title: Ed Davey

text: Davey was elected to the House of Commons, at his first attempt, in the 1997 general election, where he defeated Richard Tracey, the sitting Conservative MP for the former constituency of Surbiton, with a majority of just 56 votes, and remained the seat's MP for 18 years. In his maiden speech, on 6 June 1997, he gave his support for the setting up of the London Assembly, but was against the idea of a directly elected Mayor of London; he also spoke of the effects governmental cuts were having on education delivery in the Royal Borough of Kingston upon Thames.


title: Ed Davey

text: In 1998 he was the primary sponsor of an Early Day Motion supporting the repeal of the Greenwich Judgement, which prevents Local Authorities from giving their own residents priority access to school places.


title: Ed Davey

text: In 2001, he opposed government proposals for restrictions on gambling machines, which he described as a "silly bit of nanny state politics".


title: Ed Davey

text: In January 2003, Davey publicly backed local constituent and NHS whistleblower Ian Perkin, who alleged he had been sacked from his director of finance role for exposing statistics manipulation at St George's NHS healthcare trust. Davey condemned the NHS bureaucracy as "Stalinist" and called for an inquiry into Perkin's case, while personally meeting trust executives to discuss the case on behalf of Perkin.


title: Ed Davey

text: In February 2003, Davey introduced the clause which repealed the prohibition of "promotion of homosexuality" under Section 28 of the Local Government Act 1988. The legislation was successfully repealed in March. He was one of the contributors to the (2004).


title: Ed Davey

text: In 2006 Davey was one of eight Liberal Democrat MPs, including Jeremy Browne and Mark Oaten, who opposed a total ban on smoking in clubs and pubs. He called the ban "a bit too nanny state".


title: Ed Davey

text: In an article for the "Financial Times" in 2007, Davey and LSE economist Tim Leunig proposed replacing the current system of local council planning permissions with community land auctions through sealed bids. They suggested that councils could take in tax the difference between the land owner's asking price and the highest bidder's offer, claiming this would stimulate development and the revenue then used to lower other taxation.


title: Ed Davey

text: In Parliament, Davey was given a job immediately by Paddy (later Lord) Ashdown and became the party's spokesman on Treasury Affairs, adding the post of whip in 1998, and a third job to hold as the spokesman on London from 2000.


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey was re-elected in the 2001 general election with an increased majority over former Conservative MP David Shaw. He joined the Liberal Democrat frontbench under Leader Charles Kennedy in the same year by becoming Liberal Democrat spokesperson for Treasury matters. In 2002, he became the Liberal Democrat spokesperson for the Office of the Deputy Prime Minister. He was appointed Liberal Democrat spokesperson for Education and Skills in 2005, before becoming Liberal Democrats spokesperson for Trade and Industry in March 2006. In December 2006, he succeeded Norman Lamb as Chief of Staff to Menzies Campbell, the new party leader. Davey was Chair of the party's Campaigns and Communications Committee. Following Nick Clegg's election as Leader of the Liberal Democrats, Davey was awarded the Foreign Affairs brief, and continued to retain his chairmanship of the party's Campaigns and Communications Committee.


title: Ed Davey

text: On 26 February 2008, Davey was suspended from parliament for the day for ignoring a warning from the Deputy Speaker. He was protesting about the exclusion by the Speaker of a Liberal Democrat motion to debate and vote on whether the UK should have a referendum on staying in the EU.


title: Ed Davey

text: At the 2009 Liberal Democrat conference, Davey caused controversy calling for dialogue with the Taliban, through declaring that it was "time for tea with the Taliban", a comment echoed by Malala Yousafzai four years later to the BBC.


title: Ed Davey

text: Following the Conservative–Liberal Democrat coalition agreement, after the 2010 general election, Davey was appointed Parliamentary Under Secretary of State in the Department for Business, Innovation and Skills with responsibility for Employment Relations, Consumer and Postal Affairs. In addition, he held responsibilities for trade as a Minister for Trade Policy. As a Parliamentary Under Secretary, Davey led the establishment of an unofficial 'like-minded group for growth' ginger group within the European Union, convening several economically liberal European governments behind an agenda of deregulation, free trade, liberalisation of services and a digital single market. He was involved in the provisional application phase of the Free Trade Agreement between the EU and South Korea.


title: Ed Davey

text: In January 2011, he faced protests by postal workers in his Kingston and Surbiton constituency for his role in the privatisation of Royal Mail. Also in 2011, Davey announced several reforms to the labour market, mainly aimed at improving labour market flexibility. These reforms included cuts to red tape and easing dismissal laws, and were accompanied by reviews from the Institute of Economic Affairs into compensation payments and the TUPE. Davey also announced that the government would abolish the default retirement age.


title: Ed Davey

text: On 3 February 2012, following the resignation of Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change Chris Huhne due to his prosecution for perverting the course of justice, Davey was appointed Energy Secretary, and appointed to the Privy Council of the United Kingdom on 8 February. As Secretary of State Davey also became a member of the National Security Council. In late 2012, the "Daily Mail" published an article questioning Davey's loyalty to Deputy Prime Minister and Leader of the Liberal Democrats Nick Clegg. Responding in an interview, Davey rejected the claims of the article, saying instead he thought Clegg was "the best leader" the Liberal Democrats had ever had and that he personally was a member of Clegg's "Praetorian Guard".


title: Ed Davey

text: In 2013, Davey set up the Green Growth Group, bringing together environmental and climate ministers from across the European Union in an effort to promote growth, investment in renewable and nuclear energy, liberalisation of the European energy market, a global carbon market, trade in energy, carbon capture technology, energy efficiency, and competition. Domestically, Davey focused on increasing competition in the energy market by removing barriers to entry for smaller companies, and streamlining the customer switching process, declaring in 2013 that "competition works". He also approved the construction of Hinkley Point C nuclear power station. Abroad, Davey promoted investment in the British energy sector by foreign companies including from Japan, South Korea, and China, making significant diplomatic trips to the latter two countries in order to highlight investment opportunities.


title: Ed Davey

text: In October 2013, during a BBC "Newsnight" segment on energy bills, in a controversy that was dubbed by some media "Jumpergate", Davey was asked by BBC presenter Jeremy Paxman whether or not he wore a jumper (to stay warm) at home, to which Davey replied that he did but stressed that competition and energy efficiency were the solutions to lowering energy bills. The following day, various media outlets reported that Davey had advised for people to wear jumpers at home to save on energy bills, although he had not. The controversy then spread when Prime Minister David Cameron's official spokesman told a reporter that people may wish to "consider" advice by charities to wrap up warmly, leading to media outlets reporting that Number 10 was also suggesting wearing jumpers to cut energy bills, with the supposed suggestion being seized upon by the opposition Labour Party. Number 10 later issued a statement rebutting the media reports. In April 2014, Davey called for the G7 to begin reduction of dependency on Russian energy following the Revolution of Dignity and commencement of the Russo-Ukrainian War. Davey argued the benefits of investment in onshore wind energy from companies such as Siemens was a key part of the push to reduce dependence on Russian energy, while "more diversified supplies of gas" including from the US and domestic shale gas would also help. In May 2014 at a meeting in Rome, G7 energy ministers including Davey agreed formally to a process for reducing dependency on Russian energy; "Putin has crossed a line", Davey declared.


title: Ed Davey

text: Throughout and after the Cameron–Clegg coalition, Davey's ministerial career came under scrutiny from political figures and the media. On the right, Conservatives Nigel Lawson and Peter Lilley were critical of Davey's environmental stances, while journalist Christopher Booker, who does not accept the scientific consensus on anthropogenic global warming, questioned his policy on wind turbines, and he was lampooned by "The Telegraph" sketch writer Michael Deacon. He was also criticised by left-wing figures such as Green MP for Brighton Pavilion Caroline Lucas over for his support of fracking, and by the Leader of the Opposition and Leader of the Labour Party Ed Miliband for Davey's warning that Labour's price control policy would cause blackouts. Luxembourgish MEP and environmentalist Claude Turmes alleged in his 2017 book "Energy Transformation" that Davey's Green Growth Group was actually a front for British nuclear interests. Conversely, Davey's promotion to the role of Energy Secretary was hailed by "The Economist", which viewed him favourably as a "pragmatic" and "free-market liberal". In "The Liberal Democrats and supply-side economics", published in an issue of the Institute of Economic Affairs' "Economic Affairs" journal, Davey was identified as the Liberal Democrat who had achieved the most in terms of supply-side reforms. Conservative MP and former Chancellor of the Duchy of Lancaster and Minister of State for Government Policy Sir Oliver Letwin credited Davey and his aforementioned "like-minded" group of economically liberal governments as having helped to curb regulatory enthusiasm within the European Union.


title: Ed Davey

text: Leading up to the 2015 general election, Davey was viewed by various sources as a potential successor to Liberal Democrat leader Nick Clegg. Political commentator Gary Gibbon speculated that due to Davey's association with the Orange Book wing of the party, the tenuousness of Danny Alexander's parliamentary seat, and David Laws' unwillingness, the role of "heir" would naturally fall to Davey.


title: Ed Davey

text: At the 2015 general election, Davey was defeated by Conservative candidate James Berry by 2,834 votes after the Liberal Democrat vote fell by over 15% in Kingston and Surbiton. At the end of that year, he accepted a knighthood for 'political and public service' which was announced in the 2016 New Years Honours List.


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey regained Kingston and Surbiton for the Liberal Democrats at the 2017 general election, with a majority of 4,124 votes over Berry.


title: Ed Davey

text: Upon returning to Parliament in 2017, Davey was considered a possible candidate for the Liberal Democrat leadership election following the resignation of Tim Farron. However, he ruled out standing over family concerns, but called on the Liberal Democrats to be "the party of reform" and "super-ambitious – just like radical centrists in Canada, France and the Netherlands". Davey was then the Liberal Democrat Treasury spokesperson, having previously served as Liberal Democrat Home Affairs spokesperson from 2017 to 2019.


title: Ed Davey

text: He is the Chair of the All-Party Britain-Republic of Korea Parliamentary Group (APPG). He is also the Chair of the APPG on Charity Retail, the Vice Chair of the APPG for the Ahmadiyya Muslim Community, and the Vice Chair of the APPG on Land Value Capture.


title: Ed Davey

text: Following the 2019 European Parliament election, Liberal Democrat leader Sir Vince Cable announced his intention "to hand over a bigger, stronger party" to a new leader, triggering a party leadership contest. Davey announced his candidacy for the role on 30 May, stating his belief that action must be taken in Parliament to prevent a "no deal" Brexit, and highlighting his support for stronger action to limit global warming. Davey lost this race to Jo Swinson, with 36.9% of the vote to Swinson's 63.1%. On 3 September 2019, Davey was elected as Swinson's deputy leader.


title: Ed Davey

text: Following Jo Swinson's resignation as a result of losing her seat in the December 2019 general election, due to his position as deputy leader, Davey became interim co-leader alongside the party president (at first Baroness Brinton, and then Mark Pack).


title: Ed Davey

text: In June 2020, acting leader Davey launched his bid to become leader saying that his "experience as a carer can help rebuild Britain after coronavirus". He proposed the establishment of a basic income to support carers, and said that the Liberal Democrats should be "the party of social care". Davey ruled out a formal electoral agreement with the Labour Party, but said that he would prioritise defeating the Conservatives, and ruled out working with the Conservatives following the next election. He proposed a plan to reduce carbon emissions from domestic flights to zero by 2030 through investment in research and technology. In a hustings event with Welsh members, he said that the 2021 Senedd election was a priority and he expected success for the Liberal Democrats.


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey was one of two candidates running for leader in the Liberal Democrats leadership election, competing with Layla Moran. One recurring theme of the leadership campaign was Davey's record in the Conservative and Liberal Democrat coalition government, and the policies that government had enacted. Moran is considered to be more left-wing than Davey and representing a break from the coalition years. Alongside former leader Nick Clegg and many of the Lib Dems who served in the governing Conservative-Lib Dem coalition of 2010–2015, Davey is associated with the party's right-wing Orange Booker branch. The record of the coalition, which caused a decline in popularity of the Lib Dems after 2015, has been defended by Davey.


title: Ed Davey

text: On 27 August, Davey won the leadership election with 42,756 votes, which translated to 63.5% of total votes. In his victory speech, Davey said that the Liberal Democrats must "wake up and smell the coffee" and "start listening" to ordinary people and those who "don't believe we share their values". He also stressed his experience in the coalition government, and his commitments to tackle climate change. Moran later congratulated Davey on Twitter, saying "I look forward to working with him to campaign for a better future for Britain."


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey identifies as a liberal politically, telling magazine "Total Politics": "I personally think liberalism is the strongest political philosophy in the modern world. Socialism has failed. I think even social democracy, the watered down version which Labour sort of understand depending on which day of the week it is, is not very convincing, and I don’t really understand where the Conservatives are coming from because they have so many philosophies within one party. There’s no philosophy of the modern Conservative Party." He has said that he believes "in the free market and in competition", and during a parliamentary public bill committee debate in November 2010 argued in defence of privatisation, deregulation, and the private sector against Labour MP Gregg McClymont.


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey also describes himself as a "strong free-trader", rejecting reciprocity in trade tariffs as "the classic protectionist argument". He believes Britain should be open to foreign investment, except for investment tainted by “smells that you have from Putin." He dismisses worries over foreign ownership and investment in the British economy such as that of Chinese and French companies' involvement in the British energy market. Davey describes himself as "an economist by trade."


title: Ed Davey

text: He was a supporter of the coalition government, writing in a 2011 column for London newspaper "Get West London" that the coalition would "restore liberty to the people" and that "Labour's nanny state will be cut back" in reference to the coalition's policies on civil liberties. In 2012, Davey predicted the coalition government would be more pro-European Union than Tony Blair's Labour government, praising Conservative ministers and the then Prime Minister David Cameron for relations they had developed with European counterparts. Retrospectively, Davey said of the coalition in 2017: “I think the coalition government, when history looks at it, will go down as actually a pretty good government.” In 2017, Davey warned against a Conservative Party proposal for fines on large internet companies who fail to remove extremist and terrorist material from their platforms within 24 hours, which he claimed could lead to censorship if companies are forced to rush and pointed to Germany as an example of where this approach has the potential to lead to censorship. He thinks technology giants must not be treated as the "enemy" and accused the Conservatives of declaring an "all-out war" on the internet. Similarly he is critical of Conservative proposals to weaken encryption because, according to Davey, encryption is important for individual security and helping businesses to thrive.


title: Ed Davey

text: In 2018, after the government's Investigatory Powers Act mass surveillance law was declared to be in breach of EU law, Davey commented that UK surveillance needed a “major overhaul” which puts “our freedoms and civil liberties at its very core” (Davey's party opposes the mass surveillance law and had voted against it). Since the 2000s, Davey has been vocal on the issue of detention without trial, in particular Guantanamo and Bagram, which he believed required transparency and formal investigation of torture allegations. He has opposed indefinite detention for illegal immigrants.


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey is supportive of market solutions in the conventional energy sector, "The Guardian" describing him as a 'zealot' for markets. He has been highly critical of price controls such as those proposed by former Labour leader Ed Miliband; he considers them to be detrimental to competition and lowering prices for consumers. He has promoted removal of barriers to entry to encourage new entrants into the energy market; “We began with deregulation. This stimulated a doubling of smaller firms” he wrote of his policy as Energy Secretary in 2014. Additionally he welcomed the rise of consumer switching websites. He has also been in support of trade to import natural gas from countries including the USA and Qatar, and importation of green energy via new interconnectors from Norway and Ireland. He has, however, supported "properly designed and carefully targeted" short-term subsidies for some emerging green energy technologies in order to meet climate change targets.


title: Ed Davey

text: When cutting green energy subsidies as Energy and Climate Change Secretary, Davey said he “tended to try and marketise the reduction so people were competing for any remaining subsidies” through Contracts for Difference (CfDs). After leaving the office of Energy Secretary in 2015 he explained that he had planned to “eliminate subsidies over the coming years” and had previously stated, "ultimately I don't want the government—the Secretary of State—to decide what that low carbon mix is . . . I want the markets and technology development and innovation to decide what that mix is."


title: Ed Davey

text: He has argued in favour of both nuclear power and shale gas fracking as potential energy sources, and natural gases as transitional fuels, though he has warned that there should not be an over-reliance on them. Davey previously had argued against nuclear power but in 2013 he urged fellow Lib Dem members to support nuclear power, stating, "I've changed my mind because of climate change."


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey does not support the United Kingdom rejoining the European Union in the short term, in 2020 stating that the idea that people would want to consider re-joining the EU in two or three years time as "being for the birds". In January 2021 he clarified this position, stating that he is "determined the Liberal Democrats remain a pro-European party committed to the UK being members of the European Union again", adding that his party is "practical" about the matter.


title: Ed Davey

text: Following the death of Sarah Everard, Davey said that "Men have got to change" and suggested that we "educate boys and men to show more respect". In May 2021, alongside celebrities and other public figures, Davey was a signatory to an open letter from "Stylist" magazine which called on the government to address what it described as an "epidemic of male violence" by funding an "ongoing, high-profile, expert-informed awareness campaign on men’s violence against women and girls".


title: Ed Davey

text: As a supporter of trans rights, Davey believes that trans women should be given the same rights as cisgender women, which he made clear in a series of interviews on the day that a report into violence against women, commissioned in the wake of the Everard affair, was published.


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey criticised Boris Johnson after the North Shropshire by-election where a Lib Dem candidate, Helen Morgan overturned a Conservative majority of nearly 23,000 to win the seat. Davey said it was a "watershed moment in our politics. Millions of people are fed up with Boris Johnson and his failure to provide leadership throughout the pandemic and last night the voters of North Shropshire spoke for all of them." Davey criticised Johnson further in May 2022 saying, "Boris Johnson is not fit to lead the country and he needs to go. At this time of national crisis, we can't afford to have a law-breaking prime minister."


title: Ed Davey

text: Davey took up several business appointments after leaving his role as Secretary of State for Energy and Climate Change in May 2015.


title: Ed Davey

text: In the summer of 2005 Davey married Emily Gasson, who was the Liberal Democrat candidate for North Dorset at the general election that year. Their first child, a son, was born in December 2007. Their son has speech difficulties, spurring Davey's interest in speech therapy. They live in Surbiton, London; Davey lived there before his election to Parliament in 1997. Emily had the number two position on the Lib Dem London-wide candidate list for the 2016 London Assembly elections, but was not elected. Emily then stood for election as a councillor for the three seat Norbiton Ward in 2018, as part of the Royal Borough of Kingston Council and topped the poll with 20% of the vote.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: This part introduces the Stand Arrow, which causes anyone pierced by it to develop a Stand if they are mentally strong enough. The Arrow was retroactively revealed to be the source of DIO's stand as well as the Joestar family's stands. The arc was adapted into an anime television series by David Production, "", that began in April 2016. A live-action film adaptation by Toho and Warner Bros. titled "" was released on August 4, 2017. Viz Media released the manga in English in a nine-volume compiled format from 2019 to 2021.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In 1999, in the town of Morioh located in S-City, M-Prefecture, a freshman named Koichi Hirose meets a man looking for Josuke Higashikata, local high school student. Josuke, who is the illegitimate child of Joseph Joestar, soon encounters the man, who introduces himself as Jotaro Kujo. Josuke reveals that he possesses the Stand Crazy Diamond, which has the ability to return any object or living creature to a previous state (though he cannot use it on himself or revive the deceased with it). After Jotaro inadvertently insults Josuke's outdated hairstyle, the two fight, with Jotaro explaining to Josuke he is one of many Stand users and that he is searching for the Bow and Arrow, an artifact that creates Stands. Josuke and Koichi eventually come across a pair of Stand-using brothers, Okuyasu and Keicho Nijimura. Keicho, the older brother, shoots Koichi with the Arrow, which nearly kills him. When Josuke heals Koichi with Crazy Diamond, he develops a Stand, Echoes. After Keicho and Okuyasu are defeated, Keicho is killed by the Stand Red Hot Chili Pepper, which takes the Bow and Arrow. Okuyasu then joins Josuke's group to avenge his brother, encountering several other Stand users before they eventually find and defeat Akira Otoishi, Red Hot Chili Pepper's user, as Joseph arrives in Morioh. The Bow and Arrow are taken into Jotaro's custody and all seems to be over for the moment.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: Soon afterward, after Josuke tries spending time with Joseph, the group encounters other Stand users such as eccentric manga artist Rohan Kishibe, middle schooler Shigekiyo "Shigechi" Yangu, and a beautician named Aya Tsuji. Koichi and Rohan later stumble across the mysterious Ghost Alley, where they meet the ghosts of Reimi Sugimoto and her dog Arnold; They learn that Reimi and Arnold were murdered a decade ago by a serial killer who is still lurking in Morioh. The culprit is eventually revealed to be a handsome office worker named Yoshikage Kira, who seeks to satisfy his murderous urges while living a peaceful, quiet life. Kira has acquired a Stand named Killer Queen, which has the ability to turn anything it touches into a bomb. He is discovered by Shigechi, who he promptly murders, but his impulsive cover-up leads to a brief battle with Jotaro and Koichi in which Kira is injured and later cornered by Josuke and Okuyasu. Facing certain defeat, Kira uses Aya's Stand to assume the identity of a man named Kosaku Kawajiri, kills them both, and disappears. Kira's father Yoshihiro, a ghost who uses his Stand to live on in a photo, uses a second Bow and Arrow to create an army of Stand users to protect his son, including a dying cat that reincarnated as a Stand-plant hybrid named Stray Cat, which shoots bubbles of compressed air at its target.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: Kosaku Kawajiri's son Hayato begins to suspect that his father has been replaced by an impostor and confronts Kira, who responds by impulsively murdering Hayato. While panicking that he will be discovered, Kira is pierced by Yoshihiro's Arrow a second time, giving Kira's Stand a new ability which revives Hayato. The following morning, Hayato is approached by Rohan, who is investigating whether Kira has assumed Kosaku Kawajiri's identity. After using his Stand to read Hayato's memories, Rohan is blown up by a miniature version of Killer Queen, which had been implanted into Hayato; Hayato suddenly finds himself back in bed on the same morning, one hour earlier. Kira explains that he has used Killer Queen's new ability Bites the Dust, which kills anyone who asks Hayato for Kira's identity and then rewinds time by one hour, with the victim's fate assured regardless of Hayato's attempts to prevent it. The next loop ends with Josuke, Jotaro, Okuyasu, and Koichi all exploding as well; Hayato wakes up once again, and realizes that he must get Kira to deactivate Bites the Dust within an hour in order to prevent the others' deaths from becoming permanent. Hayato realizes that Killer Queen and Bites the Dust cannot be used at the same time, and takes advantage of his solitary knowledge of the time loops to wake Josuke up early and arrange for him to overhear Kira blowing his cover. Kira is forced to use Killer Queen to defend himself, which cancels Bites the Dust just in time to save Josuke and his allies.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: Josuke, with help from Hayato and Okuyasu, engages Kira in a pitched battle. Kira combines his Stand's powers with Stray Cat to create invisible projectile bombs. Josuke and Hayato hide in a house, but Kira plants Yoshihiro's photo into Hayato's pocket, allowing him to detect Josuke's location without being able to see him. However, his trick is exposed and Josuke mimics Yoshihiro's voice, tricking Kira into detonating his own father. Meanwhile, Okuyasu separates Stray Cat from Killer Queen, disabling Kira's projectile bombs. As Jotaro, Koichi, and Rohan arrive on the scene, Kira attempts to use a nearby paramedic to activate Bites the Dust and rewind time once more, but he is stopped in the nick of time by Jotaro with assistance from Koichi. An arriving ambulance accidentally crushes Kira's head, killing him. Kira's ghost is confronted by Reimi, who causes his soul to be dragged into the underworld. Her mission accomplished, Reimi gives the group her final farewells and moves on to the afterlife. The next day, Josuke bids farewell to Jotaro and Joseph, who leave Morioh as the summer of 1999 draws to a close.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: "Diamond Is Unbreakable" is set in the fictional town of Morioh located in S-City, M-Prefecture, which is modeled after a specific area in Hirohiko Araki's hometown of Sendai, Miyagi Prefecture. The author said that the suspense and fear caused by the "unusual" and "mysterious" residents there were his inspiration. Although he originally intended for "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" to be a "mythical" manga with superpowers and such, he enjoyed drawing the "feeling of everyday life" in "Diamond Is Unbreakable". Because he wanted to create a "closed city," the Stands featured were not proactively attacking.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: During "Diamond Is Unbreakable"s serialization, Araki received feedback from readers who felt that enemies in the manga had gotten weak. Although he usually does not respond to reader opinions, he had heard similar comments from the editorial team and so made an exception by stating that "the weaknesses inside the hearts of people" are a thematic element of Part 4. He explained that sometimes he has a character's inner weaknesses drive them into a desperate situation, while other times he turns the weakness into something "dreadful" and bases a Stand off of it. Araki wrote that constantly having stronger and stronger enemies appear in a manga eventually leads you to "trying to think of the farthest edges of the universe", but in the real world, "true strength is found in not doing bad things. An enemy who does bad things is a person with an inner weakness."


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: With Part 4 of the series, Araki said that he moved away from "muscle men" as they fell out of popularity with his readers and he wanted to focus more on fashion. When designing his characters' outfits, Araki considers both everyday fashion and "cartoonish, bizarre clothing that would be impractical in real life." He also forgoes using specific color schemes for his characters and gives his readers different impressions through various color combinations. Araki said that while he drew several characters in Parts 1 through 3 naked to evoke Greek or Roman gods, he stopped doing it so much with Part 4 to be a "bit closer to home." Because he is the "friend next door" instead of being similar to a hero in a Greek myth like the protagonists of the previous parts, Araki cited Josuke Higashikata as his favorite character in "Diamond Is Unbreakable". He cited Shigekiyo Yangu's Harvest as his favorite Stand from Part 4, because, although he finds his "flaws and trashiness adorable," the character picks up stuff off of the ground which is "pretty scary."


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: Despite the prevalent belief that the manga artist character Rohan Kishibe is believed to be Araki's self-insert, the author revealed that he did not model Rohan after himself, but is fascinated by him. He said that unlike Rohan, he values human life more than art.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In the original volumization, chapters 437–439 are collected in volume 47, listed on the "Golden Wind" page.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In 2000, it was announced that Otsuichi would be writing a novel based on Part 4. The novel proved difficult to complete; in "Kono Mystery ga Sugoi" 2004, Otsuichi claimed to have written over 2000 pages, but thrown them all out. Intent on writing a novel that lived up to the manga, it took him until 2007 before "The Book: JoJo's Bizarre Adventure 4th Another Day" was finally released on November 26. It is set after the events in the manga, and includes illustrations by Araki.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In 1997, Araki published the "Weekly Shōnen Jump" one-shot "Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 16.. Confessional~", starring Rohan after the events of Part 4. In 1999 he wrote the three-chapter story "Dead Man's Questions" in "Allman" magazine. "Dead Man's Questions" stars Yoshikage Kira, the main antagonist of Part 4. Both "Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe" and "Dead Man's Questions" were later compiled in Araki's one-shot collection, "Under Jailbreak, Under Execution", in 1999. The former launched a series starring Rohan, "Thus Spoke Kishibe Rohan".


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: The issue of "Jump Square" for December 11, 2007, featured a second entry into the "Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe" collection, entitled "Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Mutsukabezaka~", set seven years after the events of Part IV.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In 2009, Araki wrote the full-color story "Rohan au Louvre". The short story was displayed at the Musée du Louvre as part of their 2009 "Le Louvre invite la bande dessinée" exhibit. The story was later republished in "Ultra Jump" in 2010. In 2012, "Rohan au Louvre" was released in English by NBM Publishing under the translated title "Rohan at the Louvre".


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In 2011, Araki collaborated with the renowned Italian fashion brand Gucci for the short story "Rohan Kishibe Goes to Gucci" in the women's fashion magazine "Spur".


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In 2012, Araki wrote a third "Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe" one-shot for "Weekly Shōnen Jump". Entitled "Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe ~Episode 5: Millionaire Village~" it was released in the October 6, 2012 issue of the magazine.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In October 2015, Warner Bros. announced that Part 4 would receive an anime television adaptation that serves as a continuation of David Production's series adaptation. The series aired in 2016.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: Toho and Warner Bros. partnered to produce a live-action film based on the fourth arc of "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" that was released on August 4, 2017. Takashi Miike directed the film that stars Kento Yamazaki as Josuke. Both studios planned for worldwide distribution and, with a title of "", hoped to create sequels. However, the film under-performed at the box office, leaving the possibility of future sequels in doubt.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: "", a spin-off manga set in Morioh, began serialization in the December 2021 issue of Shueisha's "seinen" manga magazine "Ultra Jump" on December 18, 2021. It is written by Kouhei Kadono and illustrated by Tasuku Karasuma.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: The Cheap Trick story arc was adapted into the episode From Behind of the "Thus Spoke Rohan Kishibe" TV series released on December 28, 2021. The Janken Boy Is Coming! story arc will be adapted into the episode Rock-Paper-Scissors Boy released on December 27, 2022.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: In a 2018 survey of 17,000 "JoJo's Bizarre Adventure" fans, "Diamond Is Unbreakable" was chosen as the second favorite story arc with 17.5% of the vote.


title: Diamond Is Unbreakable

text: Anime News Network had both Rebecca Silverman and Faye Hopper review the first volume of "Diamond Is Unbreakable". Silverman called the beginning slower and not as instantly engrossing as the previous parts, but felt this allowed Josuke, whom she and Hopper both described as kinder than the previous protagonists, to develop as a character. Hopper stated that "Diamond Is Unbreakable" is sometimes criticized for a "lack of a strong narrative throughline" in comparison to other parts, but argued that this is one of its greatest strengths as it allows the main characters to "simply be, lending them an amiable humanity that none of the over-the-top archetypes in the first 3 Parts ever had."


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Justin Andrew Honard (born March 6, 1985) is an American drag queen and recording artist known by the stage name Alaska Thunderfuck 5000, primarily known mononymously as Alaska, from Erie, Pennsylvania. She is best known as the runner-up on the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race" and the winner of the of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars".


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Honard co-hosts the web series "Bro'Laska" alongside her brother, Corey Binney. Her first studio album, "Anus", was released in 2015, followed by her second album, "Poundcake", in 2016, and her third album, "Vagina", in 2019. Her fourth album, "Red 4 Filth", was released in 2022. Honard is also a part of The AAA Girls, a drag group with Willam and Courtney Act and hosts the podcast "Race Chaser" with Willam.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Honard was born to Pam Honard and raised in Erie, Pennsylvania, and graduated from Fort LeBoeuf High School in 2003. He has a brother, Corey. He studied theater at the University of Pittsburgh.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Alaska originally moved to Los Angeles to pursue acting. Dissatisfied with the auditioning process, she turned to drag and got a job at the West Hollywood club Fubar. She frequently performed in the Trannyshack shows in Los Angeles. In 2009, she performed in Palm Springs Gay Pride with Tammie Brown and Jer Ber Jones.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Alaska met future boyfriend Sharon Needles (stage name of Aaron Coady) through Myspace in December 2009 and eventually moved back to Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, to live with him in 2010. Along with Needles and Cherri Baum, she formed the band Haus of Haunt, which later evolved into a drag troupe based out of Pittsburgh bar the Blue Moon. As part of the Haus of Haunt, she helped present the Pittsburgh debut of fellow drag queen and recording artist Christeene Vale in 2013. Alaska later impersonated Vale for the music video "RuPaulogize" by Willam Belli.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Alaska Thunderfuck competed on the fifth season of "RuPaul's Drag Race", under the mononym Alaska. She had previously auditioned for every season of the show. Alaska won the fragrance commercial-themed main challenge in the episode "Scent of a Drag Queen" and the main challenge for "Sugar Ball." As part of the show, Alaska sang on the "We Are the World"-inspired song "Can I Get an Amen?". The song's proceeds helped benefit the Los Angeles Gay and Lesbian Center. At the season finale in May 2013, Alaska was declared the runner-up along with fellow competitor Roxxxy Andrews. Jinkx Monsoon was the winner of the season.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: In October 2013, Alaska performed as Dr. Frank N. Furter in Woodlawn Theatre's production of "The Rocky Horror Show" in San Antonio, Texas. "RuPaul's Drag Race" judge Michelle Visage and season four contestant Willam Belli also starred in the musical.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Since appearing on "RuPaul's Drag Race", Alaska has toured and performed, appearing in RuPaul's Drag Race Battle of the Seasons shows, the Drag Stars at Sea cruises, custom one-woman shows such as a Stevie Nicks tribute called "Stevie Forever", a cabaret show called "Red for Filth", and a holiday show called "Blue Christmas". An animated version of Alaska appeared in the "RuPaul's Drag Race: Dragopolis 2.0" mobile app. During the summer of 2014, she starred in a stage production of "Sex and the City". With brother Cory Binney, Honard has a web series sponsored by World of Wonder, called Bro'Laska. In 2014, Alaska became a spokesmodel for American Apparel alongside Willam Belli and Courtney Act.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Alaska has since released a string of singles, namely "Ru Girl", "Your Makeup Is Terrible", and "Nails". In June 2015, Alaska's debut album, "Anus", was released to positive reviews. Singles from the album included "Hieeee" and "This Is My Hair".


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: In 2016, Alaska returned to "Drag Race" for the second season of "RuPaul's Drag Race All Stars". She won 4 challenges (Snatch game, Acting, Stand up, Advert) and was in the bottom for a makeover challenge. She received some backlash due to some of her choices of eliminations and her behavior toward the end of the competition. In response, Alaska donated $5,000 to the charity Trans Kids Purple Rainbow and posted an apology video online. In the season finale, she was crowned the second winner of "All Stars".


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: In the same year, Alaska released her second album, titled "Poundcake". Three singles from the album have been released: "The T", "Stun", and "Puppet". The album is named after the puppet challenge on "RuPaul's Drag Race" where Alaska and fellow contestant Lineysha Sparx created a rebellious puppet called Lil' Poundcake.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Alaska competed in the first season of VH1's "Scared Famous", which premiered on October 23, 2017, and placed 6th in the competition.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Since July 2018 she has hosted a podcast with fellow Drag Race alumna Willam Belli. The podcast, titled "Race Chaser" is "devoted to the discussion and dissection of every episode of Rupaul's Drag Race." Alaska and Jeremy Mikush, performing as Alaska and Jeremy, released their debut album "Amethyst Journey" in August 2018.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Soon after, she created and hosted "The Drag Queen of the Year Pageant Competition Award Contest Competition", in Montalban Theater in Hollywood. The event was sold-out and featured eight different drag artists competing for the crown. The eventual winner, decided by Alaska and a panel of judges including Peppermint, Sharon Needles, Willam, and Abhora, a former contestant on season two of The Boulet Brothers' Dragula. In June 2019, a panel of judges from "New York" magazine placed her seventh on their list of "the most powerful drag queens in America", a ranking of 100 former "Drag Race" contestants.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Alaska's first comedy special, which is currently untitled, will air on OutTV in Canada in late 2019.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: She is scheduled to release a memoir, "My Name's Yours, What's Alaska?: A Memoir" on November 9, 2021.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: She is one of the most followed queens from "Drag Race", and has accumulated over 1.8 million Instagram followers as of October, 2021.


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: She has stated, "I am a huge fan of drag for many reasons; first and foremost being that it is an extremely important form of performance art. Drag uses humor as means of relaying a message, and because humor tends to get overlooked as a valid way to communicate through art, drag tends to get pigeonholed into being something ‘less than’ when you think about it in terms what you'd see at a museum. I can't think of almost anything more artistically redeeming than a huge museum full of drag queens, but maybe that's just me."


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: She has cited Gianni Versace, Lady Gaga and Marc Jacobs as her favorite fashion influences. "Thought Catalog" described her style as "risk-taking" and "creative", with "weird choices"; "Yahoo!" called her Lil Poundcake outfit a "pink nightmare" and "clownish crazy", and explained that "the drag and music world would certainly be very quiet without Ms Thunderfuck".


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Honard's drag name is derived from Alaskan Thunderfuck, a strain of cannabis. Alaska counts Divine and Marilyn Monroe as her "role models".


title: Alaska Thunderfuck

text: Alaska was in a relationship with fellow drag queen Sharon Needles for four years before separating in November 2013. In June 2022 Honard's father was killed in a motorcycle crash; Honard wrote on social media that his father was "kind and loving and hilarious and had a beautiful heart, and had so much love for his family, his wife, my sister and me, and his grandchildren". He also wrote that he was "feeling a lot of pain and grief right now. I'm also feeling compassion for anyone who has ever lost someone they love".


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung () is a 2019 South Korean television series starring Shin Se-kyung, in the title role as a free-spirited female historian, and Cha Eun-woo, as a prince working underground as a romance novelist. It is also a fictionalisation of part of the story of the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty and their right to be considered a true history.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: The series aired on MBC's Wednesdays and Thursdays at 21:00 KST time slot from July 17 to September 26, 2019, with Netflix carrying the series internationally.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: The scenario intertwines two storylines. One of them occurs in a "nowadays" placed in the early 19th century of Joseon. The other occurred twenty years before (white horse year, 1810). The first one is treated lightly, in the Sungkyunkwan Scandal vein, with caricatures , jokes, gimmicks, students fights, etc. The second one, only depicted by short flash-backs, is about the unjust situation of the rank and file people, and the brutal suppression of anyone who dares to object.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: In the Joseon Dynasty, women were objectified and undervalued. But free-spirited lady Goo Hae-ryung is brave enough to follow her own view of life. Still single at 26 years old, she focuses on studying and gaining knowledge, and in defending those who are wronged and abused.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: Meanwhile, the young and handsome 20-year-old Prince Dowon has been living his life alone at the Nokseodang 綠嶼堂 (green island pavilion). Isolated inside the Huwon Garden, he has to stay away from the royal Court and finds comfort by writing hangul romance novels. Published under the pen name Maehwa 梅花 (plum blossom), these novels become famous all over Hanyang, especially to women readers.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: The two main characters meet, and this first meeting sparks a war of preferences. But politics disturb the romance. Suddenly, Korean books and European translations are banned, confiscated and burned. All the beard bearing red robes at court are infuriated that "so many noble ladies ran away to find the love of their life after reading Maehwa's books" . But this is only a "just cause". The real target is "The Story of Hodam", a book about events that occurred twenty years earlier.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: In their frenzy to search and destroy every single copy of this book, the king and councilor Min Ik-pyeong go so far as ask for the recruitment of female historians, with the intent of planting spies in each chamber of the Royal Palace. As a result, four female apprentices (Goo Hae-ryung among them) are selected and added to the existing eight recorders. They became part of the everyday collection of pieces 사책 that will be compiled into the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty. Many gender stereotypes surface, only to be derided... and overcome. The twelve historians become embroiled in disputes with the Court, asserting their right under law to record all conversations between the royal family and courtiers, and even go on strike against the king.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: A smallpox epidemic will be the event that reconnects the two storylines. On the one hand, members of the court speculate on traditional remedies, and even attempt to kill the Prince by sending him to the infested provinces. On the other hand, Dowon organizes the state answer, seizing and distributing food while applying the 牛痘種書, 瑛眼 (vaccination treaty, by Yeongan) that was provided by the mysterious Moh-wa. Hae-ryung remembers being vaccinated by her father in the past and convinces the Prince to prove the method by being the first patient to be inoculated.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: A set of flash-backs disseminated all across the episodes describes the events of "twenty years ago". The former King, Yi Gyeom, Prince Huiyeong, styled Hodam, founded Seoraewon, together with Seo Mun-jik, styled Yeongan. The later was the dean, while Hodam was one of the teachers. The leading team was completed by Barthelemy Dominique, a medicine teacher, who was sent by the Paris Foreign Missions Society. As a result, Seoraewon was a school of Western studies aimed at educating people regardless of social class or gender. The Seoraewon name 曙來院 itself has the meaning of "Where Dawn Arrives".


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: A conservative reaction ensued, led by Min Ik-pyeong. A forged letter of the King, allegedly saying "send more priests, and turn Joseon into a Catholic country" served as "just cause" for a massacre. Among the rare escapees were Dowon, the newborn son of Hodam and the 6 year-old Hae-ryung, the daughter of Yeongan.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: The series ends three years after "nowadays". Min Ik-pyeong and his proxy king are gone and Seoraewon is reinstated. Prince Yi Jin is in charge of the throne. Dowon can live in leisure outside of the Palace, wandering across the world, while Hae-ryung becomes a full-ranked member of the Yemungwan. Prince Yi Rim (Dowon) and Hae-ryung are still in a relationship but not married. They find time to travel together.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: (Goo Hae-ryung). "Even if you slash my throat, our brushes will not stop writing. If I die, another historian will take my place; if you kill that historian, another will take their place. Even if you kill every historian in this land, and take away all the paper and brushes, you won't be able to stop us. From mouth to mouth, teacher to student, elder to child, history will be told. That is the power of truth."


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: In the Netflix release, the following three characters are put forward in the opening sequence of each episode:


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: According to the credits, more than two hundred actors were involved. At the end of each episode, a recurring set of 34 actors is listed first, followed by a list specific to the episode. Moreover, the Korean subtitles embedded in the Netflix release attribute each sentence to the corresponding character.


title: Rookie Historian Goo Hae-ryung

text: The drama's entire 13 billion won budget was financed by Netflix. Yeolhwajeong Pavilion—located in Ganggol Village, Deungnyang-myeon, Boseong County—is one of the filming locations of the series.


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: Requiem is the fourteenth studio album by American nu metal band Korn. The album was released on February 4, 2022 through Loma Vista and Concord. It was produced by the band and Chris Collier.


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: The first hint at the release of a fourteenth studio album arose from a since-deleted interview with "Kerrang!", in which it was stated that the album was fully written as of April 2021. The COVID-19 pandemic allowed for a surplus of time in which the album could be arranged, alleviating the harsh time constraints which would usually have been imposed. According to a press release:


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: While bassist Reginald "Fieldy" Arvizu announced a hiatus later after this interview, it has been confirmed that his bass tracks will be used on this record.


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: Little to no new information regarding the album was released until early November, in which several cryptic hints toward the release of new material arose, the first of which involved several billboards involving the band's logo imposed on a background composed of gray static. The bottom-right corner of these billboards featured a QR code, which led to an Instagram filter featuring a 3D model in which a human hand can be seen tightly grasping an infant's head from the top. A close-up of this object is what is used for the album cover.


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: In addition, the band updated their "The Best of Korn" Spotify playlist with seven cryptic tracks, each spelling "Requiem" letter-by-letter.


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: On November 11, 2021, the cryptic teasers eventually culminated in the release of "Start the Healing", the first single released from the album. Alongside the release of this single, many details of the album also came: the cover, in which it is revealed that the baby's head is prominently featured, the track listing, with a total of nine tracks (the fewest across the band's studio discography) and revealing "Start the Healing" to be the third track, and the projected release date of the album being February 4, 2022. The album was made available to pre-order on the same day in several formats, notably including a limited-edition silver vinyl with a total of 1,000 copies.


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: On January 5, 2022, the band updated their website to show 6 versions of the album artwork, with the lyrics ¨Pulling away this veil I see...¨, and, when clicked on, took you to a video that was an audio track of drummer Ray Luzier tracking drums. Every day, culminating on January 11, they released a new instrumental, with guitars on January 6, bass on January 7, a solo guitar line on January 8, backing vocals on January 9, and then went a day without posting, before releasing the main vocals on January 11. The vocals being released also coincided with the band announcing the second single, "Forgotten", which was released on January 13. A third single, "Lost in the Grandeur", was released on February 2, 2022.


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: "Requiem" received highly positive reviews from music critics. At Metacritic, which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 to reviews from mainstream critics, the album has an average score of 77 out of 100 based on seven reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews". AllMusic gave the album a positive review saying, "Against the odds, Korn have done it again with "Requiem", a quick and ferocious blast that finds the band still hungry and innovative nearly 30 years into the game." "Wall of Sound" gave the album a score 7/10 and saying: ""Requiem" isn't going to end up listed among the great KoRn albums, but it's short, punchy and hooky. After more than 25 years I reckon that's OK for a band who are comfortable with what they do."


title: Requiem (Korn album)

text: "Requiem" debuted at number fourteen on the US "Billboard" 200 with 23,500 album-equivalent units, of which 20,000 were pure album sales. It is Korn's first album since 1994 to not peak Top-10. As of the end of 2022, the album has sold over 90,000 traditional copies in the US. In Australia the album peaked No. 1 for the first time since 2002. The album debuted worldwide in 22 total countries, debuting Top-10 in 10 countries.


title: The Great Gama

text: Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt (22 May 1878 – 23 May 1960), commonly known as Rustam-e-Hind (Hindi-Urdu for "Rostam of Hindostan") and by the ring name The Great Gama, was a pehlwani wrestler and strongman in British India. In the early 20th century, he was an undefeated wrestling champion of India .


title: The Great Gama

text: Born in the village of Jabbowal, Amritsar District in the Punjab Province of British India in 1878, Baksh was awarded a version of the World Heavyweight Championship on 15 October 1910. Undefeated in a career spanning more than 52 years, he is considered one of the greatest Indian wrestlers of all time. After the partition of British India, into the Dominion of India and the Dominion of Pakistan in August 1947, Gama migrated to Pakistan, where he died in the city of Lahore on 23 May 1960.


title: The Great Gama

text: Ghulam Mohammad Baksh Butt was born on 22 May 1878 in Jabbowal Village, Amritsar district, Punjab Province, British India (now Jabbowal, Kapurthala District, Punjab, India) into a Kashmiri Muslim family of wrestlers.


title: The Great Gama

text: He was first noticed at the age of ten, in 1888, when he entered a strongman competition held in Jodhpur, which included many gruelling exercises such as squats. The contest was attended by more than four hundred wrestlers and Gama was among the last fifteen and was named the winner by the Maharaja of Jodhpur due to his young age. Gama was subsequently taken into training by the Maharaja of Datia.


title: The Great Gama

text: In 1895, at the age of 17, Gama challenged then-Indian Wrestling Champion, middle-aged Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala, another ethnic Kashmiri wrestler from Gujranwala, Punjab Province, Colonial India (now in Pakistan). At about tall, with a very impressive win–loss record, Raheem was expected to easily defeat the Gama. Raheem's only drawback was his age as he was much older than Gama, and near the end of his career. The bout continued for hours and eventually ended in a draw. The contest with Raheem was the turning point in Gama's career. After that, he was looked upon as the next contender for the title of "Rustam-e-Hind" or the "Indian Wrestling Championship". In the first bout Gama remained defensive, but in the second bout he went on the offensive. Despite severe bleeding from his nose and ears, he managed to deal a great deal of damage to Raheem Bakhsh.


title: The Great Gama

text: By 1910, Gama had defeated all the prominent Indian wrestlers who faced him except Raheem. At this time, he focused his attention on the rest of the world. Accompanied by his younger brother Imam Bakhsh, Gama sailed to England to compete with the Western wrestlers but could not gain instant entry, because of his lower height.


title: The Great Gama

text: In London, Gama issued a challenge that he could throw any three wrestlers in thirty minutes of any weight class. This announcement however was seen as a bluff by the wrestlers and their wrestling promoter R. B. Benjamin. For a long time no one came forward to accept the challenge. To break the ice, Gama presented another challenge to specific heavy weight wrestlers. He challenged Stanislaus Zbyszko and Frank Gotch, either he would beat them or pay them the prize money and go home. The first professional wrestler to take his challenge was the American Benjamin Roller. In the bout, Gama pinned Roller in 1 minute 40 seconds the first time, and in 9 minutes 10 seconds the other. On the second day, he defeated 12 wrestlers and thus gained entry to the official tournament.


title: The Great Gama

text: He was pitted against world champion Stanislaus Zbyszko and the bout was set for 10 September 1910. Zbyszko was then regarded among the premier wrestlers in the world; and he would then take on the mammoth challenge of India's feared Great Gama, an undefeated champion who had been unsuccessful in his attempts to lure Frank Gotch into a match. And so, on 10 September 1910, Zbyszko faced the Great Gama in the finals of the John Bull World Championships in London. The match was worth £250 in prize money and the John Bull Belt. Within a minute, Zbyszko was taken down and remained in that position for the remaining 2 hours and 35 minutes of the match. There were a few brief moments when Zbyszko would get up, but he just ended back down in his previous position. Through this defensive strategy of hugging the mat in order to nullify Great Gama's greatest strengths, Zbyszko wrestled the Indian legend to a draw after nearly three hours of grappling, though Zbyszko's lack of tenacity angered many of the fans in attendance.


title: The Great Gama

text: Nevertheless, Zbyszko still became one of the few wrestlers to ever meet the Great Gama without going down in defeat; The two men were set to face each other again on 17 September 1910. On that date, Zbyszko failed to show up and Gama was announced the winner by default. He was awarded the prize and the John Bull Belt. Receiving this belt entitled Gama to be called "Rustam-e-Zamana" or World Champion but not the lineal champion of the world as he hadn't defeated Zbyszko in the ring.


title: The Great Gama

text: During this tour Gama defeated some of the most respected grapplers in the world, "Doc" Benjamin Roller of the United States, Maurice Deriaz of Switzerland, Johann Lemm (the European Champion) of Switzerland, and Jesse Peterson (World Champion) from Sweden. In the match against Roller, Gama threw "Doc" 13 times in the 15-minute match. Gama now issued a challenge to the rest of those who laid claim to the World Champion's Title, including Japanese Judo champion Taro Miyake, George Hackenschmidt of Russia and Frank Gotch of the United States – each declined his invitation to enter the ring to face him. At one point, to face some type of competition, Gama offered to fight twenty English wrestlers, one after another. He announced that he would defeat all of them or pay out prize money, but still no one would take up his challenge.


title: The Great Gama

text: Shortly after his return from England, Gama faced Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala in Allahabad. This bout eventually ended the long struggle between the two pillars of Indian wrestling of that time in favour of Gama and he won the title of "Rustam-e-Hind" or the lineal Champion of India. Later in his life when asked about who was his strongest opponent, Gama replied, "Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala".


title: The Great Gama

text: After beating Raheem Bakhsh Sultani Wala, Gama faced Pandit Biddu, who was one of the best wrestlers in India of that time (1916), and beat him.


title: The Great Gama

text: Gama did not have any opponents until 1927, when it was announced that Gama and Zbyszko would face each other again. They met in Patiala in January 1928. Entering the bout, Zbyszko "showed a strong build of body and muscle" and Gama, it was reported "looked much thinner than usual". However, he managed to overpower the former easily and won the bout inside a minute, winning the Indian version of the lineal World Wrestling Championship. Following the bout, Zbyszko praised him, calling him a "tiger".


title: The Great Gama

text: After defeating Zbyszko, Gama beat Jesse Petersen in February 1929. The bout lasted only one and a half minutes. This was the last bout that Gama fought during his career.


title: The Great Gama

text: After the partition of India in 1947, Gama moved to Pakistan. During the Hindu-Muslim riots that broke out at the time of partition, Gama (a Muslim) saved hundreds of Hindus from mobs in Lahore. Although Gama did not retire until 1952, he failed to find any other opponents. Some other sources say he wrestled until 1955. After his retirement, he trained his nephew Bholu Pahalwan, who held the Pakistani wrestling championship for almost 20 years.


title: The Great Gama

text: His final days were difficult; he had five sons and four daughters and all the sons died young. When his youngest son Jalaluddin died in 1945 at the age of just thirteen, Gama was heartbroken and lost the power of speech for some days. He migrated to Pakistan at partition and tried his hand at different unsuccessful ventures including a bus service in Karachi called the "Gama Transport Service". Gama was given land and monthly pension by the government and supported his medical expenses until his death. He died in Lahore, Pakistan on 23 May 1960 after a period of illness.


title: The Great Gama

text: Kulsoom Nawaz, politician and wife of former Pakistani Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif, was the granddaughter of Gama.


title: The Great Gama

text: Gama fought and won over five thousand matches. Bruce Lee was an avid follower of Gama's training routine. Lee read articles about Gama and how he employed his exercises to build his legendary strength for wrestling, and Lee quickly incorporated them into his own routine. The training routines Lee used included "the cat stretch", and "the squat" (known as "baithak", and also known as the "deep-knee bend.").


title: The Great Gama

text: Today, a doughnut-shaped exercise disc called Hasli weighing 100 kg, used by him for squats and pushups, is housed at the National Institute of Sports (NIS) Museum at Patiala, India.


title: The Great Gama

text: On 22 May 2022, search engine Google commemorated Gama with a Doodle on his 144th birth anniversary. Google commented: ""Gama’s legacy continues to inspire modern day fighters. Even Bruce Lee is a known admirer and incorporates aspects of Gama's conditioning into his own training routine!""


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Christopher James Harris (born 20 January 1975) is a British automotive journalist, racing driver and television presenter. Harris has worked as a reviewer, writer and editor for many automotive magazines, including "Evo", "Autocar" and Jalopnik. He has presented numerous television and YouTube series through NBCSN and DRIVE.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Since 2017, Harris has been one of the three main presenters of "Top Gear", after previously making regular appearances throughout the twenty-third series in 2016. He has his own YouTube Channel, "Chris Harris on Cars", in which he and Neil Carey produce and film their own automotive reviews and content. On 28 June 2016, the "Chris Harris on Cars" web series was moved from YouTube to the official "Top Gear" website and in July 2016, "Chris Harris on Cars" was launched on BBC America.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Harris's father (Ian Harris) was an accountant, and his mother (Angela Wilding) a Cypriot autocross racer. He was educated at Clifton College, Bristol.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Harris began his career in the automotive industry working for "Autocar" , performing various menial tasks, or, as he himself describes it, "cleaning ashtrays". Eventually, he was promoted to an official road-test editor position within "Autocar" and gained recognition and credibility as a journalist by writing many automotive reviews, as well as a regular opinion column. At "Autocar" Harris earned the nickname of "Monkey", a reference to an unseen character "Monkey" Harris in "Only Fools and Horses". In 2008, Harris left "Autocar" magazine to co-found a new web-based digital platform called "Drivers Republic". A year later, the enterprise ceased operations. In a statement, "Drivers Republic" explained the abrupt termination was due to "differences in our vision about future priorities". Immediately after the shutdown, Harris joined "Evo" as a writer and reviewer, publishing his first article there on 12 October 2009. His features for "Evo" were published every few months until 21 December 2011, and he resumed writing for "Evo" regularly on 10 April 2015.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Subsequently, Harris created an opinion and review YouTube series in partnership with /DRIVE. This new series aired weekly (starting in early 2012) on /DRIVE's YouTube channel, called /CHRIS HARRIS ON CARS. Each episode featured a different car, either owned by Harris, or loaned to /DRIVE temporarily by the manufacturer. The series greatly expanded /DRIVE's viewership, with 104 videos together amassing over 3,500,000 views in two years. After two years of hosting automotive videos, Harris left the network in 2014 to create his own YouTube channel. He maintained a positive relationship with /DRIVE, remaining "a close friend of the /DRIVE brand".


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: On 27 October 2014, Harris' YouTube channel, "Chris Harris on Cars", was created. Harris partnered with longtime colleague and cameraman and editor Neil Carey and still shoots all "Chris Harris on Cars" (commonly abbreviated "CHOC") independently. "Chris Harris on Cars" has over 440,000 YouTube subscribers and nearly 45,000,000 views. In addition, on 6 November 2014, Harris began writing for "Jalopnik", an online automotive blog administrated by Kinja. Harris also has since partnered with /DRIVE through NBCSN and now appears on that channel, reviewing cars and taking part in automotive-related activities with other hosts, on a regular basis.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: In February 2016, Harris officially joined the new cast of "Top Gear". Harris served as a recurring presenter for the television show in 2016, but was promoted to a main presenter following the resignation of Chris Evans. From the twenty-fourth series, he presented the series alongside co-hosts Matt LeBlanc and Rory Reid. As of the twenty-seventh series, he hosts the show alongside Freddie Flintoff and Paddy McGuinness.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Harris has had an extensive racing career. He won his first race in a Formula Palmer Audi in 2000. Some of the racing cars he has driven include a Porsche 911 Cup, Renault Sport R.S. 01, Aston Martin Vantage GT12, Van Diemen FF1600, Rover SD1 and a Jaguar E-Type. He has also raced in endurance races like the 24 Hours Nürburgring in 2010 and 2015. He was on the Glickenhaus team for 2016, but their car was crashed during a practice session. Harris often makes videos about the races he is attempting: sometimes teaching basic race techniques and other times simply sharing his experiences.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Harris often discuss technical racing terms in his non-racing focused videos. Harris also emphasises the importance of driving and racing safety in many of his videos, especially when teaching techniques like drifting.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: While Harris has owned several exotic cars, such as a Ferrari FF, most of the cars Harris reviews are loaned to him by manufacturers. Manufacturers often give automotive journalists "press cars", in the hope that a reviewer will give the new car a positive review that boost the car's sales. Harris receives many press cars, sometimes for extended periods of time. Harris has even received cars for up to six months, such as an Audi RS 6. Harris is often characterised as passionate and comical in his reviews of press cars, saying in one review of the Audi RS 6: "life is incomplete without you".


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: In Harris's early career, magazines such as Autocar and "Evo" paid him for his writing as a journalist. As his career progressed, Harris began to branch out on his own. Throughout the production of /CHRIS HARRIS ON CARS on the /DRIVE YouTube channel, he depended partially on sponsorship from various brands and through YouTube advertising revenue. Eventually, the /DRIVE channel switched partially to /DRIVE+, a paid subscription channel. In his current production series, "Chris Harris on Cars", Harris supports both himself and cameraman/editor Neil Carey. Occasionally, Harris posts videos featuring sponsored content, from brands like Pirelli. He also receives compensation from NBCSN for his regular television series, /DRIVE.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: Harris was banned from reviewing Ferrari cars on 2 February 2011, after writing an article titled, "How Ferrari Spins". In his article, he criticised the firm for trying "to win every test (review) at any cost" and called it a "profoundly irritating" brand. He also gave his opinion that an automotive journalist is forced to please Ferrari with a positive review in order to maintain a relationship with the brand. Though he was banned from reviewing Ferrari cars supplied by the company, Harris was still able to review several Ferraris unofficially by borrowing cars bought by friends such as Pink Floyd drummer Nick Mason.


title: Chris Harris (journalist)

text: In 2014, Harris was banned from reviewing Lamborghini cars, because of an article he wrote entitled "Lamborghinis Are The Perfect Cars For People Who Can't Drive", in which he criticised many characteristics of the Lamborghini brand, saying their "future is bleak". Harris stated that the brand "can't support its looks with adequate (driving) dynamics". He also noted several Lamborghini malfunctions: in one case, as he was driving, "the brakes (on the Lamborghini) caught fire". Consequently, Lamborghini ended the relationship with Harris. Harris has recently (as of December 2017) started reviewing Lamborghinis again by driving the Lamborghini Huracán under his "Chris Harris Drives" brand hosted by Top Gear.


title: Stan Getz

text: Stanley Getz (February 2, 1927 – June 6, 1991) was an American jazz saxophonist. Playing primarily the tenor saxophone, Getz was known as "The Sound" because of his warm, lyrical tone, with his prime influence being the wispy, mellow timbre of his idol, Lester Young. Coming to prominence in the late 1940s with Woody Herman's big band, Getz is described by critic Scott Yanow as "one of the all-time great tenor saxophonists". Getz performed in bebop and cool jazz groups. Influenced by João Gilberto and Antônio Carlos Jobim, he also helped popularize bossa nova in the United States with the hit 1964 single "The Girl from Ipanema".


title: Stan Getz

text: Stan Getz was born on February 2, 1927, at St. Vincent's Hospital in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, United States. Getz's father Alexander ("Al") was a Ukrainian Jewish immigrant who was born in Mile End, London, in 1904, while his mother Goldie (née Yampolsky) was born in Philadelphia in 1907. His paternal grandparents Harris and Beckie Gayetski were originally from Kyiv, Ukraine but had migrated to escape the anti-Jewish pogroms to Whitechapel, in the East End of London. While in England they owned the Harris Tailor Shop at 52 Oxford Street for more than 13 years. In 1913, Harris and Beckie emigrated to the United States with their three sons Al, Phil, and Ben, following their son Louis Gayetski who had emigrated to the US the year before. Getz's original family name, "Gayetski", was changed to Getz upon arrival in America.


title: Stan Getz

text: The Getz family first settled in Philadelphia, but during the Great Depression the family moved to New York City, seeking better employment opportunities. Getz worked hard in school, receiving straight A's, and finished sixth grade close to the top of his class. Getz's major interest was in musical instruments and he played a number of them before his father bought him his first saxophone, a $35 alto saxophone, when he was 13. Even though his father also got him a clarinet, Getz instantly fell in love with the saxophone and began practicing eight hours a day. According to Getz, he only had about six months of lessons and never studied music theory or harmony.


title: Stan Getz

text: Getz attended James Monroe High School in the Bronx. In 1941, he was accepted into the All-City High School Orchestra of New York City. This gave him a chance to receive private, free tutoring from the New York Philharmonic's Simon Kovar, a bassoon player. He also continued playing the saxophone. He eventually dropped out of school in order to pursue his musical career but was later sent back to the classroom by the school system's truancy officers.


title: Stan Getz

text: In 1943, at the age of 16, he joined Jack Teagarden's band and, because of his youth, he became Teagarden's ward. Getz also played along with Nat King Cole and Lionel Hampton. A period based in Los Angeles with Stan Kenton was brief. Following a comment from Kenton that his main influence, Lester Young, was too simple, he quit. After performing with Jimmy Dorsey, and Benny Goodman, Getz was a soloist with Woody Herman from 1947 to 1949 in "The Second Herd", and he first gained wide attention as one of the band's saxophonists, who were known collectively as "The Four Brothers"; the others being Serge Chaloff, Zoot Sims and Herbie Steward. With Herman, he had a hit with "Early Autumn" in 1948.


title: Stan Getz

text: After Getz left "The Second Herd", he was able to launch his solo career. Horace Silver's trio was heard by Getz as the guest soloist at the Club Sundown in Hartford, Connecticut, in 1950, and he hired them for touring gigs, gaining Silver his earliest national exposure. For an unknown period, Silver was not paid by Getz, who was using the money due the pianist to buy heroin. Silver finally left in June 1952. In the same period, Getz performed with pianists Al Haig and Duke Jordan and drummers Roy Haynes and Max Roach, as well as bassist Tommy Potter, all of whom had worked with Charlie Parker. Guitarists Jimmy Raney and Johnny Smith were also associated with the saxophonist in this period. His profile was enhanced by his featured performance on Johnny Smith's version of the song "Moonlight in Vermont", recorded in 1952, which became a hit single and stayed on the charts for months. A "DownBeat" readers' poll voted the single as the second best jazz record of 1952. The later album "Moonlight in Vermont", reconfigured from two 10 inch LPs for a 12-inch release, was issued in 1956.


title: Stan Getz

text: A 1953 line-up of the Dizzy Gillespie/Stan Getz Sextet featured Gillespie, Getz, Oscar Peterson, Herb Ellis, Ray Brown and Max Roach. He moved to Copenhagen, Denmark in 1958. Here he performed with pianist Jan Johansson and bassist Oscar Pettiford, among others, at the Club Montmartre.


title: Stan Getz

text: Returning to the U.S. from Europe in 1961, Getz recorded the album "Focus" with arrangements by Eddie Sauter, who created a strings backing for the saxophonist. In a March 2021 article for the All About Jazz website, Chris May wrote of it as "one of the great masterpieces of mid-twentieth century jazz" and compared it to the work of Béla Bartók.


title: Stan Getz

text: Getz became involved in introducing bossa nova music to the American audience. Teaming with guitarist Charlie Byrd, who had just returned from a U.S. State Department tour of Brazil, Getz recorded "Jazz Samba" in 1962. Getz won the Grammy for Best Jazz Performance of 1963 for his cover of Antonio Carlos Jobim's "Desafinado", from "Jazz Samba". It sold over one million copies, and was awarded a gold disc. His second bossa nova album, also recorded in 1962, was "Big Band Bossa Nova" with composer and arranger Gary McFarland. As a follow-up, Getz recorded the album, "Jazz Samba Encore!", with one of the originators of bossa nova, Brazilian guitarist Luiz Bonfá. It also sold more than a million copies by 1964, giving Getz his second gold disc.


title: Stan Getz

text: He then recorded the album "Getz/Gilberto", in 1963, with Antônio Carlos Jobim, João Gilberto and his wife, Astrud Gilberto. Their recording of "The Girl from Ipanema" won a Grammy Award. "Getz/Gilberto" won two Grammys (Best Album and Best Single). A live album, "Getz/Gilberto Vol. 2", followed, as did "Getz Au Go Go" (1964), a live recording at the Cafe au Go Go. While still working with the Gilbertos, he recorded the jazz album "Nobody Else But Me" (1964), with a new quartet including vibraphonist Gary Burton, but Verve Records, wishing to continue building the Getz brand with bossa nova, refused to release it. It came out 30 years later, after Getz had died.


title: Stan Getz

text: In 1972, Getz recorded the jazz fusion album "Captain Marvel" with Chick Corea, Stanley Clarke and Tony Williams, and in this period experimented with an Echoplex on his saxophone. He had a cameo in the film "The Exterminator" (1980).


title: Stan Getz

text: In the mid-1980s, Getz worked regularly in the San Francisco Bay area and taught at Stanford University as an artist-in-residence at the Stanford Jazz Workshop until 1988. In 1986, he was inducted into the "DownBeat" Jazz Hall of Fame. During 1988, Getz worked with Huey Lewis and the News on their "Small World" album. He played the extended solo on part 2 of the title track, which became a minor hit single.


title: Stan Getz

text: Getz married Beverly Byrne, a vocalist with the Gene Krupa band, on November 7, 1946, in Los Angeles; the couple had three children, Steve, David and Beverly. As a teenager, Getz had become involved with drugs and alcohol. In 1954, he was arrested for attempting to rob a pharmacy for morphine. As he was being processed in the prison ward of Los Angeles County-USC Medical Center, Beverly gave birth to their third child one floor below.


title: Stan Getz

text: Getz was divorced from Byrne in Mexico in 1956, after which, due to Byrne's own addictions, she was unable to take care of the children. Eventually, the children were rescued and awarded by the Court to Getz's second wife, Monica Silfverskiöld, daughter of Swedish physician and former Olympic medalist Nils Silfverskiöld and Swedish Countess Mary von Rosen. Monica had insisted on raising the family together, as the children had been divided among family members, and eventually, they raised five children: Steven, David, Beverley, Pamela, and Nicolaus, the last two of which were from their own marriage. The couple lived in Copenhagen, Denmark, partly to escape the prevalence of drugs in America at the time. Monica would also become Stan's manager and a major influence in his life.


title: Stan Getz

text: In 1962, Monica returned with the family to Sweden after having discovered Stan's recurring addictions. During the following period, as he was trying to persuade her to come back, he sent her two test pressings, one of which, "Jazz Samba" with Charlie Byrd, was pivotal to her plans for the next record, "Getz/Gilberto". However, Getz's association with Byrd soured, due to a lawsuit initiated by Byrd.


title: Stan Getz

text: After Getz promised to stay clean and sober, Monica returned from Sweden with the family. On November 21, 1962, Brazil sent scores of musicians to Carnegie Hall as a result of the bossa nova craze created by "Jazz Samba". After being told by Gilberto and Jobim that Getz had been an invisible partner in their creating of the Bossa Nova by superimposing Getz's Jazz harmonies and sound on the old Samba, Monica suggested a unification of the three. Jobim and Gilberto reacted with deference and enthusiasm. Getz was reluctant, at first, as he had heard the two were "difficult." Getz had reportedly said that he was convinced, when Monica retorted, "Well, don't "you" have a reputation for being difficult?" They would become very close friends during the recording of "Getz/Gilberto", and Gilberto would even move in with the Getzes, occasionally joined by the children of his own two marriages and his second wife, Miúcha.


title: Stan Getz

text: In the early 1980s, Getz again relapsed into his addictions, resulting in an arrest with an illegal gun in the home with Monica and some of the children. This resulted in an Order of Protection, issued in her favor, which contained a clause that Getz must be sober to be allowed into the house and an Order he go to treatment. As a countermove, Getz filed for divorce from Monica in 1981, but the couple reconciled at his insistence in 1982 and signed a Reconciliation Agreement, in which they agreed to jointly buy a house they found in San Francisco. Soon after, however, Getz relapsed. After a second illegal gun/cocaine incident, Monica returned to their New York home. At this time, she discovered the need for the courts to learn about addictions and founded the National Coalition for Family Justice in 1988, around the time a divorce was finalized. In 1990, Monica Getz petitioned the United States Supreme Court to have their divorce verdict overturned, although they declined. His ultimately terminal cancer was diagnosed in 1987; he died in June 1991.


title: Stan Getz

text: Zoot Sims, who had known Getz since their time with Herman, once described him as "a nice bunch of guys", an allusion to his unpredictable personality. Bob Brookmeyer, another performing colleague, responded to speculation Getz had a heart operation with a query: “Did they put one in?”


title: Stan Getz

text: Getz died of liver cancer on June 6, 1991. His ashes were poured from his saxophone case six miles off the coast of Marina del Rey, California.


title: Stan Getz

text: In 1998, the Stan Getz Media Center and Library at Berklee College of Music was dedicated through a donation from the Herb Alpert Foundation.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: In mathematics, the concept of a measure is a generalization and formalization of geometrical measures (length, area, volume) and other common notions, such as mass and probability of events. These seemingly distinct concepts have many similarities and can often be treated together in a single mathematical context. Measures are foundational in probability theory, integration theory, and can be generalized to assume negative values, as with electrical charge. Far-reaching generalizations (such as spectral measures and projection-valued measures) of measure are widely used in quantum physics and physics in general.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: The intuition behind this concept dates back to ancient Greece, when Archimedes tried to calculate the area of a circle. But it was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that measure theory became a branch of mathematics. The foundations of modern measure theory were laid in the works of Émile Borel, Henri Lebesgue, Nikolai Luzin, Johann Radon, Constantin Carathéodory, and Maurice Fréchet, among others.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Let formula_1 be a set and formula_2 a formula_3-algebra over formula_4 A set function formula_5 from formula_2 to the extended real number line is called a measure if it satisfies the following properties:


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: If at least one set formula_7 has finite measure, then the requirement that formula_15 is met automatically. Indeed, by countable additivity,


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: If the condition of non-negativity is omitted but the second and third of these conditions are met, and formula_5 takes on at most one of the values formula_19 then formula_5 is called a "signed measure".


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: The pair formula_21 is called a "measurable space", and the members of formula_2 are called measurable sets.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: A triple formula_23 is called a "measure space". A probability measure is a measure with total measure one – that is, formula_24 A probability space is a measure space with a probability measure.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: For measure spaces that are also topological spaces various compatibility conditions can be placed for the measure and the topology. Most measures met in practice in analysis (and in many cases also in probability theory) are Radon measures. Radon measures have an alternative definition in terms of linear functionals on the locally convex topological vector space of continuous functions with compact support. This approach is taken by Bourbaki (2004) and a number of other sources. For more details, see the article on Radon measures.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Other 'named' measures used in various theories include: Borel measure, Jordan measure, ergodic measure, Gaussian measure, Baire measure, Radon measure, Young measure, and Loeb measure.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: In physics an example of a measure is spatial distribution of mass (see for example, gravity potential), or another non-negative extensive property, conserved (see conservation law for a list of these) or not. Negative values lead to signed measures, see "generalizations" below.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: For any countable sequence formula_37 of (not necessarily disjoint) measurable sets formula_38 in formula_39


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: If formula_37 are measurable sets that are increasing (meaning that formula_42) then the union of the sets formula_38 is measurable and


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: If formula_37 are measurable sets that are decreasing (meaning that formula_46) then the intersection of the sets formula_38 is measurable; furthermore, if at least one of the formula_38 has finite measure then


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: This property is false without the assumption that at least one of the formula_38 has finite measure. For instance, for each formula_51 let formula_52 which all have infinite Lebesgue measure, but the intersection is empty.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: A measurable set formula_1 is called a "null set" if formula_54 A subset of a null set is called a "negligible set". A negligible set need not be measurable, but every measurable negligible set is automatically a null set. A measure is called "complete" if every negligible set is measurable.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: A measure can be extended to a complete one by considering the σ-algebra of subsets formula_55 which differ by a negligible set from a measurable set formula_56 that is, such that the symmetric difference of formula_1 and formula_55 is contained in a null set. One defines formula_59 to equal formula_60


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Measures are required to be countably additive. However, the condition can be strengthened as follows.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: That is, we define the sum of the formula_68 to be the supremum of all the sums of finitely many of them.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: A measure formula_5 on formula_2 is formula_71-additive if for any formula_72 and any family of disjoint sets formula_73 the following hold:


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Note that the second condition is equivalent to the statement that the ideal of null sets is formula_71-complete.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: A measure space formula_23 is called finite if formula_78 is a finite real number (rather than formula_79). Nonzero finite measures are analogous to probability measures in the sense that any finite measure formula_5 is proportional to the probability measure formula_81 A measure formula_5 is called "σ-finite" if formula_1 can be decomposed into a countable union of measurable sets of finite measure. Analogously, a set in a measure space is said to have a "σ-finite measure" if it is a countable union of sets with finite measure.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: For example, the real numbers with the standard Lebesgue measure are σ-finite but not finite. Consider the closed intervals formula_84 for all integers formula_85 there are countably many such intervals, each has measure 1, and their union is the entire real line. Alternatively, consider the real numbers with the counting measure, which assigns to each finite set of reals the number of points in the set. This measure space is not σ-finite, because every set with finite measure contains only finitely many points, and it would take uncountably many such sets to cover the entire real line. The σ-finite measure spaces have some very convenient properties; σ-finiteness can be compared in this respect to the Lindelöf property of topological spaces. They can be also thought of as a vague generalization of the idea that a measure space may have 'uncountable measure'.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Let formula_1 be a set, let formula_87 be a sigma-algebra on formula_56 and let formula_5 be a measure on formula_90 We say formula_5 is semifinite to mean that for all formula_92 formula_93


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Semifinite measures generalize sigma-finite measures, in such a way that some big theorems of measure theory that hold for sigma-finite but not arbitrary measures can be extended with little modification to hold for semifinite measures. (To-do: add examples of such theorems; cf. the talk page.)


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: The zero measure is sigma-finite and thus semifinite. In addition, the zero measure is clearly less than or equal to formula_125 It can be shown there is a greatest measure with these two properties:


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: We say the semifinite part of formula_5 to mean the semifinite measure formula_127 defined in the above theorem. We give some nice, explicit formulas, which some authors may take as definition, for the semifinite part:


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Since formula_127 is semifinite, it follows that if formula_132 then formula_5 is semifinite. It is also evident that if formula_5 is semifinite then formula_135


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Every "formula_136 measure" that is not the zero measure is not semifinite. (Here, we say "formula_136 measure" to mean a measure whose range lies in formula_138: formula_139) Below we give examples of formula_136 measures that are not zero measures.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: We say the formula_160 part of formula_5 to mean the measure formula_162 defined in the above theorem. Here is an explicit formula for formula_162: formula_164


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Localizable measures are a special case of semifinite measures and a generalization of sigma-finite measures.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Let formula_1 be a set, let formula_87 be a sigma-algebra on formula_56 and let formula_5 be a measure on formula_90


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: A measure is said to be s-finite if it is a countable sum of bounded measures. S-finite measures are more general than sigma-finite ones and have applications in the theory of stochastic processes.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: If the axiom of choice is assumed to be true, it can be proved that not all subsets of Euclidean space are Lebesgue measurable; examples of such sets include the Vitali set, and the non-measurable sets postulated by the Hausdorff paradox and the Banach–Tarski paradox.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: For certain purposes, it is useful to have a "measure" whose values are not restricted to the non-negative reals or infinity. For instance, a countably additive set function with values in the (signed) real numbers is called a "signed measure", while such a function with values in the complex numbers is called a "complex measure". Observe, however, that complex measure is necessarily of finite variation, hence complex measures include finite signed measures but not, for example, the Lebesgue measure.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Measures that take values in Banach spaces have been studied extensively. A measure that takes values in the set of self-adjoint projections on a Hilbert space is called a "projection-valued measure"; these are used in functional analysis for the spectral theorem. When it is necessary to distinguish the usual measures which take non-negative values from generalizations, the term positive measure is used. Positive measures are closed under conical combination but not general linear combination, while signed measures are the linear closure of positive measures.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: Another generalization is the "finitely additive measure", also known as a content. This is the same as a measure except that instead of requiring "countable" additivity we require only "finite" additivity. Historically, this definition was used first. It turns out that in general, finitely additive measures are connected with notions such as Banach limits, the dual of formula_211 and the Stone–Čech compactification. All these are linked in one way or another to the axiom of choice. Contents remain useful in certain technical problems in geometric measure theory; this is the theory of Banach measures.


title: Measure (mathematics)

text: A charge is a generalization in both directions: it is a finitely additive, signed measure. (Cf. ba space for information about "bounded" charges, where we say a charge is "bounded" to mean its range its a bounded subset of "R".)


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Hans Walter Conrad Veidt (; 22 January 1893 – 3 April 1943) was a German film actor who attracted early attention for his roles in the films "Different from the Others" (1919), "The Cabinet of Dr. Caligari" (1920), and "The Man Who Laughs" (1928). After a successful career in German silent films, where he was one of the best-paid stars of UFA, he and his new Jewish wife Ilona Prager left Germany in 1933 after the Nazis came to power. The couple settled in Britain, where he took British citizenship in 1939. He appeared in many British films, including "The Thief of Bagdad" (1940), before emigrating to the United States around 1941, which led to his being cast in what may be his best remembered role as Major Strasser in "Casablanca" (1942). This was Veidt's last film role to be released during his lifetime.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Hans Walter Conrad Veidt was born on 22 January 1893 in his parents' home at Tieckstraße 39 in Berlin to Amalie Marie (née Gohtz) and Philipp Heinrich Veidt, a former military man turned civil servant. Veidt would later recall, “Like many fathers, he was affectionately autocratic in his home life, strict, idealistic. He was almost fanatically conservative.” By contrast, Amalie was sensitive and nurturing. Veidt was nicknamed "Connie", also spelled "Conny", by his family and friends. His family was Lutheran, and Veidt was baptized on 26 March 1893. He was later confirmed in a ceremony at the Protestant Evangelical Church in Alt-Schöneberg, Berlin on 5 March 1908. Veidt's only sibling, an older brother named Karl, died in 1900 of scarlet fever at the age of 9. The family spent their summers in Potsdam.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: Two years after Karl's death, Veidt's father fell ill and required heart surgery. Knowing that the family could not afford to pay the lofty fee that accompanied the surgery, the doctor charged only what the family could comfortably pay. Impressed by the surgeon's skill and kindness, Veidt vowed to "model my life on the man that saved my father's life" and he wished to become a surgeon. His hopes for a medical career were thwarted, though, when in 1912 he graduated without a diploma and ranked 13th out of 13 pupils and became discouraged over the amount of study necessary for him to qualify for medical school.


title: Conrad Veidt

text: A new career path for Veidt opened up in 1911 during a school Christmas play in which he delivered a long prologue before the curtain rose. The play was badly received, and the audience was heard to mutter, "Too bad the others didn't do as well as Veidt." Veidt began to study all of the actors he could and wanted to pursue a career in acting, much to the disappointment of his father, who called actors 'gypsies' and 'outcasts'.