title: Primo Levi

text: In 1950, having demonstrated his chemical talents to Accatti, Levi was promoted to Technical Director at SIVA. As SIVA's principal chemist and trouble shooter, Levi travelled abroad. He made several trips to Germany and carefully engineered his contacts with senior German businessmen and scientists. Wearing short-sleeved shirts, he made sure they saw his prison camp number tattooed on his arm.


title: Primo Levi

text: He became involved in organisations pledged to remembering and recording the horror of the camps. In 1954 he visited Buchenwald to mark the ninth anniversary of the camp's liberation from the Nazis. Levi dutifully attended many such anniversary events over the years and recounted his own experiences. In July 1957, his son Renzo was born.


title: Primo Levi

text: Despite a positive review by Italo Calvino in , only 1,500 copies of "If This Is a Man" were sold. In 1958 Einaudi, a major publisher, published it in a revised form and promoted it.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1958 Stuart Woolf, in close collaboration with Levi, translated "If This Is a Man" into English, and it was published in the UK in 1959 by Orion Press. Also in 1959 Heinz Riedt, also under close supervision by Levi, translated it into German. As one of Levi's primary reasons for writing the book was to get the German people to realise what had been done in their name, and to accept at least partial responsibility, this translation was perhaps the most significant to him.


title: Primo Levi

text: Levi began writing "The Truce" early in 1961; it was published in 1963, almost 16 years after his first book. That year it won the first annual Premio Campiello literary award. It is often published in one volume with "If This Is a Man", as it covers his long return through eastern Europe from Auschwitz. Levi's reputation was growing. He regularly contributed articles to , the Turin newspaper. He worked to gain a reputation as a writer about subjects other than surviving Auschwitz.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1963, he suffered his first major bout of depression. At the time he had two young children, and a responsible job at a factory where accidents could and did have terrible consequences. He travelled and became a public figure. But the memory of what happened less than twenty years earlier still burned in his mind. Today the link between such trauma and depression is better understood. Doctors prescribed several different drugs over the years, but these had variable efficacy and side effects.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1964 Levi collaborated on a radio play based upon "If This Is a Man" with the state broadcaster RAI, and in 1966 with a theatre production.


title: Primo Levi

text: He published two volumes of science fiction short stories under the pen name of Damiano Malabaila, which explored ethical and philosophical questions. These imagined the effects on society of inventions which many would consider beneficial, but which, he saw, would have serious implications. Many of the stories from the two books ("Natural Histories", 1966) and ("Structural Defect", 1971) were later collected and published in English as "The Sixth Day and Other Tales".


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1974 Levi arranged to go into semi-retirement from SIVA in order to have more time to write. He also wanted to escape the burden of responsibility for managing the paint plant.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1975 a collection of Levi's poetry was published under the title ("The Bremen Beer Hall"). It was published in English as "Shema: Collected Poems".


title: Primo Levi

text: He wrote two other highly praised memoirs, ("Moments of Reprieve", 1978) and ("The Periodic Table", 1975). "Moments of Reprieve" deals with characters he observed during imprisonment. "The Periodic Table" is a collection of short pieces, based in episodes from his life but including two short stories that he wrote while employed in 1941 at the asbestos mine in San Vittore. Each story was related in some way to one of the chemical elements. At London's Royal Institution on 19 October 2006, "The Periodic Table" was voted onto the shortlist for the best science book ever written.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1977 at the age of 58, Levi retired as a part-time consultant at the SIVA paint factory to devote himself full-time to writing. Like all his books, "La chiave a stella" (1978), published in the US in 1986 as "The Monkey Wrench" and in the UK in 1987 as "The Wrench," is difficult to categorize. Some reviews describe it as a collection of stories about work and workers told by a narrator who resembles Levi. Others have called it a novel, created by the linked stories and characters. Set in a Fiat-run company town in Russia called Togliattigrad, it portrays the engineer as a hero on whom others depend. The underlying philosophy is that pride in one's work is necessary for fulfillment. The engineer Faussone travels the world as an expert in erecting cranes and bridges. Left-wing critics said he did not describe the harsh working conditions on the assembly lines at Fiat. It brought Levi a wider audience in Italy. "The Wrench" won the Strega Prize in 1979. Most of the stories involve the solution of industrial problems by the use of troubleshooting skills; many stories come from the author's personal experience.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1984 Levi published his only novel, "If Not Now, When?"— or his second novel, if "The Monkey Wrench" is counted. It traces the fortunes of a group of Jewish partisans behind German lines during World War II as they seek to survive and continue their fight against the occupier. With the ultimate goal of reaching Palestine to take part in the development of a Jewish national home, the partisan band reaches Poland and then German territory. There the surviving members are officially received as displaced persons in territory held by the Western allies. Finally, they succeed in reaching Italy, on their way to Palestine. The novel won both the and the .


title: Primo Levi

text: The book was inspired by events during Levi's train journey home after release from the camp, narrated in "The Truce". At one point in the journey, a band of Zionists hitched their wagon to the refugee train. Levi was impressed by their strength, resolve, organisation, and sense of purpose.


title: Primo Levi

text: Levi became a major literary figure in Italy, and his books were translated into many other languages. "The Truce" became a standard text in Italian schools. In 1985, he flew to the United States for a 20-day speaking tour. Although he was accompanied by Lucia, the trip was very draining for him.


title: Primo Levi

text: In the Soviet Union his early works were not accepted by censors as he had portrayed Soviet soldiers as slovenly and disorderly rather than heroic. In Israel, a country formed partly by Jewish survivors who lived through horrors similar to those Levi described, many of his works were not translated and published until after his death.


title: Primo Levi

text: In March 1985 he wrote the introduction to the re-publication of the autobiography of Rudolf Höss, who was commandant of Auschwitz concentration camp from 1940 to 1943. In it he writes, "It's filled with evil . . . and reading it is agony."


title: Primo Levi

text: Also in 1985 a volume of his essays, previously published in , was published under the title ("Other People's Trades"). Levi used to write these stories and hoard them, releasing them to at the rate of about one a week. The essays ranged from book reviews and ponderings about strange things in nature, to fictional short stories.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 1986 his book ("The Drowned and the Saved"), was published. In it he tried to analyse why people behaved the way they did at Auschwitz, and why some survived whilst others perished. In his typical style, he makes no judgments but presents the evidence and asks the questions. For example, one essay examines what he calls "The grey zone", those Jews who did the Germans' dirty work for them and kept the rest of the prisoners in line. He questioned, what made a concert violinist behave as a callous taskmaster?


title: Primo Levi

text: Also in 1986 another collection of short stories, previously published in , was assembled and published as (some of which were published in the English volume "The Mirror Maker").


title: Primo Levi

text: At the time of his death in April 1987, Levi was working on another selection of essays called "The Double Bond," which took the form of letters to . These essays are very personal in nature. Approximately five or six chapters of this manuscript exist. Carole Angier, in her biography of Levi, describes how she tracked some of these essays down. She wrote that others were being kept from public view by Levi's close friends, to whom he gave them, and they may have been destroyed.


title: Primo Levi

text: In March 2007 "Harper's Magazine" published an English translation of Levi's story , about a fictitious weapon that is fatal at close range but harmless more than a meter away. It originally appeared in his 1971 book , but was published in English for the first time by "Harper's".


title: Primo Levi

text: "A Tranquil Star", a collection of seventeen stories translated into English by Ann Goldstein and Alessandra Bastagli was published in April 2007.


title: Primo Levi

text: In 2015, Penguin published "The Complete Works of Primo Levi", ed. Ann Goldstein. This is the first time that Levi's entire oeuvre has been translated into English.


title: Primo Levi

text: Levi died on 11 April 1987 after a fall from the interior landing of his third-story apartment in Turin to the ground floor below. The coroner ruled his death a suicide. Three of his biographers (Angier, Thomson and Anissimov) agreed, but other writers (including at least one who knew him personally) questioned that determination.


title: Primo Levi

text: In his later life, Levi indicated that he was suffering from depression; factors likely included responsibility for his elderly mother and mother-in-law, with whom he was living, and lingering traumatic memories of his experiences. According to the chief rabbi of Rome Elio Toaff, Levi telephoned him for the first time ten minutes before the incident. Levi said he found it impossible to look at his mother, who was ill with cancer, without recalling the faces of people stretched out on benches in Auschwitz. The Nobel laureate and Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel said, at the time, "Primo Levi died at Auschwitz forty years later."


title: Primo Levi

text: Several of Levi's friends and associates have argued otherwise. The Oxford sociologist Diego Gambetta noted that Levi left no suicide note, nor any other indication that he was considering suicide. Documents and testimony suggested that he had plans for both the short- and longer-term at the time. In the days before his death, he had complained to his physician of dizziness due to an operation he had undergone some three weeks earlier. After visiting the apartment complex, Gambetta suggested that Levi lost his balance and fell accidentally. The Nobel laureate Rita Levi-Montalcini, a close friend of Levi, agreed. "As a chemical engineer," she said, "he might have chosen a better way [of exiting the world] than jumping into a narrow stairwell with the risk of remaining paralyzed."


title: Primo Levi

text: Levi wrote "If This Is a Man" to bear witness to the horrors of the Nazis' attempt to exterminate the Jewish people and others. In turn, he read many accounts by witnesses and survivors, and attended meetings of survivors, becoming a prominent symbolic figure for anti-fascists in Italy.


title: Primo Levi

text: Levi visited over 130 schools to talk about his experiences in Auschwitz. He vigorously repudiated revisionist attitudes in German historiography that emerged in the Historikerstreit led by the works of people like Andreas Hillgruber and Ernst Nolte, who drew parallels between Nazism and Stalinism. Levi rejected the idea that the labor camp system depicted in Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn's "The Gulag Archipelago" and that of the Nazi (; see Nazi concentration camps) were comparable. The death rate in Stalin's gulags was 30% at worst, he wrote, while in the extermination camps he estimated it to be 90–98%.


title: Primo Levi

text: His view was that the Nazi death camps and the attempted annihilation of the Jews was a horror unique in history because the goal was the complete destruction of a race by one that saw itself as superior. He noted that it was highly organized and mechanized; it entailed the degradation of Jews to the point of using their ashes as materials for paths.


title: Primo Levi

text: The purpose of the Nazi camps was not the same as that of Stalin's "gulags", Levi wrote in an appendix to "If This Is a Man", though it is a "lugubrious comparison between two models of hell." The goal of the was the extermination of the Jewish race in Europe. No one was excluded. No one could renounce Judaism; the Nazis treated Jews as a racial group rather than as a religious one. Levi, along with most of Turin's Jewish intellectuals, had not been religiously observant before World War II, but the Italian racial laws and the Nazi camps impressed on him his identity as a Jew. Of the many children deported to the camps, almost all were murdered.


title: Primo Levi

text: Levi wrote in clear, dispassionate style about his experiences in Auschwitz, with an embrace of whatever humanity he found, showing no lasting hatred of the Germans, although he made it clear that he did not forgive any of the culprits.


title: Hanger steak

text: A hanger steak, also known as butcher's steak or hanging tenderloin, is a cut of beef steak prized for its flavor. This cut is taken from the plate, which is the upper belly of the animal. In the past it was among several cuts of beef sometimes known as "butcher's steak", because butchers would often keep it for themselves rather than offer it for sale. This is because the general populace believed this to be a crude cut of meat, although it is actually one of the most tender.


title: Hanger steak

text: Hanger steak resembles flank steak in texture and flavor. It is a vaguely V-shaped pair of muscles with a long, inedible membrane running down the middle. The hanger steak is usually the most tender cut on an animal, aside from the tenderloin, which has no fat.


title: Hanger steak

text: It is also sometimes incorrectly referred to as flap steak or flap meat, which is a distinctly different cut from the bottom sirloin in the rear quarter of the animal.


title: Hanger steak

text: Anatomically speaking, the hanger steak is the crura, or legs, of the diaphragm. The steak is said to "hang" from the diaphragm of the heifer or steer. The diaphragm is one muscle, commonly cut into two separate cuts of meat: the hanger steak, traditionally considered more flavorful, and the outer skirt steak, composed of tougher muscle from the dome of the diaphragm. The hanger is attached to the last rib and to the front of several of the lumbar vertebrae. The right side is larger and stronger than the left.


title: Hanger steak

text: Occasionally seen on American menus as a "bistro steak", hanger steak's U.S. meat-cutting classification is NAMP 140. Due to its limited quantity, is rarely marketed to consumers, with most hanger steak cuts being diverted to restaurants.


title: Hanger steak

text: The hanger steak has historically been more popular in Europe. In Britain it is referred to as "skirt", which is not to be confused with the American skirt steak. In French it is known as the and is often prepared by cutting the lobes in two of three flaps along the centerline, in a manner similar to a butterfly cut. In Italian it is known as the , in Dutch the , in Polish the , and in Spanish the or or .


title: Dolly Wells

text: She co-wrote and starred in the Sky Living series "Doll & Em" (2014–2015) with Emily Mortimer, and wrote and directed the 2019 comedy-drama "Good Posture". Her other television work includes roles in "Star Stories" (2006–2008), "Some Girls" (2012–2014), "Noel Fielding's Luxury Comedy" (2012–2014), "Blunt Talk" (2015–2016), "Dracula" (2020), "The Outlaws" (2021) and "Inside Man" (2022).


title: Dolly Wells

text: Wells was born Dorothy Gatacre, in Merton, London, the last of six children. She is the daughter of comic actor John Wells and Teresa Chancellor, daughter of Sir Christopher Chancellor, general manager of Reuters from 1944–59. Wells grew up thinking her father was her stepfather, and did not find out he was her biological father until she was eighteen. She later changed her name from Gatacre—her mother's first husband was Edward Gatacre—to Wells. Her first cousin is the actress Anna Chancellor.


title: Dolly Wells

text: She was educated in a Catholic convent school, after failing the entrance exam for St Paul's. While trying to build an acting career, she worked as a journalist at the "Evening Standard" and as a book reviewer.


title: Dolly Wells

text: Wells married photographer Mischa Richter in 2000. They have a daughter, Elsie (b. 2002) and a son, Ezra (b. 2005). Both appeared with their mother in "Doll & Em".


title: Girlfriend, Girlfriend

text: The series follows Naoya Mukai, who had recently begun a relationship with his childhood friend Saki Saki. Nagisa Minase, his classmate, decides to confess her feelings to him as well, and after some initial hesitation, he accepts her request to be her boyfriend as well. Naoya decides that he will have both Saki and Nagisa as girlfriends at the same time. As Naoya currently lives alone due to his parents living elsewhere for work, Saki and Nagisa decide to live with him. The series follows their daily school life, as Naoya, Saki, and Nagisa experience difficulties and challenges in maintaining their love triangle relationship.


title: Girlfriend, Girlfriend

text: "Girlfriend, Girlfriend" is based on "Seiseidōdō, Futamata-suru Hanashi" (, "A Story of Two-timing but Fair and Square"), which Hiroyuki had uploaded on Twitter and later published in Comiket 86 in August 2019.


title: Girlfriend, Girlfriend

text: The manga by Hiroyuki began serialization in Kodansha's "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" on March 4, 2020. Thirteen "tankōbon" volumes have been published as of November 17, 2022. A commercial to promote the series, starring Ayana Taketatsu and Ayane Sakura, was released on October 23, 2020.


title: Girlfriend, Girlfriend

text: In February 2021, Kodansha USA announced the English digital release of the series in North America and the first volume was released on April 6, 2021.


title: Girlfriend, Girlfriend

text: In November 2020, the 51st issue of "Weekly Shōnen Magazine" announced that the series would receive an anime television series adaptation. Tezuka Productions animated the series, with Satoshi Kuwabara as director, Keiichirō Ōchi as scriptwriter, and Akiko Toyoda designing the characters. Miki Sakurai and Tatsuhiko Saiki composed the series' music. It aired from July 3 to September 18, 2021 on the Animeism programming block on MBS, TBS, and BS-TBS, as well as AT-X. Necry Talkie performed the series' opening theme song , while Momo Asakura performed the series' ending theme song . Crunchyroll licensed the series outside of Asia. Muse Communication licensed the series in South and Southeast Asia, and streamed it on its YouTube channel, iQIYI, and Bilibili. On August 9, 2022, Crunchyroll announced the series would receive an English dub, which premiered the same day.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: The Challenge: War of the Worlds is the thirty-third season of the MTV reality competition series "The Challenge". This season featured alumni from "The Real World", "The Challenge", "Are You the One?", "The Bachelor Canada", "The Bachelorette", "Big Brother", "Celebrity Big Brother UK", "Love Island UK", "Survivor Turkey", "American Ninja Warrior", "Party Down South", "Geordie Shore", "Ex on the Beach" (Brazil, U.S., and UK), Telemundo, and "Floribama Shore" competing for a share of a $1 million prize. The season had a "Basic Training" launch special on January 30, 2019, and premiered on February 6, 2019 on MTV.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: This season featured 16 " Challenge" veterans and 18 prospects - new " Challenge" competitors from around the world. For the first ten episodes, the players competed in male/female pairs. Each veteran player paired with a prospect of the opposite sex. The Prospect picked their alumni partner based on the finish order of the opening "Impending Dune" challenge. Once in their pairs, the main phase of the game began. The main elements of the game are as follows:


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: During the 10th episode of the season, the 7 remaining pairs were disbanded, with the 14 remaining players playing the rest of the competition as individuals - with players competing in challenges as individuals and eliminated as individuals. The game format remains mostly the same, but with each round of play being designated as a male or female round and only players of the designated gender are at risk of being eliminated, but any player can be part of that round's Tribunal. Additionally, the relic is no longer awarded to an individual elimination winner.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: When eight players remain, they will compete individually in the Final Challenge for their share of the $1,000,000 prize. First place will receive $750,000. Second place will receive $200,000, and third place will receive $50,000. The other five, receive nothing.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: The final challenge, The Death Path, was competed by the remaining eight players individually. The path was over 50 miles long. Each player's individual times were recorded and added up to determine the winner of the season at the end of the final. During the final, competitors were eliminated until four remaining competitors crossed the finish line where the results were announced.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: First Leg: Players begin the final by running and cycling through a six-mile loop four times (24 miles overall). In the middle of the figure-eight loop there are five checkpoints each player must complete. Players can complete checkpoints at any stage during the 24 miles. If the checkpoint they wish to complete is currently occupied, they may wait, or continue with their 24 miles. Each checkpoint has a 20-minute time limit before players time out. Unbeknownst to the players, the Top 3 players of this stage would form the Tribunal for an Instant Elimination.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: Instant Elimination - Walk Tiny: Players hold on to a 50-foot rope that is connected to a monster truck. The truck slowly drives thus taking the players on a walk. The first person to fall or drop the rope would be eliminated.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: Geography Trivia: Players are asked a series of multiple-choice geography trivia questions. If they answer a question incorrectly, they would be eliminated from the checkpoint. The last player standing would be driven for the first mile of the Second Leg in a dune buggy while the remaining four players must traverse the sand dunes on foot.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: Second leg: Players had to travel on foot over a series of sand dunes, completing the checkpoints that the players encounter.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: Final leg: Players run five miles down a beach to reach four kayaks. Along the way, there is a math problem they must solve to unlock a kayak and paddle towards a boat wreck. As there are only four kayaks, the remaining player without a kayak will be eliminated. From the boat wreck, the remaining four players run down the beach to a lighthouse where the finish line is set up. Once the final four players have reached the finish line, their total times will be added together to determine the winner of "War of the Worlds".


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: The two part reunion special aired on May 29, 2019 and was hosted by WWE pro wrestler, "" alum, and former "Challenge" champion Mike "The Miz" Mizanin and Olympian and "" alumna Lolo Jones. Cast members attended in London, England. The first part received 0.55 million viewers along with a 0.3 18–49 demo rating, the second part dropped slightly to 0.50 million but matched the demo rating.


title: The Challenge: War of the Worlds

text: Cast member Amanda Garcia claimed on her social media that fellow castmates Johnny Devenanzio, Theo Campbell and Kyle Christie used tape to cover her mouth and tie her against her will after an argument. Paulie Calafiore and Da'Vonne Rogers spoke about what allegedly happened, calling the incident "disturbing". A petition was also launched, demanding the network to release the unaired footage. The situation was addressed in the second part of the reunion special.


title: Susannah York

text: Susannah Yolande Fletcher (9 January 1939 – 15 January 2011), known professionally as Susannah York, was an English actress. Her appearances in various films of the 1960s, including "Tom Jones" (1963) and "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" (1969), formed the basis of her international reputation. An obituary in "The Telegraph" characterised her as "the blue-eyed English rose with the china-white skin and cupid lips who epitomised the sensuality of the swinging sixties", who later "proved that she was a real actor of extraordinary emotional range".


title: Susannah York

text: York's early films included "The Greengage Summer" (1961) and "" (1962). She received a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Supporting Actress for "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" She also won the 1972 Cannes Film Festival Award for Best Actress for "Images". Her other film appearances included "Sands of the Kalahari" (1965), "A Man for All Seasons" (1966), "The Killing of Sister George" (1968), "Battle of Britain" (1969), "Jane Eyre" (1970), "Zee and Co." (1972), "Gold" (1974), "The Maids" (1975), "Conduct Unbecoming" (1975), "Eliza Fraser" (1976), "The Shout" (1978), "The Silent Partner" (1978) and "Superman" (1978). She was appointed an Officier de L'Ordre des Arts et des Lettres in 1991.


title: Susannah York

text: York was born in Chelsea, London, in 1939, the younger daughter of Simon William Peel Vickers Fletcher (1910–2002), a merchant banker and steel magnate, and his first wife, the former Joan Nita Mary Bowring. They married in 1935, and divorced prior to 1943. Her maternal grandfather was Walter Andrew Bowring, CBE, a British diplomat who served as Administrator of Dominica (1933–1935); she was a great-great-granddaughter of political economist Sir John Bowring. York had an elder sister, as well as a half-brother, Eugene Xavier Charles William Peel Fletcher, from her father's second marriage to Pauline de Bearnez de Morton de La Chapelle.


title: Susannah York

text: In early 1943, her mother married a Scottish businessman, Adam M. Hamilton, and moved, with her daughter, to Scotland. At the age of 11, York entered Marr College in Troon, Ayrshire. Later, she became a boarder at Wispers School in Midhurst, Sussex. At 13, she was removed, effectively expelled, from Wispers after admitting to a nude midnight swim in the school pool, and she transferred to East Haddon Hall in Northamptonshire.


title: Susannah York

text: Enthusiastic about her experiences of acting at school (she had played an ugly sister in "Cinderella" at the age of nine), York first decided to apply to the Glasgow College of Dramatic Art, but after her mother had separated from her stepfather and moved to London, she instead auditioned for the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art. At RADA, where her classmates included Peter O'Toole, Albert Finney, Tom Courtenay and future Beatles manager Brian Epstein, she won the Ronson award for most promising student before graduating in 1958.


title: Susannah York

text: Her film career began with "Tunes of Glory" (1960), co-starring with Alec Guinness and John Mills. In 1961, she played the leading role in "The Greengage Summer", which co-starred Kenneth More and Danielle Darrieux. In 1962, she performed in "" with Montgomery Clift in the title role.


title: Susannah York

text: York played Sophie Western opposite Albert Finney in the Oscar-winning Best Film "Tom Jones" (1963). She had turned the part down three times and only agreed to participate because she felt guilty over cooking a disastrous meal for the director Tony Richardson, who was determined not to accept her refusal. She also appeared in "The 7th Dawn" (1964) with William Holden, "Kaleidescope" (1966), "A Man for All Seasons" (1966), "The Killing of Sister George" (1968) and "Battle of Britain" (1969). In 1970 she co-starred with George C. Scott (as Edward Rochester), playing the title role in an American television movie of "Jane Eyre", and played opposite Peter O'Toole in "Country Dance".


title: Susannah York

text: York was nominated for a Best Supporting Actress Oscar for "They Shoot Horses, Don't They?" (1969). She snubbed the Academy when, regarding her nomination, she declared it offended her to be nominated without being asked. She was highly praised for her performance, though she said "I don't think much of the film, or of myself in it." She did attend the ceremony but lost to Goldie Hawn for her role in "Cactus Flower".


title: Susannah York

text: In 1972, she won the Best Actress award at the Cannes Film Festival for her role in "Images". She played Superman's mother Lara on the doomed planet Krypton in "Superman" (1978) and its sequels, "Superman II" (1980) and "" (1987). York made extensive appearances in British television series, including "Prince Regent" (1979), as Maria Fitzherbert, the clandestine wife of the future George IV, and "We'll Meet Again" (1982).


title: Susannah York

text: In 1984, York starred as Mrs. Cratchit in "A Christmas Carol" (1984), based on the novel by Charles Dickens. She again co-starred with George C. Scott (as Ebenezer Scrooge), David Warner (Bob Cratchit), Frank Finlay (Jacob Marley), Angela Pleasence (The Ghost of Christmas Past) and Anthony Walters (Tiny Tim).


title: Susannah York

text: In 2003, York had a recurring role as hospital manager Helen Grant in the BBC1 television drama series "Holby City". She reprised this role in two episodes of "Holby City"'s sister series "Casualty" in May 2004. Her last film was "The Calling", released in 2010 in the UK.


title: Susannah York

text: In 1978, York appeared on stage at the New End Theatre in London in "The Singular Life of Albert Nobbs" with Lucinda Childs, directed by French director Simone Benmussa. This was the first of 10 projects she completed with the producer Richard Jackson. The following year, she appeared in Paris, speaking French in a play by Henry James: "Appearances", with Sami Frey. The play was again directed by Benmussa.


title: Susannah York

text: In the 1980s, again with Benmussa, York played in "For No Good Reason", an adaptation of George Moore's short story, with Susan Hampshire. In 1985, she appeared in "Fatal Attraction" by Bernard Slade at the Theatre Royal Haymarket. In 1986-87, York starred as Mary in Claire Boothe's "The Women" at the Old Vic, a production that included Maria Aitken, Diana Quick and Georgina Hale.


title: Susannah York

text: In 2007, she appeared in the UK tour of "The Wings of the Dove", and continued performing her internationally well received solo show, "The Loves of Shakespeare's Women". Also in 2007, she guest starred in the "Doctor Who" audio play "Valhalla". In 2008, she played the part of Nelly in an adaptation by April De Angelis of "Wuthering Heights".


title: Susannah York

text: According to the website of Italian symphonic metal band Rhapsody of Fire (previously known as Rhapsody), York had been recruited for a narrated part on the band's next full-length album "Triumph or Agony". In 2009, she starred alongside Jos Vantyler in the Tennessee Williams season at the New End Theatre, London for which she received critical acclaim.


title: Susannah York

text: York's last stage performance was as Jean in Ronald Harwood's "Quartet", at the Oxford Playhouse in August 2010.


title: Susannah York

text: In the 1970s, York wrote two children's fantasy novels, "In Search of Unicorns" (1973, revised 1984) which was excerpted in the film "Images", and "Lark's Castle" (1976, revised 1986).


title: Susannah York

text: She was a guest, along with David Puttnam on the BBC Radio 4 documentary "I Had The Misery Thursday", a tribute programme to film actor Montgomery Clift, which was aired in 1986, on the 20th anniversary of Clift's death. York had co-starred with him in "Freud: The Secret Passion", John Huston's 1962 film biography of the psychoanalyst.


title: Susannah York

text: In 1959, York married Michael Wells, with whom she had two children: daughter Sasha (born May 1972), and son Orlando (born June 1973). They divorced in 1976. In the 1984 TV adaptation of "A Christmas Carol", she played Mrs. Cratchit and both of her children co-starred as Cratchit offspring. York's first grandchild by way of Orlando was born in 2007.


title: Susannah York

text: Politically, she was left-leaning, and publicly supported Mordechai Vanunu, the Israeli dissident who revealed Israel's nuclear weapons programme. While performing "The Loves of Shakespeare's Women" at the Cameri Theatre in Tel Aviv in June 2007, York dedicated the performance to Vanunu, evoking both cheers and jeers from the audience.


title: Susannah York

text: Diagnosed with cancer late in 2010, York refused chemotherapy and honoured a contractual obligation to appear in Ronald Harwood's "Quartet". She died at the Royal Marsden Hospital in London from multiple myeloma on 15 January 2011, six days after her 72nd birthday.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Akeelah and the Bee is a 2006 American drama film written and directed by Doug Atchison. It tells the story of Akeelah Anderson (Keke Palmer), an 11-year-old girl who participates in the Scripps National Spelling Bee, her mother (Angela Bassett), her schoolmates, and her coach, Dr. Joshua Larabee (Laurence Fishburne). The cast also features Curtis Armstrong, J.R. Villarreal, Sean Michael Afable, Erica Hubbard, Lee Thompson Young, Julito McCullum, Sahara Garey, Eddie Steeples, and Tzi Ma.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The film was developed over a period of 10 years by Atchison, who came up with the initial concept after seeing the 1994 Scripps National Spelling Bee and noting that a majority of the competitors came from well-off socioeconomic backgrounds. After completing the script in 1999, Atchison won one of the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting in 2000, which attracted producers Sid Ganis and Nancy Hult Ganis. After an initial inability to secure funding, the project got a second wind as a result of the success of the 2002 documentary film "Spellbound". Lionsgate Films undertook the production in 2004 and in the following year it was filmed in South Los Angeles on a budget of over $6 million.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Atchison remarked that his theme for the film, deemed an inspirational film, was about overcoming obstacles despite difficult challenges along the way. He also said that he wanted to portray African Americans in a manner that was not stereotypical and tried to show how African-American children incorporate some stereotypes. The film alludes to the importance of community as well as to problems black communities face. It also deals with esteem and stigma in school while criticizing the public school system. Cast members said that although the film was aimed at children, they considered it had important lessons for the parents as well.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Released in the United States on April 28, 2006, "Akeelah and the Bee" was positively received by critics and audiences. Reviewers praised its storyline and cast, lauding Palmer's performance, although a few critics panned the story as familiar and formulaic, and were critical of the portrayal of Asian-American characters. The film grossed $19 million, and received a number of awards and nominations, including the Black Reel Awards and the NAACP Image Awards. Film critics highly praised it for avoiding African-American stereotypes common in Hollywood films, while scholars were less favorable, even saying it reinforces some clichés.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Akeelah Anderson, an 11-year-old spelling enthusiast, attends Crenshaw Middle School, a predominantly black school in South Los Angeles. She lives with her widowed mother, Tanya, her three older siblings, Kiana, Devon, and Terrence, and her infant niece, Mikayla. Her principal, Mr. Welch, suggests that she sign up for the Crenshaw Schoolwide Spelling Bee, which she initially refuses. After being threatened with detention for the remainder of the semester, due to her skipping school numerous times, she enters the spelling bee and wins.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Dr. Joshua Larabee, a visiting English professor, tests Akeelah and decides that she is good enough to compete in the National Spelling Bee.However, Dr. Larabee later declines to coach her because she is rude to him. As a result, Akeelah studies on her own to prepare for the district spelling bee. Although Akeelah misspells her word during the final round of the bee, she makes it in the regional bee when one of the finalists is disqualified for cheating. Akeelah also meets and befriends Javier Mendez, a 12-year-old Mexican-American boy and fellow speller. Javier invites her to join the spelling club at his Woodland Hills middle school.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: At Woodland Hills, Akeelah meets Dylan Chiu, a Chinese-American boy who won second place at the past two national spelling bees and is in his final year of eligibility. Contemptuous after Akeelah misspells a word, he tells her she needs a coach. Afterwards, Javier invites Akeelah to his birthday party, while Tanya is depressed over Terrence's bad behavior, Akeelah's grades and frequent truancy, and her husband's death at the hands of a mugger five years prior. When she finds out about Akeelah going alone to Woodland Hills, she forbids Akeelah from participating in the upcoming state bee and forces her to take summer school to make up for her skipped classes. To circumvent this prohibition, Akeelah forges her deceased father's signature on the consent form and secretly studies with Dr. Larabee.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: At Javier's party, Akeelah nearly beats Dylan in "Scrabble". Afterwards, Akeelah overhears Dylan's overly competitive, overbearing father insulting her and berating his son for nearly losing to "a little black girl". During the state bee, Tanya comes inside and interrupts her daughter before she can spell her word. Tanya chastises Akeelah for going to the bee without her permission but relents after a side discussion with Dr. Larabee and Mr. Welch. Javier protects Akeelah from disqualification by stalling until she can return. Dylan, Javier and Akeelah advance to the Scripps National Spelling Bee.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: As Christmas approaches, Akeelah goes out to buy Dr. Larabee a present, but when she meets him, he reveals that he is quitting being her coach because she reminds him of his deceased daughter, Denise; she died of an unexpected terminal illness when she was younger than Akeelah. Instead, Dr. Larabee gives Akeelah 5,000 flashcards to study. Without her coach, rejected by her best friend Georgia, and feeling the pressure from her neighborhood residents to make them proud, Akeelah loses her motivation. However, Tanya tells her that if she looked around her, she would realize that she has "50,000 coaches". Akeelah recruits her family members, classmates, teachers, friends, and neighbors to prepare in earnest. After reuniting with Dr. Larabee, Akeelah goes to Washington, D.C. with him, along with Tanya, Georgia, Mr. Welch, and Devon, unaware that her coach has paid for four of their tickets. Georgia rekindles her friendship with Akeelah after she invites her.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: During the competition, Akeelah becomes a crowd favorite. After all the other competitors are eliminated, only Dylan and Akeelah remain. The two finalists are allowed a break, during which Akeelah overhears Dylan's father harshly pressuring him to win, so Akeelah attempts to intentionally lose. Dylan, fed up with his father's competitiveness, intentionally misspells as well. Dylan tells Akeelah that he wants a fair competition. The two then proceed to spell every word listed by the judges until the two are declared co-champions. After Akeelah spells "pulchritude" (the same word she misspelled at the start of the film), she is officially declared a winner.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Erica Hubbard, Lee Thompson Young, and Julito McCullum portray Akeelah's sister and brothers Kiana, Devon, and Terrence, respectively. Dalia Phillips appears as Akeelah's teacher, Ms. Cross, and Eddie Steeples as Derrick T. Tzi Ma takes the role of Mr. Chiu, Dylan's father, while Wolfgang Bodison plays Tanya's unnamed husband.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Doug Atchison first had the idea of making a film about spelling bees after watching the Scripps National Spelling Bee of 1994 and noticing that most of the contestants had "privileged backgrounds". Atchison also considered spelling bees to contain "all the drama and tension and entertainment value of a sporting event", and felt that this could be made into a film. From this, he got the idea to write a script following the story of a child who had talent for spelling bee but was from a low-income neighborhood so did not "have access to the resources or coaching to pursue it as these other kids had." He had the desire of making a ""Rocky"-like story" and although made it a "dramatic" plot, he declared it is "essentially a sports movie".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Atchison started his screenplay in 1999, when he wrote a five-page treatment in about a month. In addition to the fact he was working on other projects, Atchison said he waited years before starting to write because he "thought someone else would do it first." This did not happen, so he began to write by himself. Few changes were made in the process of transitioning from the original draft to the final product. One change was that at first, Akeelah's mother had a smaller role and Akeelah's father was alive. Also, Larabee had been an older man (72 years old), and a few characters were cut. However, Atchison has summarized that "the steps she goes through, the friends she's got, those were always the same."


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: In 2000, Atchison submitted his script to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences along with about 4,500 others, in hopes of winning the Nicholl Fellowships in Screenwriting. Atchison's script ended up being one of five scripts selected, and he won the grant. Editor Glenn Farr, then a member of the committee, offered to edit Atchison's film as soon as it was finished. Producer Sid Ganis was also attracted to the story during the award presentation ceremony. Nancy Hult Ganis, Sid's wife who was interested in public education, encouraged him to follow through with the film.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The film was produced by Lionsgate Films, 2929 Entertainment, Starbucks Entertainment, Out of the Blue Entertainment, Reactor Films and Cinema Gypsy Productions, with a budget around $6–8 million. However, the Ganis couple found it difficult to secure funding for the film. In August 2001, Danny Llewelyn's Panoptic Pictures acquired the rights of Atchison's script. In 2002, documentary "Spellbound" was released and attracted attention to spelling bees, which, according to Hult Ganis, "helped us in some way". In November 2004, Lionsgate Films announced they would fund and distribute the film; and in collaboration with 2929 Entertainment they would co-finance the production. In January 2006, Starbucks announced a partnership with Lionsgate to market it.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Another factor in not having a studio attached before was Atchison's desire to direct it as he wanted to ensure his story would remain the one he envisioned. Several studios wanted to turn Larabee's character into a white character but Atchison felt "it was important that Akeelah's mentor be someone that comes from her neighborhood, that looks like her." Lionsgate's President of Production Michael Paseornek agreed that Atchison should direct the script, claiming that he was the only person who could do it because the story "was in his heart and in his mind".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Filming began in February 2005; the crew filmed for ten hours a day for thirty-one days. The eleven-year-old Palmer had to follow the United States' child labor laws, which necessitated spending at least three hours a day at school, one on recreation, and one at lunch. Nevertheless, Palmer appeared in almost every scene, about which Ganis commented, "I honestly don't know how we figured it out, but we did". To get the filming done on time, Atchison storyboarded the scenes ahead of time and chatted with cinematographer David Mullen, the production designer Warren Young, and Glenn Farr to compile a list of scenes. This way, the filming team began each day knowing what shots they would take, their order, and the performances scheduled for each day. Most of the filming took place in South Los Angeles, which Atchison picked as the filming location due to their low budget. Scenes were also filmed at the University of Southern California, Hollywood Palladium—which stood in for the Grand Ballroom of the Washington, D.C. Hyatt Hotel—and Venice High School.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: To bring authenticity to the film's portrayal of spelling bees, George Hornedo, who competed in spelling bees in real life, was hired to play contestant Roman and be "an unofficial technical consultant." Hornedo helped the actors to recreate "certain habits and idiosyncrasies they do on stage to help them spell." Thus, Akeelah skipping rope to memorize the words was added as "something that was normal for the spelling bee" but Atchison tried to create it in a "subtle" way as he thought the audience could consider this unrealistic. Hornedo and other children who had never acted before were cast because of their authentic portrayals of nervous contestants; other kids, in Atchison's eyes, were "too old in how they acted". Also, Jacques Bailly, who won the Scripps National Spelling Bee in 1980 and is currently the contest's official pronouncer, since 2003, played himself in the film.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: To further help the staff, Atchison asked Paige Kimball, director of the Scripps National Spelling Bee, to be a consultant. Kimball "was amazed at not only at how precise it was in its recreation, but also how authentic the individuals and the casting for the event was." However, she and the organization did have some disagreements. Atchison has admitted that he originally created a more dramatic story than she wanted. However, he believed most of the disagreements were about technical procedures, "things you wouldn't even notice". For example, the children were originally sponsored by newspapers to compete, but Atchison felt this detail did not improve the story, so he removed it. There were some concerns about the screenplay, and Atchison changed some of them "because [he] thought it didn't matter one way or another so [he] just made them happy."


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The film features a musical score by Aaron Zigman, who wrote 45 minutes of compositions in two and a half weeks. He had planned to score "Akeelah and the Bee" over the holidays, but Lionsgate pushed its release date up, so Zigman was pressed for time to write the score. He drew inspiration from Fishburne's performance to write it. A soundtrack album consisting of 16 tracks was released by Lionsgate Records in a deal with BMG's RED Distribution on April 4, 2006. It peaked at number 193 on the "Billboard" 200, and reached the 19th and sixth spot on the "Billboard" Top Independent Albums and Top Soundtracks respectively. The original score, consisting of 37 tracks, was also released on April 4 as an iTunes exclusive.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Commentators on "Akeelah and the Bee" opined it dealt with multiple themes, including race and racism, poverty, educational system, competition and sportsmanship, self-esteem, self-image, stigma, community, friendship, gender and sexism, age, class and classism, and empowerment. Atchison affirmed that its focus is not the spelling but "a kid who learns what she's good at, becomes proud of that and doesn't want to hide it anymore. It's overcoming the fear of being great, before you can be great." Sid Ganis described it as a film "about hope and doing great things against all the odds," while a "New York Press" reviewer declared it "addresses the human condition".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: After attending USC School of Cinematic Arts and working at a youth center in South Los Angeles, Atchison incorporated his experiences from the neighborhood into the film; among them, he heard that children who do well in school are said to be "acting white". As a result, Atchison tried to use the film to show what causes these children to doubt their own abilities. These doubts are shown through the preconceptions Akeelah and other community members have that "Spelling Bee is for someone else". She "must first overcome her feelings of inadequacy," and when she discovers Larabee comes from her neighborhood and is a successful man, it "empowers her to ... accomplish this task." Fishburne stated the film's treatment of race extends beyond the dichotomy of struggle and success, and goes into the prejudice that many people hold against black people competing in mainstream society. Atchison elaborated, "it's about this girl's insecurity about doing a thing that she hasn't seen people who look like her doing". The director affirmed that African-American children in film usually aspire to nothing other than being successful in sports, music or dance. He argued that the film industry has disseminated "lies about black inferiority", so he was interested in focusing on their intellect rather than let them succumb to the stereotypes. Atchison noted he had created the project for all audiences "but particularly for kids of color to see a little black girl who does something powerful."


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The director also attributed Akeelah's low-esteem and doubt of her own capacities to the public school system, where she is bullied and "her intellectual curiosity is kind of crushed". As such, Akeelah is portrayed as an "undermotivated student", who "[u]nwilling to be stigmatized as a freak or a brainiac," avoids showing her abilities. According to Wesley Morris of "The Boston Globe", the film shows "the contradiction gifted students feel in an inhospitable environment." Ann Hornaday from "The Washington Post" opined that Akeelah's sentence "Why would I want to represent a school that doesn't even have doors on the toilets?" is "one of the film's many subtle critiques of the country's education policies." Writing in the "English Journal", Amanda L. Hodges said it suggests a new approach on teaching with the "50,000 coaches" part; she declared it deconstructs the image of teachers "as those who keep order and disseminate knowledge" and shows that "[t]eaching is not an isolated activity that begins and ends at the classroom door."


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Villarreal commented that the film "teaches you not to let your friends down", while Fishburne and Hornaday highlighted its theme of community. Marrit Ingman of "The Austin Chronicle" said the film indicates "a community-based, cooperative model of group success," while Justin Chang of "Variety" said it "focuses ... on the bee's community-uniting impact." Hodges said Akeelah goes to the spelling bee because she recognizes it "proves that someone from their neighborhood can achieve success, and her achievement is, in a real sense, their own". In contrast, Bernard Beck wrote for "Multicultural Perspectives" that it depicts "the success of individual perseverance", while "Red Feather Journall"s Kathryn Linder expressed a similar opinion about individual success. Nevertheless, Kenneth Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" commented "it raises important points about the ... obstacles to success that kids from poor neighborhoods face." The "New York Press"s reviewer went further and said social class was its "real subject" as it "depicts the basics of class mobility that are routinely taken for granted". However, Chang asserted it shows the spelling bee contest as "a democratizing force", while Rob Asghar, for "The Seattle Times", wrote it treats English as "the quintessential American tool for success."


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Both Fishburne and Bassett also remarked that an important message of "Akeelah and the Bee" is to "speak properly" rather than strictly in vernacular, although Bassett emphasized the importance of the film's themes beyond spelling and spelling bees. Atchison added that beyond learning how to spell words, Akeelah must learn the importance of the words. He said that Larabee "looks at Akeelah as a potential leader. He wants her to understand her history. She needs to know the importance of language – and competition." In spite of knowing its importance, it "deconstruct[s] the 'competition' paradigm of learning", according to Ingman. Fishburne noted not only children but parents can learn from the film; in his opinion, the most important is that they should pay attention to their children's abilities. Villarreal also felt that, through Dylan's father, parents would be able to ponder if they are "push[ing] their kids to follow their own dreams and not the children's dreams."


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The film was promoted by coffee shop chain Starbucks as a result of a partnership between Lions Gate Entertainment and Starbucks Entertainment. In January 2006, approximately 8,300 Starbucks locations in the United States and Canada began a promotional campaign for the film involving spelling-related trivia games and promotions on cardboard cup sleeves. "Variety" stated that Lionsgate spent around $20 million with its market only, while "Los Angeles Times" reported a $25-million cost to both produce and market the film. Ford Motor Company also sponsored the film by providing a Lincoln Zephyr to chauffeur the cast and creators to and from a screening.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: "Akeelah and the Bee" was first shown at the 2006 ShoWest on March 14, and later premiered as the opening film at the 30th Cleveland International Film Festival on March 16. On April 20, the film was screened at The Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences in Beverly Hills, and it had a sneak preview in 900 theaters on April 22. With predictions of strong box-office returns by film critics, it was released nationwide in theaters on April 28, grossing $6,011,585 in its opening weekend from around 2,195 American theaters and ranking eighth at the box office. The film closed its run on July 14 and 20 domestically and internationally respectively, with $18,848,430 domestically and $110,994 internationally. While the film received positive reviews, critics noted that it was not doing as well financially as they had predicted, and Lionsgate's Michael Burns characterized the film's gross with the word "only".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Outside the United States, the film debuted at the Sprockets Toronto International Film Festival for Children on April 23, 2006, where it was elected the best film by the kids in the ages of 10 and 11. In the United Kingdom, "Akeelah and the Bee" was first shown at the Cambridge Film Festival on July 7, and it premiered in the British theaters on August 18. The film was also screened in October 2006 at the Rome Film Festival, in which it competed at the Alicy in the City section.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The film was released on DVD by Lionsgate Home Entertainment on August 29, 2006, becoming the first DVD offered for sale at Starbucks. Its bonus features on the single-disc DVD include seven deleted scenes and a 25-minute making-of video featuring Atchinson and the cast. DVD sales in the United States reached $5,391,947 as 317,942 copies were sold after one week on sale. By December 2006, American consumers had spent a total of $25,855,396 to purchase 1,512,498 copies, making it one of the three most profitable home video releases of Lionsgate in 2006.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The film received generally positive reviews from film critics. The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reports an 85% approval rating based on 141 reviews, with an average rating of 7.1/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "A warm, family-friendly underdog story, featuring terrific supporting performances from Keke Palmer, Laurence Fishburne, and Angela Bassett". On Metacritic, the film has an average weighted score of 72 out 100, based on 30 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews". CinemaScore reported that audiences gave the film a rare average grade of "A+"—a feat only 52 films reached between 1982 and 2011. National Board of Review elected it among the best ten independent films produced in 2006. Additionally, two film critics, Chris Kaltenbach of "The Baltimore Sun" and Carrie Rickey of "The Philadelphia Inquirer", added the film on their list of the ten best films of the year. "St. Petersburg Times"s Steve Persall elected it the best family film of 2006. African American Literature Book Club elected it as the best black film of 2006, as well as chose Fishburne as the second best actor, and Palmer and Basset as the second and eighth best actresses, respectively.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Roger Ebert of the "Chicago Sun-Times" wrote it is "an uncommonly good movie, entertaining and actually inspirational". Writing for "Film Journal International", Doris Toumarkine praised its pace and how "Atchison takes spelling competitions and conveys the excitement of the 'sport,' the appeal of the 'game,' the thrill of the win, [and] the crushing blow of the loss". Hornaday from "The Washington Post" called the film "a triumph on many levels" and especially appreciated that South Los Angeles was presented without stereotypes. Jane Clifford of "U-T San Diego" felt the film would appeal to both children and adults, and stated that every time she tried to predict its plot "it took a sharp turn. A turn that leaves you facing your stereotypes and feeling a little sheepish". Dana Stevens, writing for "The New York Times", asserted, "The innate suspense and charm of the spelling bee", and "a trio of crack performances" can turn "a formulaic sports picture" into a "tale that manages to inspire without being sappy". Shantayaé Grant of "The Jamaica Observer" wrote that "acting is spectacular, the emotions are real and this story of black triumph is simply phenomenal". A "New York Press" critic affirmed that "Akeelah and the Bee" "resurrects a nearly lost idea of what an art-movie really is" because it has "dramatic attention to character and place, psychology and existence".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Chang of "Variety" commented that it "plays like "The Karate Kid" with a pro-literacy agenda, pushing all the right emotional buttons yet hitting quite a few wrong ones in the process". The "Evening Chronicle"s review said it "conceals few narrative surprises" but contended that Atchison is also able to "defy our expectations". Turan of the "Los Angeles Times" criticized that the film "telegraphs its plot"; however, he praised it as "genuinely sweet and determinedly inspirational". "PopMatters"s Cynthia Fuchs stated it is formulaic as it has some "conventions that make so many other genre films feel stale", but that it "torques them slightly", emphasizing the "intellectual activities" Akeelah gets involved with. Furthermore, the film was described as "derivatively entertaining in a feel-good sort of way" by Rick Groen in an article for "The Globe and Mail". Ingman of "The Austin Chronicle" described it as a typical sports film and felt it was heavy-handed at times. However, she praised it for its themes and called the film a "[t]houghtful, engaging" one and said it has a "cross-gender appeal". Morris of "The Boston Globe" argued, "If "Akeelah and the Bee" is a generic, well-oiled commercial contraption, it is the first to credibly dramatize the plight of a truly gifted, poor black child". Morris added, "Obviously, it's emotional propaganda. But it's just the kind of propaganda our children need".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Despite being a "critically-acclaimed" film, according to Rotten Tomatoes, not all of its reviews were this positive. Anna Smith of "Empire" called it "formulaic and all-American", commenting that many scenes "appear functional rather than inspirational", and that the film focused on the racial issue "a little too heavily". Smith stated, "clunky plotting and characterisation mean it has 'telemovie' written all over it". Marc Mohan from "The Oregonian" stressed it can be compared to after-school specials due to its "lack of originality in plot and character". "Time Out"s Jessica Winter also drew a comparation to after-school specials, saying "on the big screen ... its clichés seem bigger and its characterisations broader than they would on the more forgiving telly". Nick Schager of "Slant Magazine" lamented that the "clichés are too numerous to mention", while Neil Smith from BBC asserted it has "as much ... fantasy as "The Lord of the Rings"". Jan Stuart of "Newsday" deemed it "virtually suspense-free", while Robert Hanks of "The Independent" stated it has an important message but that is a "shame it couldn't be encased in a less faked-up story". Commenting on "The Times", Chris Ayres stressed that although it has good "visual flair" it "is ruined by its "Oprah"-style emotional manipulation". "New York Post"s Kyle Smith deemed it as "uplifting but unimaginative", suggesting that ""Akeelah and the Bee" is so warm and well-meaning that you may find yourself wanting to like it more than you really do".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: In spite of criticism, cast members' performances were usually well received; in particular, Palmer's portrayal of Akeelah. Ebert said, "The movie depends on her, and she deserves its trust". Hornaday opined that "Palmer's Akeelah is that cinematic "rara avis", the kid who is cute without being too cute, sympathetic without being cloying, and believable without being tiresome". "Evening Chronicle" stated Palmer does it "with effortless grace" and that she "carries the film and doesn't strike a single wrong emotional note". Fuchs felt that most of the film's strengths "have to do with Palmer's winning performance". Ingman declared Atchison's "ensemble is wonderful, and his star, Palmer, is a fantastically assured young actress who conveys Akeelah's maelstrom of 11-year-old feelings with no apparent effort". Turan complimented how Fishburne and Bassett's "presence and ability give this film a welcome integrity". Mohan stated, "Although Fishburne and Bassett can do these roles in their sleep, the kids are actually quite engaging". Tourmakine felt there were "fine performances all around" and that Fishburne and Bassett "lend fine support in utterly believable roles".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Chang called Dylan's father "a stiff Asian stereotype", while Mohan of "The Oregonian" found it contradictory for an anti-racist film to contain such depiction. Peter Bradshaw of "The Guardian" even claimed that the line "If you can barely beat a little black girl" (spoken by Dylan's father) signifies that Atchison "thinks it's all right to bring in racism by making the Asians the racists". "Metro Silicon Valley"s Richard von Busack commented that "[s]tepping around black stereotypes, the film squishes its two left feet right in the mire of Asian stereotyping". Beth Accomando of KPBS also criticized Dylan and his father's portrayal as "painful cliches", while Schager of "Slant Magazine" found it not authentic, even likening Dylan's father "dictatorial" style to Mao Zedong.


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Scholars Charise Pimentel and Cathleen Sawyer from the Texas State University published an article titled ""Akeelah and the Bee": Inspirational Story of African-American Intellect and Triumph or Racist Rhetoric Served Up On Another Platter?" on the May 2011 issue of journal "Multicultural Perspectives". On a critical discourse analysis, the authors argue that despite appearing to be an "innocent enough" film, it has major approaches that make it racist. First, it implies that African-Americans need to be rescued by others; second, depicts African-American communities as "marked by homelessness, poverty, criminality, unemployment, and remnants of gang activity"; third, indicates that black people usually only achieve success through sports by "linking the very essence of Akeelah's phenomenal ability to spell to her rhythmic abilities"; and shows that African-Americans only can succeed outside their communities, "far from the oppressive clutches of their own".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Linder, on her September 2011 paper "Spelling Out Racial Difference: Moving Beyond the Inspirational Discourses in "Akeelah and the Bee"", also criticized it saying the film "acts as a platform for a racial melodrama through which ideals of whiteness are reinforced and strengthened". Using Linda Williams' categories of what constitutes a racial melodrama, Linder argues that it is described as an "inspirational" film because of "[its] portrayal of Akeelah's victimization by the black community that surrounds her" and of redemption only achieved "through the idealized discourse of young people's educational success as defined by dominant (white) culture". Linder said characters "are mostly represented as having 'no interest in escape' from societal oppressions and limitations" and that "there is no sign throughout the film of any kind of lasting change for Akeelah's school or her young peers".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: Linder affirms that it creates a dichotomy between "success (whiteness) versus failure (blackness)". Pimentel and Sawyer, as well as Linder, identify Larabee as the one who makes this separation clear when he manifests his disregard of African American Vernacular English. The co-authors wrote that Larabee implies that "legitimate forms of intelligence can only be achieved through a Eurocentric perspective, thus advancing the message that Akeelah must be rescued from her African-American ways of knowing, in order to be considered intellectual". Another contraposition commented by scholars was "between the supportive Dr. Larabee and Akeelah's skeptical mother". Pimental and Sawyer said she is portrayed as "an African-American obstructionist", while scholar Gloria Ladson‐Billings asserted she represents the stereotype of "ignorant Black woman". Although Fuchs said the film was able to avoid the "white authority figure saves the underclass child" plotline by introducing Larabee, Ladson‐Billings, Linder, and Pimentel and Sawyer opined that it did not. After all, Larabee, as Linder described, is "a non-threatening black man who has assimilated to white culture and who can be depended on to help assimilate others".


title: Akeelah and the Bee

text: The film was nominated for six Black Reel Awards, winning only Best Actress for Palmer. Out of five NAACP Image Awards nominations, "Akeelah and the Bee" won Outstanding Actress in a Motion Picture and Outstanding Writing in a Feature Film/Television Movie – Comedy or Drama. At the Black Movie Awards, it won the five awards it was nominated for. The same happened during the Young Artist Awards where it was nominated for two categories and won two awards, and at the CAMIE Awards where it was nominated for and won an award. The film was also nominated for but did not win any award from the BET Awards, Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards, Chicago Film Critics, and Satellite Awards.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Sergio Reguilón Rodríguez (born 16 December 1996) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a left-back for La Liga club Atlético Madrid, on loan from Tottenham Hotspur, and the Spain national team. Reguilón came through Real Madrid's youth academy in 2015 and was loaned to other Spanish clubs throughout his career.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Reguilón joined Real Madrid's youth setup in 2005, aged eight. On 5 August 2015, after finishing his formation, he was loaned to Segunda División B side UD Logroñés for the season.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Reguilón made his senior debut on 23 August 2015, playing the last seven minutes in a 3–0 home win against SD Compostela. The following 16 January, after being sparingly used, he returned to "Los Blancos" and was assigned to the reserves also in the third division.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: On 23 August 2016, Reguilón returned to Logroñés also in a one-year loan deal. Now an undisputed starter, he scored eight goals during the campaign; highlights included four past Bilbao Athletic on 2 October 2016 (5–3 home win).


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Upon returning to Castilla, Reguilón was a first-choice in Santiago Solari's side, and renewed his contract on 11 May 2018. On 25 August of that year, he was promoted to the main squad by manager Julen Lopetegui.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Reguilón made his professional debut on 2 October 2018, starting in a 0–1 UEFA Champions League away loss against PFC CSKA Moscow. He also made his league debut on 3 November 2018, starting in a 2–0 La Liga home win against Real Valladolid.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: On 5 July 2019, Reguilón was loaned to Sevilla for the 2019–20 season. On his official debut on 18 August, he scored the opener in a 2–0 success over RCD Espanyol at the RCDE Stadium.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: With Sevilla, Reguilón established himself as a regular starter and won the 2019–20 UEFA Europa League.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: On 19 September 2020, Reguilón joined Tottenham Hotspur on a five-year deal with a reported £27.5m buy-back clause. He made his debut on 29 September 2020, in the home game against Chelsea in the fourth round of the League Cup, in which he assisted teammate Erik Lamela's equalising goal, which was then followed by a penalty shootout. Spurs won 5–4 on penalties putting them through to the next round of the competition. He made his Premier League debut on 4 October, in a 6–1 win away to Manchester United. On 21 November 2021, Reguilón scored his first goal for Tottenham − the winning goal in a 2–1 Premier League victory over Leeds United.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Reguilón was selected for the Spain under-21 team for the first time by Luis de la Fuente for the 2019 UEFA European Under-21 Championship qualifiers against Romania and Austria. He received his first call up for the full side by Robert Moreno on 4 October 2019, for games against Norway and Sweden.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Reguilón made his senior international debut on 6 September 2020, starting in Spain's 4–0 win over Ukraine for the 2020–21 UEFA Nations League.


title: Sergio Reguilón

text: Born in Madrid, his parents are from Zamora. He is in a relationship with Internet celebrity Marta Díaz.


title: Antonio D'Amico

text: D'Amico was born in Mesagne, in the Italian province of Brindisi, and later lived in Milan. He was hired as a part-time office administrator for his first job. He met Gianni Versace in 1982, and the couple eventually embarked on a long-term relationship that lasted 15 years, until Versace's murder in 1997. During that time, he worked as designer for the Versace Sport line. D'Amico later ran his own fashion design company.


title: Antonio D'Amico

text: Versace's will left D'Amico with a pension of 50 million lira a month for life, and the right to live in any of Versace's homes in Italy and the United States. However, since the properties that were left to D'Amico in Gianni's will actually belonged to the company, the homes belonged to Versace's sister Donatella, brother Santo, and his niece, Allegra after his death. After working out agreements with lawyers, D'Amico obtained a fraction of the pension and a restricted right to live in Gianni's properties. D'Amico's relations with the rest of the Versace family were not always easy; Donatella said in March 1999, "My relationship with Antonio is exactly as it was when Gianni was alive. I respected him as the boyfriend of my brother, but I never liked him as a person. So the relationship stayed the same."


title: Antonio D'Amico

text: D'Amico was portrayed by Oscar Torre in the film "The Versace Murder" (1998), by Stefano DiMatteo in the film "House of Versace" (2013), and Ricky Martin in the miniseries "" (2018). Martin was nominated for a Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Limited Series or Movie for his performance.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Cheaper by the Dozen 2 is a 2005 American family comedy film directed by Adam Shankman. It is a sequel to the 2003 film "Cheaper by the Dozen" and stars Steve Martin, Bonnie Hunt, Tom Welling, Piper Perabo, and Hilary Duff, among other child actors reprising their roles as members of the 12-child Baker family, alongside Eugene Levy and Carmen Electra as new characters. It tells the story of the Baker family as they go on a vacation and contend with a rival family.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: The film was released on December 21, 2005 in the United States. It received negative reviews from critics and grossed $135 million worldwide.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Two years after Tom Baker resigned from his head coaching position, his family begins to undergo many changes, beginning with Lorraine's high school graduation and internship with Allure Magazine in New York City. Nora is now married to Bud McNulty and pregnant with their first child with the intent to move to Houston, Texas because of Bud's new job.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Feeling the family is breaking apart as the children grow up and move away, Tom persuades them to take one last family vacation all together at Lake Winnetka, a fictional lake in Wisconsin. The family finds that their old cabin is currently owned by a man named Mike Romanow. Tom's old rival, Jimmy Murtaugh, his new wife Sarina, and his eight kids Calvin, Anne, Daniel, Becky, Elliot, Lisa, Robin and Kenny are also staying at the lake for the summer; Jimmy is also friends and neighbors with Mike. Jimmy constantly flaunts his wealth and success to Tom, as well as the accomplishments of his children, often suggesting to Tom that his are less successful because of his parenting style. They get into many incidents, several of which are accidental: Mark accidentally sets off a backpack of fireworks, causing widespread panic, especially when it is thrown into a boat, igniting its engine and causing it to explode, he and Kenny crash into a tennis court with a golf cart, and Sarah is caught shoplifting from a gift shop.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Jimmy again brings up the topic that Tom needs to be stricter with his kids. Tom is angered by this, and he and Jimmy decide to settle the matter at the Annual Labor Day Family Cup. Tom trains the kids for days, not realizing they are miserable. Sarah and Elliot go to the movies to see "Ice Age", but are spied on by their fathers, which ultimately results in them getting into an altercation and humiliating their children. Upon returning to the Bakers’ cabin, Sarah is furious and refuses to compete for Tom in the Cup. The other children are also angry with him, not only for spying on Sarah, but also for ruining the entire trip because of his competitiveness with the Murtaughs. Kate laments that his and Jimmy’s conflicting parenting styles have torn the two families even further apart.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: The next morning, Tom goes to the Cup to compete with Kyle and Nigel, the only two still willing to go. However, after discovering an old "Team Baker" flag, Kate and the rest of the kids show up, forgiving Tom and willing to compete again. After the events, however, the Bakers and the Murtaughs are tied for first; a tiebreaking canoe race is announced, in which every family member must compete. During the canoe race, Nora goes into labor; the Murtaughs want to help, but Jimmy, sensing the opportunity to defeat Tom once and for all, refuses to do so. The Murtaugh children jump out of the canoe to help the Bakers. While arguing with Sarina, Jimmy reveals that he was jealous of Tom being the popular one when they were younger. Eventually, Sarina convinces him to help and the two families work together to get Nora to the hospital. Bud, Lorraine, and Kate go with Nora in the delivery room, while Tom, Jimmy, Sarina, and the rest of the kids stay in the waiting room.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: While talking with Jimmy, Tom realizes that he has to let his kids grow, but wherever they go, they will always be together as a family. Nora then gives birth to a baby boy whom she and Bud name after his grandfather, who has shown them that "there is no way to be a perfect parent, but a million ways to be a really good one."


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Bud announces that he and Nora have bought the cabin back at the lake. Nora, Bud, and baby Tom leave for Houston a few days later, and the family enjoy the rest of their vacation.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: The director of the first film, and producer of the sequel, Shawn Levy, has a cameo as a hospital intern. Ben Falcone appears as a theater patron that gets annoyed with Tom and Jimmy's argument.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported that 6% of 93 reviews of the film were positive, with an average rating of 3.9/10. The site's critics consensus reads: "A sequel to a remake, "Cheaper 2" wastes its solid cast in scenes of over-the-top, predictable humor." On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 34 out of 100 based on 24 critics, indicating "generally unfavorable reviews". Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "A–" on an A+ to F scale, the same grade as the first film.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: "Chicago Sun-Times" critic Roger Ebert, gave the film one of its rare positive reviews, awarding it 3 out of 4 stars and stating "As I watched this sequel, a certain good feeling began to make itself known. Yes, the movie is unnecessary. However, it is unnecessary at a higher level of warmth and humor than the recent remake "Yours, Mine, and Ours"." Ebert also highly praised Alyson Stoner's performance, favorably comparing the then-twelve year old actress to Reese Witherspoon.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Calling the overall film "bland", "Variety"'s Justin Chang agreed with Ebert on Stoner, calling her "an endearingly vulnerable standout" and deeming her subplot to be "the most engaging" in it. Chang was also kind to Steve Martin, Bonnie Hunt and Eugene Levy, deeming the veteran actors did the best with what was given to them. Marrit Ingman of the "Austin Chronicle" conceded that it had a good message, and agreed that Hunt was "marvelous and down-to-earth" but ultimately felt that "the rest of the movie is as funny as mildew", found that "the product placement is particularly egregious" and thought that Hilary Duff looked "as tanned and raw as buffalo jerky". Andrea Gronvall was also horrified by Duff's appearance while writing for the "Chicago Reader", calling her "haggard" and "flat-out scary", and overall felt that there was "a discernible lack of enthusiasm from almost everyone involved", however singling out Carmen Electra for being "the most winning performer of the bunch".


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: The film received two Razzie Award nominations including Worst Actress (Hilary Duff) and Worst Supporting Actor (Eugene Levy).


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: The film grossed $9,309,387 on its opening weekend, finishing in 4th place at the box office behind "King Kong", "", and "Fun with Dick and Jane". By the end of its run, "Cheaper by the Dozen 2" grossed $82,571,173 domestically and $46,610,657 internationally, totaling $129,181,830 worldwide. It is one of only twelve feature films to be released in over 3,000 theaters and still improve on its box office performance in its second weekend, increasing 55.6% from $9,309,387 to $14,486,519.


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: The DVD was released on May 23, 2006. The Blu-ray was released on January 5, 2010. The DVD is two-sided and side B features previews of "Flicka" and "Aquamarine".


title: Cheaper by the Dozen 2

text: Other DVD extras include an audio commentary with director Adam Shankman, behind-the-scenes featurettes, and theatrical trailers.


title: California genocide

text: The California genocide was the killing of thousands of indigenous peoples of California by United States government agents and private citizens in the 19th century. It began following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush, which accelerated the decline of the indigenous population of California. Between 1846 and 1873, it is estimated that non-Natives killed between 9,492 and 16,094 California Natives. Hundreds to thousands were additionally starved or worked to death. Acts of enslavement, kidnapping, rape, child separation and displacement were widespread. These acts were encouraged, tolerated, and carried out by state authorities and militias.


title: California genocide

text: The 1925 book "Handbook of the Indians of California" estimated that the indigenous population of California decreased from perhaps as many as 150,000 in 1848 to 30,000 in 1870 and fell further to 16,000 in 1900. The decline was caused by disease, low birth rates, starvation, killings, and massacres. California Natives, particularly during the Gold Rush, were targeted in killings. Between 10,000 and 27,000 were also taken as forced labor by settlers. The state of California used its institutions to favor white settlers' rights over indigenous rights, dispossessing natives.


title: California genocide

text: Since the 2000s several American academics and activist organizations, both Native American and European American, have characterized the period immediately following the U.S. Conquest of California as one in which the state and federal governments waged genocide against the Native Americans in the territory. In 2019, California's governor Gavin Newsom apologized for the genocide and called for a research group to be formed to better understand the topic and inform future generations.


title: California genocide

text: Prior to Spanish arrival, California was home to an indigenous population thought to have been as high as 300,000. The largest group were the Chumash people, with a population around 10,000. The region was highly diverse, with numerous distinct languages spoken. While there was great diversity in the area, archeological findings show little evidence of intertribal conflicts.


title: California genocide

text: The various tribal groups appear to have adapted to particular areas and territories. According to journalist Nathan Gilles, because of traditions practiced by the Native people of Northern California, they were able to "manage the threat of wildfires and cultivate traditional plants".<ref name="YES 2017/04/03"></ref> For example, traditional use of fire by the California and Pacific Northwest Tribes, allowed them to "cultivate plants and fungi" that "adapted to regular burning. The list runs from fiber sources, such as bear-grass and willow, to foodstuffs, such as berries, mushrooms, and acorns from oak trees that once made up sprawling orchards". Because of traditional practices of Native Californian tribes, they were able to support habitats and climates that would then support an abundance of wildlife, including rabbits, deer, varieties of fish, fruit, roots, and acorns. The natives largely followed a hunter-gatherer lifestyle, moving around their area through the seasons as different types of food were available.


title: California genocide

text: The Native people of California, according to sociologist and environmental studies Professor Kari Norgaard, were "hunting and fishing for their food, weaving baskets using traditional techniques" and "carrying out important ceremonies to keep the world intact". It was also recorded that the Indigenous people in California and across the continent had, and continue to, use "fire to enhance specific plant species, optimize hunting conditions, maintain open travel routes, and generally support the flourishing of the species upon which they depend, according to scholars like the United States Forest Service ecologist and Karuk descendent Frank Lake".


title: California genocide

text: California was one of the last regions in the Americas to be colonized. Catholic Spanish missionaries, led by Franciscan administrator Junípero Serra and military forces under the command of Gaspar de Portolá, did not reach this area until 1769. The mission was intended to spread the Catholic faith among the region's Native peoples and establish and expand the reach of the Spanish Empire. The Spanish built San Diego de Alcalá, the first of 21 missions, at what developed as present-day San Diego in the southern part of the state along the Pacific. Military outposts were constructed alongside the missions to house the soldiers sent to protect the missionaries.


title: California genocide

text: Spanish and Mexican rule were devastating for native populations. "As the missions grew, California's native population of Indians began a catastrophic decline." Gregory Orfalea estimates that pre-contact population was reduced by 33% during the Spanish and Mexican regimes. Most of the decline stemmed from imported diseases, low birth rates, and the disruption of traditional ways of life, but violence was common, and some historians have charged that life in the missions was close to slavery. However, according to George Tinker, a Native scholar, "The Native American population of coastal population was reduced by some 90 percent during seventy years under the sole proprietorship of Serra's mission system".


title: California genocide

text: According to journalist Ed Castillo, Serra spread the Christian faith among the Native population in a destructive way that caused their population to decline rapidly while he was in power. Castillo writes that "The Franciscans took it upon themselves to brutalize the Indians, and to rejoice in their death...They simply wanted the souls of these Indians, so they baptized them, and when they died, from disease or beatings... they were going to heaven, which was a cause of celebration". According to Castillo, the Native American population were forced to abandon their "sustainable and complex civilization" as well as "their beliefs, their faith, and their way of life".


title: California genocide

text: Following the American Conquest of California from Mexico, and the influx of settlers due to the California Gold Rush in 1849, California state and federal authorities incited, aided, and financed the violence against the Native Americans. The California Natives were also sometimes contemptuously referred to as "Diggers", for their practice of digging up roots to eat. On January 6, 1851, at his State of the State address to the California Senate, 1st Governor Peter Burnett said: "That a war of extermination will continue to be waged between the races until the Indian race becomes extinct must be expected. While we cannot anticipate this result but with painful regret, the inevitable destiny of the race is beyond the power or wisdom of man to avert." During the California genocide, reports of the decimation of Native Americans in California were made to the rest of the United States and internationally.


title: California genocide

text: The California Act for the Government and Protection of Indians was enacted in 1850 (amended 1860, repealed 1863). This law provided for "apprenticing" or indenturing Indian children to Whites, and also punished "vagrant" Indians by "hiring" them out to the highest bidder at a public auction if the Indian could not provide sufficient bond or bail. This legalized a form of slavery in California. White settlers took 10,000 to 27,000 California Native Americans as forced laborers, including 4,000 to 7,000 children.


title: California genocide

text: A notable early eyewitness testimony and account: "The Indians of California" (1864) is from John Ross Browne, Customs official and Inspector of Indian Affairs on the Pacific Coast. He systematically described the fraud, corruption, land theft, slavery, rape, and massacre perpetrated on a substantial portion of the aboriginal population. This was confirmed by a contemporary, Superintendent Dorcas J. Spencer.


title: California genocide

text: In 1943, a study by demographer Sherburne Cook, estimated that there were 4,556 killings of California Indians between 1847 and 1865. Contemporary historian Benjamin Madley has documented the numbers of Californian Indians killed between 1846 and 1873; he estimates that during this period at least 9,492 to 16,092 Californian Indians were killed by non-Indians, including between 1,680 and 3,741 killed by the U.S. Army. Most of the deaths took place in what he defined as more than 370 massacres (defined as the "intentional killing of five or more disarmed combatants or largely unarmed noncombatants, including women, children, and prisoners, whether in the context of a battle or otherwise"). Madley also estimates that fewer than 1,400 non-Indians were killed by Indians during this period. The Native American activist and former Sonoma State University Professor Ed Castillo was asked by The State of California's Native American Heritage Commission to write the state's official history of the genocide; he wrote that "well-armed death squads combined with the widespread random killing of Indians by individual miners resulted in the death of 100,000 Indians in [1848 and 1849]." Another contemporary historian, Gary Clayton Anderson, estimates that no more than 2,000 Native Americans were killed in California.


title: California genocide

text: According to M. Kat Anderson, an ecologist and lecturer at University of California, Davis, and Jon Keeley, a fire ecologist and research scientist with the U.S. Geological Survey, after decades of being disconnected from the land and their culture, due to Spanish and U.S. colonial violence, Native peoples are slowly starting to be able to practice traditions that enhance the environment around them, by directly taking care of the land. Anderson and Keeley write, "The outcomes that indigenous people were aiming for when burning chaparral, such as increased water flow, enhanced wildlife habitat, and the maintenance of many kinds of flowering plants and animals, are congruent and dovetail with the values that public land agencies, non-profit organizations, and private landowners wish to preserve and enhance through wildland management". Through these returned practices, they are able to commit and practice their culture, while also helping the other people in the area that will benefit from the ecological differences.


title: California genocide

text: Native American scholar Gerald Vizenor has argued in the early 21st century for universities to be authorized to assemble tribunals to investigate these events. He notes that United States federal law contains no statute of limitations on war crimes and crimes against humanity, including genocide. He says:


title: California genocide

text: Vizenor believes that, in accordance with international law, the universities of South Dakota, Minnesota, and California Berkeley ought to establish tribunals to hear evidence and adjudicate crimes against humanity alleged to have taken place in their individual states. Attorney Lindsay Glauner has also argued for such tribunals.


title: California genocide

text: In a speech before representatives of Native American peoples in June, 2019, California governor Gavin Newsom apologized for the genocide. Newsom said, "That's what it was, a genocide. No other way to describe it. And that's the way it needs to be described in the history books." After hearing testimony, a Truth and Healing Council will clarify the historical record on the relationship between the state and California Native Americans.


title: California genocide

text: In November 2021, the Board of Directors of the University of California Hastings College of Law voted to change the name of the institution because of namesake S. C. Hastings' involvement in the killing and dispossessing of Yuki people in the 1850s.


title: California genocide

text: According to Benjamin Mountford and Stephen Tuffnell, there is vigorous debate over the scale of Native American losses after the discovery of gold in California and whether to characterize them as genocide. Some scholars and historians dispute the accuracy of the term "genocide" to describe what occurred in California, as well as the blame which has been placed directly on the United States government. One of the most prominent historians espousing such a view is Gary Clayton Anderson, a professor in the University of Oklahoma, who describes the events in California as "ethnic cleansing". He states that "If we get to the point where the mass murder of 50 Indians in California is considered genocide, then "genocide" has no more meaning". Other historians who reject the term "genocide" include William Henry Hutchinson, who claims that "the record of history disproves these charges [of genocide]" and Tom Henry Watkins who states that "it is a poor use of the term" since the killings weren't systematic or planned.


title: Pierre Laval

text: Pierre Jean Marie Laval (; 28 June 1883 – 15 October 1945) was a French politician. During the Third Republic, he served as Prime Minister of France from 27 January 1931 to 20 February 1932 and 7 June 1935 to 24 January 1936. He again occupied the post during the German occupation, from 18 April 1942 to 20 August 1944.


title: Pierre Laval

text: A socialist early in his life, Laval became a lawyer in 1909 and was famous for his defence of strikers, trade unionists and leftists from government prosecution. In 1914, he was elected to the Chamber of Deputies as a member of the Socialist Party, and he remained committed to his pacifist convictions during the First World War. After his defeat in the 1919 election, Laval left the Socialist Party and became mayor of Aubervilliers. In 1924 he returned to the Chamber as an independent, and was elected to the Senate three years later. He also held a series of governmental positions, including Minister of Public Works, Minister of Justice and Minister of Labour. In 1931, Laval became Prime Minister, but his government fell only a year later.


title: Pierre Laval

text: Laval joined the conservative government of Gaston Doumergue in 1934 and served as Minister of the Colonies and then Foreign Minister. In 1935, Laval again became Prime Minister. Seeking to contain Germany, he pursued foreign policies favourable to Italy and the Soviet Union, but his handling of the Abyssinia Crisis, which was widely denounced as appeasement of Benito Mussolini, prompted his resignation in 1936.


title: Pierre Laval

text: After France's defeat and armistice with Germany in 1940, Laval served in prominent roles in Philippe Pétain's Vichy France, first as the vice-president of the Council of Ministers from July 1940 to December 1940 and later as the head of government from April 1942 to August 1944. The collaborationist government provided French labourers for Germany and organised the deportation of Jews.


title: Pierre Laval

text: After the Liberation of France in 1944, Laval was imprisoned by the Germans. In April 1945, he fled to Spain but soon returned to France, where he was arrested by the French government under Charles de Gaulle. After what has been described as a flawed trial, Laval was found guilty of plotting against the security of the state and of collaboration with the enemy. After a thwarted suicide attempt, Laval was executed by firing squad in October 1945.


title: Pierre Laval

text: Laval's manifold political activities left a complicated and controversial legacy, which resulted in more than a dozen conflicting biographies of him.


title: Pierre Laval

text: Pierre Jean Marie Laval was born on 28 June 1883 in Châteldon, near Vichy in the northern part of Auvergne, the son of Gilbert Laval and Claudine Tournaire. His father worked as a café proprietor and postman. The family was comfortably off compared to the rest of the village: the café also served as a hostel and a butcher's shop, and Gilbert Laval owned a vineyard and horses. The last name "Laval" was widespread in the region at that time. The family branch was commonly named Laval-Tournaire, and his father had himself called "Baptiste Moulin".


title: Pierre Laval

text: Laval was educated at the village school in Châteldon. At age 15, he was sent to the lycée Saint-Louis in Paris where he obtained his "baccalauréat" in July 1901. He then continued his studies in Southwestern France, in Bordeaux and Bayonne, where he learnt Spanish and met Pierre Cathala. Returning to Lyon, he spent the next year reading for a degree in zoology and served as a supervisor in various "collèges" and "lycées" of Lyon, Saint-Étienne and Autun to pay for his studies.


title: Pierre Laval

text: Laval joined the socialist Central Revolutionary Committee in 1903, while he was living in Saint-Étienne, 55 km (34 mi) southwest of Lyon. During this period, Laval became familiar with the left-wing doctrines of Georges Sorel and Hubert Lagardelle. "I was never a very orthodox socialist", he declared more than forty years later in 1945, "by which I mean that I was never much of a Marxist. My socialism was much more a socialism of the heart than a doctrinal socialism ... I was much more interested in men, their jobs, their misfortunes and their conflicts than in the digressions of the great German pontiff."


title: Pierre Laval

text: In 1903, he was called up for military service and, after serving in the ranks, was discharged for varicose veins. Laval returned to Paris in 1907 at the age of 24. In April 1913 he said that "barrack-based armies [were] incapable of the slightest effort, because they are badly-trained and, above all, badly commanded." Laval favoured abolition of the army and replacement by a citizens' militia.