title: Bravely Default

text: During development, the team decided to cater for the core Japanese RPG fanbase, as they did not believe the game viable for Western release at the time. At the early stages of development, "Bravely Default" was going to be an action role-playing game, a genre Silicon Studio had previously worked on with "3D Dot Game Heroes". After developing a prototype build and putting it before Asano, it was decided to make the battle system a traditional turn-based model. The interdependent "Brave" and "Default" mechanics underwent changes during the development process. Initially, Asano envisioned a system akin to the Tension stat used in the "Dragon Quest" series, but designer Kensuke Nakahara wanted something more exciting for players. He was also annoyed that the majority of bosses in both "Dragon Quest" and "Final Fantasy" got two or more actions per turn while player characters only got one each. After some consideration, Nakahara decided on a system where characters could bank points by not taking actions during a turn for later use, or create loan points to act multiple times in a current turn. The concept of "D's Journal", which would offer players deeper insights into the world and characters of "Bravely Default", was inspired by a similar system from "Higurashi When They Cry". During the late stages of the game's development, the team had to make several last-minute tweaks and changes to ensure the game delivered the best possible performance. Due to the game's chosen mechanics, balancing the game became a major part of later development.


title: Bravely Default

text: The core concept of "Bravely Default" was defined by Asano as "everyone can play", as he wanted to bring positive elements from the growing social game market into "Bravely Default". The social gameplay was made up of three different elements: the ability to employ StreetPass friends to help reconstruct Norende, the ability to summon friends' characters into battle as a summon, and the "Abilink" option which allowed players to borrow each other's job levels. The initial versions of these functions were not as elaborate as they would become in the final product. Norende Village was initially displayed on a single screen, but at a suggestion from Asano it was enlarged so players needed to slide the display around. The summoning option was initially going to be a simple display of the summoned character, but it was decided to make the summoning sequence more elaborate. The summoning text initially shared fonts with other elements, but as Asano wanted it to have more impact, a more florid font was used. This styling was influenced by a sequence featuring Japanese idol group AKB48 in an unspecified television drama. The usage of StreetPass was incorporated to differentiate "Bravely Default" from other RPGs of the time, forming part of Asano's wish to create something new. A notable feature included in the game were augmented reality (AR) movies. The AR movies were developed using a software development kit provided by Nintendo and implemented into the game by Silicon Studio. A unique gimmick included in the game was using the platform's camera to project the player's image into an area of the arena during the final boss battle.


title: Bravely Default

text: The game's music was composed by Revo, the leader of Japanese musical group Sound Horizon. Asano contacted Revo concerning a collaboration as he had listened to his 2004 album "Chronicle 2nd". During his work, Revo was able to see the game's ROM, then discuss the game's vision and development goals with Asano. While the initially-agreed track number was between 20 and 30, the number of tracks almost doubled during production as Revo saw situations that needed their own music. Revo aimed for a nostalgic musical style, referencing the music and atmosphere of "Final Fantasy", "Dragon Quest", and the "SaGa" series. During recording, tracks were given descriptive working titles, such as "Scene of Normal Battle" or "Song of Asterisk Holder Warfare". Multiple battle songs were created for the game, each having a faster tempo depending on the escalating battle situation. Revo's recording sessions were closely linked with the creation of the game's sound source, so the music would fit onto the 3DS' limited storage space without losing too much of its quality. Once the music was recorded, a sound environment was created so that it could be heard clearly through the 3DS system's speakers. While there were concerns about the 3DS cartridge's storage space limitations, these ultimately proved to be minimal.


title: Bravely Default

text: The game's title represented the game's main theme of self-reliance: not blindly following the will of others, and following your own will. "Bravely" symbolized courage, while "Default" symbolized denial. The subtitle was one of many proposed by the team, and was chosen by Asano after it helped give an official name to the character Airy: prior to this point, she had gone unnamed and was generally referred to as a "Navi character". The subtitle was also a coded reference to Airy's true agenda and the game's deliberate removal from the "Final Fantasy" series. The key words created for the initial draft scenario were "large hole", referring to the Great Chasm beneath Norende, and "parallel world", which referred to the many versions of Luxendarc encountered by players during their journey. The greater majority of the main scenario and side quest storylines were fully voiced, with the main cast having a huge amount of dialogue compared to other characters. The summons were themed after classical elements, modern machinery and multiple world mythologies.


title: Bravely Default

text: The game's script was written by Naotaka Hayashi, a staff writer at 5pb. whose most notable work at the time was visual novel "Steins;Gate". After playing through "Steins;Gate" on the recommendation of another staff member, Asano decided that Hayashi would be able to create the appealing characters and surprising scenario needed for the story, and asked 5pb. if Hayashi could work on "Bravely Default". Another reason Asano wanted Hayashi was due to the plot's heavy use of parallel worlds. Hayashi's work on the game involved creating the plot and character settings. While he wrote the majority of the game's dialogue, more detailed work was given to writers at Square Enix and Silicon Studio. One of the supplementary writers was Silicon Studio's Keiichi Ajiro, who wrote the contents of D's Journal. Ajiro also created the initial story outline with Asano. The initial story concept was kept deliberately simple, but its complexity increased during the writing process. During his work, Hayashi was given guidelines by Square Enix about the characters and story: for instance, Asano wanted the heroes and villains to be equally compelling, along with raising the game's targeted age group. Something that Hayashi needed to remember during the writing process was the need to limit the length of dialogue segments. While visual novels had a high leeway for dialogue quantity, Asano would make requests such as a sentence being within a 22-character limit, and to not overrun into multiple dialogue boxes.


title: Bravely Default

text: The main character designer and art director was Akihiko Yoshida, whose previous notable works include "Final Fantasy Tactics" and "". In contrast to much of his previous artwork, Yoshida created the game's artwork using a stronger design and coloring style. His artwork for Agnès was designed to represent her solitude and knowledge of her fate while also displaying cuteness and motherliness. Tiz's design was designed not to convey a strong personality, as he in part represented the player. For the game's environmental artwork, Yoshida drew on European children's literature. The in-game environments such as towns and the overworld were created using specially drawn art mapped to a pseudo-3D layout. This style was meant to emulate classic picture books. Finalization of the art style took a long period, going through extensive trial and error. Designs for many of the secondary characters were handled by other artists: Atsushi Ōkubo, who had most notably worked on the "Soul Eater" manga series, designed Einheria and the Valkyrie job outfits. Erutus Profiteur and the Merchant job designed by Hideki Ishikawa, whose work included character designs for "Lord of Vermilion" arcade game series. Kamiizumi and the Swordmaster job were designed by Dorin Makoto, who had most notably worked on the "Sengoku Basara" series. Red Mage Flore DeRossa and the Red Mage job was designed by Take, who worked on the "Katanagatari" light novel series. Qada and the Salve Maker job were designed by Midori Foo, an artist who had worked on multiple light novels and online games.


title: Bravely Default

text: "Bravely Default" was first announced in September 2011 under its original Japanese title as part of Nintendo's 2012 lineup for the 3DS, alongside titles such as "Monster Hunter 4" and "Fire Emblem Awakening". Between February and September 2012, five different demos were released through Nintendo eShop. The first demo featured Agnès and demonstrated character control. The second, released in March, featured the character Tiz and town exploration. The third demo, released in June, showcased the battle system and introduced Edea. The fourth demo, released in August, featured the character Ringabel and demonstrated the job and character customization systems. The fifth and final demo, released in September, included features from all the previous demos and included elements such as Friend Summons, and the Abilink and Norende reconstruction social elements. With the release of the fifth demo, the sale of the other demos was discontinued. The demos were developed alongside the main game as stand-alone experiences taken from several points within the game. They also ended up providing the team with feedback for gameplay adjustments. Each demo included an AR movie featuring one of the main cast.


title: Bravely Default

text: "Bravely Default" released on October 11, 2012. It was published by Square Enix. Along with the standard edition, Square Enix created a collector's edition for exclusive sale through their online store. The collector's edition featured an AR poster, a first print copy of the game's soundtrack, an artbook, and a themed 3DS protective case. Downloadable content in the form of additional character costumes were made available both through promotional codes and post-release content. An updated edition of the game, titled "Bravely Default: For the Sequel", was announced in August 2013 in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" for a release on December 5 that year. "For the Sequel" was stated to have over a hundred different improvements and adjustments: these included additional save slots, additional difficulty levels, auto saving options, the addition of new subevent scenes, new gameplay elements such as the "Bravely Second" ability, and subtitles in multiple languages. Many of these alterations were based on questionnaires sent out by the company after the original version's release. According to staff, "For the Sequel" was intended as a "trial version" for its sequel, already in development after the success of "Bravely Default".


title: Bravely Default

text: Prior to any official announcement of its Western release, "Bravely Default" was cited by multiple journalists as a game that should be localized for Western markets. In October 2012, Asano stated that there were no plans to localize the game, but that fans should continue inquiring so that their wishes were made clear. A localization was officially announced in April 2013. Nintendo took charge of publishing duties overseas. The Western version was based on the "For the Sequel" expanded version. It released in Europe on December 6, 2013. An earlier false report in Nintendo's financial report indicated that its European release would be in 2014, but this was later corrected by Nintendo of Europe. In Australia, it released on December 7. In North America, it released on February 7, 2014. Both in North America and the UK, a collector's edition was created including the soundtrack, an artbook, and over thirty AR cards. The UK edition also included a figurine of Agnès. It was also released in South Korea on April 16, although it was not localized into Korean, placing it in contrast with other Nintendo releases such as "Shin Megami Tensei IV".


title: Bravely Default

text: The localization itself was handled by Bill Black and his company Binari Sonori, whose previous work included "Demons' Score" for Square Enix and "" for Blizzard Entertainment. Another key staff member was Timothy Law, a localization editor from Square Enix who supervised the translation and voice recording for the title. An element of the localization that provided a challenge was creating a sense of wordplay equivalent with that used in the original Japanese. An example of this was the Performer job and its owner, the latter of which needed to have her first name adjusted while taking into consideration European gender perceptions. Another example from the dialogue was the need to create jokes that would not work in Japanese, such as Agnès commenting on finding a "lucky charm". The subtitle ""Flying Fairy"" was removed for the Western release as it might have given a false impression of family-friendly content due to different cultural perceptions to Japan. The English voice actors were chosen to sound as similar as possible to their Japanese counterparts, and adjustments were made to characters through the actors' performances: these included making Ringabel more flirtatious, and adjusting Edea's growl of rage between language versions. The game uses both the English and Japanese dubs, along with subtitles in multiple languages. The Western localization of the game contains censorship related to some sexually suggestive material in the original game: the ages of the main characters were increased to no longer be underage by Western standards, with 15-year-olds being changed to be 18-year-olds, and two of the female playable characters' costumes were altered to make them less revealing.


title: Bravely Default

text: The story was met with positive reviews. "Famitsu" was highly positive about the story, although the reviewers did not go into specifics. "Edge Magazine" called the narrative "rich and detailed", enjoying the twists put on the present genre tropes and the darker narrative elements despite the experience being undermined by the writing quality. Andrew Fitch of "Electronic Gaming Monthly" found the story and characters enjoyable, and in some cases "stellar", while Ben Moore of "GameTrailers" noted the story's aversion to take risks despite interesting twists, and found that it was bogged down by advanced foreshadowing of major plot twists. "Game Informer"s Jeff Marchiafava found the game's story and characters to be "rife with clichés", and called the dialogue "excessively wordy" despite the late-game developments improving on both aspects. Simon Parkin, writing for "Eurogamer", found the story less "unusual" than other aspects, but praised its willingness to send itself up and enjoyed Hayashi's subtle subversion of genre tropes. "GameSpot"s John Robertson was fairly negative, saying that it started out poorly and never managed to throw off that initial impression. David Evans of "IGN" praised the characters for their strength, but found that the story's pacing struggled at times. Danielle Riendeau of "Polygon", despite finding many characters appealing, called the story "more like a pastiche of tropes than its own unique take [on the genre]". Chandra Nair of "Official Nintendo Magazine" called story and character development "extremely impressive", while Bradly Halestorm of "Hardcore Gamer" found the story to be solid and the main cast enjoyable. Alex Fuller of "RPGamer" found the main cast quite enjoyable, praising their Party Chat interactions, and enjoyed the story despite its initial overly straightforward premise.


title: Bravely Default

text: The gameplay was praised overall. The "Edge" reviewer greatly enjoyed the deceptively simple Brave and Default mechanics despite a run time they described as "bloated". Fitch likewise enjoyed the gameplay mechanics, but found the social elements to be less successful despite not actively irritating him. Moore praised the battle system and implementation of the Job system, although the latter necessitated grinding to unlock its full value. He also praised the ability to adjust encounter rates and battle speed, and positively noted the social features as engaging secondary activities. Marchiafava found that the battle and Job systems held up throughout the entire game, and like Moore found the social systems enjoyable. Nair was positive about the depth and strategy the gameplay opened up, despite criticizing the number of options increasing the amount of time spent in battle. Both Evans and Robertson praised the battle system and general gameplay, with Robertson calling the former innovative within the genre. Riendeau found that the battle system's depth and quality gave her feelings of elation when she successfully killed opponents, but also saw the need to grind for experience emerging during the later stages of the game negatively impacted the experience. Parkin referred to the Brave and Default mechanics as the game's "central - and brilliant - conceit". Fuller, while finding the microtransactions a "waste of money", he greatly enjoyed the battle mechanics and multiple user-friendly features. Halestorm shared the positive opinions of other reviewers on the battle system, alongside praising the game's amount and quality of content. Many reviewers positively compared the gameplay and style to earlier "Final Fantasy" games. Multiple Western reviewers commented negatively on the repetitive late-game section.


title: Bravely Default

text: The graphics and presentation garnered mixed opinions. "Famitsu" praised the game's graphics, while "Edge" admired the art style and monster design, and was glad that the hardware limitations faced by "The 4 Heroes of Light" were not present in "Bravely Default". Marchiafava called the graphics "beautiful" and praised the soundtrack, though called the English voice acting "hit or miss". Fuller was less impressed by the visuals, but found the music to be excellent . Halestorm, while he did not think the graphics were the best to be found on the 3DS, praised their stylized appearance and the well-executed 3D effect, and called the soundtrack "downright hypnotizing". Nair praised the game's audio despite little variety in the musical score, and called its visuals "gorgeous". Evens praised the character art for its "simple and striking" appearance, and its stylized background artwork. Riendeau commented that the game's aesthetic kept her invested when the story failed to do so. Parkin referred to the background artwork as "like nothing else". Robertson referred to the game's art style as "striking and engaging".


title: Bravely Default

text: In its debut week, "Bravely Default" topped gaming charts with sales of 141,529 units, noted as being an impressive debut for a new game. It had a sell-through rate of over 85%. Its sales and sell-through rate were notably higher than those of its predecessor "The 4 Heroes of Light". By late January 2013, shipments and eventually sales of the game reached 300,000 copies in Japan. "For the Sequel" debuted at #8 in gaming charts, selling 35,617 units. By 2014, "For the Sequel" had sold 59,300 units, making it the 160th best-selling game of that year. In North America, "Bravely Default" met with strong debut sales, reaching #10 in NPD Group's sales charts and selling 200,000 copies. In July 2014, it was reported that "Bravely Default" had sold one million copies worldwide: 400,000 units were sold in Japan, while 600,000 were sold overseas.


title: Bravely Default

text: "Famitsu" awarded the game its "Rookie Award" at its 2012 Awards event, while it received the 2012 "Dengeki Online" Consumer Award, the latter award being given while beating "Persona 4 Golden" (2nd) and "Rune Factory 4" (3rd). At the Japan Game Awards, it received the Future Game Award in 2012 and the Excellence Award in 2013. It later won "GameSpot"s 3DS Game of the Year 2014 award. At the 2014 National Academy of Video Game Trade Reviewers (NAVGTR) awards, "Bravely Default" was nominated for the "Game, Original Role Playing" category. It was ranked by both "IGN" and "GameSpot" as one of the best games on the system in 2013 and 2014 respectively.


title: Bravely Default

text: The game's success, which went against Square Enix's presumptions due to the title's identity as a traditional role-playing game, prompted them to reconsider their game making strategy, which up to that point had been geared towards developing titles tailored for Western markets rather than focusing on the Japanese market. According to the developers, none of them believed that the game would be released overseas, and were overwhelmed by the positive fan feedback they had received. A manga titled "Bravely Default: Flying Fairy" began serialization online through "Famitsu". Two compilation volumes were released in 2015 and 2016 respectively. Two supplementary books, released under the title "Bravely Default: The Pocketbook of R", were released in December 2013. In addition to this, two drama CDs containing supplementary stories were released through 2013 and 2014. Music from the game was featured "Theatrhythm Final Fantasy" as DLC.


title: Bravely Default

text: A browser game spin-off titled "", began an open beta on November 11, 2012. Developed by NHN Hangame, "Praying Brage" takes place 200 years after the original game, and includes a new cast of characters aligned to four forces themed after Luxendarc's elemental crystals. Another spin-off, "", was released for mobile devices on January 22, 2015. Like "Praying Brage", it was set far in the future, followed an alternate scenario stemming from the events of "Bravely Default", and featured characters from "Praying Brage". By August of that year, "D's Report" had reached over four million downloads. A sequel was confirmed as being in development as early as 2013. The new game, "", was officially announced in December 2013. It released in Japan in 2015 and overseas in 2016. In an interview with Japanese magazine "Dengeki", Asano said that he would ideally like to release a new "Bravely" game every year.


title: Bravely Default

text: Following the second game's release, Asano would partner with Square Enix producer Masashi Takahashi and the studio Acquire to develop a new traditional role-playing game that reconsidered their expectations after witnessing the reception to the "Bravely" series. This game, which would become "Octopath Traveler", was announced in January 2017 and initially released worldwide for the Nintendo Switch in July 2018.


title: Bravely Default

text: A third entry in the "Bravely" series, "Bravely Default II", was announced at The Game Awards 2019 exclusively for the Nintendo Switch. Two years prior to the game's announcement on Christmas Day 2017, character designer Akihiko Yoshida posted an image on Twitter of Edea holding a pair of Joy-Con controllers. Additionally after "Octopath Traveler" sold over 1 million copies, the occasion was celebrated with another illustration on Twitter, with the pose assumed by the eight party members strongly resembling Airy from the first game. Asano stated that the reason for the game's title, "Bravely Default II", was due to his belief that "Bravely Second" did not live up to fans' expectations, and its critical and commercial under-performance made it difficult for the team to continue on the series. Similar to how numbered sequels function in the "Final Fantasy" franchise, this new installment takes place in a new world separate from the previous games with a brand new cast of characters. The game was released worldwide on February 26, 2021.


title: Chloë Sevigny filmography

text: Chloë Sevigny is an American actress and director who made her film debut in the controversial 1995 drama "Kids", portraying a teenage girl in inner-city New York who discovers she is HIV-positive. She went on to appear in several independent features, including two directed by her then-boyfriend, Harmony Korine (writer of "Kids"): "Gummo" (1997) and "Julien Donkey-Boy" (1998), before obtaining a lead role as Lana Tisdel in "Boys Don't Cry" (1999), a fact-based drama about the murder of trans man Brandon Teena. The film earned her numerous accolades, including an Academy Award nomination for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Chloë Sevigny filmography

text: She went on to have numerous supporting roles in the early 2000s in such films as "American Psycho" (2000); "Party Monster" and "Dogville" (both 2003); and a lead role in the controversial independent film "The Brown Bunny" (also 2003), for which she received significant press coverage and criticism for performing on-screen unsimulated oral sex on the film's male lead and writer-director, Vincent Gallo. In 2006, Sevigny was cast in the HBO series "Big Love", portraying Nicolette Grant, a fundamentalist Mormon who practices polygamy in 21st-century Utah. The series spanned a total of five seasons, for the third of which she earned a Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actress.


title: Chloë Sevigny filmography

text: After the conclusion of "Big Love" in 2011, Sevigny appeared again in television, guest-starring on "Portlandia" (2013) as well as appearing in central roles on two seasons of "American Horror Story": "" (2012) and "" (2015). In 2017, she had a supporting role in the drama "Lean on Pete", followed by a lead role portraying Lizzie Borden in the drama "Lizzie" (2018). Sevigny made her directorial debut with the short film "Kitty", which premiered at the 2016 Cannes Film Festival, followed by the short film "Carmen", which she directed for a 2017 Miu Miu campaign. In 2019, she appeared in a lead role in Jim Jarmusch's zombie comedy "The Dead Don't Die", and in the drama "The True Adventures of Wolfboy".


title: Azure (color)

text: Azure ( , ) is the color between cyan and blue on the spectrum of visible light. It is often described as the color of the sky on a clear day.


title: Azure (color)

text: On the , "azure" (hexadecimal #0080FF) is defined as the color at 210 degrees, i.e., the hue halfway between blue and cyan. In the RGB color model, used to create all the colors on a television or computer screen, azure is created by adding a 50% of green light to a 100% of blue light.


title: Azure (color)

text: In the X11 color system, which became a model for early web colors, azure is depicted as a pale cyan or white cyan.


title: Azure (color)

text: The color azure ultimately takes its name from the intense blue mineral lapis lazuli. ' is the Latin word for "stone" and ' is the genitive form of the Medieval Latin "", which is taken from the Arabic "lāzaward", itself from the Persian "lāžaward", which is the name of the stone in Persian and also of a place where lapis lazuli was mined.


title: Azure (color)

text: The name of the stone came to be associated with its color. The French ', the Italian ', the Polish ', Romanian ' and ', the Portuguese and Spanish ', Hungarian "", and the Catalan "atzur", all come from the name and color of lapis lazuli.


title: Azure (color)

text: The word was adopted into English from the French, and the first recorded use of it as a color name in English was in 1374 in Geoffrey Chaucer's work "Troilus and Criseyde", where he refers to "a broche, gold and "asure"" (a brooch, gold and azure).


title: Azure (color)

text: Some languages, such as Italian, generally consider azure to be a basic colour, separate and distinct from blue. Some sources even go to the point of defining blue as a darker shade of azure.


title: Azure (color)

text: Azure also describes the color of the mineral azurite, both in its natural form and as a pigment in various paint formulations. In order to preserve its deep color, azurite was ground coarsely. Fine-ground azurite produces a lighter, washed-out color. Traditionally, the pigment was considered unstable in oil paints, and was sometimes isolated from other colors and not mixed.


title: Azure (color)

text: The use of the term spread through the practice of heraldry, where "azure" represents a blue color in the system of tinctures. In engravings, it is represented as a region of parallel horizontal lines, or by the abbreviation "az." or "b." In practice, azure has been represented by any number of shades of blue. In later heraldic practice a lighter blue, called bleu celeste ("sky blue"), is sometimes specified.


title: Azure (color)

text: According to the logic of the , indigo colors are those colors with hue codes between 255 and 225 (degrees), azure colors are those colors with hue codes between 195 and 225, and cyan colors are those colors with hue codes between 165 and 195. Another way of describing it could be that cyan is a mixture of blue and green light, azure is a mixture of blue and cyan light, and indigo is a mixture of blue and violet light.


title: Azure (color)

text: All of the colors shown below in the section "shades of azure" are referenced as having a hue between 195 and 225 degrees, with the exception of the very pale X11 web color azure – RGB (240, 255, 255) – which, with a hue of 180 degrees, is a tone of cyan, but follows the artistic meaning of azure as sky blue.


title: Pentium

text: Pentium is a brand used for a series of x86 architecture-compatible microprocessors produced by Intel. The original Pentium was released in 1993. After that, the Pentium II and Pentium III were released.


title: Pentium

text: In their form , Pentium processors are considered entry-level products that Intel rates as "two stars", meaning that they are above the low-end Atom and Celeron series, but below the faster Intel Core lineup, and workstation/server Xeon series.


title: Pentium

text: , Pentium processors have little more than their name in common with earlier Pentiums, which were Intel's flagship processor for over a decade until the introduction of the Intel Core line in 2006. They are based on both the architecture used in Atom and that of Core processors. In the case of Atom architectures, Pentiums are the highest performance implementations of the architecture. Pentium processors with Core architectures prior to 2017 were distinguished from the faster, higher-end i-series processors by lower clock rates and disabling some features, such as hyper-threading, virtualization and sometimes L3 cache.


title: Pentium

text: The name "Pentium" is originally derived from the Greek word "pente" ("πεντε"), meaning "five", a reference to the prior numeric naming convention of Intel's 80x86 processors (8086–80486), with the Latin ending "-ium" since the processor would otherwise have been named 80586 using that convention.


title: Pentium

text: In September 2022, Intel announced that the Pentium and Celeron brands will be replaced with the new "Intel Processor" branding in 2023.


title: Pentium

text: During development, Intel generally identifies processors with codenames, such as "Prescott", "Willamette", "Coppermine", "Katmai", "Klamath", or "Deschutes". These usually become widely known, even after the processors are given official names on launch.


title: Pentium

text: The original Pentium-branded CPUs were expected to be named 586 or i586, to follow the naming convention of prior generations (286, i386, i486). However, as the firm wanted to prevent their competitors from branding their processors with similar names (as AMD had done with their Am486), Intel filed a trademark application on the name in the United States, but was denied because a series of numbers was considered to lack "trademark distinctiveness".


title: Pentium

text: Following Intel's prior series of 8086, 80186, 80286, 80386, and 80486 microprocessors, the firm's first P5-based processor was released as the original Intel Pentium on March 22, 1993. Marketing firm Lexicon Branding was hired to coin a name for the new processor. The suffix "-ium" was chosen as it could connote a fundamental ingredient of a computer, like a chemical element, while the prefix "pent-" could refer to the fifth generation of x86.


title: Pentium

text: Due to its success, the Pentium brand would continue through several generations of high-end processors. In 2006, the name briefly disappeared from Intel's technology roadmaps, only to re-emerge in 2007.


title: Pentium

text: In 1998, Intel introduced the Celeron brand for low-priced processors. With the 2006 introduction of the Intel Core brand as the company's new flagship line of processors, the Pentium series was to be discontinued. However, due to a demand for mid-range dual-core processors, the Pentium brand was repurposed to be Intel's mid-range processor series, between the Celeron and Core series, continuing with the Pentium Dual-Core line.


title: Pentium

text: In 2009, the "Dual-Core" suffix was dropped, and new x86 processors started carrying the plain "Pentium" name again.


title: Pentium

text: In 2014, Intel released the "Pentium 20th Anniversary Edition", to mark the 20th anniversary of the Pentium brand. The processors are unlocked and highly overclockable.


title: Pentium

text: In 2017, Intel split Pentium into two line-ups. Pentium Silver targets low-power devices and shares architecture with Atom and Celeron, while Pentium Gold targets entry-level desktops and uses existing architecture, such as Kaby Lake and Coffee Lake.


title: Pentium

text: The original "Intel P5" or "Pentium" and "Pentium MMX" processors were the superscalar follow-on to the 80486 processor and were marketed from 1993 to 1999. Some versions of these were available as Pentium OverDrive that would fit into older CPU sockets.


title: Pentium

text: In parallel with the P5 microarchitecture, Intel developed the "P6 microarchitecture" and started marketing it as the "Pentium Pro" for the high-end market in 1995. It introduced out-of-order execution and an integrated second-level cache on dual-chip processor package.


title: Pentium

text: The second P6 generation replaced the original P5 with the "Pentium II" and rebranded the high-end version as "Pentium II Xeon". It was followed by a third version named the "Pentium III" and "Pentium III Xeon" respectively. The Pentium II line added the MMX instructions that were also present in the Pentium MMX.


title: Pentium

text: Versions of these processors for the laptop market were initially named "Mobile Pentium II" and "Mobile Pentium III", later versions were named "Pentium III-M". Starting with the Pentium II, the Celeron brand was used for low-end versions of most Pentium processors with a reduced feature set such as a smaller cache or missing power management features.


title: Pentium

text: In 2000, Intel introduced a new microarchitecture named "NetBurst", with a much longer pipeline enabling higher clock frequencies than the P6-based processors. Initially, these were named "Pentium 4", and the high-end versions have since been named simply Xeon. As with Pentium III, there are both "Mobile Pentium 4" and "Pentium 4 M" processors for the laptop market, with Pentium 4 M denoting the more power-efficient versions. Enthusiast versions of the Pentium 4 with the highest clock rates were named "Pentium 4 Extreme Edition".


title: Pentium

text: The "Pentium D" was the first multi-core Pentium, integrating two Pentium 4 chips in one package and was available as the enthusiast "Pentium Extreme Edition".


title: Pentium

text: In 2003, Intel introduced a new processor based on the P6 microarchitecture named "Pentium M", which was much more power-efficient than the Mobile Pentium 4, Pentium 4 M, and Pentium III M. Dual-core versions of the Pentium M were developed under the code name "Yonah" and sold under the marketing names "Core Duo" and "Pentium Dual-Core". Unlike Pentium D, it integrated both cores on one chip. From this point, the Intel Core brand name was used for the mainstream Intel processors, and the Pentium brand became a low-end version between Celeron and Core. All Pentium M based designs including Yonah are for the mobile market.


title: Pentium

text: The "Pentium Dual-Core" name continued to be used when the Yonah design was extended with 64-bit support, now named the "Core microarchitecture". This eventually replaced all NetBurst-based processors across the four brands Celeron, Pentium, Core, and Xeon. Pentium Dual-Core processors based on the Core microarchitecture use the Allendale and Wolfdale-3M designs for desktop processors and Merom-2M for mobile processors.


title: Pentium

text: In 2009, Intel changed the naming system for Pentium processors, renaming the Wolfdale-3M based processors to "Pentium", without the Dual-Core name, and introduced new single- and dual-core processors based on Penryn under the Pentium name.


title: Pentium

text: The Penryn core is the successor to the Merom core and Intel's 45 nm version of their mobile series of Pentium processors. The FSB frequency is increased from 667 MHz to 800 MHz, and the voltage is lowered. Intel released the first Penryn Core, the Pentium T4200, in December 2008. In June 2009, Intel released the first single-core processor to use the Pentium name, a Consumer Ultra-Low Voltage (CULV) Penryn core named Pentium SU2700.


title: Pentium

text: In September 2009, Intel introduced the Pentium SU4000 series together with the Celeron SU2000 and Core 2 Duo SU7000 series, which are dual-core CULV processors based on Penryn-3M and using 800 MHz FSB. The Pentium SU4000 series has 2 MB L2 cache but is otherwise basically identical to the other two lines.


title: Pentium

text: The Nehalem microarchitecture was introduced in late 2008 as a successor to the Core microarchitecture, and in early 2010, a new "Pentium" G6950 processor based on the "Clarkdale" design was introduced based on the "Westmere" refresh of Nehalem, which were followed by the mobile P6xxx based on Arrandale a few months later.


title: Pentium

text: On January 7, 2010, Intel launched a new Pentium model using the Clarkdale chip in parallel with other desktop and mobile CPUs based on their new Westmere microarchitecture. The first model in this series is the Pentium G6950. The Clarkdale chip is also used in the Core i3-5xx and Core i5-6xx series and features a 32 nm process (as it is based on the Westmere microarchitecture), integrated memory controller and 45 nm graphics controller and a third-level cache. In the Pentium series, some features of Clarkdale are disabled, including AES-NI, hyper-threading (versus Core i3), and the graphics controller in the Pentium runs at 533 MHz, while in the Core i3 i3-5xx series they run at 733 MHz, and Dual Video Decode that enables Blu-ray picture-in picture hardware acceleration, and support for Deep Color and xvYCC. The memory controller in the Pentium supports DDR3-1066 max, the same as the Core i3 i3-5xx series. The L3 cache is also 1 MB less than in the Core i3-5xx series.


title: Pentium

text: Currently, there exist Ivy Bridge models G2010, G2020, G2120, G2030, and G2130. All are dual-core and have no hyper-threading or Turbo Boost.


title: Pentium

text: Several Haswell-based Pentium processors were released in 2013, among them the G3258 "Anniversary Edition", first released in 2014 by Intel to commemorate the 20th anniversary of the line. As with prior-generation Pentium processors, Haswell and Haswell Refresh-based parts have two cores only, lack support for hyper-threading, and use the LGA1150 socket form factor.


title: Pentium

text: It was launched in Q1 2015 using a 14 nm process (e.g. the dual-core 1.9 GHz Intel Pentium 3805U with 2 MB cache). It used the FCBGA1168 socket.


title: Pentium

text: Supporting up to 64 GB RAM. Features like Turbo Boost, Intel vPro, Hyper-Threading are not available. Supports AES-NI and RDRAND.


title: Pentium

text: Integrated graphics are provided by Intel HD Graphics 510, utilizing a maximum of 1.7 GB of memory, for resolutions up to 4096×2304 @ 60 Hz using Display Port supporting up to 3 displays.


title: Pentium

text: In Q1 2017 Intel released the Kaby Lake-based Pentium G4560; it is the first Pentium-branded CPU since the Netburst-based Pentium 4 to support hyper-threading, a feature available in some ""Core""-branded products. Features include a clock speed of 3.5 GHz with four threads, 3 MB of L3 cache and Intel HD 610 integrated graphics.


title: Pentium

text: Due to its prominence, the term "Pentium-compatible" is often used to describe any x86 processor that supports the IA-32 instruction set and architecture. Even though they do not use the Pentium name, Intel also manufactures other processors based on the Pentium series for other markets. Most of these processors share the core design with one of the Pentium processor lines, usually differing in the amount of CPU cache, power efficiency or other features. The notable exception is the Atom line, which is an independent design.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: The Loretto Chapel in Santa Fe, New Mexico, United States, is a former Roman Catholic church that is now used as a museum and a wedding chapel.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: It is known for its unusual helix-shaped spiral staircase (the "Miraculous Stair"). The Sisters of Loretto credited St. Joseph with its construction. It has been the subject of legend, and the circumstances surrounding its construction and its builder were considered miraculous by the Sisters of Loretto.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: The chapel was commissioned by the Sisters of Loretto for their girls' school, Loretto Academy, in 1873. Archbishop Jean-Baptiste Lamy had brought in two French architects, Antoine Mouly and his son Projectus, to work on the St. Francis Cathedral project, and suggested that the Sisters could make use of their services on the side to build a much-needed chapel for the academy. Projectus ended up being the main architect for the project, basing his Gothic Revival design—complete with spires, buttresses, and stained glass windows imported from France via the Santa Fe Trail—on the famous Sainte-Chapelle in Paris. The chapel was built from locally quarried sandstone and took five years to complete, being officially consecrated in 1878.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Loretto Chapel was used on a daily basis by the students and nuns of Loretto Academy until the school closed in 1968. Afterwards, it became a privately owned museum and wedding venue, while the rest of the Academy campus was demolished.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Loretto Chapel is best known for its "miraculous" spiral staircase, which rises to the choir loft while making two full turns, all without the support of a newel or central pole. The staircase is built mostly out of wood and is held together by wooden pegs, with no glue, nails or other hardware used. The inner stringer consists of seven wooden segments joined together with pegs, while the longer outer stringer has nine segments. The exact wood used to build the staircase has been confirmed to be a type of spruce which is not native to New Mexico and scientifically not identified anywhere else in the world.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: The handrails were added later in 1887, and an iron bracket was later attached to a column to add additional support. The staircase is supported by an inner wood stringer.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Apart from any claims of its miraculous nature, the staircase has been described as a remarkable feat of woodworking. According to a "Washington Post" column by Tim Carter: "It's a magnificent work of art that humbles me as a master carpenter. To create a staircase like this using modern tools would be a feat. It's mind-boggling to think about constructing such a marvel with crude hand tools, no electricity and minimal resources."


title: Loretto Chapel

text: According to another professional carpenter, who was interviewed by Ben Radford for his book "Mysterious New Mexico": "The execution is just incredible. The theory of how to do it, to bend it around in a two-turn spiral, that's some difficult arithmetic there."


title: Loretto Chapel

text: The staircase was built sometime between 1877 and 1881. By this point the chapel was substantially complete but still lacking access to the choir loft, possibly due to the unexpected death of the architect, Projectus Mouly, in 1879.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: According to the version of events passed down by the Sisters of Loretto, multiple builders were consulted but were not able to find a workable solution due to the confined quarters. In response, the nuns prayed for nine straight days to St. Joseph, the patron saint of carpenters. On the last day of the novena, a mysterious stranger appeared and offered to build the staircase. He worked alone using only a few simple hand tools and disappeared afterwards without collecting his pay or the Sisters learning his identity. More fantastical versions of the story have the work taking place overnight, while according to others it took six to eight months.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: In any event, the finished staircase was an impressive work of carpentry, seeming to defy physics as it ascended without any obvious means of support. The Sisters of Loretto viewed its construction as a miracle and believed that the mysterious builder must have been St. Joseph himself. As the story spread, the staircase became one of Santa Fe's most famous tourist attractions.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: The staircase as originally built lacked handrails and was reportedly so frightening to descend that some of the nuns and students did so on their hands and knees. Eventually, railings were added in 1887 by another craftsman, Phillip August Hesch. The stairs have been mostly closed to the public since the chapel became a privately-run museum in the 1960s.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: One of the miraculous aspects of the staircase is that it lacks the newel or central pole usually used to support and stabilize a spiral staircase, and therefore the means of supporting the weight is not obvious; however, the staircase is supported by its stringers just like a conventional (straight) staircase, although in this case each stringer is twisted into a helix. Observers have also noted that the inside stringer has such a tight radius that it is able to function similarly to a straight center support. According to an analysis by a professional carpenter in "Mysterious New Mexico", the assembly of the stringers from overlapping segments joined by wood glue creates a laminate that is actually stronger than the wood alone. Additionally, the use of wooden pegs rather than nails prevents degradation of the joints due to compression set as the wood swells against the nails due to changes in humidity or temperature.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Although the staircase as built lacked any external bracing, an iron support bracket was added in 1887 at the same time as the railings. This may have been intended to limit the degree of vertical travel arising from the helical shape, which effectively makes the staircase behave as a giant coil spring and is part of the reason spiral staircases usually have a central support. Even after this modification, users of the staircase reported "a certain amount of springiness". Nevertheless, it was able to hold a significant amount of weight, as attested by a photo taken around 1959 of at least twelve choir members posing on the steps.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: In the early 2000s, amateur historian Mary Jean Cook theorized that the probable builder of the staircase as François-Jean "Frank" or "Frenchy" Rochas (1843–1894), a reclusive rancher and occasional carpenter who came to New Mexico from France around the 1870s. A key piece of evidence was a short article in the "Santa Fe New Mexican" describing his death by murder in 1895, which noted: "He was a Frenchman, and was favorably known in Santa Fe as an expert worker in wood. He build ["sic"] the handsome stair-case in the Loretto chapel and at St. Vincent sanitarium."


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Cook also found an entry in the Sisters' logbook stating that Rochas had been paid US$150 () for "wood" in 1881, confirming that he had done some type of carpentry work for them. At the time of his death, Rochas reportedly owned an extensive set of carpentry tools including: "five saws, a saw clamp and set, nine planes, nineteen moulding planes, two squares, five gauges, six chisels, two gouges, a draw knife, a brace, three augers, ten auger bits, a reamer, two clamps, and a pair of trammel points (for drawing large circles)"


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Others have disputed Cook's theory. Writer John Clark stated that the memo in the logbook read "Paid for wood — Mr. Rochas for N. School" and contends this refers to a nearby school the sisters hired him to build, and that the logbook makes no mention of a staircase.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Although the design of the Loretto stairs is highly unusual, other spiral staircases without center supports are known to exist. One example can be found at the Old Washoe Club in Virginia City, Nevada, which also dates to the 1870s. This staircase was described by "Ripley's Believe It or Not!" as "the longest of its kind without a supporting pole", although it has fewer turns than the Loretto staircase.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Further afield, another staircase is in the Gdańsk Town Hall in Poland, which was reported to the "New Mexican" in 1944 by a government official named Bonnie Foster. The paper wrote: "It is tall, spiral, and without steel nails, but the wood is different. It is in the town hall, of the 14th to the 16th century. How it was constructed, and whether there is a miracle story back of it, Mrs. Foster could not say. But she declared it is strikingly like St. Joseph's in design."


title: Loretto Chapel

text: Loretto Academy was founded in 1853 and continued to operate until 1968. Afterward, the previously all-male St. Michael's High School turned co-ed in order to accommodate the Academy's female students.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: The story was the subject of the 1998 television film "The Staircase", starring Barbara Hershey and William Petersen.


title: Loretto Chapel

text: The case was investigated and subsequently re-enacted in the "Unsolved Mysteries" episode "Miracle Staircase".


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Olga Constantinovna of Russia (; 18 June 1926) was queen consort of Greece as the wife of King George I. She was briefly the regent of Greece in 1920.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: A member of the Romanov dynasty, she was the oldest daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Princess Alexandra of Saxe-Altenburg. She spent her childhood in Saint Petersburg, Poland, and the Crimea, and married King George I of Greece in 1867 at the age of sixteen. At first, she felt ill at ease in the Kingdom of Greece, but she quickly became involved in social and charitable work. She founded hospitals and schools, but her attempt to promote a new, more accessible, Greek translation of the Gospels sparked riots by religious conservatives.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: On the assassination of her husband in 1913, Olga returned to Russia. When the First World War broke out, she set up a military hospital in Pavlovsk Palace, which belonged to her brother. She was trapped in the palace after the Russian Revolution of 1917, until the Danish embassy intervened, allowing her to escape to Switzerland. Olga could not return to Greece as her son, King Constantine I of Greece, had been deposed.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: In October 1920, she returned to Athens on the fatal illness of her grandson, King Alexander I of Greece. After his death, she was appointed regent until the restoration of Constantine I the following month. After the defeat of the Greeks in the Greco-Turkish War of 1919–22 the Greek royal family were again exiled and Olga spent the last years of her life in the United Kingdom, France and Italy.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Olga was born at Pavlovsk Palace near Saint Petersburg on . She was the second child and elder daughter of Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich and his wife, Grand Duchess Alexandra, a former princess of Saxe-Altenburg. Through her father, Olga was a granddaughter of Tsar Nicholas I, a niece of Tsar Alexander II and first cousin of Tsar Alexander III.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Her childhood was spent at her father's homes, including Pavlovsk Palace and estates in the Crimea. Her father was a younger brother of Alexander II, and her mother was considered one of the most intelligent and elegant women of the court. Olga was particularly close to her older brother, Nicholas, and was one of the few members of the imperial family to keep in touch with him after he was banished to Tashkent.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: As a child, Olga was described as a simple and chubby little girl with a broad face and big blue eyes. Unlike her younger sister, Vera, she had a calm temperament, but she was also extremely shy. For example, when interrogated by her tutors during lessons, she burst into tears and ran from the classroom.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: In 1862, Grand Duke Constantine Nikolaievich was appointed viceroy of Russian Poland by his brother and moved to Warsaw with his wife and children. The stay in Poland proved difficult for the Grand Duke, who was the victim of a nationalist assassination attempt the day after his arrival in the Polish capital. Although Constantine embarked on a program of liberalization and re-instated Polish as an official language, Polish nationalists agitating for reform were not appeased. Finally, an uprising in January 1863 and the radicalization of the separatists pushed the Tsar to recall his brother in August. Olga's difficult experiences in Poland marked her profoundly.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: The young King George I of Greece visited Russia in 1863 to thank Olga's uncle Tsar Alexander II for his support during George's election to the throne of Greece. Whilst there, George met the then twelve-year-old Olga for the first time.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: George visited Russia again in 1867 to meet with his sister Dagmar, who had married Tsarevitch Alexander (later Alexander III) the year before. He was determined to find a wife and the idea of an alliance with a Russian grand duchess, born into the Eastern Orthodox Church, appealed to him. Olga fell in love with George, but she was nevertheless anxious and distraught at the thought of leaving Russia. Her father was initially reluctant to agree to their marriage, thinking that at the age of fifteen she was too young and, being close to his daughter, concerned by the distance between Greece and Russia. For her part, Grand Duchess Alexandra was much more enthusiastic than her husband and, when some members of the imperial family noted the extreme youth of her daughter, she replied that Olga would not always be as young. Eventually, it was decided that Olga and George would marry when she had reached her sixteenth birthday. Meanwhile, she would continue her schoolwork until her wedding day.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Olga and George married at the chapel of the Winter Palace in Saint Petersburg on . After five days of festivities, they spent a brief honeymoon at Ropsha, south-west of Saint Petersburg. Over the following twenty years, they had eight children:


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: The Tsar told Olga "to love her new country twice more than her own", but she was ill-prepared for her new life. Aware of her youth, she chose to retain the services of her governess to continue her education. On arrival at Piraeus, Olga wore blue and white, the national colors of Greece, to the delight of the crowd. On the way to the capital, popular unrest was such that Olga, who was not accustomed to such demonstrations, was close to tears. Unable to speak Greek, and with little time for rest, she attended official functions over several days. Overwhelmed, Olga was found sobbing under a staircase cuddling her teddy bear a few days after her arrival in the kingdom while she was expected for a formal event. In less than a year, she learnt Greek and English. On the advice of her mother, she took an interest in the archeology and history of Greece to gain public support.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Throughout their marriage, George I and Olga were a close-knit couple, and contrary to the prevailing custom spent much time with their children, who grew up in a warm family atmosphere. With age, however, George I argued with his sons and Olga lamented the quarrels that divided the family periodically. In private, Olga and George I conversed in German because it was the only language they both spoke at the time of their marriage. With their offspring, they spoke mainly English, although the children were required to speak Greek among themselves, and Prince Andrew refused to speak anything but Greek to his parents.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: The life of the royal family was relatively quiet and withdrawn. The Athenian court was not as brilliant and sumptuous as that of Saint Petersburg, and days in the Greek capital were sometimes monotonous for members of the royal family. In spring and winter, they divided time between the Royal Palace in Athens and Tatoi Palace at the foot of Mount Parnitha. Summers were spent on vacation at Aix-les-Bains in France, visiting relatives in the Russian capital or at Fredensborg and Bernstorff in Denmark, and relaxing at Mon Repos, Corfu.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Olga remained nostalgic for Russia. Her room was filled with icons from her homeland and, in the palace chapel, she sang Slavic hymns with her children. She often visited Russian ships that were docked at Piraeus and invited the Russian sailors to the royal palace. She was the only woman in history to bear the title of Admiral of the Imperial Russian Navy, an honor given to her on marriage. She was honored in the Greek navy by having a ship named after her.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Olga was genuinely popular and was extensively involved in charity work. On arrival in Athens, her immediate patronages included the Amalieion orphanage founded by the previous queen consort Amalia of Oldenburg, and the Arsakeion school for girls located on University Boulevard. With her personal support and the support of wealthy donors, she built asylums for the terminally ill and for the elderly disabled, and a sanatorium for patients with consumption. She founded a society to help the poor, a kindergarten for the children of the poor, and a soup kitchen in Piraeus that doubled as a cooking school for poor girls that was later expanded into a weaving school for girls and elderly women in financial difficulty. She was patron of two military hospitals and endowed the "Evangelismos" (Annunciation) Hospital, Greece's largest, in downtown Athens. She built the Russian Hospital in Piraeus in memory of her daughter, Alexandra, who died in Moscow in 1891. Although aimed primarily at Russian sailors, the hospital was open to all seamen visiting Greece, with consultation fees set at the low rate of thirty lepta and medicines being free. Olga also supported the establishment and funding of hospitals during the conflicts between Greece and its neighbors, including the Greco-Turkish War of 1897 and the First Balkan War (1912–13). For their work for the wounded, Olga and her daughter-in-law Crown Princess Sophia were awarded the Royal Red Cross by Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom in December 1897.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Before Olga's arrival in Greece, there were no separate prisons for women or the young, and she was instrumental in the establishment of a women's prison in the capital and, with the support of wealthy philanthropist George Averoff, one for juvenile delinquents.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Shortly after Greece's defeat in the Greco-Turkish War of 1897, shots were fired at Olga's husband and daughter by disgruntled Greeks in 1898. Despite the failed assassination, Olga insisted on continuing her engagements without a military guard. Her son Nicolas wrote in his memoirs that one day he spoke of the importance of public opinion to his mother, and she retorted, "I prefer to be governed by a well born lion rather than four hundred rats like me." Olga's interest in political and public opinion was limited. Although she favored Greece's Russian party, she had no political influence over her husband and did not seek political influence in the Greek parliament.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: An Orthodox Christian from birth, Queen Olga became aware, during visits to wounded servicemen in the Greco-Turkish War (1897), that many were unable to read the Bible. The version used by the Church of Greece included the Septuagint version of the Old Testament and the original Greek-language version of the New Testament. Both were written in ancient Koine Greek, but her contemporaries used either Katharevousa or the so-called Demotic version of Modern Greek. Katharevousa was a formal language that contained archaized forms of modern words, was purged of "non-Greek" vocabulary from other European languages and Turkish, and had a (simplified) archaic grammar. Modern or Demotic Greek was the version commonly spoken. Olga decided to have the Bible translated into a version that could be understood by most contemporary Greeks rather than only those educated in Koine Greek. Opponents of the translation, however, considered it "tantamount to a renunciation of Greece's 'sacred heritage'".


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: In February 1901, the translation of the New Testament from Koine into Modern Greek that she had sponsored was published without the authorization of the Greek Holy Synod. The price was set at one drachma, far below its actual cost, and the edition sold well. To mitigate opposition to the translation, both the old and new texts were included and the frontispiece specifically stated it was for "exclusive family use" rather than in church.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: At the same time, another translation was completed by Alexandros Pallis, a major supporter of a literary movement supporting the use of Demotic in written language. Publication of the translation started in serial form in the newspaper "Akropolis" on 9 September 1901. Purist theologians and Ecumenical Patriarch Joachim III of Constantinople denounced the translation. A faction of the Greek press started accusing Pallis and his Demoticist supporters of blasphemy and treason. Riots, peaking on 8 November, were started by students of the University of Athens, partly motivated by conservative professors. They demanded the excommunication of Pallis and anyone involved with the translations, including Olga and Procopios, the Metropolitan bishop of Athens, who had supervised the translation at her personal request.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Troops were called in to maintain order, and conflict between them and the rioters resulted in eight deaths and over sixty people wounded. By December, the remaining copies of Olga's translation had been confiscated and their circulation prohibited. Anyone selling or reading the translations was threatened with excommunication. The controversy was called "Evangelika", i.e. "the Gospel events" or Gospel riots, after the word "Evangelion", Greek for "Gospel", and led to the resignation of the metropolitan bishop, Procopius, and the fall of the government of Georgios Theotokis.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: In 1913, the First Balkan War ended with the defeat of the Ottoman Empire by a coalition of Greek, Bulgarian, Serbian and Montenegrin forces. Greece was considerably enlarged at the expense of Turkey, but divisions between the victorious powers in the Balkan League soon became apparent: Athens and Sofia vied for possession of Thessaloniki and its region. To affirm Greek control of the main city of Macedonia, George I moved to the city soon after its liberation. Just as he did in Athens, he went about Thessaloniki without any meaningful protection force, and while out for an afternoon walk near the White Tower on 18 March 1913, he was shot and killed by Alexandros Schinas. Olga, who said her husband's death was "the will of God", arrived at Thessaloniki the next day. She and her family visited the scene of the assassination and accompanied the body of the king to Athens. He was buried in the royal cemetery at Tatoi Palace.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: George and Olga's eldest son, Constantine, became king and his wife, Sophia of Prussia, became the new queen consort. Olga, as queen dowager, was given the use of a wing in the royal palace but soon returned to her native Russia, to spend time with her younger brother, Grand Duke Constantine Constantinovich and his family at his home, and Olga's birthplace, Pavlovsk Palace.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: In August 1914, Olga was in Russia at the outbreak of World War I, in which the Allied or Entente Powers including Russia, Britain and France fought against the Central Powers including Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire. She decided to stay in Saint Petersburg and establish a military hospital to support the Russian war effort. Olga created a clinic at Pavlovsk Palace where she cared for wounded soldiers with her sister-in-law, Grand Duchess Elizabeth Mavrikievna. Other members of the imperial family, such as Princess Helen and Olga's granddaughter Grand Duchess Maria Pavlovna founded field hospitals at the front. As the war continued, Olga became aware of the growing crisis in Russia, and attempted to warn Tsarina Alexandra in 1916 of the danger of revolution but the Russian empress refused to listen. A few weeks later, Olga attracted the fury of the Tsarina after signing a petition asking for a pardon for her grandson, Grand Duke Dmitri Pavlovich, who had been exiled to the Persian front for his involvement in the assassination of Alexandra's favorite mystic, Grigori Rasputin.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: In contrast to Olga, her eldest son, King Constantine I of Greece, was determined to follow a policy of neutrality. His maternal relations were Russian, and his wife was the sister of Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany. His policy brought him into conflict with Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos, who favored the Allies. Constantine was soon accused of being a Germanophile and the Athenian government was regarded with suspicion in London and Paris. In what became known as the National Schism, Venizelos established a parallel government in Thessaloniki in opposition to Constantine.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: On the collapse of the Tsarist regime in February 1917, Olga's sister-in-law left Pavlovsk with her family, but Olga stayed, soon to be almost alone except for a single young domestic named Anna Egorova. (After the Revolution, Egorova entered the service of Prince Christopher of Greece and became the governess of his son, Michael.) Short of food, the two women were limited to eating a little dry bread soaked in poor quality oil. Their safety was far from assured, and a few days after the October Revolution, Bolsheviks invaded and ransacked the palace. Olga was physically unharmed. She accepted the need to leave Russia, but the Bolsheviks refused to let her go and diplomatic help from Greece was not forthcoming in the aftermath of the National Schism. In June, Constantine had been deposed and exiled to Switzerland. As the Allies did not wish to establish a Greek republic or see Crown Prince George succeed his father, Constantine was replaced on the throne by his second son, Alexander, who was thought to be more favorable to the Allies and more malleable than his older brother. Venizelos held power and the supporters of the deposed king were arrested or executed.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: After several months of appeals for help, the Danish legation in Russia issued Olga a passport, which she used to enter Germany on the eve of its defeat, eventually joining her eldest son and his family in Switzerland in early 1919. Other members of the Russian imperial family did not escape. Among those killed were the Tsar, Tsarina and their five children; Olga's brothers Grand Dukes Nicholas and Dmitri Constantinovich; three of her nephews Princes John, Constantine and Igor Constantinovich; and the Tsarina's sister Grand Duchess Elizabeth Feodorovna.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: In Switzerland, Constantine I and his family found themselves isolated and without an income. The Greek government under Venizelos did not pay pensions to former rulers and prohibited any contact between the exiles and King Alexander. Already in fragile health, the former king became gradually more depressed. The Russian Revolution and the National Schism deprived Olga of her immovable property and she was forced to live a much less lavish lifestyle than in the past. She did, however, enjoy spending more time with her sons and grandchildren, from whom she had been long separated by the war.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: On 2 October 1920, King Alexander was bitten by a monkey during a walk through the gardens at Tatoi. The wound became infected and Alexander developed sepsis. On 19 October, he began to rave and called for his mother, but the Greek government refused to allow Queen Sophia to return to Greece. Worried about her son, and knowing that his grandmother was the only other royal still in favor with the Venizelists, Sophia asked Olga to go to Athens to care for Alexander. After several days of negotiations, the dowager queen obtained permission to return to Greece but, delayed by rough seas, she arrived twelve hours after her grandson's death on 25 October. On 29 October, Alexander was buried at Tatoi; Olga was the only member of the royal family at the funeral.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Still opposed to the return of Constantine I and Crown Prince George, the government of Eleftherios Venizelos offered the throne to Constantine's third son, Prince Paul, who refused to ascend the throne before his father and older brother unless a referendum named him head of state. Only days after Alexander's death, however, Venizelos was defeated in a general election. On 17 November, Admiral Pavlos Kountouriotis, regent since the death of Alexander, retired and the new prime minister, Dimitrios Rallis, asked Olga to assume the regency. She served as regent for about a month until her son Constantine returned to the throne on 19 December after a referendum in his favor.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Constantine I returned to the throne 18 months into the Greco-Turkish War, launched in May 1919. In September 1921, the Greek defeat at the battle of Sakarya marked the beginning of the Greek retreat from Anatolia. Resentment among the allies for Constantine's policy during World War I prevented Athens from receiving outside support. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, the new leader of Turkey, regained Smyrna and Eastern Thrace, annexed by Athens at the end of World War I.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Following a coup by disgruntled military officers, Constantine I abdicated for a second time on 27 September 1922. With several other members of his family, including Queen Olga, he went into exile in Italy and his eldest son succeeded him for a few months on the throne as George II. Within months, Constantine died in Italy. One of Olga's sons, Prince Andrew, was among those arrested by the new regime. Many defendants in the treason trials that followed the coup were shot, including senior politicians and generals. Foreign diplomats assumed that Andrew was also in mortal danger, and George V of the United Kingdom, Alfonso XIII of Spain, the French president Raymond Poincaré and Pope Pius XI sent representatives to Athens to intercede on his behalf. Andrew, though spared, was banished for life and his family (including the infant Prince Philip, later Duke of Edinburgh and consort of Queen Elizabeth II) fled into exile in December 1922 aboard a British cruiser, HMS "Calypso".


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Unlike her children and grandchildren, Olga was given a pension by the government of the Second Hellenic Republic, but she maintained so many of the faithful old servants who had fled Greece with her that she was usually left with no more than 20 pounds sterling per month (worth about £ in prices) to meet her own expenses. She could, however, count on the support of her family, scattered throughout Western Europe. In the United Kingdom, she shared her time between Spencer House, London, the residence of her youngest son, Prince Christopher; Regent's Park, where her daughter, Grand Duchess Marie, rented a mansion; Sandringham House, the home of her sister-in-law, Queen Alexandra; and Windsor Castle and Buckingham Palace, where her nephew, King George V, lent apartments.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Olga's final years were marked by ill health. Lameness restricted her to a wheelchair, and she stayed in Paris several times to undergo treatment for her eyes. Her poor eyesight caused George V much laughter when she mistook a statue of a naked Lady Godiva for one of Queen Victoria. Increasingly dependent, Olga finally settled with her youngest son, Prince Christopher, shortly after the death of his first wife, Princess Anastasia, in 1923. Olga died on 18 June 1926 either at Christopher's Villa Anastasia in Rome, or at Pau, France.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: Despite republicanism in Greece, Olga was still held in high esteem and the republican government in Athens offered to pay for her funeral and repatriate her remains to Greece. Nonetheless, her children declined the offer, preferring to bury her in Italy beside her son, Constantine I, whose body Greece had refused to accept. Her funeral was held on 22 June 1926 at the Orthodox Church in Rome and the next day she was laid to rest in the crypt of the Russian Church in Florence. After the restoration of the Greek monarchy in 1935 she was re-interred at Tatoi on 17 November 1936.


title: Olga Constantinovna of Russia

text: As much of her property had been confiscated by the Soviet Union and the Greek republican government, most of her estate comprised jewelry reported in "The Times" to be worth £100,000 (). This was shared between her children and the children of Constantine I. Traumatized by the events of the Russian Revolution, Olga wished to sever all ties with the country in which her family had been massacred. Before dying, she made her grandson, King George II, swear to repatriate the body of her daughter Princess Alexandra, buried in the Peter and Paul Cathedral in Saint Petersburg. Her wish was fulfilled in 1940 after his restoration to the Greek throne.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Cody Daniel Johnson (born May 21, 1987) is an American country music singer-songwriter. He self-released six albums, including "Gotta Be Me", which debuted at number two on "Billboard"s Country Albums chart, before releasing his first major-label album, "Ain't Nothin' to It", in January 2019. He released his second major-label album, "", in October 2021. Johnson's style is classified as contemporary country, neo-traditionalist country, or Cowboy. Also, he is influenced by country artists such as George Strait and Willie Nelson among others. He has won several awards such as "Single of the Year" and Music Video of the Year" for his song "Til You Can't" at the Country Music Association.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Cody Daniel Johnson, also known as "CoJo," was born and raised in Sebastopol, Texas, by his parents, Sheila and Carl Johnson. Johnson began playing music at age 12. Johnson started learning music from his father at the age of 12. His father, Carl, performed in their local church where Cody learned to sing and play several instruments. Also, learning music taught him how to read and understand music. He started to play at school and bars, where he discovered that people enjoyed his music. At the same time, he rode bulls professionally at local rodeos and even worked alongside his father within the local prison system. At the age of 19, the prison warden eventually convinced Cody to commit to his music career full time.


title: Cody Johnson

text: In 2006, he formed the Cody Johnson Band with his dad, Carl, and drummer Nathan Reedy. Together they recorded an album, "Black and White Label". In 2006, the band added a lead guitar player, Matt Rogers, and recorded a live album, "Live and Rocking", at Shenanigans and Confetti's Club in Huntsville. Following the release of the album, Johnson's father quit the band.


title: Cody Johnson

text: By 2009, Danny Salinas joined the band on bass guitar. Their first professionally produced album, "Six Strings One Dream", was released in September 2009. Three singles from the album reached the top 10 of the Texas music charts. Following the release of the album, the band added Chris Whitten on fiddle and Jeff Smith on lead guitar. Jody Bartula replaced Whitten on fiddle in 2010.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Johnson's next album, "A Different Day", was released in 2011 and produced by Trent Willmon. Johnson won the 2011 Texas Regional Music Award for New Male Vocalist of the Year. After the win, Johnson left his day job with the Texas Department of Criminal Justice to focus on music full-time. He teamed with Kyle Park in 2012 for the Dancin' and Drinkin' at Johnson Park Tour. Also in 2012, Johnson's band, now composed of Reedy, Smith, Bartula, and bassist Joey Pruski, changed their name to the Rockin' CJB's.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Johnson's fifth album, "Cowboy Like Me", was released on January 14, 2014. The album was Johnson's second produced by Trent Willmon. It sold 8,000 copies in its first week of release, debuting at number 25 on the "Billboard" Top Country Albums chart and number 33 on the "Billboard" 200. As of 2014, Johnson's band comprised Smith, Bartula, Pruski, and drummer Miles Stone.


title: Cody Johnson

text: The sixth album, "Gotta Be Me", was released on August 5, 2016. The album debuted at No. 11 on the Billboard 200, and at No. 2 on the Top Country Albums chart, selling 23,000 copies in the US in its first week. It was Johnson's most successful release yet, achieved without major label support or widespread radio play.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Johnson made Houston Livestock Show and Rodeo history by becoming the first unsigned/independent artist to play to a sold-out crowd on May 15, 2019.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Johnson's seventh album, "Ain't Nothin' to It", was released on January 18, 2019. It includes the single "On My Way to You", which is his first Top 40 hit on Country Airplay. The album and single were both released via Warner Bros. Records Nashville. In 2019, Johnson collaborated with Brooks & Dunn on a new version of their hit song "Red Dirt Road" which appears on their album Reboot.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Cody Johnson’s music is classified as contemporary country, neo-traditionalist country, or Cowboy. Marcus Dowling of CMT has stated that many view Johnson as a leader within the “back to country” movement in the industry. In an interview with Brett Callwood, Johnson has described his music as drawing on multiple genres: “I’m not sure if you’d call me Texas or red dirt or mainstream or outlaw. I just always say that I’m me. I sound like what I sound like, and I’m not trying to be anything that I’m not.” Johnson plays a multitude of genres in order to create his own sound as he talks of here.


title: Cody Johnson

text: Johnson is inspired by many artists George Strait, Willie Nelson, Merle Haggard, Hank Williams, and Loretta Lynn, who are considered to be from the traditional days of country music. In an interview with Andy Langer and Texas Monthly in 2019, he has stated that he is inspired by two artists in particular: “The George Strait type of traditional country music is what I like, and that’s what I stand for. But at the same time, Willie Nelson’s unwillingness to waver on who he is means just as much.” Johnson takes inspiration from his country background of bull riding and working within the prison system, which he has said has influenced his songs such as “Guilty as Can Be”. In an interview with Brett Callwood at Westword, Johnson spoke on the influence of previous job experiences: “It [“Guilty as Can Be”] was a made-up story about a guy who catches his wife cheating, goes to prison and the whole nine yards. I paid homage to my prison years there.” Additionally, his life experiences of almost being in a plane crash influenced “Til You Can’t” and his barroom brawls influenced the song “Billy’s Brother”.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: , (, ; "He of the Two Horns") appears in the Quran, Surah Al-Kahf (18), Ayahs 83–101 as one who travels to east and west and sets up a barrier between a certain people and Gog and Magog (called Ya'juj and Ma'juj). Elsewhere the Quran tells how the end of the world will be signaled by the release of Gog and Magog from behind the barrier. Other apocalyptic writings predict that their destruction by God in a single night will usher in the Day of Resurrection ("Yawm al-Qiyāmah)".


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: Early Muslim commentators and historians variously identified , most notably as Alexander the Great and as the South-Arabian Himyarite king al-Ṣaʿb bin Dhī Marāthid. Some modern scholars have argued that the origin of the Quranic story may be found in the "Syriac Alexander Legend," but others disagree. Although some favor identification of with Cyrus the Great, the majority of modern scholars and commentators still prefer Alexander the Great.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: The story of is related in Surah 18 of the Quran, "al-Kahf" (""The Cave"") revealed to Muhammad when his tribe, Quraysh, sent two men to discover whether the Jews, with their superior knowledge of the scriptures, could advise them on whether Muhammad was a true prophet of God. The rabbis told them to ask Muhammad about three things, one of them "about a man who travelled and reached the east and the west of the earth, what was his story". "If he tells you about these things, then he is a prophet, so follow him, but if he does not tell you, then he is a man who is making things up, so deal with him as you see fit." (Verses ).


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: The verses of the chapter reproduced below show traveling first to the Western edge of the world where he sees the sun set in a muddy spring, then to the furthest East where he sees it rise from the ocean, and finally northward to a place in the mountains where he finds a people oppressed by Gog and Magog:


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: Modern Islamic apocalyptic writers put forward various explanations for the absence of the wall from the modern world, some saying that the Mongols were Gog and Magog and that the barrier has now disappeared, others that Gog and Magog are still present but invisible to human eyes :


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: ...[T]he geography of the world is known, but despite this advance this "Barrier" [Quran 18:94] is not heard of ... The answer is that not everything in existence can be seen.(Abd al-Azim al-Khilfa, 1996)


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: the traveller was a favourite subject for later writers. In one of many Arabic and Persian versions of the meeting of Alexander with the Indian sages. The Persian Sunni mystic and theologian Al-Ghazali (Abū Ḥāmid Muḥammad ibn Muḥammad al-Ghazālī, 1058–1111) wrote of how came across a people who had no possessions but dug graves at the doors of their houses; their king explained that they did this because the only certainty in life is death. Ghazali's version later made its way into the "Thousand and One Nights".


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: The Sufi poet Rumi (Jalāl ad-Dīn Muhammad Rūmī, 1207-1273), perhaps the most famous of medieval Persian poets, described 's eastern journey. The hero ascends Mount Qaf, the "mother" of all other mountains, which is made of emerald and forms a ring encircling the entire Earth with veins under every land. At 's request the mountain explains the origin of earthquakes: when God wills, the mountain causes one of its veins to throb, and thus an earthquake results. Elsewhere on the great mountain meets Israfil (the archangel Raphael), standing ready to blow the trumpet on the Day of Judgement.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: The Malay-language "Hikayat Iskandar Zulkarnain" traces the ancestry of several Southeast Asian royal families, such as the Sumatra Minangkabau royalty, from Iskandar Zulkarnain, through Raja Rajendra Chola (Raja Suran, Raja Chola) in the "Malay Annals".


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: According to some historians, the story of has its origins in legends of Alexander the Great current in the Middle East, namely the "Syriac Alexander Legend". The Scythians, the descendants of Magog, once defeated one of Alexander's generals, upon which Alexander built a wall in the Caucasus mountains to keep them out of civilised lands (the basic elements are found in Flavius Josephus). The legend went through much further elaboration in subsequent centuries before eventually finding its way into the Quran through a Syrian version. However, the supposed influence of the "Syriac Legend" on the Quran has been questioned based on dating inconsistencies and missing key motifs.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: While the "Syriac Legend" references the horns of Alexander, it consistently refers to the hero by his Greek name, not using a variant epithet. The use of the Islamic epithet , the "two-horned", first occurred in the Quran. The reasons behind the name "Two-Horned" are somewhat obscure: the scholar al-Tabari (839-923 CE) held it was because he went from one extremity ("horn") of the world to the other, but it may ultimately derive from the image of Alexander wearing the horns of the ram-god Zeus-Ammon, as popularised on coins throughout the Hellenistic Near East. The wall builds on his northern journey may have reflected a distant knowledge of the Great Wall of China (the 12th century scholar al-Idrisi drew a map for Roger of Sicily showing the "Land of Gog and Magog" in Mongolia), or of various Sassanid Persian walls built in the Caspian area against the northern barbarians, or a conflation of the two.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: Since Dhu al-Qarnayn is said to have lived near the time of Abraham, several medieval exegetes and historians did not identify him with Alexander to avoid the chronological discrepancy. Other notable Muslim commentators, including Ibn Kathir, Ibn Taymiyyah and Naser Makarem Shirazi, have also used theological arguments to reject the Alexander identification: that Alexander lived only a short time, whereas (according to some) lived for 700 years as a sign of God's blessing, though this is not mentioned in the Quran; worshipped only one God, while Alexander according to them was a polytheist, a view however rejected by some traditional Muslim scholars who identify him as .


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: The various campaigns of mentioned in Q:18:83-101 have also been attributed to the South Arabian Himyarite King Ṣaʿb Dhu-Marāthid (also known as al-Rāʾid). According to Wahb ibn Munabbih, as quoted by Ibn Hisham, King Ṣaʿb was a conqueror who was given the epithet after meeting al-Khidr in Jerusalem. He then travels to the ends of the earth, conquering or converting people until being led by al-Khidr through the land of darkness. According to Wheeler, it is possible that some elements of these accounts that were originally associated with Sa'b have been incorporated into stories which identify with Alexander.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: In modern times, some Muslim scholars have argued in favour of being actually Cyrus the Great, the founder of the Achaemenid Empire and conqueror of Egypt and Babylon. Proponents of this view cite Daniel's vision in the Old Testament where he saw a two-horned ram that represents "the kings of Media and Persia" ().


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: Archeological evidence cited includes the Cyrus Cylinder, which portrays Cyrus as a worshipper of the Babylonian god Marduk, who ordered him to rule the world and establish justice in Babylon. The cylinder states that idols that Nabonidus had brought to Babylon from various other Babylonian cities were reinstalled by Cyrus in their former sanctuaries and ruined temples reconstructed. Supported with other texts and inscriptions, Cyrus appears to have initiated a general policy of permitting religious freedom throughout his domains.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: A famous relief on a palace doorway pillar in Pasagardae depicts a winged figure wearing a Hemhem crown (a type of ancient Egyptian crown mounted on a pair of long spiral ram's horns). Some scholars take this to be a depiction of Cyrus due to an inscription that was once located above it, though most see it as a tutelary genie, or protective figure and note that the same inscription was also written on other palaces in the complex.


title: Dhu al-Qarnayn

text: This theory was proposed in 1855 by the German philologist G. M. Redslob, but it did not gain followers in the west. Among Muslim commentators, it was first promoted by Sayyed Ahmad Khan (d. 1889), then by Maulana Abul Kalam Azad, and generated wider acceptance over the years. Wheeler accepts the possibility but points out the absence of such a theory by classical Muslim commentators.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Darrell Clayton Hammond (born October 8, 1955) is an American actor, stand-up comedian and impressionist. He was a regular cast member on "Saturday Night Live" from 1995 to 2009, and has been its announcer since 2014.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Upon his departure, Hammond, at age 53, was the oldest cast member in the show's history. Hammond has made more "SNL" appearances than any other cast member and impersonated more than 107 celebrities, with Bill Clinton as his most frequent impression.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: On September 19, 2014, Hammond was announced as the new announcer of "SNL," replacing Don Pardo, who had died the month before.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Hammond was born in Melbourne, Florida, the son of Margaret and Max Hammond. Hammond was severely abused by his mother, contributing to his lifelong struggles with depression and substance abuse. Hammond's father, dealing with his own psychological issues resulting from his military service during World War II, often drank heavily and acted out violently. Hammond found as a child that doing impressions was the only thing he did his mother liked.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: He played baseball in high school and at Brevard Community College. In high school, he was a teammate of future San Diego Padres and San Francisco Giants manager Bruce Bochy. He went on to attend the University of Florida, where he graduated in 1978 with a degree in advertising and a 2.1 GPA. He credits UF theater professor David Shelton for encouraging his work. After completing college, Hammond moved to New York City where he worked as a waiter, studied at HB Studio, played roles in theater productions, and performed one set at a comedy club at age 26. Hammond then returned to Florida where he was a radio DJ at BJ 105 FM, telling Howard Stern in 2002, "First I tried to be a jock, which I really sucked at," followed by being a voiceover artist in the Orlando area.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: At 32 years old, Hammond moved back to New York to make one last attempt at being a stand-up comedian. After seven years and two failed "Saturday Night Live" auditions, he was spotted in 1995 by an SNL producer while doing a Bill Clinton impression - shortly after Phil Hartman, who had been doing the impression, left the show. After an exclusive audition for Lorne Micheals, Hammond was brought on board as a cast member and performed for 14 seasons. He previously held the record for the longest consecutive tenure of any "SNL" cast member in the show's history, until he was surpassed by Kenan Thompson in 2017.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: He also holds "SNL" records for the second most impressions by a single cast member (107, as of the Zac Efron/Yeah Yeah Yeahs episode), beat only by Thompson, and also for the most times saying the show's catchphrase "Live from New York, it's Saturday Night!" to start the show (70 times, beating out Dana Carvey).


title: Darrell Hammond

text: He is best known on the show for not only his impersonations of Bill Clinton, but also Al Gore, Donald Trump, John McCain, Regis Philbin, Dick Cheney, Chris Matthews, Phil Donahue, Phil McGraw, Ted Koppel, John Travolta, Jesse Jackson, Geraldo Rivera, Dan Rather, and Sean Connery, in the recurring "Celebrity Jeopardy!" skits. His impression of Clinton is currently the most frequent "SNL" impression of all time, appearing in 87 sketches over 14 years in the cast and numerous cameos. Hammond also impersonated "SNL" announcer Don Pardo, filling in for Pardo on occasions when the announcer was unavailable.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: After the end of the 34th season, Hammond retired from the show after a record-breaking 14 years as a repertory player. Hammond was the last "SNL" cast member from the 1990s to leave the show. After leaving the show, he has made multiple cameo appearances.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: In 2014 Hammond took over the announcer role on "SNL" starting with the 40th-season premiere, replacing Pardo, who had died that August. Since he began as announcer, he has also appeared in skits numerous times reprising his Clinton and Trump impersonations.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: The following season Hammond reappeared on the show, doing his impression of Trump just as the real Trump began performing well in the Republican primaries. Hammond moved back to New York in 2016 after Trump won the nomination, expecting to be appearing on a weekly basis during the election. However, "SNL" producer Lorne Michaels decided instead to go with Alec Baldwin's impression, believing that it more effectively captured the contemporary Trump.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: In the late 1980s, Hammond gained fame for his impersonations of Elmer Fudd and other Looney Tunes characters in the comedy single "Wappin'." The song was popular enough with "Dr. Demento" listeners to be included on the show's 20th-anniversary compilation.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Hammond is a frequent guest on "The Howard Stern Show." He has also guest-starred in episodes of "" and ";". He had his own stand-up comedy special on Comedy Central: "Comedy Central Presents Darrell Hammond." Hammond can frequently be seen at The Comedy Cellar in New York City.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: In the summer of 2007, Hammond made his Broadway theatre debut, playing the role of Vice Principal Douglas Panch in "The 25th Annual Putnam County Spelling Bee." In 2009, Hammond had a guest starring role on the FX drama "Damages." The same summer, Hammond appeared with Eli Manning, Peyton Manning, and Donald Trump in an Oreo commercial, where he does an impression of Trump.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Beginning in May 2015, Hammond began playing the role of fast-food mascot Colonel Sanders in an ad campaign for KFC, until Norm Macdonald replaced him on August 17, 2015.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Since returning to Los Angeles in 2017, Hammond has appeared in episodes of "Criminal Minds," "At Home with Amy Sedaris", and a "Friday Night Lights" spoof series on sports website "The Kicker".


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Hammond married his wife, Elizabeth, on May 9, 1990. The couple divorced in the early 1990s, then remarried in 1997. They have one daughter together, Mia, born in 1998. Hammond was seen with another woman several times in May and June 2011, prompting speculation about their marriage. During a 2012 appearance on the "Imus in the Morning" radio program, Hammond revealed that the couple was in the process of divorcing and shortly later that same year the divorce became final.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Hammond has admitted to struggling with alcoholism and cocaine addiction. The death of a close friend in 1991 led to a relapse of drug and alcohol abuse. Hammond regularly wears all black when not performing as an homage to another friend who committed suicide in 1992. After another relapse in 2009, Hammond went to rehab.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: In August 2011, Hammond filed a lawsuit against Jose Mendez and Dona Monteleone after a car accident in which he was the passenger. Monteleone, who was driving Hammond's vehicle at the time of the accident, is a Manhattan real estate agent.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: During an October 2011 interview with CNN, Hammond revealed that his mother had abused him during his childhood. His anxiety from abuse led to cutting, several hospitalizations due to psychiatric issues, and diagnoses which initially included bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and borderline personality disorder.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: Hammond says that he was medicated throughout his tenure on "Saturday Night Live," and that he cut himself backstage and was once taken from the studio to a psychiatric ward. The incident helped him come to terms with what he and the doctor who treated him realized was his fundamental issue, the posttraumatic stress disorder stemmed from his abusive childhood. Just prior to his 2000 appearance as Al Gore in a sketch parodying that year's first presidential debate, he had a panic attack due to forgetting his lines. However, he gave a performance so effective that Gore's campaign staff made him watch it to understand why he had aroused negative reactions in some viewers.


title: Darrell Hammond

text: HarperCollins published Hammond's memoir, "God, If You're Not Up There, I'm F*cked", in 2011. It is an account of his abusive childhood, psychiatric issues, struggles with substance abuse, and experiences on "Saturday Night Live." In 2015 he adapted it into a one-man play starring himself, directed by Christopher Ashley, which debuted in San Diego's La Jolla Playhouse to positive reviews. The director has expressed plans for a Broadway residency, although Hammond stated he would prefer an actor to play him instead, as he found the tour so stressful he had to be hospitalized twice during the Los Angeles run.