title: Conrad Veidt

text: With the money he raised from odd jobs and the allowance his mother gave him, Veidt began attending Berlin's many theatres. He stood outside of the Deutsches Theater after every performance, waiting for the actors and hoping to be mistaken for one. In the late summer of 1912 he met a theatre porter who introduced him to actor Albert Blumenreich, who agreed to give Veidt acting lessons for six marks. He took 10 lessons before auditioning for Max Reinhardt, reciting Goethe's "Faust". During Veidt's audition, Reinhardt looked out of the window the entire time. He offered Veidt a contract as an extra for one season's work, from September 1913 to August 1914 with a pay of 50 marks a month. During this time, he played bit parts as spear carriers and soldiers. His mother attended almost every performance. His contract with the Deutsches Theater was renewed for a second season, but by this time World War I had begun, and on 28 December 1914, Veidt enlisted in the army.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: In 1915, he was sent to the Eastern Front as a non-commissioned officer and took part in the Battle of Warsaw. He contracted jaundice and pneumonia, and had to be evacuated to a hospital on the Baltic Sea. While recuperating, he received a letter from his girlfriend Lucie Mannheim, telling him that she had found work at the Front Theatre in Libau.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Intrigued, Veidt applied for the theatre as well. As his condition had not improved, the army allowed him to join the theatre so that he could entertain the troops. While performing at the theatre, his relationship with Mannheim ended. In late 1916, he was re-examined by the Army and deemed unfit for service; he was given a full discharge on 10 January 1917. Veidt returned to Berlin where he was readmitted to the Deutsches Theater. There, he played a small part as a priest that got him his first rave review, the reviewer hoping that "God would keep Veidt from the films" or "God save him from the cinema!"


title: Conrad Veidt

text: From 1917 until his death, Veidt appeared in more than 100 films. One of his earliest performances was as the murderous somnambulist Cesare in director Robert Wiene's "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (1920), a classic of German Expressionist cinema, with Werner Krauss and Lil Dagover. His starring role in "The Man Who Laughs" (1928), as a disfigured young outcast servant whose face is cut into a permanent grin, provided the (visual) inspiration for the iconic Batman villain the Joker. Veidt starred in other silent horror films such as "The Hands of Orlac" (1924), also directed by Robert Wiene, "The Student of Prague" (1926) and "Waxworks" (1924), in which he played Ivan the Terrible. Veidt also appeared in Magnus Hirschfeld's film "Anders als die Andern" ("Different from the Others", 1919), one of the earliest films to sympathetically portray homosexuality, although the characters in it do not end up happily. He had a leading role in Germany's first talking picture, "Das Land ohne Frauen" ("Land Without Women", 1929).


title: Conrad Veidt

text: He moved to Hollywood in the late 1920s and made a few films there, but the advent of talking pictures and his difficulty with speaking English led him to return to Germany. During this period, he lent his expertise to tutoring aspiring performers, one of whom was the later American character actress Lisa Golm.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt opposed the Nazi regime and later contributed funds for the relief of Britains during the German Blitz bombings. Soon after the Nazi Party took power in Germany, by March 1933, Joseph Goebbels was purging the film industry political opponents and Jews. In April 1933, a week after Veidt's marriage to Ilona Prager, a Jewish woman, also known as “Lilli” or “Lily,” the couple emigrated to Britain before any action could be taken against either of them.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Goebbels had imposed a "racial questionnaire" in which everyone employed in the German film industry had to declare their "race" to continue to work. When Veidt was filling in the questionnaire, he answered the question about what his "Rasse" (race) by writing "Jude" (Jew). Veidt was not Jewish, but his wife was, and Veidt would neither renounce the woman he loved nor collaborate with the regime as many others did.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt was opposed to antisemitism and showed solidarity with the German Jewish community, who were being stripped of their rights as German citizens in the spring of 1933. Veidt had been informed that if he divorced and declared support for the new regime, he could continue to act in Germany. Several other leading actors unsympathetic to the Nazis before 1933 switched allegiances. In answering the questionnaire by stating he was a Jew, Veidt rendered himself unemployable in Germany, but stated this sacrifice was worth it as there was nothing in the world that would compel him to break with his wife. Goebbels remarked that he would never act in Germany again.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: After arriving in Britain, Veidt improved his English and starred in the original anti-Nazi versions of "The Wandering Jew" (1933) and "Jew Süss" (1934), the latter film was directed by the exiled German-born director Lothar Mendes and produced by Michael Balcon for Gaumont-British. He naturalised as a British subject on 25 February 1939. By this point multi-lingual, Veidt made films both in French with expatriate French directors and in English, including three of his best-known roles for British director Michael Powell in "The Spy in Black" (1939), "Contraband" (1940) and "The Thief of Bagdad" (1940).


title: Conrad Veidt

text: By 1941, he and Ilona had settled in Hollywood to assist in the British effort in making American films that might persuade the then-neutral and still isolationist United States to join the war against the Nazis, who at that time controlled all of continental Europe and were bombing the United Kingdom. Before leaving the UK, Veidt gave his life savings to the British government to help finance the war effort. Realizing that Hollywood would most likely typecast him in Nazi roles, he had his contract mandate that they must always be villains.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: He starred in a few films, such as George Cukor's "A Woman's Face" (1941) where he received billing under Joan Crawford's and "Nazi Agent" (1942), in which he had a dual role as both an aristocratic German Nazi spy and the man's twin brother, an anti-Nazi American. His best-known Hollywood role was as the sinister Major Heinrich Strasser in "Casablanca" (1942), a film which began pre-production before the United States entered World War II. Commenting about this well-received role, Veidt noted that it was an ironical twist of fate that he was praised "for portraying the kind of character who had forced him to leave his homeland“.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Ivan J. Rado, the nephew of Veidt’s third wife Lily, commented:The fact that he wanted to leave Hollywood had nothing to do with anything but his disgust at the parts offered him, which was mainly Nazis. In Above Suspicion, he is at some rally, and when at the end everyone goes “Heil”, he just very casually half lifts his right hand, more in a wave than a salute, and with an ironic smile on his face, which to me, embodies his feelings. . . . The fact that he left Germany . . . was his disgust at what was happening that made him move to London with Lily.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt enjoyed sports, gardening, swimming, golfing, classical music, and reading fiction and nonfiction (including occultism; Veidt once considered himself a powerful medium). He was afraid of heights and flying, and disliked interviews and wearing ties.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: While some movie magazine ink may have been creative writing by agents and editors, or stars themselves drawing fans to the theaters while keeping their real thoughts private, stories and “quotations” of Veidt are of interest:


title: Conrad Veidt

text: In a September 1941 interview with "Silver Screen", Veidt said,I see a man who was once for years studying occult things. The science of occult things. I had the feeling there must be – something else. There are things in our world we cannot trace. I wanted to trace them. The power we have to think, to move, to speak, to feel – is it electricity, I wanted to know? Is it magnetism? Is it the heart? Is it the blood? When the body dies, where is all that? Where is the power that made the body live? No one can tell me it is not somewhere. If you believe in waves, which you must believe after you have the radio, why couldn't human beings contact the wave lengths of someone who is dead? ... this is the kind of thing with which I was, for many years, preoccupied. This is what I tried to find, the answer. I did not find it. But in looking for it there was etched, perhaps, on my face, some hint of the strange cabals I kept with unseen and unknown powers. I did not find it, I say. But I found something else. Something better. I found –faith. I found the ability, very peaceful, to accept that which I could neither see, nor hear nor touch. I am a religious man. My belief is that if we could help to make all people a little more religious, we would do a great lot. If we would pray more ... we forget to pray except when we are in a mess. That is too bad. I believe in prayer. Because when we pray, we always pray for something good. He went on: I must tell you something that will disappoint you ... far from being one engaged in strange rituals of thought or action, what I like best to do is sit in this small garden, on this terrace, and – just sit. Sometimes, I confess, I think a lot; about my past. About my parents who are dead. I like to dream, to go away ... At other times, I sit and read. I read, often, a whole day through. I play golf. I used to be a golf fiend. Now I am not a fiend even on the links. Now I play because it is relaxation. I like the beach very much, the sea. I go to the films often, to the neighborhood theater, my wife and I. Sometimes we go to the Palladium, where there is dancing. It is an amazing sight to me to see young people, how they are like they were thirty years ago, how they hold hands, how they enjoy their lives. To me, the most beautiful thing in California is the Hollywood Bowl, the Concerts Under the Stars. For me, it is a terrific experience. I have never seen an audience in my life like that. 30,000 people, simple people, most of them, listening to music under the stars. I have never seen 30,000 people, simple people, so quiet. I like to think of them as a symbol that one day there may be that oneness for all mankind...


title: Conrad Veidt

text: On 10 June 1918, Veidt married Gussy Holl, a cabaret entertainer. They had first met at a party in March 1918, and Conrad described her to friends as "very lovely, tall, dignified and somewhat aloof". They separated in 1919 but attempted to reconcile multiple times. Holl and Veidt divorced in 1922.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt said of Holl, "She was as perfect as any wife could be. But I had not learnt how to be a proper husband," and "I was elated by my success in my work, but shattered over my mother's death, and miserable about the way my marriage seemed to be foundering. And one day when my wife was away, I walked out of the house, and out of her life, trying to escape from something I could put no name to." Holl later told Françoise Rosay, "I excused a lot of his failings and whims because I loved him. But one day he did something to me that I couldn’t forgive. I was singing that evening at the cabaret. I left him home and he told me: 'I invited a few friends; we'll dine while we wait for you.' And it just so happened I had received a new dress from Paris. That evening, after work, I arrived home and what do I see? All these gentlemen dressed as women. And Conrad had put on my Paris dress. At this point, I divorced!"


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt's second wife, Anna Maria "Felizitas" Radke, was from an aristocratic Austrian family. They met at a party in December 1922 or at a Charleston dance competition in 1923. Radke divorced her husband for him, and they married on 18 April 1923. Their daughter, Vera Viola Maria, nicknamed "Kiki" and also known as “Viola,” was born on 10 August 1925. Conrad was not present at her birth due to being in Italy working on "The Fiddler of Florence", but took the first train to Berlin and wept as he met mother and child at the hospital; he was so hysterical from joy they had to sedate him and keep him in the hospital overnight.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Emil Jannings was Viola's godfather and Elisabeth Bergner was her godmother. She was named after one of Bergner's signature characters, Shakespeare's Viola. The birth of his daughter helped Veidt move on from the death of his mother, who had died of a heart condition in January 1922.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: From September 1926 to 1929 Veidt lived with his wife and daughter in a Spanish-style house in Beverly Hills. Veidt enjoyed relaxing and playing with his daughter in their home, and enjoyed the company of the immigrant community, including F. W. Murnau, Carl Laemmle, and Greta Garbo, as well as the American Gary Cooper. The family returned to Germany in 1929, and moved several times afterwards, including a temporary relocation to Vienna, Austria, while Veidt participated in a theatrical tour of the continent.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Radke and Veidt divorced in 1932, with Radke saying the frequent relocations and the separations necessitated by Veidt's acting schedule frayed their marriage. Radke at first granted custody of their daughter to Veidt, but after further consideration he decided that their daughter needed the full-time parent. Conrad received generous visitation rights, and Viola called her summer vacations with her father "The Happy Times.” She stayed with him three or four months of the year until the outbreak of World War II.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt last married Flora Ilona Barta Greger, a Hungarian Jew also known as “Lilli” or “Lily,” in Berlin 24 March 1933. They remained together until his death. The two had met at a club in Berlin.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt said of Lilli in an October 1934 interview with "The Sunday Dispatch", Lilli was the woman I had been seeking all my life. For her I was the man. In Lilli I found the miracle of a woman who had all to give that I sought, the perfect crystallisation in one lovely human being, of all my years of searching. Lilli had the mother complex too. But in the reverse ratio to mine. In her, the mother instinct was so powerful that she poured it out, indiscriminately almost, on everyone she knew. She mothers her own mother. Meeting Lilli was like coming home to an enchanted place one had always dreamed of, but never thought to reach. For her it was the same. Our marriage is not only flawless, it is a complete and logical union, as inevitable as daybreak after night, as harmonious and right as the words that exactly fit the music. My search is finished. The picture in my mind of my mother is of a woman great and holy. But it is a picture clear and distinct, a deep and humble memory of a woman no one could replace; but now it is not blurred by the complex which before had harassed my mind.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt and Lilli moved from London to Los Angeles, arriving on 13 June 1940. They resided at 617 North Camden Drive in Beverly Hills.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Even after leaving England, Veidt was concerned over the plight of children cooped up in London air raid shelters, and he decided to try to cheer up their holiday. Through his lawyers in London, Veidt donated enough money to purchase 2,000 one-pound tins of candy, 2,000 large packets of chocolate, and 1,000 wrapped envelopes containing presents of British currency. The gifts went to children of needy families in various air raid shelters in the London area during Christmas 1940. The air raid shelter marshal wrote back to Veidt thanking him for the gifts. Noting Veidt's unusual kindness, he stated in his letter to him, "It is significant to note that, as far as is known to me, you are the only member of the Theatrical Profession who had the thought to send Christmas presents to the London children."


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt smuggled his parents-in-law from Austria to neutral Switzerland, and in 1935 he managed to get the Nazi government to let his ex-wife Radke and their daughter move to Switzerland. He also offered to help Felizitas' mother, Frau Radke, of whom he was fond, leave Germany. However, she declined. A proud, strong-willed woman who was attached to her home country, she declared that "no damned little Austrian Nazi corporal" was going to make her leave her home. She reportedly survived the war, but none of the Veidts ever saw her again.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Veidt was perhaps bisexual. During his youthful career in the decadent Weimar Republic cabaret-era he was part of the avant-garde, experimental artists’ lifestyle, even cross-dressing. However, there is no evidence of this afterwards and none, even anecdotal, of any extramarital affair.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Aside from his work, which was also his life, there is little to know about Conny; he was an intensely private man who loved his home and his friends, but did not carouse in public nor was prey to scandalous behavior.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Early on he saw what was happening in Germany, and moved to London, where he did some important work in movies. He was not a political person, and was certainly not to be caught out on religious themes. The fact that his wife was Jewish meant nothing to him; they loved each other and loved being together. He was always honest, totally straight forward and kind.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Shirley Conway, in her 1993 tribute, also comments, consistent with other reports of the man being somewhat different from the screen image, that “Veidt surprised and delighted everyone with his modesty and ineffable charm.”


title: Conrad Veidt

text: He showed fondness and respect for women. In a 1941 interview he said, There are two different kinds of men. There are the men men, what do you call them, the man's man, who likes men around, who prefers to talk with men, who says the female can never be impersonal, who takes the female lightly, as playthings. I do not see a man like that in my mirror. Perhaps, it is because I think the female and the male attract better than two men, that I prefer to talk with females. I do. I find it quite as stimulating and distinctly more comfortable. I have a theory about this – it all goes back to the mother complex. In every woman, the man who looks may find – his mother. The primary source of all his comfort. I think also that females have become too important just to play with. When men say the female cannot discuss impersonally, that is no longer so. When it is said that females cannot be geniuses, that is no longer so, either. The female is different from the male. Because she was born to be a mother. There is no doubt about that. But that does not mean that, in some cases, she is not also born a genius. Not all males are geniuses either. And among females today there are some very fine actresses, very fine; fine doctors, lawyers, even scientists and industrialists. I see no fault in any female when she wears slacks, smokes (unless it is on the street, one thing, the only thing, which I don't like), when she drives a car ... when men say things like "I bet it is a woman driving" if something is wrong with the car ahead – no, no. These are old, worn out prejudices, they do not belong in today.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: In the 1930s, Veidt learned that he had a heart condition which had killed his mother, the condition was aggravated by his chain smoking, and Veidt took nitroglycerin tablets.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: He died of a heart attack on 3 April 1943 while playing golf at the Riviera Country Club in Los Angeles with singer Arthur Fields and his personal physician.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: The Conrad Veidt Society (CVS) was formed in 1990 to commemorate his 1993 centennial of birth and then to find a final home for the Veidt ashes, which Lily Veidt’s nephew Ivan Rado had given to CVS founder James H. Rathlesberger along with Veidt family papers and memorabilia. An earlier German-based Conrad Veidt Society had become inactive some years before the US-based society began.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: The CVS motto “Courage Integrity Humanity” honored qualities the legendary film star exemplified while claiming to be “only an actor.”


title: Conrad Veidt

text: CVS supported 1993 retrospectives at the Internationale Filmfestspiele in Berlin, La Cinematheque Francaise in Paris, the Goethe Institute and British Film Institute’s National Film Theatre in London, the Museum of Modern Art in New York, as well as the Gay Museum in Berlin. CVS donated most of the Veidt materials to the University of California’s Berkeley Art Museum and Pacific Film Archive. Among its efforts was a 650 Deutschmark/$450 contribution to the Stiftung Deutsche Kinemathek as seed money for SDK’s Homage to Conrad Veidt film series held during the 1993 Berlin International Film Festival.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Two Veidt scrapbooks, his monogrammed silver cigarette case and gold Dunhill lighter went to the Margaret Herrick Library, Center for Motion Picture Study, Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences. Film, video and audio mix from a short film entitled “Conny” that Rado produced using memorabilia inherited from Lily was donated to the University of Southern California Max Kade Institute and UCLA Film & Television Archive. The PFA in Berkeley has a VHS tape of the film, as does the Max Kade Institute and the Ayn Rand Institute.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: After efforts stalled to take the Veidt ashes to Berlin, CVS raised funds for interment at Golders Green, close to where the Veidts had lived in London. Londoner Vivienne Phillips was instrumental in arranging this. On 3 April 1998, on the 55th anniversary of his passing, Veidt’s ashes, mixed in the original urn with those of his wife Lily, were placed in a niche of the columbarium at the Golders Green Crematorium in north London. The ceremony drew attendees from two continents and was broadcast by BBC Radio 4.


title: South Yorkshire

text: South Yorkshire is a ceremonial and metropolitan county governed as a combined authority in north-central England. It had a population of 1.34 million in 2011 and has an area of . The county consists of four metropolitan boroughs—the cities of Sheffield and Doncaster, and the boroughs of Barnsley and Rotherham—collectively administered by a directly-elected mayor.


title: South Yorkshire

text: Lying on the east side of the Pennines, South Yorkshire is landlocked, and borders Derbyshire to the west and south-west, West Yorkshire to the north-west, North Yorkshire to the north, the East Riding of Yorkshire to the north-east, Lincolnshire to the east and Nottinghamshire to the south-east. The largest settlement is Sheffield, its built-up area is the tenth most populous in the United Kingdom. With over half of the county's population living within the built-up area, it dominates the county's western half.


title: South Yorkshire

text: South Yorkshire was created on 1 April 1974 as a result of the Local Government Act 1972. It was created from 32 local government districts of the West Riding of Yorkshire (the administrative county and four independent county boroughs), with small areas from Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. South Yorkshire County Council was abolished in 1986 and its metropolitan boroughs effectively becoming unitary authorities, although the metropolitan county continues to exist in law.


title: South Yorkshire

text: As a ceremonial county, South Yorkshire has a Lord Lieutenant and a High Sheriff. The area lies within the Sheffield City Region local enterprise partnership with Barnsley also being within the Leeds City Region, reflecting its geographical position midway between the cities.


title: South Yorkshire

text: In 2022, Doncaster became one of eight towns to successfully bid for city status; this was awarded on 1 November 2022 and made Doncaster South Yorkshire's second city after Sheffield. The remaining two boroughs are Barnsley and Rotherham.


title: South Yorkshire

text: Although the modern county of South Yorkshire was not created until 1974, the history of its constituent settlements and parts goes back centuries. Prehistoric remains include a Mesolithic "house" (a circle of stones in the shape of a hut-base) dating to around 8000 BC, found at Deepcar, in the northern part of Sheffield. Evidence of even earlier inhabitation in the wider region exists about over the county boundary at Creswell Crags in Derbyshire, where artefacts and rock art found in caves have been dated by archaeologists to the late Upper Palaeolithic period, at least 12,800 years ago. The region was on the frontier of the Roman Empire during the Roman period.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The main settlements of South Yorkshire grew up around the industries of mining and steel manufacturing. The main mining industry was coal which was concentrated to the north and east of the county. There were also iron deposits which were mined in the area. The rivers running off the Pennines to the west of the county supported the steel industry that is concentrated in Sheffield, Stocksbridge and Rotherham. The proximity of the iron and coal also made this an ideal place for steel manufacture.


title: South Yorkshire

text: Although Christian nonconformism was never as strong in South Yorkshire as in the mill towns of West Yorkshire, there are still many Methodist and Baptist churches in the area. Also, South Yorkshire has a relatively high number of followers of spiritualism. It is the only county that counts as a full region in the Spiritualists' National Union.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The Local Government Commission for England presented draft recommendations, in December 1965, proposing a new county—York and North Midlands—roughly centred on the southern part of the West Riding of Yorkshire and northern parts of Derbyshire and Nottinghamshire. The review was abolished in favour of the Royal Commission on Local Government before it was able to issue a final report.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The Royal Commission's 1969 report, known as the Redcliffe-Maud Report, proposed the removal of much of the then existing system of local government. The commission described the system of administering urban and rural districts separately as outdated, noting that urban areas provided employment and services for rural dwellers, and open countryside was used by town dwellers for recreation.


title: South Yorkshire

text: Redcliffe-Maud's recommendations were accepted by the Labour government in February 1970. Although the Redcliffe-Maud Report was rejected by the Conservative government after the 1970 general election, there was a commitment to local government reform, and the idea of a metropolitan county of South Yorkshire.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The Local Government Act 1972 reformed local government in England by creating a system of two-tier metropolitan and non-metropolitan counties and districts throughout the country. The act formally established South Yorkshire on 1 April 1974, although South Yorkshire County Council (SYCC) had been running since elections in 1973. The leading article in "The Times" on the day the Local Government Act came into effect noted that the "new arrangement is a compromise which seeks to reconcile familiar geography which commands a certain amount of affection and loyalty, with the scale of operations on which modern planning methods can work effectively".


title: South Yorkshire

text: South Yorkshire initially had a two tier structure of local government with a strategic-level county council and four districts providing most services.


title: South Yorkshire

text: In 1974, as part of the "South Yorkshire Structure Plan" of the environment, conservation and land use, South Yorkshire County Council commissioned a public attitudes survey covering job opportunities, educational facilities, leisure opportunities, health and medical services, shopping centres and transport in the county.


title: South Yorkshire

text: In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished. The functions of the county council were devolved to the boroughs; joint-boards covering fire, police and public transport; and to other special joint arrangements. The joint boards continue to function and include the South Yorkshire Passenger Transport Executive. The South Yorkshire Police and Crime Commissioner also oversees South Yorkshire Police.


title: South Yorkshire

text: Although the county council was abolished, South Yorkshire remains a metropolitan and ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire and a High Sheriff.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The metropolitan county borders Derbyshire, West Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, the East Riding of Yorkshire, Lincolnshire and Nottinghamshire.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The terrain of the county is mostly distinguished by the Pennines and its foothills which rise in the west of the county and gradually descend into the Humberhead Levels in the east of the county. Geologically, the county lies largely on the carboniferous rocks of the Yorkshire coalfield in the outer Pennine fringes, producing a rolling landscape with hills, escarpments and broad valleys. In this landscape, there is widespread evidence of both current and former industrial activity. There are numerous mine buildings, former spoil heaps and iron and steel plants. The scenery is a mixture of built up areas, industrial land with some dereliction, and farmed open country. Ribbon developments along transport routes including canal, road and rail are prominent features of the area although some remnants of the pre industrial landscape and semi-natural vegetation still survive. The Pennines in the west of the county are mostly inside the Peak District National Park and also contain carboniferous rocks, with the underlying geology primarily being millstone grit sandstones of the Dark Peak rising from the Yorkshire coalfield and the terrain is mostly moorland plateaus and gritstone edges. The inner Pennine fringes between the Dark Peak and Yorkshire coalfield are distinguished by many steep valleys, and a transition from uplands and rural landscape to lowlands and urban landscape towards the east of the county.


title: South Yorkshire

text: Major rivers which cross the area are the Dearne, Rother and Don. To the east, in the Doncaster area the landscape becomes flatter as the eastward dipping carboniferous rocks of the coalfield are overlain by the lacustrine deposits of the Humberhead Levels. There is very little evidence of glaciation in the area as it lies largely beyond the limit of the last glaciation.


title: South Yorkshire

text: South Yorkshire contains green belt throughout the county, surrounding its four districts to large extents. It was first drawn up from the 1950s. The western edge of the Sheffield and Barnsley districts directly form with the boundary of the Peak District National Park.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The table below outlines many of the county's settlements, and is formatted according to their metropolitan borough.


title: South Yorkshire

text: Of these settlements above, South Yorkshire has three main urban areas: the Dearne Valley which covers Barnsley and surrounding area; the Sheffield urban area which covers Sheffield, Rotherham and surrounding area; and the Doncaster urban area which covers Doncaster and surrounding area.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The South Yorkshire County Council was abolished and its districts effectively became unitary authorities; they are the City of Sheffield, the City of Doncaster, the Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley and the Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham.


title: South Yorkshire

text: In 1986, throughout England the metropolitan county councils were abolished. The ceremonial county with a Lord Lieutenant of South Yorkshire and a High Sheriff was retained. The county remains defined as metropolitan, functions of the county council devolved to the boroughs with many functions administered by joint authorities (such a passenger transport executive) containing representatives of the four councils.


title: South Yorkshire

text: The South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority was established in 2014 to bring the leaders of the four councils to give the county a main statutory body. It is led by the directly elected Mayor of South Yorkshire.


title: South Yorkshire

text: In the 2016 referendum on the United Kingdom's membership of the European Union, South Yorkshire voted 62% leave and 38% remain, making it one of the most heavily Leave areas in the country.


title: South Yorkshire

text: As one of the least prosperous areas in Western Europe, South Yorkshire has been targeted for funding from the European Regional Development Fund. This is a chart of trend of regional gross value added of South Yorkshire at current basic prices with figures in millions of British Pounds Sterling.


title: South Yorkshire

text: However, the county has experienced a recent growth in the services sector. In the FDI European Cities and Regions of the Future 2022/23 Awards, Doncaster was ranked the best small city in Europe for investment.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: Karakalpakstan, officially the Republic of Karakalpakstan, is an autonomous republic of Uzbekistan. It occupies the whole northwestern part of Uzbekistan. The capital is Nukus ("" / ). The Republic of Karakalpakstan has an area of , and a population of about two million. Its territory covers the classical land of Khwarezm, which in classical Persian literature was known as ().


title: Karakalpakstan

text: From about 500 BC to 500 AD, the region of what is now Karakalpakstan was a thriving agricultural area supported by extensive irrigation. It was strategically important territory and fiercely contested, as is seen by the more than 50 Khorezm Fortresses which were constructed here. The Karakalpak people, who used to be nomadic herders and fishers, were first recorded by foreigners in the 16th century. Karakalpakstan was ceded to the Russian Empire by the Khanate of Khiva in 1873. Under Soviet rule, it was an autonomous area within the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic before becoming part of Uzbekistan in 1936 as the Karakalpak ASSR. The region was probably at its most prosperous in the 1960s and 1970s, when irrigation from the Amu Darya was being expanded. However, the evaporation of the Aral Sea has made Karakalpakstan one of Uzbekistan's poorest regions. The region is suffering from extensive drought, partly due to climate patterns, but also largely because the Amu Darya and Syr Darya rivers are mostly diverted in the eastern parts of Uzbekistan. Crop failures have deprived about 48,000 people of their main source of income and shortages of potable water have created a surge of infectious diseases.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: Karakalpakstan is now mostly desert and is located in western Uzbekistan near the Aral Sea, in the lowest part of the Amu Darya basin. It has an area of 164,900 km and is surrounded by desert. The Kyzyl Kum Desert is located to the east and the Karakum Desert is located to the south. A rocky plateau extends west to the Caspian Sea.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: The Republic of Karakalpakstan is formally sovereign and shares veto power over decisions concerning it with Uzbekistan. According to the constitution, relations between Karakalpakstan and Uzbekistan are "regulated by treaties and agreements" and any disputes are "settled by way of reconciliation". Its right to secede is limited by the veto power of Uzbekistan's legislature over any decision to secede. Article 74, chapter XVII, Constitution of Uzbekistan, provides that: "The Republic of Karakalpakstan shall have the right to secede from the Republic of Uzbekistan on the basis of a nationwide referendum held by the people of Karakalpakstan."


title: Karakalpakstan

text: In July 2022, large protests broke out in the region over a proposed constitutional change which would strip Karakalpakstan of its autonomy. The proposed change was later scrapped in response to the demonstrations.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: The population is estimated 1,948,488 (2022), with 51% living in rural areas. In 2007 it was estimated that about 400,000 of the population are of the Karakalpak ethnic group, 400,000 are Uzbeks and 300,000 are Kazakhs. The Karakalpak language is closer to Kazakh than to Uzbek. The language was written in a modified Cyrillic in Soviet times and has been written in the Latin alphabet since 1996.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: Other than the capital Nukus, major cities include Xoʻjayli, Taxiatosh, Chimboy, Qoʻngʻirot ("Kungrad") and Moynaq.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: The crude birth rate is 2.2%: approximately 39,400 children were born in 2017. Nearly 8,400 people died in the same period. The crude death rate is 0.47%. The natural growth rate is 31,000, or 1.72%.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: The median age was 27.7 years old in 2017, which is younger than the rest of Uzbekistan (median age of 28.5 countrywide). Men are 27.1 years old, while women are 28.2 years old.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: Dynamics of the number and ethnic composition of the population of Karakalpakstan according to the All-Union censuses of 1926–1989:


title: Karakalpakstan

text: The economy of the region used to be heavily dependent on fisheries in the Aral Sea. It is now supported by cotton, rice and melons. Karakalpakstan is well known for its fruits, such as plums, pears, grapes, and apricots, in addition to all kinds of melons. Hydroelectric power from a large Soviet-built station on the Amu Darya is also important.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: The Amu Darya delta was once heavily populated and supported extensive irrigation based agriculture for thousands of years. Under the Khorezm, the area attained considerable power and prosperity. However, the gradual climate change over the centuries, accelerated by human induced evaporation of the Aral Sea in the late 20th century has created a desolate scene in the region. The ancient oases of rivers, lakes, reed marshes, forests and farms are drying up and being poisoned by wind-borne salt and by fertilizer and pesticide residues from the dried bed of the Aral Sea. Summer temperatures have risen by and winter temperatures have decreased by . The rate of anemia, respiratory diseases and other health problems has risen dramatically.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: The autonomous republic of Karakalpakstan consists of 16 districts (listed below) and one district-level city: Nukus.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: Taxiatosh District was created in 2017 from part of Xoʻjayli District. Boʻzatov District was created in September 2019 from parts of the Kegeyli District and the Chimboy District.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: There are 12 cities (Nukus, Mangʻit, Beruniy, Xalqobod, Qoʻngʻirot, Moʻynoq, Taxiatosh, Toʻrtkoʻl, Xoʻjayli, Chimboy, Shumanay, Boʻston) and 26 urban-type settlements in Karakalpakstan.


title: Karakalpakstan

text: In 2009, the first radio station of Karakalpakstan was opened. The station is called Nukus FM, which broadcasts on radio frequency 100.4 MHz, only in Nukus.


title: 2013 in film

text: The following tables list films released in 2013. Three popular films ("Top Gun", "Jurassic Park", and "The Wizard of Oz") were re-released in 3D and IMAX.


title: 2013 in film

text: Richard Brody of "The New Yorker" said, "The year 2013 has been an amazing one for movies, though maybe every year is an amazing year for movies if one is ready to be amazed by movies. It’s also a particularly apt year to make a list of the best films. Making a list is not merely a numerical act but also a polemical one, and the best of this year’s films are polemical in their assertion of the singularity of cinema, as well as of the art form’s opposition to the disposable images of television. The 2013 crop comprises an unplanned, if not accidental, collective declaration of the essence of the cinema, an art of images and sounds that, at their best, don’t exist to tell a story or to tantalize the audience (though they may well do so) but, rather, to reflect a crisis in the life of the filmmaker and the state of the artist’s mind or, even, soul." He also stated, "The best movies this year are films of combative cinema, audacious inventions in vision. The specificity and originality of their moment-to-moment creation of images offers new ways for viewers to confront the notion of what “narrative” might be. Their revitalization of storytelling as experience restores to the cinema its primordial mode of redefining consciousness. It’s significant that some of the filmmakers in the forefront of that charge are from the generation of the elders, innovators of the seventies. In the age of radical cinema sparked by digital technology, the rise of independent producers, and the ready ubiquity of the history of cinema (thanks to DVDs and streaming video), these older directors have experienced a glorious second youth. That artistic rejuvenation is also due to the stimulating ambiance of actual youth—a young generation of freethinking cinephiles, critics, and filmmakers who, thanks to the Internet, make their appreciation of these sublime extremes widely and quickly known, even when the mainstream of viewers and reviewers miss out."


title: 2013 in film

text: "Frozen" and "Iron Man 3" both grossed over $1.2 billion, making them among the 50 highest-grossing films of all time.


title: 2013 in film

text: After being re-released in 3-D, "Jurassic Park" surpassed the $1 billion mark, and is the 41st highest-grossing film of all time.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Robert Francis Roode Jr. (born May 11, 1976) is a Canadian professional wrestler signed to WWE, where he performs on the Raw brand. He is currently inactive due to an undisclosed injury.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode is known for his 12-year tenure for Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA). After debuting for TNA as part of Team Canada in 2004, he won the NWA World Tag Team Championship with Eric Young. Following the team's breakup, embarked on a singles run before forming a tag team with James Storm as Beer Money, Inc. Together with Storm, he is a six-time TNA World Tag Team Champion and they are the longest reigning champions in TNA history. Roode eventually became a two-time TNA World Heavyweight Champion, with his first reign being the longest reign in the company's history at 256 days. In his later years with the company, Roode also won the World Tag Team Championship with Austin Aries and was a one-time TNA King of the Mountain Champion.


title: Bobby Roode

text: In 2016, he began his WWE career in NXT, where he was a one-time NXT Champion prior to his main roster call-up. Roode debuted on SmackDown in August 2017, winning the United States Championship in January 2018, his first championship on the main roster, and he won the Raw Tag Team Championship with partner Chad Gable that December. Since 2019, he has held the 24/7 Championship once and has held the Raw and SmackDown Tag Team Championships with partner Dolph Ziggler once each. Overall, he is a three-time world champion in professional wrestling.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode grew up around an athletic environment playing minor hockey in Peterborough and attended Kenner Collegiate Vocational Institution. He was also a stick boy for the OHL's Peterborough Petes and witnessed players such as future NHLers Mike Ricci, Tie Domi, and Chris Pronger train for the local major junior team.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode was trained in his hometown of Peterborough, Ontario by fellow Ontarians Shane Sewell and Sean Morley. He completed his training after a year and wrestled his debut match in June 1998 as "Total" Lee Awesome against Pete Rock. He then went on to work for various Canadian independent promotions, as well as making appearances for the Puerto Rican promotion, World Wrestling Council (WWC). He also went on to work a series of dark matches for World Wrestling Federation/World Wrestling Entertainment (WWF/WWE) between 1998 and 2004 before he was signed by Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA).


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode began working for Real Action Wrestling in 2001, where he formed a villainous stable known as The Kardinal Sinners along with Kingman and Mike Hughes as well as part-time members Wildman Gary Williams and The Acadian Giant. Roode later rejoined them as a part of their "Wrestling Reality" show to be aired on The Fight Network, but he was not seen on these episodes due to contractual obligations with TNA.


title: Bobby Roode

text: While in TNA, Roode also wrestled for BSE Pro in Ontario, Border City Wrestling in Windsor, Ontario and at NWA Shockwave in New Jersey. On March 18, 2006, he won the NWA Shockwave Internet Championship from Josh Daniels at an NWAS/New York Wrestling Connection cross-promotional event. Eight days later on March 26, Roode won the vacant NWA Shockwave Heavyweight Championship at "Disturbing the Peace 2006" in a four-way match. Roode held both titles until May 21, when he dropped the Internet title and successfully defended the Heavyweight title against Slyck Wagner Brown. Due to the restarting of the company, all of the NWA Cyberspace championships were vacated, including Roode's Heavyweight title.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode performed for the WWF/WWE numerous times between 2001 and 2004. He usually appeared in secondary television programs like "Jakked/Metal", "Sunday Night Heat" or "Velocity". He also wrestled dark matches before "Raw" and "SmackDown".


title: Bobby Roode

text: In May 2004, Roode was brought into Total Nonstop Action Wrestling (TNA) by Scott D'Amore, the owner of Border City Wrestling, a Canadian independent promotion for which Roode had worked on occasion. Roode debuted in TNA as part of the Team Canada stable, and took part in the World X-Cup, which was won by Team USA. Team Canada went on to feud with 3Live Kru and America's Most Wanted. on the October 12, 2004 episode of Impact, Team Canada (Roode and Eric Young) defeated Christopher Daniels (4) and James Storm to win the NWA World Tag Team Championship. at Victory Road, Team Canada lost the titles to 3Live Kru (B.G. James and Konnan). As the biggest and most powerful member of Team Canada at the time, Roode acted as the enforcer of the group, a role popularised by Arn Anderson. In early 2006, recognizing his comparisons to Anderson, he made the request that he be called "The Canadian Enforcer" from that point onward, and began coming to the ring in sequined robes reminiscent of the flashy style popularized by the Four Horsemen and Rick Rude in the late 1980s.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode began a feud with Dustin Rhodes in early 2005, losing to him at April's Lockdown in a best of three falls steel cage match, with the third fall a blindfold match. At Hard Justice, Roode competed in a Twenty-Man Gauntlet for the Gold which was won by Abyss. After that Roode feuded with Lance Hoyt, who he defeated at Slammiversary and at No Surrender with Team Canada, Hoyt teaming with The Naturals. At Sacrifice, Team Canada defeated America's Most Wanted and The Naturals in an Eight-man tag team match. After defeating Jeff Hardy at Unbreakable in September, Roode and the remainder of Team Canada resumed their feud with 3Live Kru. At Bound for Glory, Team Canada defeated 3Live Kru. at Genesis (2005), Team Canada lost to 3Live Kru in a 6-Sided Stick Fight with Kip James as special guest referee and at Turning Point Team Canada defeated 4Live Kru (B.G. James, Kip James, Konnan and Ron Killings) in an Eight-man tag team match.


title: Bobby Roode

text: At Final Resolution, Roode began a singles career, while still being linked to Team Canada, by defeating Ron Killings. Five months later, on the June 29 episode of "TNA Impact!", TNA Management Director Jim Cornette forced the breakup of Team Canada. However, on the July 6 episode of "Impact!", Cornette gave Team Canada one more chance to stay together but only if they could win a match a week later against Jay Lethal, Rhino and Team 3D (Brother Ray and Brother Devon). On the July 13 episode of "Impact!", Team Canada lost the match when Jay Lethal pinned A-1, disbanding Team Canada once and for all.


title: Bobby Roode

text: After the breakup of Team Canada, Roode began referring to himself as "TNA's hottest free agent". Vignettes began playing with various TNA managers such as Simon Diamond, Jim Mitchell, and Shane Douglas putting over the idea of Roode being an NWA World Heavyweight Championship contender and stating their interest in becoming his manager, but he eventually dismissed them. Having chosen not to work with a current TNA manager, segments began airing with Roode interviewing managers for the position; Bobby "The Brain" Heenan on September 7, Col. Robert Parker on September 14, and Sherri Martel on September 21. He revealed his chosen manager, Traci Brooks, at Bound for Glory, and promptly started going by "Robert Roode" while adopting a Wall Street stock trader gimmick, with Brooks now being referred to as "Ms. Brooks", his "Chief Executive Offender" (CEO). His first feud after the retool was against Eric Young, of whom he became jealous when he realized fans still were not cheering him, but cheered Young's every move. After Young beat Brooks in a bikini contest he demanded that Brooks "sign" Young to "Robert Roode Inc.". Finally, at the 2007 Against All Odds event Brooks successfully seduced Young into signing a contract with "Robert Roode Inc.", and Roode began to control Young by ordering him around. However, Young began to fight back due to the advice of a mystery "friend".


title: Bobby Roode

text: At Lockdown, Roode faced Petey Williams, the man he believed to be Young's "friend", and won the match despite Young attempting to help Williams. The following week, Young proclaimed that Williams was not his "friend", and Roode, who controlled Young's contract, gave Young a week to tell him who his friend was or he'd be fired. The following week, Young revealed his "friend" to be Jeff Jarrett, which resulted in Roode facing Jarrett at Sacrifice. Roode went on to defeat Jarrett after hitting him with the Pay Off. Roode eventually faced Young in a match at Slammiversary. Roode scored the pinfall after hitting Young with a steel chair, but, just as he was about to fire Young, Jim Cornette came out and ordered the match to be restarted. Young then pinned Roode with an inside cradle, in the process severing his ties with Roode. At Victory Road, Roode and Ms. Brooks lost to Eric Young and Gail Kim in a Mixed tag team match.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode and Ms. Brooks then joined forces with Christian's Coalition to aid in their battles with Sting and Abyss, and on the July 26 episode of "Impact!", Mike Tenay stated that Roode had joined the stable. Weeks after that, after Eric Young lost a match against Team 3D, Roode and Brooks "tarred and feathered" Young. On the August 7 episode of "TNA Today" Young issued a challenge for a "humiliation match" at Hard Justice to Roode, with the loser to be tarred and feathered. Roode won, but Ms. Brooks ended up tarred and feathered while Roode just watched from the stage and afterwards, as she questioned his loyalty, his apparent bullying of her became a key storyline and side angle.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode then entered a mini-feud with Kaz, who confronted Roode when he mistreated Ms. Brooks. Roode defeated Kaz at No Surrender. Soon afterwards, other wrestlers followed in Kaz's footsteps. An interview revealed that Brooks put up with Roode's actions because she needed to raise money for her ill mother. Since then, the "superstars' protest" portion of the mistreatment angle quietly faded, though Roode's egotistical bullying antics got worse.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode participated in the Fight for the Right Tournament. At Bound for Glory, he was the last person eliminated in the gauntlet section of the tournament by Eric Young and lost his opening tournament match to Junior Fatu. Around this time, Roode not only started mistreating Brooks even further, he started to show signs of full-blown misogyny in segments involving or referring to other women, such as Karen Angle, Gail Kim or Sharmell. In the loss to Fatu, the dissension was reciprocated by Brooks, who laughed as Fatu gave Roode a stinkface. On the November 8, 2007 episode of "TNA Impact", Brooks finally stood up to Roode by shoving him away from his attack on Chris Harris, and herself attacking "Roode's No. 1 Fan". at Genesis (2007), Roode lost to Samoa Joe.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Roode formed a partnership with Christian Cage against TNA newcomer Booker T, claiming that "has beens" like Booker T show up and gain main event status at the expense of long time Talent like himself. at Turning Point (2007), Roode and Cage lost to Booker T and Kaz. Roode and Cage then aligned themselves with Kurt Angle, after an invitation to join the Angle Alliance on "Impact!". This only lasted for one night, however, as the Angle Alliance lost to the team of Samoa Joe, Kevin Nash, Kaz, Booker T and Eric Young, when Nash pinned Roode. Cage and Roode then had a face to face altercation in the ring which lead to Angle and Roode attacking Cage, thus kicking Cage out of the Angle Alliance and turning the Angle-Cage tension into a full-blown feud.


title: Bobby Roode

text: At Final Resolution, Roode teamed up with Ms. Brooks in a mixed tag team match against Booker T and his wife Sharmell. After losing the match Roode finally completed his turn on Brooks and as Sharmell ran back into the ring to stop it, Roode turned around and hit her in the jaw, knocking her out. As Booker T ran to the ring to aid his wife, Roode escaped the ring, and looking back at the ring he realized what he had done. The following "Impact!", Roode faced Brooks and fired her, but was stopped by Jim Cornette when he tried to lay hands on her. Subsequently, Roode's "number one fan" attacked Brooks when she was leaving the ring. Roode's fan, named Ms. Payton Banks, replaced Brooks.


title: Bobby Roode

text: After Final Resolution, and with Payton Banks by his side, Roode continued his feud with Booker T. at Against All Odds, where the two faced off in a singles match. Roode ran from the ring and escaped the arena in a car, only to further infuriate Booker. Booker and Roode faced off again at Destination X in a Stand By Your Man Strap Match, with the loser's manager (Banks for Roode, Brooks for Booker) to receive ten leather lashes from the winner's manager. Roode won after using a handcuff-armed fist, but Sharmell returned and whipped everyone with a leather belt, including Jim Cornette. The following week on "Impact!", Cornette punished her by putting her in a mixed tag team match with Booker against Roode and Banks at Lockdown, which Booker and Sharmell won. After the match, Roode verbally abused Banks for losing, much like he used to abuse Ms. Brooks, effectively ending their alliance. At Sacrifice (2008), Roode and Booker T lost to Christian Cage and Rhino in a Deuces Wild Tag Team Tournament Quarterfinal match. At Slammiversary, Roode competed in the King of the Mountain match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship in a losing effort.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the June 12 episode of "Impact!", Roode, along with James Storm, challenged The Latin American Xchange (LAX) (Homicide and Hernandez) for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. Storm and Roode won, after Storm performed a "Last Call" on Hernandez, with a belt wrapped around his boot. Hector Guerrero, LAX's manager, was at ringside, however, and got the match restarted by informing the referee about what had happened. LAX then retained, leading to Roode, Storm, and Jacqueline attacking LAX. The next week, LAX challenged Storm and Roode to a Fan's Revenge Lumberjack match at Victory Road. Roode and Storm then began calling themselves "Beer Money, Inc.", sometimes shortened to simply "Beer Money", with their name based on their individual gimmicks (Storm's beer-drinking cowboy gimmick representing "Beer" and Roode's Wall Street stock trader gimmick representing "Money"). At Victory Road, LAX won the match. At Hard Justice, however, Beer Money became the new TNA World Tag Team Champions, defeating LAX after hitting Homicide with a beer bottle. The feud continued through No Surrender with Beer Money, Inc. once again getting the win. At Bound for Glory IV, Beer Money successfully defended their titles in a four-team Monster's Ball match, after Roode pinned Hernandez of LAX.


title: Bobby Roode

text: After that Beer Money retained the tag team championship at Turning Point 2008 against The Motor City Machine Guns (Alex Shelley and Chris Sabin). Beer Money, Inc. later engaged in a feud with Matt Morgan and Abyss, retaining the titles against them at Final Resolution. Roode and Storm lost the titles to Lethal and Creed on the January 8 episode of "Impact!" but regained them three days later at Genesis in a 3-way match which also involved the team of Abyss and Matt Morgan. Beer Money, Inc. faced Creed and Jay Lethal at Against All Odds and retained the championship. At Lockdown 2009, Beer Money lost the TNA World Tag Team Championship to Team 3D in a Philadelphia Street Fight, where Team 3D's IWGP Tag Team Titles were also on the line. On May 21, Beer Money turned face by coming to the rescue of Team 3D, who were being attacked by The British Invasion (Doug Williams, Brutus Magnus and their bodyguard Rob Terry). They stated that from all of the times they have fought, Team 3D showed them that if you are going to fight, you should at least fight fairly. At Sacrifice Beer Money defeated The British Invasion to win the Team 3D Invitational Tag Team Tournament and earn the right to challenge Team 3D for the TNA World Tag Team Titles. At Slammiversary, Beer Money defeated Team 3D to win the TNA World Tag Team Titles for the third time. The following month at Victory Road, Beer Money lost the titles to Booker T and Scott Steiner of The Main Event Mafia.


title: Bobby Roode

text: The two teams' feud intertwined with that of Team 3D and the British Invasion, causing a three-month long war between the four teams. Beer Money went on to lose to the British Invasion in an IWGP Tag Team Championship match at Hard Justice, win a Lethal Lockdown match at No Surrender (teaming with Team 3D against MEM and the Invasion), and lose a 4-way Full Metal Mayhem match at Bound for Glory for both the TNA and IWGP Tag Team Championships, with Team 3D winning the IWGP belts and the British Invasion the TNA belts. Beer Money were permitted one last title shot the following "Impact!", where they fought the British Invasion in a Six Sides of Steel match. Brutus Magnus had his team disqualified by punching the referee, causing him and Doug Williams to retain the championships. On the November 12 episode of "Impact!" Beer Money defeated the British Invasion in a non-title match to join the Motor City Machine Guns in the Tag Team Title match at Turning Point. At the Pay-Per-View The British Invasion managed to retain their titles after Kevin Nash nailed Storm with the TNA Global Championship belt. At Genesis Roode and Storm scored an upset victory over The Band of Kevin Nash and Syxx-Pac.


title: Bobby Roode

text: With Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff taking over TNA at the beginning of 2010, Beer Money's TV time was significantly reduced. Upon their return to "Impact!", Beer Money turned heel on the March 8 episode of "Impact!" by first volunteering to face Jeff Jarrett in a handicap match and then defeating him after a low blow and the DWI, claiming it was the only way they were going to get noticed by the new management. Roode and Storm had since acted as Bischoff's henchmen, taking on wrestlers he's had problems with, often in two-on-one situations. At Destination X Beer Money challenged Matt Morgan and Hernandez for the TNA World Tag Team Championship, but were unable to dethrone the defending champions. At Lockdown Beer Money, along with Sting and Desmond Wolfe, represented Team Flair in the annual Lethal Lockdown match, where they were defeated by Team Hogan (Abyss, Jeff Jarrett, Rob Van Dam and Jeff Hardy). They then started a feud with the newly formed team of Jeff Hardy and Mr. Anderson, known collectively as The Enigmatic Assholes, who went on to defeat them at Slammiversary VIII. On the following episode of "Impact!", Ric Flair, who had aligned himself with Roode, Storm, A.J. Styles, Desmond Wolfe and Kazarian, revived the Four Horsemen under the new name , stating that each of them had to earn their spots in the group; Flair also compared Storm and Roode to Ole Anderson and Tully Blanchard. After the TNA World Tag Team Championship was vacated in June, Beer Money entered a four-team, two-week-long tournament to decide the opponent of The Motor City Machine Guns for the titles at Victory Road. Beer Money advanced to the title match at the pay-per-view by defeating Team 3D and Ink Inc. (Jesse Neal and Shannon Moore). At Victory Road Beer Money was defeated by the Motor City Machine Guns in the match for the World Tag Team Championship. After Victory Road Beer Money entered a Best of Five Series with the Motor City Machine Guns, contested for the TNA World Tag Team Championship. Beer Money won the first two matches, a ladder match and a Street Fight, after knocking their opponents out with beer bottles. On the July 29 episode of "Impact!", Ric Flair offered Roode and Storm, who were just one victory away from becoming four-time TNA World Tag Team Champions, the final two spots on . However, Shelley and Sabin came back to win the two following matches in the Best of Five Series, a steel cage match and an Ultimate X match, to even the score to 2–2 and set up a deciding match for the August 12 episode of "Impact!". On the August 12 episode of "Impact!" Beer Money, Inc. was defeated in a Two Out of Three Falls match and as a result lost the Best of Five Series 2–3. Later that night Douglas Williams and Matt Morgan were added to , as the stable attacked EV 2.0, a stable consisting of former Extreme Championship Wrestling performers. In the weeks leading to Bound for Glory, the stable's name was tweaked to Fortune to represent the expansion in the number of members in the group. At Bound for Glory Roode, Storm, Styles, Kazarian and Morgan were defeated in a Lethal Lockdown match by EV 2.0 members Tommy Dreamer, Raven, Rhino, Sabu and Stevie Richards. On the following episode of "Impact!" Fortune formed an alliance with Hulk Hogan and Eric Bischoff's new stable, Immortal. At Turning Point Fortune defeated EV 2.0 in a ten-man tag team match and, as a result, EV 2.0's Sabu was released from TNA. The following month at Final Resolution, Roode and Storm returned to the TNA World Tag Team Championship picture by defeating Ink Inc. in a number one contender's match. On January 9, 2011, at Genesis, Beer Money, Inc. defeated the Motor City Machine Guns to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship for the fourth time.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On January 31 at the tapings of the February 3 episode of "Impact!", Fortune turned face by attacking Immortal, when they interfered in a TNA World Heavyweight Championship match between Mr. Anderson and Jeff Hardy. Ric Flair, who did not take part in Fortune's turn due being out with a torn rotator cuff, returned at the February 14 tapings of the February 17 episode of "Impact!", turning on Fortune and jumping to Immortal. On April 17 at Lockdown, Roode, Storm, Kazarian and Christopher Daniels, who replaced an injured A.J. Styles, defeated Immortal representatives Ric Flair, Abyss, Bully Ray and Matt Hardy in a Lethal Lockdown match, when Roode forced Flair to submit with a Fujiwara armbar. The finish was used to write Flair off television for a month. In early May, Roode began once again using the first name Bobby. On May 15 at Sacrifice, Beer Money, Inc. successfully defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against Immortal representatives Matt Hardy and Chris Harris, Storm's old tag team partner who had made his surprise return to TNA on the previous episode of "Impact!". On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode was a victim of a five-on-one beatdown at the hands of Immortal as a retribution for what he did to Flair at Lockdown. Two weeks later, Eric Bischoff attempted to strip Beer Money, Inc. of their TNA World Tag Team Championship due to Roode's injury, but was interrupted by the champions' former rival Alex Shelley (whose partner, Chris Sabin, had also become injured), who agreed to take Roode's spot in the title defense against the British Invasion at Slammiversary IX. At the pay-per-view, Storm and Shelley were successful in their title defense. Roode made his in-ring return on the June 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in a tag team match, where he and Storm were defeated by Crimson and Matt Morgan. On July 13, Beer Money, Inc. became the longest reigning TNA World Tag Team Champions in the title's history, breaking the previous record of 184 days set by A.J. Styles and Tomko in 2007. On August 7 at Hardcore Justice, Beer Money, Inc. successfully defended the TNA World Tag Team Championship against Mexican America (Anarquia and Hernandez). Two days later, at the tapings of the August 18 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Mexican America defeated Beer Money, Inc. in a rematch, following interference from Jeff Jarrett, to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship, ending Roode's and Storm's record-setting reign at 212 days.


title: Bobby Roode

text: From June to September, Roode was one of the twelve participants in the Bound for Glory Series to determine the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. When the group stage of the tournament concluded, Roode finished in the top four and thus advanced to the finals at No Surrender along with James Storm, Bully Ray and Gunner. On September 11 at No Surrender, Roode defeated Gunner via submission, moving him up to 52 points, tying the score of Bully Ray, who had defeated Storm earlier in the event, and setting up a tiebreaker match between Roode and Ray. In the tiebreaker match, Roode defeated Ray via pinfall to win the Bound for Glory Series and earn a match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Bound for Glory. In the weeks leading to Bound for Glory, TNA World Heavyweight Champion Kurt Angle, in an attempt to cause dissension within Fortune, forced Roode to face each of his stablemates in a series of singles matches, promising them title matches, should they be able to defeat him. In the first match on the September 15 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode defeated Kazarian via submission. After Daniels refused to take part in his match, Roode finished the series by defeating Styles and Storm respectively on the September 29 and October 6 episodes of "Impact Wrestling". On October 16 at Bound for Glory, Roode failed to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship when he was pinned by Angle, after the referee failed to notice his arm under the ropes or Angle using the ropes for leverage.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", after it was revealed that Roode was not eligible for a rematch with Angle, new authority figure Sting gave the next title shot to James Storm, who then went on to defeat Angle to become the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode defeated Samoa Joe to become the number one contender to Storm's title. On the November 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode defeated Storm to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, after hitting him with his own beer bottle, dissolving Beer Money, Inc. turning heel in the process. Roode and Storm had a rematch for the title the following week. As a result of a backstage attack, Storm came into the match bleeding and eventually lost, after passing out due to blood loss. After the match, Roode was challenged by his former Fortune stablemate, A.J. Styles. On November 13 at Turning Point, Roode successfully defended the TNA World Heavyweight Championship against Styles, pinning him while holding his tights. On December 11 at Final Resolution, Roode retained the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, after wrestling Styles to a draw in a 30-Minute Iron Man match. Roode and Styles wrestled a sudden death overtime period on the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", where Roode managed to retain his title. On January 8, 2012, at Genesis, Roode again retained the TNA World Heavyweight Championship after getting himself disqualified in his title match against Jeff Hardy. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", a rematch between Roode and Hardy ended in a no contest, following interference from Bully Ray. The following episode of "Impact Wrestling", both Roode and Ray interfered in a number one contender's match between Hardy and Storm, which ended the match in a no contest. On February 12 at Against All Odds, Roode defeated Hardy, Ray, and Storm in a four-way match to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship after special ringside enforcer Sting accidentally knocked out Hardy with the title belt. The following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode retained the championship against Hardy in a No Disqualification match, following interference from Kurt Angle. Roode then began feuding with TNA's General Manager Sting, which eventually led to Sting returning to the ring on March 18 at Victory Road, where Roode defeated him in a non-title No Holds Barred match. On April 15 at Lockdown, Roode defeated James Storm in a steel cage match to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship after being accidentally superkicked out of the cage for the win. On May 13 at Sacrifice, Roode defeated Rob Van Dam in a ladder match to retain the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On the May 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode successfully defended the title against A.J. Styles to break Styles' record of 211 days as TNA World Heavyweight Champion the following day. Following the match, Roode was attacked by the returning Sting. The following week, Roode was defeated by Sting in a non-title lumberjack match in the first live episode of "Impact Wrestling". On June 10 at Slammiversary, Roode successfully defended the TNA World Heavyweight Championship in a rematch against Sting, after hitting him with James Storm's beer bottle. After the match, Roode was again attacked by Sting. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode made another successful title defense, defeating Mr. Anderson by submission. On July 8 at Destination X, Roode lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Austin Aries, ending his reign at 256 days.


title: Bobby Roode

text: In an attempt to prove that Aries' victory had been a fluke, Roode faced the new TNA World Heavyweight Champion in a non-title match on the July 19 episode of "Impact Wrestling". However, the match ended in a no contest, when both competitors were attacked by a group of masked assailants, known only as the "Aces & Eights". On August 12 at Hardcore Justice, Roode unsuccessfully challenged Aries for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, with a pre-match stipulation preventing him from getting another rematch for the title as long as Aries was champion. After not being seen for several weeks, Roode returned on September 9 at No Surrender, costing James Storm his Bound for Glory Series semifinal match against Bully Ray. On the September 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Storm challenged Roode to a match as part of the Open Fight Night. The match ended in a no contest, when referee Brian Hebner was unable control the two brawling rivals. The rivalry between Roode and Storm culminated on October 14 at Bound for Glory in a Street Fight, with King Mo serving as the special guest enforcer, which was won by Storm. On November 11 at Turning Point, Roode was again defeated by Storm in a three-way number one contenders match for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship, also involving A.J. Styles; however, Roode was not pinned; had he been, he would not get another title opportunity until Bound for Glory 2013. However, on the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode defeated Storm in a rematch for the number one contendership for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On the December 6 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode was revealed as the man who paid off the Aces & Eights to attack TNA World Heavyweight Champion Jeff Hardy at the end of the show. Three days later at Final Resolution, Roode failed in his title challenge against Hardy, after which, both men were attacked by the Aces & Eights. On the following episode of "Impact Wrestling", Aces & Eights member Devon revealed Roode was outbidded by Austin Aries to prevent him from winning the title. The following week, Roode attacked Aries in the main event of the evening, costing him his shot at the World Heavyweight Championship. Roode and Aries faced off in a number one contender's match on the next episode of "Impact Wrestling". The match ended in a no contest after the two attacked referee Earl Hebner and then were, in turn attacked by Hardy. The rivalry culminated in a three-way elimination match on January 13, 2013, at Genesis, where Roode failed again to capture the TNA World Heavyweight Championship from Hardy.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On January 25, at the tapings of the January 31 episode of "Impact Wrestling" in Manchester, England, Roode and Aries defeated Chavo Guerrero Jr. and Hernandez to win the TNA World Tag Team Championship, for the fifth time in his career. Roode and Aries made their first successful title defense on March 10 at Lockdown, defeating Bad Influence (Christopher Daniels and Kazarian) and Chavo Guerrero, Jr. and Hernandez in a three-way match. On the March 21 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode and Aries defeated Guerrero and Hernandez to retain the TNA World Tag Team Championship, following interference from Daniels and Kazarian. Afterwards, the champions were attacked by Daniels and Kazarian. On the April 11 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode and Aries lost the TNA World Tag Team Championship back to Guerrero and Hernandez in a Two-out-of-Three Falls match, ending their reign at 76 days. Roode and Aries received their rematch on the April 25 episode of "Impact Wrestling", but were again defeated by Guerrero and Hernandez after an inadvertent interference from Christopher Daniels and Kazarian. Roode and Aries faced Daniels and Kazarian in number one contenders match on the May 9 episode of "Impact Wrestling", however, the match ended in a no contest after special guest referee James Storm superkicked Aries and Daniels and walked out on the match. Roode and Aries received another shot at Guerrero and Hernandez's titles on June 2 at Slammiversary XI, in a fatal four-way elimination match, which also included Bad Influence and was won by Gunner and James Storm.


title: Bobby Roode

text: As a result of previously winning the Bound for Glory Series, Roode and Jeff Hardy were entered into the 2013 Bound for Glory Series on the June 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling". Roode began the BFG series with a string of losses against Jeff Hardy, Magnus, and his former tag team partner Austin Aries. On the August 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode claimed he would go back to his old ways in order to regain the World Heavyweight Championship. Roode then defeated Hernandez via pinfall, after hitting him in the head with a beer bottle, to earn seven points in the tournament. The following week, Roode allied himself with Christopher Daniels and Kazarian to form a new force and so that one of them would win the Bound for Glory series. On August 15 at "Impact Wrestling: Hardcore Justice", Roode defeated Magnus, Mr. Anderson, and Samoa Joe in a tables match, following interference from Daniels and Kazarian, to capture twenty points in the BFG Series. The following week, the trio labelled themselves EGO and Roode and Kazarian went on to defeat TNA World Tag Team Champions Gunner and James Storm in a non-title match. EGO also tried to recruit Roode's former tag team partner Austin Aries, but Aries answered their offer by attacking Daniels and costing him his BFG series match. Roode's participation in the Bound for Glory series ended on the September 5 episode of "Impact Wrestling", when he was eliminated from a twenty-point battle royal by A.J. Styles.


title: Bobby Roode

text: EGO went on to feud with Magnus by attacking him and costing him several matches. On the October 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Magnus ran a gauntlet match against EGO and eliminated both Daniels and Kazarian before Roode won the match by making Magnus submit to an ankle lock. As a result of defeating Magnus, EGO held a mock Hall of Fame induction for Roode the following week, in mockery to Kurt Angle's induction, leading to Angle returning, attacking all three members of EGO in retaliation, and issuing a challenge to Roode at Bound for Glory, which Roode accepted. On October 20 at Bound for Glory, Roode defeated Kurt Angle after Angle injured himself while hitting his finisher. The two had a rematch on the October 31 episode of "Impact Wrestling", where Roode won via referee stoppage after Angle suffered convulsions and post-concussive symptoms. After his two victories, Roode continued the feud by insulting Angle and brawling with him. Simultaneously, Roode entered a tournament for the vacant World Heavyweight Championship and defeated James Storm in a Florida Death Match in the first round to advance. Two weeks later, after losing in the semi-finals to Jeff Hardy in a Tables match, Roode attacked Angle during his match with Magnus, costing him and also eliminating him from the tournament. On December 19 at Final Resolution, Roode defeated Angle again in a 2-out-of-3 falls match. The rivalry culminated in a steel cage match on January 23, 2014, at Genesis, where Angle emerged victorious.


title: Bobby Roode

text: With his rivalry with Angle behind him, Roode began having problems with TNA President Dixie Carter due to being upset about not receiving a World title opportunity after aiding her on many occasions. On the February 20 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode considered leaving TNA, citing changes in opinions on Angle and Carter, but was then persuaded to agree to captain Team Dixie against Team MVP at Lockdown in return for 10% ownership if Team Dixie was successful. On March 2, Roode was part of a group of TNA wrestlers that took part in Wrestle-1's event in Tokyo, Japan. During the event, Roode was defeated by Masakatsu Funaki in a singles match. On March 9 at Lockdown, Team Dixie (Roode, The BroMans (Jessie Godderz and Robbie E), and Austin Aries) were defeated by Team MVP (MVP, The Wolves (Eddie Edwards and Davey Richards) and Willow) in the Lethal Lockdown match after special referee Bully Ray powerbombed Roode through a table, allowing MVP to pin him and gain control of TNA. This started a rivalry between Roode and Ray, with the two attacking each other on several occasions. At Sacrifice, Roode defeated Bully Ray in a Tables match, thanks to an intervention of Dixie Carter.


title: Bobby Roode

text: At the edition of May 9 of "Impact Wrestling", Bobby Roode showed signs of a possible face turn when he showed mutual respect for TNA World Champion Eric Young, and the two shook hands on one more championship match for that same night. The match, however, did not happen because TNA Director of Operations MVP declined to make the match. At the end of the episode, MVP ended up attacking Young and declared himself the number-one contender for the TNA World Heavyweight Championship at Slammiversary. At the edition of May 15 of "Impact Wrestling", Roode was suspended indefinitely for his confrontation with MVP. A campaign began on impactwrestling.com to lift Roode's suspension. On the edition of June 19 of "Impact Wrestling", Roode returned and attacked Kenny King and saving his long-time best friend Eric Young from further injury after losing the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Lashley, and turning face in the process for the first time since 2011. On the July 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he defeated Kenny King in a Street Fight and MVP on the July 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling" in a Falls Count Anywhere match. On the September 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he defeated Eric Young to be the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. However, he was defeated by Lashley at No Surrender and failed to win the title. On the October 15 episode of "Impact Wrestling", he defeated Austin Aries, Eric Young and Jeff Hardy once again to be the number one contender to the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On September 18, 2014, in the main event of the "Impact Wrestling" episode taped to air on October 28, Roode defeated Lashley to win the TNA World Heavyweight Championship for the second time. He successfully retained his title against MVP on the November 5 episode of "Impact Wrestling". On November 15, 2014, Roode successfully defended the TNA World Heavyweight Championship against Tommy Dreamer at House of Hardcore VII. On January 7, 2015 on "Impact Wrestling" Roode lost the TNA World Heavyweight Championship to Lashley, after interference from MVP, Kenny King, and two masked men who seconds later revealed themselves as Samoa Joe and Low Ki. Roode's best friend Eric Young came out with a steel chair to scare them away but ultimately hit Roode with the chair, costing him the match. On the January 16, 2015, episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode was defeated by Young in a No Disqualification match. On the January 23 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode teamed with Kurt Angle, but lost once again against Eric Young and Low Ki. However, Bobby Roode defeated Eric Young in a Six Sides of Steel match at Lockdown and once again in a Last Man Standing match on the March 13 episode of "Impact Wrestling". The feud ended in a Submission match on the April 3 episode of "Impact Wrestling", which Eric Young won.


title: Bobby Roode

text: In May, Roode reformed Dirty Heels with Austin Aries in pursuit of the vacant TNA World Tag Team Championship. They both agreed to a best of five series with The Wolves. On June 3, 2015 in the third match of the series, with The Wolves up 2–0, Aries pressured Roode to hit Eddie Edwards with a steel chair. As Roode refused, Aries distracted the referee and Roode hit Edwards with a low blow and hit him with a steel chair to win the match, thanks to the influence of Aries, turning heel in the process. They win the fourth round on the June 24 episode of "Impact Wrestling", in a Full Metal Mayhem match. At Slammiversary, Roode helped Aries to beat Davey Richards for pick the stipulation for the fifth match of the best of five series. Later, he competed in the King of the Mountain match for the reactivated TNA King of the Mountain Championship, in a losing effort. Roode and Aries lost the best of five series to The Wolves for the tag titles in the fifth match on the July 1 episode of "Impact Wrestling" in an Iron Man match. On the July 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode lost a Tables match to Matt Hardy. On the August 5 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Aries was forced to face Rockstar Spud, with Aries' TNA career and Spud's "Rockstar" moniker on the line. Aries ultimately lost the match, resulting in him leaving TNA. On the August 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode attacked Rockstar Spud for ending Aries' career in TNA when Spud defeated Aries the previous week.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the September 2 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Roode showed signs of a face turn after he defeated GFW representative PJ Black to win the TNA King of the Mountain Championship. On October 4, at Bound for Glory, Roode successfully defended his King of the Mountain Championship against Lashley. After the match, Roode and Lashley shook hands, thus turning Roode face once again. During October and November (taped in July), he participated in the TNA World Title Series. Roode ended first of his block, tied with Eric Young, advancing to the finals where he was defeated in the round of 16 by Matt Hardy.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On January 5, 2016 on TNA's debut on Pop, James Storm returned to TNA to help Bobby Roode fight off Eric Young and Bram. After Storm told Roode he wanted to "get back to having fun", Storm handed Roode a beer officially reuniting Beer Money, Inc. On the January 12, 2016, edition of "Impact Wrestling", Roode lost the TNA King of the Mountain Championship to Eric Young. At TNA One Night Only, Beer Money defeated Eric Young and Bram. In a rematch at Lockdown, Beer Money defeated once again Eric Young and Bram in a Six Sides of Steel match, thus ending the feud. On February 9, 2016, Beer Money attempted to cash in their title shot against current champions the Wolves, however in their attempt to cash in, Decay (Abyss, Crazzy Steve, Rosemary) stopped them and mysteriously asked them to join their path of Decay. They eventually challenged the group to a match, but it ended in disqualification when Abyss pulled the referee out of the ring and began choking him. After the match, Crazzy Steve hit a low blow on Roode. On the March 8 episode of "Impact Wrestling", Beer Money successfully cashed their Feast or Fired against The Wolves and win the TNA World Tag Team Championship for the fifth time in their career. They successfully retained their titles against The BroMans on the March 22 episode of "Impact Wrestling" and against Decay, The BroMans and Eric Young and Bram on the April 12 episode of "Impact Wrestling". Their feud against Decay culminated at Sacrifice in a Valley of Shadow match, which Decay won, winning the TNA World Tag Team Championship. On March 19, 2016, TNA announced Roode's departure from the company after 12 years.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Through TNA's working relationships with various Japanese promotions, Roode has competed in Japan numerous times, beginning in 2009 when he and Storm, as Beer Money, debuted in New Japan Pro-Wrestling (NJPW), defeating Legend (Akira and Masahiro Chono). They returned to New Japan in October 2010, first defeating Bad Intentions (Karl Anderson and Giant Bernard), and then No Limit (Tetsuya Naito and Yujiro Takahashi). Storm and Roode made their debuts in the Tokyo Dome on January 4, 2011, at Wrestle Kingdom V, taking part in a three-way tag team match for the IWGP Tag Team Championship, won by Bad Intentions.


title: Bobby Roode

text: Bobby Roode made his debut for House of Hardcore on November 15, 2014 as a surprise opponent for Tommy Dreamer in a successful defense of the TNA World Heavyweight Championship. On March 7, 2015 at House of Hardcore VIII, Dirty Heels lost to The Young Bucks (Matt and Nick Jackson) in the main event. On July 1, 2015, Roode competed in Global Force Wrestling's Global Championship tournament. Roode made it to the finals, losing to Nick Aldis. On July 18, 2015 at House of Hardcore IX, Roode defeated Pepper Parks. On November 13, 2015 at House of Hardcore 11, Roode faced Austin Aries in a losing effort. At House of Hardcore 11, Dirty Heels (Roode and Austin Aries) faced The Wolves for the TNA World Tag Team Championship but failed to win the titles. At House of Hardcore 14, Roode defeated Eric Young In the main event with Jimmy Korderas as the special guest referee.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On April 1, 2016, Roode was shown on-screen standing in the crowd at . On June 8 at , Roode appeared backstage during an interview with NXT General Manager William Regal, where he was seen walking into Regal's office, hinting that Roode was about to sign with WWE or had already done so. On June 11 during NXT's tour in the United Kingdom at Download Festival, Roode made his in-ring debut and defeated Angelo Dawkins. On August 3, Roode made his NXT television debut and quickly turned on the crowd to establish himself as a heel. The following week on "NXT", Roode appeared after Andrade "Cien" Almas defeated Angelo Dawkins and informed Almas that General Manager William Regal scheduled a match between the two on August 20 at , where Roode defeated Almas. On the September 14 episode of "NXT", Roode defeated No Way Jose in his Full Sail University debut. On the September 28 episode of "NXT", Roode appeared after Tye Dillinger defeated Angelo Dawkins and later persuaded Dillinger to be his tag team partner for the 2016 Dusty Rhodes Tag Team Classic. On the October 12 episode of "NXT", Roode and Dillinger were defeated by SAnitY (Alexander Wolfe and Sawyer Fulton) in the first round after Roode walked out on Dillinger during the match. Roode and Dillinger attacked each other following their matches throughout the subsequent weeks, leading to a match on November 19 at , in which Roode defeated Dillinger.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the December 14 episode of "NXT", Roode qualified for a #1 contender's fatal four-way match for the NXT Championship after defeating Oney Lorcan. On the December 21 episode of "NXT", Roode defeated Andrade "Cien" Almas, Tye Dillinger and Roderick Strong in the fatal four-way match to earn the title shot against NXT Champion Shinsuke Nakamura. On January 28, 2017 at , Roode defeated Nakamura to win the title, becoming the oldest NXT champion in WWE history in the process. On the March 15 episode of "NXT", Roode made his first successful title defense, defeating Kassius Ohno. On April 1 at , Roode successfully defended the title against Nakamura in a rematch, giving Nakamura his first clean singles loss in his departing match from NXT. On the April 19 episode of NXT, Roode was interrupted by Hideo Itami, who attacked him with a "GTS". On May 20 at , Roode retained the NXT Championship against Itami. On the June 7 episode of "NXT", Roderick Strong announced his intentions of capturing the NXT Championship and Roode came out to mock him. Sparking a rivalry, the two engaged in a backstage brawl two weeks later after Roode mocked Strong and his family. On the July 5 episode of "NXT", Roode successfully defended the NXT Championship against Strong. On the July 19 episode of "NXT", Drew McIntyre defeated Killian Dain, earning the right to challenge Roode for the NXT Championship. On the August 2 episode of "NXT", Strong attempted to attack Roode during a backstage interview, in which Roode claimed to be a "better man" than Strong. On the August 16 episode of "NXT", Roode attacked both McIntyre and Strong during their main event to end the show. On August 19 at , Roode lost the NXT Championship to McIntyre, giving Roode his first singles loss in NXT. On the August 30 episode of "NXT", Roode lost to Strong in his last televised NXT match. Roode wrestled his NXT farewell match at a NXT live event in Toronto on September 9, when he defeated Velveteen Dream.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the August 22 episode of "SmackDown", Roode made his main roster debut as a face, defeating Aiden English in a singles match and later defeated Mike Kanellis on the following episode of "SmackDown Live". On the September 26 episode of "SmackDown Live", Roode confronted and challenged Dolph Ziggler for a match on October 8 at Hell in a Cell which Roode won with a roll-up whilst holding Ziggler's tights. Afterwards, Ziggler attacked Roode and demanded a rematch on the following episode of "SmackDown Live" which Roode accepted, suffering his first pinfall loss on the main roster as this time it was Ziggler who held Roode's tights. On the October 24 episode of "SmackDown Live", Roode interrupted a backstage interview with Ziggler and Renee Young, suggesting a two out of three falls match next week on "SmackDown Live" with Ziggler, which he accepted. Roode then defeated Ziggler two falls to one, ending their feud and also earning a spot on Team SmackDown at Survivor Series. On November 19 at Survivor Series, Roode was eliminated second overall by Braun Strowman and Team SmackDown then eventually lost to Team Raw. In late November, Roode started a rivalry with United States Champion Baron Corbin, leading to a match for the title on December 17 at "Clash of Champions" also involving Ziggler, who won the title by pinning Corbin.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On January 3, 2018, Roode was announced to team with SmackDown Women's Champion Charlotte Flair (dubbed The Robe Warriors) in the "Mixed Match Challenge" tournament. After Ziggler vacated the United States Championship on the December 19 episode of "SmackDown Live", an eight-man tournament was set up to crown a new champion. Roode defeated Baron Corbin in the first round and Mojo Rawley in the semi-finals. On the January 16 episode of "SmackDown Live", Roode defeated Jinder Mahal in the final to win his first championship since joining the main roster. Roode would defend the title for 54 days, retaining against Rawley during the Royal Rumble kick-off show during an open challenge and Rusev on the February 6 episode of "SmackDown Live", Roode lost the title against Randy Orton at Fastlane, causing Roode to attack Orton out of frustration after saving him from Mahal. Roode tried to regain the title at WrestleMania 34 in a fatal 4-way match against Orton, Mahal and Rusev, which was won by Mahal. During this time, in the "Mixed Match Challenge", Flair (who had to undergo a minor teeth surgery) was replaced by Becky Lynch via fan-vote on social media, and Roode and Lynch defeated Finn Bálor and Sasha Banks. Flair returned for the finals of the "Mixed Match Challenge", which Roode and Flair lost to the team of The Miz and Asuka.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On April 16, Roode was moved to the Raw brand as part of the Superstar Shake-up. In his "Raw" debut, he was unveiled as the surprise member of the ten man tag match in which he teamed with Bobby Lashley, Braun Strowman, Finn Bálor, and Seth Rollins in successful fashion as they faced off against The Miz, Bo Dallas, Curtis Axel, Kevin Owens, and Sami Zayn. At the Greatest Royal Rumble event, Roode performed in his first ever Royal Rumble match, lasting just under eighteen minutes before being eliminated by Baron Corbin. Roode's first rivalry on the "Raw" roster was with Elias with the pair trading victories over the months of April and May. On the May 14 episode of "Raw", Roode defeated Baron Corbin and No Way Jose to qualify for the Men's Money in the Bank ladder match at Money in the Bank on June 17, which was won by Braun Strowman.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the September 3 episode of "Raw", Roode started a partnership with Chad Gable and went on to defeat The Ascension. At Survivor Series, they would lead the Raw tag team division, but they would lose to Team SmackDown in a 10-on-10 Survivor Series tag team elimination match. After feuding with them for weeks, Roode and Gable defeated AOP (Akam and Rezar) and their manager Drake Maverick in a three-on-two handicap to capture the Raw Tag Team Championship on the December 10 episode of "Raw", after Roode pinned Maverick. At , Roode and Gable along with Balor, Crews and Angle helped Strowman defeat Baron Corbin in a Tables, Ladders, and Chairs match and Corbin was stripped of all authoritative power. Roode and Gable would go on to beat The Revival in title matches on December 24, 2018 episode of Raw and on the January 7, 2019 episode of Raw in a Lumberjack Match and then again on the January 21 episode of Raw with Curt Hawkins as the special guest referee. At the Royal Rumble kick-off show, Gable and Roode defeated Rezar and Scott Dawson in a non-title match. The match stipulation stated that if Rezar and Dawson were to win, their respective teams (AOP and The Revival) would both receive tag team championship matches. The Revival would eventually receive their title match on the February 11 episode of "Raw", in which Gable and Roode lost the championship. On the March 4 episode of Raw, Roode and Gable interfered in The Revival's match with Ricochet and Aleister Black, attacking both teams. At Fastlane, Roode and Gable competed in a triple threat tag team match for the Raw Tag Team Championship, which was won by The Revival. At WrestleMania 35, Roode competed in the André the Giant Memorial Battle Royal, but was unsuccessful.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the April 8 episode of "Raw", Roode and Gable turned heel by attacking Aleister Black and Ricochet, after losing a tag team match to them. This would be Roode's first time as a heel on the main roster. On April 16, Chad Gable was drafted to SmackDown during the Superstar Shake-up, disbanding the team and leaving Roode on his own. On the April 22 episode of "Raw", Roode, sporting a clean shave and moustache, formalized his name to Robert Roode, before defeating Ricochet. On the May 20 episode of "Raw", Roode became the second holder of the WWE 24/7 Championship, pinning the inaugural champion Titus O'Neil on the entrance ramp. His reign ended in the same night when R-Truth defeated him in the parking lot.<ref name="5/20/19"></ref> At Super ShowDown, Roode competed in the 50-Man Battle Royal where he was unsuccessful.


title: Bobby Roode

text: On the August 26 episode of "Raw", Roode teamed with Dolph Ziggler to win a tag-team turmoil match to earn a Raw Tag Team Championship match against Seth Rollins and Braun Strowman at Clash of Champions. At the event on September 15, they won the titles after Roode pinned Rollins. On the October 14 episode of "Raw", Roode and Ziggler lost the titles to The Viking Raiders (Erik and Ivar), ending their reign at 29 days. Later that night, both Roode and Ziggler were drafted to the SmackDown brand as part of the 2019 Draft. At Survivor Series, Roode and Ziggler won a 10-team Interbrand Tag Team Battle Royal.


title: Bobby Roode

text: In the following weeks, they aligned themselves with King Corbin during his feud against Roman Reigns. On December 10, Roode was suspended for 30 days, for violating WWE's Wellness Policy. Roode returned on the January 10, 2020 episode of "SmackDown", where he helped Ziggler and Corbin beat down Reigns and The Usos. Roode entered the Royal Rumble match at the namesake pay-per-view at number 4, but was eliminated by Brock Lesnar. At Elimination Chamber, Roode and Ziggler competed in the namesake match for the SmackDown Tag Team Championship, where the champions The Miz and John Morrison retained. Following Elimination Chamber, Roode was not seen on television as he was not able to travel due to the COVID-19 pandemic. On the June 22 episode of Raw, it was announced that Roode and Ziggler were traded to the Raw brand.