title: Johann Hari

text: The Media Standards Trust instructed the Council of the Orwell Prize, who had given their 2008 prize to Hari, to examine the allegations. The Council concluded that "the article contained inaccuracies and conflated different parts of someone else's story" and did not meet the standards of Orwell Prize-winning journalism. Hari returned the prize, though he did not return the prize money of £2,000. He later offered to repay the sum, but "Political Quarterly", which had paid the prize money, instead invited him to make a donation to English PEN, of which George Orwell had been a member. Hari arranged with English PEN to make a donation equal to the value of the prize, to be paid in instalments when he returned to work at "The Independent", but he did not return to work there.


title: Johann Hari

text: In addition to plagiarism, Hari was found to have fabricated elements of stories. In one of the stories for which he won the Orwell Prize, he reported on atrocities in the Central African Republic, claiming that French soldiers told him that "Children would bring us the severed heads of their parents and scream for help, but our orders were not to help them." However, an NGO worker who translated for Hari said that the quotation was invented and that Hari exaggerated the extent of the devastation in the CAR. In his apology after his plagiarism was exposed, Hari claimed that other staff of the NGO had supported his version of events.


title: Johann Hari

text: In an article about military robots, Hari falsely claimed that the former Japanese Prime Minister Junichiro Koizumi was attacked by a factory robot and was nearly killed. Hari falsely claimed that a large globe erected for the Copenhagen climate summit was "covered with corporate logos" for McDonald's and Carlsberg, with "the Coke brand ... stamped over Africa". He was also reported to have invented an account of seeing a demonstrator die at the 2001 Genoa G8 summit, when he had, in fact, left in a taxi before the event. "Private Eye"s Hackwatch column also suggested that he pretended to have used the drug ecstasy and misrepresented a two-week package tour in Iraq as a one-month research visit, in order to bolster support for the Iraq war by claiming that Iraqi civilians he spoke to were in favour of an invasion.


title: Johann Hari

text: While Hari was working at the "New Statesman", the magazine's deputy editor, Cristina Odone, doubted the authenticity of quotations in a story he wrote. When she asked to see his notebooks, he stalled, then claimed to have lost them. Odone subsequently found that her Wikipedia entry had been altered by Hari's sock puppet account "David Rose" to falsely accuse her of homophobia and anti-Semitism.


title: Johann Hari

text: Hari has been accused of misrepresenting writing by George Galloway, Eric Hobsbawm, Nick Cohen and Noam Chomsky.


title: Johann Hari

text: Hari used the fake sockpuppet identity David Rose to pretend to be a subeditor who was qualified in environmental science.


title: Johann Hari

text: In September 2011, Hari admitted that he had edited articles on Wikipedia about himself and journalists with whom he had had disputes. Posing as a journalist named "David Rose", he added false and defamatory claims to articles about journalists including Nick Cohen, Cristina Odone, Francis Wheen, Andrew Roberts, Niall Ferguson, and Oliver Kamm, and edited the article about himself "to make him seem one of the essential writers of our times".


title: Johann Hari

text: In July 2011, Cohen wrote about the suspicious Wikipedia editing in "The Spectator," prompting "New Statesman" journalist David Allen Green to publish a blog post collecting evidence. This led to a community investigation and "David Rose" was blocked from Wikipedia. Hari published an apology in "The Independent", admitting that he had been "David Rose" and writing: "I edited the entries of people I had clashed with in ways that were juvenile or malicious: I called one of them anti-Semitic and homophobic, and the other a drunk. I am mortified to have done this, because it breaches the most basic ethical rule: don't do to others what you don't want them to do to you. I apologise to the latter group unreservedly and totally."


title: Johann Hari

text: Hari used threats of suing for libel to prevent critics revealing his misrepresentations. His critique of a Nick Cohen article, "What's Left: How Liberals Lost Their Way", was criticised by British bloggers for factual and interpretive errors. Hari used libel law against a blogger who wrote that "a reputation for making things up should spell career death", forcing the blogger to remove the post in question.


title: Johann Hari

text: In January 2012, after leaving "The Independent", Hari announced that he was writing a book on the war on drugs, which was subsequently published as "Chasing the Scream: The First and Last Days of the War on Drugs". His 2015 TED Talk, entitled "Everything you think you know about addiction is wrong", has been viewed over 19 million times (as of 31 March 2022) and lays out the idea that most addictions are functional responses to experiences and a lack of healthy supportive relationships, rather than a simple biological need for a particular substance.


title: Johann Hari

text: Due to the previous scandals, Hari put the audio of some interviews conducted for the book online. Writer Jeremy Duns criticised instances where quotes were inaccurately transcribed or misrepresented, stating that out of a sample of dozens of clips, "in almost all cases, words in quotes had been changed or omitted without being noted, often for no apparent purpose, but in several cases to subtly change the narrative."


title: Johann Hari

text: In a review for New Matilda, Michael Brull expressed reservations about Hari's citational practices and highlighted contradictions between the book's narrative and a 2009 article by Hari. He concluded: "I think Hari has provided a useful overview of some of the fundamental issues worth considering. But they should be treated as the opening shots of a casual polemicist and populariser, rather than the measured verdict of an academic."


title: Johann Hari

text: In January 2018, Hari's book "Lost Connections", which deals with depression and anxiety, was published, with Hari citing his childhood issues, career crisis, and experiences with antidepressants and psychotherapy as fuelling his curiosity in the subject. "Kirkus Reviews" praised the book. Psychiatrist Carmine Pariante criticised Hari's "extreme scepticism" of antidepressants as "wrong, unhelpful and even dangerous". The journalist Joe Muggs described the rehabilitation of Hari as "irresponsible and dangerous", describing the book as "a hodge-podge of other people's research put together into something that was by turns half-baked and half the story".


title: Johann Hari

text: An excerpt published in "The Observer" was sharply criticised by neuroscientist and "Guardian" columnist Dean Burnett, who pointed out that Hari appeared to be reporting as his own discoveries material—such as the biopsychosocial model—that has been common knowledge for decades, and for misrepresenting the medical, psychiatric, and scientific establishments as "some shadowy monolithic organisation, in thrall to the drug industry". Burnett subsequently wrote that he had been pressured by friends of Hari's at "The Guardian" to offer Hari a pre-emptive right to reply and, after publication, to link to Hari's attempt at rebuttal.


title: Johann Hari

text: The journalist Zoe Stavri criticised the book for a lack of citations for key claims like "between 65 and 80% of people on antidepressants are depressed again within a year", reliance on the work of a single researcher, treating research on a single class of antidepressants as if it applies to all antidepressants, and conflating stress and depression. The psychologist and science writer Stuart Ritchie criticised Hari for repeatedly making the claim that "between 65 and 80% of people on antidepressants are depressed again within a year" without a clear citation. He traced the source of the claim to a pop science book rather than a review of the scientific literature.


title: Johann Hari

text: In January 2022, Hari published a book called "Stolen Focus: Why You Can't Pay Attention", claiming that elements of modern lifestyles, including social media, are "destroying our ability to concentrate". The book received praise from celebrities including Hillary Clinton and Stephen Fry. The book debuted at number seven on "The New York Times" nonfiction best-seller list for the week ending 12 February 2022.


title: Johann Hari

text: Scientists Stuart Ritchie and Dean Burnett both criticised the book for failing to cite strong evidence for the claim of shrinking attention spans, as well as presenting mainstream psychological concepts as niche ideas that Hari had discovered. Writer/broadcaster Matthew Sweet investigated some of the claims in the book and found that Hari had failed to cite the primary sources for some studies, and misrepresented the results of studies that suggested multitasking could have benefits in certain conditions.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Ajeeb Daastaans ( (English), (Bahasa)) is a Hindi-language anthology film, consisting of four short film segments directed by Shashank Khaitan, Raj Mehta, Neeraj Ghaywan and Kayoze Irani. The film was produced by Karan Johar and Netflix.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Stuck in a loveless marriage with Babloo, Lipakshi is always looking for love in other men. When opportunity arrives in the form of their driver's son Raj Kumar, she tries to make the most of it. Raj, a brilliant graduate in finance, gives up a job opportunity in London to work for Babloo for what initially seems like more money. He makes profits for Babloo and also subtly hits on Lipakshi without Babloo's knowledge. Although Babloo has no love for Lipakshi, he doesn't spare her lovers for the sake of his family's reputation. Lipakshi keeps making moves at Raj, who finally gives in one night when Babloo is away. That marks the beginning of a steamy, romantic affair between Raj and Lipakshi. They even make plans to elope together one night after lovemaking. The very same night, Babloo receives pictures of Lipakshi with Gopal, his trusted aide. He calls for Raj, who is about to leave, and reveals that he has fallen in love with him and would want to be with him forever. He shows the pictures to Raj. Raj, a little taken aback, tells him to handle Gopal while he goes for Lipakshi. Raj gets on a bus, and we see Lipakshi leaving with her bags. While beating up Gopal, Babloo sees a video of Raj kissing Lipakshi and is stunned. In the same video, Raj reveals that Gopal is innocent, and it was him who was Lipakshi's lover all along. He reveals that ever since Babloo broke his father's leg for crashing a car into a planter, all Raj wanted was revenge. So he stole a lump sum of 10 crores from Babloo while he worked for him and left the country along with his parents. After the reveal, Lipakshi is waiting at the railway station for Raj, who never arrives. Instead, Babloo finds her. She reveals she's pregnant, and they both hold hands, crying and bonding over their love for and betrayal by the same person.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Meenal is a street-smart housemaid who lives in the slums along with her little sister Binny. She struggles to make ends meet and send her little sister to school. She works in a rich locality for a lady who is struggling to conceive. It is shown that Meenal holds contempt for the rich people she works for. When told about her electricity problem, her employer mentions that she could seek help from Vinod Agarwal, the new secretary of the locality. In the same locality is Sushil, who owns a small laundry stall. While in the locality, Sushil is seen cussing Meenal and his sister, but behind everyone's back, they are lovers. The story keeps flipping back and forth between the present, where Meenal is shown to be at a police station with a policewoman inquiring her about the 'incident' and her telling that she had nothing to do with it.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: It is shown that Vinod Agarwal has a pregnant wife and has the hots for Meenal. He finds her at Sushil's stall and asks her to work at his place to help his wife. Meenal happily agrees, hoping to get in a word with him regarding electricity at her place. Meenal leaves her previous employer for Vinod Agarwal, and she is shown to have a good bond with the pregnant wife. When the wife is away, Vinod makes a move at Meenal, asking her to have sex with him if she needs electricity back. Binny witnesses this. Meenal leaves crying and goes to Sushil's stall. He is concerned and asks her about what happened. Later, Vinod Agarwal also arrives at Sushil's stall and starts hitting him for flirting with women and being insolent. Passers-by stop this fight, and the secretary apologizes for his misconduct. Vinod also invites Meenal, Sushil, and Binny to a party he and his wife are hosting to celebrate the birth of their son. We switch to the present, and we see the police bringing Sushil to the station and beating him up. Meenal is warned that if she doesn't reveal what she did, it would be Binny's screams she'd be hearing next. Sushil begs the police to stop hitting him and tells him that he didn't do anything except breaking the transformer and that Vinod Agarwal made a move on Meenal. Meenal takes the name of her previous employer, saying she did it as she was jealous that she was infertile. We're taken back to the party where we see Meenal, Binny, Abha (the ex-employer) taking turns with the baby. Sushil arrives and is shown to be very angry. He steals some alcohol and heads out of the party, drunk, and breaks the transformer, leading to a power cut in the party. Vinod Agarwal and his wife get some flashlights and realize their baby is missing. They look for him, and Vinod goes to the kitchen to see the pressure cooker releasing blood instead of water. Abha arrives at the police station and says something to the police. The police then search Binny's bag and find the baby's toy in there. When asked if she took it from the baby, Binny replies that she did so because the baby was just a toy.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Bharti Mandal is a worker at a factory. She is well educated and qualified and is looking to get a higher-paying data operator job in the same factory. Her dreams are shattered with the arrival of Priya Sharma, who is given the position not because she has the right technical skills for the job but because she has the right connections. Bharti is bitter and is told by a co-worker that she didn't get the job because of her caste.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Priya arrives at the canteen for lunch and tries to strike a conversation with Bharti, who doesn't reciprocate. Bharti gets into an altercation with a male co-worker and is hurt. Priya tends to her wounds and tells her that she reminds her of her childhood friend Kavita. When asked her full name, Bharti lies that she's Bharti Banerjee. The two ladies go out together the next day when Priya reveals to Bharti that she doesn't know any of the technical skills required for the job but was only employed because of her palm-reading skills. This greatly hurts Bharti, and she cries while Priya hugs her. Slowly, they start developing a bond. Priya reveals to Bharti that her childhood friend Kavita doesn't talk to her anymore and is married and doesn't want anything to do with her because she's happy.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: One day, Priya visits Bharti, and they have a moment. Priya is visibly upset and apologizes. Later on, Priya invites Bharti to her birthday party, where she lives with her husband and in-laws. Priya gets very emotional during the party, and when Bharti and Priya are alone, she reveals that she feels no love for her husband even though he's accommodating and nice. She also tells her that her husband wants a baby, and she doesn't feel right about it. Bharti tells her that it's not a defect and the only easy way out is to accept the truth. She then reveals to Priya that she's Bharti Mandal and that her family belongs to the lower Dalit caste whose women are traditionally in the midwifery business. This causes a change in Priya's attitude.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Priya is then thrown a surprise birthday party in the office with her company's higher officials. Bharti is not allowed and is only called in to serve cake to everyone. Bharti cries, and when Priya comes to her, she tells her that the best way to deal with her internal conflict is to have a baby and become a mother just like Kavita. She then goes on to help Priya conceive while she handles Priya's work. A now pregnant Priya goes on maternity leave, recommending Bharti to take over her responsibilities. After the birth, Bharti visits Priya. Priya's husband mentions that she'd return to work soon, but Priya's mother-in-law is completely against it. She asks Bharti for her opinion since she comes from a family of midwives. Bharti recommends against returning to work. Bharti goes to work and is told that Priya has quit and Bharti can now take over the job completely.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Natasha and Rohan are parents to Samaira, who is on the verge of going deaf. While Natasha is a loving and supportive mother, Rohan is a distant father, immersed in work and reluctant to learn sign language to communicate with his daughter. After an altercation with Rohan, Natasha visits a photo gallery where she meets Kabir, a deaf photographer. They bond and start hanging out often. One day, Natasha visits Kabir's house, and they both have an intimate moment. Natasha walks out, realizing that it is wrong. However, she finds a text message from Rohan saying that he is busy with work and leaving Samaira at his mother's. This causes Natasha to go back to Kabir, and they make love. The next morning, Kabir wants to reveal his love for her but is hesitant. Natasha dresses up and leaves for her house. Kabir follows her, mustering the courage to reveal his feelings for her. Natasha reaches home and is happy to find Rohan communicating with Samaira in sign language, and they are both bonding, making jokes, and laughing. She's happy at this change and turns around to close the door only to see Kabir standing outside in tears. She does not know what to do and closes the door, apologizing and crying. Samaira, who has witnessed all of this, asks her mother if Kabir loved her.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Avinash Lohana of Pinkvilla wrote in his review that the film is "an emotional ride but not without bumps". He reviewed Geeli Pucchi as the best of all and appreciated the performances of Konkana Sen Sharma and Aditi Rao Hydari.


title: Ajeeb Daastaans

text: Rohan Nahar of Hindustan Times wrote that the film is inconsistent and uneven. He called Neeraj Ghaywan's segment a saver and appreciated Kayoz Irani's film for strong performances by Shefali Shah and Manav Kaul.


title: Paradise City (TV series)

text: Paradise City is an American musical drama television series created by Ash Avildsen for Amazon Prime Video. It is a continuation of Avildsen's 2017 film "American Satan". The series premiered on March 25, 2021. A second season was announced in October 2021.


title: Paradise City (TV series)

text: In 2019, it was reported that a spin-off based on "American Satan" would be created, and that musicians Andy Biersack and Remington Leith would reprise their roles in the series. It also stars Bella Thorne, Ryan Hurst, and Cameron Boyce in his final role.


title: Paradise City (TV series)

text: The first teaser was released on May 1, 2020. A trailer for the series was released in December 2020.


title: Paradise City (TV series)

text: In an interview with "TheWrap", director Avildsen stated that he hoped to begin filming the next season of the show before the end of 2021, but expressed concern over how to recast the late Boyce, who he felt was "the heartbeat for the audience."


title: Paradise City (TV series)

text: Alexa Sutherland of Hollywood Insider praised the series' casting and portrayal of the rock and roll Los Angeles lifestyle.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: Ebubennem Megalyn Ann Echikunwoke ( ; born May 28, 1983), also known as Megalyn E.K., is an American actress, known primarily for her roles in television and film.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: Born in Spokane, Washington, she was discovered while performing in a theatrical production for an arts academy, and began working professionally at age 15, appearing in an episode of "The Steve Harvey Show". Between 2001 and 2002, she starred as , daughter of David Palmer, on the Fox series "24", followed by guest roles on "ER" and "Buffy the Vampire Slayer". Between 2004 and 2005, she portrayed Angie Barnett, the half-sister of Steven Hyde, on the sitcom "That '70s Show". In 2006, she starred as a lead in the series "The 4400" which ran until 2007, followed by recurring roles on "90210" and "House of Lies".


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: Her film roles in the early 2010s include Whit Stillman's "Damsels in Distress" (2011), and the action sequel "A Good Day to Die Hard" (2013). In 2016, she portrayed Mari McCabe / Vixen in the "Arrowverse". The following year, she had a supporting role in "CHiPs" (2017), followed by the independent comedy "An Actor Prepares" (2018). Next, she co-starred in the comedy "Night School" (2018). In late 2018, she made her New York stage debut in an off-Broadway production of "Apologia".


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: Ebubennem Megalyn Ann Echikunwoke was born in Spokane, Washington to Mark Onigwe Versato Echikunwoke, an Igbo Nigerian father, and Anita Laurie. Her father, an immigrant to the United States, was a survivor of the Nigerian Civil War, during which he suffered gunshot wounds that resulted in him contracting hepatitis B.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: When Echikunwoke was four years old, her father, then attending law school in Spokane, died of liver cancer, stemming from his war-related medical problems. Her mother moved the family to the Navajo Nation, where she raised Echikunwoke and her siblings in the unincorporated community of Chinle, Arizona. At age 14, Echikunwoke was discovered while performing in a theater production at an arts academy summer camp.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: Echikunwoke's first featured role was a guest appearance on "The Steve Harvey Show" in 1998. The following year, she had her first film role in Julie Dash's "Funny Valentines". In 2001, she starred in a lead role on the MTV soap opera "Spyder Games" as Cherish Pardee, a coffee house singer, which ran through the year. She subsequently had a recurring role in the first season of "24" (2001–2002) as David Palmer's daughter Nicole. Beginning 2003, she appeared as Danika on the comedy series "Like Family", and guest-starred on "Buffy the Vampire Slayer", in the episode "The Killer in Me" (2003). This was followed with a guest role on "Veronica Mars" in 2004.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: Between 2004 and 2005, she appeared on Fox's "That '70s Show" as Steven Hyde's half-sister, Angie Barnett. In 2006, she was cast as a series regular on the science fiction television series "The 4400" as the adult version of the mysterious Isabelle Tyler. She left the show in 2007. From 2008 to 2009, she appeared in of "" as new medical examiner Dr. Tara Price. She had a recurring role on TNT's "Raising the Bar" (2008–2009) as the love interest of attorney Marcus McGrath, played by J. August Richards. Also in 2008, she appeared as a singer in the Leonard Chess biopic "Who Do You Love?" In 2011, she played Holly in the fourth season of "90210", and subsequently appeared in the comedy film "Damsels in Distress."


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: She played April on Showtime's "House of Lies" (2012) and Riley Parker in the legal drama "Made in Jersey" (also 2012) on CBS. In 2014, she co-starred in the drama series "Mind Games" on ABC.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: In 2016, Echikunwoke appeared on the CW's "Arrow" as DC Comics superhero Mari McCabe / Vixen for an episode, and voiced the character in the CW Seed animated series "Vixen". Due to prior commitments, she was unavailable to play the character in "Legends of Tomorrow", resulting in the introduction of a new Vixen played by Maisie Richardson-Sellers, the time-displaced grandmother of Echikunwoke's character. Echikunwoke had a supporting role in Dax Shepard's "CHiPs" (2017), followed by the comedy "An Actor Prepares" (2018). That year, she had a supporting role in the comedy "Night School", which grossed over $100million.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: She played Claire in the off-Broadway production of "Apologia" for the Roundabout Theatre Company which ran from October 16, 2018, to December 16, 2018. In 2019, she had a supporting role in "Late Night". She subsequently had a main role on "Almost Family", a Fox drama series chronicling three women who learn they are siblings after a prominent fertility doctor reveals he has used his own sperm to father over 100 children with his patients. It was cancelled after one season.


title: Megalyn Echikunwoke

text: In 2007, Echikunwoke, Justin Long, Olivia Wilde and Kal Penn campaigned for 2008 Democratic Presidential nominee Barack Obama. It included a winter tour of college campuses and bars in Iowa, known as the All-Actor All-Iowa All-Star Voter Education Tour, to register new college-age voters prior to the election.


title: Alkali

text: In chemistry, an alkali (; from ) is a basic, ionic salt of an alkali metal or an alkaline earth metal. An alkali can also be defined as a base that dissolves in water. A solution of a soluble base has a pH greater than 7.0. The adjective alkaline, and less often, alkalescent, is commonly used in English as a synonym for basic, especially for bases soluble in water. This broad use of the term is likely to have come about because alkalis were the first bases known to obey the Arrhenius definition of a base, and they are still among the most common bases.


title: Alkali

text: The word "alkali" is derived from Arabic "al qalīy" (or "alkali"), meaning "the calcined ashes" (see calcination), referring to the original source of alkaline substances. A water-extract of burned plant ashes, called potash and composed mostly of potassium carbonate, was mildly basic. After heating this substance with calcium hydroxide ("slaked lime"), a far more strongly basic substance known as "caustic potash" (potassium hydroxide) was produced. Caustic potash was traditionally used in conjunction with animal fats to produce soft soaps, one of the caustic processes that rendered soaps from fats in the process of saponification, one known since antiquity. Plant potash lent the name to the element potassium, which was first derived from caustic potash, and also gave potassium its chemical symbol K (from the German name "Kalium"), which ultimately derived from alkali.


title: Alkali

text: Alkalis are all Arrhenius bases, ones which form hydroxide ions (OH) when dissolved in water. Common properties of alkaline aqueous solutions include:


title: Alkali

text: The terms "base" and "alkali" are often used interchangeably, particularly outside the context of chemistry and chemical engineering.


title: Alkali

text: There are various, more specific definitions for the concept of an alkali. Alkalis are usually defined as a subset of the bases. One of two subsets is commonly chosen.


title: Alkali

text: Alkali salts are soluble hydroxides of alkali metals and alkaline earth metals, of which common examples are:


title: Alkali

text: Soils with pH values that are higher than 7.3 are usually defined as being alkaline. These soils can occur naturally, due to the presence of alkali salts. Although many plants do prefer slightly basic soil (including vegetables like cabbage and fodder like buffalo grass), most plants prefer a mildly acidic soil (with pHs between 6.0 and 6.8), and alkaline soils can cause problems.


title: Alkali

text: In alkali lakes (also called "soda lakes"), evaporation concentrates the naturally occurring carbonate salts, giving rise to an alkalic and often saline lake.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: Audacity is a free and open-source digital audio editor and recording application software, available for Windows, macOS, Linux, and other Unix-like operating systems. The project was started in the fall of 1999 by Dominic Mazzoni and Roger Dannenberg at Carnegie Mellon University, and released on May 28, 2000, as version 0.8.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: As of December 6, 2022, Audacity is the most popular download at FossHub, with over 114.2 million downloads since March 2015. It was previously served from Google Code and SourceForge, where it was downloaded over 200 million times.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: Audacity won the SourceForge 2007 and 2009 Community Choice Award for Best Project for Multimedia. It is licensed under GPL-2.0-or-later.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: In 2019, then-lead developer James Crook started the fork "DarkAudacity" to experiment with a new look and other UX changes. Most of its changes were eventually incorporated into the mainline version and the fork ended.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: In April 2021, it was announced that Muse Group (owners of MuseScore and Ultimate Guitar) would acquire the Audacity trademark and continue to develop the application, which remains free and open source.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: In addition to recording audio from multiple sources, Audacity can be used for post-processing of all types of audio, including effects such as normalization, trimming, and fading in and out. It has been used to record and mix entire albums, such as by Tune-Yards. It is currently used in the Sound Creation unit of the UK OCR National Level 2 ICT course.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: Audacity supports the LV2 open standard for plugins, and can therefore load software like Calf Studio Gear.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: The version 3.0 update (March 2021) introduced a new project file format, .aup3, using an SQLite database to store each project in a single database file.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: The version 3.0.3 update (July 2021) introduced crash reporting and error reporting for database errors; optional update checking was also added.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: The version 3.2.0 update (September 2022) added real-time effects, VST3 support and a streamlined interface.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: In addition to English, Audacity is available in Afrikaans, Arabic, Basque, Bulgarian, Catalan, Chinese (simplified), Chinese (traditional), Corsican, Czech, Danish, Dutch, Finnish, French, Galician, German, Greek, Hungarian, Irish, Italian, Japanese, Lithuanian, Macedonian, Marathi, Norwegian (Bokmål), Polish, Portuguese (Brazilian), Romanian, Russian, Slovak, Slovenian, Spanish, Swedish, Turkish, Ukrainian, Vietnamese and Welsh.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: The documentation, the Audacity Manual, is available only in English. The Audacity Forum offers technical support in Spanish, French, Russian and German.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: The diagram illustrates Audacity's layers and modules. Note the three important classes within wxWidgets, each of which has a reflection in Audacity.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: Higher-level abstractions result from related lower-level ones. For example, the BlockFile system is a reflection of and is built on wxWidgets' wxFiles. Lower down in the diagram is a narrow strip for platform-specific implementation layers.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: Both wxWidgets and PortAudio are OS abstraction layers, containing conditional code that chooses different implementations depending on the target platform.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: As free and open-source software, Audacity is very popular in education, encouraging its developers to make the user interface easier for students and teachers.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: Jamie Lendino of "PC Magazine" recently rated it 4/5 stars Excellent and said, "If you're looking to get started in podcasting or recording music, it's tough to go wrong with Audacity. A powerful, free, open-source audio editor that's been available for years, Audacity is still the go-to choice for quick-and-dirty audio work."


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: CNET rated Audacity 5/5 stars, calling it "feature-rich and flexible". Preston Gralla of "PC World" said, "If you're interested in creating, editing, and mixing you'll want Audacity." Jack Wallen of "Tech Republic" praised its features and ease-of-use.


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: In "The Art of Unix Programming" (2003), open-source software advocate Eric S. Raymond wrote of Audacity, "The central virtue of this program is that it has a superbly transparent and natural user interface, one that erects as few barriers between the user and the sound file as possible."


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: Some reviewers and users have criticized Audacity for its inconvenient UX design, unsightly GUI and comparative lack of features compared with Adobe Audition. Matthew McLean wrote "Audacity looks a bit more dated and basic, but this will be appealing to many folks who’re just starting out".


title: Audacity (audio editor)

text: In May 2021, after the project was acquired by Muse Group, there was a draft proposal to add opt-in telemetry to the code to record application usage. Some users responded negatively, with accusations of turning Audacity into spyware and also violating the GPL by adding an age restriction. This spawned several forks. The company reversed course, falling back to error/crash reporting and optional update checking instead.


title: Brunch

text: Brunch is a meal eaten between 10:00 a.m. and 2:00 p.m., sometimes accompanied by alcoholic drinks (typically champagne or a cocktail). The meal originated in the British hunt breakfast. The word "brunch" is a portmanteau of "breakfast" and "lunch". The word originated in England in the late 19th century, and became popular in the United States in the 1930s.


title: Brunch

text: The 1896 supplement to the "Oxford English Dictionary" cites "Punch" magazine, which wrote that the term was coined in Britain in 1895 to describe a Sunday meal for "Saturday-night carousers" in the writer Guy Beringer's article "Brunch: A Plea" in "Hunter's Weekly".


title: Brunch

text: Despite the substantially later date, it has also been claimed that the term was possibly coined by reporter Frank Ward O'Malley, who wrote in the early 20th century for the New York newspaper "The Sun" from 1906 until 1919. It's thought that he may have come up with the term after observing the typical mid-day eating habits of his colleagues at the newspaper.


title: Brunch

text: Some colleges and hotels serve brunch, often serve-yourself buffets, although menu-ordered meals may be available as well. The meal usually consists of standard breakfast foods such as eggs, sausages, bacon, ham, fruits, pastries, pancakes, waffles, and scones.


title: Brunch

text: The United States, Canada and United Kingdom militaries often serve weekend brunch in their messes. They offer breakfast and lunch options, and usually are open from 09:00-13:00.


title: Brunch

text: The dim sum brunch is popular in Chinese restaurants worldwide. It consists of a variety of stuffed buns, dumplings, and other savory or sweet foods that have been steamed, deep-fried, or baked. Customers select small portions from passing carts, as the kitchen continuously produces and sends out freshly prepared dishes. Dim sum is usually eaten at a mid-morning, midday, or mid-afternoon teatime.


title: Brunch

text: Brunch is prepared by restaurants and hotels for special occasions, such as weddings, Valentine's Day, St. Patrick's Day, Mother's Day, Father's Day, Halloween, Thanksgiving, Christmas, New Year's and Easter.


title: Brunch

text: The Chinese word "早午饭" () is defined as brunch, with "早饭" (; 早: morning, 饭: meal) meaning breakfast; and "午饭" (; 午: noon, 饭: meal) meaning lunch. The combination of "早饭" and "午饭" is thus "早午饭", brunch.


title: Brunch

text: The Office québécois de la langue française accepts 'brunch' as a valid word but also provides a synonym "déjeuner-buffet". Note that, however, in Quebec, "déjeuner" alone (even without the qualifying adjective "petit") means 'breakfast'. In Quebec, the word—when francized—is pronounced .


title: Brunch

text: In Italian, the English loanword 'brunch' is generally used, though the neologism/calque is increasingly popular, being derived from (breakfast) and (lunch). Even less common but occasionally used is , derived from the same sources.


title: Brunch

text: Usage of these terms varies in Italy, as different regions have different cultural definitions of mealtimes and their names. Traditional usage, particularly in northern Italy, included calling the first meal of the day (first ), and the second meal either or (second ), as distinguished from , the evening meal (now generally used as the term for the midday meal). In this scheme, a separate term for 'brunch' would not be necessary, as could be used as a general term for any meal taken in the morning or early afternoon. Although Italian meal terminologies have generally shifted since widespread use of this naming scheme, the concept of a distinct mid-morning meal combining features of breakfast and lunch is largely one imported from the UK and North America in the last century, so the Anglicism 'brunch' is predominant.


title: Brunch

text: The area now known as Leslieville neighbourhood is sometimes called the brunch capital of Toronto, as many renowned establishments serve brunch there. Brunch buffets also exist in other parts of Southern Ontario, including Kitchener-Waterloo, where the German-term "Smorgasborgs" was sometimes used, from the 1970s onward.


title: Brunch

text: In Canada, brunch is served in private homes and in restaurants. In both cases, brunch typically consists of the same dishes as would be standard in an American brunch, namely, coffee, tea, fruit juices, breakfast foods, including pancakes, waffles, and french toast; meats such as ham, bacon, and sausages; egg dishes such as scrambled eggs, omelettes, and Eggs Benedict; bread products, such as toast, bagels or croissants; pastries or cakes, such as cinnamon rolls and coffee cake; and fresh cut fruit or fruit salad. Brunches may also include foods not typically associated with breakfast, such as roasted meats, quiche, soup, smoked salmon, sandwiches, and salads, such as Cobb salad.


title: Brunch

text: When served at home or in a restaurant, a brunch may be offered buffet style, in which trays of foods and beverages are available and guests may serve themselves and select the items they want, often in an "all-you-can-eat" fashion. Restaurant brunches may also be served from a menu, in which case guests select specific items that are served by waitstaff. Restaurant brunch meals range from relatively inexpensive brunches available at diners and family restaurants to expensive brunches served at high-end restaurants and bistros.


title: Brunch

text: Brunch in the Philippines is served between 9:00 am and noon. Contrary to what is observed in other countries, brunch in the afternoon, between 3:00 and 4:00 pm, is called merienda, a traditional snack carried over from Spanish colonialism.


title: Ketone bodies

text: Ketone bodies are water-soluble molecules that contain the ketone groups produced from fatty acids by the liver (ketogenesis). Ketone bodies are readily transported into tissues outside the liver, where they are converted into acetyl-CoA (acetyl-Coenzyme A)—which then enters the citric acid cycle (Krebs cycle) and is oxidized for energy. These liver-derived ketone groups include acetoacetic acid (acetoacetate), beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone, a spontaneous breakdown product of acetoacetate (see graphic).


title: Ketone bodies

text: Ketone bodies are produced by the liver during periods of caloric restriction of various scenarios: low food intake (fasting), carbohydrate restrictive diets, starvation, prolonged intense exercise, alcoholism, or during untreated (or inadequately treated) type 1 diabetes mellitus. Ketone bodies are produced in liver cells by the breakdown of fatty acids. They are released into the blood "after" glycogen stores in the liver have been depleted. (Glycogen stores typically are depleted within the first 24 hours of fasting.)


title: Ketone bodies

text: Ketone bodies are also produced in glial cells under periods of food restriction to sustain memory formation


title: Ketone bodies

text: When two acetyl-CoA molecules lose their -CoAs (or coenzyme A groups), they can form a (covalent) dimer called acetoacetate. β-hydroxybutyrate is a reduced form of acetoacetate, in which the ketone group is converted into an alcohol (or hydroxyl) group (see illustration on the right). Both are 4-carbon molecules that can readily be converted back into acetyl-CoA by most tissues of the body, with the notable exception of the liver. Acetone is the decarboxylated form of acetoacetate which cannot be converted back into acetyl-CoA except via detoxification in the liver where it is converted into lactic acid, which can, in turn, be oxidized into pyruvic acid, and only then into acetyl-CoA.


title: Ketone bodies

text: Ketone bodies have a characteristic smell, which can easily be detected in the breath of persons in ketosis and ketoacidosis. It is often described as fruity or like nail polish remover (which usually contains acetone or ethyl acetate).


title: Ketone bodies

text: Apart from the three endogenous ketone bodies, other ketone bodies like β-ketopentanoate and β-hydroxypentanoate may be created as a result of the metabolism of synthetic triglycerides, such as triheptanoin.


title: Ketone bodies

text: Fats stored in adipose tissue are released from the fat cells into the blood as free fatty acids and glycerol when insulin levels are low and glucagon and epinephrine levels in the blood are high. This occurs between meals, during fasting, starvation and strenuous exercise, when blood glucose levels are likely to fall. Fatty acids are very high energy fuels and are taken up by all metabolizing cells that have mitochondria. This is because fatty acids can only be metabolized in the mitochondria. Red blood cells do not contain mitochondria and are therefore entirely dependent on anaerobic glycolysis for their energy requirements. In all other tissues, the fatty acids that enter the metabolizing cells are combined with coenzyme A to form acyl-CoA chains. These are transferred into the mitochondria of the cells, where they are broken down into acetyl-CoA units by a sequence of reactions known as β-oxidation.


title: Ketone bodies

text: The acetyl-CoA produced by β-oxidation enters the citric acid cycle in the mitochondrion by combining with oxaloacetate to form citrate. This results in the complete combustion of the acetyl group of acetyl-CoA (see diagram above, on the right) to CO and water. The energy released in this process is captured in the form of 1 GTP and 11 ATP molecules per acetyl group (or acetic acid molecule) oxidized. This is the fate of acetyl-CoA wherever β-oxidation of fatty acids occurs, except under certain circumstances in the liver. In the liver oxaloacetate is wholly or partially diverted into the gluconeogenic pathway during fasting, starvation, a low carbohydrate diet, prolonged strenuous exercise, and in uncontrolled type 1 diabetes mellitus. Under these circumstances oxaloacetate is hydrogenated to malate which is then removed from the mitochondrion to be converted into glucose in the cytoplasm of the liver cells, from where the glucose is released into the blood. In the liver, therefore, oxaloacetate is unavailable for condensation with acetyl-CoA when significant gluconeogenesis has been stimulated by low (or absent) insulin and high glucagon concentrations in the blood. Under these circumstances, acetyl-CoA is diverted to the formation of acetoacetate and beta-hydroxybutyrate. Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and their spontaneous breakdown product, acetone, are known as ketone bodies. The ketone bodies are released by the liver into the blood. All cells with mitochondria can take ketone bodies up from the blood and reconvert them into acetyl-CoA, which can then be used as fuel in their citric acid cycles, as no other tissue can divert its oxaloacetate into the gluconeogenic pathway in the way that the liver does this. Unlike free fatty acids, ketone bodies can cross the blood–brain barrier and are therefore available as fuel for the cells of the central nervous system, acting as a substitute for glucose, on which these cells normally survive. The occurrence of high levels of ketone bodies in the blood during starvation, a low carbohydrate diet and prolonged heavy exercise can lead to ketosis, and in its extreme form in out-of-control type 1 diabetes mellitus, as ketoacidosis.


title: Ketone bodies

text: Acetoacetate has a highly characteristic smell, for the people who can detect this smell, which occurs in the breath and urine during ketosis. On the other hand, most people can smell acetone, whose "sweet & fruity" odor also characterizes the breath of persons in ketosis or, especially, ketoacidosis.


title: Ketone bodies

text: Ketone bodies can be used as fuel in the heart, brain and muscle, but not the liver. They yield 2 guanosine triphosphate (GTP) and 22 adenosine triphosphate (ATP) molecules per acetoacetate molecule when oxidized in the mitochondria. Ketone bodies are transported from the liver to other tissues, where acetoacetate and β-hydroxybutyrate can be reconverted to acetyl-CoA to produce reducing equivalents (NADH and FADH), via the citric acid cycle. Though it is the source of ketone bodies, the liver cannot use them for energy because it lacks the enzyme thiophorase (β-ketoacyl-CoA transferase). Acetone is taken up by the liver in low concentrations and undergoes detoxification through the methylglyoxal pathway which ends with lactate. Acetone in high concentrations, as can occur with prolonged fasting or a ketogenic diet, is absorbed by cells outside the liver and metabolized through a different pathway via propylene glycol. Though the pathway follows a different series of steps requiring ATP, propylene glycol can eventually be turned into pyruvate.


title: Ketone bodies

text: The heart preferentially uses fatty acids as fuel under normal physiologic conditions. However, under ketotic conditions, the heart can effectively use ketone bodies for this purpose.


title: Ketone bodies

text: For several decades the liver has been considered as the main supplier of ketone bodies to fuel brain energy metabolism. However, recent evidence has demonstrated that glial cells can fuel neurons with locally synthesized ketone bodies to sustain memory formation upon food restriction


title: Ketone bodies

text: The brain gets a portion of its fuel requirements from ketone bodies when glucose is less available than normal. In the event of low glucose concentration in the blood, most other tissues have alternative fuel sources besides ketone bodies and glucose (such as fatty acids), but studies have indicated that the brain has an obligatory requirement for some glucose. After strict fasting for 3 days, the brain gets 25% of its energy from ketone bodies. After about 24 days, ketone bodies become the major fuel of the brain, making up to two-thirds of brain fuel consumption. Many studies suggest that human brain cells can survive with little or no glucose, but proving the point is ethically questionable. During the initial stages of ketosis, the brain does not burn ketones, since they are an important substrate for lipid synthesis in the brain. Furthermore, ketones produced from omega-3 fatty acids may reduce cognitive deterioration in old age.


title: Ketone bodies

text: Ketogenesis helped fuel the enlargement of the human brain during its evolution. It was previously proposed that ketogenesis is key to the evolution and viability of bigger brains in general. However, the loss of HMGCS2 (and consequently this ability) in three large-brained mammalian lineages (cetaceans, elephants–mastodons, Old World fruit bats) shows otherwise.


title: Ketone bodies

text: In normal individuals, there is a constant production of ketone bodies by the liver and their utilization by extrahepatic tissues. The concentration of ketone bodies in blood is maintained around . Their excretion in urine is very low and undetectable by routine urine tests (Rothera's test).


title: Ketone bodies

text: When the rate of synthesis of ketone bodies exceeds the rate of utilization, their concentration in blood increases; this is known as "ketonemia". This is followed by "ketonuria" – excretion of ketone bodies in urine. The overall picture of ketonemia and ketonuria is commonly referred to as ketosis. The smell of acetoacetate and/or acetone in breath is a common feature in ketosis.


title: Ketone bodies

text: When a type 1 diabetic suffers acute biological stress (infection, heart attack, or physical trauma) or fails to administer enough insulin, they may enter the pathological state of diabetic ketoacidosis. Under these circumstances, the low or absent insulin levels in the blood, combined with the inappropriately high glucagon concentrations, induce the liver to produce glucose at an inappropriately increased rate, causing acetyl-CoA resulting from the beta-oxidation of fatty acids, to be converted into ketone bodies. The resulting very high levels of ketone bodies lower the pH of the blood plasma, which reflexively triggers the kidneys to excrete urine with very high acid levels. The high levels of glucose and ketones in the blood also spill passively into the urine (due to the inability of the renal tubules to reabsorb glucose and ketones from the tubular fluid, being overwhelmed by the high volumes of these substances being filtered into the tubular fluid). The resulting osmotic diuresis of glucose causes the removal of water and electrolytes from the blood resulting in potentially fatal dehydration.


title: Ketone bodies

text: Individuals who follow a low-carbohydrate diet will also develop ketosis. This induced ketosis is sometimes called nutritional ketosis, but the level of ketone body concentrations are on the order of whereas the pathological ketoacidosis is .


title: Ketone bodies

text: The process of ketosis is currently being investigated for efficacy in ameliorating the symptoms of Alzheimer's disease and Angelman syndrome


title: The Secret (treasure hunt)

text: The Secret is a treasure hunt created by Byron Preiss. The hunt involves a search for twelve treasure boxes, the clues to which were provided in a book written by Preiss in 1982, also called "The Secret". These boxes were buried at secret locations in cities across the United States and Canada that symbolically represent events and peoples that played significant roles in North American history. Anyone who uncovered one of the treasure boxes was entitled to exchange it with Preiss for a precious gem; after Preiss died in 2005, his estate assumed the responsibility of honoring the terms of the treasure hunt. As of 2022, only three of the twelve boxes have been found. Preiss kept no record of the treasure boxes' exact locations before his death, leaving it a possibility that the remaining boxes may never be recovered.


title: The Secret (treasure hunt)

text: Clues for where the treasures were buried are provided in a puzzle book named "The Secret" produced by Byron Preiss and first published by Bantam in 1982. The book was authored by Sean Kelly and Ted Mann and illustrated by John Jude Palencar, John Pierard, and Overton Loyd; JoEllen Trilling, Ben Asen, and Alex Jay also contributed to the book. A Japanese version was published in 1983, and the English version was re-issued in 2014. The book contains 12 images and 12 verses; an image must be linked to a verse, with the information they contain used to locate a buried "treasure casque".


title: The Secret (treasure hunt)

text: , three of the treasure boxes have been recovered. The first was found in Chicago, Illinois; the second in Cleveland, Ohio; and the most recent treasure box was found in Boston, Massachusetts. The remaining nine treasure boxes have not yet been recovered. The Boston treasure box's recovery was filmed for Discovery Channel's television show "Expedition Unknown" and aired on Wednesday, October 30, 2019.


title: The Secret (treasure hunt)

text: With the passage of time, some of the cached casques may have been destroyed, or been built over, as was happening with the Boston casque, which was buried in Langone Park, in Boston’s North End which was undergoing renovation, resulting in the casque being dug up in an excavator. Clues would no longer match in cases where the surrounding area has changed since the book was originally published.


title: Experimental music

text: Experimental music is a general label for any music or music genre that pushes existing boundaries and genre definitions. Experimental compositional practice is defined broadly by exploratory sensibilities radically opposed to, and questioning of, institutionalized compositional, performing, and aesthetic conventions in music. Elements of experimental music include indeterminate music, in which the composer introduces the elements of chance or unpredictability with regard to either the composition or its performance. Artists may also approach a hybrid of disparate styles or incorporate unorthodox and unique elements.


title: Experimental music

text: The practice became prominent in the mid-20th century, particularly in Europe and North America. John Cage was one of the earliest composers to use the term and one of experimental music's primary innovators, utilizing indeterminacy techniques and seeking unknown outcomes. In France, as early as 1953, Pierre Schaeffer had begun using the term "musique expérimentale" to describe compositional activities that incorporated tape music, musique concrète, and elektronische Musik. Also, in America, a quite distinct sense of the term was used in the late 1950s to describe computer-controlled composition associated with composers such as Lejaren Hiller. Harry Partch as well as Ivor Darreg worked with other tuning scales based on the physical laws for harmonic music. For this music they both developed a group of experimental musical instruments. Musique concrète (French; literally, "concrete music"), is a form of electroacoustic music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases the musicians make an active effort to avoid clichés, i.e. overt references to recognizable musical conventions or genres.


title: Experimental music

text: The Groupe de Recherches de Musique Concrète (GRMC), under the leadership of Pierre Schaeffer, organized the First International Decade of Experimental Music between 8 and 18 June 1953. This appears to have been an attempt by Schaeffer to reverse the assimilation of musique concrète into the German "elektronische Musik", and instead tried to subsume musique concrète, "elektronische Musik", tape music, and world music under the rubric "musique experimentale". Publication of Schaeffer's manifesto was delayed by four years, by which time Schaeffer was favoring the term "recherche musicale" (music research), though he never wholly abandoned "musique expérimentale".


title: Experimental music

text: John Cage was also using the term as early as 1955. According to Cage's definition, "an experimental action is one the outcome of which is not foreseen", and he was specifically interested in completed works that performed an unpredictable action. In Germany, the publication of Cage's article was anticipated by several months in a lecture delivered by Wolfgang Edward Rebner at the Darmstädter Ferienkurse on 13 August 1954, titled "Amerikanische Experimentalmusik". Rebner's lecture extended the concept back in time to include Charles Ives, Edgard Varèse, and Henry Cowell, as well as Cage, due to their focus on sound as such rather than compositional method.


title: Experimental music

text: Composer and critic Michael Nyman starts from Cage's definition, and develops the term "experimental" also to describe the work of other American composers (Christian Wolff, Earle Brown, Meredith Monk, Malcolm Goldstein, Morton Feldman, Terry Riley, La Monte Young, Philip Glass, Steve Reich, etc.), as well as composers such as Gavin Bryars, John Cale, Toshi Ichiyanagi, Cornelius Cardew, John Tilbury, Frederic Rzewski, and Keith Rowe. Nyman opposes experimental music to the European avant-garde of the time (Boulez, Kagel, Xenakis, Birtwistle, Berio, Stockhausen, and Bussotti), for whom "The identity of a composition is of paramount importance". The word "experimental" in the former cases "is apt, providing it is understood not as descriptive of an act to be later judged in terms of success or failure, but simply as of an act the outcome of which is unknown".


title: Experimental music

text: David Cope also distinguishes between experimental and avant garde, describing experimental music as that "which represents a refusal to accept the status quo". David Nicholls, too, makes this distinction, saying that "...very generally, avant-garde music can be viewed as occupying an extreme position within the tradition, while experimental music lies outside it".


title: Experimental music

text: Warren Burt cautions that, as "a combination of leading-edge techniques and a certain exploratory attitude", experimental music requires a broad and inclusive definition, "a series of "ands", if you will", encompassing such areas as "Cageian influences work with low technology improvisation sound poetry linguistics new instrument building multimedia music theatre work with high technology community music, among others, when these activities are done with the aim of finding those musics 'we don't like, yet', [citing Herbert Brün] in a 'problem-seeking environment' [citing Chris Mann]".


title: Experimental music

text: Benjamin Piekut argues that this "consensus view of experimentalism" is based on an "a priori" "grouping", rather than asking the question "How have these composers been collected together in the first place, that they can now be the subject of a description?" That is, "for the most part, experimental music studies "describes" a category without really "explaining" it". He finds laudable exceptions in the work of David Nicholls and, especially, Amy Beal, and concludes from their work that "The fundamental ontological shift that marks experimentalism as an achievement is that from representationalism to performativity", so that "an explanation of experimentalism that already assumes the category it purports to explain is an exercise in metaphysics, not ontology".


title: Experimental music

text: Leonard B. Meyer, on the other hand, includes under "experimental music" composers rejected by Nyman, such as Berio, Boulez and Stockhausen, as well as the techniques of "total serialism", holding that "there is no single, or even pre-eminent, experimental music, but rather a plethora of different methods and kinds".


title: Experimental music

text: In the 1950s, the term "experimental" was often applied by conservative music critics—along with a number of other words, such as "engineers art", "musical splitting of the atom", "alchemist's kitchen", "atonal", and "serial"—as a deprecating jargon term, which must be regarded as "abortive concepts", since they did not "grasp a subject". This was an attempt to marginalize, and thereby dismiss various kinds of music that did not conform to established conventions. In 1955, Pierre Boulez identified it as a "new definition that makes it possible to restrict to a laboratory, which is tolerated but subject to inspection, all attempts to corrupt musical morals. Once they have set limits to the danger, the good ostriches go to sleep again and wake only to stamp their feet with rage when they are obliged to accept the bitter fact of the periodical ravages caused by experiment." He concludes, "There is no such thing as experimental music ... but there is a very real distinction between sterility and invention".


title: Experimental music

text: Starting in the 1960s, "experimental music" began to be used in America for almost the opposite purpose, in an attempt to establish an historical category to help legitimize a loosely identified group of radically innovative, "outsider" composers. Whatever success this might have had in academe, this attempt to construct a genre was as abortive as the meaningless namecalling noted by Metzger, since by the "genre's" own definition the work it includes is "radically different and highly individualistic". It is therefore not a genre, but an open category, "because any attempt to classify a phenomenon as unclassifiable and (often) elusive as experimental music must be partial". Furthermore, the characteristic indeterminacy in performance "guarantees that two versions of the same piece will have virtually no perceptible musical 'facts' in common".


title: Experimental music

text: In the late 1950s, Lejaren Hiller and L. M. Isaacson used the term in connection with computer-controlled composition, in the scientific sense of "experiment": making predictions for new compositions based on established musical technique . The term "experimental music" was used contemporaneously for electronic music, particularly in the early "musique concrète" work of Schaeffer and Henry in France. There is a considerable overlap between Downtown music and what is more generally called experimental music, especially as that term was defined at length by Nyman in his book "Experimental Music: Cage and Beyond" (1974, second edition 1999).


title: Experimental music

text: A number of early 20th-century American composers, seen as precedents to and influences on John Cage, are sometimes referred to as the "American Experimental School". These include Charles Ives, Charles and Ruth Crawford Seeger, Henry Cowell, Carl Ruggles, and John Becker.


title: Experimental music

text: The New York School was an informal group of American poets, painters, dancers, and musicians active in the 1950s and 1960s in New York City. They often drew inspiration from Marcel Duchamp and Dada and contemporary avant-garde art movements, in particular conceptual art, pop art, jazz, improvisational theater, experimental music, and the interaction of friends in the New York City art world's vanguard circle. Composers/Musicians included John Cage, Earle Brown, Christian Wolff, Morton Feldman, David Tudor among others. Dance related: Merce Cunningham


title: Experimental music

text: Musique concrète (French; literally, "concrete music"), is a form of electroacoustic music that utilises acousmatic sound as a compositional resource. The compositional material is not restricted to the inclusion of sonorities derived from musical instruments or voices, nor to elements traditionally thought of as "musical" (melody, harmony, rhythm, metre and so on). The theoretical underpinnings of the aesthetic were developed by Pierre Schaeffer, beginning in the late 1940s.


title: Experimental music

text: Fluxus was an artistic movement started in the 1960s, characterized by an increased theatricality and the use of mixed media. Another known musical aspect appearing in the Fluxus movement was the use of Primal Scream at performances, derived from the primal therapy. Yoko Ono used this technique of expression.


title: Experimental music

text: The term "experimental" has sometimes been applied to the mixture of recognizable music genres, especially those identified with specific ethnic groups, as found for example in the music of Laurie Anderson, Chou Wen-chung, Steve Reich, Kevin Volans, Martin Scherzinger, Michael Blake, and Rüdiger Meyer.


title: Experimental music

text: Free improvisation or free music is improvised music without any rules beyond the taste or inclination of the musician(s) involved; in many cases the musicians make an active effort to avoid overt references to recognizable musical genres. The term is somewhat paradoxical, since it can be considered both as a technique (employed by any musician who wishes to disregard rigid genres and forms) and as a recognizable genre in its own right.


title: Flemish people

text: The Flemish or Flemings ( ) are a Germanic ethnic group native to Flanders, Belgium, who speak Dutch. Flemish people make up the majority of Belgians, at about 60%.


title: Flemish people

text: ""Flemish"" was historically a geographical term, as all inhabitants of the medieval County of Flanders in modern-day Belgium, France, and the Netherlands were referred to as "Flemings", irrespective of their ethnicity or language. The contemporary region of Flanders comprises a part of this historical county, as well as parts of the medieval duchy of Brabant and the medieval county of Loon, where the modern national identity and culture gradually formed.


title: Flemish people

text: The sense of "Flemish" identity increased significantly after the Belgian Revolution. Prior to this, the term "Vlamingen" in the Dutch language was in first place used for the inhabitants of the former County of Flanders. Flemish, however, had been used since the 14th century to refer to the language and dialects of both the peoples of Flanders and the Duchy of Brabant. The modern Belgian province of Limburg was not part of the Treaty of London that followed the Belgian Revolution, and only came to be considered "Flemish" in the 19th century.


title: Flemish people

text: In 1830, the southern provinces of the United Netherlands proclaimed their independence. French-dialect speaking population, as well as the administration and elites, feared the loss of their status and autonomy under Dutch rule while the rapid industrialization in the south highlighted economic differences between the two. Under French rule (1794–1815), French was enforced as the only official language in public life, resulting in a Frenchification of the elites and, to a lesser extent, the middle classes. The Dutch king allowed the use of both Dutch and French dialects as administrative languages in the Flemish provinces. He also enacted laws to reestablish Dutch in schools. The language policy was not the only cause of the secession; the Roman Catholic majority viewed the sovereign, the Protestant William I, with suspicion and were heavily stirred by the Roman Catholic Church which suspected William of wanting to enforce Protestantism. Lastly, Belgian liberals were dissatisfied with William for his allegedly despotic behaviour.


title: Flemish people

text: Following the revolt, the language reforms of 1823 were the first Dutch laws to be abolished and the subsequent years would see a number of laws restricting the use of the Dutch language. This policy led to the gradual emergence of the Flemish Movement, that was built on earlier anti-French feelings of injustice, as expressed in writings (for example by the late 18th-century writer, Jan Verlooy) which criticized the Southern Francophile elites. The efforts of this movement during the following 150 years, have to no small extent facilitated the creation of the "de jure" social, political and linguistic equality of Dutch from the end of the 19th century.


title: Flemish people

text: After the Hundred Years War many Flemings migrated to the Azores. By 1490 there were 2,000 Flemings living in the Azores. Willem van der Haegen was the original sea captain who brought settlers from Flanders to the Azores. Today many Azoreans trace their genealogy from present day Flanders. Many of their customs and traditions are distinctively Flemish in nature such as windmills used for grain, São Jorge cheese and several religious events such as the imperios and the feast of the Cult of the Holy Spirit.


title: Flemish people

text: Within Belgium, Flemings form a clearly distinguishable group set apart by their language and customs. However, when compared to the Netherlands most of these cultural and linguistic differences quickly fade, as the Flemish share the same language, similar or identical customs and (though chiefly with the southern part of today's Netherlands) traditional religion with the Dutch. However, the popular perception of being a single polity varies greatly, depending on subject matter, locality and personal background. Generally, Flemings will not identify themselves as being Dutch and vice versa, especially on a national level.


title: Flemish people

text: This is partly caused by the popular stereotypes in the Netherlands as well as Flanders which are mostly based on the 'cultural extremes' of both Northern and Southern culture. But also in great part because of the history of emancipation of their culture in Belgium, which has left many Flemings with a high degree of national consciousness, which can be very marked among some Dutch-speaking Belgians. Alongside this overarching political and social affiliation, there also exists a strong tendency towards regionalism, in which individuals greatly identify themselves culturally through their native province, city, region or dialect they speak.


title: Flemish people

text: Flemings speak Dutch (specifically its southern variant, which is often colloquially called 'Flemish'). It is the majority language in Belgium, being spoken natively by three-fifths of the population. Its various dialects contain a number of lexical and a few grammatical features which distinguish them from the standard language. As in the Netherlands, the pronunciation of Standard Dutch is affected by the native dialect of the speaker. At the same time East Flemish forms a continuum with both Brabantic and West Flemish. Standard Dutch is primarily based on the Hollandic dialect (spoken in the northwestern Netherlands) and to a lesser extent on Brabantic, which is the most dominant Dutch dialect of the Southern Netherlands and Flanders.


title: Flemish people

text: Approximately 75% of the Flemish people are by baptism assumed Roman Catholic, though a still diminishing minority of less than 8% attends Mass on a regular basis and nearly half of the inhabitants of Flanders are agnostic or atheist. A 2006 inquiry in Flanders showed 55% chose to call themselves religious and 36% believe that God created the universe.


title: Flemish people

text: The official flag and coat of arms of the Flemish Community represents a black lion with red claws and tongue on a yellow field ("or a lion rampant sable armed and langued gules"). A flag with a completely black lion had been in wide use before 1991 when the current version was officially adopted by the Flemish Community. That older flag was at times recognized by government sources (alongside the version with red claws and tongue). Today, only the flag bearing a lion with red claws and tongue is recognized by Belgian law, while the flag with the all black lion is mostly used by Flemish separatist movements. The Flemish authorities also use two logos of a highly stylized black lion which show the claws and tongue in either red or black. The first documented use of the Flemish lion was on the seal of Philip d'Alsace, count of Flanders of 1162. As of that date the use of the Flemish coat of arms ("or a lion rampant sable") remained in use throughout the reigns of the d'Alsace, Flanders (2nd) and Dampierre dynasties of counts. The motto "Vlaanderen de Leeuw" (Flanders the lion) was allegedly present on the arms of Pieter de Coninck at the Battle of the Golden Spurs on July 11, 1302. After the acquisition of Flanders by the Burgundian dukes the lion was only used in escutcheons. It was only after the creation of the United Kingdom of the Netherlands that the coat of arms (surmounted by a chief bearing the Royal Arms of the Netherlands) once again became the official symbol of the new province East Flanders.


title: Flemish people

text: The first sizeable wave of Flemish migration to Canada occurred in the 1870s, when Saint Boniface proved a popular destination for work in local flour mills, brick yards and railway yards. Similarly, Flemish were drawn to smaller villages in Manitoba, where jobs in farming were available. In the early 20th century, Flemish settled in significant numbers across Ontario, particularly attracted by the tobacco-growing industry, in the towns of Chatham, Leamington, Tillsonburg, Wallaceburg, Simcoe, Sarnia and Port Hope.


title: Flemish people

text: The original County of Flanders encompassed areas which today belong to France and the Netherlands, but are still host to people of Flemish descent and some continued use of Flemish Dutch. Namely, these are Zeelandic Flanders and the Arrondissement of Dunkirk (historically known as French Westhoek). The people of North Brabant also share related ancestry.


title: Flemish people

text: Prior to the 1600s, there were several substantial waves of Flemish migration to the United Kingdom. Today, numerous towns in England and Wales boast large or majority populations with Flemish ancestry as a result. The first wave fled to England in the early 12th Century, escaping damages from a storm across the coast of Flanders, where they were largely resettled in Pembrokeshire by Henry I. They changed the culture and accent in south Pembrokeshire to such an extent, that it led to the area receiving the name Little England beyond Wales. Haverfordwest and Tenby consequently grew as important settlements for the Flemish settlers.


title: Flemish people

text: In the 14th Century, encouraged by King Edward III and perhaps in part due to his marriage to Philippa of Hainault, another wave of migration to England occurred when skilled cloth weavers from Flanders were granted permission to settle there and contribute to the then booming cloth and woollen industries. These migrants particularly settled in the growing Lancashire and Yorkshire textile towns of Manchester, Bolton, Blackburn, Liversedge, Bury, Halifax and Wakefield.


title: Flemish people

text: Demand for Flemish weavers in England occurred again in both the 15th and 16th Centuries, but this time particularly focused on towns close to the coastline of East Anglia and South East England. Many from this generation of weavers went to Colchester, Sandwich and Braintree. In 1582, it was estimated that there could have been around 1600 Flemish in Sandwich, today almost half of its total population. London, Norwich and North Walsham, however, were the most popular destinations, and the nickname for Norwich City F.C. fans, Canaries, is derived from the fact that many of the Norfolk weavers kept pet canaries. The town of Whitefield, near Bury, also claims to owe its name to Flemish cloth weavers that settled in the area during this era, who would lay their cloths out in the sun to bleach them.


title: Flemish people

text: These waves of settlement are also evidenced by the common surnames Fleming, Flemings, Flemming and Flemmings.


title: Flemish people

text: In the United States, the cities of De Pere and Green Bay in Wisconsin attracted many Flemish and Walloon immigrants during the 19th Century. The small town of Belgique was settled almost entirely by Flemish immigrants, although a significant number of its residents left after the Great Flood of 1993.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Patrick James Carney (born April 15, 1980) is an American musician and producer best known as the drummer of the Black Keys, a blues rock band from Akron, Ohio.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney's father, Jim, is a retired reporter for the "Akron Beacon Journal" and a music lover whom Carney credits with introducing him to various genres.


title: Patrick Carney

text: His mother, Mary Stormer, is the traffic and parking supervisor for the Akron Municipal Clerk of Courts and is a former member of the Akron Board of Education.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney has three brothers, William, who is an Amtrak supervisor; Michael, a graphic artist who created the art for each of the Black Keys' albums until he handed over the reigns for Dropout Boogie; and Barry Stormer Jr., who is an investment banker.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney's uncle, Ralph Carney, was a professional saxophone player, and played with Tom Waits, Marc Ribot and the B-52's among others.


title: Patrick Carney

text: After Carney's parents divorced when he was 6, he lived part of the time with his mother, Mary Stormer, and part of the time with his father, Jim Carney, who had moved to a neighborhood in West Akron (Ohio) not far from the home in which he and Mary lived. Dan Auerbach lived around the block in this new neighborhood, and Patrick and Dan met and played tag football with Auerbach's friends, although Patrick and Auerbach did not become friends until high school.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney stated in an interview with "Modern Drummer" that he never took drum lessons as a kid, but learned by mimicking friends that were also drummers, using a $150 drumset that he bought with money earned from a job as a teenager.


title: Patrick Carney

text: In 2001, Carney and Auerbach, lead singer and guitarist, formed the Black Keys, releasing their debut album "The Big Come Up" less than a year later. This was followed by "Thickfreakness" in 2003 and "Rubber Factory" in 2004. The band's fourth album "Magic Potion" was released in 2006. "Attack & Release", their critically acclaimed fifth album was released in 2008, with a follow up in 2010 titled "Brothers". The band released the albums "El Camino" in 2011, "Turn Blue" in 2014, and "Delta Kream" in 2021. The band's latest album is "Dropout Boogie", released in 2022.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney currently produces and writes music out of his Nashville, Tennessee-based recording studio, Audio Eagle. He has produced a range of artists from various musical backgrounds including the Black Keys, Michelle Branch, Calvin Johnson, Tennis, the Sheepdogs, Beaten Awake, Houseguest, Churchbuilder, Jessy Wilson, Kramies and *repeat repeat.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Audio Eagle Studio is a recording studio opened in 2001 by Carney. The studio was located in Akron, Ohio and consisted mostly of a digital 12-track recorder. It went through many incarnations and configurations and was mainly used to record the first four Black Keys albums. In 2010, the studio was relocated to Nashville, Tennessee.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney had a segment on HBO's news show, "Vice News Tonight", titled "Patrick Carney's High Standards Music Corner" where he listens to and judges new songs.


title: Patrick Carney

text: In 2009, while fellow Black Keys member Dan Auerbach was on his solo tour, Carney formed a new band called Drummer in which he played bass guitar. Each of the band's members had played drums in another band. They released "Feel Good Together", their debut album in the same year. Carney is the drummer on the Rentals' 2014 album "Lost in Alphaville". Carney also contributed the main title music to the 2014 Netflix show "BoJack Horseman". In 2017, Carney contributed music to the soundtrack of "BoJack Horseman".


title: Patrick Carney

text: In a 2019 band interview with Joe Rogan, Patrick expressed his distaste for the trend among record companies generally, and Warner Brothers particularly, to 'bundle' tickets and record sales. The band feels that this practice, along with the record industry's increased emphasis on streaming numbers and social media profiles, disadvantages artists.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney's first marriage was to writer Denise Grollmus, in 2007, when he lived in Akron, Ohio. The two had dated for several years, since Grollmus was a student at Oberlin College in Ohio and Carney and Dan Auerbach launched the Black Keys. The couple divorced in 2009. Both talked about the messy breakup in the media; Carney in "Rolling Stone"s May 27, 2010, issue and Grollmus in an essay - "Snapshots From a Rock 'N' Roll Marriage", published in "Salon" on March 3, 2011.


title: Patrick Carney

text: In 2010, Carney and his bandmate, Dan Auerbach, moved from Akron and purchased homes in Nashville. They recorded their "El Camino" album at Auerbach's newly completed Nashville studio, Easy Eye Sound Studio.


title: Patrick Carney

text: Carney married Emily Ward, whom he had met while living in New York City, on September 15, 2012, in the backyard of their Nashville home. Carney and Ward divorced in January 2016. Ward, a California native, had moved to Los Angeles by that time.


title: Patrick Carney

text: In 2015, Carney met Michelle Branch at a Grammy party, and the two started dating during the production of Branch's album "Hopeless Romantic", which Carney produced. In 2017, Branch and her daughter Owen moved into Carney's Nashville home, which they share with Irish wolfhounds. Carney and Branch became engaged on her birthday in 2017. On February 11, 2018, Branch announced that she and Carney were expecting their first child. Their son, Rhys James Carney, was born in August 2018. Carney and Branch married in April 2019. In October 2020, the couple purchased a home in the Old Village neighborhood of Mount Pleasant, SC, across the harbor from downtown Charleston. In December 2020, it was revealed that Branch suffered a miscarriage. In February 2022, Branch gave birth to her third child, a daughter, her second with Carney. On August 11, 2022, Branch announced her separation from Carney, citing his alleged infidelity. She was arrested on a charge of domestic assault due to slapping Carney after accusing him of infidelity. This charge was later dismissed.


title: Eliza Butterworth

text: Eliza Butterworth (born 24 July 1993) is an English actress. She is best known for her role as Queen Aelswith of Wessex in the series "The Last Kingdom", and is nominated for best supporting actress in a TV series at the National Film Awards UK for her performance as Heston the BBC Two miniseries "The North Water" in 2022.


title: Eliza Butterworth

text: Butterworth was born and raised in Lincoln, England on July 24, 1993 to an English father from Lancashire and an Italian American mother from Iowa. Her parents met in Nebraska where her mother was training to be a nurse and her father, in the Royal Air Force, was stationed at Offutt Air Force Base. She has dual citizenship.


title: Eliza Butterworth

text: From the age of 4 to 18, Butterworth attended Lincoln Minster School. She discovered acting through a school play and was Head Girl. She went on to graduate with a Bachelor of Arts in Acting from the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in 2014. Whilst training at RADA, Butterworth performed lead roles in "The Daughter in Law" and "The Witch of Edmonton".


title: Eliza Butterworth

text: Butterworth made guest appearances as Holly in "DCI Banks" and Lucy Hamilton in "WPC 56", both in 2015. That same year, she began playing Aelswith, the wife of King Alfred the Great (David Dawson), in the BBC and later Netflix adaptation of "The Last Kingdom". She started off in a recurring role for the first series before being promoted to the main cast for the subsequent four series.


title: Eliza Butterworth

text: In 2020, Butterworth appeared as Heston in the BBC Two miniseries "The North Water" alongside Colin Farrell and Stephen Graham. She made her West End debut as Princess Eugenie in the 2021 comedy play "" at the Prince of Wales Theatre. Butterworth has an upcoming role in the Sky Max series "A Town Called Malice", as announced in January 2022, playing Carly of the Lord family, in a cast which includes Jason Flemyng, Daniel Sharman and Dougray Scott.


title: Eliza Butterworth

text: Butterworth began filming in January 2022 of the film "Seven Kings Must Die" a feature length movie involving the surviving members of the television series "The Last Kingdom", due for release in 2023.


title: Eliza Butterworth

text: As of 2019, Butterworth is based in London. She is also an alto and mezzo-soprano singer, ballroom and flamenco dancer, and plays percussion.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Srimanthudu () is a 2015 Indian Telugu-language action drama film written and directed by Koratala Siva. The film is produced by Mythri Movie Makers and G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment. The film stars Mahesh Babu, Shruti Haasan, Jagapati Babu and Rajendra Prasad. Sampath Raj, Mukesh Rishi, Sukanya and Harish Uthaman appear in supporting roles. It was distributed globally by Eros International.


title: Srimanthudu

text: The film tells the story of Harsha Vardhan (Mahesh Babu), a young man who inherits a business empire from his father Ravikanth (played by Jagapati Babu). Urged by his friend Charuseela (Haasan) to learn about his and his father's ancestral roots in a remote village named Devarakota, Harsha adopts the village and spends some time trying to improve the standard of living of the local people and the infrastructure of the village. His efforts anger the local crime boss Sashi (played by Sampath Raj) and his brother Venkata Ratnam, a politician (played by Mukesh Rishi).


title: Srimanthudu

text: "Srimanthudu" was initially going to be produced by UTV Motion Pictures, but the company backed out, citing differences with Siva. In addition to directing the film, Siva also wrote the screenplay. Devi Sri Prasad composed the score, and R. Madhi was the cinematographer. Kotagiri Venkateswara Rao edited the film. Production began on 11 August 2014 at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad. Principal photography began on 7 November 2014 in Pune, and lasted till mid-June 2015. Though most of the film was shot in and around Hyderabad, a few portions were filmed in Tamil Nadu and Malaysia.


title: Srimanthudu

text: "Srimanthudu" and its Tamil dubbed version, titled "Selvandhan", were released simultaneously worldwide on 7 August 2015 in around 2500 screens. It opened to positive critical reception and was a commercial success, grossing over 140 crore globally on a budget of 4070 crore and becoming the third highest grossing Telugu film of all time. After the film's release, many actors, bureaucrats and politicians announced plans to develop the backward villages and encouraged the adoption of villages in Andhra Pradesh and Telangana. The film went onto win three Nandi Awards including Best Popular Feature Film and three Filmfare Awards South including Best Telugu Actor for Mahesh Babu.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Harsha Vardhan is the sole heir of his father Ravikanth's business empire worth 25,000 crore. After he meets Charuseela at his friend Apparao's birthday party, he enrolls in a university course on rural development. Charuseela wants to use technology for the benefit of Devarakota, a remote village in Uttarandhra from which she hails. A friendship blossoms between them, and as time passes they become attracted to each other. The natural resources of Devarakota are being exploited by Sashi, the brother of Central minister Venkata Ratnam, whose tyranny has made many locals migrate to the city to seek a better life. Nevertheless, the village head Narayana Rao hopes that the standard of living will soon improve along with the general condition of the village. Meanwhile, Ratnam's son Radha uses blackmail to threaten harm to Ravikanth's family if he does not back out of a prestigious highway contract. Ravikanth's nephew Karthik, who hopes to succeed Ravikanth in the business empire, leaks to Radha details about an upcoming bid for the contract, which comes to the notice of Harsha. After subtly warning Ratnam at his residence in Delhi, Harsha secretly makes a lower bid on behalf of his father's company and wins the contract.


title: Srimanthudu

text: When Charuseela learns that Harsha is Ravikanth's son, she starts avoiding him. When he asks the reason, she says that Ravikanth is a native of Devarakota who left for Hyderabad to earn wealth unlike her father Narayana Rao, and she bids farewell. After asking his father for a long holiday before joining the office, Harsha travels to Devarakota without his father's knowledge. In Devarakota he meets Rao and introduces himself as a student pursuing a course in rural development who has come to study the village. After learning more about Devarakota and Sashi's tyranny, Harsha announces that he will adopt the village and develop it. While he works to improve conditions in the village, Ratnam asks Sashi also to develop the village, partly to win in the upcoming elections, but he remains silent regarding his intention to gain credit for doing so. At the same time, Harsha learns from Rao that, as a young man, Ravikanth wishing, as Harsha does now, to see the village developed, established a dairy farm for the local welfare. After the farm was set up, Ratnam and Sashi set it on fire, causing many deaths and Ravikanth was blamed for the fire, Insulted, and arrested. He walked out of the village, moved to the city, and went on to acquire much wealth.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Charuseela returns to Devarakota and assumes that Harsha is trying to impress her family with the intention of marrying her. Initially livid, Charuseela is impressed when Harsha succeeds in persuading her uncle's family not to migrate to the city to live with their employed son and instead makes their son agree to visit them every possible weekend. Later, Harsha and Charuseela learn that Ratnam is going to take over all the agricultural land around the village for political gain since the value of the land will appreciate following the official declaration of a new coastal industrial corridor. Harsha confronts them and warns them not to interfere in his work of developing the village. Harsha later visits a water bottling unit which not only produces alcoholic beverages but also draws from the village's source of drinking water. He tries to close it, but is attacked by Sashi's henchmen and is hospitalised. Ravikanth, who has been informed of Harsha's adoption of Devarakota, manages to bring Harsha back to Hyderabad, where he joins the office after he recovers. Ravikanth later confronts a visibly upset Harsha and decides to send him back to Devarakota, earning Harsha's love for which he has long yearned. Harsha hands over the reigns of the business empire to Karthik and leaves. At Devarakota, Harsha kills Ratnam and Sashi at the factory and construes it as an accident due to an inadvertent short circuit, similar to what Sashi had done before Ravikanth's arrest years before. The film ends with Ravikanth and his family visiting Rao's house on Sankranthi, where Harsha, now Charuseela's husband, receives them warmly.


title: Srimanthudu

text: UTV Motion Pictures announced in October 2013 that they would produce a film starring Mahesh Babu and directed by Koratala Siva, marking their maiden Telugu production with Mahesh's sister Manjula Ghattamaneni and presenting the film under the banner Indira Productions. A possible delay was expected as Mahesh had earlier agreed to work on a film directed by Raj Nidimoru and Krishna D.K., produced by Ashwini Dutt, after completing "Aagadu" (2014). In late March 2014, G. Dhananjayan of UTV Motion Pictures announced that the film's production would commence in July 2014. UTV Motion Pictures backed out of the film citing differences with Siva, and the overseas distribution company Mythri Movie Makers agreed to become the major investor in the film.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Mahesh opted to co-produce the film under the banner G. Mahesh Babu Entertainment Pvt. Ltd to control the film's budget, accepting a share in the profits in lieu of his remuneration. Devi Sri Prasad was signed to compose the film's music. R. Madhi, the film's cinematographer, charged 1.4 crore as his remuneration. The official launch ceremony was held on 11 August 2014 at Ramanaidu Studios in Hyderabad. Mahesh participated in the story discussions with Siva and shared his ideas for improving the script. "Srimanthudu" was confirmed as the film's title on 29 May 2015, after registering it in December 2014.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Mahesh played the role of a billionaire's son in the film. For his character's appearance, he chose a casual look replete with cardigans, jackets and scarves. He sported various hair styles, including a layered look, a messy hair-do, and a conservative cut, for various episodes in the film. Shruti Haasan was selected as the heroine of the film; the role was supposed to be her first on-screen appearance with Mahesh though she had appeared in an item number in "Aagadu" after signing this film. She charged a remuneration of 1.25 crore, which was the highest she had received in her career until then. Haasan said that she would play a "strong, independent, intelligent" and simple girl in the film, adding that the romance between the lead pair would be a "very calm, relaxed and classy" one. Siva chose the name Charuseela for the female lead character after going through the lyrics during the recording of the song of the same name.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Impressed with his work in "Legend" (2014), Siva chose Jagapati Babu to play the role of Harsha's father in the film. After considering Nadhiya and Gracy Singh for the role of Mahesh's mother, Sukanya was selected in January 2015. Rajendra Prasad, Sampath Raj, Brahmanandam and Tulasi were announced for the supporting roles. While Sampath Raj played the antagonist, Brahmanandam's inclusion was never confirmed. Harish Uthaman was signed to play one of the antagonists in the film. Uthaman told Indo-Asian News Service that a few scenes required numerous takes due to his difficulties with the language and called Mahesh considerate to have helped him.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Rahul Ravindran made a small yet important cameo appearance. After considering actresses proficient in classical dance for performing a peppy dance number set in a rural backdrop, Poorna was selected as she was a trained Kathak dancer. After auditioning seventy actresses, Angana Roy was selected to play an "important part" in the film, marking her debut in Telugu cinema. Sanam Shetty was signed after one of the unit members of her unreleased Telugu debut "Intinta Annamayya" convinced the film-makers to consider her. Malayali actress Nikkita Anil Kumar played the role of Mahesh's sister in the film, and Vaishnav, a teenager who played the role of her cousin, helped the non-Telugu actors with their lines. Tejaswi Madivada, who earlier worked with Mahesh in "Seethamma Vakitlo Sirimalle Chettu" (2013), was signed to play a politician's daughter.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Principal photography commenced on 7 November 2014 at Pune, and Haasan joined the set on the next day. The two leads were mobbed by local people during the film's shoot at an IT hub in Pune. The next segment took place in Hyderabad at a private studio where a song was filmed with Mahesh and Haasan. The song that accompanies Mahesh's first appearance in the film was filmed at Ramoji Film City starting on 11 December 2014. The third filming segment commenced on 28 December 2014 at Hyderabad. Around the end of January 2015, it was estimated that the film's shooting would be wrapped up in a month.


title: Srimanthudu

text: A song on Mahesh and Haasan was shot in a set erected at Annapurna 7 Acres Studios. Another filming segment commenced at Madurai, where Haasan and Kishore rejoined the film's sets. Shooting then moved to Karaikudi. An action sequence on Mahesh and others was filmed at Pollachi in February 2015. A song choreographed by Bosco-Caesar was filmed with Mahesh and Haasan. This marked the first Telugu film of Bosco-Caesar. The filming continued at Palani until 3 March 2015, after which a few scenes focusing on Mahesh, Roy, and others were shot at Hyderabad.


title: Srimanthudu

text: In April 2015, the next filming schedule began in Malaysia. Upon its completion, Mahesh took a break and then joined the set at Hyderabad on 6 May 2015. On 5 June 2015, Madhi said in an interview that twelve days of shooting were pending. He added that two types of camera – the Alexa XT and the Red Dragon – were being used to film a number of mild movement shots throughout the film. On 17 June 2015, Siva told the media that all filming except for a week of patchwork was finished. By then, a song sequence focusing on the lead pair was being filmed at Ramoji Film City.


title: Srimanthudu

text: Devi Sri Prasad composed the film's soundtrack which consists of six songs; the lyrics were written by Ramajogayya Sastry except for "Charuseela" which was co-written by Prasad. Aditya Music marketed the film's soundtrack. Compared to other songs, Sastry took more time to complete the lyrics of the song "Jaago". Siva explained the situation to Sastry during the film's shoot at Karaikudi and at Ramoji Film City, and Sastry took input from him. Prasad composed it in the indie rock genre. Haasan revealed that "Charuseela" was based on her character in the film and that the tune had been inspired by one of Michael Jackson compositions. Regarding that song, Prasad said, "It's a peppy dance number that has Mahesh sporting an uber stylish look. Lyricist Ramajogayya Sastry has come up with a fusion of chaste Telugu words and English slang and I incorporated the Michael Jackson rhythm in the song".


title: Srimanthudu

text: The soundtrack of the original and dubbed Tamil versions were released on 18 July 2015 and 4 August 2015, respectively.


title: Srimanthudu

text: "The Times of India" gave the soundtrack 3.5 out of 5 stars. IndiaGlitz gave the soundtrack 3.25 out of 5 stars and stated, "The album caters to the fan base of both DSP and Mahesh Babu. DSP delivers the output in such a way as to give 'Mirchi' feeling, adding an impressive array of tunes." Behindwoods gave the soundtrack 3 out of 5 stars and called it a signature album with Prasad's trademark reflected all over it.


title: Srimanthudu

text: In December 2014, the producers announced a May 2015 release. Due to technical issues, the film's release was postponed to 17 July 2015. The film's release was postponed to 7 August 2015 after a personal request by Shobu Yarlagadda, the producer of "" to do so. "Srimanthudu" was dubbed into Tamil as "Selvandhan", which was released simultaneously along with the original on 7 August 2015.