title: Virtual memory

text: In IBM's operating systems for System/370 and successor systems, the term is "fixed", and such pages may be long-term fixed, or may be short-term fixed, or may be unfixed (i.e., pageable). System control structures are often long-term fixed (measured in wall-clock time, i.e., time measured in seconds, rather than time measured in fractions of one second) whereas I/O buffers are usually short-term fixed (usually measured in significantly less than wall-clock time, possibly for tens of milliseconds). Indeed, the OS has a special facility for "fast fixing" these short-term fixed data buffers (fixing which is performed without resorting to a time-consuming Supervisor Call instruction).


title: Virtual memory

text: Multics used the term "wired". OpenVMS and Windows refer to pages temporarily made nonpageable (as for I/O buffers) as "locked", and simply "nonpageable" for those that are never pageable. The Single UNIX Specification also uses the term "locked" in the specification for , as do the man pages on many Unix-like systems.


title: Virtual memory

text: In OS/VS1 and similar OSes, some parts of systems memory are managed in "virtual-real" mode, called "V=R". In this mode every virtual address corresponds to the same real address. This mode is used for interrupt mechanisms, for the paging supervisor and page tables in older systems, and for application programs using non-standard I/O management. For example, IBM's z/OS has 3 modes (virtual-virtual, virtual-real and virtual-fixed).


title: Virtual memory

text: When paging and page stealing are used, a problem called "thrashing" can occur, in which the computer spends an unsuitably large amount of time transferring pages to and from a backing store, hence slowing down useful work. A task's working set is the minimum set of pages that should be in memory in order for it to make useful progress. Thrashing occurs when there is insufficient memory available to store the working sets of all active programs. Adding real memory is the simplest response, but improving application design, scheduling, and memory usage can help. Another solution is to reduce the number of active tasks on the system. This reduces demand on real memory by swapping out the entire working set of one or more processes.


title: Virtual memory

text: A system thrashing is often a result of a sudden spike in page demanding from a small number of running programs. Swap-token is a lightweight and dynamic thrashing protection mechanism. The basic idea is to set a token in the system, which is randomly given to a process that has page faults when thrashing happens. The process that has the token is given a privilege to allocate more physical memory pages to build its working set, which is expected to quickly finish its execution and to release the memory pages to other processes. A time stamp is used to handover the token one by one. The first version of swap-token is implemented in Linux. The second version is called preempt swap-token. In this updated swap-token implementation, a priority counter is set for each process to track the number of swap-out pages. The token is always given to the process with a high priority, which has a high number of swap-out pages. The length of the time stamp is not a constant but is determined by the priority: the higher the number of swap-out pages of a process, the longer the time stamp for it will be.


title: Virtual memory

text: Some systems, such as the Burroughs B5500, use segmentation instead of paging, dividing virtual address spaces into variable-length segments. A virtual address here consists of a segment number and an offset within the segment. The Intel 80286 supports a similar segmentation scheme as an option, but it is rarely used. Segmentation and paging can be used together by dividing each segment into pages; systems with this memory structure, such as Multics and IBM System/38, are usually paging-predominant, segmentation providing memory protection.


title: Virtual memory

text: In the Intel 80386 and later IA-32 processors, the segments reside in a 32-bit linear, paged address space. Segments can be moved in and out of that space; pages there can "page" in and out of main memory, providing two levels of virtual memory; few if any operating systems do so, instead using only paging. Early non-hardware-assisted x86 virtualization solutions combined paging and segmentation because x86 paging offers only two protection domains whereas a VMM, guest OS or guest application stack needs three. The difference between paging and segmentation systems is not only about memory division; segmentation is visible to user processes, as part of memory model semantics. Hence, instead of memory that looks like a single large space, it is structured into multiple spaces.


title: Virtual memory

text: This difference has important consequences; a segment is not a page with variable length or a simple way to lengthen the address space. Segmentation that can provide a single-level memory model in which there is no differentiation between process memory and file system consists of only a list of segments (files) mapped into the process's potential address space.


title: Virtual memory

text: This is not the same as the mechanisms provided by calls such as mmap and Win32's MapViewOfFile, because inter-file pointers do not work when mapping files into semi-arbitrary places. In Multics, a file (or a segment from a multi-segment file) is mapped into a segment in the address space, so files are always mapped at a segment boundary. A file's linkage section can contain pointers for which an attempt to load the pointer into a register or make an indirect reference through it causes a trap. The unresolved pointer contains an indication of the name of the segment to which the pointer refers and an offset within the segment; the handler for the trap maps the segment into the address space, puts the segment number into the pointer, changes the tag field in the pointer so that it no longer causes a trap, and returns to the code where the trap occurred, re-executing the instruction that caused the trap. This eliminates the need for a linker completely and works when different processes map the same file into different places in their private address spaces.


title: Virtual memory

text: Some operating systems provide for swapping entire address spaces, in addition to whatever facilities they have for paging and segmentation. When this occurs, the OS writes those pages and segments currently in real memory to swap files. In a swap-in, the OS reads back the data from the swap files but does not automatically read back pages that had been paged out at the time of the swap out operation.


title: Virtual memory

text: IBM's MVS, from OS/VS2 Release 2 through z/OS, provides for marking an address space as unswappable; doing so does not pin any pages in the address space. This can be done for the duration of a job by entering the name of an eligible main program in the Program Properties Table with an unswappable flag. In addition, privileged code can temporarily make an address space unswappable using a SYSEVENT Supervisor Call instruction (SVC); certain changes in the address space properties require that the OS swap it out and then swap it back in, using SYSEVENT TRANSWAP.


title: Virtual memory

text: Swapping does not necessarily require memory management hardware, if, for example, multiple jobs are swapped in and out of the same area of storage.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The Range Rover (L322) (usually known simply as the "Range Rover") is the third-generation Range Rover model from British car maker Land Rover and was originally developed under the codename 'L30'.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The L322 was introduced in 2001 and had a production run of over ten years. Planned and developed under BMW ownership, the vehicle was intended to share components and systems (electronics, core power units etc.) with the E38 7 Series. However, BMW had already sold Land Rover to Ford some two years before the L322 went into commercial production.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: In the UK and many other territories, ascending trim levels were initially marketed as "SE", "HSE" and "Vogue". Various other trims such as "Vogue SE", "Westminster", "Autobiography" and special editions were subsequently produced.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: In his "Sunday Times" column, Jeremy Clarkson once went on record to state that he owned a Range Rover TDV8 Vogue and it was ‘the best car in the world and best 4x4.’


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The L322's successor, the L405, was announced in August 2012 and unveiled the same year at the Paris Motor Show.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The previous generation P38 Range Rover (or "Pegasus") had been developed whilst the Rover Group was owned by British Aerospace, and budgetary constraints during the development had been extremely tight. There was also press criticism of the P38A that its styling lacked the "presence" of the original 1970 Range Rover. When the Rover Group was taken over by BMW shortly after the P38A's launch in 1994, the newly installed BMW management at Land Rover quickly concluded that the car would not have a long shelf life compared to its predecessor, due to its fundamentally dated underpinnings, and cancelled the planned '99 Model Year' updates. A proposed replacement for the Discovery was postponed and development of an all-new Range Rover, codenamed L322, took priority.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The initial codename for the project was L30, in line with the then system of Lxx for Land Rover projects, such as Freelander (L20) and Discovery 2 (L25).


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The L30 project was a joint one involving engineers from both Rover Group and BMW and was initially based at BMW's FIZ Engineering Centre in Munich before transferring to Land Rover's Solihull plant for the final stages prior to volume production. Munich was chosen to house the team as Rover Group's Gaydon Engineering facility was already working on the new MINI (R50) project as well as other MG, Rover and Land Rover projects and did not have enough space for another large engineering team to be based there.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The sale of Land Rover by BMW to Ford occurred just before the move to Solihull and the contract included a clause which continued BMW's involvement until after the car had entered volume production.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The switch to Lxxx codenames occurred after the sale to Ford with L30 being renamed L322 at the top of a model line-up of Range Rover Sport (L320) Land Rover Discovery (Discovery 3 L319), Land Rover Defender (L316) and Freelander (L314).


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The third-generation Range Rover was designed to accommodate BMW's M62 V8 engines for future models. The manual transmission was dropped entirely, leaving only the automatic transmission. The BMW 7 Series E38 electronics system were being phased out during the development of the third-generation Range Rover, and being replaced with the electronics from the BMW E39 5 Series. The entertainment system (Radio Function, Navigation System, Television and Telecommunications systems, as well as the automotive computer bus system) on pre-facelift models were almost identical to those in the BMW E39 5 Series. Early models of the third-generation model Range Rover could be upgraded with some newer BMW technologies, although from 2005 onwards the electronics were based on Ford/Jaguar systems.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The design has a monocoque (unibody) construction with four-wheel independent air suspension. Air suspension allowed variable ride height and achieved similar axle articulation to the previous live axle design. This retained off-road abilities while improving on-road performance. The new Range Rover's introduction in early 2002 as a 2003 model for the North American market resulted in the Range Rover, Mitsubishi Montero and Ford Expedition (also new for 2003) being the only three SUVs in the full-size sport utility class with four-wheel independent suspension systems at that time.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: Early US-specification Range Rover included air conditioning with tri-zone climate controls with interior air filter, power tilt/telescopic leather-wrapped steering wheel with radio controls, cruise control, memory system, leather upholstered twelve-way power driver seats, ten-way power passenger seat, power sunroof, a premium sound system with six-disc CD changer, navigation system with voice activation, rearview camera, wireless mobile phone link, universal garage door opener, and outside-temperature indicator. Options included 14-way power heated/cooled front seats, DVD entertainment system, and upgraded leather upholstery.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: At the 2005 North American International Auto Show, a major update of the Range Rover was unveiled, with the base model using the LR3/Discovery 3 engine, and a premium model using a supercharged version of the Jaguar 4.2-litre V8 developing — the same engine slated for the new Range Rover Sport (the RRS model uses a detuned variant making a total of ), scheduled for introduction about the same time (mid-2005) as the updated Range Rover.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The engines are aluminium alloy units, with advanced torque-based engine management system, drive-by-wire throttle control, and variable camshaft phasing (on the 4.4-litre version).


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The Range Rover's exterior was updated for 2006 along with the BMW V8 being replaced with a Jaguar unit. The new engine choices were Jaguar's AJ-V8, with 4.4-litre or 4.2-litre supercharged variants. This new Range Rover was officially presented at the 2005 North American International Auto Show and released in summer 2005.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: From the diesel engine of the 2006 model (at this time still the BMW six-cylinder unit) to the supercharged V8, the car could reach from 14.8 seconds or as little as 6.5 seconds and has a top speed from to approximately (governed), respectively.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: In addition to the engine change, the 2006 Range Rover is equipped with an updated "infotainment" system. This includes a touch screen with on and off-road navigation, radio, CD, Satellite Radio (US), telephone, rear view camera, a wireless video camera system and other additional features all accessed via the same user interface. The audio system is Harman Kardon Logic 7 surround sound. Also available is a DVD rear seat entertainment which is fully integrated.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: This system is linked by an industry-standard fibre optic network known as Media Oriented Systems Transport or MOST and an electronic network system known as CAN bus. A similar system is also used on Land Rover Discovery and Range Rover Sport.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: Suppliers for the 2006 Range Rover's components include Continental Automotive for the complete cockpit module which incorporates the Denso touch screen navigation unit. Continental also supply the centre console unit. Other suppliers include Alpine car audio for integrated head unit rear seat entertainment. Connaught Electronics Limited (CEL) provides the Rear View Camera (RVC) and Wireless Camera (VentureCam) systems and PTI telephone capabilities are provided by Nokia.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: Most importantly the audio system was co-developed with Harman Kardon. The premium offering gives a 720 Watt, 14-speaker system and was the first OEM vehicle to use the discrete Logic 7 surround algorithm.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: For 2007, many of the Range Rover's changes were mechanical or interior. However, the external C-pillar was given a glass facelift akin to that of the Range Rover Sport, marking a subtle and yet clear departure from the original BMW influenced design.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: On the inside, the hidden folding cup holder that popped out of the end of the dashboard in previous models was replaced by a simpler and more durable in-console design with sliding covers (similar in concept, but higher quality, to those in the Range Rover Sport). The ignition switch was moved from the lower part of the centre console up to the dashboard, next to the steering wheel and the Range Rover received the Range Rover Sport / LR3's Terrain Response system as well as a redesigned four-wheel drive control panel.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The handbrake is now electronic. Additionally, the seats differ from the old style, resembling the new Range Rover Sports seat design. Heated seats are standard across the board, with newly available climate controlled front seats standard on all supercharged trims and HSE Luxury/Vogue, with three settings for cool air and hot air activated by round dials on both sides of the analog clock on the part of the center control stack, and the premium leather seats from the BMW era are no longer available, with new more premium quality leather in different grains for HSE/Vogue, SE/Vogue, HSE Luxury/ Vogue and all supercharged trims. The HVAC system was also updated with more vents and quieter operation. That, along with the acoustic laminated/heated windscreen lowers noise. An increase in interior storage is mainly attributed to the new split-dual glovebox. And then in a return to original Range Rover styling, more wood inserts have been added to the doors and centre console. Midway through production of the 2007 model (around production date of January 2007) the style of the key was changed from the BMW design to Land Rover's "switchblade" type.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The BMW M57 diesel engine was replaced for 2007 with the TDV8 engine developed by Ford and Land Rover at Dagenham and Gaydon. The 3.6-litre AJD-V8 32-valve twin turbo V8 engine develops , far more than the of the previous engine and so is better capable to deal with the weighty vehicle. The maximum speed is 124 mph, whilst 0-60 mph was reduced to 8.6 seconds for a car with a kerb weight of 2.7 tons. Torque is a substantial 472 lb/ft (640 Nm) at 2,000 rpm.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: Other changes for 2007 include better brakes, revised suspension, and Land Rover's Terrain Response system. Supercharged Range Rovers have an electronic rear differential (optional on other models).


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: For the 2010 model year refresh, the Range Rover received an updated exterior grille, a multicamera vision system, front bumper with newly repositioned fog lights lower in the bumper, LED accented bi-xenon headlights/LED tail/brake lights with front and rear amber LED turn signals with a three bar design, optional blind spot assist and adaptive auto high beam headlights which are now part of the new for 2010 vision assist package optional on the HSE and HSE with the luxury package, standard on all supercharged trims. Two new petrol engines (5.0 naturally aspirated V8 and 5.0 supercharged V8), and new features. It was unveiled at the 2009 New York Auto Show.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The interior of the Range Rover was given a minor facelift, consisting mainly of redesigned and repositioned switchgear (which saw many of the originally BMW era designed items updated or replaced), along with new options never before available for Range Rover like the addition of push button engine start/stop. The 2010 Range Rover also gained new visual display units as also seen in the new for 2010 Jaguar XJ (X351). This change consisted of a 12-inch TFT LCD virtual instrument panel, which replaces the conventional cluster design — instead 'virtual' gauges are displayed where physical analog gauges were previously. This allows various sets of information to be displayed as required — for example navigation and map information can be displayed instead of engine readouts, whilst when one of the off-road driving modes is selected on the Terrain Response system the 'gauges' are reorganised to provide space to display the schematic of the vehicle's suspension, steering and transmission systems. The other display unit is fitted to the centre console and uses a bi-directional screen to show different images depending on viewing angle (may not be available in the US). This allows navigational information to be displayed to the driver, whilst someone in the front passenger seat can use the same screen to use the onboard DVD player at the same time, for example. This system also contains a state-of-the-art multi-camera system from Valeo Vision Systems in Ireland, which allows the driver to see around the vehicle during manoeuvres and which contains multiple overlays and views.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: Unveiled in early 2010, the Holland & Holland edition Range Rover is billed as an all season luxury supercar. It is not an official Land Rover limited edition, the model is produced by Overfinch using a standard Range Rover furnished with unique features using Holland & Holland as design consultants. Supplied to Overfinch unfurnished and sometimes unpainted, when complete they can be maintained officially through any Land Rover dealership. The cars can be finished in five unique colours including Tintern Green, a famous Holland & Holland colour; the cars can also be specified with two-tone leather and extended walnut trim, which can be colour matched to a customer's gun. Features unique to the Holland & Holland include a bespoke rear console and refrigerator including power outputs and storage for branded crystal tumblers. In the boot, all Holland & Holland cars have a gun box fully furnished and including a drinks cabinet. Either the 4.4 TDV8 or 5.0 Supercharged engines can be chosen, both with extra power, the cars also feature a modified 'Aero 3' Overfinch body kit to distinguish them from other Range Rovers.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: The 2011 model year Range Rovers include minor styling changes, improved interiors and an upgraded 4x4 system as well new optional packages. A new 4.4-litre TDV8 diesel engine became available with a new ZF 8HP70 eight-speed automatic transmission. There are also new leather and wood colours, as well as reclining rear seats with winged headrests.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: Honeywell Turbo Technologies produced the turbochargers used in LR-TDV8 engine from 2011 in the new 4.4 TDV8 due to reliability issues on the 3.6 TDV8 setup.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: By the time of the launch, Land Rover had been sold to Ford in 2000, as part of the splitting up of the Rover Group. As a result, the initial engine derivatives were not included in the sale.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: To celebrate twenty years in North America, Land Rover produced the 20th Anniversary Edition Range Rover, of which only forty were produced. Each vehicle is a supercharged Range Rover in a special pearl white paint with "Diamond" split-spoke 20-inch wheels and a unique, two-tone interior. Badges on the tailgate and door sills denote the vehicle as such and lists its production number out of the 40. Only one of each model was distributed per dealer, and the dealerships were chosen in a lottery. The 40th model was auctioned at a silent auction to benefit charity.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: This was a UK spec production run. To celebrate thirty years, Land Rover produced the 35th Anniversary Edition Range Rover, of which only thirty were produced. Each vehicle of this edition were finished in Claret coachwork with 2-tone claret/jet interiors. The specifications were based on the Supercharged version and fitted with the 4.2-liter supercharged Jaguar V8.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: To celebrate forty years, Land Rover produced the 40th Anniversary Edition Range Rover. Autobiography Black model features a different grille, Barolo Black paintwork, and a choice of Jet/Ivory or Jet/Pimento interiors. 700 cars were produced.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: A special edition produced wholly by Land Rover. In the front, the car is little different from a standard Autobiography, more wood finishes are offered, as are a few unique trim pieces. The difference is in the rear cabin, which is furnished with two iPads, a fixed armrest with metal laptop desk, electric reclining climate-controlled seats, and a refrigerator. The car can be ordered in two colours, with 20-inch wheels, body-coloured door handles and smoked grills and gills. 500 cars were produced.


title: Range Rover (L322)

text: An armoured Range Rover Vogue was developed by Land Rover Special Vehicles in 2007, in cooperation with Armour Holdings Group. The vehicle was certified for European B6 ballistic protection standard. It includes side-blast and under-floor grenade protection, uprated suspension, handling and braking system, wheels fitted with run-flat tire system, and fuel cut-off override. Optional security features include tinted windows, anti-tamper exhaust, and intercom.


title: Undekhi

text: Undekhi (English: Unseen) is an Indian Hindi-language crime thriller web television series which premiered on SonyLIV on 10 July 2020. It is produced by Applause Entertainment and Edgestorm Ventures. The series depicts the two aspects of the society - the power-drunk influential people who think they can get away with anything and the oppressed, subjected to years of torture, who finally decide to bring themselves to justice.


title: Undekhi

text: Undekhi begins in Sunderbans but soon shifts to Manali. In less than 30 minutes, viewers witness two murders. DSP Barun Ghosh (Dibyendu Bhattacharya) is investigating the Sunderban murder of a policeman, whose mutilated body is found in the forest. Two tribal girls are on the run and Ghosh, who suspects them to be the killers is on their trail.


title: Undekhi

text: With the cliff-hanging end of season one of Undekhi, a new face called Abhaya finds Koyal and rescues her. On the other hand, Teji is determined to destroy the Atwal, and Daman is onboard with her. This season has another wedding of everyone's favorite Rinku Paaji. Shashwat and Saloni manage to escape and are in hiding. The Atwal's are all set to expand their operations and unleash a reign of terror, by forging powerful business alliances with international drug dealers. However, the family is increasingly estranged and soon it becomes a massive conflict of power and position.


title: Undekhi

text: Undekhi received mostly positive reviews from critics and audiences. Rajkumar Rao appreciated the show on twitter on the date of the release on his twitter page. Pramit Chatterjee of Mashable said it an Impressive show quoting "Undekhi is made of stories and people that we’ve met whose actions make them live in our minds rent-free. It’s what builds the sentiment that we as a nation are truly not free. Yes, the British have left us. But what about our privilege, classism, racism, communal divisions, power dynamics, corruption, etc? Did they take it with them? No. It still exists." Ronak Kotecha of The Times of India said it "An Engrossing and Gritty Crime Drama" giving it 3.5 stars out of 5. Avinash Ramachandran of Indian Express praised the performances of the actors saying "Competent performances power this thriller".


title: Undekhi

text: Undekhi Season 2 received a number of positive responses from the audience. "The Times of India" gave the show 3.5 stars, "Apart from a crisp script, ‘Undekhi 2’ boasts of solid performances." "Filmibeat" lauded the performance with "Surya Sharma & Anchal Singh once again impress with their deadly chemistry as they go head to head for power in the Atwal family."


title: Undekhi

text: "The Free Press Journal's" words for the show were, "With the kind of performances this one had, one hopes that there is more. A brilliant show indeed!". Undekhi Season 2 tops Season 1 with delicious mysteries & exhilarating chase scenes", India Forums noted.


title: Undekhi

text: Undekhi season 2 is more of the same, and at the top of the game – said Subhask K Jha of "Bollyspice". "Bizasia" gave the show 4 stars and quoted "It doesn't go unnoticed that the colorful characters from the first season return with a bang in this second part."


title: Undekhi

text: As a part of the promotional activity, citizens received 'fake murder calls' from the network. The call has a man's trembling voice saying that he has witnessed a murder and that he is about to get murdered too. At the end of the call, it is revealed that this is a promotional call for the web show. Many people started taking the call seriously, and took to Twitter to express shock. Finally, Sony LIV tweeted that it was a promotional activity. “If you have received a call for our show...and it has disturbed you, we would like to sincerely apologize to you. This was a test activity which has gone out accidentally,” it said.


title: John Stockwell (actor)

text: John Stockwell Samuels IV is an American actor, director, producer, writer and former model. For writing the film "Cheaters", he was nominated for the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Writing for a Limited Series, Movie, or Dramatic Special.


title: John Stockwell (actor)

text: Stockwell was born in Galveston, Texas, the son of Ellen Richards and John S. Samuels III, an attorney. Stockwell's sister is historian Evelyn Welch, and his niece is singer and songwriter Florence Welch. He attended Harvard University, and simultaneously began commuting to New York City to appear on episodes of the soap opera "Guiding Light".


title: John Stockwell (actor)

text: He began his career as an international model. During his time as a model, John became a friend of Andy Warhol. His first feature film as an actor came with a small role in 1981's "So Fine". His well-known roles came in the 1983 comedy film "Losin' It" as Spider; later that year, he starred in the John Carpenter horror film "Christine" as Dennis Guilder, and the 1985 comedy film, "My Science Project" as Michael Harlan. Also in 1985 he appeared in the poorly received "City Limits"; though unsuccessful at the box office, the film was later riffed in an episode of "Mystery Science Theater 3000". In 1986, he appeared in "Top Gun" as Cougar. He made guest appearances on TV shows including "The Young Riders" and "".


title: John Stockwell (actor)

text: Stockwell directed several films, including "Cheaters" (2000), "Crazy/Beautiful" (2001), "Blue Crush" (2002), "Into the Blue" (2005), "Turistas" (2006), "Heart" (2009), the Gina Carano star-vehicle "In the Blood", and the 2016 Kickboxer reboot "Kickboxer: Vengeance".


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: The Hyundai Ioniq 5 () is a battery electric compact crossover SUV produced by Hyundai. It is the first product to be marketed under the electric cars-focused Ioniq sub-brand, and the first model developed on the Hyundai Electric Global Modular Platform (E-GMP). It was revealed globally on 23 February 2021.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: The design was previewed by the Hyundai 45 EV Concept which was presented at the Frankfurt Motor Show in September 2019. Both the concept car and the production version are inspired by the original Hyundai Pony, and features the Parametric Pixel design that is applied to the headlights, tail lights, and wheels. The vehicle's clamshell hood spans the entire width to make a sleek look with the 20-inch aerodynamic wheels. The "45" describes both the 45th anniversary of the Pony coupe and the 45-degree angles prominent on the sides of the concept. At the time, Hyundai called the design language "sensuous sportiness" and described the front and rear lights as carrying a "kinetic cube" theme.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: Developed under the project code "NE", it is the first vehicle to be based on the E-GMP platform. The dedicated electric vehicle platform enables the vehicle to adopt a fully flat interior floor with a 3-meter long wheelbase. The flat floor allows Hyundai engineers to develop a sliding front central console, which is able to slide backwards by . It has a cargo capacity of behind the rear seats that can be increased to nearly with the second row seats folded.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: The dashboard is dominated by two screens, one for the instrument cluster display and the other for the infotainment system under one piece of glass. It is equipped with an optional head-up display with augmented reality support. Many of the interior parts are made from recycled materials, including PET bottles. The roof consists of a single large glass panel without any support beams.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: The Ioniq 5 also features a front trunk, which has a capacity for the RWD version (except North America), while the AWD model and all North American versions have a capacity, due to the extra mechanical components underneath to support the front electric motor.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: It has the ability to charge electrical equipment through the built-in V2L (Vehicle to Load) function. It can supply up to 3.6kW of power from the port mounted under the rear seats (except Australia) and from another port installed outside. The exterior port is able to supply power even if the vehicle is turned off.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: In some markets, the Ioniq 5 is offered with an optional Digital Side Mirror (DSM) which replaces the conventional side mirrors with cameras and OLED screens.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: The Ioniq 5 Robotaxi was unveiled on 31 August 2021 and displayed at IAA Mobility 2021 on 6 September 2021. Lyft began offering transport by driver-less Ioniq 5 Robotaxis on the Las Vegas Strip on 16 August 2022. The Ioniq 5 Robotaxi will have a human driver present until the end of 2022, after which the cars will operate on their own.


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: The vehicle is available with 58kWh or 72.6kWh battery capacity options, while the North American version will only be available with the 58kWh or 77.4kWh batteries. Every Ioniq 5 has a top speed of .


title: Hyundai Ioniq 5

text: The battery can recharge of range in 5 minutes, or from 10 to 80% in 18 minutes, or in half an hour with its 800V charging capabilities by using a 350kW charger. The 800V inverter is sourced from Vitesco Technologies, a subsidiary of the Continental group.


title: Christian cross variants

text: The Christian cross, with or without a figure of Christ included, is the main religious symbol of Christianity. A cross with a figure of Christ affixed to it is termed a "crucifix" and the figure is often referred to as the "corpus" (Latin for "body").


title: Christian cross variants

text: The term "Greek cross" designates a cross with arms of equal length, as in a plus sign, while the Latin cross designates a cross with an elongated descending arm. Numerous other variants have been developed during the medieval period.


title: Christian cross variants

text: Christian crosses are used widely in churches, on top of church buildings, on bibles, in heraldry, in personal jewelry, on hilltops, and elsewhere as an attestation or other symbol of Christianity.


title: Christian cross variants

text: Crosses are a prominent feature of Christian cemeteries, either carved on gravestones or as sculpted stelae. Because of this, planting small crosses is sometimes used in countries of Christian culture to mark the site of fatal accidents, or, such as the Zugspitze or Mount Royal, so as to be visible over the entire surrounding area.


title: Christian cross variants

text: Catholic, Anglican and Lutheran depictions of the cross are often crucifixes, in order to emphasize that it is Jesus that is important, rather than the cross in isolation. Large crucifixes are a prominent feature of some Lutheran churches, e.g. as a rood. However, some other Protestant traditions depict the cross without the corpus, interpreting this form as an indication of belief in the resurrection rather than as representing the interval between the death and the resurrection of Jesus.


title: Christian cross variants

text: Several Christian cross variants are available in computer-displayed text. A Latin cross ("†") is included in the extended ASCII character set, and several variants have been added to Unicode, starting with the Latin cross in version 1.1. For others, see Religious and political symbols in Unicode.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Selling England by the Pound is the fifth studio album by the English progressive rock band Genesis, released in September 1973 on Charisma Records. It reached in the United Kingdom and in the United States. A single from the album, "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)", was released in February 1974 and became the band's first top 30 hit in the UK.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: The album was recorded in August 1973 following the tour supporting the previous album, "Foxtrot" (1972). The group set aside a short period of time to write new material, which covered a number of themes, including the loss of English folk culture and an increased American influence, which was reflected in the title. Following the album's release, the group set out on tour, where they drew an enthusiastic reception from fans.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Critics and the band members themselves have given mixed opinions of the album, though guitarist Steve Hackett has said it is his favourite Genesis record. Its reputation has improved over time, appearing on various critical and fan-voted rankings of the best progressive rock albums. The album has continued to sell and has reached Gold certification by the British Phonographic Industry and the Recording Industry Association of America. It was remastered for CD in 1994 and 2007. Several of the album tracks became fan favourites and featured as a regular part of the band's live setlist into the 1980s.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: In May 1973, the Genesis line-up of frontman and singer Peter Gabriel, keyboardist Tony Banks, bassist and guitarist Mike Rutherford, guitarist Steve Hackett and drummer Phil Collins completed their 1972–1973 tour supporting their previous album "Foxtrot" (1972). The tour marked the band's first full-scale North American tour, which drew positive responses, but journalists were still criticising the band and comparing them to other progressive rock bands of the time such as Emerson, Lake & Palmer, Jethro Tull, and Pink Floyd. Charisma pushed to release new Genesis material to capitalise on the band's newfound commercial success despite the band's wishes against it, and released a compilation of live recordings from early 1973, originally intended for broadcast on the "King Biscuit Flower Hour" radio show in the US, as their first live album "Genesis Live" (1973). This budget-priced release also compensated for the cancellation of a proposed gig at Wembley Arena in May 1973, which was cancelled due to the inability to print tickets in time, and to act as a bridging album in between "Foxtrot" and the next studio album. It became their highest charting album in the UK, peaking at No 9.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: The group were too busy touring to write new material, so after coming off the road they set aside time to create new songs. Due to the success of "Foxtrot", the group's record label, Charisma Records, allowed them two to three months to come up with a new studio album, which Rutherford considered to be "the kiss of death". Early into the sessions Collins formed a pick-up band with former Yes guitarist Peter Banks for a few gigs, and Rutherford revealed in an interview to "Sounds" in 1976 that "there had been worries that Phil might want to leave the group". Despite this, Gabriel recalled this time as a "relatively happy and calm period".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: The album was not written in a single session or location, and Banks recalled the group had some difficulty in coming up with musical ideas. The extra time that Charisma allowed caused the band to adopt a more relaxed pace of working at first, which included periods of unproductive work, such as the constant reworking of ideas to the point where they no longer worked or those that led them back to where they started. The first sessions took place in what reporter Jerry Gilbert described as "a rambling old stately home" in Chessington, Kingston upon Thames, the group practising in the living room causing the neighbours to complain about the noise and impose a curfew. Collins did not remember the album being particularly difficult to put together, but said the Chessington sessions was where the basis of "The Cinema Show" was put together. He had been listening to the jazz fusion group Mahavishnu Orchestra which influenced him to play more complicated time signatures on the drums for "Dancing With the Moonlit Knight" and other parts on the album. Rehearsals then moved to London in a space beneath the Una Billings School of Dance in Shepherd's Bush, during which "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)" was developed further. Hackett had not contributed a great deal of material to the group at this point, which was made difficult by the breakdown of his first marriage going on around the same time. Rather than pitch whole songs he instead devised guitar licks, all of which were used, and believed it gave the album a jazz fusion feel yet still remained very English.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Two sections that were brought into the sessions from the start were a simple guitar riff that Hackett had been playing that the band liked and wanted to develop further and became "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)", and three bits from Banks that he initially thought were for different songs but were instead used in the final arrangement of "Firth of Fifth". The third section developed early on became the opening of "The Battle of Epping Forest", and the band repeatedly performed these three pieces daily for a short while which Banks thought resulted in the latter song being too overworked. Despite the setbacks, biographer Robin Platts wrote: "There were enough magic moments and inspired jam sessions to produce such enduring compositions".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: One of the ideas that Gabriel wanted to convey with the album was the idea of looking at "Englishness in a different way". This included his suggestion of the album's title, itself a slogan adopted by the Labour Party manifesto, to ensure that the British press would not accuse the band of "selling out" to America. Rutherford later deemed the title to be among the band's best album titles. Overall, it represented a decay of English folk culture and an increase in Americanisation. Banks said the English theme across the album was not an intentional idea at first, but merely the way the songs naturally developed. Gabriel later said he wrote all his lyrical contributions to the album in two days.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Having rehearsed and written enough material for an album, the group entered Island Studios in London in August 1973. As with "Foxtrot", John Burns helped with production. Burns' technical skills resulted in a good recorded sound and environment, and this motivated the group to play better and tackle more complex arrangements. Gabriel was conscious of the greater use of lengthy instrumental sections on the album which he thought presented the risk of the material becoming boring.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "Dancing with the Moonlit Knight" evolved from a number of short piano pieces composed by Gabriel, which was combined with some of Hackett's guitar figures to make up the track. Gabriel added English-themed lyrics to counter the impression from the music press that Genesis were trying too hard to appeal to the American audience, including references to Green Shield Stamps. Banks had upgraded to a new model of Mellotron and used the choir sound on the track. The track ends with a series of 12-string guitar figures that were originally supposed to segue into "The Cinema Show" to make a piece around 20 minutes in length, but this idea was dropped as the result was too comparable to the 23-minute "Supper's Ready" on "Foxtrot". Its original working title was "Disney". Rutherford thought the song's opening provided a good start to the album, but felt less enthusiastic towards it overall, calling it "a bit busy".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)" came out of a jam session by the group around one of Hackett's guitar riffs. He had presented the riff to the group previously, but it had been rejected because it sounded too much like the Beatles. Gilbert described an early listening of the song as "Hints of quaint English romanticism" that, according to Gabriel, was initially intended to have more of a folk-oriented melody. The percussion sounds heard at the beginning are Gabriel playing with a talking drum that Burns had purchased from Nigeria. It was released as a single from the album, which became the first of the group's to chart in the UK.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Banks wrote most of "Firth of Fifth" on his own, and had presented it to the group for "Foxtrot", but it was rejected. He reworked some sections of the song for "Selling England by the Pound", where it drew a more positive reception. The track opens with a solo piece for piano, that is repeated by the band later in the song. Banks recalled the difficulty to remove the noise created by the piano pedal in the studio, so he played the passage without it which he found difficult. Hackett took one of Banks' piano figures and rearranged it as a guitar solo, which dominates the latter part of the track. Banks later deemed the lyrics, to which he contributed with assistance from Rutherford, as one of the worst he had worked on. He had aimed to follow "the idea of a river and then I got a bit caught up in the cosmos and I don't quite know where I ended up".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "More Fool Me" is the second of two songs, the other being "For Absent Friends" from "Nursery Cryme", to feature Collins on lead vocals before he became the band's lead singer in 1975. Uncharacteristically for the group's output at the time, the song was a tender, romantic ballad. It was written quickly by Collins and Rutherford while sitting on the steps outside the recording studio. Gabriel considered the pair's contributions "quite a breakthrough".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "The Battle of Epping Forest" was inspired by a news story that Gabriel had read several years previously about the territorial battles by two rival gangs in the East End of London that would fight in Epping Forest. He placed an advertisement in "The Times" and looked through library archives in attempt to find more about the story, but was unable to find any further information, so he created his own fictional characters, including "Liquid Len", "Harold Demure" and "The Bethnal Green Butcher". Upon hearing a rehearsal take of the song in July 1973, reporter Chris Welch wrote: "'The 'Battle' has a catchy march theme with typical Genesis drum and bass lines, clean and precise". The lyrics have since been praised for their humour and wit, but the band later said they did not gel well with the music and made the piece complicated for the sake of being so. Gabriel thought its ending, which had each gang settling the issue over the toss of a coin, tied up the story well but is too much of an anti-climax.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "After the Ordeal" is an instrumental written by Hackett (with the assistance of Rutherford); the song originated as more of an electric piece but neither he nor the other band members could adapt it into something that they felt worked, so it was transformed with an acoustic introduction with an electric guitar solo to finish. Hackett mentioned in a homemade video capsule that this was the first Genesis track on which he ever used a nylon guitar. Banks and Gabriel did not want to include the song on the album, but Hackett insisted it should be kept; Banks expressed little interest in its "pseudo classical" style. It was ultimately left on after Gabriel and Banks argued about the length of "The Cinema Show", which meant everything was included as a compromise. Banks later said the compromise led to the album overrunning its desirable length on vinyl, resulting in a sound quality he thought came out as "pretty rough".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "The Cinema Show" is divided into two sections. The first section is a 12-string guitar-based piece, featuring vocal harmonies between Gabriel and Collins, as well as a short flute and oboe solo. The song concludes with a four-and-a-half-minute keyboard solo on the ARP Pro Soloist, with Rutherford and Collins playing a rhythm in a time signature. The lyrics, written by Banks and Rutherford, draw much of their inspiration from the T. S. Eliot poem "The Waste Land".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: The album closes with a segue from the end of "The Cinema Show" into "Aisle of Plenty", a reprise of "Dancing with the Moonlit Knight" which gives the album a book-end effect. The track uses word play such as "Easy, love there's the safe way home" and "Thankful for her fine fair discount, Tess co-operates", referring to British supermarkets.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: During the album's sessions Gabriel and Hackett developed a track named "Déja Vu", but it remained unfinished and left off the album. Hackett prepared a finished version of the song for his album "Genesis Revisited" (1996). He performed the song live on his 2019 tour which featured "Selling England by the Pound" performed in its entirety.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: The album cover is a painting by Betty Swanwick titled "The Dream". Swanwick had designed posters for London Transport between the 1930s and 1950s. The original painting did not include a lawn mower; the band had Swanwick add it later as an allusion to the track "I Know What I Like" because Swanwick told them she did not have enough time to paint a new picture for the cover.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "Selling England by the Pound" was released in September 1973, reaching No. 3 in the UK charts and No. 70 on the U.S. "Billboard" Pop Albums chart. The album's success in the U.S. benefitted from a switch from Buddah Records to Atlantic. "I Know What I Like (In Your Wardrobe)" was released as a single, with "Twilight Alehouse" on the B-side, in February 1974. It was the band's first single to enter the UK chart, and peaked at No. 21. It was successful enough for Genesis to be invited to perform the song on the British television show "Top of the Pops", which the band declined. In 2013, the album was certified Gold by the British Phonographic Industry for selling 100,000 copies.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Contemporary reviews for the album were mixed. "Rolling Stone"'s Paul Gambaccini praised the band for attempting something utterly different amidst "a stagnant pop scene", but criticised the album's lyrics, feeling they overused British pop culture references, and complained about some musical passages. Despite this, Gambaccini thought the album "merits some recognition". "NME"s Barbara Charone said the album was "the band's best, most adventurous album to date". "The Guardian"s Robin Denselow wrote that "much of the material is indistinctive and tedious". Writing for "The Village Voice" in June 1974, Robert Christgau assessed the record as "down-to-earth progressive, which means that it indulges in snooty satire about the vulgar futility of working class youth. Would T.S. Eliot be proud? I doubt it. But I have the feeling that they're saying right out what all their co-workers in the genre are thinking, and there's some pretty dense music here."


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Retrospective reviews have been more favourable. AllMusic and BBC Music remarked that the album returned to the whimsical eccentricity of "Nursery Cryme" while retaining the hard rock intensity and pessimism of "Foxtrot", combining the best of both elements to make Genesis's best album up to that point. Christgau, later writing in "" (1981), admitted that the songs "Firth of Fifth" and "The Battle of Epping Forest" have "a complexity of tone that's pretty rare in any kind of art", though he summarised the rest of the album by saying "it sounds as snooty as usual".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: In 2012, the album ranked seventh in "Rolling Stone"s "Readers' Poll: Your Favorite Prog Rock Albums of All Time". It was also included in IGN's list "10 Classic Prog Rock Albums" in 2008, who praised its "subtle elegance, sublime textures, and lyrical splendor". Rock author Edward Macan has mixed feelings towards the album, praising "Firth of Fifth" and "The Cinema Show" but questioning some of the other material. Motoring journalist and broadcaster Jeremy Clarkson is a fan of the album and wrote sleeve notes for it when it was included in the box set "Genesis 1970–1975".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Hackett has considered the album to be his favourite Genesis record, and was happy with his extensive contributions to it. In 2017, he explained, "It was an important watershed album for the band, and it was at the beginning of us struggling to find gigs in the States. If we could get into a club somewhere, wherever it was, that was good news for us at that time. A young, struggling band, but with an album that was due to become a classic in time." Banks and Rutherford have had mixed feelings, saying there are a lot of high points but also some lows. Charisma owner Tony Stratton-Smith was disappointed with the album, which he thought contained too many instrumental sections. Band friend and former roadie Richard Macphail thought the power of Genesis live had not been captured on record properly until Burns started to work with them and that by the time of "Selling England", the group had acquired better equipment.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: "Selling England by the Pound" has been praised by other songwriters and musicians. Rush drummer Neil Peart has said: "I think "Selling England by the Pound" is an enduring masterpiece of drumming. Beautiful drumming, lovely sound, and the arrangements, I think they really nailed the best of what that band as an entity could have done with that album." Fish, solo artist and former lead singer of Marillion, has called it "the definitive Genesis album", praised its "emotive" quality, said the wordplay was "one of the things that became quite an influence on me – the games within the lyrics" and concluded it "took a whole jump forward and was the album that really got me into Genesis". According to Hackett, John Lennon said he liked the album during a radio interview, which the band took great encouragement from. Swedish guitarist Yngwie Malmsteen also cites the album as a major influence. In an interview, Robert Pollard of Guided By Voices said "Selling England By The Pound is one of my top 10 records of all time" and that "Genesis with Peter Gabriel might be my biggest influence."


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: Genesis supported the album with a tour of Europe and North America from September 1973 to May 1974. Initially they were to perform with a new and more elaborate stage set than before, that included inflatable objects that had images projected onto them, but a change in fire regulations following the Summerland disaster in August 1973 led to the idea being scrapped. Gabriel devised new stories before songs, and wore a full costume with a helmet and shield representing the Britannia character for "Dancing With the Moonlit Knight" and sung "The Battle of Epping Forest" with a stocking over his head.


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: The tour began with a sold-out tour of the UK, but had to cancel the first date at the Green's Playhouse, Glasgow due to electrical safety issues minutes before its start. The group realised they were substantially in debt and needed better management, so recruited Tony Smith (no relation to Charisma boss Tony Stratton-Smith). In October 1973 a pair of dates in the tour were filmed by Charisma for a possible cinema release, but the plan was rejected by the band who felt the film was not up to standard. Instead, the band performed a five-song set in front of an invited audience at Shepperton Studios that was filmed and broadcast as "Tony Stratton-Smith Presents Genesis in Concert". The group returned to the U.S. in December 1973 that included six shows in three nights at The Roxy in Los Angeles, and a performance of "Watcher of the Skies" and "The Musical Box" on the late night television show "The Midnight Special". January 1974 saw the band perform five nights at Theatre Royal, Drury Lane which saw Gabriel lifted in the air by a wire during "Supper's Ready".


title: Selling England by the Pound

text: All tracks credited to Tony Banks, Phil Collins, Peter Gabriel, Steve Hackett and Mike Rutherford. Actual songwriters listed below. All tracks produced by Genesis and John Burns.


title: Pandya Store

text: Pandya Store () is an Indian Hindi-language romantic drama television series that premiered on 25 January 2021 on Star Plus. It streams digitally on Disney+ Hotstar. Produced by Sunjoy Waddhwa and Commal Waddhwa under their banner Sphere Origins, the series is an official adaptation of Star Vijay's Tamil series "Pandian Stores". It stars Kinshuk Mahajan, Shiny Doshi, Kanwar Dhillon, Alice Kaushik, Akshay Kharodia, Simran Budharup, Mohit Parmar and Krutika Desai Khan.


title: Pandya Store

text: Gautam and Dhara Pandya, a middle-class married couple, manage the Pandya Store. Apart from their business, Dhara also looks after Gautam's three younger siblings, Dev, Shiva and Krish. While Shiva is married to Raavi, Dev is married to Rishita. It follows Dhara's struggles to bind the family together despite the problems.


title: Pandya Store

text: In January 2020, Star Plus planned an official Hindi remake of Star Vijay's Tamil series "Pandian Stores" to be produced by Mahesh Pandey Productions under the title "Khandaan". With a change in title to "Hum– Ek Makaan Ek Dukaan", filming began in February 2020 with portions shot in Varanasi, but shooting was halted in March 2020 due to the coronavirus pandemic.


title: Pandya Store

text: After the lockdown, the series was shifted to Star Bharat. The channel changed its programming genre to comedy from drama due to which it was scrapped and the plot was changed completely to suit it. Later, filming began in July 2020 post-COVID break and the show was aired with the title "Gupta Brothers - Chaar Kunware From Ganga Kinaare" from 5 October 2020, as a dramedy series to suit Star Bharat's comedy genre.


title: Pandya Store

text: In December 2020, Star Plus announced another Hindi television remake of "Pandian Stores" titled "Pandya Store" produced by Sphere Origins which premiered on 25 January 2021. With the launch of the second official Hindi television remake of Pandian Stores; the first official Hindi television remake Gupta Brothers was announced to go off-air on 5 February. But, later, Gupta Brothers went off-air abruptly on 26 January, earlier than the announced date.


title: Pandya Store

text: Deven Bhojani was hired as the creative consultant for "Pandya Store" in January 2021. On his part, Bhojani said, "I feel privileged to be working with this wonderful team as a Creative Consultant. Brainstorming sessions with the team and the channel about various aspects with regard to the show have been quite fun. Workshops with the actors have also been pretty rigorous and rewarding. They certainly are one hardworking bunch and as a team, we are delighted to bring forth 'Pandya Store' to the audience."


title: Pandya Store

text: In March 2021, the show took a generation leap of ten years and the characters of Dev, Shiva, Krish and Raavi were grown up. The first post-leap episode was telecast on 5 March 2021.


title: Pandya Store

text: In mid 2022, there were various reports of the show going off-air or going through a leap. However, soon the ratings rose and all the reports were denied by the cast.


title: Pandya Store

text: During Shiva's death sequence, Kanwar Dhillon, who portrays Shiva, disguised himself as six characters, including a transgender. Alice Kaushik, who portrays Raavi, was dressed as a ghost resembling Vidya Balan's Manjulika from "Bhool Bhulaiyaa" during the same track.


title: Pandya Store

text: Kinshuk Mahajan was cast to portray Gautam Pandya opposite Doshi. On preparing for which Mahajan said, "To fit into the skin of my character I had to lose about 5kgs and had a grueling diet. Also since this show is based in Somnath, Gujarat, I had to work on my dialect, luckily Shiny, my co-actor was my guide. Above all, shooting in Somnath and Bikaner was a blessing." Shiny Doshi was cast to portray Dhara Patel, opposite Mahajan. Doshi said, "I play a strong and positive character. I somehow relate to my character, Dhara. I am a gujarati, even then it was necessary to work towards certain nuances to meet the requirements of my character. We also attended workshops before we began shooting for the show."


title: Pandya Store

text: Kanwar Dhillon was cast as the elder version of Shiva Pandya, which was previously portrayed by Harminder Singh. He was cast opposite Kaushik. Dhillon said, "Shiva is a very much regular guy who is fun-loving and emotional. He has a different layering with each character in the show and can't be the same with everyone. I have done a few workshops and hopefully, people will like my character." Alice Kaushik was cast as the elder version of Raavi Narang, opposite Dhillon. The role was previously portrayed by Jini Khan. Kaushik said, "I relate to this quality of Raavi a lot. She is almost always high on energy, she loves to keep her close ones happy. She is a ball of happiness, she is a magic wanting to explode. It's interesting that the whole of Raavi is a part of me."


title: Pandya Store

text: Akshay Kharodia was cast as the elder versions of Dev Pandya, previously played by Jovian Fernandes, opposite Budharup. It marks his TV debut. Kharodia said, "I relate to Dev because I also come from a joint family and like Dev, I too keep family values as my priority." Simran Budharup was cast to portray Rishita Dwivedi opposite Kharodia. Budharup said, "I like the way Rishita is, she's blunt, outspoken and practical. I agree she's sometimes very rude, but that's fine." Mohit Parmar was cast as the elder versions of Krish Pandya, previously played by Swarnim Neema. It marks his acting debut, Parmar said, "Krish has taught me a lot as an actor, the experience is overwhelming and I have learned a lot." Krutika Desai Khan and Farrukh Saeed were cast to portray Pandya parents, Suman and Darshan Pandya.


title: Pandya Store

text: Pallavi Rao and Shrasti Maheshwari were cast as Pandya's and Raavi's relatives Prafulla Narayan and Anita Narang. Shyaam Makhecha was cast as Dhara's brother, Hardik Patel. Krunal Pandit and Mohit Sharma were cast as Pandya's relatives Jagat Narayan and Jignesh Narang. Vandana Vithlani, Vijay Badlani and Geetika Shyam were cast to play Rishita's family members, Kamini Choudhry, Janardhan and Kalyani Dwivedi. Devishi Madan was cast as Rishita's sister, Kirti Dwivedi opposite Parmar. Renu Pandey was cast as Suman's friend, Kanta Joshi. Ankita Sood played the role of Disha, opposite Dhillon and Jinal Jain played Raavi's friend Sneha Mittal.


title: Pandya Store

text: In July 2022, Ankita Bahuguna was cast as Shweta Patel, opposite Parmar. Rajani Gupta and Sanjeev Sharma joined the show as Shweta's parents. In September 2022, Harttaj Gill was cast as Raavi's friend, Arnav, Riddhi Singh as Shweta's friend Forum and Nitin Sharma was cast as Deven, opposite Bahuguna. In November 2022, Amitesh Prasad replaced Sanjeev Sharma as Shweta's father.


title: Pandya Store

text: In February 2022, Akshay Kharodia who portrays Dev, quit the show as he wanted to focus on his family. He later changed his decision and resumed shooting in May 2022. Akshay said,


title: Pandya Store

text: Simran Budhraup received death and rape threats after her character, Rishita, turned negative in 2022. The actress revealed that she filed an FIR against the harassers. Budhraup said, "A group of young boys and girls would abuse and give rape threats. I initially ignored the threats as the character was bound to get disliked. But it went haywire when people started abusing, that's when I took a step and I went to the police station and lodged a complaint."


title: Pandya Store

text: In September 2022, Pallavi Rao, who portrayed Prafulla, quit the show, due to her dates not being used and her diminished screen time. She said,


title: Pandya Store

text: The series is set in Somnath, Gujarat. It is mainly shot at the Film City, Mumbai. Some initial sequences were shot in Somnath and at the Somnath Temple, Veraval. The team also shot some sequences in Bikaner including scenes at Junagarh Fort.


title: Pandya Store

text: On 20 February 2021, a fire broke out on the set of the show. Some costumes and shoot material was burnt, while there was no loss of life at the set's fire.


title: Pandya Store

text: On 13 April 2021, Uddhav Thackeray, Chief Minister of Maharashtra announced a sudden curfew due to increased Covid cases, while the production halted in Mumbai from 14 April 2021.


title: Pandya Store

text: The production location was soon shifted temporarily to Bikaner. The team shot at the Gajner Palace, during the lockdown and shoot halt in Mumbai. After two months of shooting in Bikaner, the team shifted back to Film City, Mumbai in June 2021.


title: Pandya Store

text: In January 2022, Alice Kaushik, Akshay Kharodia, Simran Budharup and Mohit Parmar tested positive for COVID-19. Shooting of the show was stalled for sanitization. The storyline was revised accordingly, a pre-leap track was introduced with Harminder Singh, Jini Khan, Jovian Fernandes and Swarnim Neema returning to the cast.


title: Pandya Store

text: The first promo of the show featured Kinshuk Mahajan and Shiny Doshi with the children. It was released by Star Plus and Disney+Hotstar on 8 January 2021.


title: Pandya Store

text: In March 2021, a generation-leap promo was released, featuring Hina Khan, Ragini Khanna and Neelu Vaghela. They reprised their characters from "Yeh Rishta Kya Kehlata Hai", "Sasural Genda Phool" and "Diya Aur Baati Hum" respectively.


title: Pandya Store

text: "Pandya Store" premiered on 25 January 2021 on Star Plus, replacing "Lockdown Ki Love Story". It airs in United Kingdom on Utsav Plus with English subtitles since its premiere.


title: Pandya Store

text: From 21 April 2021, it replaced "Shaadi Mubarak", which went off air abruptly due to COVID-19. Since 2 October 2022, "Pandya Store" is broadcast daily along with other Star Plus's shows.


title: Pandya Store

text: A special segment named "Pyar Ka Pehla Nasha" was aired on Star Plus on 19 December 2021. The segment was hosted by Raavi and Shiva. It featured the top ten romantic moments of the year 2021, starring couples of Star Plus's shows.


title: Pandya Store

text: The cast of "Pandya Store" participated as a team in the musical game show "Ravivaar With Star Parivaar". The team competed with the teams of other Star Plus's shows. "Pandya Store" emerged as the third runner-up of the show.


title: Pandya Store

text: "Pandya Store" generally received positive reviews from the critics. Despite being a remake, the series has managed to bring freshness with its relatable story and performances. It is among the most watched Hindi GEC show.


title: Pandya Store

text: Srividya Rajesh gave the show 3.5 out of 5 stars. She stated "Pandya Store has the ideal setup for a good family entertainer. It has all the ingredients in it to be successful. There is a good combination of lighter moments as well as emotional ones to keep the audience attention intact."


title: Pandya Store

text: In another review, the reviewer praised the performances, the realistic story, the background sound and the cinematography. It also appreciated the series for not indulging in unnecessary drama.


title: Pandya Store

text: "Pandya Store" is an official adaptation of the Tamil series "Pandian Stores". The show has previously been remade in Hindi as "Gupta Brothers", that premiered on Star Bharat from 5 October 2020. The series went off-air the day after "Pandya Store" premiered on 25 January 2021.


title: Pandya Store

text: Pandya Store's soundtrack is composed by Nakash Aziz and Sargam Jassu. The first song "Yaadon Ki Baarat", is an original track but its name is inspired from the 1973 film "Yaadon Ki Baaraat"'s title song. It is the theme song of the show and is sung by Nakash Aziz. The female version of the song is sung by Pamela Jain.


title: Pandya Store

text: The second song "Ishq Ye Haaye Re" is an original track. It is the theme song of Gautam and Dhara. It is sung by Nakash Aziz. The third song "Rait Zara Si" from "Atrangi Re", not an original track, is the theme song of Shiva and Raavi. It is sung by Arijit Singh and Shashaa Tirupati.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990 or ADA () is a civil rights law that prohibits discrimination based on disability. It affords similar protections against discrimination to Americans with disabilities as the Civil Rights Act of 1964, which made discrimination based on race, religion, sex, national origin, and other characteristics illegal, and later sexual orientation and gender identity. In addition, unlike the Civil Rights Act, the ADA also requires covered employers to provide reasonable accommodations to employees with disabilities, and imposes accessibility requirements on public accommodations.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: In 1986, the National Council on Disability had recommended the enactment of an Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and drafted the first version of the bill which was introduced in the House and Senate in 1988. A broad bipartisan coalition of legislators supported the ADA, while the bill was opposed by business interests (who argued the bill imposed costs on business) and conservative evangelicals (who opposed protection for individuals with HIV). The final version of the bill was signed into law on July 26, 1990, by President George H. W. Bush. It was later amended in 2008 and signed by President George W. Bush with changes effective as of January 1, 2009.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: ADA disabilities include both mental and physical medical conditions. A condition does not need to be severe or permanent to be a disability. Equal Employment Opportunity Commission regulations provide a list of conditions that should easily be concluded to be disabilities: amputation, attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), autism, bipolar disorder, blindness, cancer, cerebral palsy, deafness, diabetes, epilepsy, human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), intellectual disability (formerly termed mental retardation), major depressive disorder, mobility impairments (often requiring a wheelchair), multiple sclerosis, muscular dystrophy, obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and schizophrenia. Other mental or physical health conditions also may be disabilities, depending on what the individual's symptoms would be in the absence of "mitigating measures" (medication, therapy, assistive devices, or other means of restoring function), during an "active episode" of the condition (if the condition is episodic).


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Certain specific conditions that are widely considered anti-social, or tend to result in illegal activity, such as kleptomania, pedophilia, exhibitionism, voyeurism, etc. are excluded under the definition of "disability" in order to prevent abuse of the statute's purpose. Additionally, gender identity or orientation is no longer considered a disorder and is also excluded under the definition of "disability".


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The ADA states that a "covered entity" shall not discriminate against "a qualified individual with a disability". This applies to job application procedures, hiring, advancement and discharge of employees, job training, and other terms, conditions, and privileges of employment. "Covered entities" include employers with 15 or more employees, as well as employment agencies, labor organizations, and joint labor-management committees. There are strict limitations on when a covered entity can ask job applicants or employees disability-related questions or require them to undergo medical examination, and all medical information must be kept confidential.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Prohibited discrimination may include, among other things, firing or refusing to hire someone based on a real or perceived disability, segregation, and harassment based on a disability. Covered entities are also required to provide reasonable accommodations to job applicants and employees with disabilities. A reasonable accommodation is a change in the way things are typically done that the person needs because of a disability, and can include, among other things, special equipment that allows the person to perform the job, scheduling changes, and changes to the way work assignments are chosen or communicated. An employer is not required to provide an accommodation that would involve undue hardship (significant difficulty or expense), and the individual who receives the accommodation must still perform the essential functions of the job and meet the normal performance requirements. An employee or applicant who currently engages in the illegal use of drugs is not considered qualified when a covered entity takes adverse action based on such use.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: There are many ways to discriminate against people based on disabilities, including psychological ones. Anyone known to have a history of mental disorders can be considered disabled. Employers with more than 15 employees must take care to treat all employees fairly and with any accommodations needed. Even when an employee is doing a job exceptionally well, they are not necessarily no longer disabled; employers must continue to follow all policies for disabled people.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Part of Title I was found unconstitutional by the United States Supreme Court as it pertains to states in the case of "Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett" as violating the sovereign immunity rights of the several states as specified by the Eleventh Amendment to the United States Constitution. The Court determined that state employees cannot sue their employer for violating ADA rules. State employees can, however, file complaints at the Department of Justice or the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, who can sue on their behalf.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Title II prohibits disability discrimination by all public entities at the local level, e.g., school district, municipal, city, or county, and at state level. Public entities must comply with Title II regulations by the U.S. Department of Justice. These regulations cover access to all programs and services offered by the entity. Access includes physical access described in the ADA Standards for Accessible Design and programmatic access that might be obstructed by discriminatory policies or procedures of the entity.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Title II applies to public transportation provided by public entities through regulations by the U.S. Department of Transportation. It includes the National Railroad Passenger Corporation (Amtrak), along with all other commuter authorities. This section requires the provision of paratransit services by public entities that provide fixed-route services. ADA also sets minimum requirements for space layout in order to facilitate wheelchair securement on public transport.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Title II also applies to all state and local public housing, housing assistance, and housing referrals. The Office of Fair Housing and Equal Opportunity is charged with enforcing this provision.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Under Title III, no individual may be discriminated against on the basis of disability with regards to the full and equal enjoyment of the goods, services, facilities, or accommodations of any place of public accommodation by any person who owns, leases, or operates a place of public accommodation. Public accommodations include most places of lodging (such as inns and hotels), recreation, transportation, education, and dining, along with stores, care providers, and places of public displays.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Under Title III of the ADA, all new construction (construction, modification or alterations) after the effective date of the ADA (approximately July 1992) must be fully compliant with the Americans With Disabilities Act Accessibility Guidelines (ADAAG) found in the Code of Federal Regulations at 28 C.F.R., Part 36, Appendix "A".


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Title III also has applications to existing facilities. One of the definitions of "discrimination" under Title III of the ADA is a "failure to remove" architectural barriers in existing facilities. See . This means that even facilities that have not been modified or altered in any way after the ADA was passed still have obligations. The standard is whether "removing barriers" (typically defined as bringing a condition into compliance with the ADAAG) is "readily achievable", defined as "...easily accomplished without much difficulty or expense".


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The statutory definition of "readily achievable" calls for a balancing test between the cost of the proposed "fix" and the wherewithal of the business and/or owners of the business. Thus, what might be "readily achievable" for a sophisticated and financially capable corporation might not be readily achievable for a small or local business.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: There are exceptions to this title; many private clubs and religious organizations may not be bound by Title III. With regard to historic properties (those properties that are listed or that are eligible for listing in the National Register of Historic Places, or properties designated as historic under state or local law), those facilities must still comply with the provisions of Title III of the ADA to the "maximum extent feasible" but if following the usual standards would "threaten to destroy the historic significance of a feature of the building" then alternative standards may be used.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Under 2010 revisions of Department of Justice regulations, newly constructed or altered swimming pools, wading pools, and spas must have an accessible means of entrance and exit to pools for disabled people. However, the requirement is conditioned on whether providing access through a fixed lift is "readily achievable". Other requirements exist, based on pool size, include providing a certain number of accessible means of entry and exit, which are outlined in Section 242 of the standards. However, businesses are free to consider the differences in the application of the rules depending on whether the pool is new or altered, or whether the swimming pool was in existence before the effective date of the new rule. Full compliance may not be required for existing facilities; Section 242 and 1009 of the 2010 Standards outline such exceptions.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The ADA provides explicit coverage for service animals. Guidelines have been developed not only to protect persons with disabilities but also to indemnify businesses from damages related to granting access to service animals on their premises. Businesses are allowed to ask if the animal is a service animal and ask what tasks it is trained to perform, but they are not allowed to ask the service animal to perform the task nor ask for a special ID of the animal. They cannot ask what the person's disabilities are. A person with a disability cannot be removed from the premises unless either of two things happen: the animal is out of control and its owner cannot get it under control (e.g. a dog barking uncontrollably in a restaurant), or the animal is a direct threat to people's health and safety. Allergies and fear of animals would not be considered a threat to people's health and safety, so it would not be a valid reason to deny access to people with service animals. Businesses that prepare or serve food must allow service animals and their owners on the premises even if state or local health laws otherwise prohibit animals on the premises. In this case, businesses that prepare or serve food are not required to provide care or food for service animals, nor do they have to provide a designated area for the service animal to relieve itself. Lastly, people that require service dogs cannot be charged an extra fee for their service dog or be treated unfairly, for example, being isolated from people at a restaurant. People with disabilities cannot be treated as "less than" other customers. However, if a business normally charges for damages caused by the person to property, the customer with a disability will be charged for their service animal's damages to the property.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Auxiliary aids and services are items, equipment or services that assist in effective communication between a person who has a hearing, vision or speech disability and a person who does not.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: ADA says that a public accommodation shall take those steps that may be necessary to ensure that no individual with a disability is excluded, denied services, segregated or otherwise treated differently than other individuals because of the absence of auxiliary aids and services, unless the public accommodation can demonstrate that taking those steps would fundamentally alter the nature of the goods, services, facilities, privileges, advantages, or accommodations being offered or would result in an undue burden, i.e., significant difficulty or expense. The term "auxiliary aids and services" includes:


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Captions are considered one type of auxiliary aid. Since the passage of the ADA, the use of captioning has expanded. Entertainment, educational, informational, and training materials are captioned for deaf and hard-of-hearing audiences at the time they are produced and distributed. The Television Decoder Circuitry Act of 1990 requires that all televisions larger than 13 inches sold in the United States after July 1993 have a special built-in decoder that enables viewers to watch closed-captioned programming. The Telecommunications Act of 1996 directs the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) to adopt rules requiring closed captioning of most television programming. The FCC's rules on closed captioning became effective January 1, 1998.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Title IV of the ADA amended the landmark Communications Act of 1934 primarily by adding section . This section requires that all telecommunications companies in the U.S. take steps to ensure functionally equivalent services for consumers with disabilities, notably those who are deaf or hard of hearing and those with speech impairments. When Title IV took effect in the early 1990s, it led to the installation of public teletypewriter (TTY) machines and other TDD (telecommunications devices for the deaf). Title IV also led to the creation, in all 50 states and the District of Columbia, of what was then called dual-party relay services and now are known as Telecommunications Relay Services (TRS), such as STS relay. Today, many TRS-mediated calls are made over the Internet by consumers who use broadband connections. Some are Video Relay Service (VRS) calls, while others are text calls. In either variation, communication assistants translate between the signed or typed words of a consumer and the spoken words of others. In 2006, according to the Federal Communications Commission (FCC), VRS calls averaged two million minutes a month.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Title V includes technical provisions. It discusses, for example, the fact that nothing in the ADA amends, overrides or cancels anything in Section 504. Additionally, Title V includes an anti-retaliation or coercion provision. The "Technical Assistance Manual" for the ADA explains this provision:


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: In 1986, the National Council on Disability (NCD), an independent federal agency, issued a report, Towards Independence, in which the Council examined incentives and disincentives in federal laws towards increasing the independence and full integration of people with disabilities into our society. Among the disincentives to independence the Council identified was the existence of large remaining gaps in our nation's civil rights coverage for people with disabilities. A principal conclusion of the report was to recommend the adoption of comprehensive civil rights legislation, which became the ADA.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The idea of federal legislation enhancing and extending civil rights legislation to millions of Americans with disabilities gained bipartisan support in late 1988 and early 1989. In early 1989 both Congress and the newly inaugurated Bush White House worked separately, then jointly, to write legislation capable of expanding civil rights without imposing undue harm or costs on those already in compliance with existing rules and laws.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Over the years, key activists and advocates played an important role in lobbying members of the U.S. Congress to develop and pass the ADA, including Justin Whitlock Dart Jr., Patrisha Wright and others.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Ms. Wright is known as "the General" for her work in coordinating the campaign to enact the ADA. She is widely considered the main force behind the campaign lobbying for the ADA.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: About the importance of making employment opportunities inclusive, Shirley Davis, director of global diversity and inclusion at the Society for Human Resource Management, said: "People with disabilities represent a critical talent pool that is underserved and underutilized".


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Conservative evangelicals opposed the ADA because the legislation protected individuals with HIV, which they associated with homosexuality.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The debate over the Americans with Disabilities Act led some religious groups to take opposite positions. The Association of Christian Schools International opposed the ADA in its original form, primarily because the ADA labeled religious institutions "public accommodations" and thus would have required churches to make costly structural changes to ensure access for all. The cost argument advanced by ACSI and others prevailed in keeping religious institutions from being labeled as "public accommodations". Church groups such as the National Association of Evangelicals testified against the ADA's Title I employment provisions on grounds of religious liberty. The NAE believed the regulation of the internal employment of churches was "... an improper intrusion [of] the federal government."


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Many members of the business community opposed the Americans with Disabilities Act, arguing that the legislation would impose costs on businesses. Testifying before Congress, Greyhound Bus Lines stated that the act had the potential to "deprive millions of people of affordable intercity public transportation and thousands of rural communities of their only link to the outside world." The US Chamber of Commerce argued that the costs of the ADA would be "enormous" and have "a disastrous impact on many small businesses struggling to survive." The National Federation of Independent Businesses, an organization that lobbies for small businesses, called the ADA "a disaster for small business." Pro-business conservative commentators joined in opposition, writing that the Americans with Disabilities Act was "an expensive headache to millions" that would not necessarily improve the lives of people with disabilities.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Shortly before the act was passed, disability rights activists with physical disabilities coalesced in front of the Capitol Building, shed their crutches, wheelchairs, powerchairs and other assistive devices, and immediately proceeded to crawl and pull their bodies up all 100 of the Capitol's front steps, without warning. As the activists did so, many of them chanted "ADA now", and "Vote, Now". Some activists who remained at the bottom of the steps held signs and yelled words of encouragement at the "Capitol Crawlers". Jennifer Keelan, a second grader with cerebral palsy, was videotaped as she pulled herself up the steps, using mostly her hands and arms, saying "I'll take all night if I have to." This direct action is reported to have "inconvenienced" several senators and to have pushed them to approve the act. While there are those who do not attribute much overall importance to this action, the "Capitol Crawl" of 1990 is seen by some present-day disability activists in the United States as a central act for encouraging the ADA into law.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Senator Tom Harkin (D-IA) authored what became the final bill and was its chief sponsor in the Senate. Harkin delivered part of his introduction speech in sign language, saying it was so his deaf brother could understand.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The ADA defines a covered disability as a physical or mental impairment that substantially limits one or more major life activities, a history of having such an impairment, or being regarded as having such an impairment. The Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC) was charged with interpreting the 1990 law with regard to discrimination in employment. The EEOC developed regulations limiting an individual's impairment to one that "severely or significantly restricts" a major life activity. The ADAAA directed the EEOC to amend its regulations and replace "severely or significantly" with "substantially limits", a more lenient standard.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: On September 25, 2008, President George W. Bush signed the ADA Amendments Act of 2008 (ADAAA) into law. The amendment broadened the definition of "disability", thereby extending the ADA's protections to a greater number of people. The ADAAA also added to the ADA examples of "major life activities" including, but not limited to, "caring for oneself, performing manual tasks, seeing, hearing, eating, sleeping, walking, standing, lifting, bending, speaking, breathing, learning, reading, concentrating, thinking, communicating, and working" as well as the operation of several specified "major bodily functions". The act overturned a 1999 US Supreme Court case that held that an employee was not disabled if the impairment could be corrected by mitigating measures; it specifically provides that such impairment must be determined without considering such ameliorative measures. It also overturned the court restriction that an impairment that substantially limits one major life activity must also limit others to be considered a disability.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: In 2008, the United States House Committee on Education and Labor stated that the amendment "makes it absolutely clear that the ADA is intended to provide broad coverage to protect anyone who faces discrimination on the basis of disability." Thus the ADAAA led to broader coverage of impaired employees.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: In October 2019, the Supreme Court declined to resolve a circuit split as to whether websites are covered by the ADA. The Court turned down an appeal from Domino's Pizza and let stand a U.S. 9th Circuit Court of Appeals ruling which held that the Americans With Disabilities Act protects access not just to brick-and-mortar public accommodations, but also to the websites and apps of those businesses.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The ADA led to significant improvements in terms of access to public services, accessibility in the built environment, and societal understanding of disability.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Between 1991 (after the enactment of the ADA) and 1995, the employment rate of men with disabilities dropped by 7.8% regardless of age, educational level, or type of disability, with the most affected being young, less-educated and intellectually disabled men. While no causal link between the ADA and that trend has been definitively identified, some researchers have characterized the ADA as ineffectual and argued that it caused this decline by raising the cost of doing business for employers, who quietly avoid hiring people with disabilities for fear of lawsuit.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: In 2001, for men of all working ages and women under 40, Current Population Survey data showed a sharp drop in the employment of disabled workers, leading at least two economists to attribute the cause to the Act. By contrast, a study in 2003 found that while the Act may have led to short term reactions by employers, in the long term, there were either positive or neutral consequences for wages and employment. In 2005, the rate of employment among disabled people increased to 45% of the population of disabled people.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: Since enforcement of the act began in July 1992, it has quickly become a major component of employment law. The ADA allows private plaintiffs to receive only injunctive relief (a court order requiring the public accommodation to remedy violations of the accessibility regulations) and attorneys' fees, and does not provide monetary rewards to private plaintiffs who sue non-compliant businesses. Unless a state law, such as the California Unruh Civil Rights Act, provides for monetary damages to private plaintiffs, persons with disabilities do not obtain direct financial benefits from suing businesses that violate the ADA.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: The attorneys' fees provision of Title III does provide incentive for lawyers to specialize and engage in serial ADA litigation, but a disabled plaintiff does not obtain a financial reward from attorneys' fees unless they act as their own attorney, or as mentioned above, a disabled plaintiff resides in a state that provides for minimum compensation and court fees in lawsuits. Moreover, there may be a benefit to these private attorneys general who identify and compel the correction of illegal conditions: they may increase the number of public accommodations accessible to persons with disabilities. "Civil rights law depends heavily on private enforcement. Moreover, the inclusion of penalties and damages is the driving force that facilitates voluntary compliance with the ADA." Courts have noted:


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: However, in states that have enacted laws that allow private individuals to win monetary awards from non-compliant businesses (as of 2008, these include California, Florida, Hawaii, and Illinois), "professional plaintiffs" are typically found. At least one of these plaintiffs in California has been barred by courts from filing lawsuits unless he receives prior court permission. Through the end of fiscal year 1998, 86% of the 106,988 ADA charges filed with and resolved by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, were either dropped or investigated and dismissed by EEOC but not without imposing opportunity costs and legal fees on employers.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: There have been some notable cases regarding the ADA. For example, two major hotel room marketers (Expedia.com and Hotels.com) with their business presence on the Internet were sued because its customers with disabilities could not reserve hotel rooms through their websites without substantial extra efforts that persons without disabilities were not required to perform. These represent a major potential expansion of the ADA in that this, and other similar suits (known as "bricks vs. clicks"), seeks to expand the ADA's authority to cyberspace, where entities may not have actual physical facilities that are required to comply.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: "Green v. State of California, No. S137770 (Cal. Aug. 23, 2007)" was a case in which the majority of the Supreme Court in California was faced with deciding whether the employee suing the state is required to prove they are able to perform "essential" job duties, regardless of whether or not there was "reasonable accommodation," or if the employer must prove the person suing was unable to do so. The court ruled the burden was on the employee, not the employer, and reversed a disputed decision by the courts. Plaintiff attorney David Greenberg brought forth considerations of the concept that, even in the state of California, employers do not have to employ a worker who is unable to perform "essential job functions" with "reasonable accommodation." Forcing employers to do so "would defy logic and establish a poor public policy in employment matters."


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: "National Federation of the Blind v. Target Corporation" was a case where a major retailer, Target Corp., was sued because their web designers failed to design its website to enable persons with low or no vision to use it.


title: Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990

text: "Board of Trustees of the University of Alabama v. Garrett" was a United States Supreme Court case about Congress's enforcement powers under the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution. It decided that Title I of the Americans with Disabilities Act was unconstitutional insofar as it allowed private citizens to sue states for money damages.