title: Sonagachi

text: The Sonagachi project is a sex workers' cooperative that operates in the area and empowers sex workers to insist on condom use and to stand up against abuse. Run by the Durbar Mahila Samanwaya Committee, it was founded by public health scientist Smarajit Jana in 1992 but is now largely run by the prostitutes themselves. While some are crediting the DMSC with keeping a relatively low rate of HIV infection among prostitutes, around 5.17% of the 13,000 prostitutes in Sonagachi are estimated to be HIV positive. This rate is close to the average HIV rate for female prostitutes in India, which is estimated to be 5.1%, though the HIV infection rate among prostitutes as well as among the general population varies widely by region in India. According to some sources, prostitutes from Sonagachi who test HIV positive are not told about the results, and live with the disease without knowing about it "because the DMSC is worried that HIV positive women will be ostracized." Some prostitutes in Sonagachi have stated that "the clients, at least three quarters of them" refuse to use condoms and "if we force them to use the condom, they will just go next door. There are so many women working here, and in the end, everyone is prepared to work without protection for fear of losing trade.”


title: Sonagachi

text: Besides the Sonagachi project, the DMSC also runs several similar projects in West Bengal, organizing some 65,000 prostitutes and their children. The organization lobbies for the recognition of sex workers' rights and full legalization, runs literacy and vocational programs, and provides micro loans. The DMSC hosted India's first national convention of sex workers on 14 November 1997 in Kolkata, titled 'Sex Work is Real Work: We Demand Workers Rights'. The book "" reports investigations revealing that, contrary to stated policy, the DMSC allows sex slavery, trafficking, and underage girls in Sonagachi project brothels.


title: Sonagachi

text: The documentary "Born into Brothels: Calcutta's Red Light Kids" won the Oscar for best documentary award in 2005. It depicts the lives of children born to prostitutes in Sonagachi. "Born into Brothels" takes the viewer beyond the well-known prostitute-clogged streets and into the homes of the children who live in the so-called worst place on earth. If the film has one success story, it is the discovery of ten-year-old Avijit whose natural affinity for creating exciting compositions through the lens earned him an invitation to the World Press Photo Foundation in Amsterdam.


title: Sonagachi

text: There is also a documentary titled "Tales of The Night Fairies" by Prof. Shohini Ghosh and Dr. Sabeena Ghadioke from Asia's leading Media institute AJK, Mass Communication Research Centre, about the Sonagachi area. It has won the Jeevika Award for the best documentary feature on livelihood in India.


title: Sonagachi

text: Popular actor Kamal Haasan's movie "Mahanadhi" has a storyline based on the area. The Malayalam Film Calcutta News depicts the story of women being trafficked and forced to become sex workers in Sonagachi.


title: Sonagachi

text: In his documentary The Five Obstructions, renowned Danish filmmaker Lars von Trier asks poet and experimental filmmaker Jorgen Leth to name the worst place in the world he has ever visited, and immediately Leth responds with "The Red Light District of Calcutta."


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Macbeth is a 2015 epic historical drama film directed by Justin Kurzel and written for the screen by Jacob Koskoff, Todd Louiso and Michael Lesslie, based on William Shakespeare's play of the same name. The film stars Michael Fassbender in the title role and Marion Cotillard as Lady Macbeth, with Paddy Considine, Sean Harris, Jack Reynor, Elizabeth Debicki and David Thewlis in supporting roles. The story follows a Scottish general's rise to power after receiving a prophecy from a trio of witches that one day he will become King of Scotland. Like the play it was adapted from, the film dramatises the damaging physical and psychological effects of political ambition on those who seek power for its own sake.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: "Macbeth" premiered on 23 May 2015 at the Cannes Film Festival where it was selected to compete for the Palme d'Or. The film was theatrically released by StudioCanal on 2 October 2015 in the United Kingdom and on 18 November 2015 in France. It received generally positive reviews from film critics who praised both Fassbender and Cotillard's performances, as well as those of the rest of the cast, visual style, script, direction and war sequences. Despite the positive critical reaction, the film grossed just $16 million worldwide against its production budget of $20 million.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: The film starts with the Macbeths grieving at their child's funeral. Then, Macbeth leads King Duncan's troops into a civil war battle. He emerges victorious, despite losses, including boy soldiers. Three women with a girl and infant approach Macbeth and Banquo, hailing Macbeth as Thane of Cawdor and future King, and Banquo as a father of Kings, before disappearing.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Duncan hears of Macbeth's victory and executes the Thane of Cawdor for traitorously allying with Norse invaders, giving Macbeth his title. Macbeth tells his wife of the prophecies. Lady Macbeth prays to the dark spirits for guidance. When Macbeth says Duncan will stay overnight, she urges him to kill the King to fulfill the prophecy. A feast is held, where the King pronounces Malcolm his heir. Macbeth hesitates but Lady Macbeth persuades him to kill Duncan while she drugs his servants. After the feast, Macbeth sees a boy soldier's ghost, who gives him a dagger and leads him towards Duncan's tent whom Macbeth slays. Malcolm enters and, seeing the body, flees. Shaken, Macbeth goes to his wife, giving her two daggers. Lady Macbeth rebukes him for not leaving them and puts them in the sleeping servants' hands. She meets Macbeth in the church where they wash their hands, saying they have washed their deed away.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: In the morning, Macduff finds Duncan dead and Macbeth slaughters the servants to prevent their denial. Macduff and noble Lennox believe Malcolm's flight is suspicious and admire Macbeth's summary justice. With Malcolm gone, Macbeth is crowned. Afterwards, he sourly complains to his wife that killing Duncan was for nothing as Macbeth has no heirs, so the crown will pass to Banquo and his son, Fleance, as prophesied. He invites them to a banquet but discovers they plan to leave, as Banquo is suspicious. Macbeth sends assassins: Banquo is killed, but Fleance escapes.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: During the evening, Macbeth mentions Banquo not attending as promised. Macbeth asks the assassins for news and is enraged that Fleance has escaped. Then, Macbeth sees Banquo's ghost. Afraid, he talks to it. Lady Macbeth says her husband is unwell, but Macbeth continues to rave, prompting Macduff and his wife to leave. Lady Macbeth dismisses the guests and takes Macbeth away.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Macbeth talks to the witches. They show him a vision of slain soldiers who tell him to beware Macduff, and that Macbeth shall be King until Great Birnam Wood comes to the royal castle at Dunsinane Hill. The boy soldier's ghost who gave him the dagger tells Macbeth that he will not be slain by man born of a woman. The King is found wandering by Lennox who tells him that Macduff has fled. Anxious and enraged, Macbeth orders the death of Macduff's family and servants. The family are burned at the stake, while a distraught Lady Macbeth watches. Afterwards, she washes the dagger.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Meanwhile, Macduff meets Malcolm, who is gathering troops. Ross and Angus inform Macduff about his household's murder. Grief-stricken and angry, Macduff swears revenge.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Guilt-ridden, Lady Macbeth returns to the church, lamenting their deeds and her bloody hands (in a soliloquy often referred to as "Out damned spot!"). She sees her child's ghost, which she urges to sleep. Then she wanders in the hills and sees the witches.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: In the castle, Macbeth is rumoured mad, and all fear his anger and tyranny. He is told of his wife's death. Speaking the famous soliloquy, starting "tomorrow and tomorrow and tomorrow" (also known by the lines in it beginning "Out, out, brief candle!"), he carries her body in despair. Seyton brings news Malcolm is leading an army and Macbeth demands his armour.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Macduff fires Birnam Wood: with smoke blowing towards them, the prophecy is fulfilled. Macbeth sallies out and duels with Macduff. Macbeth is confident, as "no man born of woman" can kill him. Macduff states he was untimely ripped from his mother's womb and, using Macbeth's distraction, stabs him. Macbeth regrets his mistakes, knowing redemption is impossible. Macbeth refuses to bow before Malcolm, allowing himself to be killed. The witches, observing, leave. Malcolm is hailed King and all go to his castle. Malcolm leaves the throne room while Fleance takes Macbeth's sword and charges through the empty battlefield, disappearing into the smoke.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: The production company behind "Macbeth" is See-Saw Films; the film was distributed by StudioCanal worldwide.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Principal photography took place over seven weeks in England and Scotland, beginning on 6 February 2014 in Scotland. On 21 February, filming took place at Hankley Common in Elstead, Surrey. On 26 February, the cast and crew were spotted on set at Bamburgh Castle in Northumberland with almost 200 extras. Other locations used include Quiraing in Skye, and Ely Cathedral in Ely, Cambridgeshire.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Costume designer Jacqueline Durran was in charge of the costumes for the film. Durran took reference from a book called the "Tilke", which is a sort of encyclopaedia of folk costume, compiled and illustrated in the 1920s by a German artist and ethnographer, Max Tilke.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: A couple of photos from the film were revealed on 18 April 2014, followed by two teaser posters on 14 May. The first trailer was released by StudioCanal on 4 June 2015 and crossed over 2 million views.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Character posters featuring Fassbender and Cotillard were released on 27 August 2015. The first North American trailer was released by The Weinstein Company on 1 September 2015. A new pair of posters were released on 4 September 2015. In the Philippines, the film was marketed as "Macbeth: Warrior King".


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: In October 2013, The Weinstein Company acquired distribution rights to the film. "Macbeth" premiered at the 2015 Cannes Film Festival on 23 May 2015 and was released in the United Kingdom on 2 October 2015 and in France on 18 November. The film had a limited release in the United States across five theatres in New York, Los Angeles and San Francisco on 4 December 2015, before expanding theatres on 11 December. The film was released in the Philippines by Pioneer Films on 13 January 2016.


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: "Macbeth" has received positive reviews from critics. The review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 80% based on 198 reviews, with an average rating of 7.24/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Faithful to the source material without sacrificing its own cinematic flair, Justin Kurzel's "Macbeth" rises on the strength of a mesmerizing Michael Fassbender performance to join the upper echelon of big-screen Shakespeare adaptations." Metacritic gives the film a weighted average score of 71 out of 100, based on 35 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Writing for "The New York Times" on 3 December 2015, Manohla Dargis complimented Fassbender's depiction of the lead role, stating:


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Cotillard's performance also earned high praise from critics, particularly for her rendition of the famous "Out, Damned Spot" monologue. Guy Lodge from "Variety" stated that "Cotillard electrically conveys misdirected sexual magnetism, but also a poignantly defeated sense of decency", and noted that it was a performance that "contains both the woman's abandoned self and her worst-case incarnation, often in the space of a single scene," and remarked that "Her deathless sleepwalking scene, staged in minimalist fashion under a gauze of snowflakes in a bare chapel, is played with tender, desolate exhaustion; it deserves to be viewed as near-definitive."


title: Macbeth (2015 film)

text: Luke Buckmaster of "The Daily Review" rated the film four out of five stars, calling it "bold" and "fearless" and praising the production values as well as Fassbender and Cotillard's performances, but criticised the actors' poor enunciation or peculiar accents, which distracted from the film's other qualities.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's conjecture is one of the oldest and best-known unsolved problems in number theory and all of mathematics. It states that every even natural number greater than 2 is the sum of two prime numbers.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: The conjecture has been shown to hold for all integers less than 4 × 10, but remains unproven despite considerable effort.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: On 7 June 1742, the German mathematician Christian Goldbach wrote a letter to Leonhard Euler (letter XLIII), in which he proposed the following conjecture:


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach was following the now-abandoned convention of considering 1 to be a prime number, so that a sum of units would indeed be a sum of primes.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Euler replied in a letter dated 30 June 1742 and reminded Goldbach of an earlier conversation they had had (), in which Goldbach had remarked that the first of those two conjectures would follow from the statement


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Each of the three conjectures above has a natural analog in terms of the modern definition of a prime, under which 1 is excluded.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: These modern versions might not be entirely equivalent to the corresponding original statements. For example, if there were an even integer formula_1 larger than 4, for formula_2 a prime, that could not be expressed as the sum of two primes in the modern sense, then it would be a counterexample to the modern version of the third conjecture (without being a counterexample to the original version). The modern version is thus probably stronger (but in order to confirm that, one would have to prove that the first version, freely applied to any positive even integer formula_3, could not possibly rule out the existence of such a specific counterexample formula_4). In any case, the modern statements have the same relationships with each other as the older statements did. That is, the second and third modern statements are equivalent, and either implies the first modern statement.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: The third modern statement (equivalent to the second) is the form in which the conjecture is usually expressed today. It is also known as the "strong", "even", or "binary" Goldbach conjecture. A weaker form of the second modern statement, known as "Goldbach's weak conjecture", the "odd Goldbach conjecture", or the "ternary Goldbach conjecture", asserts that


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: A proof for the weak conjecture was proposed in 2013 by Harald Helfgott. Helfgott's proof has not yet appeared in a peer-reviewed publication, though was accepted for publication in the "Annals of Mathematics Studies" series in 2015 and has been undergoing further review and revision since. The weak conjecture would be a corollary of the strong conjecture: if is a sum of two primes, then is a sum of three primes. However, the converse implication and thus the strong Goldbach conjecture remain unproven.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: For small values of "n", the strong Goldbach conjecture (and hence the weak Goldbach conjecture) can be verified directly. For instance, in 1938, Nils Pipping laboriously verified the conjecture up to "n" ≤ 10. With the advent of computers, many more values of "n" have been checked; T. Oliveira e Silva ran a distributed computer search that has verified the conjecture for "n" ≤ 4 × 10 (and double-checked up to 4 × 10) as of 2013. One record from this search is that is the smallest number that cannot be written as a sum of two primes where one is smaller than 9781.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Statistical considerations that focus on the probabilistic distribution of prime numbers present informal evidence in favour of the conjecture (in both the weak and strong forms) for sufficiently large integers: the greater the integer, the more ways there are available for that number to be represented as the sum of two or three other numbers, and the more "likely" it becomes that at least one of these representations consists entirely of primes.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: A very crude version of the heuristic probabilistic argument (for the strong form of the Goldbach conjecture) is as follows. The prime number theorem asserts that an integer "m" selected at random has roughly a formula_5 chance of being prime. Thus if "n" is a large even integer and "m" is a number between 3 and "n"/2, then one might expect the probability of "m" and "n" − "m" simultaneously being prime to be formula_6. If one pursues this heuristic, one might expect the total number of ways to write a large even integer "n" as the sum of two odd primes to be roughly


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Since formula_8, this quantity goes to infinity as "n" increases, and one would expect that every large even integer has not just one representation as the sum of two primes, but in fact very many such representations.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: This heuristic argument is actually somewhat inaccurate, because it assumes that the events of "m" and "n" − "m" being prime are statistically independent of each other. For instance, if "m" is odd, then "n" − "m" is also odd, and if "m" is even, then "n" − "m" is even, a non-trivial relation because, besides the number 2, only odd numbers can be prime. Similarly, if "n" is divisible by 3, and "m" was already a prime distinct from 3, then "n" − "m" would also be coprime to 3 and thus be slightly more likely to be prime than a general number. Pursuing this type of analysis more carefully, G. H. Hardy and John Edensor Littlewood in 1923 conjectured (as part of their "Hardy–Littlewood prime tuple conjecture") that for any fixed "c" ≥ 2, the number of representations of a large integer "n" as the sum of "c" primes formula_9 with formula_10 should be asymptotically equal to


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: formula_13 in modular arithmetic, subject to the constraints formula_14. This formula has been rigorously proven to be asymptotically valid for "c" ≥ 3 from the work of Ivan Matveevich Vinogradov, but is still only a conjecture when formula_15. In the latter case, the above formula simplifies to 0 when "n" is odd, and to


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: This is sometimes known as the "extended Goldbach conjecture". The strong Goldbach conjecture is in fact very similar to the twin prime conjecture, and the two conjectures are believed to be of roughly comparable difficulty.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: The Goldbach partition functions shown here can be displayed as histograms, which illustrate the above equations. See Goldbach's comet for more information.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Goldbach's comet also suggests that there are tight upper and lower bounds on the number of representatives, and that the modulo "6" of "2n" plays a part in the number of representations.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: The number of representations is about formula_19, from formula_20 and the Prime Number Theorem. If each "c" is composite, then it must have a prime factor less than or equal to the square root of formula_21, by the method outlined in trial division.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: The strong Goldbach conjecture is much more difficult than the weak Goldbach conjecture. Using Vinogradov's method, Nikolai Chudakov, Johannes van der Corput, and Theodor Estermann showed that almost all even numbers can be written as the sum of two primes (in the sense that the fraction of even numbers up to some formula_4 which can be so written tends towards 1 as formula_4 increases). In 1930, Lev Schnirelmann proved that any natural number greater than 1 can be written as the sum of not more than prime numbers, where is an effectively computable constant; see Schnirelmann density. Schnirelmann's constant is the lowest number with this property. Schnirelmann himself obtained  < . This result was subsequently enhanced by many authors, such as Olivier Ramaré, who in 1995 showed that every even number is in fact the sum of at most 6 primes. The best known result currently stems from the proof of the weak Goldbach conjecture by Harald Helfgott, which directly implies that every even number is the sum of at most 4 primes.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: In 1924, Hardy and Littlewood showed under the assumption of the generalized Riemann hypothesis that the number of even numbers up to violating the Goldbach conjecture is much less than formula_25 for small .


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: In 1948, using sieve theory, Alfréd Rényi showed that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of a prime and an almost prime with at most K factors. Chen Jingrun showed in 1973 using the methods of sieve theory that every sufficiently large even number can be written as the sum of either two primes, or a prime and a semiprime (the product of two primes). See Chen's theorem for further information.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: In 1975, Hugh Montgomery and Robert Charles Vaughan showed that "most" even numbers are expressible as the sum of two primes. More precisely, they showed that there exist positive constants and such that for all sufficiently large numbers , every even number less than is the sum of two primes, with at most formula_26 exceptions. In particular, the set of even integers that are not the sum of two primes has density zero.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: In 1951, Yuri Linnik proved the existence of a constant such that every sufficiently large even number is the sum of two primes and at most powers of 2. Roger Heath-Brown and Jan-Christoph Schlage-Puchta found in 2002 that works.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Although Goldbach's conjecture implies that every positive integer greater than one can be written as a sum of at most three primes, it is not always possible to find such a sum using a greedy algorithm that uses the largest possible prime at each step. The Pillai sequence tracks the numbers requiring the largest number of primes in their greedy representations.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: Similar problems to Goldbach's conjecture exist in which primes are replaced by other particular sets of numbers, such as the squares:


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: "Goldbach's Conjecture" () is the title of the biography of Chinese mathematician and number theorist Chen Jingrun, written by Xu Chi.


title: Goldbach's conjecture

text: The conjecture is a central point in the plot of the 1992 novel "Uncle Petros and Goldbach's Conjecture" by Greek author Apostolos Doxiadis, in the short story "Sixty Million Trillion Combinations" by Isaac Asimov and also in the 2008 mystery novel "No One You Know" by Michelle Richmond.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Doomsday is a 2008 science fiction action film written and directed by Neil Marshall. The film takes place in the future in Scotland, which has been quarantined because of a deadly virus. When the virus is found in London, political leaders send a team led by Major Eden Sinclair (Rhona Mitra) to Scotland to find a possible cure. Sinclair's team runs into two types of survivors: marauders and medieval knights. "Doomsday" was conceived by Marshall based on the idea of futuristic soldiers facing medieval knights. In producing the film, he drew inspiration from various movies, including "Mad Max", "Escape from New York" and "28 Days Later".


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Marshall had a budget three times the size of his previous two films, "The Descent" and "Dog Soldiers", and the director filmed the larger-scale "Doomsday" in Scotland and South Africa. The film was released in the United States and Canada on 14 March 2008 and in the United Kingdom on 9 May 2008. It received mixed reviews from critics, who praised the casting, pacing, narrative, and homage to previous films, but criticized the plot holes, character development, confusing editing, and overloaded gore. The film grossed $22 million worldwide, making it a box office bomb.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: In 2008, a killer virus, known as the "Reaper virus", has been discovered in Scotland, infecting its entire population into becoming hysterical and homicidally insane. Unable to contain the outbreak or cure the infected, the British government builds a massive 30-foot wall that isolated Scotland from the rest of Great Britain. Whilst the quarantine was deemed a success, the extreme method employed by the government destroys diplomatic and economic relations between the UK and the rest of the world, turning the state itself into a pariah state. This led to massive unemployment, civil unrest and extreme economic turmoil, causing the UK to collapse into a dystopia.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: In 2035, 27 years after the start of the quarantine, a group of armed police officers discover several people in London infected with Reaper virus during a routine investigation. Prime Minister John Hatcher shares satellite footage of survivors in Scotland with domestic security chief Captain Nelson. Believing a cure may exist, Hatcher orders Nelson to send a team into Scotland to find medical researcher Dr. Kane who was working on a cure when Scotland was quarantined. Nelson chooses his top police officer, Major Eden Sinclair, to lead the team. According to Nelson, Sinclair also hails from Scotland, where she escaped from when the quarantine began at the cost of her right eye. For Sinclair the mission is also personal, as she hopes to learn if her mother survived or not.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Sinclair's team crosses the wall to Glasgow, Dr. Kane's last known location. In Glasgow, while searching the local hospital for survivors, Sinclair and her team are ambushed by a group of marauders. Sgt. Norton and Dr. Stirling manage to escape, while the team suffers heavy casualties. Sinclair and Dr. Talbot are captured by what turns out to be a huge gang of brutal cannibals, led by the power-hungry Sol, who plans to use her as leverage to cross the wall, allowing his army to start their invasion on England. He then leaves for the sacrificial ceremony to join the rest of his gang, who burn Dr. Talbot and eat him alive. With the help of Cally, another prisoner, Sinclair escapes and kills Viper, Sol's second-in-command. She meets with Norton and Stirling, and the three escape on a train. Cally reveals that she and Sol are Kane's children.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Meanwhile, back in London, the increasingly violent riot occurs on the streets. Hatcher plans to evacuate the central London area because of the infection when one of the infected breaks into Hatcher's office and tries to kill him. Nelson shoots and kills the infected man to save Hatcher, but his infected blood suddenly splatters all over the prime minister. As a result to Hatcher's unexpected infection, he is soon quarantined by his right-hand man, Michael Canaris, who also takes his place as "de facto" prime minister. Hatcher later commits suicide, knowing that his exposure to the Reaper Virus means an almost-certain death sentence from the virus.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: After leaving the train, Sinclair's group is spotted and kidnapped by soldiers armed with archaic weapons and armour. They are taken to a medieval castle and imprisoned. Their leader, who is really Marcus Kane, tells Sinclair the truth: there is no cure—only people with a natural immunity. Originally a medical researcher, he was devastated when his family was left behind during the quarantine. After losing his wife, Kane became a twisted, sadistic lord and sentences her and her group to death, pitting Sinclair against Telamon, his executioner, in a small fighting ground to entertain his followers. During the duel, Sinclair subdues and kills Telamon while the rest of the group escapes, retrieving their equipment and rescuing Sinclair.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Sinclair, Norton, Stirling and Cally escape to a fallout shelter entrance on horseback. They locate an underground facility in the forest and find an intact 2007 Bentley Continental GT. Kane's medieval knights arrive and kill Norton. Sinclair and the others drive the Bentley back to the quarantine wall. On the way, they are intercepted by Sol's gang, who seeks to avenge Viper once and for all. After a high-speed chase, Sol and many of his men are killed and Sinclair's group escape.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Using a phone retrieved from the fallout shelter, Sinclair calls Canaris, who later arrives in a government gunship. Canaris then tricks Sinclair into trading Cally to develop a vaccine, revealing himself as the creator of the Reaper virus, which is, in fact, a bioweapon that can spread all over the UK as both a form of population control and shady profit.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Cally and Stirling board the gunship with Canaris while Sinclair returns to her old house in search of her mother, followed by Nelson, who flew into the quarantine zone to speak with her. While Sinclair learns that her mother perished during the quarantine, she is able to retrieve a picture of her. Sinclair gives Nelson a recording of Canaris' scheme to take over the UK, the evidence that would save everyone from this state-wide pandemic once and for all. The recording is later broadcast to the rest of the country, much to Canaris' dismay as it spells doom to his career and subsequential criminal conviction.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Meanwhile, Sinclair retrieves Sol's head and returns it to his gang; she throws the head onto the ground, announcing to the marauders, “If you're hungry, try a piece of your friend”. The marauders stand in shock for a moment of stunned silence before bursting into cheering, accepting Sinclair as their new leader.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: In addition, Lee-Anne Liebenberg portrays Viper, the wild woman who is Sol's second-in-command, while Hennie Bosman portrays Telamon (The Gladiator). Also cast as part of Eden Sinclair's team were Chris Robson as Miller, and Leslie Simpson as Carpenter. The names Miller and Carpenter were nods to directors George Miller and John Carpenter, whose films influenced Marshall's "Doomsday". Sean Pertwee and Darren Morfitt portrayed the team's medical scientists, Dr Talbot and Dr Stirling, respectively. MyAnna Buring portrayed Kane's daughter Cally. Emma Cleasby played Eden's mother at the start of the film.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Director Neil Marshall lived near the ruins of Hadrian's Wall, a Roman fortification built to defend England against Scotland's tribes. The director fantasised about what conditions would cause the Wall to be rebuilt and imagined a lethal virus would work. Marshall had also visualised a mixture of medieval and futuristic elements: "I had this vision of these futuristic soldiers with high-tech weaponry and body armour and helmets—clearly from the future—facing a medieval knight on horseback." The director favoured the English/Scottish border as the location for a rebuilt wall, finding the location more plausible than a lengthy boundary between the United States and Canada. Additionally, Scotland is the home to multiple castles, which fit Marshall's medieval aspect.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: The lethal virus in "Doomsday" differs from contemporary films like "28 Days Later" and "28 Weeks Later" by being an authentic plague that actually devastates the population, instead of infecting people so they become aggressive cannibals or zombies. Marshall intended the virus as the backdrop to the story, having survivors scavenge for themselves and set up a primitive society. The director drew from tribal history around the world to design the society. Though the survivors are depicted as brutal, Marshall sought to have "shades of gray" by characterising some people in England as selfishly manipulative.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: The director intended "Doomsday" as a tribute to post-apocalyptic films from the 1970s and 1980s, explaining, "Right from the start, I wanted my film to be an homage to these sorts of movies, and deliberately so. I wanted to make a movie for a new generation of audience that hadn't seen those movies in the cinema—hadn't seen them at all maybe—and to give them the same thrill that I got from watching them. But kind of contemporise it, pump up the action and the blood and guts." Cinematic influences on "Doomsday" include:


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Marshall also cited "" (1983), "Zulu" (1964), and works of director Terry Gilliam like "The Fisher King" (1991) as influences in producing "Doomsday". Marshall acknowledged that his creation is "so outrageous you've got to laugh". He reflected, "I do think it's going to divide audiences... I just want them to be thrilled and enthralled. I want them to be overwhelmed by the imagery they've seen. And go back and see it again."


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Rogue Pictures signed Marshall to direct "Doomsday" in October 2005, and in November 2006, actress Rhona Mitra was signed to star in "Doomsday" as the leader of the elite team. Production was budgeted at £17 million, an amount that was triple the combined total of Marshall's previous two films, "Dog Soldiers" (2002) and "The Descent" (2005). The increase in scale was a challenge to the director, who had been accustomed to small casts and limited locations. Marshall described the broader experience: "There's fifty or more speaking parts; I'm dealing with thousands of extras, logistical action sequences, explosions, car chases — the works."


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Production began in February 2007 in South Africa, where the majority of filming took place. South Africa was chosen as a primary filming location for economic reasons, costing a third of estimated production in the United Kingdom. Shooting in South Africa lasted 56 days out of 66 days, with the remaining ten taking place in Scotland. Marshall said of South Africa's appeal, "The landscape, the rock formations, I thought it was about as close to Scotland as you're likely to get, outside of Ireland or Wales." In Scotland, secondary filming took place in the city of Glasgow, including Haghill in the city's East End, and at Blackness Castle in West Lothian, the latter chosen when filmmakers were unable to shoot at Doune Castle. The entire shoot, involving thousands of extras, included a series of complex fight scenes and pyrotechnical displays. The director sought to minimise the use of computer-generated elements in "Doomsday", preferring to subscribe to "old-school filmmaking". In the course of production, several sequences were dropped due to budgetary concerns, including a scene in which helicopter gunships attacked a medieval castle.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: A massive car chase scene was filmed for "Doomsday", described by Marshall to be one part "Mad Max", one part "Bullitt" (1968), and one part "something else entirely different". Marshall had seen the Aston Martin DBS V12 used in the James Bond film "Casino Royale" (2006) and sought to implement a similarly "sexy" car. Since the car company did not do product placement, the filmmakers purchased three new Bentley Continental GTs for US$150,000 each. The film also contains the director's trademark gore and violence from previous films, including a scene where a character is cooked alive and eaten. The production was designed by Simon Bowles who had worked previously with Marshall on "Dog Soldiers" and "The Descent". Paul Hyett, the prosthetic make-up designer who worked on "The Descent", contributed to the production, researching diseases including sexually transmitted diseases to design the make-up for victims of the Reaper virus.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: The visual effects for "Doomsday" stemmed from the 1980s stunt-based films, involving approximately 275 visual effects shots. While filmmakers did not seek innovative visual effects, they worked with budget restrictions by creating set extensions. With most shots taking place in daylight, the extensions involved matte paint and 2D and 3D solutions. The visual effects crew visited Scotland to take reference photos so scenes that were filmed in Cape Town, South Africa could instead have Scottish backgrounds. Several challenges for the visual effects crew included the illustration of cow overpopulation in line with a decimated human population and the convincing creation of the rebuilt Hadrian Wall in different lights and from different distances. The most challenging visual effects shot in "Doomsday" was the close-up in which a main character is burned alive. The shot required multiple enhancements and implementations of burning wardrobe, burning pigskin, and smoke and fire elements to look authentic.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Neil Marshall's car chase sequence also involved the use of visual effects. A scene in which the Bentley crashes through a bus was intended to implement pyrotechnics, but fire marshals in the South African nature reserve, the filming location for the scene, forbade their use due to dry conditions. A miniature mock-up was created and visual effects were applied so the filming of the mock-up would overlay the filming of the actual scene without pyrotechnics. Other visual effects that were created were the Thames flood plain and a remote Scottish castle. A popular effect with the visual effects crew was the "rabbit explosion" scene, depicting a rabbit being shot by guns on automatic sensors. The crew sought to expand the singular shot, but Neil Marshall sought to focus on one shot to emphasise its comic nature and avoid drawing unnecessary sympathy from audiences.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Marshall originally intended to include 1980s synth music in his film, but he found it difficult to combine the music with the intense action. Instead, composer Tyler Bates composed a score using heavy orchestra music. The film also included songs from the bands Adam and the Ants, Fine Young Cannibals, Siouxsie and the Banshees, Frankie Goes to Hollywood, and Kasabian. The song "Two Tribes" by Frankie Goes to Hollywood was the only song to remain in the film from the first draft of the screenplay. "Spellbound" by Siouxsie and the Banshees was a favourite song of the director, who sought to include it. Marshall also hoped to include the song "Into the Light" by the Banshees, but it was left out due to the producer disliking it and the cost being too high to license it.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: For its theatrical run, the film was originally intended to be distributed by Focus Features under Rogue Pictures, but the company transferred "Doomsday" among other films to Universal Pictures for larger-scale distribution and marketing beginning in 2008. "Doomsday" was commercially released on 14 March 2008 in the United States and Canada in 1,936 theatres, grossing US$4,926,565 in its opening weekend and ranking seventh in the box office, which "Box Office Mojo" reported as a "failed" opening. Its theatrical run in the United States and Canada lasted 28 days, ending on 10 April 2008, having grossed US$11,463,861. The film opened in the United Kingdom, Republic of Ireland, and Malta on 9 May 2008, grossing a total of US$2,061,794 in its entire run. The film's performance in the UK was considered a "disappointing run". The film premiered in Italy in August 2008, grossing an overall US$500,000. Worldwide, "Doomsday" has grossed US$22,472,631.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: "Doomsday" was not screened for critics in advance of its commercial opening in cinemas. On Rotten Tomatoes the film has an approval rating of 51% based on reviews from 72 critics, with an average rating of 5.23/10. The website's consensus reads, ""Doomsday" is a pale imitation of previous futuristic thrillers, minus the cohesive narrative and charismatic leads." On Metacritic it has a weighted average score of 51 out of 100, based on reviews from 14 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews".


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Alison Rowat of "The Herald" perceived "Doomsday" as "decidedly everyday" for a thriller, with Marshall's script having too many unanswered questions and characters not fully developed despite a decent cast. Rowat said, "In his previous films, Marshall made something out of nothing. Here he does the opposite". The critic acknowledged the attempted homages and the B-movie approach but thought that "there has to be something more". Steve Pratt of "The Northern Echo" weighed in, "As a writer, Marshall leaves gaping holes in the plot while as a director he knows how to extract maximum punch from car chases, beatings and fights without stinting on the gore as body parts are lopped off with alarming frequency and bodies squashed to a bloody pulp." Philip Key of the "Liverpool Daily Post" described the film, ""Doomsday" is a badly thought-out science fiction saga which leaves more questions than answers."


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Alonso Duralde of MSNBC described "Doomsday": "It's ridiculous, derivative, confusingly edited and laden with gore, but it's the kind of over-the-top grindhouse epic that wears down your defenses and eventually makes you just go with it." Duralde believed that Mitra's character would have qualified as a "memorable fierce chick" if the film was not so silly. David Hiltbrand of "The Philadelphia Inquirer" rated "Doomsday" at 2.5 out of 4 stars and thought that the film was better paced than most fantasy-action films, patiently building up its action scenes to the major "fireworks" where other films would normally be exhausted early on.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Reviewer James Berardinelli found the production of "Doomsday" to be a mess, complaining, "The action sequences might be more tense if they weren't obfuscated by rapid-fire editing, and the backstory is muddled and not all that interesting." Berardinelli also believed the attempted development of parallel storylines to be too much for the film, weakening the eventual payoff. Dennis Harvey of "Variety" said Neil Marshall's "flair for visceral action" made up for "Doomsday"'s lack of originality and that the film barely had a dull moment. He added, "There's no question that "Doomsday" does what it does with vigor, high technical prowess and just enough humor to avoid turning ridiculous." Harvey considered the conclusion relatively weak, and found the quality of the acting satisfactory for the genre, while reserving praise for the "stellar" work of the stunt personnel. Peter Hartlaub of the "San Francisco Chronicle" also praised the film's stunts, noting that it was reminiscent of "the beauty of the exploitation film era". Hartlaub said of the effect, "Hire a couple of great stuntmen and a halfway sober cinematographer, and you didn't even need a screenwriter."


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Matt Zoller Seitz of "The New York Times" saw Rhona Mitra's character as a mere impersonation of Snake Plissken and considered the film's major supporting characters to be "lifeless". Seitz described his discontent over the lack of innovation in the director's attempted homages of older films: ""Doomsday" is frenetic, loud, wildly imprecise and so derivative that it doesn't so much seem to reference its antecedents as try on their famous images like a child playing dress-up."


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: Scotland's tourism agency VisitScotland welcomed "Doomsday", hoping that the film would attract tourism by marketing Scotland to the rest of the world. The country's national body for film and television, Scottish Screen, had contributed £300,000 to the production of "Doomsday", which provided economic benefits for the cast and crew who dwelt in Scotland. A spokesperson from Scottish Screen anticipated, "It's likely to also attract a big audience who will see the extent to which Scotland can provide a flexible and diverse backdrop to all genres of film."


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: In contrast, several parties have expressed concern that "Doomsday" presents negativity in England's latent view of Scotland based on their history. Angus MacNeil, member of the Scottish National Party, said of the film's impact: "The complimentary part is that people are thinking about Scotland as we are moving more and more towards independence. But the film depicts a country that is still the plaything of London. It is decisions made in London that has led to it becoming a quarantine zone."


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: "Doomsday" was not nominated or considered as a possible contender at the BAFTA Scotland awards despite being one of the largest film productions in Scotland in years; was spent on local services. Director Neil Marshall applied for membership with the organisation to add "fresh blood", but "Doomsday" was not mentioned during jury deliberations. According to a spokesperson from the organisation, the film was not formally submitted for consideration, and no one directly invited the filmmakers to discuss a possible entry. Several of BAFTA Scotland's jury members believed that the criteria and procedures for a Scottish film were unclear and could have been more formalised.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: "Doomsday" was used as inspiration in building a haunted house for Halloween Horror Nights in Orlando.


title: Doomsday (2008 film)

text: "Doomsday" was the first Blu-ray title released by Universal Pictures after the studio's initial support of the now-folded HD DVD format. The unrated version was released on DVD and Blu-ray on 29 July 2008 in the United States, containing an audio commentary and bonus materials covering the film's post-apocalyptic scenario, visual effects, and destructive vehicles and weapons, as well as the film's original theatrical version. IGN assessed the unrated DVD's video quality, writing, "For the most part, it's a crisp disc that's leaps above standard def." The audio quality was considered up to par with the film's loud scenes, though IGN found volume irregularity between the loud scenes and the quiet scenes. IGN called the commentary "a pretty straight-up behind-the-scenes take on the movie and a bit over-congratulatory". It found the "most fascinating" featurette to be about visual effects, while deeming the other featurettes skippable.


title: Malcolm Goodwin

text: Malcolm Goodwin (born November 28, 1982) is an American actor, known for his role as Clive Babineaux in The CW supernatural comedy-drama series "iZombie" (2015-2019).


title: Malcolm Goodwin

text: His love for acting began during his time with the Julia Richman Talent Unlimited Program in New York City. He later trained at SUNY Purchase College Acting Conservatory, where he earned a bachelor's degree in Theatre Arts and Film.


title: Malcolm Goodwin

text: Goodwin has directed and produced independent commercials, sketches, short films, music videos and public service announcements. In 2011 he appeared in the music video for the song "Party Rock Anthem" by LMFAO. He has been featured in articles for "Interview", "L.A. Confidential", "King", "Vibe", and "Venice". Goodwin also had minor roles in various films and TV shows, such as "American Gangster", "Detroit 1-8-7", "Leatherheads", "The Longshots", "Crazy on the Outside".


title: Malcolm Goodwin

text: In 2015, Goodwin was cast in the main role of Det. Clive Babineaux on The CW television series "iZombie".


title: Jerrycan

text: A jerrycan (also written as jerry can or jerrican) is a robust liquid container made from pressed steel (and more recently, high density polyethylene). It was designed in Germany in the 1930s for military use to hold of fuel, and saw widespread use by both Germany and the Allies during the Second World War.


title: Jerrycan

text: The development of the jerrycan was a significant improvement on earlier designs, which required tools and funnels to use, and it contained many innovative features for convenience of use and robustness. Today similar designs are used worldwide for fuel and water containers, in both military and civilian contexts. The designs usually emulate the original steel design, though some are also produced in plastic.


title: Jerrycan

text: The name of the jerrycan refers to its German origins, "Jerry" being slang for Germans. The design was reverse engineered and subsequently copied, with minor modifications, by the Allies during the Second World War.


title: Jerrycan

text: The "Wehrmacht-Einheitskanister", as it was known in Germany, was first developed in 1937 by the Müller engineering firm in Schwelm to a design by their chief engineer Vinzenz Grünvogel. A similar design was used in 1936 during the Spanish Civil War, where they had a company logo for Ambi-Budd Presswerk GmbH. Among others, the Wehrmacht had specified that a soldier should be able to carry either two full containers or four empty ones, which is the reason the triple handles were fitted. To achieve the required filling and draining speed, it was fitted with a large spout and flip top closure. A hole in the closure retainer made it possible to fit a securing pin or wire with a lead seal. The rectangular shape made it stackable. The recessed welded seam stiffened the container and protected the seam from impact damage. The indentations ensured a full can would not be severely damaged when falling from a vehicle, while a dip coat of paint on the inside protected it from corrosion.


title: Jerrycan

text: By 1939 the German military had thousands of such cans stockpiled in anticipation of war. Motorised troops were issued the cans with lengths of rubber hose in order to siphon fuel from any available source, a way to aid their rapid advance through Poland at the start of the Second World War.


title: Jerrycan

text: In 1939, American engineer Paul Pleiss had built a vehicle to journey to India with his German colleague. After building the car, they realised they did not have any storage for emergency water. The German engineer had access to the stockpile of jerrycans at Berlin Tempelhof Airport and managed to take three of them. The German engineer also gave Pleiss complete specifications for the manufacture of the can. Pleiss continued on to Calcutta, put his car in storage, and flew back to Philadelphia, where he told American military officials about the can. He could raise no interest. Without a sample, he realised he could not get anywhere. He eventually shipped the car to New York by a roundabout method, and sent a can to Washington. The War Department decided instead to use World War I cans with two screw closures, which required both a spanner and funnel for pouring.


title: Jerrycan

text: The one jerrycan in American possession was sent to Camp Holabird, Maryland, where it was redesigned. The new design retained the handles, size and shape, but is most easily distinguishable from the German original by the simplified 'X' - stiffening indentations in the sides of the can. The US can could be stacked interchangeably with German or British cans. The German recessed welded seam was replaced with rolled seams which were prone to leakage. For fuel cans, the lining was removed and a spanner and funnel were required. A similar water can was also adopted, with a flip-top lid and enamel lining.


title: Jerrycan

text: The US-designed jerrycan was widely used by US Army and Marine Corps units. In all overseas theaters, fuel and other petroleum products represented about 50% of all supply needs, measured by weight. In the European Theatre of Operations alone, over 19 million were required to support US forces by May 1945.


title: Jerrycan

text: The jerrycan played an important role in ensuring fuel supply to Allied operations. A single standard US 2.5 ton truck could carry of fuel loaded in jerrycans. US logisticians requested over 1.3 million per month to replace losses; these cans were provided by US and British manufacturers, but supply could not keep up with demand. Loss of jerrycans in units was severe, with 3.5 million reported 'lost' in October 1944, for example. At one point in August 1944, lack of cans (caused by losses) limited the supply of fuel that could be brought forward to combat units, even though the fuel was available in rear areas.


title: Jerrycan

text: The US design was slightly lighter than the German can ( vs. for the German version). These fuel containers were subsequently used in all theatres of war around the world. Such was the appreciation of the cans in the war effort that the President Roosevelt administration noted "Without these cans it would have been impossible for our armies to cut their way across France at a lightning pace which exceeded the German Blitzkrieg of 1940."


title: Jerrycan

text: At the beginning of the Second World War the British Army was equipped with two simple fuel containers: the container made of pressed steel, and the container made from tin plate. The 2-gallon containers were relatively strong, but were expensive to produce. Manufactured primarily in Egypt, the 4-gallon containers were plentiful and inexpensive, but they had a tendency to leak after minor damage. Early 4-gallon containers were packed in pairs in wooden cases. When stacked, the timber framing protected the tins and prevented the upper layers of tins from crushing the lower. As the war progressed, the wooden case was replaced with either thin plywood or cardboard cases, neither of which provided much protection. 4-gallon containers carrying fuel were hazardous to the cargo ships carrying them. The leaking fuel would accumulate in cargo holds. At least one such ship exploded.


title: Jerrycan

text: Though adequate for transport along European roads, the 4-gallon containers proved extremely unsatisfactory during the North African Campaign. The crimped or soldered seams easily split during transport, especially off road over the rock-strewn deserts of North Africa. In addition, the containers were easily punctured by even minor trauma. Because of these problems the troops referred to the 4-gallon containers as "flimsies". Transport of fuel over rough terrain often resulted in as much as 25% of the fuel being lost through seam failures or punctures. Fuel leaks gave vehicles a propensity to catch fire. The containers were routinely discarded after a single use, and severely hampered the operation of the British Eighth Army. A more successful and popular use for the 4-gallon container was to convert it into a cooking stove, referred to as the 'Benghazi burner'.


title: Jerrycan

text: When the British Army first saw the German fuel cans during the Norwegian Campaign in 1940, they immediately saw the advantages of the superior design. The three handles allowed easy handling by one or two people, or movement bucket brigade-style. The handle design also allows for two empty cans to be carried in each hand, utilizing the outer handle.


title: Jerrycan

text: The sides of the can were marked with cross-like indentations that strengthened the can while allowing the contents to expand, as did an air pocket under the handles when the can was filled correctly. This air pocket allowed the container to float if dropped in water. Rather than a screw cap, the containers used a cam lever release mechanism with a short spout secured with a snap closure and an air-pipe to the air pocket which enabled smooth pouring (which was omitted in some copies). The interior was also lined with an impervious plastic, first developed for steel beer barrels, that would allow the can to be used for either water or petrol. The can was welded and had a gasket for a leak-proof mouth.


title: Jerrycan

text: The British used cans captured from the "Jerries" (slang for Germans), hence "jerrycans", in preference to their own containers as much as possible. Later in 1940, Pleiss was in London and British officers asked him about the design and manufacture of the jerrycan. Pleiss ordered the second of his three jerrycans flown to London. After the second capture of Benghazi at the end of 1941, large numbers of Axis jerrycans were captured, sufficient to equip some units such as the Long Range Desert Group.


title: Jerrycan

text: British companies such as Briggs Motor Bodies, Vauxhall Motors and the Pressed Steel Company manufactured copies of the German design.


title: Jerrycan

text: The strength of the "Wehrmachtskanister" was also recognised in the Soviet Union. Its design was later copied and the Soviet Army accepted it as the standard container for liquids. This container is still being produced and used in modern Russia. In civilian use this container is used primarily for automotive fuel and lubricants.


title: Jerrycan

text: Jerrycans typically have a rounded rectangular cross section with package handles. Most have three handles: a center handle for one person carrying a lightweight can, two handles for a person lifting a full can, or two handles for two people to carry. The configuration of the three handles allows two empty jerrycans to be carried in one hand.


title: Jerrycan

text: The cans were originally intended to be used as fuel containers, but uses for the cans have expanded beyond this. Today, a can's use is denoted by its colouring, affixed labels and, occasionally, imprinted labelling on the container itself. This is to prevent contamination of the can's contents by mixing different fuels or mixing fuel with water.


title: Jerrycan

text: The US version of the jerrycan is covered by military specification MIL-C-1283 F and has been produced since the early 1940s by a number of US manufacturers, according to a current manufacturer, Blitz. The National Stock Number is 7240-00-222-3088. It is considered obsolete by a new A-A-59592 B specification, having been replaced with high-density polyethylene versions.


title: Jerrycan

text: The German design jerrycan is still a standard container for fuel and other liquids in the armies of the NATO countries.


title: Jerrycan

text: Finnish designer Eero Rislakki designed a plastic jerrycan in 1970 with a small screwable stopper on the top side behind the handle to allow air flowing in to ensure smooth fuel outflow. It is lighter than the original design yet almost as sturdy. It was quickly adopted by the Finnish armed forces, and is commercially available.


title: Jerrycan

text: In the United States, the jerrycan is defined by the Code of Federal Regulation, 49 CFR 171.8 as "a metal or plastic packaging of rectangular or polygonal cross-section". all portable fuel containers are required to conform to two new regulations:


title: Jerrycan

text: These new regulations do not apply to OSHA-approved metal safety containers, but rather to the common red plastic, portable gas cans. The regulations apply only to newly manufactured petrol cans, and there is no requirement on the part of users to discard their existing cans or to upgrade, although the EPA provides informational resources for implementing community Gas Can Exchange Programs. Furthermore, in the state of California, the following colours are mandated:


title: Jerrycan

text: The transportation of dangerous goods (which includes liquid fuels) within Europe is governed by the UN "European Agreement concerning the International Carriage of Dangerous Goods by Road" (ADR). The term "jerrican" is defined within Chapter 1.2 of the 2011 ADR as "a metal or packaging of rectangular or polygonal cross-section with one or more orifices", a definition which includes the traditional jerrycan but which also covers a wide range of other packagings. The ADR sets performance standards for packaging and specifies what standard of packaging is required for each type of dangerous good, including petrol and diesel fuels. The traditional jerrycan is available in UN-marked approved versions which satisfy the requirements of the ADR.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Mark Andrew Twitchell (born July 4, 1979) is a Canadian filmmaker convicted of first-degree murder in April 2011 for the murder of John Brian Altinger. His trial attracted particular media attention because Twitchell had allegedly been inspired by the fictional character Dexter Morgan.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Born in Edmonton, Alberta, Twitchell dreamed of making blockbuster films and graduated from the Radio and Television Arts program at the Northern Alberta Institute of Technology in 2000. In 2001, Twitchell married an American woman and moved to Illinois, but they divorced in 2004.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: In 2007, Twitchell directed "Star Wars: Secrets of the Rebellion", a full-length fan film prequel set a few days prior to "Star Wars Episode IV: A New Hope". "Secrets of the Rebellion" included a cameo by Jeremy Bulloch, a British actor best known for his role as bounty hunter Boba Fett in the original "Star Wars" films. The film, still in post-production, never saw release. Twitchell also scripted "Day Players", a buddy comedy. In September 2008, he shot a short horror film entitled "House of Cards" at a garage he rented in the south end of Edmonton.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: In October 2008, John Brian Altinger, 38-year-old former White Rock, B.C., oilfield equipment manufacturer known to his friends as Johnny, unknowingly interacted with Twitchell on dating website Plenty of Fish. On October 10, 2008, Altinger informed his friends of his plans to meet a woman with whom he had been chatting.  Altinger discovered too late that Twitchell had posed as the woman online in order to lure him into a "kill room" set up in a rented garage being used as a film-studio. Twitchell bludgeoned and stabbed Altinger, before cutting him apart, partially burning him, and then dumping his remains in garbage bags into a storm sewer.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Altinger's friends became concerned after they received emails supposedly from Altinger claiming that his date had taken him on an extended vacation to Costa Rica. At work, a resignation letter arrived by email, but there was no response to a request for a forwarding address for sending a final paycheck. Altinger's friends broke into his condominium, where they found his passport, dirty dishes, and no indication of his having packed for a trip. A homicide investigation was soon launched by the Edmonton Police Service.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Twitchell related an improbable account to police of having met Altinger before his trip to Costa Rica. According to Twitchell, Altinger sold his Mazda 6 to Twitchell for 40 CAD, all the cash Twitchell had on hand. The police, not believing this story, impounded Twitchell's laptop and car, and found Altinger's blood in the car's trunk. Police arrested Twitchell on October 31, 2008, and, on the same day, charged him with the first-degree murder of Altinger.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: The key piece of evidence presented by the Crown at Twitchell's first-degree murder trial was a document, entitled "SKConfessions", which stood for "Serial Killer Confessions". The document had been recovered from Twitchell's laptop, despite having been deleted. The document begins with the passage: This story is based on true events. The names and events were altered slightly to protect the guilty. This is the story of my progression into becoming a serial killer. It presented an account of its narrator's planning, failed first attempt, and successful second attempt to lure a man to his garage and murder him, with fake online dating profiles used as bait. It went on to describe the process of dismembering the body and attempts to dispose of the remains.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: During his trial, Twitchell admitted to killing Altinger and authoring the document, but claimed he had acted in self-defense. He described the document as fiction based on fact, as if he had planned Altinger's death deliberately, in order to craft a compelling story.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: During the trial, Twitchell's interest in the television series "Dexter" was noted repeatedly, and his personal identification with its lead character, Dexter Morgan, a vigilante serial killer, prompted several media outlets to refer to him as the "Dexter Killer."


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Another document found on Twitchell's laptop did not make its way into the evidence file for the jury to read during his trial. Entitled "A Profile of a Psychopath", and believed by investigators to have been written by Twitchell, it is a detailed self-analysis of personality and behavior.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: On April 12, 2011, Twitchell was convicted of first-degree murder for the death of Altinger, and sentenced to life in prison without possibility for parole for 25 years.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Twitchell still faced an attempted murder charge for his alleged attack on Gilles Tetreault, a computer company contractor. Tetreault testified that he was lured using the website Plenty of Fish, expecting a date with a young woman named Sheena, only to be attacked by a man in a hockey mask with a stun baton when he arrived at the garage in Edmonton rented by Twitchell. After a violent struggle, Tetreault escaped, but did not report the attack to police. Tetreault claims that he did not report the attack because he was embarrassed. Tetreault was nicknamed 'The One Who Got Away' by several media outlets.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Crown prosecutors considered pursuing a charge of attempted murder after securing a conviction of first-degree murder. Detectives were adamant that they had gathered a mountain of evidence – much of it revealed during the murder trial – while even Twitchell himself admitted on the witness stand to committing the attack. In preparing the case for trial, the Crown had argued in court for the attempted murder and first-degree murder charges to be heard simultaneously as they were part of the same "transaction" of his attempt to become a serial killer. Under Canadian law, charges can only be heard together if they are linked in some way. Court of Queen's Bench Justice Terry Clackson was not convinced by the prosecution's argument that the attack on Gilles Tetreault and the murder of Johnny Altinger were part of the same transaction. He ordered the charges to be severed and heard separately. "The offences are related and connected, but remain discrete," Justice Clackson wrote in his reasons for the decision, "As a result, the attempted murder charge cannot stand on the same indictment as the charge of murder because they are different transactions." On June 17, 2011, an attempted murder charge against Twitchell was stayed in the Court of Queen's Bench of Alberta, meaning that Crown prosecutors could resurrect the charge within a one-year period. Since his conviction of first-degree murder secured a maximum sentence — life in prison with no parole eligibility for 25 years — there was no need to proceed with more charges, and the attempted murder charge against Twitchell was eventually dropped.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Extensive media coverage of the case created debate both inside and outside of the courtroom. Observers argued for and against the media's reporting on the more sensational details of the crime.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Prior to the criminal trial, Crown prosecutors and the defense sought vast publication bans and sealing orders over the police evidence, preventing the media from reporting on the details of the case until the jury would hear it during the future trial. The media fought the application, but the judge agreed to both a sealing order and publication ban, stating in his ruling that "there is a real risk that pretrial publicity will undermine the accused's constitutionally protected right to a fair trial." The jury pool was then polled through a "challenge for cause" procedure to determine if a potential juror had been influenced by the media coverage prior to the publication bans taking effect. When the bans were lifted, a large media presence attended and reported on the trial, including American television programs "Dateline NBC" and "48 Hours".


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Following his first-degree murder conviction, Twitchell used the extensive media coverage of his case as grounds for an appeal. He argued in his notice of appeal that "the media attention surrounding my case was so extensive, so blatant and so overtly sensationalized that it is unreasonable to expect any unsequestered jury to have remained uninfluenced by it, regardless of judges' instructions in the charge." He abandoned his appeal in 2012.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: In December 2012, Michael C. Hall, the actor who played Dexter Morgan, was interviewed by Jian Ghomeshi on the Canadian radio show "Q". Hall stated that he did not think "Dexter" glamorized serial killers. "I would hope that people's appreciation was more than some sort of fetishization with the kill scenes," he said. Ghomeshi brought up Twitchell and Hall said, "I wouldn't stop making "Dexter" because someone was fascinated by it only in that way. I try to tell myself that their fixated nature would have done it one way or the other, but it seems that "Dexter" had something to do with it. It's horrifying."


title: Mark Twitchell

text: In May 2013, it was reported that Twitchell had purchased a television for his prison cell. Twitchell stated that he had caught up on every "Dexter" episode that he missed since he was arrested and convicted of first-degree murder.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Twitchell's case was featured in the American magazine "Crime Watch Daily" on May 1, 2017. Much of that day's program focused on Twitchell's methods and featured interviews with Gilles Tetrault, his first intended victim, and Steve Lillebuen, author of the book "The Devil's Cinema", which focused on the case. Part of the report included a return trip by Tetreault to the garage in which the incident had taken place.


title: Mark Twitchell

text: Tetreault made several media appearances related to his experience, including "Dateline NBC", "48 Hours Mystery", "The Fifth Estate", "I Survived..." on Biography Channel, "Dates from Hell" on Investigation Discovery, and "The Security Brief" on REELZ.


title: Eurowings

text: Eurowings GmbH is a German low-cost carrier headquartered in Düsseldorf and a wholly owned subsidiary of the Lufthansa Group. Founded in 1996, it serves a network of domestic and European destinations and formerly also operated some long-haul routes and maintains bases at several airports throughout Germany and Austria as well as in Palma de Mallorca and Pristina.


title: Eurowings

text: Eurowings has gone through a major transformation in recent years. It was part of Lufthansa Regional until October 2014. At that time it began operating on behalf of Germanwings within their network. Since spring 2015, Eurowings has been redeveloped into a low-cost airline for short- and long-haul flights. By October 2015, it had also started to incorporate Germanwings' route network as part of the merger of the two brands.


title: Eurowings

text: The airline was formed on 1 February 1990, following a merger of "Nürnberger Flugdienst" (NFD) and "Reise- und Industrieflug" (RFG), two commuter airlines based in Nürnberg and Dortmund, respectively. Flight operations using an initial fleet of ATR 42 and 72 aircraft inherited from Eurowings' predecessors were launched on 1 January 1994. Subsequently, BAe 146 aircraft were added to the fleet, which were later followed by larger Airbus A320 family aircraft and even an Airbus A310. Lufthansa took an initial 24,9% stake in Eurowings in 2001, increasing it to 49% in 2004. It has exercised full control of the airline since 2005 and assumed complete ownership in 2011.


title: Eurowings

text: As of 31 December 2006, Lufthansa had a 49% shareholding in Eurowings with a call option for 50.91% of the remaining stakes, bringing the company into the Lufthansa Group fold. At that time, Eurowings was the owner of Germanwings, thus creating a low-cost branch within the Lufthansa trust. Plans to merge these two airlines with TUIfly (controlled by TUI Travel) into a joint and independent holding company, were brought forth during 2008, but did not materialize. Instead, Lufthansa announced in December 2008 to acquire Germanwings from Eurowings.


title: Eurowings

text: In September 2010 Eurowings closed its headquarters and technical infrastructure in Dortmund, Germany, and moved both to Düsseldorf, where Eurowings operated most of its flights since the airline was part of Lufthansa Regional. In March 2011, the maintenance division at Nürnberg Airport was also closed.


title: Eurowings

text: In late 2013, Eurowings' short-haul flights that are not operated from Frankfurt or Munich were transferred from Lufthansa to Germanwings. All Eurowings flights operated on behalf of Lufthansa Regional ceased by autumn 2014 and were rebranded to Germanwings, the last ones to and from Düsseldorf.


title: Eurowings

text: In July 2014, the Lufthansa Group announced that Eurowings would replace its 23 Bombardier CRJ900 aircraft with 23 Airbus A320s. Ten of the A320s would be new orders, and 13 would be transferred from Lufthansa Group orders between February 2015 and March 2017. Lufthansa also announced Eurowings' transformation from a regional airline into a low-cost long and short-haul carrier by the end of 2015.


title: Eurowings

text: On 1 February 2015, Eurowings started operating the Airbus A320-200, after taking delivery of its first on 20 January, which was received from Lufthansa and repainted in Eurowings' new livery. This and further A320s would be operated on behalf of Germanwings for most of 2015, until Lufthansa consolidated its low-cost operations under the new Eurowings brand by end of that year. Additionally, in February 2015, the Lufthansa Group announced that SunExpress Deutschland would be the operator of Eurowings' new long-haul operations, which were to be based at Cologne Bonn Airport from November 2015. SunExpress Deutschland therefore would receive leased Airbus A330-200s.


title: Eurowings

text: Eurowings also announced the establishment of its first base outside of Germany, at Vienna International Airport, where the aircraft were planned be operated by Austrian Airlines under the Eurowings brand. Previous plans to establish the first foreign base at Basel/Mulhouse were cancelled. In June 2015, the Lufthansa Group announced the application for an additional Air operator's certificate (AOC) for Eurowings in Austria, called "Eurowings Europe", under which all new Airbus A320-200s would be operated while the "current" German "Eurowings" would continue to operate the existing fleet. This was planned due to lower operational costs based on Austrian Airlines union agreements.


title: Eurowings

text: On 2 October 2015, Lufthansa announced a change of plans for their Vienna operations. Austrian Airlines would not operate some routes for the Eurowings brand as planned; instead, Eurowings Europe would handle all these flights itself. In October 2015, Eurowings took over 55 Germanwings routes. By April 2016, Eurowings had taken over several more routes. Eurowings has been solely responsible for all sales under the Germanwings brand since October 2015. From November 2015, Eurowings were offering one-way fares to destinations in the Caribbean and Thailand for as little as 99 euros. In December 2015, Eurowings' new long-haul operations faced severe criticism, as every fourth flight was delayed by an average of 5.8 hours, with some flights delayed more than 20 hours. Lufthansa stated that unexpected technical difficulties and a small fleet were to blame; Eurowings started its first seven long-haul routes with only one own aircraft. Shortly after, Eurowings again faced severe public outrage and negative media coverage, after one of their flights from Varadero to Cologne was delayed by more than 60 hours with passengers with visas whose validity had run out stuck in their hotels.


title: Eurowings

text: In January 2016, Eurowings cancelled their planned service from Cologne to Tehran, and reduced Dubai flights from year-round to seasonal service. Lufthansa also announced the establishment of a task force in the same month. Its brief would be to eliminate the operational problems which lead to serious delays and to increase operational reliability. In July 2016, it was made public that Eurowing's owner Lufthansa was considering taking over part of the route network, staff and aircraft leases from Air Berlin, which would then be made part of the Eurowings operations. In August 2016, Eurowings announced further changes to its long-haul operations. The routes to Boston and to Dubai, which had already been changed from year-round to seasonal, were terminated. Boston was only served for three months. Shortly after, Eurowings also announced it would terminate its last route to Moscow, and therefore Russia, due to low demand. Also in August 2016, Eurowings announced it would open its second Austrian base after Vienna, at Salzburg Airport, with flights to six European metropolitan destinations from January 2017. In December 2016, it was announced that Air Berlin would wet-lease a total of 38 Airbus A319/A320 aircraft for six years to Lufthansa Group's Eurowings (33 aircraft) and Austrian Airlines (five), starting from February 2017. As a result, Eurowings will phase out Germanwings' older A320s.


title: Eurowings

text: On 15 February 2017, Eurowings retired their last Bombardier CRJ900 after a flight from Karlsruhe to Hamburg. All CRJ900s have been handed over to Lufthansa CityLine and replaced by larger Airbus A320-200s, as part of the transformation from a regional into a low-cost carrier.


title: Eurowings

text: In February 2018, Eurowings announced the relocation of all its long-haul routes currently operated from Cologne Bonn Airport to Düsseldorf Airport, from which it already flies long-haul routes, by late October 2018 to strengthen their presence there. This leaves Düsseldorf and Munich Airport as Eurowings' long-haul bases.


title: Eurowings

text: In March 2019, the Lufthansa Group announced that starting in October 2019, Eurowings would introduce long-haul flights from Frankfurt Airport and further its Munich hub to expand Lufthansa's tourist-oriented presence and cooperation with these two hubs. It was announced that the original routes serviced from Frankfurt would be Mauritius, Barbados, and Windhoek, and Bangkok from Munich. However, in June 2019, the Lufthansa Group announced that Eurowings will drop all long-haul flights and instead focus on short-haul operations aboard Airbus A320-family aircraft. All long-haul flights operated by Eurowings will be transferred to other network airlines- Lufthansa, Brussels Airlines, Austrian Airlines, and Swiss. It was also announced that Brussels Airlines will work more closely with its network partners under a turnaround plan introduced by Lufthansa.


title: Eurowings

text: In April 2020, Lufthansa announced a major downsizing for Eurowings in the wake of the COVID-19 pandemic. While Germanwings has been shut entirely and Eurowings is to phase out several aircraft, most wetlease contracts have been ended on short notice. Amongst the terminated agreements was the largest one with German Airways (formerly LGW) for their entire Bombardier DHC-8-400 fleet.


title: Eurowings

text: In February 2021, Lufthansa announced it would take over most of Eurowings's routes at Munich Airport with the exception of few domestic services and flights to Palma de Mallorca and Pristina. Also in early 2021, Eurowings removed all of their long-haul destinations, which had been served from Düsseldorf, Munich and Frankfurt from their network. In the same time, parent Lufthansa announced the foundation of their new long-haul carrier Eurowings Discover.


title: Eurowings

text: In May 2022, Eurowings announced the termination of its own long-running frequent flyer program "Boomerang Club" in favor of a merger with Miles & More of parent Lufthansa.


title: Eurowings

text: The Eurowings Group, which consists of low-cost or hybrid point-to-point airlines, is wholly owned by Lufthansa, and includes as subsidiaries:


title: Eurowings

text: Integration of Brussels Airlines within Eurowings was stopped during 2019; it will instead move closer to Lufthansa Network Airlines,


title: Eurowings

text: The business and operating results of the Eurowings Group are fully incorporated into the Lufthansa Group accounts; key trends since 2015, when it moved towards the low cost model, are (as at year ending 31 December):


title: Eurowings

text: , Eurowings (excluding its subsidiaries Eurowings Europe and the independently operating Eurowings Discover) operates the following aircraft:


title: G-funk

text: G-funk, short for gangsta funk, is a sub-genre of gangsta rap that emerged from the West Coast scene in the late 1980s. The genre is heavily influenced by 1970s psychedelic funk (P-funk) sound of artists such as Parliament-Funkadelic.


title: G-funk

text: G-funk (which uses funk with an artificially altered tempo) incorporates multi-layered and melodic synthesizers, slow hypnotic grooves, a deep bass, heavy use of the snare drum, background female vocals, the extensive sampling of P-Funk tunes, and a high-pitched portamento saw wave synthesizer lead. It is typically set at a tempo of anywhere between 80 to 100 BPM.


title: G-funk

text: The lyrical content depended on the artist and could consist of sex, drug use (especially marijuana), love for a city/neighborhood, love for friends and relaxing words. There was also a slurred "lazy" or "smooth" way of rapping in order to clarify words and stay in rhythmic cadence.


title: G-funk

text: The trademark West Coast G-funk style of hip-hop was a very defining element of the region's music and helped distinguish it from the rivaling rap scene on the East Coast. In essence, the smooth, slow-tempo sound of G-funk accompanied the perceived "laid-back" stereotype of Californian culture whereas East Coast hip-hop typically featured more aggressive attitudes alongside a fast-paced tempo (e.g. hardcore hip hop).


title: G-funk

text: Unlike other earlier rap acts that also utilized funk samples (such as EPMD and the Bomb Squad), G-funk often utilized fewer, unaltered samples per song. Music theorist Adam Krims has described G-funk as "a style of generally West Coast rap whose musical tracks tend to deploy live instrumentation, heavy on bass and keyboards, with minimal (sometimes no) sampling and often highly conventional harmonic progressions and harmonies". Dr. Dre, a pioneer of the G-funk genre, normally uses live musicians to replay the original music of sampled records. This enabled him to produce music that had his own sounds, rather than a direct copy of the sample.


title: G-funk

text: Although G-funk originated in Los Angeles, the subgenre drew a large amount of influence from the earlier Bay Area-based sound known as Mobb music of the mid-to-late 1980s, pioneered by rappers like Too Short and E-40. Too Short had experimented with looping sounds from classic P-Funk records over bass-heavy tracks during this period. However, unlike Bay Area Mobb music, Southern California-born G-funk used more portamento synthesizers and less live instrumentation. Too Short's lazy, drawl-heavy delivery was also a major influence on later G-funk rappers like Snoop Dogg.


title: G-funk

text: Early examples of the genre began to show up in 1989 with The D.O.C.'s It's Funky Enough and The Formula, the former was an early minor hit for the genre, reaching No. 12 on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs chart. Two years later, in 1991, N.W.A. released another early example of the genre with their album Niggaz4Life, which reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200, and No. 2 on Billboard's Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums. The same year, Ice Cube's diss track towards N.W.A. "No Vaseline", was made in the style. Dr. Dre, who produced "No One Can Do It Better" and "Niggaz4Life", is often seen as the originator/creator of the G-funk sound. Though these claims have been disputed with , a member of Above the Law, claiming that he came up with the name and sound.


title: G-funk

text: 1992 was the breakout year for the genre, with Dr. Dre dropping his album "The Chronic". The album was a massive success, having three top 40 singles: "Nuthin' but a 'G' Thang", the Eazy-E diss "Dre Day", and "Let Me Ride." It also reached No. 3 on the "Billboard" 200, and No. 1 on the Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums chart. The album was eventually certified Triple Platinum by the RIAA in 1993 for selling three-million copies, it has also been selected by the Library of Congress for preservation in the National Recording Registry for being "culturally, historically, or aesthetically significant". Though G-funk had previously existed, Dr. Dre's The Chronic is often seen as the beginning of the genre.


title: G-funk

text: The following year had numerous successful songs and albums, Ice Cube's songs "It Was a Good Day" and "Check Yo Self" both made it to the top 20, peaking at No. 15 and No. 20 respectively, and were both certified at least gold. "It Was a Good Day" is commonly placed high on best of lists for the genre, being considered "one of the best G-Funk tracks ever made". Snoop Dogg released his first album "Doggystyle", which debuted at No. 1 on the "Billboard" 200, and contained the hits "Gin and Juice" and "What's My Name?", both songs reached No. 8 on the Hot 100. The album was certified Quadruple Platinum, and both singles were certified gold. Eazy-E released the G-funk-influenced album "It's On (Dr. Dre) 187um Killa", which reached No. 5 on the Billboard 200, and contained the No. 42 hit "Real Muthaphuckkin G's", which was made as a response to Dre's song "Dre Day" from the previous year.


title: G-funk

text: The genre's popularity grew even bigger in 1994, especially because of Warren G's song "Regulate", which was featured on the "Above The Rim" soundtrack. The single reached the top 10 peaking at No. 2. His album "Regulate... G Funk Era" which also contained the song, and another top 10 hit "This D.J.", reached No. 2 on the Billboard 200. Popular rapper MC Hammer went for a more gangsta image and G-funk sound on his album "The Funky Headhunter", which contained the No. 26 single "Pumps and a Bump". The G-funk group Thug Life, featuring 2Pac released their first and only album, "", it peaked at No. 42 on the Billboard 200, it had one minor hit single with "Cradle to the Grave", it charted on the Hot R&B/Hip-Hop Songs and on the Hot Rap Songs charts, at No. 91 on the former and No. 25 on the latter. Westcoast rapper Coolio released his debut album "It Takes a Thief" in 1994. The album peaked at No. 8, it contains the Top-10 hit "Fantastic Voyage".


title: G-funk

text: In 1995, 2Pac released the album "Me Against the World" which although not entirely G-funk, has been described as having "half the record [resound] to the boom and bap of New York" while having "the rest [shimmer] in a G-funk haze". The album reached No. 1 on the Billboard 200, and was certified Double Platinum. Later in the year, he released the G-funk classic "California Love" which as a double A-side with "How Do U Want It", hit No. 1 on the Hot 100. In October 1995, Tha Dogg Pound released their debut album "Dogg Food" and it debuted at number 1# on the billboard, continuing G-funk's dominance in the main stream with the top 50 singles "New York, New York" and "Let's Play House".


title: G-funk

text: In 1996, the super-group Westside Connection released "Bow Down". It had two hit singles, "Bow Down" and "Gangstas Make the World Go Round", which peaked at No. 21 and No. 40, respectively. The album itself peaked at No. 2 on the Billboard 200, and was certified Platinum by the RIAA in 1997. 2Pac released his album "All Eyez on Me", which has been described as "lush G-funk" and as having a "commercial G-funk sheen". The album hit No. 1.


title: G-funk

text: Warren G released his second album, "Take a Look Over Your Shoulder", which peaked at No. 11 on the Billboard 200, it had two Top-40 singles, a cover of "I Shot the Sheriff" and "Smokin' Me Out".


title: G-funk

text: Although the majority of G-funk music has come out of California, the overall sound has been utilized by additional US rappers and hip-hop groups that were based in other states across the U.S. during the time of the style's popularity in the 1990s. Some of the most notable of these artists include Outkast (Georgia), G-Slimm (Louisiana), Bone Thugs-n-Harmony (Ohio), Tela (Tennessee), Top Authority (Michigan), E.S.G. (Texas), and DMG (Minnesota).


title: G-funk

text: In the 1990s, Houston, Texas had a small, but noteworthy g-funk scene at the peak of the genre's popularity with artists such as the Geto Boys, Blac Monks, E.S.G., 5th Ward Boyz, Street Military, Big Mello, Scarface, Ganksta N-I-P, Bushwick Bill, Big 50, 5th Ward Juvenilez, and South Circle.


title: G-funk

text: In 2001 Warren G released his fourth studio album, The Return of the Regulator, The album can be considered a return to the roots of G-funk west coast gangsta music, but it sold less than the rapper's two previous albums.


title: G-funk

text: Midwestern rapper Tech N9ne made use of the G-funk style of rap music onto his early releases - most notably on his second studio album, "The Worst" (released in 2000). His subsequent 2001 follow-up album, "Anghellic" incorporated the subgenre's characteristics to a much lesser extent.


title: G-funk

text: Most recently - into the 2010s and onward - many contemporary West Coast rappers have released albums which contain strong G-funk influences, including Kendrick Lamar with "Good Kid, M.A.A.D City" as well as "To Pimp a Butterfly", YG with "Still Brazy", Schoolboy Q with "Blank Face LP", Nipsey Hussle with "Victory Lap", Buddy with "Harlan & Alondra" and Tech N9ne with "The Gates Mixed Plate". G-funk also has had somewhat of an impact on the development of modern Christian hip hop/Gospel rap. For example, many of the albums by the Christian recording artists Gospel Gangstaz, who have also enjoyed relatively mainstream success in the past, have exhibited token G-funk musical elements.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na ( "Whether You Know Or Not") is a 2008 Indian Hindi-language coming of age romantic comedy film written and directed by Abbas Tyrewala and produced by Mansoor Khan and Aamir Khan under Aamir Khan Productions, with Ajay K. Bijli and Sanjeev K. Bijli of PVR Pictures acting as co-producers. Marking writer Tyrewala's full-fledged screenwriting and directorial debut, it also marks the debut of Aamir's nephew and lead actor Imran Khan with supporting actor Prateik Babbar, as well as the re-appearance of lead actress Genelia D'Souza and supporting actress Manjari Fadnis in Hindi cinema. The film's soundtrack, composed by A. R. Rahman, received high critical acclaim upon release and also was commercially successful.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na" was released on 4 July 2008, and proved to be a major commercial success at the box office. It received widespread critical acclaim, with praise for its direction, story, screenplay, soundtrack, cinematography and performances of the cast.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: At the 54th Filmfare Awards, "Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na" received 12 nominations, including Best Film, Best Supporting Actress (Pathak Shah) and Best Supporting Actor (Babbar), and won 4 awards, including Best Male Debut (Imran Khan) and Best Music Director (Rahman),


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: Over the years, it has achieved cult status among the audience for its relatable story, cast performances and refreshing music.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: The story begins as four friends travel with a guest to an airport, when Jignesh "Jiggy" Patel, Ravindran "Rotlu" Sahu, Sandhya "Bombs" Sahay and Shaleen Varma offer to tell Jiggy's date, air hostess Mala Mishra, the unique love story of Jai and Aditi, two friends who they have known. Jai "Ratz" Singh Rathore is the most non-violent Rajput to have ever existed, while Aditi "Meow" Mahant is an aggressive and impulsive girl. Her nickname is the result of her abuse and scratching of people.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: Despite their differences, Jai and Aditi are best friends in college. They seem perfectly meant for each other, a fact acknowledged by everyone except the two themselves. Aditi often has a bickering relationship with her brother Amit, who seems to hate Jai because of his polite and cool nature, and since Aditi cannot stand any insults against Jai, she regularly picks up fights with him. Aditi dreams of a virile, macho husband, while Jai wants a sweet, romantic girl. Since they do not believe that they are in love, they search for a perfect life partner for each other after finishing college. Jai falls in love with Meghna Pariyar after spotting her in a club where two rough men were misbehaving with her. He rescues her by tricking the duo, thus winning Meghna's heart. When Meghna and Jai get close to each other, Rotlu, Jiggy, Sandhya, and Shaleen are happy for Jai, but nobody notices that Aditi is missing Jai's company. Meghna informs Jai that her parents squabble but cannot live without each other. Jai visits Meghna's parents and sees that her father, Mahesh, is an alcoholic who has much friction with his ex-wife Sheela. Due to the meeting, he misses Aditi's surprise birthday party. Realizing that he missed the occasion, he goes late at night to wish her but is sent back after a conversation between the two culminates in Aditi asking him to leave.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: Feeling deserted, Aditi gets engaged to her father's friend's son, Sushant Modi. She sees in him the macho man she always wanted. However, Sushant is also a spoilt playboy whose ex-girlfriend, Richa, has landed him in trouble twice. Amit, upon having a word with Sushant in person, tries to make her see Sushant for who he really is but Aditi continues her relationship, considering that Jai is still with Meghna. At Jiggy's birthday party, where Jai and Meghna are also present, Aditi introduces Sushant to everyone. Both Jai and Aditi are upset with each other's relationship. During a romantic dance, Sushant finds that Aditi is crying and kisses her, which upsets Jai further.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: Meghna tries to cheer him up, but Jai becomes angrier, shouting at her and chiding her for being ignorant of the friction between her parents. She breaks down and tells him about her parents' divorce due to Mahesh's extramarital affair which affected her psychologically, leading her to imagine a perfect world and be childish so as to not be burdened with the reality of being a forced thread between her parents. The next day, Jai breaks up with Meghna whereby she is shattered to learn that he loves Aditi and leaves with a goodbye kiss. As for Aditi, she is under duress from Sushant, who, after realizing she loves Jai, slaps her on her face, leaving a bruise. She decides to break the engagement and go to New York to study alone, while actually wanting to return to Jai. When she meets Jai, he spots the bruise on Aditi's face, and contrary to his usual non-violent nature, goes to Sushant's house and beats him up for daring to lay a hand on Aditi.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: Inspector P.K. Waghmare, who is at odds with Jai's mother Savitri Singh Rathore, arrests Jai for thrashing Sushant and puts him behind bars. Later that night, while still in prison, he meets the two men who were found harassing Meghna at the club and is surprised to see them celebrating their imprisonment. They tell him that for a boy to become a man in their clan, he must complete three conditions:


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: As they narrate to Jai the story of their adventures in Mumbai and mention that it wouldn't have been possible for them to fulfill these conditions in Ranjhor, he inadvertently reveals his credentials as a native of Ranjhor, which causes the two men, seemingly brothers to each other, to sit up and decipher his identity. Once he mentions that he is the son of the late Amar Singh Rathore and the two men confirm that his mother's name is Savitri, they clutch him to the ground in joy, and he discovers in an epiphany when they address him as "Mowgli" that the brothers are his long-lost cousins, Kuber "Baloo" Singh Rathore and Vinay "Bagheere" Singh Rathore, from whom he had been separated in childhood. Jai, who has already fulfilled the first two conditions required for becoming a man in the Rathore clan, finally comes to terms with his legacy, realizing that Amar was actually never the non-violent type Savitri had painted him as and that she was lying to him all along.


title: Jaane Tu... Ya Jaane Na

text: Meanwhile, Aditi makes her way to the international airport to depart for New York. Baloo and Bagheere, who are sons of Amar's cousin, now an MLA, use their influence to bail Jai out, after which Jai rides to the airport on a borrowed horse to stop Aditi from leaving. This makes him fulfill the final condition, and an initially worried Savitri, after spotting him, decides to return home, dejected that Amar's dream has come true. Jai finds Aditi at the airport lounge and sings her the titular song which he had confessed earlier as the one he would sing for the love of his life. Aditi, delighted, hugs him and cancels her travel plans. Back in the present, Rotlu, Jiggy, Sandhya, and Shaleen conclude the story and welcome Jai and Aditi, who return from their honeymoon after 5 years, at the airport. Mala gets extremely delighted to see them and introduces herself as Jiggy's girlfriend, and they leave the airport together.