural areas of Marin County, the Muir Woods Shuttle, and 6 community shuttle routes.


title: Marin County, California

text: The Sonoma–Marin Area Rail Transit system, which began service in August 2017, is a commuter rail service and bicycle-pedestrian pathway serving Sonoma and Marin counties. service operates from Sonoma County Airport to six stations in Marin ending near Larkspur Landing. Later phases of construction will extend service further north to Cloverdale in Sonoma County.


title: Marin County, California

text: The Marin Airporter offers scheduled bus service to and from Marin County and the San Francisco Airport.


title: Marin County, California

text: Marin County Airport or Gnoss Field (ICAO: KDVO) is a general aviation airport operated by the County Department of Public Works. The nearest airports with commercial flights are San Francisco International Airport and Oakland International Airport, as well as Charles M. Schulz - Sonoma County Airport north of Marin County.


title: Marin County, California

text: Marin County Free Library is the county library system. It is headquartered in San Rafael. In addition, the Belvedere-Tiburon Library is in Tiburon.


title: Marin County, California

text: College of Marin, established in 1926, includes two campuses. The Kentfield Campus is in Kentfield; the Indian Valley Campus is in Novato. The college offers more than 40 degree programs leading to an Associate of Arts or Associate of Science degree and over 20 Certificates of Achievement with various specialties. The College serves approximately 9,000 students each term. Approximately 5,700 students enroll in COM's credit program. About 1,300 students enroll in English as a Second Language classes. Approximately 1,900 enroll in community education classes. The College employs about 300 permanent staff and faculty and many part-time employees.


title: Marin County, California

text: Marin is also home to Dominican University of California, in San Rafael. Founded as a women's college in 1890 by the Dominican Sisters of San Rafael, it became the first Catholic institution in California to offer bachelor's degrees to women. The college became fully coeducational in 1971, and in 2000 became an independent liberal-arts university, changing from its original name of Dominican College of San Rafael. There are about 1,400 undergraduate and 500 graduate students.


title: Marin County, California

text: The 2013 gross value of all agricultural production in Marin County was about $84 million; of this, more than $63 million was from the sale of livestock and their products (milk, eggs, wool, etc.). Only 175 acres were planted to grapes.


title: Marin County, California

text: As of the fourth quarter 2021, Marin County had a median home value of $1,090,583, an increase of 11% from the prior year.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Balajirao Bhat (8 December 1720 – 23 June 1761), also known as Nana Saheb I, was the 8th Peshwa of the Maratha Confederacy in India. He was appointed as Peshwa in 1740 upon the death of his illustrious father, the Peshwa Bajirao I.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: During his tenure, the Chhatrapati (Maratha Emperor) was a mere figurehead. At the same time, the Maratha empire started transforming into a confederacy, in which individual chiefs—such as the Holkars, the Scindias and the Bhonsles of Nagpur kingdom—became more powerful. During Balaji Rao's tenure, the Maratha territory reached its zenith. A large part of this expansion, however, was led by the individual chiefs of the Maratha Empire.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Balaji Bajirao was an astute strategist, a shrewd diplomat and an accomplished statesman. He, along with his cousin Sadashivrao Bhau, introduced new legislative and financial systems in the state. Under his leadership, the borders of the Maratha Empire expanded to Peshawar in present-day Pakistan, Srirangapattanam in the South, and Medinipore in present-day West Bengal. Nanasaheb built canals, bridges, temples and lodges for travellers in the capital city of Pune and in other parts of the Maratha Empire. In his twenty-year reign as the Peshwa, Nanasaheb subdued three major powers under his tenure, viz. Mughals in the North, the Nizam in the South and the Bengal Sultanate. Along with that he also weakened the Afghan control over Punjab,stopped their repeated invasions on the imperial capital of Delhi,subdued the Rajputs,Rohillas and neutralized the state of Oudh. He greatly improved the condition of peasants and brought remarkable changes in the state of agriculture. Many successful economic changes took place during his tenure.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Balaji Rao was born in the Bhat family, to Peshwa Baji Rao I, on 8 December 1720. After Baji Rao's death in April 1740, Chhatrapati Shahu appointed 19-year old Balaji as the Peshwa in August 1740, despite opposition from other chiefs such as Raghoji I Bhonsle. He was married to Gopikabai. The couple had three sons, Vishwasrao who died in the battle of Panipat in 1761, Madhavrao who succeeded Nanasaheb as Peshwa and Narayanrao who succeeded Madhavrao in his late teens. Nanasaheb had an able brother called Raghunathrao whose ambitions to be the Peshwa became disastrous for the Maratha empire.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: In early years of Balaji Rao's tenure, Raghoji I Bhonsle helped extend Maratha influence in South and East India. However, he was not on good terms with the Peshwa. Shortly before Balaji's appointment as the Peshwa, Raghoji had led a Maratha force to South India. His mission was to help Pratap Singh of Thanjavur, a royal of the Bhonsle clan, against Dost Ali Khan. Raghoji killed Dost Ali in May 1740, and installed Dost Ali's son Safdar Ali Khan as the Nawab of Arcot. He returned to Satara, and unsuccessfully lodged a protest against Balaji Rao's appointment as the Peshwa. He then returned to South India, where he defeated Chanda Sahib in March 1741, before being forced to retreat by Chanda Sahib's French allies from Pondicherry. After returning to Satara, Raghoji continued to oppose Balaji Rao.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: In 1743, Raghoji Bhonsle attacked Alivardi Khan's forces in Orissa. Khan paid 2,000,000 to Balaji Rao, who helped him expel Raghoji from Orissa in 1744. Raghoji then complained to Chhatrapati Shahu, and got himself appointed the in-charge of Marathas in Orissa, Bengal and Bihar. By 1752, Raghoji had taken over administration of Orissa, and also frequently raided Bengal and Bihar to collect "chauth". The instability brought by him to Bengal later paved way for the rise of the East India Company there.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Tarabai, the senior widow of Rajaram Chhatrapati after being released by her stepson Sambhaji II of Kolhapur was given asylum by Chhatrapati Shahu, her nephew. In the 1740s, during the last years of Shahu's life, Tarabai brought a child to him: Rajaram II. She presented the child as her grandson, and thus, a direct descendant of Shivaji. Shahu adopted the child, and after his death in 1749, Rajaram II succeeded him as the "Chhatrapati". The next year, Peshwa Balaji Rao left to fight against the Nizam of Hyderabad. In his absence, Tarabai urged Rajaram II to remove him from the post of Peshwa. When Rajaram refused, she imprisoned him in a dungeon at Satara, on 24 November 1750. She claimed that he was an impostor, and that she had falsely presented him as her grandson. Tarabai was unsuccessful in getting support from other ministers and the would-be Nizam Salabat Jung. However, she managed to enlist the help of another noblewoman, Umabai Dabhade.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Umabai Dabhade was the matriarch of the Dabhade family, whose members held the title of "Senapati" (commander-in-chief) and controlled several territories in Gujarat. Her husband had been killed by the Mughals, and her eldest son had been killed by Balaji Rao's father for a rebellion against Chhatrapati Shahu. However, Shahu had forgiven the Dabhades and allowed them to retain their jagirs and titles on the condition that they would remit half of the revenues collected from Gujarat to his treasury. Umabai's minor son Yashwant Rao was made the titular "Senapati", while she held the actual executive power in Maratha territories of Gujarat. The Dabhades never actually shared any revenues, but Shahu did not want to take any action against a grieving mother. However, after Shahu's death Peshwa Balaji Rao faced an empty treasury and pressurized the Dabhades to share Gujarat revenues as per the agreement. Umabai personally met him in 1750 and argued that the agreement was void because the Dabhades had signed it under force. The Peshwa refused to entertain this argument.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Umabai dispatched 15,000 troops led by her lieutenant Damaji Rao Gaekwad in support of Tarabai's rebellion. Gaekwad initially advanced towards Pune, prompting the Peshwa's mother Kashibai and his grandmother Radhabai to flee from Pune to Sinhagad. While encamped at Pargaon near Pune, he received a letter from the Peshwa loyalist Mahadji Purandare, who denounced him as a traitor. Subsequently, Gaekwad changed course and started advancing towards Satara. Mahadji's brother Trimbakrao Purandare led a 20,000-strong force against him. Gaekwad defeated him at Nimb, a small town north of Satara. He then marched to Satara, where he was received by Tarabai. However, Trimbakrao re-formed his army and on 15 March 1751, he attacked Gaekwad's army, which was encamped on the banks of the Venna River. Gaekwad was defeated in this battle, and forced to retreat with heavy losses. Trimbakrao kept pursuing him and cornered his force near a gorge in the Krishna river valley.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Meanwhile, on hearing about the rebellion, Balaji Rao left the Mughal frontier, and quickly advanced towards Satara, covering 400 miles in 13 days. He reached Satara on 24 April, and stormed the Yavateshwar garrison, defeating Tarabai's forces. He then joined Trimbakrao, who had been keeping a watch on Gaekwad's army. Gaekwad was compelled to declare ceasefire and meet Balaji Rao to discuss the terms of a peace treaty. Balaji Rao demanded from him half of Gujarat's territories in addition to a war indemnity of 2,500,000. Damaji refused to sign an agreement, stating that he was only a subordinate, and asked Balaji Rao to consult Umabai. On 30 April, Balaji Rao launched a surprise evening attack, and Damaji's camp surrendered without resistance. Balaji Rao then surrounded the Satara fort, and asked Tarabai to release Chhatrapati Rajaram II, whose physical and mental condition had deteriorated considerably. Tarabai refused, and Balaji Rao left for Pune, since a siege of the well-provisioned and strong Satara fort would not be easy.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Later, a section of Tarabai's troops in the Satara garrison rebelled against her. Although she crushed the mutiny, she realized that it would be difficult to continue the fight against Balaji Rao. She, therefore, agreed to a peace treaty. She met Balaji Rao in Pune, and accepted the superiority of the Peshwa's office. She agreed to dismiss her lieutenant Baburao Jadhav, whom the Peshwa disliked. In return, the Peshwa forgave her. On 14 September 1752, the two took oaths at Khandoba temple in Jejuri, promising mutual peace. At this oath ceremony, Tarabai swore that Rajaram II was not her grandson, but an impostor from the Gondhali caste. Nevertheless, the Peshwa retained Rajaram II as the titular Chhatrapati and a powerless figurehead.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: In May 1751, Balaji Rao had arrested Damaji Gaekwad and his relatives, and sent them to Pune. Sometime later, the Dabhades were also arrested, and deprived of their jagirs and titles. In Pune, Balaji Rao repeatedly pressurized Damaji to cede half of Gujarat on behalf of Yashwant Rao Dabhade. Damaji kept refusing, and on 19 July 1751, Balaji Rao placed him and his dewan Ramchandra Baswant in strict confinement. On 14 November, he sent them to captivity in Lohagad. A few weeks later, Ramchandra Baswant escaped to Gujarat. As a result, Balaji Rao ordered Damaji to be put in iron chains at Lohagad. He then sent a military expedition to Gujarat, under his brother Raghunath Rao. Raghunath Rao managed to recover revenues from Surat, but could not advance north of the Tapti river. Meanwhile, Balaji Rao received a setback when his general Shankarji Keshav Phadke was defeated at the siege of Parner. As a result, he decided to seek reconciliation with the Gaekwads. In March 1752, Damaji finally agreed to abandon Dabhades and join Balaji Rao. In return, he was made the Maratha chief of Gujarat, and Balaji Rao offered him assistance in expelling the Mughals from Gujarat. Gaekwad promised to pay an annual tribute of 525,000 to Peshwa in addition to a one-time payment of 1,500,000. He was also asked to maintain a cavalry of 20,000 horses in service of the Peshwa.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: In 1751, Balaji Rao had invaded the territories of Nizam of Hyderabad Salabat Jung, who was supported by the French Governor-General of Pondicherry Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau. Due to Tarabai's rebellion and the French-trained enemy troops, the Marathas had to retreat. In 1752, Balaji Rao launched a fresh attack against the Nizam. He also sought support of the English to counter the French, but the English refused to get involved in the conflict. The Marathas wanted Salabat Jung's brother Ghazi ud-Din Khan to be appointed as the Nizam; as he had promised them a payment of 6,000,000 among other favours. However, Khan was poisoned to death by his step-mother. Ultimately, Balaji Rao and Marquis de Bussy-Castelnau concluded a peace treaty. Raghoji Bhonsle also agreed to peace on the condition that Nizam would grant him some jagirs in Berar.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Balaji's father Baji Rao aimed to establish a "Hindu Padshahi" (Hindu kingship) in India, and maintained good relations with the Hindu Rajputs. However, during Balaji Rao's tenure, the Marathas alienated the Rajput rulers.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: When Jai Singh II of Jaipur died in 1743, a war of succession broke out between his sons Ishwari Singh and Madho Singh. Madho was supported by Jagat Singh II of Mewar and Ummed Singh of Bundi. The Marathas, however, initially supported Ishwari, simply because he offered them more money. Later, Jagat Singh was able to enlist Malhar Rao Holkar on Madho's side, while Jayappa Rao Scindia continued to support Ishwari. This episode not only spoiled the Maratha relations with the Rajputs, but also resulted in internal strife among the Marathas. Madho Singh later sought arbitration from Balaji Rao, who personally came to Jaipur and convinced Ishwari Singh to cede 4 mahals to Madho Singh. Ishwari Singh initially agreed, but refused to abide by his promise after Balaji returned to Pune. Malhar Rao Holkar then not only forcefully captured the "mahal"s for Madho, but also imposed a tribute on Ishwari Singh. In 1750, the Marathas declared a war on Ishwari Singh for his failure to pay the arrears. Ishwari Singh was desperate as he did not have sufficient money to pay off the Marathas, and he could not impose excessive taxes on his citizens. As a result, he committed suicide by consuming poison.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: After Ishawari Singh's death, Madho Singh became the ruler of Jaipur. However, he no longer trusted the Marathas, having seen their treatment of his elder brother. He participated in battles against the Marathas, until Safdarjung intervened and convinced the Marathas to leave with an apology and some compensation. After Safdarjung's death, the Marathas again invaded the Rajput territories. This forced Madho Singh to seek help from Safdarjung's successor Shuja-ud-Daula as well as the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali).


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: In 1749, Abhai Singh of Jodhpur (Marwar) died, leading to a war of succession between Bakht Singh and Ram Singh. Ram Singh sought help from Jayappa Scindia. By the time Scindia marched to Jodhpur in September 1752, Bakhat Singh had died. He was succeeded by his son Bijay Singh, who sought help against the Marathas from the Mughals, the Rohillas and Madho Singh. With Madho Singh's help, Maharaja Vijay Singh resisted the Marathas for a year, before he agreed to peace talks. During one such peace negotiation, Jayappa Rao Scindia was assassinated by emissaries of Vijay Singh of Marwar in July 1755. This led to further hostilities between the Marathas and the Rajputs until Dattaji Rao Scindia concluded a peace treaty in February 1756.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: The Marathas-Jat relations also worsened during Balaji Rao's reign. Balaji's younger brother Raghunath Rao wanted a share of revenues from the prosperous Bharatpur State. Suraj Mal, the ruler of this state, had interfered in Jaipur politics in support of Ishwari Singh. This had antagonized Maratha chiefs like Malhar Rao Holkar, who had supported Madho. In 1754, the Mughal wazir Safdarjung sought Suraj Mal's help against the Mughal emperor. To counter him, the imperial loyalist Imad-ul-Mulk, sought Maratha help. Raghunath Rao used this opportunity and sent a force led by Malhar Rao Holkar to Bharatpur. Suraj Mal tried to avoid a war by offering him 4,000,000; but, Raghunath Rao was not satisfied with the offer. The Marathas besieged Bharatpur's Kumher fort in early 1754 for around four months, before a peace treaty was concluded. The Marathas accepted an offer by Suraj Mal to pay 3,000,000 in three yearly installments.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: During Baji Rao's tenure, the Mughals had nominally granted the Malwa to the Marathas, but the control was not actually passed to the Marathas. After becoming Peshwa, Balaji Rao approached the Mughal emperor through Jai Singh II, and managed to get appointed as the Deputy Governor of Malwa (with Ahmad Shah as the titular Governor). In return, he pledged faithfulness to the Mughal emperor. He also agreed to keep a force of 500 soldiers at the emperor's court, in addition to providing a force of 4,000 soldiers on a need basis.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: In 1748, Javed Khan, a rival of the Mughal wazir Safdarjung invited the new Nizam of Hyderabad Nasir Jung, to join an alliance against the wazir. Safdarjung requested Maratha support against Nasir Jung. Balaji Rao dispatched Scindia and Holkar chiefs to prevent Nasir Jung from reaching Delhi, and thus, saved Safdarjung.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Starting in 1748, the Afghan king Ahmad Shah Durrani (Abdali) launched several invasions of India, forcing the Mughals to seek Maratha help. In 1752, the Rohillas of the Doab region rebelled against the Mughal emperor. They defeated Safdarjung in a battle, and invited Durrani to invade India. Once again, Safdarjung sought assistance from the Marathas, who helped him crush the rebellion. The Marathas and the Mughals signed an agreement in 1752. The Marathas agreed to help the Mughals defeat external aggressions as well as internal rebellions. The Mughals agreed to appoint Peshwa Balaji Rao as the Governor of Ajmer and Agra. The Marathas were also granted the right to collect "chauth" from Lahore, Multan, Sindh, and some districts of Hissar and Moradabad. However, the Mughal emperor had also ceded Lahore and Multan to Ahmad Shah Durrani in order to pacify him. In addition, he did not ratify the transfer of Rajput-ruled territories like Ajmer to the Marathas. This brought the Marathas in conflict with Durranis as well as Rajputs.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: From 1741 to 1751, the Marathas under Raghuji Bhonsle invaded Bengal six times. The first one in 1741, The second in 1742, as also the third in 1744 and the fourth in 1745 were led by Raghuji himself. The fifth in 1747 and the sixth in 1748 were undertaken by Janoji and Sabaji respectively. These invasions caused heavy destruction in the armies of the Nawab of Bengal. Nawab Alivardi Khan was successful in repelling only the first invasion in 1741. in 1743 two Maratha Armies invaded - one belonged to Raghuji Bhosla, the other to Balaji Rao. Alivardi Khan was obliged to pay him a subsidy, promising to pay him "Chauth" tax. The continuous conflict took a heavy toll on the population of Bengal. The Hindu Maratha warriors invaded and occupied western Bengal up to the Hooghly River.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: During this period, warriors called as "Bargis", perpetrated atrocities against the local population, against Hindu Bengalis Muslims and Biharis. As reported in Burdwan Kingdom's and European sources, the Bargis are said to have plundered villages, and Jan Kersseboom, chief of the Dutch East India Company factory in Bengal, estimated that perhaps 400,000 Hindu civilians in Western Bengal and Bihar were dead owing to the invasion of Bargis.> The resulting casualties of Bargi onslaught against in Bengal are considered to be among the deadliest massacres in Indian history. According to the 18th-century Bengali text "Maharashtra Purana" written by Gangaram:


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: In 1751, the Marathas signed a peace treaty with the Nawab of Bengal, according to which Mir Habib (a former courtier of Alivardi Khan, who had defected to the Marathas) was made provincial governor of Orissa under nominal control of the Nawab of Bengal. It made The Nawab of Bengal a tributary to the Marathas who agrees to pay Rs. 1.2 million annually as the "chauth" of Bengal and Bihar, and the Marathas agreed not to invade Bengal again. The Nawab of Bengal also paid Rs. 3.2 million to the Marathas, towards the arrears of "chauth" for the preceding years. The "chauth" was paid annually by the Nawab of Bengal up to 1758, until the East India Company took over.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: After his initial invasions of India, Ahmed Shah Durrani appointed his son Timur Shah Durrani as the governor of Punjab and Kashmir. Balaji Rao then dispatched Raghunath Rao to check the advance of the Durranis. In 1758, Raghunath Rao conquered Lahore and Peshawar, and drove out Timur Shah Durrani. This was the high-water mark of Maratha expansion, where the boundaries of their empire extended north of the Sindhu river all the way down south to northern Kerala. The Marathas thus became the Durrani's major rivals in the north-western part of the subcontinent. Meanwhile, the Marathas had reduced the Mughal emperor to a figurehead, and Balaji Rao talked of placing his son Vishwasrao on the Mughal throne. The Mughal loyalist Muslim intellectuals of Delhi were alarmed at these developments, and appealed Durrani to check the rising Maratha power.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Under these circumstances, Ahmad Shah Durrani launched a fresh invasion of India, reaching Lahore by the end of 1759. He gained allies in the Rohilla noble Najib-ud-Daula and the Nawab of Oudh Shuja-ud-Daula. Balaji Rao responded to the Durrani invasion by dispatching a large force commanded by Sadashiv Rao Bhau. This force was supplemented by the contingents of Holkar, Scindia, Gaikwad and Govind Pant Bundele. The Jat ruler Suraj Mal of Bharatpur also joined the Marathas, but later left the alliance due to a misunderstanding with Bhau.


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: Between 1759 and 1761, the Durranis and the Marathas fought each other in several skirmishes and small battles, with varying results. Due to the extended duration of the siege of the Maratha garrison at Panipat which Balaji's reinforcements were supposed to break but never reached beyond the Narmada, the Durranis decisively defeated the famished and under-equipped Maratha army in the Third Battle of Panipat on 14 January 1761. According to Shuresh Sharma, "It was Balaji Bajirao's love of pleasure which was responsible for Panipat. He delayed at Paithan celebrating his second marriage until December 27th, when it was too late."


title: Balaji Baji Rao

text: The defeat at Panipat resulted in heavy losses for the Marathas, and was a huge setback for Peshwa Balaji Rao. He received the news of the defeat of Panipat on 24 January 1761 at Bhilsa, while leading a reinforcement force. Besides several important generals, he had lost his own son Vishwasrao and cousin Sadashivrao Bhau in the Battle of Panipat. He fell in depression and died on 23 June 1761, and was succeeded by his younger son Madhav Rao I.


title: Pupa

text: A pupa (, "doll"; plural: "pupae") is the life stage of some insects undergoing transformation between immature and mature stages. Insects that go through a pupal stage are holometabolous: they go through four distinct stages in their life cycle, the stages thereof being egg, larva, pupa, and imago. The processes of entering and completing the pupal stage are controlled by the insect's hormones, especially juvenile hormone, prothoracicotropic hormone, and ecdysone. The act of becoming a pupa is called pupation, and the act of emerging from the pupal case is called eclosion or emergence.


title: Pupa

text: The pupae of different groups of insects have different names such as "chrysalis" for the pupae of butterflies and "tumbler" for those of the mosquito family. Pupae may further be enclosed in other structures such as cocoons, nests, or shells.


title: Pupa

text: The pupal stage follows the larval stage and precedes adulthood ("imago") in insects with complete metamorphosis. The pupa is a non-feeding, usually sessile stage, or highly active as in mosquitoes. It is during the pupal stage that the adult structures of the insect are formed while the larval structures are broken down. The adult structures grow from imaginal discs.


title: Pupa

text: The pupal stage may last weeks, months, or even years, depending on temperature and the species of insect. For example, the pupal stage lasts eight to fifteen days in monarch butterflies. The pupa may enter dormancy or diapause until the appropriate season to emerge as an adult insect. In temperate climates pupae usually stay dormant during winter, while in the tropics pupae usually do so during the dry season.


title: Pupa

text: Insects emerge (eclose) from pupae by splitting the pupal case. Most butterflies emerge in the morning. In mosquitoes, the emergence is in the evening or night. In fleas, the process is triggered by vibrations that indicate the possible presence of a suitable host. Prior to emergence, the adult inside the pupal exoskeleton is termed "pharate". Once the pharate adult has eclosed from the pupa, the empty pupal exoskeleton is called an "exuvia"; in most hymenopterans (ants, bees and wasps) the exuvia is so thin and membranous that it becomes "crumpled" as it is shed.


title: Pupa

text: In a few taxa of the Lepidoptera, especially "Heliconius", pupal mating is an extreme form of reproductive strategy in which the adult male mates with a female pupa about to emerge, or with the newly moulted female; this is accompanied by other actions such as capping of the reproductive system of the female with the sphragis, denying access to other males, or by exuding an anti-aphrodisiac pheromone.


title: Pupa

text: Pupae are usually immobile and are largely defenseless. To overcome this, pupae often are covered with a cocoon, conceal themselves in the environment, or form underground. There are some species of Lycaenid butterflies which are protected in their pupal stage by ants. Another means of defense by pupae of other species is the capability of making sounds or vibrations to scare potential predators. A few species use chemical defenses including toxic secretions. The pupae of social hymenopterans are protected by adult members of the hive.


title: Pupa

text: Based on the presence or absence of articulated mandibles that are employed in emerging from a cocoon or pupal case, the pupae can be classified in to two types: