title: Robotic process automation

text: Academic studies project that RPA, among other technological trends, is expected to drive a new wave of productivity and efficiency gains in the global labour market. Although not directly attributable to RPA alone, Oxford University conjectures that up to 35% of all jobs might be automated by 2035.


title: Robotic process automation

text: There are geographic implications to the trend in robotic automation. In the example above where an offshored process is "repatriated" under the control of the client organization (or even displaced by a Business Process Outsourcer) from an offshore location to a data centre, the impact will be a deficit in economic activity to the offshore location and an economic benefit to the originating economy. On this basis, developed economies – with skills and technological infrastructure to develop and support a robotic automation capability – can be expected to achieve a net benefit from the trend.


title: Robotic process automation

text: In a TEDx talk hosted by University College London (UCL), entrepreneur David Moss explains that digital labour in the form of RPA is likely to revolutionize the cost model of the services industry by driving the price of products and services down, while simultaneously improving the quality of outcomes and creating increased opportunity for the personalization of services.


title: Robotic process automation

text: In a separate TEDx in 2019 talk, Japanese business executive, and former CIO of Barclays bank, Koichi Hasegawa noted that digital robots can be a positive effect on society if we start using a robot with empathy to help every person. He provides a case study of the Japanese insurance companies – Sompo Japan and Aioi – both of whom introduced bots to speed up the process of insurance pay-outs in past massive disaster incidents.


title: Robotic process automation

text: Meanwhile, Professor Willcocks, author of the LSE paper cited above, speaks of increased job satisfaction and intellectual stimulation, characterising the technology as having the ability to "take the robot out of the human", a reference to the notion that robots will take over the mundane and repetitive portions of people's daily workload, leaving them to be used in more interpersonal roles or to concentrate on the remaining, more meaningful, portions of their day.


title: Robotic process automation

text: It was also found in a 2021 study observing the effects of robotization in Europe that, the gender pay gap increased at a rate of .18% for every 1% increase in robotization of a given industry.


title: Robotic process automation

text: Unassisted RPA, or RPAAI, is the next generation of RPA related technologies. Technological advancements around artificial intelligence allow a process to be run on a computer without needing input from a user.


title: Robotic process automation

text: Hyperautomation is the application of advanced technologies like RPA, artificial intelligence, machine learning (ML) and process mining to augment workers and automate processes in ways that are significantly more impactful than traditional automation capabilities. Hyperautomation is the combination of automation tools to deliver work.


title: Robotic process automation

text: Gartner’s report notes that this trend was kicked off with robotic process automation (RPA). The report notes that, “RPA alone is not hyper-automation. Hyperautomation requires a combination of tools and technologies like Robotic Data Automation to help support replicating pieces of where the human is involved in a task."


title: Robotic process automation

text: Back office clerical processes outsourced by large organisations - particularly those sent offshore - tend to be simple and transactional in nature, requiring little (if any) analysis or subjective judgement. This would seem to make an ideal starting point for organizations beginning to adopt robotic automation for the back office. Whether client organisations choose to take outsourced processes back "in house" from their Business Process Outsourcing (BPO) providers, thus representing a threat to the future of the BPO business, or whether the BPOs implement such automations on their clients' behalf may well depend on a number of factors.


title: Robotic process automation

text: Conversely however, a BPO provider may seek to effect some form of client lock-in by means of automation. By removing cost from a business operation, where the BPO provider is considered to be the owner of the intellectual property and physical implementation of a robotic automation solution (perhaps in terms of hardware, ownership of software licences, etc.), the provider can make it very difficult for the client to take a process back "in house" or elect a new BPO provider. This effect occurs as the associated cost savings made through automation would - temporarily at least - have to be reintroduced to the business whilst the technical solution is reimplemented in the new operational context.


title: Robotic process automation

text: The geographically agnostic nature of software means that new business opportunities may arise for those organisations that have a political or regulatory impediment to offshoring or outsourcing. A robotised automation can be hosted in a data centre in any jurisdiction and this has two major consequences for BPO providers. Firstly, for example, a sovereign government may not be willing or legally able to outsource the processing of tax affairs and security administration. On this basis, if robots are compared to a human workforce, this creates a genuinely new opportunity for a "third sourcing" option, after the choices of onshore vs. offshore. Secondly, and conversely, BPO providers have previously relocated outsourced operations to different political and geographic territories in response to changing wage inflation and new labor arbitrage opportunities elsewhere. By contrast, a data centre solution would seem to offer a fixed and predictable cost base that, if sufficiently low in cost on a robot vs. human basis, would seem to eliminate any potential need or desire to continually relocate operational bases.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dylan Kwabena Mills (born 18 September 1984), better known by his stage name Dizzee Rascal, is a British MC and rapper. A pioneer of grime music, his work has also incorporated elements of UK garage, bassline, British hip hop, and R&B.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee Rascal released his debut album "Boy in da Corner" in 2003. It earned him the 2003 Mercury Prize, and has since been considered a grime classic. Follow-up albums "Showtime", "Maths + English", and "Tongue n' Cheek" were critically praised and certified platinum, with "Tongue n' Cheek" going platinum for sales exceeding 300,000 units in the United Kingdom. He has achieved 5 UK number-one singles, "Dance wiv Me", "Bonkers", "Holiday", "Dirtee Disco" and "Shout".


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee Rascal was born as Dylan Kwabena Mills on 18 September 1984 in Bow, London. His Nigerian father died when Dizzee was young, and he was raised in Bow, in a single-parent family, by his Ghanaian mother Priscilla, about whom he says, "I had issues as a kid. I was violent and disruptive. The way my mum helped was by finding me a different school every time I got kicked out, always fighting to keep me in the school system."


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: He attended a series of schools in east London, including Langdon Park School, and was expelled from four of them, including St Paul's Way Community School. Reportedly, it was around this time that a teacher was the first to call him "Rascal". Cagey about exactly what Rascal's youthful "madnesses" entailed, in early interviews he mentioned fighting with teachers, stealing cars, and robbing pizza delivery men. In the fifth school, he was excluded from all classes except music. He also used to attend YATI (Young Actors Theatre Islington). One of his teachers at school was the comedian Shazia Mirza, who taught him science.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: He began making music on the school's computer, encouraged by a music teacher, and during the summer holidays attended a music workshop organised by Tower Hamlets Summer University, of which he is now a patron. He was a childhood friend of footballer Danny Shittu, whom he described as "almost like a big brother", and at whose house he made his first mixtapes and tracks. Unusually among his friends, he read the heavy metal magazine "Kerrang!" and was a fan of the grunge band Nirvana.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Around the age of 14, Dizzee Rascal became an amateur drum and bass DJ, also rapping over tracks as customary in sound system culture, and making occasional appearances on local pirate radio stations. Aged sixteen, he self-produced his first single, "I Luv U". In 2002, he jointly formed the Roll Deep Crew, a 13-piece garage collective, with former school friends. He also signed a solo deal with the record label XL.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: During his early career, Rascal worked with his mentor Wiley to create the still-unreleased song "We Ain't Having It" and rapped on some Sidewinder recordings. He made some instrumentals including "Go" and "Ho" and "Streetfighter". Rascal had an ongoing feud, from late 2003, with fellow underground grime artist Crazy Titch, which began when a fight broke out between the pair during a set on a guest show on the pirate radio station Deja Vu FM. The set, which features many seminal early grime artists, was filmed, and has accumulated over a million views on YouTube and resulted in the two exchanging diss tracks.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: After winning a Sidewinder Award for Best Newcomer MC in 2002, Dizzee was a judge on the Sky1 show "Must Be The Music".


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: He also did a verse on the Roll Deep remix of "Let's Push Things Forward" on the 2002 album "Weak Become Heroes" and 12" single by The Streets.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee's first solo album, "Boy in da Corner", was released to universal critical acclaim in August 2003, entering the UK Top 40 at #40. The album would peak at #23. In the same week the album was released, whilst performing with Roll Deep Crew in Cyprus, Dizzee was stabbed six times. Many tabloids suggested that this event was connected to an apparent feud between Dizzee and garage act So Solid Crew, and his pinching Lisa Maffia's buttocks. After Dizzee was hospitalised, So Solid Crew member "Megaman" – real name Dwayne Vincent – was questioned about the incident, but was released by Cypriot police.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Following the success of single "I Luv U" and the album, the second single from "Boy in da Corner" was "Fix Up, Look Sharp". The single, released in August 2003, gave Dizzee his first UK Top 20 single and also became the biggest hit from his debut album. In September, Dizzee was awarded the prestigious Mercury Prize for the best album of 2003. He was the youngest person at 19 years old to do so and the second rapper, after Ms. Dynamite the previous year. The album was also chosen as the No. 1 album of the year by Planet Sound, and as one of the top 50 albums of the year by "Rolling Stone". His unique style, as "words pour out at a high pitch and pace, as if syllables are the only thing that can hold back a scream", have given him a sound that hip hop heads can embrace as something new and original in the hip hop scene. Later in the year he collaborated with the Basement Jaxx on their third album, "Kish Kash" on the track "Lucky Star". The track was released as a single in November 2003 and gave Dizzee his third top 30 hit. The third and final single, taken from his debut album, was "Jus' a Rascal", which became his fourth top 30 success. The song was also featured in the film "Kidulthood" released in 2006.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: "Jezebel" was not a single from the album, but was well received, gaining exposure and popularity on the underground scene. The song told the tale of a young London girl, who through years of going to parties, getting drunk, doing drugs and having sex earned herself the title Jezebel. He made his US concert debut on 7 February 2004 at Volume in Williamsburg, Brooklyn.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In 2004, Dizzee Rascal won the NME Award for Innovation. His second album, "Showtime", was released in September of the same year, eclipsing the peak of his debut album by entering the UK Albums Chart at #8. The first single from the album, released two weeks earlier in August 2004, was titled "Stand Up Tall"; it was written and produced by grime producer DJ Youngstar of Pulse-X. The title track was featured on the soundtrack for the first "FIFA Street" video game.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: The second single "Dream", another top 20 hit, was released in November 2004. It sampled (and used the chorus of) Captain Sensible's song "Happy Talk", originally from the makers of Rodgers and Hammerstein musical "South Pacific". The "Dream" music video consisted of a mock 1950s style children's marionette show depicting scenes corresponding to the lyrics about Dizzee's youth: street culture, crime, single teenage mothers, pirate radio and garage clubs.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Later in 2004, Dizzee Rascal was part of Band Aid 20, a group of British musicians who re-recorded "Do They Know It's Christmas?" He did not sing in the song; rather, he rapped two lines of it ("Spare a thought this yuletide for the deprived, if the table was turned would you survive?" and "You ain't gotta feel guilt just selfless, give a little help to the helpless"). Dizzee Rascal was the first person to add to the song since the original was released; this would mark the first time that Dizzee reached the number one spot in the UK Singles Chart, albeit as part of the ensemble.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In 2004, Dizzee Rascal made an international endorsement deal with urban brand Eckō Unltd. and designed his own shoe with Nike in 2005.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In March 2005, the double A-side single "Off 2 Work" / "Graftin'" was released. "Graftin'" was the third and final single from the "Showtime" album, whilst "Off 2 Work" was a new track that did not appear on either of his albums. The accompanying music video featured Rascal in various ordinary workplace situations (as a policeman, a fast food vendor, a businessman, etc.) and as Prime Minister, announcing his engagement to Cherie Blair. It would prove to be Dizzee's lowest charting single to date, peaking outside the Top 40 at #44.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee's third album, "Maths + English", was released on 4 June 2007. He stated in an interview before the album's release that "Maths" refers to producing, in terms of beats, deals and money and "English" to writing lyrics. The first single off this album, "Sirens", was released on 21 May.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: The album was one of the 12 nominees for the 2007 Mercury Prize, which ultimately went to Klaxons' album "Myths of the Near Future". During the year, Dizzee worked with cross-genre artist Beck on a remix of the song "Hell Yes", and provided guest vocals on an Arctic Monkeys track, the B-Side to their single "Brianstorm" named "Temptation Greets You Like Your Naughty Friend". Dizzee's version of the same song was featured as "Temptation" on his third album.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: The official US album was released on 29 April 2008; it contained two tracks not on the European release, but it did not include the track "Pussyole'". It was Dizzee's first album to be released under the Definitive Jux label.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In 2008, Rascal recorded a song for suicide charity CALM; the song "Dean" was about a friend of Dizzee's who took his own life. In December of that year, he was arrested following an alleged incident involving a baseball bat in southeast London. He was released on bail to return to a police station later in December.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee Rascal released his fourth studio album, "Tongue n' Cheek," on 21 September 2009. It included his four number-one hits "Dance wiv Me", "Bonkers (with Armand Van Helden), "Holiday" and "Dirtee Disco". Its release was announced on "Friday Night with Jonathan Ross", where Dizzee Rascal revealed some details about the album, including track information and production. In a collaboration track with Chase & Status titled "Heavy", Dizzee Rascal said, "Grime had a little time without me still no grime without me, No life without me, no Risky Roadz, no Grime Daily" seemingly seeking to create the impression that grime had petered out since he left the scene. On 23 May 2008, Calvin Harris, whom he collaborated with on the number-one hit "Dance Wiv Me", revealed on his Twitter that he was producing a Dizzee track; at the Evolution Festival, Newcastle, and when on tour supporting The Prodigy, he confirmed that two new singles called "Road Rage" and "Dirtee Cash", both of which featured on the album, would be released. "Dirtee Cash" peaked at No. 10 and Road Rage was never released as a single.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: At the 30th annual Brit Awards, Dizzee Rascal won the award for Best British Male. He later performed a mash-up entitled "You Got the Dirtee Love" with Florence and the Machine. This collaboration was released as a charity single the following day and peaked at number 2 in the UK charts.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: On 31 May 2010 Dizzee re-released the album "Tongue n' Cheek" with a few new tracks including "Dirtee Disco", which was released on 24 May 2010. The track went to number 1 on the UK Singles Chart.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In August 2010, it was revealed that he was to collaborate with Colombian popstar Shakira on the English version of "Loca", the lead single of her album "Sale el Sol". He stated that "I know it sounds a bit mad now, but you'll see it and see what's going on, it's me doing something different man, on a merengue tip". On the week of 14 October 2010, Dizzee made his first appearance on the US "Billboard" Hot 100 after the song peaked number 32.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: On 6 February 2011, it was announced Dizzee would support the Red Hot Chili Peppers at their Knebworth House show in the summer.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: On New Year's Day 2011, Dizzee Rascal released "DirteeTV.com" alongside the Newham Generals, D Double E and Footsie. The 25-track mixtape was released as a free download, and included features from fellow rappers JME, Kano, Scrufizzer, Example, Rapid, Chronik, Hyper and Smurfie Syco. The mixtape featured new and old tracks by Dizzee Rascal.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In 2012 he was also expected to have a collaboration with Snoop Dogg on either his new album or Snoop Dogg's new album "Reincarnated". His first collaboration with DJ Fresh, "The Power" was the third single from Fresh's third studio album, released in September 2012. Dizzee performed during the opening ceremony of the 2012 London Olympics.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: On Calvin Harris's third studio album, "18 Months", Dizzee Rascal paired up with Harris and Dillon Francis to create the track "Here 2 China". Dizzee Rascal's album "The Fifth" was released in 2013. The lead single was "Goin' Crazy" featuring Robbie Williams.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In June 2016, Dizzee Rascal collaborated with Calvin Harris for the third time on the single "Hype", which reached number 34 on the UK charts. A year later, he released the single "Space" with a livestreamed teaser trailer and announced his sixth studio album, titled "Raskit", which was released on 21 July 2017, peaking at number 10 on the UK albums chart. Later that year, he collaborated with French rapper Orelsan on the song "Zone" (also featuring Nekfeu).


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee Rascal released an EP titled "Don't Gas Me" in September 2018. The EP also marked the first time Dizzee and Skepta worked on a track together, releasing Money Right which peaked at number 68 on the UK singles chart. He also began appearing in Ladbrokes adverts on television, with "Bonkers" playing in the background.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In August 2020 Dizzee Rascal announced his seventh studio album, titled "E3 AF", which was then released on 30 October 2020. The album peaked at number 13 on the UK albums chart.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: When starting to make music in his teenage years, Dizzee Rascal "learned to rap fast" over drum and bass tracks with 170-180 bpm, in contrast to the slower tempos of UK Garage. He also recalls being influenced by crunk (Three 6 Mafia, Lil Jon), grunge music, Black Sabbath and by Timbaland's work around that time.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee Rascal once told author Ben Thompson in an interview with "The Observer" magazine that "everything I do is for the music – I want to master it like Bruce Lee mastered martial arts".


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee Rascal worked closely with his mentor Wiley, who created one of the first grime tracks, called "Eskimo". In 2005, music critic Sasha Frere-Jones observed that despite Dizzee's large mainstream exposure, grime still was not having a commercial breakthrough in the US, although it was "becoming familiar". His DJ, DJ Semtex, said in 2004, "the biggest conflict I have is with major labels because they still don't get it". Andy Bennett and Jon Stratton highlight in the book "Britpop and the English Music Tradition" (2010) how Dizzee Rascal alongside Sway and M.I.A. created music that explored new soundscapes with new technologies, with lyrics expressing anger at Britain's "racialized" subordination of minority groups and that the innovation that generates new musical forms like grime and dubstep that are, inevitably, politically engaged. The chart success of grime-influenced artists like him is heralded as a signal in the way that white Britons are adapting to a new multicultural and plural musical mix in contrast to previous bands.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: The first white label release of "I Luv U" was made on Rascal's own label, Dirtee Stank, released when he was 16, although both of his albums and their subsequent singles have been released under XL Recordings. It was not until 30 September 2005, that Dizzee Rascal 'revived' the label and made his first signings, Klass A and Newham Generals.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: The label was formed and is owned by Dizzee Rascal, and is co-run by Dizzee's manager, Cage, label manager, Laurence Ezra, tour manager Paddy Stewart and executive producer Teriy Keys. According to Cage, Dirtee Stank exists to promote gifted artists with "social problems" that might scare off other labels. "People who, through the conditions they live in, might not be stable."


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: The single "Dance Wiv Me", featuring Calvin Harris and Chrome, was released through the label on 7 July 2008; the track became Jo Whiley's Pet Sound for the Week beginning 2 June 2008, thus gaining a large amount of radio airtime. The single charted at Number 1 on download sales alone, a week before its physical release. Dizzee's next two singles, "Bonkers" and "Holiday", were also released under the record label, and these two again charted at Number 1. Dizzee then released his 4th album on the label (Tongue N' Cheek) which along with three number ones spawned the top 10 hit Dirtee Cash.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: As of August 2011, the Newham Generals (D Double E & Footsie), Smurfie Syco and Pepper are signed to the label. In 2014, Merky ACE was added to the Dirtee Stank line up.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: During the 2008 US presidential elections, Dizzee gave a live interview to "Newsnight" presenter Jeremy Paxman, in which he described Barack Obama as "an immediate symbol of unity". Addressed by Paxman as "Mr Rascal" at one point, he said he felt that hip-hop played an important part in encouraging young voters and humorously suggested that he could well one day become Prime Minister.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In March 2005, Dizzee Rascal was arrested for allegedly carrying a section five firearm after a search during a car stop in east London; he was found to be in possession of pepper spray. The driver of the car was also arrested after being found in possession of pepper spray, an ASP baton and cannabis.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In February 2008, Dizzee Rascal's ex-girlfriend, model Kaya Bousquet, whom he had dated for two years, died in a high-speed crash on the M1 motorway. Later that year in December he was arrested and held on suspicion of possessing an offensive weapon after allegedly approaching a motorist with a baseball bat in a road rage incident at Sevenoaks Way, Orpington.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: Dizzee Rascal said in 2010 that he planned not to use drugs or alcohol at all in the future. He told "The Independent", "I'm not having any alcohol. No weed. I'm not doing anything – except some boxing to release energy." In 2011, however, when asked what his favourite drink was during an interview with "GQ", he answered "Do I drink [alcohol] now? To be honest with you, the whole living clean vibe didn't last long. My biggest mistake was probably saying it in an interview, to be fair. I tried living mad clean – but I like partying as much as anyone else."


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: In November 2013, Rascal received an honorary Doctorate of the Arts from the University of East London.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: He was appointed Member of the Order of the British Empire (MBE) in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to music.


title: Dizzee Rascal

text: On 7 March 2022, Dizzee Rascal was convicted of assaulting his former partner Cassandra Jones at a home in Streatham on 8 June 2021, after a 'chaotic argument'. Upon leaving court, he knocked a camera from a Press Association photographer's hands and threw it across the street.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: Angrezi Medium () is a 2020 Indian Hindi-language comedy drama film directed by Homi Adajania and produced under the production banner Maddock Films. A spiritual sequel to the 2017 film "Hindi Medium", the film stars Irrfan Khan, Radhika Madan, Deepak Dobriyal and Kareena Kapoor Khan. Filming began in Udaipur on 5 April 2019 and was completed by July in London. This was Irrfan's final film to be released before his death on 29 April 2020.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: The film was theatrically released in India on 13 March 2020. With its theatrical performance affected by the closing of cinemas due to the COVID-19 pandemic, plans for a re-release were cancelled and the film was made available digitally less than a month after its release on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: Champak Bansal is a widower and a sweet-shop owner in Udaipur, Rajasthan. He often fights with his half-brother Gopi, who runs a competing sweet-shop, but they're greatly fond of each other.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: Champak's daughter Tarika has always harboured a dream to travel and study abroad. Though she is poor in studies, Champak is strongly supportive of her dream, and, with some effort, she secures a high rank in her final school examinations, enough for her to secure a scholarship from London's Truford University, which has partnered with her school.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: On the school's Annual Day, Champak notices that the chief guest is Judge Chheda, who had accepted a watch as a bribe from Gopi a few days before so that he could win the rights to the Ghasiteram name. He goes on stage and exposes the judge who had emphasised on honesty and values in his speech, not knowing that he is the principal's husband. The following morning, he meets the principal at her home and asks for forgiveness, only for her to tear Tarika's scholarship letter to pieces and throw it on his face. He vows to send Tarika to London, come what may.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: With the help of a London-based acquaintance, Bablu, Champak and Tarika along with Gopi proceed to London so that Tarika can find accommodation there till college opens. However, Champak and Gopi are caught and interrogated by the airport police. When they inadvertently say that they have 'drugs', they are deported and their passports blacklisted. Tarika, who had been calling Champak, Gopi and Bablu to no avail, goes to a rented home, and starts enjoying the free-spirited London life while also trying to fund her education. Meanwhile, Champak and Gopi are referred to a fixer in Dubai, Tony, who gives them Pakistani aliases and forged passports. They return to London, under the names of Abdul Razzaq and Saqlain Mushtaq, and are briefly accosted by Naina, a cop. They find lodging in a house owned by Mrs. Kohli, who is Naina's estranged mother.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: When they meet Tarika, Champak is aghast at her lifestyle, and demands that she leave her lodgings or he will sever ties with her. Gopi asks him why he says so, to which he replies that this is in order to avoid getting caught by Naina. The two visit a police station, where Bablu is lodged; they pay for his bail, and he tells them that he is now penniless. One night, Mrs. Kohli has invited the Bansals for dinner on the eve of her birthday, when Naina suddenly barges in and says that since her mother has not cared for her, she can do whatever she wants. The next day, Champak and Gopi find the senior Kohli unconscious on the floor, and rush her to the hospital, narrowly saving her life. When Naina arrives on the scene, she breaks down and realises the value of caring for her.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: Champak, Gopi and Bablu hear of a fundraiser organised by Truford University and reluctantly agree to bid for its renovation, which costs 300,000 pounds. At their wits' end for arranging for such a large sum, they agree to sell the Ghasiteram family name. When Champak tells Tarika the news, she is nonplussed. The next day, as the three go to a scrapyard to collect the money, Champak pours his entire story to Tarika, who is convinced that she should not have put him and Gopi through so much trouble to fulfil her dream. Tarika later decides to give up her London scholarship and study back home in Udaipur, to which everyone agrees. The film ends with Champak and Gopi making peace over the Ghasiteram name.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: In June 2017 in an interview after the success of his film "Hindi Medium" producer Dinesh Vijan told "Mid-Day", "There is definitely scope for a sequel. We would certainly explore it." Vijan added, "It's too early. Also, I still have to talk to director Saket Chaudhary, who is currently working on another movie project." On 24 January 2018, Vijan confirmed the sequel to Times Now. He said, "We have just finished typing the second part", with "Just finishing touches are being put", however, "I think you will have to wait for an official announcement for that." On 30 March 2019, it was reported that Kareena Kapoor had been added to the cast of the film and filming would start from April. The sequel was titled as "Angrezi Medium" and filming began on 5 April 2019 in Udaipur.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: On 6 April 2019 Taran Adarsh, the trade analyst introduced the characters of the film as, Deepak Dobriyal plays Khan's brother and Manu Rishi their cousin, all are running mithai shops and are rivals in business. Pankaj Tripathi joined the cast as travel agent Tony. Jaipur actor Poorvi Jain played Irrfan's wife Rashi. In mid July, director of the film Homi Adajania announced the completion of filming on his Twitter account.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: This film's soundtrack is composed by Sachin–Jigar and Tanishk Bagchi. with lyrics written by Jigar Saraiya, Tanishk Bagchi and Priya Saraiya.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: The song "Ek Zindagi" is the remake of "Ik Jindari", a song originally composed by Sachin–Jigar for the previous film Hindi Medium.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: The song "Nachan Nu Jee Karda" is the remake of popular Bhangra number "Nachna Onda Nahin" after Tum Bin 2.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: The song "Laadki" is the remake of the song, originally composed by Sachin–Jigar in the voice of Tanishkaa Sanghvi, Rekha Bhardwaj and Kirtidan Gadhvi.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: The song "Kudi Nu Nachne De" is a song celebrating women power. The song features a number of Bollywood actresses- Anushka Sharma, Katrina Kaif, Alia Bhatt, Janhvi Kapoor, Ananya Panday, Kriti Sanon and Kiara Advani.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: On 12 February 2020 Irrfan Khan shared an emotional message for his fans that he wouldn't be able to promote the film due to his ailing health. The next day, the official trailer for the film was launched by Maddock Films.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: The film was released in India theatrically on 13 March 2020 and digitally on the streaming platform Disney+ Hotstar on 6 April 2020.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: "Angrezi Medium" earned 4.03 crore net at the domestic box office on the first day. On the second day, the film collected ₹2.75 crore. On third day, the film collected ₹2.25 crore, taking total opening weekend collection to ₹9.03 crore.


title: Angrezi Medium

text: , with a gross of 10.75 crore in India and 2.40 crore overseas, the film has a worldwide gross collection of 13.54 crore. The movie was moved out of theaters as all theaters and cinema halls were closed due to COVID-19 pandemic on 24 March 2020. Furthermore, the movie was released on Disney+ Hotstar.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Captain Marvel (Kree name Mar-Vell, Earth alias Walter Lawson) is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. The character was created by writer-editor Stan Lee and designed by artist Gene Colan and first appeared in "Marvel Super-Heroes" #12 (December 1967). He is the original bearer of the name "Captain Marvel" within the Marvel brand.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: The character debuted during the Silver Age of comic books and made many subsequent appearances, including a self-titled series and the second volume of the "Marvel Spotlight" series until his death in 1982, which has since remained largely permanent within mainstream continuity and most other media, with Carol Danvers becoming the primarily featured Captain Marvel in the modern age.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Annette Bening portrayed a re-imagined female version of Mar-Vell (Wendy Lawson) in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Captain Marvel" (2019).


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: From 1940 to 1953 Fawcett Comics published comics featuring their popular character Captain Marvel, and thus held the trademark to the name "Captain Marvel". Fawcett ceased publishing the comics in 1953 due to a 1951 copyright infringement suit from DC Comics, and their trademark ostensibly lapsed. Taking advantage of this situation, Marvel debuted its new Captain Marvel character in 1967 and quickly trademarked the name. Marvel was not the first company to try to capitalize on Fawcett's lapsed trademark; in 1966 the small publisher M. F. Enterprises released a short-lived "Captain Marvel" series. Due to the title containing its company name, Marvel had convinced M.F. Enterprises to cease their "Captain Marvel" series after five issues, paying M.F. a settlement of $4,500.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Marvel's character debuted as the lead feature in "Marvel Super-Heroes" #12 (December 1967), written by Stan Lee and illustrated by Gene Colan. Although usually credited as co-creator, Colan had no involvement with Captain Marvel's conception, and in fact has voiced an intense dislike for the character and especially his original white-and-green costume: "It was awful – just an imitation of any of the other costumed characters I'd ever done."


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Shortly thereafter, Captain Marvel was given his own series, commencing with "Captain Marvel" #1 (May 1968). These appearances established Captain Marvel, or "Mar-Vell", as an alien of the Kree race who had come to earth as a spy before coming to identify with his human neighbors. The series failed to register with readers, and was revamped by writer-artist team Roy Thomas and Gil Kane in issue #17 (October 1969). The character was given a new uniform, designed by Kane and colorist Michelle Robinson, and greater abilities. An added plot feature was the introduction of sidekick Rick Jones. Jones and Marvel "shared molecules" allowing only one to exist in the real world at a time. Thomas stated that the intent of the change was to create a more science-fiction oriented update that was reminiscent of Fawcett Comics's original Captain Marvel, who similarly had an alter-ego that could not co-exist with the superhero.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: The change, however, was not successful, and the series was published only intermittently from 1969. It was initially canceled with issue #21 (August 1970), though the character appeared in the Kree-Skrull War storyline in "Avengers" #89 – 97 (June 1971 – March 1972), also written by Thomas. The "Captain Marvel" series recommenced with issue #22 (September 1972). Plotter and artist Jim Starlin decided to revamp the character with issue #25 (March 1973). Comics historian Les Daniels noted that "In a brief stint with Marvel, which included work on two characters [Captain Marvel and Adam Warlock] that had previously never quite made their mark, Starlin managed to build a considerable cult following."


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: A spin-off series, "Ms. Marvel", was launched in 1977, but sales remained modest, and the series was published on only a bimonthly basis until it was ultimately canceled in 1979. The continued publication, however, kept the trademark current. This had the effect of requiring DC Comics, which in the meantime licensed the original Fawcett Captain Marvel for publication, to print its new comics under the trademark "Shazam!" Comics historian Don Markstein states, "Marvel didn't seem to quite know what to do with him—but they did put his comic out every other month through most of the 1970s, if only to maintain their trademark on his name."


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: When "Captain Marvel" was cancelled with issue #62 (May 1979), there were five as-yet unpublished issues already complete or near-complete. The series "Marvel Spotlight" was revived for the express purpose of publishing them (specifically, in issues #1-4 and 8). Starlin wrote Mar-Vell's death in Marvel's first graphic novel, "The Death of Captain Marvel" (1982).


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Following the character's death, Marvel published several comics with new characters taking up the "Captain Marvel" moniker, thereby maintaining their trademark on the name. The character returned, although not in a living capacity, in storylines in "Silver Surfer" vol. 3 #63 (March 1992) and "Captain Marvel" vol. 5, #5 (March 2003). The limited series "Captain Marvel" vol. 6, #1–5 (January–June 2008) was released as part of the 2008 "Secret Invasion" storyline and supposedly heralded the return of the character, although it was eventually revealed that this "Mar-Vell" was an alien Skrull called Khn'nr.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Mar-Vell was one of the featured characters in the 2011 three-issue limited series "Chaos War: Dead Avengers".


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: After the Kree's first encounter with humans, Captain Mar-Vell is sent to spy on Earth and decide if it is a threat to the Kree empire. He adopts the identity of a recently deceased scientist named Walter Lawson, but occasionally dons his Kree military uniform to protect the people he's observing. The first time he does this, people hear him incorrectly pronounce his name as "Captain Marvel". His job is made difficult by his jealous commanding officer, Colonel Yon-Rogg, his growing affection for humanity, and his fake identity's criminal past.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: After aiding humanity several times, Mar-Vell is found guilty of treason against the Kree Empire and sentenced to death by firing squad. Mar-Vell escapes in a stolen rocket, but becomes lost in space. After drifting for 112 days, he is weak and on the verge of madness. He is manipulated by Ronan the Accuser and Kree Minister Zarek into helping them overthrow the Supreme Intelligence. To better help them, Mar-Vell is given a new costume and enhanced abilities. After the conspiracy is foiled, Mar-Vell tries to return to Earth. On the way, he is hit by a blast of radiation that traps him in the Negative Zone.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: The Supreme Intelligence enables Mar-Vell to telepathically contact Rick Jones, which he uses to lead Jones to a set of "nega-bands" at an abandoned Kree base. When Jones puts on the bands and strikes them together, he trades places with Mar-Vell and is encased in a protective aura in the Negative Zone. The pair discover they are able to maintain telepathic contact. Using this method, Mar-Vell can remain in the positive universe for a period of three hours.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: After brief encounters with the villain Scorpio and the Hulk Jones uses Mister Fantastic's portal to the Negative Zone to free Mar-Vell, who then becomes embroiled in the Kree-Skrull War. As a result of the war, Jones is left near death and Mar-Vell re-merged with Jones in order to save his life.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Mar-Vell's consciousness begins to resurface weeks later as Jones's body becomes unable to house both his own and Mar-Vell's life energy. Photon ray treatments by a Professor Savannah stabilizes the situation and brings Mar-Vell's body and consciousness to the surface. After battling the atomic-powered Megaton, Mar-Vell is trapped in the Negative Zone once again until released by Jones via the nega-bands.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Mar-Vell aids the Avengers against the Grim Reaper and the Space Phantom. Mar-Vell allies himself with Mentor and Eros against the death worshipper Thanos and his forces in a war for the Cosmic Cube. Seeing the magnitude of the threat, the cosmic entity Kronos aids them by creating Drax the Destroyer, whose sole purpose is to kill Thanos. Another cosmic being, Eon, transforms Mar-Vell into the "Protector of the Universe". This provides the hero with new abilities, including "cosmic awareness". Thanos gains the Cube and uses it to make himself omnipotent. Thanos' spirit leaves his body, and Mar-Vell uses the opportunity to shatter the Cube, which was still in Thanos' hand. This undoes Thanos's actions.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Mar-Vell teams with Spider-Man to battle the Basilisk and later encounters a new villain named Nitro. While defusing a bomb placed by Nitro, Mar-Vell is exposed to a powerful nerve gas called "Compound 13". Mar-Vell collapses due to the exposure, but recovers when given an antidote. The gas, however, would eventually prove to be carcinogenic and cause Mar-Vell to develop cancer. During this time, Mar-Vell has an encounter with Living Laser. Mar-Vell investigates Nitro's allies, who are revealed to be the Kree "Lunatic Legion", leading to a series of protracted battles and the eventual trial of the cosmic entity Uatu the Watcher for constant involvement in Earth's affairs. After ending the threat and aiding Uatu the Watcher, Mar-Vell briefly separates from Jones and has an encounter with a space parasite that assumes the form of former lover Una.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Mar-Vell travels to the Kree homeworld of Hala, and through a protracted series of events that almost kills Rick Jones, frees himself from the manipulation of the Supreme Intelligence. During this period Mar-Vell also encounters the cosmic entity the Stranger. Returning to Earth, Mar-Vell encounters stranded Kree scientists who attempt to retrieve an inactive Kree Sentry located on the S.H.I.E.L.D. Helicarrier. This proves unsuccessful when the Sentry activates but fails to follow direction, going on a rampage. A new villain called the Cheetah attempts to manipulate the Sentry, although both are eventually defeated by Mar-Vell. The hero locates the Kree scientists, and briefly battles Ronan the Accuser, who was left with the mind of a child after a previous encounter.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Rick Jones is visiting Avengers Mansion when the robotic villain the Super-Adaptoid attacks. During a battle with the Avengers, Jones trades places with Mar-Vell, with the Super-Adaptoid eventually mimicking Mar-Vell's Nega-Bands. Mar-Vell then brings the Super-Adaptoid's pseudo bands together, exiling the robot to the Negative Zone and freeing Jones. Mar-Vell bids Jones farewell and encounters Mercurio the 4-D Man, who tricks Mar-Vell into returning to his home dimension, hoping to coerce the hero into building the Omni-Wave Projector. Mar-Vell, however, defeats Mercurio and returns to Earth.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Mar-Vell continues to have dealings with the Kree, preventing scientist Doctor Minerva from killing Rick Jones and battling High Council member Phae-Dor before travelling to Hala and, with King of the Inhumans Blackagar Boltagon ("Black Bolt") as his ally, preventing the "War of the Three Galaxies" by exposing a Skrull infiltrator. After another encounter with Nitro, Mar-Vell briefly attempts to adopt the Walter Lawson identity once again and works at an observatory. This plan is abandoned when forced to become Mar-Vell to stop an energy vampire named "Deathgrip". After an encounter with the Thunder God Thor, Mar-Vell is forced to fight off Drax, who has been driven insane due to being unable to fulfill his purpose and kill Thanos. Eventually convincing Drax to aid him, Mar-Vell enters into a war against ISAAC, the sentient computer that served Thanos and now directs his forces. After a series of protracted battles, Mar-Vell convinces ISAAC's female minion Elysius to join him, causing her to fall in love with Mar-Vell; he subsequently defeats ISAAC's other pawns Chaos and Tarterus and the warrior Stellarax on Earth. Mar-Vell eventually defeats ISAAC by entering the supercomputer's programming and forcing it to experience life. Mar-Vell meets Eon once again and reflects on the events of recent times.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: After a battle in the mystical "Dark Dimension"; an encounter with the Hulk and an adventure on an alien world, Mar-Vell discovers that his past exposure to the "Compound 13" nerve gas has given him cancer. Compounding the problem are Mar-Vell's nega-bands, which keep the cancer at bay but also cause it to resist all known forms of treatment, and lack of access to the Kree Empire's medical experts since the Kree consider Mar-Vell a traitor. As Mar-Vell accepts that his life is ending, many of his friends and allies come to Titan to pay their last respects. Even his mortal enemies the Skrulls send an envoy to bestow a medal on Mar-Vell to honor him as their greatest foe. In his final moments, Mar-Vell experiences a vision in which he meets Thanos once again. Thanos has come not as a foe, but as a guide to show Mar-Vell the path to the afterlife as a mark of respect to his greatest foe, giving Mar-Vell an illusion of a final struggle so that he can die fighting rather than in a bed. As he, Thanos, and Mistress Death pass into a blinding light, Mar-Vell dies.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: His spirit is later called forth by the Grandmaster as a part of the Legion of the Unliving to battle the Avengers.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: When the Silver Surfer visits the Realm of the Dead, the character is counselled and aided in his escape by someone who appears to be Mar-Vell but is later revealed to be a manifestation of the selfless heroic ideal that is part of the Surfer's own psyche. Mar-Vell's former lover Elysius also impregnates herself with his genetic information, giving birth to a son, Genis-Vell.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: When Death declares Thanos to be forever barred from her realm and that she will never love him, Thanos uses the Reality Gem to restore Mar-Vell. They discuss Thanos' ability to make Death love him with the Reality Gem, and Mar-Vell convinces him not to do it. Thanos agrees, and returns Mar-Vell to death.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Visiting the Realm of the Dead, Genis encounters his father. He learns Elysius also gave birth to a girl, Phyla-Vell. The Young Avengers member Hulkling is revealed to be the child of Mar-Vell and Princess Anelle of the Skrulls.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: During the war with the Chaos King, Mar-Vell and several deceased members of the Avengers return from the dead. He takes leadership of the group, helping protect several civilians and the comatose bodies of the main Avengers from chaos demons. He is impaled from behind by the Grim Reaper and is killed once more.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Some time later, Kree mystics resurrect Mar-Vell using a piece of the M'Kraan Crystal and a portion of the Phoenix Force. Controlling his mind, they use Captain Marvel against the Avengers. The Vision frees Mar-Vell, who sacrifices himself to save the Kree from the Phoenix Force, which threatens Hala when it seeks to reclaim its missing energy.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Due to his Kree physiology which had evolved to cope with the heavier gravity of home planet Hala, Mar-Vell was significantly stronger and more durable than a normal human. As a soldier, he was trained in all forms of Kree combat, possessed a superior knowledge of tactics, and was equipped with a device called a "universal beam" (or "uni-beam"); which was at first a handheld pistol before Mar-Vell converted it into a wrist-mounted device capable of projecting energy, emitting beams of pure darkness, and controlling magnetism.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: When manipulated by "Zo" (actually Zarek, the Kree Imperial Minister), Mar-Vell became greatly enhanced, having his physical abilities augmented to the point of crushing the hardest substance known to the Kree, and gained the ability to generate illusions, teleport to anywhere in the universe and fly at faster-than-light speeds. With the exception of strength, these abilities are lost when Mar-Vell gains the nega-bands, which convert Mar-Vell's psionic energy into greater strength, durability, speed, flight and enabled him to exist unprotected in deep outer space. Following the photon ray treatments, Mar-Vell was able to absorb solar energy to further increase his strength. By using solar energy, Mar-Vell was able to recover faster than an average human being. After his encounter with Eon, Mar-Vell used solar energy to fly, leaving a sparkling trail of photons in his wake.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Once named the "Protector of the Universe" by Eon, Mar-Vell gained "cosmic awareness", which allowed him to detect direct threats and perceive changes in the universe. This awareness was also used internally, and alerted Mar-Vell to his terminal cancer.


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: "IGN" referred to Mar-Vell as one of the "greatest Avengers of all time," writing, "Mar-Vell seemed destined to live out his life as a respected hero and family man, but even the greatest of heroes can meet an unfortunate end. Mar-Vell contracted terminal cancer in a battle with the villain Nitro. He ultimately perished surrounded by friends, family, and comrades. Surprisingly in a universe where resurrections happen every other hour, Mar-Vell has yet to return to life. It remains to be seen whether that will stay true, but in life or death, Captain Marvel remains one of the most influential heroes in the Marvel Universe." David Harth of "CBR.com" described Mar-Vell as one of the "best cosmic heroes in Marvel comics," saying, "The Marvel universe always had a robust cosmic side, but Mar-Vell was the one who truly expanded Marvel's stories out into the stars. The first Captain Marvel started as a Kree soldier but became Earth's foremost cosmic defender, battling threats from outer space and beyond, vying with Thanos, and helping the Avengers when they needed it. Mar-Vell made Captain Marvel a legend. Whether he was fighting on Earth or in space, everyone respected him. His death brought heroes and villains alike out of the woodwork to mourn the cosmic champion in an unprecedented display of respect."


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: Mark Peters of "Salon.com" asserted, "This is one of comics legend Jim Starlin’s greatest works, showing that a writer/artist known for his cosmic stories is just as good at telling the most human story of all. Throughout the comic, Marvel’s greatest heroes search for a cure unsuccessfully, as close friends of Mar-Vell such as Rick Jones deal with the grief and try to help their friend cope." Christos Tsirbas of "CBR.com" stated, ""The Death of Captain Marvel" is still shocking, even 35 years after its initial publication because it shows the frailty and finality of the human condition without providing the comfort of a reset switch. The final fight is a dream and a metaphor. The promise of a new beginning is the last wish of a dying man. Mar-Vell’s heart stops and he is gone. It is a sobering end. This is why the greatest way to honor his legacy is to let Captain Marvel rest in peace. The gut-wrenching perfection of Starlin’s elegy to the hero will lose its impact if he is brought back to life. Mar-Vell’s greatest story—indeed one of the greatest stories in the superhero genre—will be rendered meaningless by his resurrection. Perhaps it is best to leave his mantle to those who have carried it since: Monica Rambeau, his own son Genis-Vell, and currently, Carol Danvers. After all, the moral of his story is that death is the end of all, but we can all leave a lasting legacy." Marc Buxton of "Den of Geek" wrote, "His final story is unforgettable, chilling, and poignant. The death story was so powerful that it would be impossible for Marvel Comics to undo it. It would somehow cheapen the moment and minimize the suffering of real warriors who battled cancer. So because of Starlin’s final Mar-Vell tale, the good Captain was no more. Yes, there would be some journeys to the afterlife where heroes would meet Mar-Vell again and there was even a teased return during the Secret Invasion event of the mid-2000s, but that turned out to be a Skrull in disguise. Mar-Vell is still dead. But his legacy would live on stronger than ever. After the tragic death, the hero Monica Rambeau took up the Captain Marvel name. Captain Mar-Vell’s son Genis would take up his father’s mantle as well. While Rambeau and Genis are fantastic characters in their own right (Rambeau would become Photon and Genis Legacy), it was not until Carol Danvers took up the legacy of her friend Mar-Vell that Marvel Comics found lasting success with the Captain Marvel name. But as we enter the next phase of the Captain Marvel story, let us never forget the life and death of Marvel’s first hero that took the name that has inspired so many." Matt D. Wilson of "ComicsAlliance" asserted, "Despite some overbearing religious imagery, "The Death of Captain Marvel" took a sensitive, poignant approach to Mar-Vell's battle with cancer, as well as his relationships with other heroes. There's a reason why it's a story that's stood the test of time, and it's a key reason lots of readers know of Mar-Vell at all."


title: Captain Marvel (Mar-Vell)

text: A re-imagined version of Mar-Vell appears in the Marvel Cinematic Universe film "Captain Marvel" (2019), portrayed by Annette Bening. A Kree scientist who rejected her species' war with the Skrulls, this version fled to Earth in the 1980s, adopted the alias of Dr. Wendy Lawson, and became a physicist at Project Pegasus. Using the Tesseract, she sought to develop an experimental engine that would have allowed the Skrulls to settle beyond the reach of the Kree Empire. While she was killed by Yon-Rogg, she was able to instruct Carol Danvers to destroy the engine before he could seize it.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: The 39 Steps is a 1935 British thriller film directed by Alfred Hitchcock and starring Robert Donat and Madeleine Carroll. It is very loosely based on the 1915 adventure novel "The Thirty-Nine Steps" by John Buchan. It concerns a Canadian civilian in London, Richard Hannay, who becomes caught up in preventing an organisation of spies called "The 39 Steps" from stealing British military secrets. After being mistakenly accused of the murder of a counter-espionage agent, Hannay goes on the run to Scotland and becomes tangled up with an attractive woman while hoping to stop the spy ring and clear his name.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: Since its initial release, the film has been widely acknowledged as a classic. Filmmaker and actor Orson Welles referred to it as a "masterpiece." Screenwriter Robert Towne remarked, "It's not much of an exaggeration to say that all contemporary escapist entertainment begins with "The 39 Steps"."


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: At a London music hall theatre, Richard Hannay is watching a demonstration of the superlative powers of recall of "Mr. Memory" when gun shots are heard inside the theatre. In the ensuing panic, Hannay finds himself holding a seemingly frightened woman, who persuades him to take her back to his flat. There she says her name is Annabelle Smith. She tells him that she is a spy and that she fired the shots to create a diversion so she could escape pursuing assassins. She claims that she has uncovered a plot to steal vital British military information, masterminded by a man missing the top joint of one finger. She mentions "The 39 Steps", but does not explain the phrase.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: Later that night, Smith bursts into Hannay's bedroom and warns him to flee, before dying with a knife in her back. Hannay finds a map of the Scottish Highlands clutched in her hand, showing the area around Killin, with a house or farm named "Alt-na-Shellach" circled. He sneaks out of his flat disguised as a milkman to avoid the assassins waiting outside. He then boards the Flying Scotsman express train to Scotland. He learns from a newspaper that he is the target of a nationwide manhunt for Smith's murderer. When he sees police searching the train, he enters a compartment and starts kissing the sole occupant, Pamela, in a desperate attempt to avoid capture. She alerts the policemen, who stop the train on the Forth Bridge. Hannay escapes.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: He walks toward Alt-na-Shellach, staying the night with a poor crofter (farmer) and his much younger wife. Early the next morning, the wife sees a police car approaching and warns Hannay; she also gives him her husband's coat. Hannay flees. The police chase after him, even employing an autogyro, but he eludes them. He eventually reaches the house of Professor Jordan. The police arrive, but Jordan sends them away and listens to Hannay's story. Hannay states that the leader of the spies is missing the top joint of the little finger of his left hand, but Jordan shows his right hand, which is missing that joint, then shoots Hannay and leaves him for dead.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: Luckily, the bullet is stopped by a hymn book in the coat pocket. Hannay goes to the sheriff. When more policemen arrive, the sheriff reveals that he does not believe the fugitive's story, since Jordan is his best friend. Hannay jumps through a window. He tries to hide at a political meeting and is mistaken for the introductory speaker. He gives a rousing impromptu speech, but is recognized by Pamela, who gives him away to the police once more. He is taken away by the policemen, who insist Pamela accompany them. When they drive the wrong direction, Hannay realises they are agents of the conspiracy. When the men get out to disperse a flock of sheep blocking the road, they handcuff Pamela to Hannay. Hannay manages to escape, dragging the unwilling Pamela along with him.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: They make their way across the countryside and stay the night at an inn. While Hannay sleeps, Pamela manages to slip out of the handcuffs, but then overhears one of the fake policemen on the telephone, confirming Hannay's story. She returns to the room. The next morning, she tells him that she overheard the spies saying that Jordan will be picking something up at the London Palladium. He sends her to London to alert the police; however, no secret documents have been reported missing, so they do not believe her. Instead, they tail her, hoping that she will lead them to Hannay.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: She goes to the Palladium. When Mr. Memory is introduced, Hannay recognizes his theme music — a catchy tune he has been unable to forget. Hannay, upon seeing Jordan signal Mr. Memory, realizes that there is no physical document, as Mr. Memory has memorized the secret contents. As the police are about to take Hannay into custody, he shouts, "What are The 39 Steps?" Mr. Memory compulsively answers, "The 39 Steps is an organisation of spies, collecting information on behalf of the foreign office of...", at which point Jordan shoots Mr. Memory before he is apprehended by the police while trying to escape capture. The dying Mr. Memory begins reciting his memorized information: the design for a silent aircraft engine.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: The script was originally written by Charles Bennett, who prepared the initial treatment in close collaboration with Hitchcock; Ian Hay then wrote some dialogue.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: The film's plot departs significantly from John Buchan's novel, with scenes such as in the music hall and on the Forth Bridge absent from the book. Hitchcock also introduced the two major female characters, Annabella the spy and Pamela, the reluctant companion. In this film, "The 39 Steps" refers to the clandestine organisation, whereas in the book and the other film versions it refers to physical steps, with the German spies being called "The Black Stone". By having Annabella tell Hannay she is travelling to meet a man in Scotland (and produce a map with Alt-na-Shellach house circled) Hitchcock avoids the coincidence in Buchan's novel where Hannay, with the whole country in which to hide, chances to walk into the one house where the spy ringleader lives.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: "The 39 Steps" was a major British film of its time. The production company, Gaumont-British, was eager to establish its films in international markets, and especially in the United States, and "The 39 Steps" was conceived as a prime vehicle towards this end. Where Hitchcock's previous film, "The Man Who Knew Too Much", had costs of £40,000, "The 39 Steps" cost nearly £60,000. Much of the extra money went to the star salaries for leads Robert Donat and Madeleine Carroll. Both had already made films in Hollywood and were therefore known to American audiences. At a time when British cinema had few international stars, this was considered vital to the film's success. Hitchcock had heard that Scottish industrialist and aircraft pioneer James Weir commuted to work daily in an autogyro and worked the aircraft into the film.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: Hitchcock had worked with Jessie Matthews on the film "Waltzes from Vienna" and reportedly did not like her very much. Nevertheless he used the song "Tinkle, Tinkle, Tinkle " (from the film "Evergreen" which starred Matthews) as the music underscoring Mr. Memory's dying words and fade-out music in "The 39 Steps". He also used an orchestrated version of her song "May I Have The Next Romance With You" in the ballroom sequence of his 1937 film "Young and Innocent".


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: "The 39 Steps" is another in a line of Hitchcock films based upon an innocent man being forced to go on the run, including "" (1926), "Saboteur" (1942) and "North by Northwest" (1959). The film contains a common Hitchcockian trope of a MacGuffin (a plot device which is vital to the story, but irrelevant to the audience); in this case, the designs for a secret silent aeroplane engine.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: This film contains an Alfred Hitchcock cameo, a signature occurrence in most of his films. At around seven minutes into the film, both Hitchcock and the screenwriter Charles Bennett can be seen walking past a bus that Robert Donat and Lucie Mannheim board outside the music hall. The bus is on London Transport's number 25A route, which ran from Oxford Street through the East End and on to Ilford. As author Mark Glancy points out in his 2003 study of the film, this was familiar ground to Hitchcock, who lived in Leytonstone and then in Stepney (in the East End) as a youth. The director's appearance can thus be seen as an assertion of his connection with the area but he was by no means romanticising it. As the bus pulls up he litters by throwing a cigarette packet on the ground. Hitchcock is also seen briefly as a member of the audience scrambling to leave the music hall after the shot is fired in the opening scene.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: In the middle of the film, Hannay is shot in the chest with a pistol at close range and a long fade out suggests that he has been killed. This jarringly unusual development—the main character is apparently killed while the story is still unfolding—anticipates Hitchcock's "Psycho" (1960), and the murder of Marion Crane in the Bates Motel. Hannay was not dead, in the next scene it is revealed that a hymn book in the pocket of his borrowed coat prevented the bullet from killing him.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: The film established the quintessential English 'Hitchcock blonde' Madeleine Carroll as the template for his succession of ice cold and elegant leading ladies. Of Hitchcock heroines as exemplified by Carroll, film critic Roger Ebert wrote: "The female characters in his films reflected the same qualities over and over again: They were blonde. They were icy and remote. They were imprisoned in costumes that subtly combined fashion with fetishism. They mesmerised the men, who often had physical or psychological handicaps. Sooner or later, every Hitchcock woman was humiliated". In keeping with many of Hitchcock's films, key sequences are set in familiar locations; in this instance Kings Cross station, Piccadilly Circus station and a dramatic sequence on the Forth Bridge.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: Contemporary reviews were very positive. Andre Sennwald of "The New York Times" wrote "If the work has any single rival as the most original, literate and entertaining melodrama of 1935, then it must be "The Man Who Knew Too Much," which is also out of Mr. Hitchcock's workshop. A master of shock and suspense, of cold horror and slyly incongruous wit, he uses the camera the way a painter uses his brush, stylizing his story and giving it values which the scenarists could hardly have suspected." "Variety" wrote "International spy stories are most always good, and this is one of the best, smartly cut, with sufficient comedy relief." "The Monthly Film Bulletin" declared it "First class entertainment," adding, "Like all melodramas in which the hero must win the story contains a number of very lucky accidents, but Hitchcock's direction, the speed at which the film moves, and Donat's high-spirited acting get away with them and the suspense never slackens." John Mosher of "The New Yorker" wrote "Speed, suspense, and surprises, all combine to make "The 39 Steps" one of those agreeable thrillers that can beguile the idle hour...Mystery experts will enjoy the whole thing, I think."


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: It was voted the best British film of 1935 by "The Examiner" (a Tasmanian publication) in a public poll. It was the 17th most popular film at the British box office in 1935–36. Of the four major film versions of the novel, Hitchcock's film has been the most highly praised. In 1999, the British Film Institute ranked it the fourth best British film of the 20th century; in 2004, "Total Film" named it the 21st greatest British movie ever made, and in 2011 ranked it the second best book-to-film adaptation of all time. "The Village Voice" ranked "The 39 Steps" at number 112 in its Top 250 "Best Films of the Century" list in 1999, based on a poll of critics. In 2016, "Empire" ranked the film at No. 52 on its list of "The 100 best British films". In 2017, a poll of 150 actors, directors, writers, producers and critics for "Time Out" magazine saw it ranked the 13th best British film ever. "The 39 Steps" was one of Orson Welles' favourite Hitchcock films, and of it he said, "Oh my God, what a masterpiece." In 1939, Welles starred in a radio adaption of the same source novel with The Mercury Theatre on the Air. On Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 96%, based on 53 reviews, with an average rating of 8.90/10. The website's critical consensus reads: "Packed with twists and turns, this essential early Alfred Hitchcock feature hints at the dazzling heights he'd reach later in his career." In 2021, "The Daily Telegraph" included the film on its unranked list of "The 100 best British films of all time". In 2022, "Time Out" magazine ranked the film at No.8 on its list of "The 100 best thriller films of all time".


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: According to one source, "The 39 Steps", like all of Hitchcock's British films, is copyrighted worldwide but has been heavily bootlegged on home video. Despite this, various licensed, restored releases have appeared on DVD, Blu-ray, and video on demand services from Network in the UK, The Criterion Collection in the US and many others.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: In chapter 10 of J. D. Salinger's novel "The Catcher in the Rye", the protagonist Holden Caulfield recounts the admiration that he and his younger sister Phoebe have for the movie.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: In the "Sesame Street" segment "Monsterpiece Theater" Alistair Cookie (Cookie Monster) introduces the audience to the thriller film, "The 39 Stairs" ("By guy named Alfred..."). Grover in a film noir setting climbs a set of stairs counting each one as he ascends. Once he reaches the top, he finds a brick wall. Instead of climbing back down, Grover slides down the banister.


title: The 39 Steps (1935 film)

text: The comedy play "The 39 Steps" is a parody of this film version of the story, with a cast of just four people for all the parts. It was originally written in 1995 by Simon Corble and Nobby Dimon; a version rewritten in 2005 by Patrick Barlow has played in the West End and on Broadway.


The 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election was held in Kerala on 6 April 2021 to elect 140 members to the 15th Kerala Legislative Assembly. The results were declared on 2 May.


title: 2021 Kerala Legislative Assembly election

text: The election saw the incumbent Left Democratic Front (LDF) retaining power with 99 seats, 8 more than in the previous election, marking the first time that an alliance won consecutive terms in the state since its 1977 election. The United Democratic Front (UDF) won the remaining 41 seats, 6 less than in the previous election. The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) was unable to win any seats after losing their lone seat the election. Pinarayi Vijayan became the first Chief Minister of Kerala to be re-elected after completing a full, five-year term in office.


text: Kerala has a unicameral house of legislation, Niyamasabha, consisting of 140 members elected for a period of five years, unless dissolved earlier, and one nominated member for the Anglo-Indian community. The tenure of the members of the 14th Legislative Assembly in the state ended on 1 June 2021.


text: In the previous election in 2016, the LDF bagged around two-thirds of the total seats in the assembly, defeating the incumbent UDF, led by the Indian National Congress (INC), which could only win 47 seats in the election. The BJP won one seat, and the remaining seat was won by an independent, P. C. George, who later formed the party Kerala Janapaksham (Secular).


text: The Jose faction which had developed within Kerala Congress (M) was suspended from UDF for internal groupism in 2020, and later joined LDF. This move gave inroads to LDF in the traditional UDF strongholds of Kottayam district and nearby areas with large number of Syrian Christian voters. In the 2020 Kerala local elections held in December 2020, LDF overtook UDF in the Christian belts of the state, which were traditional strongholds of the UDF, and hence possessed lead in 11 out of 14 districts in the state. After the local elections, A. Vijayaraghavan, the new state secretary of Communist Party of India (Marxist), repeatedly alleged that UDF had secret alliance with the fundamentalist organisations like Jamaat-e-Islami. Another major change that occurred after 2016 was the entry of Loktantrik Janata Dal and Indian National League into LDF.


text: In February 2021, Mani C. Kappan, the sitting MLA of Pala constituency, switched to the UDF after the LDF denied his request to contest in Pala constituency in the election. This resulted in NCP expelling him from the party, following which he formed a new political party named Nationalist Congress Kerala (NCK). In March 2021, R. Balasankar, a senior ideologue and leader of Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh from Alappuzha, claimed that the Kerala leadership of BJP had struck a secret deal with CPI(M), to weaken and ensure the defeat of Congress-led UDF. However BJP rejected Balasankar's claim. On 17 March 2021, P. C. Thomas announced that his party Kerala Congress has merged with the Joseph faction of Kerala Congress to form a new party, with him being its Deputy Chairman. P. C. Thomas party currently haven't any bracket on its name, so new party will called "Kerala Congress".


text: The Left Democratic Front (LDF) is a coalition of centre-left to left-wing political parties, led by the Communist Party of India (Marxist) (CPIM). The United Democratic Front (UDF) is an alliance of centrist to centre-left political parties led by the Indian National Congress (INC). The National Democratic Alliance (NDA) led by Bharatiya Janata party (BJP) is a coalition of centrist to right-wing parties.


text: An alliance of centre-left to left-wing political parties, the LDF is currently in power. The coalition consists of CPI(M), CPI and several smaller parties.


text: On 28 February 2021, the Left Democratic Front (LDF) released its campaign slogan for the Assembly election, "Urappanu LDF" (Malayalam: ഉറപ്പാണ് LDF) which translates to "LDF for sure". The alliance released its manifesto on 19 March.


text: It is an alliance of centrist to centre-left political parties in the state, founded by the prominent Congress party leader K. Karunakaran in 1978.


text: The United Democratic Front (UDF) released their campaign slogan "Naadu Nannakan UDF" (നാട് നന്നാകാൻ UDF) which roughly translates to ‘UDF for Kerala’s Advancement'. The UDF released their election manifesto on 20 March 2020.


text: The two candidates of NCK contest as Independent candidates, as their party has not completed the registration process for recognition by the Election Commission of India.


text: It is an alliance of right-wing parties. NDA Kerala unit was constituted in 2016. The coalition consists of Bharatiya Janata Party, Bharath Dharma Jana Sena and a variety of other smaller parties.


text: The BJP- led National Democratic Alliance released their campaign slogan "Puthiya Keralam Modikkoppam" (Malayalam: പുതിയ കേരളം മോദിക്കൊപ്പം) which roughly translates to 'New Kerala with Modi.' The BJP pledged if they win the elections they will bring in a Law that they will ban Love Jihad.


text: Nominations of NDA candidates in three constituencies (Thalassery, Guruvayur and Devikulam) were rejected by the Election Commission. They support Democratic Social Justice Party candidate in Guruvayur and AIADMK candidate in Devikulam. NDA offered support for an independent candidate in Thalassery, who however denied the support.


text: Many parties, including the CPI-M, the INC and the CPI, did not give seats to most sitting candidates who had already served two terms. A third of selected candidates had prior experience in local bodies. The Indian Union Muslim League fielded a female candidate - Noorbeena Rasheed (Kozhikode South) - for the first time in 25 years. Anannyah Kumari Alex (Vengara) became the first transgender candidate to run for the Kerala Legislative Assembly, but later suspended her campaign after alleged harassment from her party members. The Election Commission turned down the nomination papers of BJP candidates in Thalassery, Guruvayur, and the AIADMK candidate in Devikulam as their nominations were incomplete.


text: Exit polls were published after 7:30pm IST on 29 April, as per orders from Election Commission of India.


text: The incumbent LDF retained power with 99 seats, 8 more than in the previous election. This marks the first time an alliance has won consecutive terms in the state since 1977. The UDF won 41 seats; 6 less than before. However, the total vote-share of the UDF increased compared to the previous election. The NDA lost their lone seat in Nemom, and suffered a significant loss in vote-share. P. C. George, the Kerala Janapaksham (Secular) candidate in Poonjar, lost his sitting seat to the LDF, coming second. Twenty20 Kizhakkambalam came third in both Kunnathunad and Kochi seats.


text: Besides Poonjar, Kunnathunad, and Kochi, the NDA dropped to fourth position in Vengara, where an Independent candidate overtook the BJP to become third. The Revolutionary Marxist Party of India opened its account in the State Legislative assembly, winning from Vadakara, a left-socialist stronghold, having the outside support of UDF. In Pala, Mani C. Kappen won as a UDF Independent candidate.


text: K. K. Shailaja, who as Health Minister had won plaudits for her handling of the COVID-19 pandemic, was re-elected in Mattanur with a record majority of 67,013 votes. K. A. Shaji of "Down to Earth" pointed to the LDF government's success in minimising covid deaths, and reducing economic hardship for people affected by the lockdown as the primary cause for its re-election.


text: Pinarayi Vijayan alleged that BJP supporters voted for the UDF in close seats, to ensure the defeat of LDF. UDF leader Ramesh Chennithala replied that the secret deal was between the BJP and the LDF to ensure the defeat of the UDF and thus create "Congress-Muktha Bharat" (Congress-free India). He further said that the account of the BJP was closed by the decisions taken by the UDF in the constituencies of Nemom, Palakkad and Manjeshwar.


text: The incumbent Chief Minister Pinarayi Vijayan was sworn in on 20 May along with 20 other cabinet members, 18 of whom were fresh faces. The exclusion of incumbent Health Minister K. K. Shailaja from the cabinet drew criticism from the public and from some CPI(M) members. The swearing-in ceremony, which was restricted to 500 participants due to a state-wide lockdown, was not attended by opposition MLAs and representatives from Central government, citing COVID protocol concerns.


text: V. D. Satheesan replaced Ramesh Chennithala as the Leader of the Opposition in the Niyamasabha, after the decision was made by the Congress High Command.


text: A few weeks after election result day, allegations came against the BJP leadership of Kerala for carrying illegal black money (hawala), which was related to the 2021 election. The money was seized at Kodakara. The Kerala Police handed over the case to Enforcement Directorate. The money was looted at Kodakara on 3 April 2021, just three days before the election. The police revealed that the actual amount was Rs 3.5 crore and it was brought for the BJP's election campaign. BJP state president K. Surendran was the chief accused in the case. The UDF alleged that it was due to the mutual understanding between LDF and BJP that the Kerala Police did not investigate it first.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: In linear algebra, a square matrix formula_1 is called diagonalizable or non-defective if it is similar to a diagonal matrix, i.e., if there exists an invertible matrix formula_2 and a diagonal matrix formula_3 such that or equivalently (Such formula_3 are not unique.) For a finite-dimensional vector space a linear map formula_5 is called diagonalizable if there exists an ordered basis of formula_6 consisting of eigenvectors of formula_7. These definitions are equivalent: if formula_7 has a matrix representation formula_9 as above, then the column vectors of formula_2 form a basis consisting of eigenvectors of and the diagonal entries of formula_3 are the corresponding eigenvalues of with respect to this eigenvector basis, formula_1 is represented by Diagonalization is the process of finding the above formula_2 and


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Diagonalizable matrices and maps are especially easy for computations, once their eigenvalues and eigenvectors are known. One can raise a diagonal matrix formula_3 to a power by simply raising the diagonal entries to that power, and the determinant of a diagonal matrix is simply the product of all diagonal entries; such computations generalize easily to Geometrically, a diagonalizable matrix is an inhomogeneous dilation (or "anisotropic scaling") — it scales the space, as does a "homogeneous dilation", but by a different factor along each eigenvector axis, the factor given by the corresponding eigenvalue.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: A square matrix that is not diagonalizable is called "defective". It can happen that a matrix formula_1 with real entries is defective over the real numbers, meaning that formula_16 is impossible for any invertible formula_2 and diagonal formula_3 with real entries, but it is possible with complex entries, so that formula_1 is diagonalizable over the complex numbers. For example, this is the case for a generic rotation matrix.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Many results for diagonalizable matrices hold only over an algebraically closed field (such as the complex numbers). In this case, diagonalizable matrices are dense in the space of all matrices, which means any defective matrix can be deformed into a diagonalizable matrix by a small perturbation; and the Jordan normal form theorem states that any matrix is uniquely the sum of a diagonalizable matrix and a nilpotent matrix. Over an algebraically closed field, diagonalizable matrices are equivalent to semi-simple matrices.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: A square formula_20 matrix, formula_1, with entries in a field formula_22 is called diagonalizable or nondefective if there exists an formula_20 invertible matrix (i.e. an element of the general linear group GL("F")), formula_2, such that formula_25 is a diagonal matrix. Formally,


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Another characterization: A matrix or linear map is diagonalizable over the field formula_22 if and only if its minimal polynomial is a product of distinct linear factors over (Put another way, a matrix is diagonalizable if and only if all of its elementary divisors are linear.)


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Let formula_1 be a matrix over If formula_1 is diagonalizable, then so is any power of it. Conversely, if formula_1 is invertible, formula_22 is algebraically closed, and formula_62 is diagonalizable for some formula_29 that is not an integer multiple of the characteristic of then formula_1 is diagonalizable. Proof: If formula_62 is diagonalizable, then formula_1 is annihilated by some polynomial which has no multiple root (since and is divided by the minimal polynomial of


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Over the complex numbers formula_67, almost every matrix is diagonalizable. More precisely: the set of complex formula_20 matrices that are "not" diagonalizable over considered as a subset of has Lebesgue measure zero. One can also say that the diagonalizable matrices form a dense subset with respect to the Zariski topology: the non-diagonalizable matrices lie inside the vanishing set of the discriminant of the characteristic polynomial, which is a hypersurface. From that follows also density in the usual ("strong") topology given by a norm. The same is not true over


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: The Jordan–Chevalley decomposition expresses an operator as the sum of its semisimple (i.e., diagonalizable) part and its nilpotent part. Hence, a matrix is diagonalizable if and only if its nilpotent part is zero. Put in another way, a matrix is diagonalizable if each block in its Jordan form has no nilpotent part; i.e., each "block" is a one-by-one matrix.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: So the column vectors of formula_2 are right eigenvectors of and the corresponding diagonal entry is the corresponding eigenvalue. The invertibility of formula_2 also suggests that the eigenvectors are linearly independent and form a basis of This is the necessary and sufficient condition for diagonalizability and the canonical approach of diagonalization. The row vectors of formula_78 are the left eigenvectors of


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: When a complex matrix formula_79 is a Hermitian matrix (or more generally a normal matrix), eigenvectors of formula_1 can be chosen to form an orthonormal basis of and formula_2 can be chosen to be a unitary matrix. If in addition, formula_82 is a real symmetric matrix, then its eigenvectors can be chosen to be an orthonormal basis of formula_83 and formula_2 can be chosen to be an orthogonal matrix.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: For most practical work matrices are diagonalized numerically using computer software. Many algorithms exist to accomplish this.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: A set of matrices is said to be "simultaneously diagonalizable" if there exists a single invertible matrix formula_2 such that formula_25 is a diagonal matrix for every formula_1 in the set. The following theorem characterizes simultaneously diagonalizable matrices: A set of diagonalizable matrices commutes if and only if the set is simultaneously diagonalizable.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: The set of all formula_20 diagonalizable matrices (over with formula_89 is not simultaneously diagonalizable. For instance, the matrices


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: A set consists of commuting normal matrices if and only if it is simultaneously diagonalizable by a unitary matrix; that is, there exists a unitary matrix formula_91 such that formula_92 is diagonal for every formula_1 in the set.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: In the language of Lie theory, a set of simultaneously diagonalizable matrices generate a toral Lie algebra.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: In general, a rotation matrix is not diagonalizable over the reals, but all rotation matrices are diagonalizable over the complex field. Even if a matrix is not diagonalizable, it is always possible to "do the best one can", and find a matrix with the same properties consisting of eigenvalues on the leading diagonal, and either ones or zeroes on the superdiagonal – known as Jordan normal form.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Some matrices are not diagonalizable over any field, most notably nonzero nilpotent matrices. This happens more generally if the algebraic and geometric multiplicities of an eigenvalue do not coincide. For instance, consider


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: This matrix is not diagonalizable: there is no matrix formula_91 such that formula_99 is a diagonal matrix. Indeed, formula_100 has one eigenvalue (namely zero) and this eigenvalue has algebraic multiplicity 2 and geometric multiplicity 1.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: The matrix formula_102 does not have any real eigenvalues, so there is no real matrix formula_103 such that formula_104 is a diagonal matrix. However, we can diagonalize formula_102 if we allow complex numbers. Indeed, if we take


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: then formula_104 is diagonal. It is easy to find that formula_102 is the rotation matrix which rotates counterclockwise by angle formula_109


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Note that the above examples show that the sum of diagonalizable matrices need not be diagonalizable.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Diagonalizing a matrix is the same process as finding its eigenvalues and eigenvectors, in the case that the eigenvectors form a basis. For example, consider the matrix


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: The roots of the characteristic polynomial formula_111 are the eigenvalues Solving the linear system formula_112 gives the eigenvectors formula_113 and while formula_114 gives that is, formula_115 for These vectors form a basis of so we can assemble them as the column vectors of a change-of-basis matrix formula_2 to get:


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: We may see this equation in terms of transformations: formula_2 takes the standard basis to the eigenbasis, so we have:


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Note that there is no preferred order of the eigenvectors in changing the order of the eigenvectors in formula_2 just changes the order of the eigenvalues in the diagonalized form of


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: and the latter is easy to calculate since it only involves the powers of a diagonal matrix. For example, for the matrix formula_1 with eigenvalues formula_124 in the example above we compute:


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: This approach can be generalized to matrix exponential and other matrix functions that can be defined as power series. For example, defining we have:


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: This is particularly useful in finding closed form expressions for terms of linear recursive sequences, such as the Fibonacci numbers.


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: The above phenomenon can be explained by diagonalizing To accomplish this, we need a basis of formula_130 consisting of eigenvectors of One such eigenvector basis is given by


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: Thus, "a" and "b" are the eigenvalues corresponding to u and v, respectively. By linearity of matrix multiplication, we have that


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: In quantum mechanical and quantum chemical computations matrix diagonalization is one of the most frequently applied numerical processes. The basic reason is that the time-independent Schrödinger equation is an eigenvalue equation, albeit in most of the physical situations on an infinite dimensional space (a Hilbert space).


title: Diagonalizable matrix

text: A very common approximation is to truncate Hilbert space to finite dimension, after which the Schrödinger equation can be formulated as an eigenvalue problem of a real symmetric, or complex Hermitian matrix. Formally this approximation is founded on the variational principle, valid for Hamiltonians that are bounded from below.


title: Monza Circuit

text: The Monza Circuit () is a race track near the city of Monza, north of Milan, in Italy. Built in 1922, it was the world's third purpose-built motor racing circuit after Brooklands and Indianapolis and the oldest in mainland Europe. The circuit's biggest event is the Italian Grand Prix. With the exception of the 1980 running, the race has been hosted there since 1949.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Built in the Royal Villa of Monza park in a woodland setting, the site has three tracks – the Grand Prix track, the Junior track, and a high speed oval track with steep bankings which was left unused for decades and had been decaying until it was restored in the 2010s. The major features of the main Grand Prix track include the "Curva Grande", the "Curva di Lesmo", the "Variante Ascari" and the "Curva Alboreto" (formerly "Curva Parabolica"). The high speed curve, Curva Grande, is located after the "Variante del Rettifilo" which is located at the end of the front straight or "Rettifilo Tribune", and is usually taken flat out by Formula One cars.


title: Monza Circuit

text: In addition to Formula One, the circuit previously hosted the 1000 km Monza, an endurance sports car race held as part of the World Sportscar Championship and the Le Mans Series. Monza also featured the unique Race of Two Worlds events, which attempted to run Formula One and USAC National Championship cars against each other. The racetrack also previously held rounds of the Grand Prix motorcycle racing (Italian motorcycle Grand Prix), WTCC, TCR International Series, Superbike World Championship, Formula Renault 3.5 Series and Auto GP. Monza currently hosts rounds of the Blancpain GT Series Endurance Cup, International GT Open and Euroformula Open Championship, as well as various local championships such as the TCR Italian Series, Italian GT Championship, Porsche Carrera Cup Italia and Italian F4 Championship, as well as the Monza Rally Show. In 2020, Monza hosted the 2020 World Rally Championship final round, ACI Rally Monza, with the circuit hosting 10 of the 16 rally stages.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Monza also hosts cycling and running events, most notably the Monza 12h Cycling Marathon and Monza 21 Half Marathon. The venue was also selected by Nike scientists for the Breaking2 event, where three runners attempted to break the 2 hour barrier for the marathon. Eliud Kipchoge ran 2:00:25.


title: Monza Circuit

text: A very fast circuit, Monza has been the site of many fatal accidents, especially in the early years of the Formula One world championship, and has claimed the lives of 52 drivers and 35 spectators. Track modifications have continuously occurred, to improve spectator safety and reduce curve speeds, but it is still criticised by the current drivers for its lack of run-off areas, most notoriously at the chicane that cuts the "Variante della Roggia".


title: Monza Circuit

text: The first track was built from May to July 1922 by 3,500 workers, financed by the Milan Automobile Club – which created the "Società Incremento Automobilismo e Sport" (SIAS) (English: "Motoring and Sport Encouragement Company") to run the track. The initial form was a site with of macadamised road – comprising a loop track, and a road track. The track was officially opened on 3 September 1922, with the maiden race the second Italian Grand Prix held on 10 September 1922.


title: Monza Circuit

text: In 1928, the most serious Italian racing accident to date ended in the death of driver Emilio Materassi and 27 spectators at that year's Italian Grand Prix. The accident led to further Grand Prix races' confinement to the high-speed loop until 1932. For these reasons the Italian Grand Prix wasn't held again until 1931; in the meantime the 1930 Monza Grand Prix was held on the high speed ring only, while in 1930 Vincenzo Florio introduced the Florio Circuit. The 1933 Italian Grand Prix was held on the original complete layout but it was marred by the deaths of three drivers (Giuseppe Campari, Baconin Borzacchini and Stanisław Czaykowski) in the supporting Monza Grand Prix held on the same day - which became known as the "Black Day of Monza" - over the shorter oval circuit and the Grand Prix layout was changed: in 1934 a short circuit with two lanes of the straight line joined by a hairpin, "Curva Sud" of the banking (with a double chicane) driven in the opposite direction than usual, the "Florio link" and the "Curva Sud" (with a small chicane). This configuration was considered too slow and in 1935 Florio Circuit was used again, this time with four temporary chicanes and another one permanent (along the "Curva Sud" of the banking). In 1938 only the last one was used.


title: Monza Circuit

text: There was major rebuilding in 1938–39, constructing new stands and entrances, resurfacing the track, removing the high speed ring and adding two new bends on the southern part of the circuit. The resulting layout gave a Grand Prix lap of , in use until 1954. The outbreak of World War II meant racing at the track was suspended until 1948 and parts of the circuit degraded due to the lack of maintenance and military use. Monza was renovated over a period of two months at the beginning of 1948 and a Grand Prix was held on 17 October 1948.


title: Monza Circuit

text: In 1954, work began to entirely revamp the circuit, resulting in a course, and a new high-speed oval with banked "sopraelevata" curves (the southern one was moved slightly north). The two circuits could be combined to re-create the former long circuit, with cars running parallel on the main straight. The first Lesmo curve was modified to be made faster, and the track infrastructure and facilities were also updated and improved to better accommodate the teams and spectators.


title: Monza Circuit

text: The Automobile Club of Italy held Race of Two Worlds exhibition competitions, intended to pit United States Auto Club IndyCars against European Formula One and sports cars. The races were held on the oval at the end of June in 1957 and 1958, with three 63 lap heat races each year, races which colloquially became known as the "Monzanapolis" series. Concerns were raised among the European drivers that flat-out racing on the banking would be too dangerous, so ultimately only Ecurie Ecosse and Maserati represented European racing at the first running. The American teams had brought special Firestone tyres with them, reinforced to withstand high-speed running on the bumpy Monza surface, but the Maseratis' steering was badly affected by the larger-than-usual tyre size, leading to the Modena-based team withdrawal.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Ecurie Ecosse's three Jaguar D-type sports cars used their Le Mans-specification tyres with no ill-effects, but since they raced at less than their practice speeds to conserve their tyres, they were completely out paced. Two heats in 1957 were won by Jimmy Bryan in his Kuzma-Offenhauser "Dean Van Lines Special", and the last by Troy Ruttman in the Watson-Offenhauser "John Zink Special". In 1958 Jaguar, Ferrari and Maserati teams appeared alongside the Indy roadsters, but once again the American cars dominated the event and Jim Rathmann won the three races in a Watson-Offenhauser car.


title: Monza Circuit

text: Formula One used the high speed track in the 1955, 1956, 1960 and 1961 Grands Prix. Stirling Moss and Phil Hill both won twice in this period, with Hill's win at Monza making him the first American to win a Formula One race. The 1961 race saw the death of Wolfgang von Trips and fifteen spectators when a collision with Jim Clark's Lotus sent von Trips' car airborne and into the barriers on Parabolica.