title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: The show producers later revealed that the order had been shortened to 13 episodes. On May 1, 2012, the producers announced on their Facebook page that they had decided the fifth season would be their last. CTV confirmed the reduction in the episode order and the ending of the show on May 1.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: While initially and according to Enrico Colantoni, the setting for the show was not identified, a Canadian flag was included on the officer's uniforms. As the show has progressed, the setting has become more significantly identifiable. This is especially true of the third season. Toronto landmarks, such as the CN Tower and York University, a fictional "Toronto Interpreter" newspaper (designed in the style of the "Toronto Star," though "The Star" was mentioned during the premiere of Season 3) and Toronto Transit Commission stations and patrol cars are now regularly shown, identical to a Toronto Police Service vehicle but without the city name and with a fake division number. Various episodes show ex-Toronto police cars with the Toronto police logo still on them and SRU HQ has a flag with the Toronto Police logo on it. Dialogue also references Tim Hortons, and local streets, as well as communities within the Greater Toronto Area.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: In the first episode, someone mentions that the character Sam Braddock was previously in JTF2, which is a Canadian Forces special operations unit. Similarly, in "He Knows His Brother", a subject's gun is described as a family heirloom carried by his grandfather on D-Day on Juno Beach, which was mainly fought by Canadian military.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: In "Between Heartbeats", a shooting victim is carried to an ambulance by a paramedic whose shirt reads "Toronto EMS Paramedic" and in the seventh episode of the third season ("You Think You Know Someone"), a news article reveals the city's name. At the end of that episode, firefighters with "Toronto" emblazoned on the back of their uniform overcoats are seen.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: In the episode "No Promises" of season 3, firefighters have "Toronto" on the back of their overcoats with the Toronto fire logo on the side of their overcoats. In the second-season episode "Clean Hands", Toronto Pearson International Airport is shown. In season 3, episode 2 "Never Let You Down" Sgt. Parker is being briefed about a possible hostage situation by Officer K. Travers. Officer Traver's hat badge clearly states "Metropolitan Toronto Police" (7:33 mark in the video). In the episode "He Knows His Brother", there is a brief scene in a military school in which Canadian Forces combat uniforms are being worn, as are berets sporting the cap badges of the Royal Canadian Regiment (RCR), a regular force Canadian infantry unit. Police forces in York and Durham Regions are mentioned in "Exit Wounds".


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: The fourth episode of the third season features a shot of an Ontario driver's licence with a Toronto address which is visited by the SRU officers. the name "Toronto" is finally spoken for the first time in the series in the second part of the Season 2 finale, "Behind the Blue Line", in reference to the city's professional hockey team, the Toronto Maple Leafs.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: In the first part of the series finale, police forces in Peel and Halton, as well as the aforementioned York and Durham police are brought up as reinforcement by Sgt. Parker. Also, the city's name is shown and mentioned twice, first in a caption that reads "Toronto City Hall" and then when a dispatcher calls for crews to be sent to Toronto immediately. CFB Borden is also mentioned as providing a triage hospital and troops.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: At the start of the series, Bill Mustos, founder of co-production company Avamar Entertainment, commented that "you're not going to see a show that is screaming 'Canada.' It's a show in a big sophisticated urban city where crises take place. The stories we're trying to tell are universal stories." CTV's press release regarding the series did identify Toronto and noted that the SRU is based on Toronto's Emergency Task Force.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: The show's 30-second theme was written by Amin Bhatia and Ari Posner. The music of Hugh Dillon, Matthew Good, Amy Jo Johnson and Kim Taylor have also been used in the show's soundtrack. Johnson's song "Dancing In-between" was used in the ending of episode six of the first season, "Attention Shoppers," with Dillon's "Lost at Sea" used to conclude the eighth episode, "Never Kissed a Girl." The song "Open Your Eyes" by Tracenine was featured in the episode Perfect Storm. Songs from Hugh Dillon can also be heard in season two episode twelve "Just a Man" (song "Don't Be Fooled") and the episode that concluded season three, "Fault Lines" (song "My Mistakes"). "Goodbye," a song written and performed by Amy Jo Johnson, features in season three episode ten, "Terror."


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: "Flashpoint" crossed over with "The Listener," when the "Flashpoint" character Michaelangelo "Spike" Scarlatti was leaving the hospital after receiving medical attention and interacted with "The Listener" character Osman "Oz" Bey who had just brought a patient to the hospital.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: Note that each Canadian television season starts with the Monday of the week that includes the first day of September.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: The pilot episode was watched on CTV by 1.11million viewers, earning the No. 1 spot in its timeslot. "Flashpoint" drew in 1,216,000 viewers during the week of July 28, 2008. It gained a bit more audience when the show drew in 1,300,000 viewers. In ratings for the week of February 23, 2009, "Flashpoint" has been watched by 1,339,000 viewers. CTV announced that a new series of "Flashpoint" episodes would air in the fall of 2009 on Friday nights at 10:00pm ET. These episodes would not be simulcast with CBS. After CBS delayed broadcasting the episodes from summer 2009 to mid-season 2010, CTV initially backed off its commitment to fall 2009. Eventually in late August, CTV announced that the new episodes would premiere in Canada on September 25, 2009. It marked the first time CTV broadcast new "Flashpoint" episodes out of simulcast with CBS in the United States. The last original "Flashpoint" episode for the Canadian fall 2009 season was broadcast on November 20, 2009. Two "Flashpoint" episodes from the first season—"Attention Shoppers" and "Who's George?"—were nominated as finalists in the 2009 WGC Screenwriting Awards.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: "The Boston Globe" praised "Flashpoint" for using emotion that "lingers on the psychic toll that such high-tension work can take." The pilot episode was watched on CBS by 8.23million people, earning the No. 1 ranking for the hour. According to "Flashpoint" executive Bill Mustos in August 2008, the success of the show in the U.S. was not due to the Writer's Guild strikes, but mainly because of the need of having a new kind of show on television. "Flashpoint" did well in its initial airings on Friday nights (in the time slot normally given to "Numb3rs"), building on the lead-in from that show, to the point that it drew more viewers on Friday nights than "Swingtown," another new drama, did on the normally busier Thursday nights, which prompted CBS to move "Flashpoint" to Thursday nights in an attempt to further build its audience. On December 2, 2008, CBS announced that they would begin airing the second season of "Flashpoint" on January 9, 2009. A third season of "Flashpoint" was to have aired as a midseason replacement during CBS's 2009–2010 schedule; however, CBS announced it would air these episodes during the summer of 2009 beginning on July 17, 2009, instead of its previously announced 2010 timetable. On July 7, 2009, CBS rescinded its decision and the show aired midseason after all. These were the same episodes that CTV broadcast in Canada during the fall 2009 season. CBS began airing these episodes on June 4, 2010. The remainder of the third season was broadcast on CBS beginning May 6, 2011. On Metacritic, "Flashpoint" got mixed to average reviews scoring 51 out of 100 on the site's metascore.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: In DVD region 1, Phase 4 Films released all five seasons on DVD in Canada, while in the US CBS DVD (distributed by Paramount Home Entertainment) has released the first four seasons; the final season was released on March 18, 2014. On November 5, 2013, Phase 4 Films released "Flashpoint: The Complete Series" on DVD in Canada. The 19-disc set features all 75 episodes of the series as well as bonus features. In Region 2, ITV DVD released the complete first season on DVD in the UK on April 13, 2009. In France, Koba Films has released the first three seasons on DVD. In Region 3, STG Multimedia released the complete first season on DVD in Thailand on April 9, 2011. The complete second season was released on May 20, 2011. In Region 4, Hopscotch Entertainment has released the first three seasons on DVD in Australia.


title: Flashpoint (TV series)

text: "Flashpoint" is being distributed by Alchemy Television, based in New York, and Tele München Group to all international markets outside of North America. Already in July 2008, it was announced that the two distributors had sold the series to TV networks in 50 countries outside Canada and the US, among them Tv2 in New Zealand, ITV3 and Universal Channel (UK) in the United Kingdom, and networks in France, Austria (ORF), Germany, Switzerland, Italy (RAI), Spain, Finland, Iceland, Sweden, Norway, the Netherlands, Belgium, Croatia, and Latin America. By December 2008, only nine of the 13 episodes produced during the series' first season had been aired in North America, although all 13 episodes had been aired by New Zealand's TV2 as of December 10, 2008. The Australian premiere occurred on January 11, 2009, when Nine Network took the unusual step of screening the second episode in isolation ahead of the season. It followed a cricket telecast in a relatively late Sunday night timeslot. Nine aired the show on Wednesday nights, its regular time slot, where episodes were erratically shown out of their intended order. Nine took the show off air soon after, but it returned to air during summer non-ratings on Monday November 30, 2009, at 9.30 pm and was taken off air again only two weeks later. In Latin America, the series debuted in Mexico in TV Azteca in 2012. The first three seasons have been already aired. In Thailand, the series aired in Channel 5 on February 25, 2016.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: A prequel manga series began in "V Jump" in September 2020 and a spin-off manga began in "Saikyō Jump" in October 2020. The manga was adapted into an anime series, produced by Toei Animation and broadcast on TBS from July 1991 to July 1992. It is the second anime adaptation based on the "Dragon Quest" franchise after "Dragon Quest: Legend of the Hero Abel". A second anime adaptation based on the manga premiered on TV Tokyo in October 2020 and aired till October 2022.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai" is one of the "Weekly Shōnen Jump"'s best-selling manga series of all time, with more than 47million copies in circulation.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: The story begins with a young boy named Dai remembering a story told to him by his adoptive grandfather, the monster magician Brass, about the defeat of the Demon King Hadlar by the hands of a hero known as Avan. After the defeat of the Demon King Hadlar, all of the monsters were released from his evil will and peace reigned supreme around the world once again for ten years. Some monsters and demons moved to the island of Dermline to live in peace. Dai, the young protagonist of the series, is an orphan and the only human living on the island. Having been raised by Brass and with his best friend, the monster Gome, Dai grows up dreaming of becoming a hero.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: After befriending Leona, the princess of the Kingdom of Papnica and saving her from peril, Avan comes to the island accompanied by his apprentice, the magician Popp, to become Dai's teacher by her request. However, his training is interrupted by the return of Hadlar, who was resurrected by the Great Demon King Vearn and became the commander of his vast army. Avan sacrifices himself to protect his disciples and Hadlar is temporarily driven away by Dai after he awakens a mysterious power within himself.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: To honor Avan's final request, Dai, Popp and Gome leave the island and begin their quest to defeat Hadlar and his master to bring peace back to the world. During their travels, Dai's party gains three other members; the healer Maam, who later becomes also a martial artist, Hyunckel, one of Hadlar's former subordinates and Leona herself. Their enemies include Beast King Crocodine, an honourable but ruthless commander of Hadlar's army, the Mystic legion commander Zaboara and his son Zamza, A magical elemental of Ice and Fire known as Flazzard, the illusive Mystvearn, who himself is a greater servant of Vearn and is Hyunkel's teacher of black magic, Killvearn, a jester who is Vearn's personal assassin and Baran, a legendary warrior and Dai's father who sided with Vearn after the death of his wife and the disappearance of his son.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai" is written by Riku Sanjo and illustrated by Koji Inada. A short story was first published for two chapters in Shueisha's "Weekly Shōnen Jump" in June 1989. A short story, , was published for three chapters in August 1989. "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai" was serialized for seven years in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" from October 23, 1989, to December 9, 1996. The manga was collected into 37 "tankōbon" volumes published between March 9, 1990, and June 4, 1997. It was later released in 22 "bunkobon" volumes published from June 18, 2003, to March 18, 2004. A 25-volume edition that includes the color pages from its original magazine run and newly drawn covers by Inada was published between October 2, 2020, and July 2, 2021.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: A prequel manga series, titled "Dai no Daibōken: Yuusha Avan to Gokuen no Maou", illustrated by Yūsaku Shibata, with Sanjo credited for original work, began serializing in Shueisha's "V Jump" on September 19, 2020. The series is centered around Avan before he met Dai and his companions.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: A spin-off manga written and illustrated by Yoshikazu Amami, titled "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai - Cross Blade", launched in the November issue of Shueisha's "Saikyō Jump" manga magazine on October 1, 2020.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: On July 9, 2021, Viz Media announced they licensed the series for English publication, starting in March 2022.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: Produced by Toei Animation, the anime adaptation of "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai" aired for 46 episodes on TBS from October 17, 1991 to September 24, 1992. Despite no official Japanese DVD release, the show reran in 2007 on Toei's channel with a new master. The series uses two pieces of theme music, both composed by Koichi Sugiyama and performed by Jirou Dan. is used for the opening theme, while , which was the original ending theme for "Dragon Quest II", is used for the episodes' ending theme. The series adapts the events of the first 10 volumes of the manga, with initial plans to continue onward until scheduling and time slot changes at TBS lead to the series ending after 46 episodes. To accommodate the abrupt ending, Sanjo helped to provide an adjusted finale to the anime.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: On January 6, 2020, the whole series was released in Japan for distribution on several video on demand (VOD) services, the first time the series has become officially available after the VHS release of the 1990s. In March 2020 it was announced that the 1991 anime will be getting a Blu-ray Box for the first time, released on July 3, 2020. The set contained all 46 episodes, and the 3 Jump Festa short theatrical movies (including the first film never before released on home video), which have been scanned from their original 35 mm negatives with high resolution and recorded as high-quality full HD remastered images.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: Three short theatrical movies were produced based on the first TV series, all of which premiered at the Toei Anime Fair film festival.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: It was announced during Jump Festa 2020 that there would be a new anime adaptation that would premiere in fall 2020. The anime was produced by Toei Animation and was a hybrid of 2D and CG animation. The series ran for 100 episodes, premiering on TV Tokyo and other affiliates on October 3, 2020. The series halted broadcast since March 12, 2022, when episode 73 was originally scheduled to air, and the series' entire schedule was subsequently delayed until further notice shortly after Toei Animation revealed their internal servers had been hacked by an unauthorized third party. The broadcast resumed on April 16, 2022, and finished on October 22 of the same year. The band Macaroni Empitsu performed the series' opening theme "Ikiru o Suru" and the series' ending theme "mother". XIIX performed the series' second ending theme "Akashi". Muse Communication licensed the second series in Asia-Pacific, and is streaming the first 50 episodes on Netflix. Toei simulcasts the series with English subtitles in North America, Latin America, New Zealand, Africa, the Middle East and Europe via Crunchyroll, as well as Hulu in the United States and Anime Digital Network in France. Originally, plans to dub it from Ocean Media caused a dispute that lead the voice-actor's union SAG-AFTRA to issue a do-not-work order for the series. However, on September 26, 2022, the first 25 dubbed episodes were released in the United Kingdom on BBC's iPlayer.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: During Jump Festa '20, a video game based on the series has been announced. "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai - Xross Blade", an arcade game with collectible trading cards was released in Japanese arcades on October 22, 2020.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: "Dragon Quest The Adventure of Dai: A Hero’s Bonds", a smartphone RPG for iOS/Android was released worldwide on September 28, 2021. "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai - Infinity Strash", an action RPG for an unannounced console is in development. Dai appears as a playable character in the 2019 video game "Jump Force", marking the first appearance of a "Dragon Quest" character in a "Weekly Shōnen Jump" crossover game.


title: Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai

text: "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai" is one of "Weekly Shōnen Jump"s best-selling manga series of all time, with more then 47million copies in circulation by 2019. The series also had a total estimated circulation of approximately 2billion copies in "Weekly Shōnen Jump" magazine between 1989 and 1996. On TV Asahi's Manga Sōsenkyo 2021 poll, in which 150.000 people voted for their top 100 manga series, "Dragon Quest: The Adventure of Dai" ranked 30th.


title: Spy fiction

text: Spy fiction is a genre of literature involving espionage as an important context or plot device. It emerged in the early twentieth century, inspired by rivalries and intrigues between the major powers, and the establishment of modern intelligence agencies. It was given new impetus by the development of fascism and communism in the lead-up to World War II, continued to develop during the Cold War, and received a fresh impetus from the emergence of rogue states, international criminal organizations, global terrorist networks, maritime piracy and technological sabotage and espionage as potent threats to Western societies. As a genre, spy fiction is thematically related to the novel of adventure ("The Prisoner of Zenda", 1894, "The Scarlet Pimpernel", 1905), the thriller (such as the works of Edgar Wallace) and the politico-military thriller ("The Schirmer Inheritance", 1953, "The Quiet American", 1955).


title: Spy fiction

text: Commentator William Bendler noted that "Chapter 2 of the Hebrew Bible's Book of Joshua might count as the first Spy Story in world literature. (...) Three thousand years before James Bond seduced Pussy Galore and turned her into his ally against Goldfinger, the spies sent by General Joshua into the city of Jericho did much the same with Rahab the Harlot."


title: Spy fiction

text: Spy fiction as a genre started to emerge during the 19th Century. Early examples of the espionage novel are "The Spy" (1821) and "The Bravo" (1831), by American novelist James Fenimore Cooper. "The Bravo" attacks European anti-republicanism, by depicting Venice as a city-state where a ruthless oligarchy wears the mask of the "serene republic".


title: Spy fiction

text: In nineteenth-century France, the Dreyfus Affair (1894–99) contributed much to public interest in espionage. For some twelve years (ca. 1894–1906), the Affair, which involved elements of international espionage, treason, and antisemitism, dominated French politics. The details were reported by the world press: an Imperial German penetration agent betraying to Germany the secrets of the General Staff of the French Army; the French counter-intelligence riposte of sending a charwoman to rifle the trash in the German Embassy in Paris, were news that inspired successful spy fiction.


title: Spy fiction

text: At least two Sherlock Holmes stories have clear espionage themes. In "The Adventure of the Naval Treaty", Holmes recovers the text of a secret Naval Treaty between Britain and Italy, stolen by a daring spy. In "His Last Bow", Holmes himself acts as a double agent, providing Germany with a lot of false information on the eve of WWI.


title: Spy fiction

text: The major themes of a spy in the lead-up to the First World War were the continuing rivalry between the European colonial powers for dominance in Asia, the growing threat of conflict in Europe, the domestic threat of revolutionaries and anarchists, and historical romance.


title: Spy fiction

text: "Kim" (1901) by Rudyard Kipling concerns the Anglo–Russian "Great Game", which consisted of a geopolitical rivalry and strategic warfare for supremacy in Central Asia, usually in Afghanistan. "The Secret Agent" (1907) by Joseph Conrad examines the psychology and ideology motivating the socially marginal men and women of a revolutionary cell. A diplomat from an unnamed (but clearly Russian) embassy forces a double-agent, Verloc, to organise a failed attempt to bomb the Greenwich Observatory in the hope that the revolutionaries will be blamed. Conrad's next novel, "Under Western Eyes" (1911), follows a reluctant spy sent by the Russian Empire to infiltrate a group of revolutionaries based in Geneva. G. K. Chesterton's "The Man Who Was Thursday" (1908) is a metaphysical thriller ostensibly based on the infiltration of an anarchist organisation by detectives, but the story is actually a vehicle for exploring society's power structures and the nature of suffering.


title: Spy fiction

text: The fictional detective Sherlock Holmes, created by Arthur Conan Doyle, served as a SpyHunter for the British government in the stories "The Adventure of the Second Stain" (1904), and "The Adventure of the Bruce-Partington Plans" (1912). In "His Last Bow" (1917), he served Crown and country as a double agent, transmitting false intelligence to Imperial Germany on the eve of the Great War.


title: Spy fiction

text: "The Scarlet Pimpernel" (1905) by Baroness Orczy chronicled an English aristocrat's derring-do in rescuing French aristocrats from the Reign of Terror of the populist French Revolution (1789–99).


title: Spy fiction

text: But the term "spy novel" was defined by "The Riddle of the Sands" (1903) by Irish author Erskine Childers. "The Riddle of the Sands" described two British yachtsman cruising off the North Sea coast of Germany who turned amateur spies when they discover a secret German plan to invade Britain. Its success created a market for the invasion literature subgenre, which was flooded by imitators. William Le Queux and E. Phillips Oppenheim became the most widely read and most successful British writers of spy fiction, especially of invasion literature. Their prosaic style and formulaic stories, produced voluminously from 1900 to 1914, proved of low literary merit.


title: Spy fiction

text: During the War, John Buchan became the pre-eminent British spy novelist. His well-written stories portray the Great War as a "clash of civilisations" between Western civilization and barbarism. His notable novels are "The Thirty-nine Steps" (1915), "Greenmantle" (1916) and sequels, all featuring the heroic Scotsman Richard Hannay. In France Gaston Leroux published the spy thriller "Rouletabille chez Krupp" (1917), in which a detective, Joseph Rouletabille, engages in espionage.


title: Spy fiction

text: After the Russian Revolution (1917), the quality of spy fiction declined, perhaps because the Bolshevik enemy won the Russian Civil War (1917–23). Thus, the inter-war spy story usually concerns combating the Red Menace, which was perceived as another "clash of civilizations".


title: Spy fiction

text: Spy fiction was dominated by British authors during this period, initially former intelligence officers and agents writing from inside the trade. Examples include "" (1928) by W. Somerset Maugham, which accurately portrays spying in the First World War, and "The Mystery of Tunnel 51" (1928) by Alexander Wilson whose novels convey an uncanny portrait of the first head of the Secret Intelligence Service, Mansfield Smith-Cumming, the original 'C'.


title: Spy fiction

text: In the book "Literary Agents" (1987), Anthony Masters wrote: "Ashenden's adventures come nearest to the real-life experiences of his creator"'. John Le Carré described Ashenden stories as a major influence on his novels as praised Maugham as "the first person to write anything about espionage in a mood of disenchantment and almost prosaic reality".


title: Spy fiction

text: At a more popular level, Leslie Charteris' popular and long-running "Saint" series began, featuring Simon Templar, with "Meet the Tiger" (1928). "Water on the Brain" (1933) by former intelligence officer Compton Mackenzie was the first successful spy novel satire. Prolific author Dennis Wheatley also wrote his first spy novel, "The Eunuch of Stamboul" (1935) during this period.


title: Spy fiction

text: In the sham state of Manchukuo, spies often featured in stories published in its government-sponsored magazines as villains threatening Manchukuo. Manchukuo had been presented since its founding in 1931 as an idealistic Pan-Asian experiment, where the officially designated "five races" of the Japanese, Han Chinese, Manchus, Koreans and Mongols had come together to built an utopian society. Manchukuo also had a substantial Russian minority who initially been considered as the "sixth race", but had been excluded. The spy stories of Manchukuo such as "A Mixed Race Woman" by the writer Ding Na often linked the willingness to serve as spies with having a mixed Russian-Han heritage; the implication being that people of "pure" descent from one of the "five races" of Manchukuo would not betray it. In "A Mixed Race Woman", the villain initially appears to Mali, the eponymous character who has a Russian father and a Han mother, but she ultimately is revealed to be blackmailed by the story's true villain, the foreign spy Baoerdun, and she proves to be loyal to Manchukuo after all as she forces the gun out of Baoerdun's hand at the story's climax. However, Ding's story also states that Baoerdun would not dared to have attempt his blackmail scheme against a Han woman and that he targeted Mali because she was racially mixed and hence "weak".


title: Spy fiction

text: When Japan invaded China in 1937 and even more so in 1941, the level of repression and propaganda in Manchukuo was increased as the state launched a "total war" campaign to mobilise society for the war. As part of the "total war" campaign, the state warned people to be vigilant at all times for spies; alongside this campaign went a mania for spy stories, which likewise warned people to be vigilant against spies. Novels and films with a counterespionage theme became ubiquitous in Manchukuo from 1937 onward. Despite the intensely patriarchal values of Manchukuo, the counter-spy campaign targeted women who were encouraged to report anyone suspicious to the police with one slogan saying "Women defend inside and men defend outside". The spy stories of Manchukuo such as "A Mixed Race Woman" often had female protagonists. In "A Mixed Race Woman", it is two ordinary women who break up the spy ring instead of the Manchukuo police as might be expected. The South Korean scholar Bong InYoung noted stories such as "A Mixed Race Woman" were part of the state's campaign to take over "...the governance of private and family life, relying on the power of propaganda literature and the nationwide mobilization of the social discourse of counterespionage". At the same time, she noted "A Mixed Race Woman" with its intelligent female protagonists seemed to challenge the patriarchal values of Manchukuo which portrayed women as the weaker sex in need of male protection and guidance. However, Bong noted that the true heroine of "A Mixed Race Woman", Shulan is presented as superior to Mali as she is Han and the story is one "...of female disempowerment in that Mali is completely subordinate to the racial order Shulan sets".


title: Spy fiction

text: The growing support of fascism in Germany, Italy and Spain, and the imminence of war, attracted quality writers back to spy fiction.


title: Spy fiction

text: British author Eric Ambler brought a new realism to spy fiction. "The Dark Frontier" (1936), "Epitaph for a Spy" (1938), "The Mask of Dimitrios" (US: "A Coffin for Dimitrios", 1939), and "Journey into Fear" (1940) feature amateurs entangled in espionage. The politics and ideology are secondary to the personal story that involved the hero or heroine. Ambler's Popular Front–period "œuvre" has a left-wing perspective about the personal consequences of "big picture" politics and ideology, which was notable, given spy fiction's usual right-wing tilt in defence of establishment attitudes. Ambler's early novels "Uncommon Danger" (1937) and "Cause for Alarm" (1938), in which NKVD spies help the amateur protagonist survive, are especially remarkable among English-language spy fiction.


title: Spy fiction

text: "Above Suspicion" (1939) by Helen MacInnes, about an anti-Nazi husband and wife spy team, features literate writing and fast-paced, intricate, and suspenseful stories occurring against contemporary historical backgrounds. MacInnes wrote many other spy novels in the course of a long career, including "Assignment in Brittany" (1942), "Decision at Delphi" (1961), and "Ride a Pale Horse" (1984).


title: Spy fiction

text: Manning Coles published "Drink to Yesterday" (1940), a grim story occurring during the Great War, which introduces the hero Thomas Elphinstone Hambledon. However, later novels featuring Hambledon were lighter-toned, despite being set either in Nazi Germany or Britain during the Second World War (1939–45). After the War, the Hambledon adventures fell to formula, losing critical and popular interest.


title: Spy fiction

text: The events leading up to the Second World War, and the War itself, continue to be fertile ground for authors of spy fiction. Notable examples include Ken Follett, "Eye of the Needle" (1978); Alan Furst, "Night Soldiers" (1988); and David Downing, the Station series, beginning with "Zoo Station" (2007).


title: Spy fiction

text: The metamorphosis of the Second World War (1939–45) into the Soviet–American Cold War (1945–91) gave new impetus to spy novelists. "Atomsk" by Paul Linebarger (later known as Cordwainer Smith), written in 1948 and published in 1949, appears to be the first espionage novel of the dawning conflict.


title: Spy fiction

text: The "secret world" of espionage allowed a situation when writers could project anything they wanted onto the "secret world". The author Bruce Page complained in his 1969 book "The Philby Conspiracy": "The trouble is that a man can hold almost any theory he cares to about the secret world, and defend it against large quantities of hostile evidence by the simple expedient of retreating behind further and further screens of postulated inward mystery. Secret services have in common with Freemasons and "mafiosi" that they inhabit an intellectual twilight-a kind of ambiguous gloom in which it is hard to distinguish with certainty between the menacing and the merely ludicrous. In such circumstances the human affinity for myth and legend easily gets out of control". This inability to know for certain about what is being going on in the "secret world" of intelligence-gathering affected both non-fiction and fiction books about espionage. The Cold War and the struggle between Soviet intelligence-known as the KGB from 1954 onward-vs. the CIA and MI6 made the subject of espionage a popular one for novelists to write about. Most of the spy novels of the Cold War were really action thrillers with little resemblance to the actual work of spies. The writer Malcolm Muggeridge who had worked as a spy in World War Two commented that thriller writers in the Cold War took to writing about espionage "as easily as the mentally unstable become psychiatrists or the impotent pornographers". The city that was considered to be the "capital of the Cold War" was Berlin, owing to its post-war status as the city was divided between the two German states while Britain, France, the Soviet Union and the United States all had occupations zones in Berlin. As a result, Berlin was a beehive of espionage during the Cold War with the city full of American, British, East German, French, Soviet and West German spies; it was estimated that there was an average of about 8, 000 spies in Berlin at any given moment during the Cold War. Because Berlin was a center of espionage, the city was frequently a settling for spy novels and films. Furthermore, the construction of the Berlin Wall in 1961 made the wall into a symbol of Communist tyranny, which further increased the attraction for Western writers of settling a Cold War spy novel in Berlin. Perhaps the most memorable story set in Berlin was "The Spy Who Came In From The Cold" which in both the novel and the film ended with disillusioned British spy Alec Leamas and his lover, the naïve young woman Liz Gold being shot down while trying to cross the Berlin Wall from East Berlin into West Berlin.


title: Spy fiction

text: With "Secret Ministry" (1951), Desmond Cory introduced Johnny Fedora, the secret agent with a licence to kill, the government-sanctioned assassin. Ian Fleming, a former member of naval intelligence, followed swiftly with the glamorous James Bond, secret agent 007 of the British Secret Service, a mixture of counter-intelligence officer, assassin and playboy. Perhaps the most famous fictional spy, Bond was introduced in "Casino Royale" (1953). After Fleming's death the franchise continued under other British and American authors, including Kingsley Amis, Christopher Wood, John Gardner, Raymond Benson, Sebastian Faulks, Jeffery Deaver, William Boyd and Anthony Horowitz. The Bond novels, which were extremely popular in the 1950s, inspired an even more popular series of films starting in 1962. The success of the Bond novels and films has greatly influenced popular images of the work of spies even though the character of Bond is more of an assassin than a spy.


title: Spy fiction

text: Despite the commercial success of Fleming's extravagant novels, John le Carré, himself a former spy, created anti-heroic protagonists who struggled with the ethical issues involved in espionage and sometimes resorted to immoral tactics. Le Carré depicted spies as living a morally grey world having to constantly make morally dubious decisions in an essentially amoral struggle where lies, paranoia and betrayal are the norm for both sides. In le Carré best known novel, "The Spy Who Came In From The Cold" (1963), the hero Alec Leamas views himself as serving in "...a war fought on a tiny scale, at close range" and complained that he has seen too many "people cheated and misled, whole lives thrown away, people shot and in prison, whole groups and classes of men written off for nothing". Le Carré's middle-class hero George Smiley is a middle-aged spy burdened with an unfaithful, upper-class wife who publicly cuckolds him for sport. The American scholars Norman Polmar and Thomas Allen described Smiley as the fictional spy most likely to be successful as a real spy, citing le Carré's description of him in "A Murder of Quality": "Obscurity was his nature, as well as his profession. The byways of espionage are not populated by the brash and colorful adventurers of fiction. A man who, like Smiley has lived and worked for years among his country's enemies learns only one prayer: that he may never, never be noticed. Assimilation is his highest aim, he learns to love the crowds who pass him in the street without a glance; he clings to them for his anonymity and his safety. His fear makes him servile—he could embrace the shoppers who jostle him in their impatience and force him from the pavement. He could adore the officials, the police, the bus conductors, for the terse indifference of their attitudes.But this fear, this servility, this dependence had developed in Smiley a perception for the colour of human beings: a swift, feminine sensitivity to their characters and motives. He knew mankind as a huntsman knows his cover, as a fox the woods. For a spy must hunt while he is hunted, and the crowd is his estate. He could collect their gestures, record the interplay of glance and movement, as a huntsman can record the twisted bracken and broken twig, or as a fox detects the signs of danger".


title: Spy fiction

text: Like Le Carré, former British Intelligence officer Graham Greene also examined the morality of espionage in left-wing, anti-imperialist novels such as "The Heart of the Matter" (1948), set in Sierra Leone, the seriocomic "Our Man in Havana" (1959) occurring in Cuba under the regime of dictator Fulgencio Batista before his deposition in the Cuban Revolution (1953–59), and "The Human Factor" (1978) about a MI6 agent's attempts to uncover a mole in apartheid-era South Africa. Greene had worked as a MI6 agent in Freetown, an important British naval base during World War Two, searching for German spies who would radio information about the movements of ships to the "Kriegsmarine", experiences which inspired "The Heart of the Matter". Greene's case officer during World War Two was Harold "Kim" Philby, who was later revealed in 1963 to be a long time Soviet spy, who had been recruited by Soviet intelligence in the early 1930s while he was an undergraduate at Cambridge. Greene's best known spy novel "The Quiet American" (1955), set in 1952 Vietnam featured a thinly disguised version of the real American intelligence officer, Major General Edward Lansdale as the villain. Greene had covered the Vietnam war in 1951-52 as a newspaper correspondent where he met Lansdale who appears in "The Quiet American" as Alden Pyle while the character of Thomas Fowler, a cynical, but goodhearted British journalist in Saigon was partly based on himself.


title: Spy fiction

text: MI6 was outraged by "Our Man In Havana" with its story of James Wormold, a British vacuum cleaner salesman in Cuba, recruited to work for MI6 who bamboozles his employers by selling them diagrams of vacuum cleaners, which he persuades MI6 are really diagrams of Soviet missiles. MI6 pressed for Greene to be prosecuted for violating the Official Secrets Act, claiming that he revealed too much about MI6's methods in "Our Man in Havana", but it decided against charging Greene out of the fear that prosecuting him would suggest the unflattening picture of MI6 in "Our Man in Havana" was based on reality. Greene's older brother, Herbert, a professional con-man had briefly worked as a spy for the Japanese in the 1930s before his employers realised that the "secrets" that he was selling them was merely information culled from the newspapers. The bumbling vacuum cleaner salesman Wormold in "Our Man in Havana" seems to been inspired by Herbert Greene. In "The Human Factor", Greene portrayed MI6 again in a highly unsympathetic light, depicting the British government as supporting the "apartheid" regime of South Africa because it was pro-Western while the book's protagonist, the MI6 officer Maurice Castle, married to a black South African woman, provides information to the KGB to thwart MI6 operations. Much of the plot of "The Human Factor" concerned a secret plan by the British, American and West German governments to buy up South African gold in bulk in order to stabilise the economy of South Africa, which Greene presented as fundamentally amoral, arguing that the Western powers were betraying their values by supporting the white supremacist South African government. Much controversy ensured when shortly after the publication of "The Human Factor" it emerged that such a plan had in fact been carried out, which led to much speculation about whatever this was just a coincidence or whatever Greene had more access to secret information than what he led on. There was also much speculation that the character of Maurice Castle was inspired by Philby, but Greene consistently denied this. Other novelists followed a similar path. Len Deighton's anonymous spy protagonist of "The IPCRESS File" (1962), "Horse Under Water" (1963), "Funeral in Berlin" (1964), and others, is a working-class man with a negative view of "the Establishment".


title: Spy fiction

text: Other notable examples of espionage fiction during this period were also built around recurring characters. These include James Mitchell's 'John Craig' series, written under his pseudonym 'James Munro', beginning with "The Man Who Sold Death" (1964); and Trevor Dudley-Smith's Quiller spy novel series written under the pseudonym 'Adam Hall', beginning with "The Berlin Memorandum" (US: "The Quiller Memorandum", 1965), a hybrid of glamour and dirt, Fleming and Le Carré; and William Garner's fantastic Michael Jagger in "Overkill" (1966), "The Deep, Deep Freeze" (1968), "The Us or Them War" (1969) and "A Big Enough Wreath" (1974).


title: Spy fiction

text: Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include Padraig Manning O'Brine, "Killers Must Eat" (1951); Michael Gilbert, "Be Shot for Sixpence" (1956); Alistair MacLean, "The Last Frontier" (1959); Brian Cleeve, "Assignment to Vengeance" (1961); Jack Higgins, "The Testament of Caspar Schulz" (1962); and Desmond Skirrow, "It Won't Get You Anywhere" (1966). Dennis Wheatley's 'Gregory Sallust' (1934-1968) and 'Roger Brook' (1947-1974) series were also largely written during this period.


title: Spy fiction

text: Notable recurring characters from this era include Adam Diment's Philip McAlpine as a long-haired, hashish-smoking fop in the novels "The Dolly Dolly Spy" (1967), "The Great Spy Race" (1968), "The Bang Bang Birds" (1968) and "Think, Inc." (1971); James Mitchell's 'David Callan' series, written in his own name, beginning with "Red File for Callan" (1969); William Garner's John Morpurgo in "Think Big, Think Dirty" (1983), "Rats' Alley" (1984), and "Zones of Silence" (1986); and Joseph Hone's 'Peter Marlow' series, beginning with "The Private Sector" (1971), set during Israel's Six-Day War (1967) against Egypt, Jordan and Syria. In all of these series the writing is literary and the tradecraft believable.


title: Spy fiction

text: Noteworthy examples of the journalistic style and successful integration of fictional characters with historical events were the politico-military novels "The Day of the Jackal" (1971) by Frederick Forsyth and "Eye of the Needle" (1978) by Ken Follett. With the explosion of technology, Craig Thomas, launched the techno-thriller with "Firefox" (1977), describing the Anglo–American theft of a superior Soviet jet aeroplane.


title: Spy fiction

text: Other important British writers who first became active in spy fiction during this period include Ian Mackintosh, "A Slaying in September" (1967); Kenneth Benton, "Twenty-fourth Level" (1969); Desmond Bagley, "Running Blind" (1970); Anthony Price, "The Labyrinth Makers" (1971); Gerald Seymour, "Harry's Game" (1975); Brian Freemantle, "Charlie M" (1977); Bryan Forbes, "Familiar Strangers" (1979); Reginald Hill, "The Spy's Wife" (1980); and Raymond Harold Sawkins, writing as Colin Forbes, "Double Jeopardy" (1982).


title: Spy fiction

text: During the war E. Howard Hunt wrote his first spy novel, "East of Farewell" (1943). In 1949 he joined the recently created CIA and continued to write spy fiction for many years. Paul Linebarger, a China specialist for the CIA, published "Atomsk", the first novel of the Cold War, in 1949. During the 1950s, most of American spy stories were not about the CIA, instead being about agents from the Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI) who tracked down and arrested Soviet spies. The popular American image of the FBI was as "coolly efficient super-cop" who always successful in performing his duties. The FBI director, J.E. Hoover, had long cultivated the American press and Hollywood to promote a favorable image of the FBI. In 1955, Edward S. Aarons began publishing the Sam Durell CIA "Assignment" series, which began with "Assignment to Disaster" (1955). Donald Hamilton published "Death of a Citizen" (1960) and "The Wrecking Crew" (1960), beginning the series featuring Matt Helm, a CIA assassin and counter-intelligence agent.


title: Spy fiction

text: Major General Edward Lansdale, a charismatic intelligence officer who was widely credited with having masterminded the defeat of the Communist Huk rebellion in the Philippines inspired several fictional versions of himself. Besides for "The Quiet American", he appeared as Colonel Edwin Barnum in "The Ugly American" (1958) by William J. Lederer and Eugene Burdick and as Colonel Lionel Teryman in the novel "La Mal Jaune" (1965) by the French writer Jean Lartéguy. "The Ugly American" was written as a rebuttal to "The Quiet American" under which the idealistic Colonel Barnum operating in the fictional Vietnam-like Southeast Asian nation of Sarkhan shows the way to defeat Communist guerillas by understanding local people in just the same way that Lansdale with his understanding and sympathy for ordinary Filipinos was credited with defeating the Communist Huk guerrillas. "The Ugly American" was greatly influenced by the modernization theory, which held Communism was something alike to a childhood disease as the modernization theory held that as Third World nations modernized that this created social-economic tensions which a ruthless minority of Communists exploited to seize power; what was required from the United States were experts who knew the local concerns in order to defeat the Communists until the modernization process was completed.


title: Spy fiction

text: The Nick Carter-Killmaster series of spy novels, initiated by Michael Avallone and Valerie Moolman, but authored anonymously, ran to over 260 separate books between 1964 and the early 1990s and invariably pitted American, Soviet and Chinese spies against each other. With the proliferation of male protagonists in the spy fiction genre, writers and book packagers also started bringing out spy fiction with a female as the protagonist. One notable spy series is "The Baroness", featuring a sexy female superspy, with the novels being more action-oriented, in the mould of Nick Carter-Killmaster.


title: Spy fiction

text: Other important American authors who became active in spy fiction during this period include Ross Thomas, "The Cold War Swap" (1966). "The Scarlatti Inheritance" (1971) by Robert Ludlum is usually considered the first American modern (glamour and dirt) spy thriller weighing action and reflection. Richard Helms, the director-general of the CIA from 1966 to 1973 loathed le Carré's morally grey spy novels, which he felt damaged the image of the CIA, and encouraged Hunt to write spy novels as a rebuttal. Helms had hopes that Hunt might write an "American James Bond" novel, which would be adopted by Hollywood and do for the image of the CIA what Fleming's Bond novels did for the image of MI6. In the 1970s, former CIA man Charles McCarry began the Paul Christopher series with "The Miernik Dossier" (1973) and "The Tears of Autumn" (1978), which were well written, with believable tradecraft. McCarry was a former CIA agent who worked as an editor for "National Geographic" and his hero Christopher likewise is an American spy who works for a thinly disguised version of the CIA while posing as a journalist. Writing under the pen name Trevanian, Roger Whitaker published a series of brutal spy novels starting with "The Eiger Sanction" (1972) featuring an amoral art collector/CIA assassin who ostensibly kills for the United States, but in fact kills for money. Whitaker followed up "The Eiger Sanction" with "The Loo Sanction" (1973) and "Shibumi" (1979). Starting in 1976 with his novel "Saving the Queen", the conservative American journalist and former CIA agent William F. Buckley published the first of his Blackford Oakes novels featuring a CIA agent whose politics were the same as the author's. Blackford Oakes was portrayed as a "sort of an American James Bond" who ruthlessly dispatches villainous KGB agents with much aplomb.


title: Spy fiction

text: The first American techno-thriller was "The Hunt for Red October" (1984) by Tom Clancy. It introduced CIA deskman (analyst) Jack Ryan as a field agent; he reprised the role in the sequel "The Cardinal of the Kremlin" (1987).


title: Spy fiction

text: Other important American authors who became active in spy fiction during this period include Robert Littell, "The Defection of A. J. Lewinter" (1973); James Grady, "Six Days of the Condor" (1974); William F. Buckley Jr., "Saving the Queen" (1976); Nelson DeMille, "The Talbot Odyssey" (1984); W. E. B. Griffin, the "Men at War" series (1984–); Stephen Coonts, "Flight of the Intruder" (1986); Canadian-American author David Morrell, "The League of Night and Fog" (1987); David Hagberg, "Without Honor" (1989); Noel Hynd, "False Flags" (1990); and Richard Ferguson, "Oiorpata" (1990).


title: Spy fiction

text: The culture of Imperial Russia was deeply influenced by the culture of France, and traditionally spy novels in France had a very low status. One consequence of the French influence on Russian culture was that the subject of espionage was usually ignored by Russian writers during the Imperial period. Traditionally, the subject of espionage was treated in the Soviet Union as a story of villainous foreign spies threatening the USSR. The organisation established to hunt down German spies in 1943, SMERSH, was an acronym for the wartime slogan "Smert shpionam!" ("Death to Spies!"), which reflected the picture promoted by the Soviet state of spies as a class of people who deserved to be killed without mercy. The unfavorable picture of spies ensured that before the early 1960s there were no novels featuring Soviet spies as the heroes as espionage was portrayed as a disreputable activity that only the enemies of the Soviet Union engaged in. Unlike in Britain and the United States, where the achievements of Anglo-American intelligence during the Second World War were to a certain extent publicized soon after the war such as the fact that the Americans had broken the Japanese naval codes (which came out in 1946) and the British deception operation of 1943, Operation Mincemeat (which was revealed in 1953), there was nothing equivalent in the Soviet Union until the early 1960s. Soviet novels prior to the 1960s to the extent that espionage was portrayed at all concerned heroic scouts in the Red Army who during the Great Patriotic War as the war with Germany is known in the Soviet Union who go on dangerous missions deep behind the Wehrmacht's lines to find crucial information. The scout stories were more action adventure stories than espionage stories proper and significantly always portrayed Red Army scouts rather than "Chekisty" ("Chekists") as secret policemen are always called in Russia as their heroes. The protagonists of the scout stories always almost ended being killed at the climax of the stories, giving up their lives up to save the Motherland from the German invaders.


title: Spy fiction

text: In November 1961, Vladimir Semichastny became the chairman of the KGB and sent out to improve the image of the "Chekisty". The acronym KGB ("Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti"-Committee of State Security) was adopted in 1954, but the organisation had been founded in 1917 as the Cheka. The frequent name changes for the secret police made no impression with the Russian people who still call any secret policeman a "Chekisty". Semichastny felt that the legacy of the "Yezhovshchina" ("Yezhovz times") of 1936-1939 had given the KGB a fearsome reputation that he wanted to erase as wanted ordinary people to have a more favorable and positive image of the "Chekisty" as the protectors and defenders of the Soviet Union instead of torturers and killers. As such, Semichastny encouraged the publication of a series of spy novels that featured heroic "Chekisty" defending the Soviet Union. It was also during Semichastny's time as KGB chairman that the cult of the "hero spies" began in the Soviet Union as publications lionised the achievements of Soviet spies such as Colonel Rudolf Abel, Harold "Kim" Philby, Richard Sorge and of the men and women who served in the "Rote Kapelle" spy network. Seeing the great popularity of Ian Fleming's James Bond novels in Britain and the United States, Soviet spy novels of the 1960s used the Bond novels as inspiration for both their plots and heroes, through Soviet prurience about sex ensured that the "Chekisty" heroes did not engage in the sort of womanising that Bond did. The first Bond-style novel was "The Zakhov Mission" (1963) by the Bulgarian writer Andrei Gulyashki who had commissioned by Semichastny and was published simultaneously in Russian and Bulgarian. The success of "The Zakhov Mission" led to a follow-up novel, "Zakhov vs. 007", where Gulyashki freely violated English copyright laws by using the James Bond character without the permission of the Fleming estate (he had asked for permission in 1966 and was denied). In "Zakhov vs. 007", the hero Avakoum Zakhov defeats James Bond, who is portrayed in an inverted fashion to how Fleming portrayed him; in "Zakhov vs. 007", Bond is portrayed as a sadistic killer, a brutal rapist and an arrogant misogynist, which stands in marked contrast to the kindly and gentle Zakhov who always treats women with respect. Zakhov is described as a spy, he more of a detective and unlike Bond, his tastes are modest.


title: Spy fiction

text: In 1966, the Soviet writer Yulian Semyonov published a novel set in the Russian Civil War featuring a Cheka agent Maxim Maximovich Isaуev as its hero. Inspired by its success, the KGB encouraged Semyonov to write a sequel, "Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny" ("Seventeen Moments of Spring"), which proved to one of the most popular Soviet spy novels when it was serialized in "Pravda" in January–February 1969 and then published as a book later in 1969. In "Seventeen Moments of Spring", the story is set in the Great Patriotic War as Isayev goes undercover, using the alias of a Baltic German nobleman Max Otto von Stierlitz to infiltrate the German high command. The plot of "Seventeen Moments of Spring" takes place in Berlin between January–May 1945 during the last days of the Third Reich as the Red Army advances onto Berlin and the Nazis grew more desperate. In 1973, "Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny" was turned into a television mini-series, which was extremely popular in the Soviet Union and turned the Isayev character into a cultural phenomena. The Isayev character plays a role in Russian culture, even today, that is analogous to the role James Bond plays in modern British culture. As aspect of "Seventeen Moments of Spring", both as a novel and the TV mini-series that has offended Westerners who are more accustomed to seeing spy stories via the prism of the fast-paced Bond stories is the way that Isayev spends much time interacting with ordinary Germans despite the fact these interactions do nothing to advance the plot and are merely superfluous to the story. However, the point of these scenes are to show that Isayev is still a moral human being, who remains sociable and kind to all people, including the citizens of the state that his country is at war with. Unlike Bond, Isayev is devoted to his wife who he deeply loves and despite spending at least ten years as a spy in Germany and having countless chances to sleep with attractive German women remains faithful towards her. Through Isayev is a spy for the NKVD as the Soviet secret police was known from 1934 to 1946, it is stated quite explicitly in "Semnadtsat' mgnoveniy vesny" (which is set in 1945) that he left the Soviet Union to go undercover in Nazi Germany "more than ten years ago", which means that Isayev was not involved in the "Yezhovshchina".


title: Spy fiction

text: The June 1967 Six-Day War between Israel and its neighbours introduced new themes to espionage fiction - the conflict between Israel and the Palestinians, against the backdrop of continuing Cold War tensions, and the increasing use of terrorism as a political tool.


title: Spy fiction

text: The end of the Cold War in 1991 mooted the USSR, Russia and other Iron Curtain countries as credible enemies of democracy, and the US Congress even considered disestablishing the CIA. Espionage novelists found themselves at a temporary loss for obvious nemeses. "The New York Times" ceased publishing a spy novel review column. Nevertheless, counting on the aficionado, publishers continued to issue spy novels by writers popular during the Cold War era, among them "Harlot's Ghost" (1991) by Norman Mailer.


title: Spy fiction

text: In the US, the new novels "Moscow Club" (1991) by Joseph Finder, "Coyote Bird" (1993) by Jim DeFelice, "Masquerade" (1996) by Gayle Lynds, and "The Unlikely Spy" (1996) by Daniel Silva maintained the spy novel in the post–Cold War world. Other important American authors who first became active in spy fiction during this period include David Ignatius, "Agents of Innocence" (1997); David Baldacci, "Saving Faith" (1999); and Vince Flynn, with "Term Limits" (1999) and a series of novels featuring counter-terrorism expert Mitch Rapp.


title: Spy fiction

text: In 1993, the American novelist Philip Roth published "Operation Shylock", an account of his supposed work as a Mossad spy in Greece. The book was published as a novel, but Roth insisted that the book was not a novel as he argued that the book was presented only as a novel in order to give it deniability. At the end of the book, the character of Philip Roth is ordered to publish the account as a novel and it ends with Roth the character saying: "And I became quite convinced that it was my interest to do that...I'm just a good Mossadnik".


title: Spy fiction

text: In the UK, Robert Harris entered the spy genre with "Enigma" (1995). Other important British authors who became active during this period include Hugh Laurie, "The Gun Seller" (1996); Andy McNab, "Remote Control" (1998); Henry Porter, "Remembrance Day" (2000); and Charles Cumming, "A Spy By Nature" (2001).


title: Spy fiction

text: The terrorist attacks against the US on 11 September 2001, and the subsequent War on Terror, reawakened interest in the peoples and politics of the world beyond its borders. Espionage genre elders such as John le Carré, Frederick Forsyth, Robert Littell, and Charles McCarry resumed work, and many new authors emerged.


title: Spy fiction

text: Important British writers who wrote their first spy novels during this period include Stephen Leather, "Hard Landing" (2004); and William Boyd, "Restless" (2006).


title: Spy fiction

text: New American writers include Brad Thor, "The Lions of Lucerne" (2002); Ted Bell, "Hawke" (2003); Alex Berenson, with John Wells appearing for the first time in "The Faithful Spy" (2006); Brett Battles, "The Cleaner" (2007); Ellis Goodman, "Bear Any Burden" (2008); Olen Steinhauer, "The Tourist" (2009); and Richard Ferguson, "Oiorpata" (2012). A number of other established writers began to write spy fiction for the first time, including Kyle Mills, "Fade" (2005) and James Patterson, "Private" (2010).


title: Spy fiction

text: Swede Stieg Larsson, who died in 2004, was the world's second best-selling author for 2008 due to his "Millennium series", featuring Lisbeth Salander, published posthumously between 2005 and 2007. Other authors of note include Australian James Phelan, beginning with "Fox Hunt" (2010).


title: Spy fiction

text: Recognising the importance of the thriller genre, including spy fiction, International Thriller Writers (ITW) was established in 2004, and held its first conference in 2006.


title: Spy fiction

text: Many authors of spy fiction have themselves been intelligence officers working for British agencies such as MI5 or MI6, or American agencies such as the OSS or its successor, the CIA. 'Insider' spy fiction has a special claim to authenticity and overlaps with biographical and other documentary accounts of secret service.


title: Spy fiction

text: The first insider fiction emerged after World War 1 as the thinly disguised reminiscences of former British intelligence officers such as W. Somerset Maugham, Alexander Wilson, and Compton Mackenzie. The tradition continued during World War II with Helen MacInnes and Manning Coles.


title: Spy fiction

text: Notable British examples from the Cold War period and beyond include Ian Fleming, John le Carré, Graham Greene, Brian Cleeve, Ian Mackintosh, Kenneth Benton, Bryan Forbes, Andy McNab and Chris Ryan. Notable American examples include Charles McCarry, William F. Buckley Jr., W. E. B. Griffin and David Hagberg.


title: Spy fiction

text: Many post-9/11 period novels are written by insiders. At the CIA, the number of manuscripts submitted for pre-publication vetting doubled between 1998 and 2005. American examples include Barry Eisler, "A Clean Kill in Tokyo" (2002); Charles Gillen, "Saigon Station" (2003); R J Hillhouse, "Rift Zone" (2004); Gene Coyle, "The Dream Merchant of Lisbon" (2004) and "No Game For Amateurs" (2009); Thomas F. Murphy, "Edge of Allegiance" (2005); Mike Ramsdell, "A Train to Potevka" (2005); T. H. E. Hill, "" (2008); Duane Evans, "North from Calcutta" (2009); Jason Matthews, "Red Sparrow" (2013).; and T.L. Williams, "Zero Day: China's Cyber Wars" (2017).


title: Spy fiction

text: British examples include "The Code Snatch" (2001) by Alan Stripp, formerly a cryptographer at Bletchley Park; "At Risk" (2004), "Secret Asset" (2006), "Illegal Action" (2007), and "Dead Line" (2008), by Dame Stella Rimington (Director General of MI5 from 1992 to 1996); and Matthew Dunn's "Spycatcher" (2011) and sequels.


title: Spy fiction

text: Much spy fiction was adapted as spy films in the 1960s, ranging from the fantastical James Bond series to the realistic "The Spy Who Came in from the Cold" (1965), and the hybrid "The Quiller Memorandum" (1966). While Hamilton's Matt Helm novels were adult and well written, their cinematic interpretations were adolescent parody. This phenomenon spread widely in Europe in the 1960s and is known as the Eurospy genre.


title: Spy fiction

text: English-language spy films of the 2000s include "The Bourne Identity" (2002), "" (1996); "Munich" (2005), "Syriana" (2005), and "The Constant Gardener" (2005).


title: Spy fiction

text: Among the comedy films focusing on espionage are 1974's "S*P*Y*S", 1985's "Spies Like Us", and the "Austin Powers" film series starring Mike Myers.


title: Spy fiction

text: The American adaptation of "Casino Royale" (1954) featured Jimmy Bond in an episode of the "Climax!" anthology series. The narrative tone of television espionage ranged from the drama of "Danger Man" (1960–68) to the sardonicism of "The Man from U.N.C.L.E" (1964–68) and the flippancy of "I Spy" (1965–68) until the exaggeration, akin to that of William Le Queux and E. Phillips Oppenheim before the First World War (1914–18), degenerated to the parody of "Get Smart" (1965–70).


title: Spy fiction

text: In 1973, Semyonov's novel "Seventeen Moments of Spring" (1968) was adapted to television as a twelve-part mini-series about the Soviet spy Maksim Isaev operating in wartime Nazi Germany as Max Otto von Stierlitz, charged with preventing a separate peace between Nazi Germany and America which would exclude the USSR. The programme "TASS Is Authorized to Declare..." also derives from his work.


title: Spy fiction

text: However, the circle closed in the late 1970s when "The Sandbaggers" (1978–80) presented the grit and bureaucracy of espionage.


title: Spy fiction

text: In the 1980s, US television featured the light espionage programmes "Airwolf" (1984–87) and "MacGyver" (1985–92), each rooted in the Cold War yet reflecting American citizens' distrust of their government, after the crimes of the Nixon Government (the internal, political espionage of the Watergate Scandal and the Vietnam War) were exposed. The spy heroes were independent of government; MacGyver, in later episodes and post-DXS employment, works for a non-profit, private think tank, and aviator Hawke and two friends work free-lance adventures. Although each series features an intelligence agency, the DXS in "MacGyver", and the FIRM, in "Airwolf", its agents could alternately serve as adversaries as well as allies for the heroes.


title: Spy fiction

text: Television espionage programmes of the late 1990s to the early 2010s include "La Femme Nikita" (1997–2001), "Alias" (2001–2006), "24" (2001–2010, 2014), "Spooks" in the UK (release as "MI-5" in the US and Canada) (2002-2011), "NCIS" (2003-present), "CBBC's "The Secret Show" (2006-2011), NBC's "Chuck" (2007-2012), FX's "Archer" (2009–present), "Burn Notice", "Covert Affairs", "Homeland" and "The Americans".


title: Spy fiction

text: In 2015, "Deutschland 83" is a German television series starring a 24-year-old native of East Germany who is sent to the West as an undercover spy for the HVA, the foreign intelligence agency of the Stasi.


title: Spy fiction

text: In every medium, spy thrillers introduce children and adolescents to deception and espionage at earlier ages. The genre ranges from action-adventure, such as Chris Ryan's "Alpha Force" series, through the historical espionage dramas of Y. S. Lee, to the girl orientation of Ally Carter's "Gallagher Girls" series, beginning with "I'd Tell You I Love You, But Then I'd Have to Kill You".


title: Spy fiction

text: Leading examples include the "Agent Cody Banks" film, the Alex Rider adventure novels by Anthony Horowitz, and the CHERUB series, by Robert Muchamore. Ben Allsop, one of England's youngest novelists, also writes spy fiction. His titles include "Sharp" and "The Perfect Kill".


title: Spy fiction

text: Other authors writing for adolescents include A. J. Butcher, Joe Craig, Charlie Higson, Andy McNab and Francine Pascal.


title: Spy fiction

text: Spy-related films that are aimed towards younger audiences include movies such as the Spy Kids series of films and "The Spy Next Door". Shows and series in this category also include a subplot of "Phineas and Ferb" following Perry the Platypus in his attempt to sabotage Doofenshmirtz's plans to take over the geographically ambiguous Tri-state area. However, the Cartoon Network show "" is solely focused on the eponymous Kids Next Door organization, consisting of child spies and child soldiers fighting and spying on adult and teenage villains, who are personifications of the things children dislike while growing up (e.g. bullying, grounding, homework, going to the dentist, going to school, being force-fed vegetables, getting banned from drinking soda, helicopter parenting, piano lessons, and spanking), and whilst not being traditional government sponsored intelligence, the Kids Next Door market themselves as so. Another example of a kids' show in the spy genre is Disney's "Kim Possible", which centers on the eponymous protagonist as she fights megalomaniac villains in a similar manner to James Bond, while foiling the evil plans of the main antagonist of the show, Dr. Drakken.


title: Spy fiction

text: In contemporary digital video games, the player can be a vicarious spy, as in "Team Fortress 2" and the "Metal Gear series", especially in the series' third installment, "Metal Gear Solid", unlike the games of the third-person shooter genre, "Syphon Filter", and "Splinter Cell". The games feature complex stories and cinematic images. Games such as "No One Lives Forever" and the sequel "No One Lives Forever 2: A Spy in H.A.R.M.'s Way" humorously combine espionage and 1960s design. "Evil Genius", a real-time strategy game and contemporary of the "No One Lives Forever" series, allows the player to take on the role of the villain in a setting heavily influenced by spy thriller fiction like the "James Bond" series.


title: Spy fiction

text: The "Deus Ex" series, particularly "" and "", are also examples of spy fiction. Protagonist Adam Jensen must frequently use spycraft and stealth to obtain sensitive information for a variety of clients and associates.


title: Spy fiction

text: "James Bond 007": Role-Playing In Her Majesty's Secret Service, Victory Games (1983), is a tabletop roleplaying game based on Flemming's 007 novels.


title: Spy fiction

text: Activision published "" (1996), notable for the collaboration with former CIA director William Colby and former KGB Major-General Oleg Kalugin, who also appear in the game as themselves.


title: Spy fiction

text: Namco Bandai's "Time Crisis" series of light gun shooters centers on the exploits of a fictional multinational intelligence agency called the VSSE (Vital Situation, Swift Elimination), whose agents, armed with a license to kill, must stop terrorists and megalomaniac villains in a similar manner to "" and the "James Bond" movies.


title: Spy fiction

text: The "Spyland" espionage theme park, in the Gran Scala pleasure dome, in Zaragoza province, Spain, opened in 2012.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Corinne Jacqueline Bailey Rae (; born 26 February 1979) is an English singer and songwriter. She is best known for her 2006 single "Put Your Records On". Bailey Rae was named the number-one predicted breakthrough act of 2006 in an annual BBC poll of music critics, Sound of 2006. She released her debut album, "Corinne Bailey Rae", in February 2006, and became the fourth female British act in history to have her first album debut at number one. In 2007, Bailey Rae was nominated for three Grammy Awards and three Brit Awards, and won two MOBO Awards. In 2008, she won a Grammy Award for Album of the Year (for her work as a featured artist in Herbie Hancock's "").


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae released her second album, "The Sea", on 26 January 2010, after a hiatus of almost three years. It was produced by Steve Brown and Steve Chrisanthou (who produced her debut album in 2006). She was nominated for the 2010 Mercury Prize for Album of the Year. In 2012, she won a Grammy Award for Best R&B Performance for "Is This Love" (a cover of the Bob Marley and the Wailers song of the same name). Bailey Rae was married to fellow musician Jason Rae from 2001 until his death from drugs in 2008; she channeled the grief of his loss into her music. Her first two albums have together sold over five million copies worldwide.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: On 26 February 2016, Bailey Rae announced her third album, "The Heart Speaks in Whispers", which was released on 13 May 2016. "The Heart Speaks in Whispers" debuted at No. 2 on "Billboard"'s R&B chart.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae was born in Leeds, England. Her father is from Saint Kitts and Nevis, and her mother, Linda, is English, although they separated when she was a child. She is the eldest of three daughters. Her siblings include Candice Bailey, and actress Rhea Bailey.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae began her musical career at school, where she studied classical violin before turning her attention to singing. Some of her earliest vocal performance experiences took place at a Plymouth Brethren church. Bailey Rae later transferred to a Baptist church, where the youth leader also coached rock bands in the local high school. The church's young people wrote their own worship songs and sang covers of songs by Primal Scream. She recorded two albums with the worship ministry youth group, under the name "Revive." Performing in church broadened Bailey Rae's musical horizons, and her love for making music was solidified after the church youth leader offered to lend her the money to buy her first guitar. In her mid-teens, she was highly influenced by Lenny Kravitz, also exploring rock through listening to legends Jimi Hendrix and Led Zeppelin.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae studied English language and literature at the University of Leeds, where she graduated in 2000.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae formed an indie group called Helen, which was inspired by similar acts such as Veruca Salt and L7. "It was the first time I'd seen women with guitars. They were kinda sexy—but feminist. I wanted to be like that, at the front of something." The group played many gigs around Leeds and, whilst unable to attract offers from any UK labels, were eventually approached by US-based heavy metal record label Roadrunner Records, home to acts such as Slipknot, in 1998. This deal disappeared before it was even signed, however, after the bassist became pregnant and the group disbanded. "[Was I] Disappointed? I was gutted! I had no idea what to do next."


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In the three years after she married her first husband, Bailey Rae began working on solo material—this time steering away from her indie past and embarking on a more "soulful" path. She collaborated with Leeds-based funk group the New Mastersounds on the track "Your Love Is Mine," which featured on their 2003 album "Be Yourself", released by One Note Records. The following year she again worked with another Leeds-based group, Home cut Directive, on the song "Come the Revolution", which was the first single from that group's debut album.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In 2004, Bailey Rae got a breakthrough when she was signed by Global Talent Publishing and then approached by Craig David's mentor Mark Hill, from the duo the Artful Dodger, to appear on his new album "better luck next time" under his new alias, the stiX. The resulting collaboration, "Young and Foolish," was released in April 2005 and brought Bailey Rae to the attention of the major record label bosses.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae released her debut single, "Like a Star", in November 2005 and her first album, "Corinne Bailey Rae", in February 2006. It debuted at number one in the UK and entered the top ten of the U.S. "Billboard" 200, peaking at number four and spending 71 weeks in the chart from 2006 to 2008. According to Nielsen SoundScan, the album sold 1.9 million copies in the United States alone.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: The lead single, "Like a Star" became a hit in the UK and US, and sold over 327,000 US downloads. The follow-up single "Put Your Records On", her biggest hit to date, rose to number two in the UK, and sold over 945,000 US downloads. "Trouble Sleeping" made the top forty, and "I'd Like To", the top seventy. In the middle of 2006, Bailey Rae embarked on her first international tour through Europe and North America with R&B singer John Legend, playing 55 shows including the festivals "Rock in Rio Lisboa 2" and "Live Earth". In early April 2006, "Corinne Bailey Rae" was certified 2× platinum by the BPI and platinum by the RIAA in December. In September 2006, Bailey Rae scooped two awards at the UK's MOBO Awards: "Best UK Newcomer" and "Best UK Female". Bailey Rae recorded a live session at Abbey Road Studios in July 2006 for "Live from Abbey Road".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae was the musical guest in a 2006 episode of "Saturday Night Live" with the host being Jaime Pressly. She performed "Put Your Records On" and "Like a Star". She also appeared on "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip" on the episode "B-12", which aired in November 2006, with Howie Mandel. She performed "Like a Star" and "Trouble Sleeping". Also in 2006, Bailey Rae performed on BBC Radio 1 "Live Lounge" with the songs "Like a Star", a cover version of Editors' "Munich", and a cover version of Justin Timberlake's "SexyBack".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae also received three nominations at the 2007 Grammy Awards: Record of the Year, Song of the Year (both for "Put Your Records On"), and Best New Artist. During the ceremony, she performed "Like a Star" and joined John Legend and John Mayer in a collaborative performance, providing accompanying vocals to Legend's "Coming Home" and Mayer's "Gravity".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Also in 2007, Bailey Rae accepted an invitation to participate in "" (Vanguard Records), where she contributed her version of Domino's "One Night (of Sin)". She also recorded John Lennon's "I'm Losing You" for Make Some Noise, Amnesty International's music venture. The song was also released on the 2007 John Lennon tribute album, "". In July of that year, Bailey Rae performed at the UK leg of Live Earth at Wembley Stadium, London.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In 2008, "Like a Star" was nominated for a Grammy for Song of the Year. Bailey Rae won in two categories for Album of the Year and Best Contemporary Jazz Album for her collaboration on "". Also in 2008, she recorded a live session of "River" with Hancock at Abbey Road Studios in for Live from Abbey Road for Channel 4 which was broadcast on Series 2.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: During the American and European tour, Bailey Rae recorded her first DVD with the title "Live in London & New York". The DVD was filmed in London and the bonus CD was recorded in New York.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Corinne Bailey Rae released her new album titled "The Sea" on 26 January 2010, four years after the release of her first album and almost two years following the death of her husband Jason Rae. The lead single "I'd Do It All Again" premiered on 25 November 2009 on "Later... with Jools Holland". The follow-up single "Closer" was added to Smooth Jazz Radio on 25 January, Urban AC on 1 February and AC radio in late February. The album's second single "Paris Nights and New York Mornings" went to Triple-A radio on 15 February. Around the release of the second album, Bailey Rae did a run of promotional shows in the UK, Europe and US, she embarked on her second world tour, The Sea Tour, with 82 concerts, and had a gross profit of US$19 million. The tour visited the UK, Europe, the US (Spring and Summer) Brazil, Argentina, Japan, Korea, Singapore, and the Middle East. The tour began on 27 February 2010 in London and her last show was on 10 March 2011 in Korea. Her summer concert in London at Somerset House sold out, and she returned to London again in October to perform in Royal Festival Hall with Pete Lawrie as a supporting act.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In December 2009, Bailey Rae recorded a live performance in New York City that was broadcast in the summer of 2010 on the US television program "Live From the Artists Den".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: On 2 June 2010, Bailey Rae appeared with Herbie Hancock, singing "Blackbird" in a concert honouring Paul McCartney in the East Room of the White House.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: On 25 January 2011, Bailey Rae released an EP, "The Love EP", with five recordings of love songs, including Prince's "I Wanna Be Your Lover", Bob Marley's "Is This Love" and Paul McCartney & Wings' "My Love". The EP debuted at number 86 on the "Billboard" 200 and still managed the Top 20 in "Top R&B/Hip-Hop Albums". The EP has sold 15,000 copies in the U.S. The first single, "Is This Love", won Best R&B Performance at 54th Grammy Awards.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae made an appearance as a musical guest on "The Tonight Show with Jay Leno" on 28 October 2010, covering the Bob Marley song "Is This Love".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: On 14 July 2011, she was awarded an honorary doctorate by the University of Leeds where she had studied as an undergraduate.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: During an interview for the 2011 Mercury Awards, Bailey Rae revealed she is writing a follow-up album to her critically acclaimed "The Sea". She has uploaded many photos of herself in various studios recording music for the new album to her social media accounts.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In 2013, Bailey Rae was moved from Capitol Records to Virgin Records due to corporate restructuring as a result of their parent company being purchased by Universal Music Group in 2012.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: On 14 February 2016, Bailey Rae presented her comeback into music by sharing a snippet of her new single. On 26 February, Bailey Rae announced the title of her third album, "The Heart Speaks in Whispers", which was released on 13 May 2016. The lead single off the album, "Been to the Moon", was also released.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: "The Heart Speaks in Whispers" debuted No. 2 on Billboard's R&B chart. Featuring "Been to the Moon", "The Skies Will Break" and "Green Aphrodisiac", NPR named it one of their favorite 30 albums of the year.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Recorded both at her studio in Leeds and in Los Angeles at Capitol Studios, the album was co-produced by Bailey Rae with Steve Brown, who collaborated on her critically acclaimed 2010 album The Sea, and features Paris and Amber Strother (KING), Esperanza Spalding, James Gadson Bill Withers, Pino Palladino (D'Angelo and The Vanguard), and Marcus Miller (Miles Davis, Herbie Hancock, Luther Vandross).


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae was selected by NASA for the DESTINATION: JUPITER campaign when Juno spacecraft entered Jupiter's orbit on 4 July; represented Europe for the International Olympic Committee's PSA Campaign; performed at various festivals in the UK and Europe, including Glastonbury; and was special guest supporting Stevie Wonder at his Hyde Park, London concert. President Barack Obama featured "Green Aphrodisiac" on his Spotify Summer "Night" Playlist.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: On 17 November 2016, Bailey Rae joined other artists in tributes to Smokey Robinson at his 2016 Library of Congress Gershwin Prize award ceremony in Washington D.C.; she sang "Ooo Baby Baby".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In 2017, Corinne Bailey Rae recorded "The Scientist" (originally recorded by Coldplay) for the opening title sequence for Universal Pictures' "Fifty Shades Darker" which opened 10 February. The track is featured on the "Fifty Shades Darker" Soundtrack, which released the same day.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In 2019, Bailey Rae was scheduled to perform on the main Center Park space at Capital One City Parks Foundation SummerStage festival in Central Park in June, along with Emily King, Big Freedia and other artists. She toured the UK, Europe and US during the same year, beginning from 2 June to 18 November.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae was invited to contribute a selection to a Tom Waits tribute album that was released in late 2019, "". She chose to record "Jersey Girl", which is also associated with Bruce Springsteen who covered the song in 1984.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: "Like a Star" is part of the soundtracks of several films, series and soap operas, such as "Dynasty", "Cashmere Mafia", "27 Dresses", "Men in Trees", "Nancy Drew", "Perfect Stranger", "Medium", "Studio 60 on the Sunset Strip", "Venus", "Grey's Anatomy", "Criminal Minds" and "Sete Pecados".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In the film "Venus", six songs from the debut album were included on the soundtrack of the film, which are "I'd Like To", "Another Rainy Day", "Choux Pastry Heart", "Put Your Records On", "Like a Star", and "Breathless".


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: The song "I'd Like To", from Bailey Rae's debut album, was also featured in the soundtrack for the movie "He's Just Not That Into You" (2009). It can also be heard on an episode of "CSI:NY". Her song "Lucky One" is the title theme for "Stan Lee's Lucky Man", a 2016 production for Sky 1 television in the U.K.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: Bailey Rae is the special ambassador for the charity Cord. She is also the central ambassador for the international water and sanitation charity Pump Aid.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In September 2012, she was featured in a campaign called "30 Songs/30 Days" to support "", a multi-platform media project inspired by Nicholas Kristof and Sheryl WuDunn's book.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: While at university, she began work as a hat check girl on an evening in her local jazz club, where she met Scotsman Jason Rae. When she married Rae in 2001, at the age of 22, she changed her name to Bailey Rae. Jason Rae (1976–2008), a musician, played saxophone for the eight-piece group called Haggis Horns. He also recorded on albums with his wife, Amy Winehouse, the New Mastersounds, and Martina Topley-Bird ("Quixotic").


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: On 22 March 2008, Jason Rae was found dead in a flat in the Hyde Park area of Leeds. In December 2008, Leeds Coroner's Court gave a verdict of death by misadventure, and stated that Rae had died of an accidental overdose of methadone and alcohol. The methadone had been prescribed to a friend who was recovering from an addiction to heroin.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: In 2013, Bailey Rae married her longtime friend, producer and jazz musician Steve Brown. As of September 2020, the couple have two daughters.


title: Corinne Bailey Rae

text: The Grammy Awards are awarded annually by the National Academy of Recording Arts and Sciences. Bailey Rae has won two awards from six nominations. She won Album of the Year as a featured artist on Herbie Hancock's "".


title: David McCullough

text: David Gaub McCullough (; July 7, 1933 – August 7, 2022) was an American popular historian. He was a two-time winner of the Pulitzer Prize and the National Book Award. In 2006, he was given the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the United States' highest civilian award.


title: David McCullough

text: Born and raised in Pittsburgh, McCullough earned a degree in English literature from Yale University. His first book was "The Johnstown Flood" (1968), and he wrote nine more on such topics as Harry S. Truman, John Adams, Theodore Roosevelt, the Brooklyn Bridge, the Panama Canal, and the Wright brothers. McCullough also narrated numerous documentaries, such as "The Civil War" by Ken Burns, as well as the 2003 film "Seabiscuit", and he hosted "American Experience" for twelve years.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough's two Pulitzer Prize–winning books, "Truman" and "John Adams", were adapted by HBO into a TV film and a miniseries, respectively.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough was born in the Point Breeze neighborhood of Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to Ruth (née Rankin) and Christian Hax McCullough. He was of Scots-Irish, German, and English descent. He was educated at Linden Avenue Grade School and Shady Side Academy, in his hometown of Pittsburgh.


title: David McCullough

text: One of four sons, McCullough had a "marvelous" childhood with a wide range of interests, including sports and drawing cartoons. McCullough's parents and his grandmother, who read to him often, introduced him to books at an early age. His parents often talked about history, a topic he said should be discussed more often. McCullough "loved school, every day"; he contemplated many career choices, ranging from architect, actor, painter, writer, to lawyer, and considered attending medical school for a time.


title: David McCullough

text: In 1951, McCullough began attending Yale University. He said that it was a "privilege" to study English at Yale because of faculty members such as John O'Hara, John Hersey, Robert Penn Warren, and Brendan Gill. McCullough occasionally ate lunch with the Pulitzer Prize–winning novelist and playwright Thornton Wilder. Wilder, said McCullough, taught him that a competent writer maintains "an air of freedom" in the storyline, so that a reader will not anticipate the outcome, even if the book is non-fiction.


title: David McCullough

text: While at Yale, he became a member of Skull and Bones. He served apprenticeships at "Time", "Life", the United States Information Agency, and "American Heritage", where he enjoyed research. He said: "Once I discovered the endless fascination of doing the research and of doing the writing, I knew I had found what I wanted to do in my life." While attending Yale, McCullough studied Arts and earned his bachelor's degree in English, with the intention of becoming a fiction writer or playwright. He graduated with honors in English literature in 1955.


title: David McCullough

text: After graduation, McCullough moved to New York City, where "Sports Illustrated" hired him as a trainee. He later worked as an editor and writer for the United States Information Agency in Washington, D.C. After working for twelve years in editing and writing, including a position at "American Heritage", McCullough "felt that [he] had reached the point where [he] could attempt something on [his] own."


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough "had no anticipation that [he] was going to write history, but [he] stumbled upon a story that [he] thought was powerful, exciting, and very worth telling." While working at "American Heritage", McCullough wrote in his spare time for three years. "The Johnstown Flood", a chronicle of one of the worst flood disasters in United States history, was published in 1968 to high praise by critics. John Leonard, of "The New York Times", said of McCullough, "We have no better social historian." Despite rough financial times, he decided to become a full-time writer, encouraged by his wife Rosalee.


title: David McCullough

text: After the success of "The Johnstown Flood", two new publishers offered him contracts, one to write about the Great Chicago Fire and another about the San Francisco earthquake. Simon & Schuster, publisher of his first book, also offered McCullough a contract to write a second book. Trying not to become "Bad News McCullough", he decided to write about a subject showing "people were not always foolish and inept or irresponsible." He remembered the words of his Yale teacher: "[Thornton] Wilder said he got the idea for a book or a play when he wanted to learn about something. Then, he'd check to see if anybody had already done it, and if they hadn't, he'd do it." McCullough decided to write a history of the Brooklyn Bridge, which he had walked across many times. It was published in 1972.


title: David McCullough

text: To me history ought to be a source of pleasure. It isn't just part of our civic responsibility. To me it's an enlargement of the experience of being alive, just the way literature or art or music is. – David McCullough


title: David McCullough

text: He also proposed, from a suggestion by his editor, a work about the Panama Canal; both were accepted by the publisher.


title: David McCullough

text: Five years later, "" was released, gaining McCullough widespread recognition. The book won the National Book Award in History, the Samuel Eliot Morison Award, the Francis Parkman Prize, and the Cornelius Ryan Award. Later in 1977, McCullough travelled to the White House to advise Jimmy Carter and the United States Senate on the Torrijos-Carter Treaties, which would give Panama control of the Canal. Carter later said that the treaties, which were negotiated to transfer ownership of the Canal to Panama, would not have passed had it not been for the book.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough's fourth work was his first biography, reinforcing his belief that "history is the story of people". Released in 1981, "Mornings on Horseback" tells the story of seventeen years in the life of Theodore Roosevelt, the 26th President of the United States. The work ranged from Roosevelt's childhood to 1886, and tells of a "life intensely lived." The book won McCullough's second National Book Award and his first "Los Angeles Times" Prize for Biography and New York Public Library Literary Lion Award. Next, he published "Brave Companions", a collection of essays that "unfold seamlessly". Written over twenty years, the book includes essays about Louis Agassiz, Alexander von Humboldt, John and Washington Roebling, Harriet Beecher Stowe, Conrad Richter, and Frederic Remington.


title: David McCullough

text: With his next book, McCullough published his second biography, "Truman" (1993) about the 33rd president. The book won McCullough his first Pulitzer Prize, in the category of "Best Biography or Autobiography," and his second Francis Parkman Prize. Two years later, the book was adapted as "Truman" (1995), a television film by HBO, starring Gary Sinise as Truman.


title: David McCullough

text: I think it's important to remember that these men are not perfect. If they were marble gods, what they did wouldn't be so admirable. The more we see the founders as humans the more we can understand them. – David McCullough


title: David McCullough

text: Working for the next seven years, McCullough published "John Adams" (2001), his third biography about a United States president. One of the fastest-selling non-fiction books in history, the book won McCullough's second Pulitzer Prize for "Best Biography or Autobiography" in 2002. He started it as a book about the founding fathers and back-to-back presidents John Adams and Thomas Jefferson; but dropped Jefferson to focus on Adams. HBO adapted "John Adams" as a seven-part miniseries by the same name. Premiering in 2008, it starred Paul Giamatti in the title role. The DVD version of the miniseries includes the biographical documentary, "David McCullough: Painting with Words".


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough's "1776" tells the story of the founding year of the United States, focusing on George Washington, the amateur army, and other struggles for independence. Because of McCullough's popularity, its initial printing was 1.25 million copies, many more than the average history book. Upon its release, the book was a number one best-seller in the United States. A miniseries adaptation of "1776" was rumored.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough considered writing a sequel to "1776". However, he signed a contract with Simon & Schuster to do a work about Americans in Paris between 1830 and 1900, "The Greater Journey", which was published in 2011. The book covers 19th-century Americans, including Mark Twain and Samuel Morse, who migrated to Paris and went on to achieve importance in culture or innovation. Other subjects include Benjamin Silliman, who had been Morse's science teacher at Yale, Elihu Washburne, the U.S. Ambassador to France during the Franco-Prussian War, and Elizabeth Blackwell, the first female doctor in the United States.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough's "The Wright Brothers" was published in 2015. "The Pioneers" followed in 2019, the story of the first European American settlers of the Northwest Territory, a vast American wilderness to which the Ohio River was the gateway.


title: David McCullough

text: In 1954, McCullough married Rosalee Barnes; the couple had first met as teenagers, and they remained together until her death on June 9, 2022. They had five children. In 2016, the couple moved from the Back Bay of Boston to Hingham, Massachusetts; three of his five children also lived there . He had a summer home in Camden, Maine. McCullough's interests included sports, history, and visual art, including watercolor and portrait painting.


title: David McCullough

text: His son, David Jr., an English teacher at Wellesley High School in the Boston suburbs, achieved sudden fame in 2012, when he gave a commencement speech in which he repeatedly told graduating students that they were "not special"; his speech went viral on YouTube. Another son, Bill, is married to the daughter of former Florida governor Bob Graham.


title: David McCullough

text: A registered independent, McCullough typically avoided publicly commenting on contemporary political issues. When asked to do so, he would repeatedly say, "My specialty is dead politicians." During the 2016 presidential election season, he broke with his custom to criticize Donald Trump, whom he called "a monstrous clown with a monstrous ego."


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough taught a writing course at Wesleyan University and was a visiting scholar at Cornell University and Dartmouth College.


title: David McCullough

text: After a period of failing health, McCullough died at his home in Hingham on August 7, 2022, at age 89.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough received numerous awards, including the Presidential Medal of Freedom in December 2006, the highest civilian award that a United States citizen can receive. In 1995, the National Book Foundation conferred its lifetime Medal for Distinguished Contribution to American Letters.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough was awarded more than 40 honorary degrees, including one from the Eastern Nazarene College in John Adams' hometown of Quincy, Massachusetts.


title: David McCullough

text: McCullough received two Pulitzer Prizes, two National Book Awards, two Francis Parkman Prizes, the "Los Angeles Times" Book Prize, New York Public Library's Literary Lion Award, and the St. Louis Literary Award from the Saint Louis University Library Associates, among others. McCullough was chosen to deliver the first annual John Hersey Lecture at Yale University on March 22, 1993. He was a member of the John Simon Guggenheim Fellowship and the Academy of Achievement. In 2003, the National Endowment for the Humanities selected McCullough for the Jefferson Lecture, the U.S. federal government's highest honor for achievement in the humanities. McCullough's lecture was titled "The Course of Human Events".