title: Mason Rudolph (American football)

text: In Week 11 against the Cleveland Browns, with eight seconds left in regulation, Rudolph was involved in a brawl with several players from both teams. Rudolph completed a pass to running back Trey Edmunds. Myles Garrett of the Browns then tackled Rudolph late, after the pass had been completed. While the two were entangled on the ground, Rudolph pushed down and away on Garrett's helmet, attempting to pull Garrett's helmet off. Garrett then grabbed at Rudolph's helmet and removed it. When Rudolph ran after Garrett, Garrett struck Rudolph in the head with Rudolph's own helmet.


title: Mason Rudolph (American football)

text: In the following week against the still-winless Bengals, Rudolph struggled again, throwing for 85 yards and an interception before being benched for Devlin Hodges in the third quarter who led the Steelers to a 16–10 comeback victory. Two days later, Steelers' head coach Mike Tomlin announced that Hodges would remain the starting quarterback for the following week's game against Cleveland. During Week 16 against the New York Jets, Rudolph came into the game after struggles from Hodges in the second quarter, but later suffered a shoulder injury and left the game in the fourth quarter. During the game, Rudolph threw for 129 yards and a touchdown. Without Rudolph, the Steelers lost 10–16. It was revealed that he suffered a sternoclavicular joint dislocation in the shoulder and was placed on injured reserve on December 24, 2019. Overall, he started in eight out of the ten games in which he appeared, recorded 1,765 passing yards, 13 passing touchdowns, 9 interceptions, and posted a passer rating of 82.0.


title: Mason Rudolph (American football)

text: During Week 9 against the Dallas Cowboys, Rudolph came into the game in the second quarter after Roethlisberger went to the locker room with an ankle injury. Rudolph completed two of three passes for three yards before Roethlisberger came back in the second half. Rudolph also made appearances in relief of Roethlisberger in the 4th quarter of blowout wins against the Cleveland Browns, Cincinnati Bengals, and Jacksonville Jaguars.


title: Mason Rudolph (American football)

text: On December 29, 2020, with the Steelers already locking up the AFC North, head coach Mike Tomlin announced that Rudolph would start the season finale against the Cleveland Browns in order to rest Roethlisberger. In that game, Rudolph threw for 315 yards, two touchdowns, and an interception in the 24–22 road loss.


title: Mason Rudolph (American football)

text: Rudolph signed a one-year contract extension with the Steelers on April 29, 2021. On Week 10 against the Detroit Lions Rudolph got his first start of the season when Ben Roethlisberger was ruled out with COVID-19. Rudolph threw for 242 yards, a touchdown, and an interception in the 16–16 tie.


title: Mason Rudolph (American football)

text: Rudolph was listed behind Mitchell Trubisky and Kenny Pickett as QB3. Rudolph was relegated to third-string QB duties throughout the preseason.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: The 2022 Extreme Rules was the 14th annual Extreme Rules professional wrestling pay-per-view and livestreaming event produced by WWE. It was held for wrestlers from the promotion's Raw and SmackDown brand divisions. The event took place on Saturday, October 8, 2022, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, marking the first Extreme Rules event to be held in October and on a Saturday, as well as the second Extreme Rules event to take place at this venue after the 2019 edition. The concept of Extreme Rules is that the event features various hardcore-based matches.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Six matches were on the event's card, all of which were contested under a hardcore stipulation. In the main event, Matt Riddle defeated Seth "Freakin" Rollins by submission in a Fight Pit match in which Daniel Cormier served as the special guest referee. In other prominent matches, Finn Bálor defeated Edge in an "I Quit" match, Ronda Rousey defeated Liv Morgan by technical submission in an Extreme Rules match to win the SmackDown Women's Championship for a second time, and in the opening bout, The Brawling Brutes (Sheamus, Ridge Holland, and Butch) defeated Imperium (Gunther, Ludwig Kaiser, and Giovanni Vinci) in a six-man tag team Good Old Fashioned Donnybrook match. The event also saw the return of Bray Wyatt, who had been released from his WWE contract in July 2021.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: The event received generally positive reviews from critics, who gave high praise to the six-man Donnybrook match and the "I Quit" match, the latter for its dark tone and ending, but felt the SmackDown Women's Championship match was the weakest of the night. They also felt that the main event's stipulation was not utilized enough. The return of Wyatt, however, was universally acclaimed for its mystery, buildup, and execution. Critics also praised the variety of stipulation matches, unlike the previous year's event, which only had one hardcore-based match.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Extreme Rules is an annual gimmick event produced by WWE since 2009. The concept of the show is that the event features various matches that are contested under hardcore rules and generally features one Extreme Rules match. The defunct Extreme Championship Wrestling (ECW) promotion, which WWE acquired in 2003, originally used the "extreme rules" term to describe the regulations for all of its matches; WWE adopted the term and has since used it in place of "hardcore match" or "hardcore rules." On October 25, 2021, WWE revealed its 2022 major event schedule for the Raw and SmackDown brands, with a to be announced event for October. On June 13, 2022, that October event was announced as Extreme Rules and it would take place on Saturday, October 8, 2022, at the Wells Fargo Center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania; Philadelphia was the home of the former ECW promotion from 1993 to 2001. This marked the first Extreme Rules to be held in October and on a Saturday, as well as the second Extreme Rules held at this venue after the 2019 event. It was the 14th event in the Extreme Rules chronology and aired on pay-per-view (PPV) worldwide and the livestreaming services Peacock in the United States and the WWE Network in international markets.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: The event included matches that resulted from scripted storylines, where wrestlers portrayed heroes, villains, or less distinguishable characters in scripted events that built tension and culminated in a wrestling match or series of matches. Results were predetermined by WWE's writers on the Raw and SmackDown brands, while storylines were produced on WWE's weekly television shows, "Monday Night Raw" and "Friday Night SmackDown."


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: At SummerSlam, Liv Morgan defeated Ronda Rousey to controversially retain the SmackDown Women's Championship; Rousey had Morgan in the armbar submission while Rousey's shoulders were on the mat and the referee counted a pin but did not see Morgan tap out before the three count. Following the match, an irate Rousey attacked both Morgan and the referee, which resulted in the suspension of Rousey. After her suspension was lifted, Rousey won a fatal five-way elimination match on the September 9 episode of "SmackDown", earning a rematch against Morgan for the SmackDown Women's Championship at Extreme Rules. The following week, Morgan decided that she wanted to defend the title against Rousey in an Extreme Rules match and Rousey accepted.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: At Clash at the Castle, Seth "Freakin" Rollins defeated Matt Riddle. During Rollins' match for the United States Championship on the September 19 episode of "Raw", Riddle distracted Rollins, costing him the title. Later that episode, Riddle challenged Rollins to a Fight Pit match at Extreme Rules and Rollins accepted. On October 1, it was revealed that UFC Hall of Famer Daniel Cormier would be the special guest referee for the match.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: In early August, Karrion Kross and his wife Scarlett made their return to WWE and immediately began to target Drew McIntyre. Over the following weeks, Kross continued to attack McIntyre, but he would retreat before McIntyre could retaliate. On the September 23 episode of "SmackDown", McIntyre announced that WWE officials granted him a match against Kross at Extreme Rules in a strap match, thus ensuring that Kross could not retreat.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: After Bianca Belair retained the Raw Women's Championship at SummerSlam, she was confronted by a returning Bayley, accompanied by Dakota Kai and Iyo Sky. The trio would dub themselves as Damage CTRL. At Clash at the Castle, Damage CTRL defeated Belair's team in a six-woman tag team match in which Bayley pinned Belair. Due to pinning the champion, Bayley challenged Belair to a ladder match for the Raw Women's Championship at Extreme Rules and Belair accepted.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: After WrestleMania 38 in April, Edge formed a group with Damian Priest called The Judgment Day; Rhea Ripley later joined the group at WrestleMania Backlash, followed by Finn Bálor, who was defeated in a match by Judgment Day. Bálor would then become the new leader after Judgement Day viciously attacked and turned on Edge. Dominik Mysterio would also later join the group after turning on his father Rey Mysterio and Edge at Clash at the Castle. After weeks of feuding and a brutal attack on Edge by The Judgment Day, Edge returned on the September 26 episode of "Raw" and challenged Bálor to an "I Quit" match at Extreme Rules and Bálor accepted.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: At Clash at the Castle, Gunther (accompanied by Ludwig Kaiser and Giovanni Vinci) defeated Sheamus (accompanied by Butch and Ridge Holland) to retain the Intercontinental Championship. Imperium (Gunther, Kaiser, and Vinci) then defeated The Brawling Brutes (Sheamus, Butch, and Holland) in a six-man tag team match on the following episode of "SmackDown". The following week, Butch and Holland won a fatal four-way tag team match, also involving Kaiser and Vinci, to earn a match for the Undisputed WWE Tag Team Championship on the next episode, but failed to win the titles due to Imperium interfering. On September 29, a six-man tag team Good Old Fashioned Donnybrook match between the two teams was confirmed to take place at Extreme Rules.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: In September, WWE began playing an "a cappella" version of "White Rabbit" by Jefferson Airplane at live events and during commercial breaks of televised shows, while also hiding QR codes in various locations on episodes of "Raw" and "SmackDown". Each code led to special websites containing imagery, mini-games, and riddles that were all seemingly connected to Extreme Rules.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: No matches took place on the Extreme Rules Kickoff pre-show, however, WWE Hall of Famer Jerry Lawler, along with the Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders and the mascot of the Philadelphia 76ers, Franklin the Dog, came out and revealed the logo of WrestleMania XL, scheduled for Philadelphia at the nearby Lincoln Financial Field in April 2024.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: The pay-per-view opened with The Brawling Brutes (Sheamus, Ridge Holland, and Butch) facing Imperium (Gunther, Ludwig Kaiser, and Giovanni Vinci) in a six-man tag team Good Old Fashioned Donnybrook match. During the match, Imperium dominated The Brawling Brutes. Imperium later isolated Butch by taking out Sheamus and Holland, however, Sheamus later recovered, took out Vinci and Kaiser, and then proceeded to brawl with Gunther in the ring. Holland and Butch later recovered and joined Sheamus into viciously attacking Gunther. Sheamus performed a Brogue Kick on Gunther, however, Vinci voided the pin attempt. As Sheamus then applied the Cloverleaf on Gunther, Kaiser attacked Sheamus with a shillelagh. Butch performed a reversed springboard from atop a barrel onto Kaiser, Vinci, and Holland. Gunther attacked Sheamus with a shillelagh for a nearfall. In the closing moments, Holland and Butch attacked Kaiser and Vinci with shillelaghs while Sheamus performed a Celtic Cross on Gunther through an announce table. Butch and Holland then held Vinci in place allowing Sheamus to perform a Brogue Kick on Vinci to win the match.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Backstage, while The Miz was interviewed regarding the attacks and home invasion by Dexter Lumis (who had been stalking Miz for weeks), he was distracted by Gritty, the mascot of the Philadelphia Flyers of the National Hockey League (the Wells Fargo Center is their home). Gritty then handed an Extreme Rules shirt to Miz, however, Miz dropped and stomped on the shirt before departing.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Next, Liv Morgan defended the SmackDown Women's Championship against Ronda Rousey in an Extreme Rules match. Rousey prevented Morgan from reaching a baseball bat that was near the ringpost. Morgan then retrieved the bat and attempted to strike Rousey with it, however, Rousey fended Morgan off. Rousey later obtained the bat and attempted to strike Morgan, however, Morgan sprayed a fire extinguisher on Rousey. Rousey then recovered and dominated Morgan. Morgan then retrieved the bat to finally use on Rousey only for Rousey to strike Morgan with a black belt. Morgan then attacked Rousey with a chair and performed a Code Red on Rousey using the chair for a nearfall. Morgan performed a senton on Rousey through a table for another nearfall. As Morgan attempted another pin, Rousey countered and applied an arm submission on Morgan, who passed out, to win the title for a second time.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: After that, Drew McIntyre faced Karrion Kross (accompanied by Scarlett) in a Strap match. The referee fastened the strap around McIntyre's wrist, however, Kross refused, and with assistance from Scarlett, Kross attacked McIntyre before the match could officially began. The two fought into the crowd before making it back to ringside. Back in the ring, McIntyre fastened the strap around Kross' wrist, thus the match officially began. McIntyre viciously attacked and taunted Kross, however, Scarlett distracted McIntyre. Kross took advantage and attacked McIntyre. In the finale, as McIntyre attempted to perform a Claymore Kick on Kross, Scarlett stood in front of McIntyre and incapacitated McIntyre with pepper spray. Kross then performed the Kross Hammer on a blinded McIntyre to win the match.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: In another backstage segment, while The Miz was on a phone call, Gritty appeared and taunted Miz again, who departed once again.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: In the fourth match, Bianca Belair defended the Raw Women's Champion against Bayley in a ladder match. Midway through, Belair performed a Kiss of Death (KoD) on Bayley. As Belair ascended the ladder, Bayley's Damage Control stablemates Dakota Kai and Iyo Sky ran out and attacked Belair. Belair fended both off and performed a double KoD on Sky and Kai. Afterwards, Belair attacked Bayley with her ponytail and then performed a KoD on Bayley on a ladder, Belair then ascended the ladder to unhook the championship and retain the title.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: In the penultimate match, Edge faced Finn Bálor in an "I Quit" match. Mid-way through the match, Edge and Bálor fought in the crowd where Edge attacked Bálor with a hockey stick and then applied a Crossface on Bálor atop the kickoff podium table; Bálor refused to quit. The two eventually brawled back to the ring, where Bálor attacked the ribs of Edge with a chair. Bálor repeatedly attacked Edge with the chair, who refused to quit. As Bálor attempted to throw Edge into a chair wedged in the corner, Edge countered and sent Bálor in the chair instead. Edge attacked Bálor with the chair repeatedly and applied the Edgecator on Bálor, however, Damian Priest ran out for the save. Dominik Mysterio also joined the fray, and Edge performed a Spear on Bálor, who fell onto Dominik and Priest. As Edge was preparing to perform another spear on Bálor, Rhea Ripley appeared and handcuffed Edge to the top ring rope. With Ripley taunting Edge with the key, The Judgment Day (Bálor, Priest, and Dominik) then beat down a defenseless Edge. Bálor then attacked Edge with a kendo stick, however, Rey Mysterio came out wielding a chair for the save only for his son, Dominik, to attack his father Rey. Edge's wife Beth Phoenix then appeared to assist Edge and attacked Priest and Bálor with a kendo stick. A standoff ensued between Phoenix and Ripley which lead to a brawl between the two and Phoenix performing a Spear on Ripley. Phoenix retrieved the key and freed Edge who then performed a Spear on Priest and a low blow on Dominik. Edge performed three Spears on Bálor while signaling Phoenix to retrieve a chair, however, Ripley struck Phoenix with brass knuckles. Bálor then performed three Coup de Grâces on Edge, who refused to quit. Ripley then positioned Phoenix for a Con-chair-to and Edge reluctantly proclaimed "I Quit" to save Phoenix, thus Bálor won the match. Following the match, despite Bálor winning, Ripley still performed the Con-chair-to on Phoenix. Referees, WWE backstage personnel, and Rey, who later recovered, then tended to Edge and Phoenix.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: In a final backstage segment, Miz tried to enter Triple H's office, however, Gritty appeared once again and taunted Miz. Miz snapped and attacked Gritty, however, Dexter Lumis, appeared behind Miz and applied a chokehold on Miz. Lumis then assisted Gritty to his feet, who kicked Miz before walking away with Lumis.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: In the main event, Matt Riddle fought Seth "Freakin" Rollins in a Fight Pit match with Daniel Cormier as the special guest referee. The match started with Riddle brawling with Rollins and slamming him into the cage walls. As Cormier tried to restore order, Riddle accidentally punched at Cormier, who warned Riddle not to fight with him. Rollins took advantage of the distraction and attacked Riddle with vicious knee strikes. Riddle performed a Triangle submission on Rollins who poked the eye of Riddle. Rollins then threw Riddle face first into the steel cage wall. As Cormier checked on Riddle, Rollins shoved Cormier who then also warned Rollins not to touch him. Both eventually climbed to the elevated platform around the top of the cage where Riddle performed an RKO on Rollins, who rolled off the platform and fell down in the ring. Riddle then performed a Broton splash from the elevated platform on Rollins who was laying in the ring. In the end, Riddle applied the triangle submission on Rollins, who tried to break the hold by hoisting Riddle up and slamming him into the cage walls and on the mat, but Riddle would not let go of the hold, causing Rollins to tap out, thus Riddle won the match.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: As Riddle celebrated on stage with Cormier, the lights in the arena went out, signaling that the "White Rabbit" mystery was about to be revealed. Bray Wyatt's voice was then heard singing the verse, "He's got the whole world in his hands" repeatedly as real life versions of the Firefly Fun House characters were shown in the crowd throughout the arena, including Huskus the Pig Boy, Mercy the Buzzard, Ramblin' Rabbit, Abby the Witch, a burnt Fiend mask that was atop the announce table, and The Fiend himself. A door was shown on the stage and a distorted video on the TitanTron played, depicting a dilapidated Firefly Fun House set together with a distorted version of the Firefly Fun House theme song playing in the background. The television set inside the Fun House turned on and a masked figure, together with distorted imagery, appeared asking twice "who killed the world?" and answering "you did" then changing the answer to "we did". Back in the arena, the door opened showing a bright blue illuminating light. The masked figure then walked out, carrying Wyatt's signature lantern and unmasked to reveal himself as Wyatt and proclaimed "I'm here" before blowing out the lantern and ending the event with a picture of Wyatt's new logo; an upside down firefly. This was Wyatt's first appearance since his release from his WWE contract in July 2021.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: The event received generally mixed to positive reviews from critics, who praised the six-man Donnybrook match and the "I Quit" match, the latter for its dark tone and ending, along with Michael Cole's commentary during the match, while the SmackDown Women's Championship match was criticized as the weakest of the event and the Strap match was also criticized. The main event was moderately praised, with most feeling that more could have been done with the stipulation. The return of Bray Wyatt, however, was universally acclaimed for its mystery, buildup, and execution. Critics also praised the variety of stipulation matches, unlike the previous year's event, which only had one hardcore-based match.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: On the following episode of "Raw", Damage CTRL (Bayley, Dakota Kai, and Iyo Sky) vowed that the next time Bayley faced Bianca Belair for the Raw Women's Championship, she would win the title. Later after Bayley lost to Candice LeRae, Kai and Sky ran out and attacked LeRae. Belair came out for the save but was outnumbered by Damage CTRL. Bayley would earn another match for the Raw Women's Championship by defeating Belair in a non-title match on the October 24 episode after interference from Nikki Cross, who ditched the Nikki A.S.H. persona. The title rematch was scheduled for Crown Jewel and stipulated as a Last Woman Standing match.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Also on "Raw", Seth "Freakin" Rollins won the United States Championship, and was later scheduled to defend the title against Matt Riddle on the following week's episode. Rollins retained due to an accidental distraction by the returning Elias.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Also on the following "Raw", a match was booked for the following week between The Miz and Dexter Lumis with an added stipulation that if Lumis won, he would get a WWE contract, however, if Miz won, then Lumis would be banned from WWE. However, the match did not occur as Miz attacked Lumis with a steel chair during the latter's entrance, thus preventing Lumis from competing. The match eventually occurred on the November 28 episode of "Raw", where Lumis was victorious.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: On the following episode of "SmackDown", Karrion Kross was involved in a car accident while arriving to the arena. Medical personnel tended to Kross, only for Drew McIntyre to appear and viciously attack Kross. WWE officials appeared and separated the two while McIntyre proclaimed that their rivalry was not over. A rematch between the two was scheduled as a Steel Cage match at Crown Jewel, which McIntyre won.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Also on the following "SmackDown", Sheamus competed in a fatal four-way match to earn another opportunity at Gunther's Intercontinental Championship. However, the match was won by Rey Mysterio, who was officially transferred to the SmackDown roster, as he did not want to fight his son Dominik on Raw.


title: Extreme Rules (2022)

text: Also on the following "SmackDown", Bray Wyatt made his return to the SmackDown brand (prior to his release, he was a member of the Raw roster). Speaking as his real self, he talked about the past year in which he was fired and lost loved ones and then thanked the fans for saving him. Before he could continue, the lights went out and Wyatt's new masked alter ego appeared on the TitanTron, telling viewers to forget the past and warning of what was to come. The following week, Wyatt apologized for the interruption and then finished what he was going to say the previous week. He confessed that he had various issues, that he would do very bad things, and that he was now a servant and would follow wherever the circle takes him.


title: Open marriage

text: Open marriage is a form of non-monogamy in which the partners of a dyadic marriage agree that each may engage in extramarital sexual relationships, without this being regarded by them as infidelity, and consider or establish an open relationship despite the implied monogamy of marriage. There are variant forms of open marriage such as swinging and polyamory, each with the partners having varying levels of input into their spouse's activities.


title: Open marriage

text: A general definition of an open marriage is that there is an agreement between the two partners to have some degree of sexual interaction outside the couple. There are variant forms of open marriage, each with the partners having varying levels of input on their spouse's activities.


title: Open marriage

text: The term "open marriage" originated in sociology and anthropology. Through the 1960s, researchers used "closed marriage" to indicate the practices of communities and cultures where individuals were intended to marry based upon social conventions and proscriptions, and open marriage where individuals had the ability to make their own choice of spouse.


title: Open marriage

text: Nena O'Neill and George O'Neill changed the meaning of the term with the 1972 publication of their book "Open Marriage". The O'Neills describe open marriage as a relationship in which each partner has room for personal growth and can individually develop outside friendships, rather than focus obsessively on their couplehood and their family unit (being "closed"). Most of the book describes approaches to revitalizing marriage in areas of trust, role flexibility, communication, identity, and equality. Chapter 16, entitled "Love Without Jealousy", devoted 20 pages to the proposition that an open marriage might possibly include some forms of sexuality with other partners. Fueled by frequent appearances of the O'Neills on television and in magazine articles, the redefinition entered popular consciousness, and open marriage became a synonym for sexually non-monogamous marriage.


title: Open marriage

text: In her 1977 book "The Marriage Premise", Nena O'Neill advocated sexual fidelity in a chapter of that name. As she later said, "The whole area of extramarital sex is touchy. I don't think we ever saw it as a concept for the majority, and certainly it has not proved to be."


title: Open marriage

text: The meaning of open marriage can vary from study to study depending on how the particular researchers have set their selection criteria.


title: Open marriage

text: Individuals might claim to have open marriages when their spouses would not agree. Studies and articles that interview individuals without taking their married status into account may not receive accurate information about the actual "open" status of the marriage. Blumstein and Schwartz asked more than 6,000 couples whether or not they had an understanding allowing sex outside their relationship. Interviewed individually, the partners in some couples gave very different responses to this question; the respective replies from one married couple were


title: Open marriage

text: Couples may have an open marriage in principle, but not engage in extramarital sex. Studies that define open marriage by agreement alone will tend to report a higher incidence than studies that define open marriage by agreement and behavior. Spaniel and Cole found that 7 percent of couples would consider participating in an open marriage, but only 1.7 percent of couples reported having open marriages that actually included extramarital sex.


title: Open marriage

text: Blumstein and Schwartz found that 15 percent of married couples share an agreement that allows extramarital sex, but only about 24 percent of men and 22 percent of women (or 6 percent and 5 percent of the total, respectively) who had such an agreement actually engaged in extramarital sex during the prior year.


title: Open marriage

text: Researchers have applied open marriage in overly narrow terms, as when Hunt used it specifically to mean swinging couples who meet with other swinging couples to swap mates.


title: Open marriage

text: Open marriage is usually defined in terms of legally married, opposite-sex partners, and thus data collected may not generalize to other kinds of open relationships. For example, cohabiting couples tend to show higher levels of involvement in extra-relational intimacy compared to married couples.


title: Open marriage

text: There is a lack of content regarding studies and educational programming in open marriage and diverse relationship structures. Due to this, there is much uncertainty regarding the topic.


title: Open marriage

text: Common misconceptions of nonmonogamy include that it violates principles of all religions, and that it is equivalent to polygyny (one man having multiple wives) or polygamy (a marriage of many).


title: Open marriage

text: The impact of open marriage on relationships varies across couples. Some couples report high levels of marital satisfaction and have long-lasting open marriages.


title: Open marriage

text: Other couples drop out of the open marriage lifestyle and return to sexual monogamy. These couples may continue to believe open marriage is a valid way of life, just not for them.


title: Open marriage

text: The extent to which open marriage actually contributes to divorce remains uncertain. Blumstein and Schwartz note a slightly higher risk of divorce among couples who engage in extramarital sex, even if the couples agree to allow extramarital sex. However, Rubin and Adams did not observe any significant difference in the risk of divorce for couples in open marriages and couples in sexually monogamous marriages.


title: Open marriage

text: A 1981 study concluded that around 80 percent of people in open marriages experienced jealousy over their extramarital relationships. Couples in open marriages experienced as much or more jealousy than people in sexually monogamous marriages.


title: Open marriage

text: People who experience normal jealousy have at least nine strategies for coping with jealousy. The problem-solving strategies include: improving the primary relationship, interfering with the rival relationship, demanding commitment, and self-assessment. The emotion-focused strategies include: derogation of partner or rival, developing alternatives, denial/avoidance, support/catharsis, and appraisal challenge. These strategies are related to emotion regulation, conflict management, and cognitive change.


title: Open marriage

text: Couples in open marriages may prefer different kinds of extramarital relationships. Couples who prefer extramarital relationships emphasizing love and emotional involvement have a polyamorous style of open marriage. Couples who prefer extramarital relationships emphasizing sexual gratification and recreational friendships have a swinging style of open marriage. These distinctions may depend on psychological factors such as sociosexuality and may contribute to the formation of separate Polyamory and Swinging communities. Despite their distinctions, however, all open marriages share common issues: the lack of social acceptance, the need to maintain the health of their relationship and avoid neglect, and the need to manage jealous rivalry.


title: Open marriage

text: Many open couples establish rules that forbid emotional attachment, extramarital children, extramarital sex in the marital bed, extramarital sex with those known to both partners, or extramarital sex without the use of barrier contraception.


title: Open marriage

text: Some open marriages are one-sided. Some situations giving rise to this are where the libidos of partners differ greatly, or illness renders one partner incapable of, or no longer desiring, sex. The couple may remain together while one partner seeks out sexual gratification as he or she sees fit. The difference between these situations and a cheating situation is that both partners in the marriage are aware of, and agree to the arrangement.


title: Open marriage

text: Extramarital relationships vary in terms of the degree of sexual involvement desired and the degree of emotional involvement desired. Presented with the potentiality of non-monogamous intimacy, a given individual might be motivated more either by the desire for multiple sexual partners or a wider erotic experience than offered by monogamy, or by the desire for multiple others with whom to form an emotional or familial bond.


title: Open marriage

text: Polyamory is motivated by a desire to expand love by developing emotionally involved relationships with extramarital partners. Swinging is motivated by a desire for physical gratification by engaging in sexual activities with extramarital partners. The distinction between polyamory and swinging applies to open marriages. Delineation of polyamory and swinging has appeared in academic literature, popular media, and Web sites devoted respectively to polyamory and to swinging. (The swing sites prefer to frame the distinction more along Gould's "utopic swingers" and "recreational swingers".)


title: Open marriage

text: A "polyamorous style" of open marriage emphasizes the expansion of loving relationships by developing emotional attachments to extramarital partners. A "swinging style" of open marriage emphasizes physical gratification by engaging in recreational sex with extramarital partners.


title: Open marriage

text: The preference for a polyamorous versus a swinging style of open marriage may depend on many psychological factors. One factor may be sociosexuality, an individual's willingness to engage in sexual behavior without having emotional ties to the sex partner. Individuals who are very willing to engage in sexual behavior without emotional ties are said to have "unrestricted sociosexuality". Individuals who are very unwilling to engage in sexual behavior without emotional ties are said to have "restricted sociosexuality". Individuals can vary along a continuum from unrestricted to restricted sociosexuality.


title: Open marriage

text: Couples with different styles of open marriage tend to self-segregate in order to find others who share similar philosophies and interests, which has likely contributed to the development of separate polyamory and swinging communities. These offer informational resources and support, even if a given couple in an open marriage cannot see themselves joining either community. Some couples may not have a strong preference for either style of open marriage, feeling equally at home either community.


title: Open marriage

text: The partners within a couple may differ in their respective preferences. One partner may prefer a polyamorous style of open marriage and participate in the Polyamory community, while the other partner may prefer a swinging style of open marriage and participate in the swinging community. Variations in couple preferences and individual preferences thus can result in overlap between the polyamory and swinging communities.


title: Open marriage

text: Some critics object to open marriages on the ground that open marriages violate religious principles. For example, open marriages contradict traditional Christian doctrine. Open marriages also violate the prohibition against adultery in the Ten Commandments. The definition of sexual immorality in Christianity includes the practices of open marriage and therefore it is considered an immutable reason for a dissolution of marriage. The Jewish religion hold similar values as Christianity in these matters. Muslims or Islamic teachings however allows for polygynous marriages albeit for the male partner only. Islam prohibits this practice for the female partner. The perceived validity of these objections depends entirely on individual faith. Arguments about faith and rationality lie outside the scope of this article. Generally, non-monogamous people tend not to be very religious. A 1998 review observed that, across the various studies, most swingers (approximately two-thirds) claimed to have no religious affiliation.


title: Open marriage

text: Surveys show consistently high disapproval of extramarital sex. Hunt mentions three general-population surveys conducted in the 1960s in which large majorities disapproved of extramarital sex under any conditions. More recent surveys show that 75–85 percent of adults in the United States disapprove of extramarital sex.


title: Open marriage

text: Similar levels of disapproval are observed in other Western societies. Widmer, Treas, and Newcomb surveyed over 33,500 people in 24 nations and found 85 percent of people believed extramarital sex was "always" or "nearly always" wrong. Much of the disapproval is attributed to "religious and moral reasons."


title: Open marriage

text: A few studies have shown more direct disapproval of open marriage. In a national study of several hundred women and men, Hunt (1974) reported that around 75 percent of women and over 60 percent of men agreed with the statement "Mate-swapping is wrong." A 1975 study of several hundred men and women living in the midwestern United States found that 93 percent would not consider participating in swinging.


title: Open marriage

text: These young women viewed open marriage as one of the least desirable forms of marriage, with 94 percent saying they would never participate in a marriage where the man has a right to sex outside the marriage, and 91 percent saying they would never participate in a marriage where the woman has a right to sex outside the marriage.


title: Open marriage

text: Engaging in sex with a greater number of partners increases risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases. These concerns do not apply to open marriage alone, which would affect only 1 to 6 percent of the married population. A 1985 study found that 33 percent of male swingers and 10 percent of female swingers claimed to actively fear this risk.


title: Open marriage

text: In another study, sexually transmitted diseases topped the list of disadvantages of swinging, and 58 percent of swingers expressed some fear of HIV/AIDS.


title: Open marriage

text: Some couples have decided to drop out of open marriage lifestyles and become sexually monogamous in response to HIV/AIDS.


title: Open marriage

text: The risk of sexually transmitted diseases can be greatly reduced by practicing safer sex. However, the percentage of people in open marriages who practice safer sex remains disputed. Anecdotal observations range from claiming no one at a swing event practiced safer sex to claiming everyone at an event practiced safer sex. A survey of swingers found that "Over 62% said that they had changed their behaviors because of the AIDS scare. The two most frequently mentioned changes were being more selective with whom they swung and practicing safer sex (e.g., using condoms). Almost 7% said they had quit swinging because of the AIDS epidemic. Finally, one third said that they had not changed any of their habits, and, of these respondents, more than a third said nothing, not even AIDS, would get them to change."


title: Open marriage

text: Although a majority of swingers reported changing their behaviors in response to HIV/AIDS, some chose to become more selective in choosing partners rather than adopting safer sex practices. Greater selectivity in choosing partners is not a reliable means of reducing the spread of HIV/AIDS. Many people are not aware they are infected, and no outwards signs of infection may be visible. One psychological study suggests people may not be particularly good at detecting lies about HIV status.


title: Open marriage

text: Remarkably, one-third of swingers flatly rejected the idea of changing their behaviors in response to HIV/AIDS. These finding suggest people involved in open marriages may indeed be at somewhat greater risk of sexually transmitted diseases, including HIV/AIDS.


title: Open marriage

text: Several authors consider open marriages to be psychologically damaging. They claim sexual non-monogamy proves too difficult for most couples to manage, and their relationships suffer as a consequence. These authors contend that sexual non-monogamy provokes jealousy in couples. This disrupts couples' sense of security in their relationships and interferes with their sense of intimacy. Consequently, these authors view open marriage as a "failed" lifestyle.


title: Open marriage

text: Other studies have found that couples report high levels of satisfaction and enjoy long-lasting open marriages. Other couples drop out of the open marriage lifestyle and return to sexual monogamy. These couples may continue to view open marriage as a valid lifestyle for others, but not for themselves.


title: Open marriage

text: Strong social disapproval of open marriage may lead to a loss of psychological and health benefits. People in open marriages may hide their lifestyle from family, friends, and colleagues.


title: Open marriage

text: Keeping their lifestyles secret reduces the amount of social support available to people in open marriages.


title: Open marriage

text: In 1983, Blumstein and Schwartz determined that out of 3,498 married men, 903 had an agreement with their spouses allowing extramarital sex; of these, 24 percent (217 men) actually engaged in extramarital sex during the previous year, and overall 6 percent had been actively involved in open marriages during the previous year. The number is only slightly less for women, where of 3,520 married women, 801 had an agreement with their spouses allowing extramarital sex, and 22 percent (or 176 women) actually engaged in extramarital sex during the previous year. This means about 5 percent of married women were actively involved in open marriages during the previous year.


title: Open marriage

text: Those estimates are slightly higher than those from other researchers. Hunt, based on interviews from a 1974 national study of sexual behavior, estimated that 2% to 4% of the married population was involved in open marriages.


title: Open marriage

text: The lowest estimate comes from a study conducted by Spanier and Cole (1975) of several hundred people living in the midwestern United States, which found 1.7 percent of married people involved in open marriages.


title: Open marriage

text: Following the 1972 publication of "Open Marriage", the popular media expressed a belief that open marriages were on the rise. However, Hunt concluded the incidence of extramarital sex had remained about the same for many years:


title: Open marriage

text: Hunt attributed the mistaken impression of increasing open marriages to a barrage of books, articles, and television shows dealing with the topic. He also notes that speculative comments about increases in open marriage would sometimes be repeated often enough that people cited them as evidence.


title: Open marriage

text: Nearly twenty years later (1993), in a national study of sexual behavior, Janus and Janus likewise denied that open marriages were on the rise, and suggested the number of open marriages may have declined:


title: Open marriage

text: A large amount of media interest can mislead people into thinking the incidence of open marriage is on the rise. Conversely, media attention given to the marriage movement can mislead people into thinking the incidence of open marriage is declining. Weiss (1997) notes that "there is no scientific basis for concluding that these patterns increased in popularity earlier or that they have become less common in the 1980s and 1990s."


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The first series of the 2005 revival of the British science fiction programme "Doctor Who" began on 26 March 2005 with the episode "Rose". This marked the end of the programme's 16-year absence from episodic television following its cancellation in 1989, and was the first new televised "Doctor Who" story since the broadcast of the television movie starring Paul McGann in 1996. The finale episode, "The Parting of the Ways", was broadcast on 18 June 2005. The show was revived by longtime "Doctor Who" fan Russell T Davies, who had been lobbying the BBC since the late 1990s to bring the show back. The first series comprised 13 episodes, eight of which Davies wrote. Davies, Julie Gardner and Mal Young served as executive producers, Phil Collinson as producer.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The show depicts the adventures of a mysterious and eccentric Time Lord known as the Doctor, who travels through time and space in his time machine, the TARDIS, which normally appears from the exterior to be a blue 1950s British police box. With his companions, he explores time and space, faces a variety of foes and saves civilizations, helping people and righting wrongs.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The first series features Christopher Eccleston as the ninth incarnation of the Doctor, his only series in the role, accompanied by Billie Piper, as his first and main companion Rose Tyler, whom he plucks from obscurity on planet Earth, and to whom he grows increasingly attached. He also travels briefly with unruly boy-genius Adam Mitchell, played by Bruno Langley, and with 51st-century con man and former "Time Agent" Captain Jack Harkness, portrayed by John Barrowman. Episodes in the series form a loose story arc, based upon the recurring phrase "Bad Wolf", the significance of which goes unexplained until the two-part series finale. Alongside the "Bad Wolf" arc, the revived era re-introduces the Doctor as the sole survivor of an event known as the Time War, which the Doctor claims wiped out all of the Time Lords and the Daleks.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The series premiere was watched by 10.81 million viewers, and four days after the premiere episode was broadcast, "Doctor Who" was renewed for a Christmas special as well as a second series. The series was well received by both critics and fans, winning a BAFTA Award for the first time in "Doctor Who"s history. The approval from Michael Grade, who had previously forced an 18-month hiatus on the show in 1985, and had postponed "Doctor Who" out of personal dislike on several occasions, was cited as a factor in the show's resurgence. The show's popularity ultimately led to a resurgence in family-orientated Saturday night drama.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Unlike the classic era of the series that ended in 1989, the plan with the new series was to have each episode as a standalone story, with no serials. Of the thirteen episodes in the series, seven of them followed this format; the remaining six were grouped together into three two-part stories. Also, for the first time since "The Gunfighters" in the third season, each episode was given an individual title, which was the case with the standalone and two-part stories.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The production team was tasked with finding a suitable actor for the role of the Doctor. Most notably, they approached film stars Hugh Grant and Rowan Atkinson for the role. By the time Mal Young had suggested actor Christopher Eccleston to Davies, Eccleston was one of only three left in the running for the role: the other two candidates are rumoured in the industry to have been Alan Davies and Bill Nighy. His involvement in the programme was announced on 20 March 2004 following months of speculation. In the April 2004 issue of "Doctor Who Magazine", Davies announced that Eccleston's Doctor would indeed be the Ninth Doctor, relegating Richard E. Grant's Shalka Doctor to non-official status. Russell T Davies revealed that Eccleston asked for the role in an e-mail.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: After the announcement that the show would be returning, Davies revealed that the new companion would "probably" be called Rose Tyler in an edition of "Doctor Who Magazine" published in November 2003. This name was confirmed in March 2004, and it was announced at the same time that former pop star Billie Piper was being considered for the role. Piper was announced as portraying Rose Tyler on 24 May, a character which fulfilled the role of permanent companion during the series, and was welcomed by fans of the show. Actress Georgia Moffett, daughter of Fifth Doctor actor Peter Davison and who would later appear as the title role in the fourth series episode "The Doctor's Daughter", also auditioned for the role. The original conception of Tyler was slightly different. Paul Abbott was scheduled to write an episode for the series which would have revealed that Rose's entire life had been manipulated by the Doctor in order to mould her into an ideal companion. Davies eventually wrote "Boom Town" to replace it when Abbott, after months of development, realised he was too busy to work on the script.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The first series was Christopher Eccleston's only series in the role of the Doctor. Eccleston's contract was for a single year because at the time it was uncertain whether the show would continue beyond a single revival series. Eccleston's intent to leave was revealed on 30 March 2005, shortly after the broadcast of the first episode. The BBC released a statement, attributed to Eccleston, saying that he had decided to leave because he feared becoming typecast. On 4 April, the BBC revealed that Eccleston's "statement" was falsely attributed and released without his consent. The BBC admitted that they had broken an agreement made in January not to disclose publicly that he only intended to do one season. In a 2010 interview, Eccleston revealed that he left the show because he "didn't enjoy the environment and the culture that [they], the cast and crew, had to work in", but that he was proud of having played the role.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The character of Adam Mitchell was first conceived, along with Henry van Statten, during Davies' pitch to the BBC, in a story heavily based on Robert Shearman's audio play "Jubilee" called "Return of the Daleks". The production team had always intended for Adam to join the TARDIS after Rose developed a liking for him. To play this role, Bruno Langley was chosen, previously known for his role on "Coronation Street" as Todd Grimshaw. It was never intended for Adam to be a long-term companion, Davies wanted to show that not everyone is suitable to join the TARDIS crew and dubbed him "The Companion That Couldn't", he "always wanted to do a show with someone who was a rubbish companion".


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: John Barrowman appears as Captain Jack Harkness, a character introduced in "The Empty Child", where he joined the TARDIS crew for the final five episodes of the series. In naming the character, Davies drew inspiration from the Marvel Comics character Agatha Harkness. Jack's appearances were conceived with the intention of forming a character arc in which Jack is transformed from a coward to a hero, and Barrowman consciously minded this in his portrayal of the character. Following on that arc, the character's debut episode would leave his morality as ambiguous, publicity materials asking, "is he a force for good or ill?" Barrowman himself was a key factor in the conception of Captain Jack. Barrowman says that at the time of his initial casting, Davies and co-executive producer, Julie Gardner had explained to him that they "basically wrote the character around [John]". On meeting him, Barrowman tried out the character using his native Scottish accent, his normal American accent, and an English accent; Davies decided it "made it bigger if it was an American accent". Barrowman recounts Davies as having been searching for an actor with a "matinée idol quality", telling him that "the only one in the whole of Britain who could do it was you".


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: David Tennant had been offered the role of the Doctor when he was watching a pre-transmission copy of "Casanova" with Davies and Gardner. Tennant initially believed the offer was a joke, but after he realised they were serious, he accepted the role and first appeared in the series finale "The Parting of the Ways". Tennant was announced as Eccleston's replacement on 16 April 2005. Other recurring characters for the series included Camille Coduri as Rose's mother Jackie Tyler, and Noel Clarke as Rose's boyfriend Mickey Smith. Other actors and television presenters who appeared in the series included Mark Benton, Zoë Wanamaker, Simon Callow, Eve Myles, Penelope Wilton, Annette Badland, David Verrey, Matt Baker, Andrew Marr, Corey Johnson, Simon Pegg, Anna Maxwell-Martin, Tamsin Greig, Shaun Dingwall, Florence Hoath, Richard Wilson, Jo Joyner, Davina McCall, Paterson Joseph, Anne Robinson, Trinny Woodall, and Susannah Constantine.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: During the late-90s, Davies, a lifelong "Doctor Who" fan, lobbied the BBC to revive the show from its hiatus and reached the discussion stages in late 1998 and early 2002. His proposals would update the show to be better suited for a 21st-century audience, including the transition from videotape to film, doubling the length of each episode from twenty-five minutes to fifty, keeping the Doctor primarily on Earth in the style of the Third Doctor UNIT episodes, and removing "excess baggage" such as Gallifrey and the Time Lords. His pitch competed against three others: Dan Freedman's fantasy retelling, Matthew Graham's Gothic-styled pitch, and Mark Gatiss, Clayton Hickman and Gareth Roberts' reboot, which would make the Doctor the audience surrogate character, instead of his companions.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: In August 2003, the BBC had resolved the issues regarding production rights that had surfaced as a result of the jointly produced Universal Studios–BBC–Fox 1996 "Doctor Who" film, leading the Controller of BBC One Lorraine Heggessey and Controller of Drama Commissioning Jane Tranter to approach Gardner and Davies to create a revival of the series to air in a primetime slot on Saturday nights, as part of the BBC's plan to devolve production to its regional bases. By mid-September, they accepted the deal to produce the series alongside "Casanova".


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Following "Scream of the Shalka", an animated episode which was shown on the "Doctor Who" website, the 'real' return of "Doctor Who" was announced on 26 September 2003 in a press release from the BBC.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Davies voluntarily wrote a pitch for the series, the first time he had done so; he previously chose to jump straight to writing pilot episodes because he felt that a pitch would "feel like [he's] killing the work". The fifteen-page pitch outlined a Doctor who was "your best friend; someone you want to be with all the time"; the eighteen-year-old Rose Tyler as a "perfect match" for the new Doctor; avoidance of the forty-year back story "except for the good bits"; the retention of the TARDIS, sonic screwdriver, and Daleks; removal of the Time Lords; and also a greater focus on humanity. His pitch was submitted for the first production meeting in December 2003, with a series of thirteen episodes obtained by pressure from BBC Worldwide and a workable budget from Julie Gardner.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: By early 2004, the show had settled into a regular production cycle. Davies, Gardner, and BBC Controller of Drama Mal Young took posts as executive producers, although Young vacated the role at the end of the series. Phil Collinson, an old colleague from Granada, took the role of producer. Keith Boak, Euros Lyn, Joe Ahearne, Brian Grant and James Hawes directed the series. Davies' official role as head writer and executive producer, or "showrunner", consisted of laying a skeletal plot for the entire series, holding "tone meetings" to correctly identify the tone of an episode, often being described in one word—for example, the "tone word" for Moffat's "The Empty Child" was "romantic"—and overseeing all aspects of production. During early production the word "Torchwood", an anagram of "Doctor Who", was used as a title ruse for the series while filming its first few episodes and on the daily rushes to ensure they were not intercepted. The word "Torchwood" was later seeded in "Doctor Who" and became the name of the spin-off series "Torchwood".


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Davies was interested in making an episode that would serve as a crossover with "", and involve the TARDIS landing on board the NX-01. The idea was officially discussed, but the plans were abandoned following the cancellation of "Enterprise" in February 2005.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The first series of "Doctor Who" featured eight scripts by Davies, the remainder being allocated to experienced drama writers and previous writers for the show's ancillary releases: Steven Moffat penned a two-episode story, while Mark Gatiss, Robert Shearman, and Paul Cornell each wrote one script. Davies also approached his friend Paul Abbott and "Harry Potter" author J. K. Rowling to write for the series, but both declined due to existing commitments. Shortly after securing writers for the show, Davies stated that he had no intention to approach writers for the old series; the only writer he would have wished to work with was Robert Holmes, who died in May 1986, halfway through writing his contribution to "The Trial of a Time Lord".


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Elwen Rowlands and Helen Raynor served as script editors for the series. They were hired simultaneous, marking the first time "Doctor Who" had female script editors. Rowlands left after the first series for "Life on Mars". Compared to the original series the role of the script editors was significantly diminished, with the head writer taking most of those responsibilities. Unlike the original series they do not have the power to commission scripts. Instead, they act as liaisons between the production staff and the screenwriter, before passing their joint work to the head writer for a "final polish". Raynor said that the job is not a creative one, "you are a part of it, but you aren't driving it."


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Under producer Davies, the new series had a faster pace than those of the classic series. Rather than four to six-part serials of 25-minute episodes, most of the Ninth Doctor's stories consisted of individual 45-minute episodes, with only three stories out of ten being two-parters. The thirteen episodes were, however, loosely connected in a series-long story arc which brought their disparate threads together in the series finale. Davies took cues from American fantasy television series such as "Buffy the Vampire Slayer" and "Smallville", most notably "Buffy"s concepts of series-long story arcs and the "Big Bad". Also, like the original series, stories often flowed directly into one another or were linked together in some way. Notably, in common only with the seventh and twenty-sixth seasons of the original series, every story of the season takes place on or near Earth. This fact is directly addressed in the original novel "The Monsters Inside", in which Rose and the Doctor joke about the fact that all their adventures to date have taken place on Earth or on neighbouring space stations.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The stories of the series varied quite significantly in tone, with the production team showcasing the various genres inhabited by "Doctor Who" over the years. Examples include the "pseudo-historical" story "The Unquiet Dead"; the far-future whodunnit of "The End of the World"; Earthbound alien invasion stories in "Rose" and "Aliens of London"/"World War Three"; "base under siege" in "Dalek"; and horror in "The Empty Child". Even the spin-off media were represented, with "Dalek" taking elements from writer Rob Shearman's own audio play "Jubilee" and the emotional content of Paul Cornell's "Father's Day" drawing on the tone of Cornell's novels in the Virgin New Adventures line. Davies had asked both Shearman and Cornell to write their scripts with those respective styles in mind. The episode "Boom Town" included a reference to the novel "The Monsters Inside", becoming the first episode to acknowledge (albeit in a subtle way) spin-off fiction.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Principal photography for the series began on 18 July 2004 on location in Cardiff for "Rose". The series was filmed across South East Wales, mostly in or around Cardiff. Each episode took about two weeks to film. The start of filming created stress among the production team because of unseen circumstances: several scenes from the first block had to be re-shot because the original footage was unusable; the Slitheen prosthetics for "Aliens of London", "World War Three", and "Boom Town" were noticeably different from their computer-generated counterparts; and, most notably, the BBC came to a gridlock with the Terry Nation estate to secure the Daleks for the sixth episode of the series, to be written by Rob Shearman. After the first production block, which Davies described as "hitting a brick wall", the show's production was markedly eased as the crew familiarised themselves. Filming concluded on 23 March 2005. David Tennant, who was cast as Eccleston's replacement, recorded his appearance at the end of "The Parting of the Ways" on 21 April 2005 with a skeleton crew. Production blocks were arranged as follows:


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The new logo was revealed on the BBC website on 18 October 2004. The first official trailer was released as part of BBC One's Winter Highlights presentation on 2 December 2004 and subsequently posted on the Internet by the BBC. A media blitz including billboards and posters across the UK started early March 2005. Television trailers started showing up on 5 March and radio advertisements started two weeks before the series premiere and ran till the second episode aired. The official "Doctor Who" website was launched with exclusive content such as games and new Ninth Doctor information.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: An early edit of the premiere was leaked onto the Internet three weeks before the scheduled series premiere. This attracted much media attention and discussion amongst fans, and caused interest in the show to skyrocket. The BBC released a statement that the source of the leak appeared to be connected to the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation, which responded by stating that they "are looking into it. That's all I can say at this point because we don't know exactly what happened. It certainly wasn't done intentionally." Asa Bailey, founder of the Viral Advertising Association, said that the BBC hired them for viral marketing strategies, and that he told them "they should release things before their time", to create a "cool factor". Both the BBC and CBC denied any involvement, but Bailey believes that to be disingenuous, saying that it is "the best viral advert they could have done". The leak was ultimately traced to a third-party company in Canada which had a legitimate preview copy. The employee responsible was fired by the company.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: "Rose" finally saw transmission on schedule on 26 March 2005 at 7 pm on BBC One, the first regular episode of "Doctor Who" since Part Three of "Survival" on 6 December 1989. To complement the series, BBC Wales also produced "Doctor Who Confidential", a 13-part documentary series with each episode broadcast on BBC Three immediately after the end of the weekly instalment on BBC One. Both the series and documentary aired for 13 consecutive weeks, with the finale episode, "The Parting of the Ways", airing on 18 June 2005 along with its documentary counterpart. Davies had requested that the two first episodes be broadcast back-to-back, but the request was given to the BBC just two weeks before transmission, at which point everything was already set. In some regions, the first few minutes of the original BBC broadcast of "Rose" on 26 March were marred by the accidental mixing of a few seconds of sound from Graham Norton hosting "Strictly Dance Fever".


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: In the United States, the Sci Fi Channel originally passed on the new series as it found it lacking and believed it did not fit in its schedule, but the network later changed its mind. After it was announced that the first series would start in March 2006, Sci Fi Channel Executive Vice President Thomas Vitale called "Doctor Who" "a true sci-fi classic", with creative storytelling and colorful history, and was excited to add it to its line up. The network also took an option on the second series. Candace Carlisle from BBC Worldwide found The Sci Fi Channel the perfect home for "Doctor Who". "Doctor Who" finally debuted in the U.S. on the Sci Fi Channel on 17 March 2006 with the first two episodes airing back-to-back, one year after the Canadian and UK showings. The series concluded its initial U.S. broadcast on 9 June 2006.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The series was first released in volumes; the first volume, containing the first three episodes, was released in Region 2 on 16 May 2005. The second, with "Aliens of London", "World War Three", and "Dalek", followed on 13 June 2005. "The Long Game", "Father's Day", "The Empty Child", and "The Doctor Dances" were released in the third volume on 1 August 2005 and the final three episodes were released in the fourth volume on 5 September 2005.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The entire series was then released in a boxset on 21 November 2005 in Region 2. Aside from the 13 episodes it included commentaries on every episode, a video diary from Davies during the first week of filming, as well as other featurettes. The boxset was released in Region 1 on 4 July 2006.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: "Rose" received average overnight ratings of 9.9 million viewers, peaking at 10.5 million, respectively 43.2% and 44.3% of all viewers at that time. The final figure for the episode, including video recordings watched within a week of transmission, was 10.81 million, making it the third highest for BBC One that week and seventh across all channels. The opening episode was the highest rated episode of the first series. The penultimate episode, "Bad Wolf", received the lowest viewers of the series with just 6.81 million viewers. The series also garnered the highest audience Appreciation Index of any non-soap drama on television. Besides the second episode, "The End of the World", which garnered a 79% rating, the lowest of the series, all episodes received an AI above 80%. The series finale "The Parting of the Ways" was the highest rated episode with an AI of 89%. The success of the launch saw the BBC's Head of Drama Jane Tranter confirming on 30 March that the series would return both for a Christmas Special in December 2005 and a full second series in 2006.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: The initial Sci Fi Channel broadcasts of the series attained an average Nielsen Rating of 1.3, representing 1.5 million viewers in total. Although these ratings were less than those reached by Sci Fi's original series "Battlestar Galactica", "Stargate SG-1" and "Stargate Atlantis", they reflect a 44% increase in ratings and a 56% increase in viewership over the same timeslot in the second quarter of 2005, as well as increases of 56% and 57% in two key demographics.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes offers an 83% approval from 12 critic reviews, and an average rating of 8.6/10.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: In April 2004, Michael Grade returned to the BBC, this time as the Chairman of the Board of Governors, although this position does not involve any commissioning or editorial responsibilities. Although he had previously disliked the show and imposed an eighteen-month hiatus on it during the Sixth Doctor era, he eventually wrote an e-mail to the Director-General of the BBC Mark Thompson in June 2005, after the successful new first series, voicing approval for its popularity. He also declared, "[I] never dreamed I would ever write this. I must be going soft!" The revival also impressed former Doctor Sylvester McCoy, who praised Eccleston and Piper as well as their characters, and the pacing of the first episode. His only criticism was about the new TARDIS interior, though he did comment that he was "also a bit dismayed that more wasn't made of the show's incidental music, which seemed fairly anonymous in the background".


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Robin Oliver of "The Sydney Morning Herald" praised Davies for taking "an adult approach to one of television's most famous characters" that children would appreciate, and that he reinvented it in a way that would be "competitive in a high-tech market". Oliver also wrote that older viewers would find Eccleston "easily the best time lord since Tom Baker". Reviewing the first episode, "The Stage"s Harry Venning hailed it as a "fabulous, imaginative, funny and sometimes frightening reinvention" and particularly praised Rose for being an improvement upon previous female companions who were "fit only to scream or be captured". However, he found Eccleston to be "the show's biggest disappointment" as he looked "uncomfortable playing fantasy". Digital Spy's Dek Hogan found the final episode anticlimactic, but overall said that the series was "excellent Saturday night telly of the kind that many of us thought the BBC had forgotten how to make". He praised Eccleston's performance and named "The Empty Child" and "The Doctor Dances" as the best episodes. Arnold T Blumburg of "Now Playing" gave the series a grade of A−, praising its variety. However, he was critical of Davies' "annoying tendency to play to the lowest common denominator with toilet humor", but felt that from "Dalek" on the series was more dramatic and sophisticated.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: DVD Talk's John Sinnott rated the first series four and a half out of five stars, writing that it "keeps a lot of the charm and excitement of the original (as well as the premise), while making the series easily accessible for new viewers". Sinnott praised the faster pace and the design changes that made it feel "fresh", as well as Eccleston's Doctor. However, he felt that Piper only did a "credible" job as Eccleston eclipsed her, and said that the writing was "uneven" with many of the episodes "just slightly flawed". Looking back on the series in 2011, Stephen Kelly of "The Guardian" wrote, "Eccleston's Doctor may have had many faults – looking like an "EastEnders" extra and bellowing "FANTASTIC!" at every opportunity being two of them – but he was merely a reflection of a show that, at the time, still didn't know what it wanted to be. The first series of the revived "Doctor Who" – which featured farting aliens – was a world away from the intelligent, populist science-fiction we know it as now. But then, it is thanks to Eccleston that it got this far at all – a big, respectable name who laid the foundations for Tennant to swag away with the show."


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: However, not everyone was pleased with the new production. Some fans criticised the new logo and perceived changes to the TARDIS model. According to various news sources, members of the production team even received hate mail and death threats. "The Unquiet Dead" was criticised by parents, who felt that the episode was "too scary" for their young children; the BBC dismissed the complaints, saying that it had never been intended for the youngest of children.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Selected pieces of score from this series, alongside material from the second series and "The Runaway Bride", as composed by Murray Gold, were released on 4 December 2006 by Silva Screen Records.


title: Doctor Who (series 1)

text: Murray Gold's arrangement of the main theme featured samples from the 1963 original with further elements added: an orchestral sound of low horns, strings and percussion and part of the Dalek ray-gun and TARDIS materialisation sound effects. Included on the album are two versions of the theme: the 44-second opening version, as arranged by Gold, and a longer arrangement that includes the middle eight, after Gold omitted the "middle eight" from both the opening and closing credits. Gold has said that his interpretation was driven by the title visual sequence he was given to work around. Often erroneously cited as being the same as the end credits version, this second version is in fact a new arrangement and recording.


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana (, ) also known as Suyodhana, is the primary antagonist in the Hindu epic "Mahabharata." He was the eldest of the Kauravas, the hundred sons of the blind king Dhritarashtra and his queen Gandhari. Being the first-born son of the blind king, he was the crown prince of the Kuru Kingdom and its capital of Hastinapura, often forced into ceding the title to his cousin Yudhishthira, who was older than him. Karna was the prince's closest friend. Notably, Duryodhana, with significant assistance from Karna, performs the Vaishnava Yagna when the Pandavas are in exile. Duryodhana used his greater skill in wielding the mace to defeat his opponents. He was also an extremely courageous warrior and was said to be a good ruler. Duryodhana's greed and arrogance were the two qualities said to have led to his downfall in the Mahabharata.


title: Duryodhana

text: When Gandhari's pregnancy continued for an unusually long period of time, Her mother-in-law Ambika and Ambalika were very upset with her. Pandu and Kunti earlier bore a son whom they named Yudhishthira. So she beat her womb in frustration. This caused a hardened mass of grey-coloured flesh to issue from her womb. She implored Vyasa, the great sage who had blessed her as "Shata Putra Praptirasthu" (Sanskrit for "blessed with a hundred sons"), to redeem his words. Vyasa divided the ball of flesh into one hundred and one equal pieces and put them in pots of milk, which were sealed and buried into the earth for two years. At the end of the second year, the first pot was opened, and Duryodhana emerged.


title: Duryodhana

text: Although loved by his family, Duryodhana and most of his brothers were not seen on the same level as the Pandavas in their adherence to virtue, duty, and respect for elders. Duryodhana felt that the partiality everyone showed to the Pandavas was only due to the circumstances of their birth. Duryodhana was mentored by his maternal uncle Shakuni, who masterminded most of Duryodhana's plots to humiliate and kill the Pandavas.


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana's hatred for the Pandavas stemmed from his sincere belief that he being the son of the eldest brother should be the heir apparent to the throne of Hastinapura. Because of his father's (Dhritarashtra) blindness, his father had to renounce the throne in favour of his younger brother, Pandu. Duryodhana deeply believed that what was rightfully his was being given away to his older cousin Yudhishthira. He also felt that the Pandavas were the sons of Kunti and devas/deities, and not of Pandu. He never believed that their divine origin alone proved their superiority. On many occasions he questioned their merits and always called them 'Kaunteya' (sons of Kunti). He would never accept the Pandavas as his brothers but always did his best to restrain them. He also bore a deep hatred of Bhima, who was older than him but much stronger and dominated his brothers in sport and skill with his immense physical power and strength. Out of anger and jealousy, he even tried to poison Bheem, but was unsuccessful.


title: Duryodhana

text: Learning martial skills from his gurus Dronacharya, he proved to be extremely skilled with the mace. He then went to specialize in mace fighting under Balarama, so as to gain sympathy from him and went on to become his favourite pupil. Balarama described Duryodhana's body to be "lightning made flesh" and declared him to be the greatest mace fighter of his generation.


title: Duryodhana

text: At the martial exhibition where the Kaurava and Pandava princes demonstrated their skills before their elders, their guru Drona and the people of that kingdom, Karna appeared and challenged an unsuspecting Arjuna, who is considered to be the best of the princes. But Karna was stopped when Kripa asked him to ascertain his lineage, as it would be inappropriate for unequal to compete. Karna, not being a kshatriya, bowed his head in shame.


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana immediately defended Karna, arguing that it is skill and bravery, and not birth, that defines a warrior. Using the boon granted to him by Dhritarashtra, Duryodhana made Karna king of Anga so that he was regarded as Arjuna's equal. Karna pledged his allegiance and friendship to Duryodhana. Neither of them knew that Karna was in fact Kunti's oldest son, born to (the sun god) Surya, before her marriage to Pandu.


title: Duryodhana

text: In the Kurukshetra War, Karna was Duryodhana's greatest champion and served as commander from the fifteenth day. Duryodhana sincerely believed that Karna was superior to Arjuna, and would defeat his four brothers. When Karna was killed, Duryodhana mourned his death intensely, even more so than the death of his own brothers and was inconsolable. When Karna's identity was revealed to him, Duryodhana's love for Karna only grew and it is said to be he, and not the Pandavas, who performed Karna's last rites. Krishna confirmed that he had the highest right over Karna, as they loved and supported each other truly.


title: Duryodhana

text: During their childhood, Bhima used his brute strength to inflict injuries on the Kaurava brothers. As Bhima was gluttonous, Duryodhana, guided by Shakuni attempted to kill Bhima by feeding him poison, but Bhima survived the trap and emerged even stronger than before. Duryodhana then participated in a plot by Shakuni to burn the Pandavas in a house of wax at Varnavata; however, they managed to escape the trap having been warned by Vidura.


title: Duryodhana

text: In the Stri Parva of Mahabharata, Gandhari mentioned the wife of Duryodhana and mother of Laxman. In the Shanti Parva, sage Narada narrated the marriage of Duryodhana with the daughter of King Chitrangada of Kalinga. In the Mahabharata, the wife of Duryodhana is unnamed but by most sources, Duryodhana had only one wife, who was named Bhanumati, in later interpolations.


title: Duryodhana

text: According to the story found in "Mahabharata", Duryodhana abducted King Chitrangada's daughter, Bhanumati, the maiden of the fairest complexion, from her swayamvara with the help of his best friend Karna in the wake of having been rejected by her. It is described that he loved her immensely. On reaching Hastinapur, Duryodhana justified his act by giving the example of his great grandfather Bhishma abducting three princesses of Kashi for his stepbrother.


title: Duryodhana

text: Laxman Kumara, Lakshmana, Kaalketu, Lakshmi were the children of Duryodhana and Bhanumati. Little is revealed about them in the "Mahabharata" other than Laxman's death in the Kurukshetra War and Laxmanaa's marriage to Krishna's son Samba.


title: Duryodhana

text: After the Pandavas revealed that they had survived the wax house, with a new wife to boot, Bhishma suggested that the kingdom be divided in order to ease the obvious tension. Yudhishthira is given half the kingdom and made king of Khandavprastha, so as to avoid a clash with the Kaurava princes over the whole Kuru Kingdom. Duryodhana became the crown prince of Hastinapura, and owing to the age and blindness of his father, he accumulated much control and influence, managing the state affairs himself with a group of his advisers that included his uncle Shakuni, brother Dushasana, Bhishma, Vidura, and Karna.


title: Duryodhana

text: But Duryodhana remained jealous of Yudhishthira, especially after the Pandavas along with Krishna transformed Khandavaprastha to Indraprastha. Moreover, Yudhishthira performed the Rajasuya Yagna and gained authority over several other kingdoms; Indraprastha's prosperity and fame appeared to exceed Hastinapura's. Duryodhana was unable to contain his anger, which was intensified when Bhima, Arjuna, the twins and the servants laughed at him when he slipped into a pool of water during a visit to Indraprastha.


title: Duryodhana

text: In popular culture, television shows and post-modern novels on Mahabharata attribute this blame to Draupadi with an added statement "the son of the blind man also is blind", but the scene in the canonical text of Vyasa's Sanskrit epic is different. As per original scripture written by Ved Vyasa Draupadi didn't taunt Duryodhana.


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana's jealousy of the prosperity and fame of Indraprastha and being humiliated by the Pandavas made him furious and he wished to throw down the Pandavas. To support his will, Shakuni devised a scheme to rob Yudhishthira of his kingdom and wealth by defeating him in a Pakida or game of dice, in which Shakuni couldn't lose as he had dices which he could control.


title: Duryodhana

text: Unable to decline the invitation, due to diplomacy, Yudhishthira gambled away his entire kingdom, his wealth, his four brothers and even his wife, in a series of gambits to retrieve one by staking another. After Yudhishthira lost Draupadi, Duryodhana encouraged his brother Dushasana to drag her into the court as she was now his property. Dushsana pulled Draupadi's hair and dragged her into the court. Duryodhana ordered Draupadi to sit on his left thigh, showing and patting it to insult her for revenge. Draupadi refused and Duryodhan ordered Dushashan to disrobe her. Following his brother's orders, Dushashan laughed and started pulling Draupadi's saree. Duryodhan, Shakuni, Karna and the other Kauravas (except Vikarna) also started laughing. However, by Krishna's grace, Draupadi's amount of clothing remained the same.


title: Duryodhana

text: As an enraged Draupadi was about to curse the Kuru clan, Gandhari intervened. Fearing retribution by the Pandavas, their allies, and history, Dhritarashtra and Gandhari reversed all of Yudhishthira's losses. But then (either through Duryodhana forcing his father to command the Pandavas to play again or through Shakuni's vicious tricks) the game was repeated. For this game of dice Shakuni set the condition that upon losing, Yudhishthira and his brothers must spend thirteen years in exile in the forest and one year of "Agyatavasa" (remain unknown to others possibly by a disguise) before they reclaim their kingdom. The thirteenth year must be passed incognito, or else the term of exile would be repeated. The Pandavas lost and began their exile.


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana was a good friend of Matsya Kingdom's commander-in-chief Kichaka. When Bhima killed him for humiliating Draupadi, Duryodhana blamed Matsya's King Virata for his friend Kichaka's death. Virata got angry and ordered Duryodhana to get out of his Kingdom after insulting him. Duryodhana took his army and attacked Matsya. He ordered his wife's cousin Susharma to attack Matsya from other side but they failed to conquer it because Arjuna and Bhima defended it.


title: Duryodhana

text: At the end of the exile term, Duryodhana refused to return Yudhishthira's kingdom, despite the counsel of Bhishma, Dronacharya, and Vidura. Although Dhritarashtra openly criticized his son, he tacitly desired that Duryodhana retain his throne. In a final attempt at securing peace, Krishna returned with the Pandavas' final proposal: the Pandavas would give up all claims to Indraprastha and Hastinapura in exchange for five villages. Scoffing, Duryodhana said he will not even give even a needlepoint of land to the Pandavas. Egged on by Krishna, Duryodhana attempted to arrest him. Krishna revealed his Vishvarupa form. The entire Kaurava court, saved for Bhishma, Drona, Vidura, and Dhritarashtra (who was granted a divine vision in order to see that by supporting his son, he was going against God), was temporarily blinded by the form. This confirmed to those present that Krishna was indeed an avatar of Vishnu. Duryodhana, being vastly egoistic (in some versions of the story an outright atheist), brushed off the incident, not convinced of Krishna's divinity, and believing that strength of arms, not philosophy, would win him a war.


title: Duryodhana

text: With war inevitable, Duryodhana gathered support from his powerful vassals. The most powerful warriors – Bhishma, Drona, Karna, Kripa, Shalya, Bhurisravas, Ashwatthama, even those who were critical of him were forced to fight for Duryodhana due to their previous commitments. He ended up amassing a larger army than his rivals.


title: Duryodhana

text: Shakuni also advised Duryodhana to seek Krishna's help. Duryodhana rushed to Dwarika only to find Krishna sleeping; he waited at the head of Krishna's bed when suddenly, Arjuna arrived with the same goal in mind. Arjuna waited at the foot of Krishna's bed. When Krishna woke up, both Duryodhana and Arjuna appealed for his alliance. Krishna offered a choice of himself, completely unarmed or the entire Vrishni army. Duryodhana proclaimed that because he arrived first, he should get first pick. However, Krishna said that because he saw Arjuna first and because Arjuna was younger, that Arjuna gets the first choice. Duryodhana became worried but was overjoyed when Arjuna elected to reject Krishna's army in favour of Krishna alone. Joyously, Duryodhana returned to Hastinapura with the Vrishni army in hand, only to be rebuked by Shakuni, who comments that Krishna is worth many armies by himself.


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana also managed to win the army of Shalya, the maternal uncle of Nakula and Sahadeva. Duryodhana intercepted Shalya's army as it came to Kurukshetra and offered hospitality; Shalya accepted thinking Yudhishthira had made the offer. After Shalya had enjoyed Duryodhana's comforts, Duryodhana revealed the duplicity and indicated that Shalya is now indebted to him. He used this indebtedness to extract Shalya's army and support. Duryodhana wanted Shalya mainly so that Karna would have an equivalent charioteer to Arjuna's Krishna.


title: Duryodhana

text: Bhima attacked Duryodhana, pierced him and cut off his bow. In return, Duryodhana pierced Bhima, his Charioteer and cut off his bow. Duryodhana pierced Bhima with shafts on his breast. Bhima feeling great pain fled away from the battlefield.


title: Duryodhana

text: On the 8th day, Rakashasaas of Ghatotkacha's army attacked Duryodhana. Duryodhana slew many rakshasas like Vegavat, Maharudra, Vidyujihva and Pramathin. Later, he killed Visharada, son of Kunti-Bhoja.


title: Duryodhana

text: Uttamauja and Yudhamanyu (sons of Drupad) attacked Duryodhana and Duryodhana defeated them in mace fighting. After the death of Jayadratha, Duryodhana became very angry and he started killing the Pandava army. However, he is later defeated by Yudhishthira and flees.


title: Duryodhana

text: Nakula attacked Duryodhana. Duryodhana fought with him and defeated Nakula, forcing him to flee. On the sixteenth day, he tried to face Yudishthira and bravely withstood his onslaught. But soon, Yudishthira defeated him and destroyed his chariot. Luckily, he was rescued by Karna.


title: Duryodhana

text: Nakula and Sahadeva attacked Duryodhana. Duryodhana pierced them and nearly killed them. Later, Dhrishtadyumna saved them. Then many Pandava warriors, including Yudhishthira, Bhima, Dristadyumna, Satyaki, etc. all together attacked Duryodhana. However Duryodhana alone managed to resist all the Pandavas and he repelled the Pandavas' group attack single-handedly.


title: Duryodhana

text: On the 18th day, the Pandavas together had attacked Duryodhana but they were unsuccessful as Duryodhana alone resisted and defeated all of them. Duryodhana had also killed a Yadava warrior named Chekitana on that day. Later, he tried to defeat Dhrishtadyumna who was destroying the retreating Kaurava army. However, Dhrishtadyumna killed Duryodhana's charioteer and destroyed his chariot, forcing Duryodhana to flee. He was the one of the only warriors who was able to defeat Duryodhana that day.


title: Duryodhana

text: On the eighteenth day of the war, with his army reduced to himself, Ashwatthama, Kripa and Kritvarma, Duryodhana went to meditate in a lake. When the Pandavas and Krishna eventually found him, Duryodhana told them that he wanted to gift the kingdom to them, and retire to the forest. Yudhishthira rejected the offer, telling him that Hastinapur is not Duryodhana's to gift. Instead, he offered that Duryodhana may pick any of the Pandava brothers to fight against one-to-one with a weapon of his choice, with the winner of the conflict the victor of the war.


title: Duryodhana

text: Despite his proposed advantage over Yudhishthira, Arjuna, Nakula, or Sahadeva with the gada, Duryodhana picked his nemesis Bhima. Despite Bhima's physical advantage, Duryodhana had the better technique due to his devotion to his craft. After a long and brutal battle between the two disciples of Balarama, Duryodhana began to exhaust Bhima and nearly made Bhima faint.


title: Duryodhana

text: At this point, Krishna, observing the fight, called out to Bhima and signalled him by repeatedly clapping his own thigh with his hand. As intended, Bhima was reminded of an oath he had taken after the game of dice to crush Duryodhana's thighs. Bhima victoriously attacked Duryodhana with his mace and struck his thigh, mortally wounding Duryodhana. After having his face insultingly kicked by Bhima, Duryodhana bemoaned that he was slain by unfair means, given that it was illegal to attack below the waist in a mace fight.


title: Duryodhana

text: Infuriated at the violation, Balarama, the brother of Lord Krishna, raised his weapon to attack. Lord Krishna consoled Balarama, by reminding him of Duryodhana's evil deeds, and reprimanded him for trying to influence a war he refused to participate in.


title: Duryodhana

text: Lying defeated, Duryodhana boasted to the Pandavas about how he would die a glorious death, about how he got to enjoy Hastinapur while the Pandavas were in exile, and about how he would now spend the afterlife in the company of his friends and relatives. He again eviscerated the Pandavas for all their chicanery during the war and decried their legacy. Venerating his own character, Duryodhana proclaimed he will die happily.


title: Duryodhana

text: When the coast was clear, Ashwatthama, Kripacharya, and Kritvarma, having witnessed the fight and not wanting to interrupt so as to rob Duryodhana of his honor, came to Duryodhana's broken body. Ashwatthama promised Duryodhana that he would dispatch the Pandavas and their allies to the abode of Yama and requests his permission to continue the war.


title: Duryodhana

text: Ashwatthama proceeds to the encampment and into Drishtadyumna's tent at night while everybody of Pandava camp were sleeping. Drishtadyumna awakens from his sleep, and begs Ashwatthama not to kill him cowardly at night and unarmed, and let him die a warrior's death with an appropriate duel. Ashwatthama ignores his plea and beats him to death. The Upapandavas and Shikhandhi alerted by Drishtadyumn's cries, came out of their tents to battle, only to be slain. Ashwatthama proceeds to massacre everyone in the encampment while any escapees were slain by Kripacharya and Kritvarma at the gates of the encampment.


title: Duryodhana

text: After killing the Upapandavas and the last remnants of the Panchalas, Ashwatthama returns to Duryodhana. He showed Duryodhana the blood on his sword which belonged to the Upapandavas, hearing Duryodhana peacefully left his body satisfied with revenge. Concomitant with Duryodhana's death, Sanjaya loses his divine sight, which he had been using to update Duryodhana's father Dhritarashtra. This symbolizes the conclusion to the war.


title: Duryodhana

text: After the Pandavas retired, only Yudhishthira reached heaven alive. There, he saw Duryodhana, which shocked him. When asked by Yudhishthira, Narada replied that Duryodhana fulfilled his religious duties.


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana is a popular choice of analysis. His merits, flaws, symbolism, and relevance are widely discussed.


title: Duryodhana

text: Urubhangam is a Sanskrit play written by Bhasa in the 2nd or 3rd century AD with Duryodhana as its primary protagonist. Written as a tragedy, the drama focuses on his point of view of the events of Mahabharata. His portrayal as a tragic hero is especially unique within the body of works in Sanskrit drama.


title: Duryodhana

text: Many Hindus believe that Duryodhana was the personification of Kali with demoniac qualities such as greed, ego and lust. Many critics argue that he is not without positives; many consider Duryodhana as a fair king and there are temples dedicated to him and the Kauravas. Scholars believe that like most other characters of the Mahabharata, the true picture is not black and white. His name is often mistaken to mean bad ruler, however, his name is actually coined from the Sanskrit words "du"/"duh" which means "difficult" and "yodhana" which means "fight"/"war". So Duryodhana actually means "someone who is extremely difficult to fight/defeat or wage war against".


title: Duryodhana

text: Duryodhana is viewed, by some, as the product of Dhritarashtra's ambition and also in a metaphorical sense, his "blindness". He is also praised for his adherence to his duties as a Kshatriya, and even in his last combat, fights bravely. He chooses to face Bhima in combat over all the other Pandavas, with whom he has an advantage in mace fighting. His skills in the mace are also praised; many stories call him the greatest mace-fighter of the age after Balarama, Krishna and Bheema.


title: Duryodhana

text: The friendship between Karna and Duryodhana is considered to be a great one, and is used as an example of friendship and loyalty.


title: Duryodhana

text: A lesser-known story is told about Karna, Duryodhana, and his wife Bhanumati, as an example of honest friendship.


title: Duryodhana

text: With the help of Karna, Duryodhana married Bhanumati. According to the "Mahabharata", Duryodhana abducted Bhanumati, the maiden of the fairest complexion, from her swayamvara with the help of his best friend Karna in the wake of having been rejected by her.


title: Duryodhana

text: As per a Tamil folktale, when Duryodhana had recently wedded Bhanumati, one day, he requested Karna to take care of her and entertain her for the evening as he had duties to be taken care of. To pass time, Karna and Bhanumati began playing a game of dice. The game soon got very interesting, engrossing the two of them completely. Gradually, Karna started winning. Meanwhile, Duryodhana had returned early and entered the room. Seeing her husband come in, Bhanumati immediately stood up as a mark of respect. Karna, whose back was facing the door, did not realize this and misconstrued her intent, thinking that she was leaving because she was on the losing side.


title: Duryodhana

text: He immediately reached for her pearl-trimmed shawl, and accidentally pulled so hard that the trimming broke, and the pearls were scattered all over the floor. Her veil also slipped along with the shawl, so she was half-dressed. Bhanumati, who was as yet, not so familiar with Karna, froze at the thought of how her husband would react. She had heard of his ego and had personally been present the last time he was insulted, which had resulted in her own abduction.


title: Duryodhana

text: Karna, following Bhanumati's stunned gaze, turned around to see Duryodhana observing them both carefully. He stood in shame, embarrassment and guilt, considering the wrath and inevitable punishment he was going to face from his friend. He was sure Duryodhana would immediately accuse them of impropriety. However, much to both their surprise, Duryodhana looked past Karna, and addressed his wife, ""Should I just collect the beads, or would you like me to string them, as well?”"


title: Duryodhana

text: Bhanumati and Karna could only look at each other in shock, mutely, feeling ashamed at the way they had both severely misjudged him. He had implicit faith and great love for his queen, and even greater was his faith in his friend Karna. Not for a moment did he suspect that the man he had considered his brother would ever betray him, and only quietly picked up the pearls trustfully. This story is not present in the Vyasa Mahabharata, but is often commonly told when discussing Karna and Duryodhana's genuine friendship.


title: Nurse practitioner

text: A nurse practitioner (NP) is an advanced practice registered nurse and a type of mid-level practitioner. NPs are trained to assess patient needs, order and interpret diagnostic and laboratory tests, diagnose disease, formulate and prescribe medications and treatment plans. NP training covers basic disease prevention, coordination of care, and health promotion, but does not provide the depth of expertise needed to recognize more complex conditions.


title: Nurse practitioner

text: The scope of practice for a NP is defined by legal jurisdiction. In 26 states of the US, NPs have full practice authority, while in the remaining 24 states, NPs are required to work under the supervision of a physician. In Australia, the scope of practice is guided by health organisation policy and the individual's competency, while their right to access Medicare rebates requires a Collaborative Practice Aranagement with a medical practitioner.


title: Nurse practitioner

text: The present-day concept of advanced practice nursing as a primary care provider was created in the mid-1960s, spurred on by a national shortage of physicians. The first formal graduate certificate program for NPs was created by Henry Silver, a physician, and Loretta Ford, a nurse, in 1965. In 1971, The U.S. Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, Elliot Richardson, made a formal recommendation in expanding the scope of nursing practice to be able to serve as primary care providers. In 2012, discussions arose between accreditation agencies, national certifying bodies, and state boards of nursing about the possibility of making the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) degree the new minimum standard of education for NP certification and licensure by 2015.


title: Nurse practitioner

text: Advanced practice nursing first appeared in the 1990s in Ontario.<ref name="Canada-CNS/NP"></ref> These nurses practiced in neonatal intensive care units within tertiary care hospitals in collaboration with pediatricians and neonatologists. Although the role of these nurses initially resembled a blended version of clinical nurse specialists and NPs, today the distinction has been more formally established.