title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Armenia, Georgia, and Azerbaijan were established as independent states in the Caucasus region. However, after the withdrawal of the Russian Army in 1917 and during 1920 Turkish invasion of Armenia, Turkey captured the Armenian territory around Artvin, Kars, and Iğdır, and these territorial losses became permanent. As consequence of invasions of Turkey and Russian Red Army all three Transcaucasian countries were proclaimed as Soviet Republics in 1920 and in 1922 were absorbed into the Soviet Union as the Transcaucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The Russian concession of Tianjin was occupied by the Chinese Beiyang government in 1920; in 1924 the Soviet Union renounced its claims to the district.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: With the war having turned decisively against the Central Powers, the people of Austria-Hungary lost faith in their allied countries, and even before the armistice in November, radical nationalism had already led to several declarations of independence in south-central Europe after November 1918. As the central government had ceased to operate in vast areas, these regions found themselves without a government and many new groups attempted to fill the void. During this same period, the population was facing food shortages and was, for the most part, demoralized by the losses incurred during the war. Various political parties, ranging from ardent nationalists, to social democrats, to communists attempted to set up governments in the names of the different nationalities. In other areas, existing nation states such as Romania engaged regions that they considered to be theirs. These moves created de facto governments that complicated life for diplomats, idealists, and the Western allies.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The Western forces were officially supposed to occupy the old Empire, but rarely had enough troops to do so effectively. They had to deal with local authorities who had their own agenda to fulfill. At the peace conference in Paris the diplomats had to reconcile these authorities with the competing demands of the nationalists who had turned to them for help during the war, the strategic or political desires of the Western allies themselves, and other agendas such as a desire to implement the spirit of the Fourteen Points.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: For example, in order to live up to the ideal of self-determination laid out in the Fourteen Points, Germans, whether Austrian or German, should be able to decide their own future and government. However, the French especially were concerned that an expanded Germany would be a huge security risk. Further complicating the situation, delegations such as the Czechs and Slovenians made strong claims on some German-speaking territories.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The result was treaties that compromised many ideals, offended many allies, and set up an entirely new order in the area. Many people hoped that the new nation states would allow for a new era of prosperity and peace in the region, free from the bitter quarrelling between nationalities that had marked the preceding fifty years. This hope proved far too optimistic. Changes in territorial configuration after World War I included:


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: These changes were recognized in, but not caused by, the Treaty of Versailles. They were subsequently further elaborated in the Treaty of Saint-Germain and the Treaty of Trianon.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The 1919 treaties generally included guarantees of minority rights, but there was no enforcement mechanism. The new states of eastern Europe mostly all had large ethnic minorities. Millions of Germans found themselves in the newly created countries as minorities. More than two million ethnic Hungarians found themselves living outside of Hungary in Czechoslovakia, Romania and the Kingdom of the Serbs, Croats and Slovenes. Many of these national minorities found themselves in hostile situations because the modern governments were intent on defining the national character of the countries, often at the expense of the other nationalities. The interwar years were hard for religious minorities in the new states built around ethnic nationalism. The Jews were especially distrusted because of their minority religion and distinct subculture. This was a dramatic come-down from the days of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. Although antisemitism had been widespread during Habsburg rule, Jews faced no official discrimination because they were, for the most part, ardent supporters of the multi-national state and the monarchy.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The economic disruption of the war and the end of the Austro-Hungarian customs union created great hardship in many areas. Although many states were set up as democracies after the war, one by one, with the exception of Czechoslovakia, they reverted to some form of authoritarian rule. Many quarreled amongst themselves but were too weak to compete effectively. Later, when Germany rearmed, the nation states of south-central Europe were unable to resist its attacks, and fell under German domination to a much greater extent than had ever existed in Austria-Hungary.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: At the end of the war, the Allies occupied Constantinople (Istanbul) and the Ottoman government collapsed. The Treaty of Sèvres, designed to repair damage caused by Ottomans during the war to the winning Allies, was signed by Ottoman Empire on 10 August 1920, but was never ratified by the Sultan.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The occupation of Smyrna by Greece on 18 May 1919 triggered a nationalist movement to rescind the terms of the treaty. Turkish revolutionaries led by Mustafa Kemal Atatürk, a successful Ottoman commander, rejected the terms enforced at Sèvres and under the guise of General Inspector of the Ottoman Army, left Istanbul for Samsun to organize the remaining Ottoman forces to resist the terms of the treaty. On the eastern front, after the invasion of Armenia in 1920 and signing of the Treaty of Kars with the Russian S.F.S.R. Turkey took over territory lost to Armenia and post-Imperial Russia.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: On the western front, the growing strength of the Turkish National Movement forces led the Kingdom of Greece, with the backing of Britain, to invade deep into Anatolia in an attempt to deal a blow to the revolutionaries. At the Battle of Dumlupınar, the Greek army was defeated and forced into retreat, leading to the burning of Smyrna and the withdrawal of Greece from Asia Minor. With the nationalists empowered, the army marched on to reclaim Istanbul, resulting in the Chanak Crisis in which the British Prime Minister, David Lloyd George, was forced to resign. After Turkish resistance gained control over Anatolia and Istanbul, the Sèvres treaty was superseded by the Treaty of Lausanne which formally ended all hostilities and led to the creation of the modern Turkish Republic. As a result, Turkey became the only power of World War I to overturn the terms of its defeat, and negotiate with the Allies as an equal.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Lausanne Treaty formally acknowledged the new League of Nations mandates in the Middle East, the cession of their territories on the Arabian Peninsula, and British sovereignty over Cyprus. The League of Nations granted "Class A" mandates for the Mandate for Syria and the Lebanon and British Mandate of Mesopotamia and Palestine, the latter comprising two autonomous regions: Mandate Palestine and the Emirate of Transjordan. Parts of the Ottoman Empire on the Arabian Peninsula became part of what is today Saudi Arabia and Yemen. The dissolution of the Ottoman Empire became a pivotal milestone in the creation of the modern Middle East, the result of which bore witness to the creation of new conflicts and hostilities in the region.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: In the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, funding the war had a severe economic cost. From being the world's largest overseas investor, it became one of its biggest debtors with interest payments forming around 40% of all government spending. Inflation more than doubled between 1914 and its peak in 1920, while the value of the Pound Sterling (consumer expenditure) fell by 61.2%. War reparations in the form of free German coal depressed local industry, precipitating the 1926 United Kingdom general strike.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: British private investments abroad were sold, raising £550 million. However, £250 million in new investment also took place during the war. The net financial loss was therefore approximately £300 million; less than two years investment compared to the pre-war average rate and more than replaced by 1928. Material loss was "slight": the most significant being 40% of the British Merchant Navy sunk by German U-boats. Most of this was replaced in 1918 and all immediately after the war. The military historian Correlli Barnett has argued that "in objective truth the Great War in no way inflicted crippling economic damage on Britain" but that the war "crippled the British "psychologically" but in no other way".


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Less concrete changes include the growing assertiveness of Commonwealth nations. Battles such as Gallipoli for Australia and New Zealand, and Vimy Ridge for Canada led to increased national pride and a greater reluctance to remain subordinate to Britain, leading to the growth of diplomatic autonomy in the 1920s. These battles were often decorated in propaganda in these nations as symbolic of their power during the war. Overseas possessions such as British India and Nigeria also became increasingly assertive, because of their participation in the war. The populations in these countries became increasingly aware of their own power and Britain's fragility.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: In Ireland, the delaying of the Government of Ireland Act 1914, which was enacted to resolve the Home Rule issue, later exacerbated by the Government's severe response to the 1916 Easter Rising and its failed attempt to introduce conscription in Ireland in 1918, led to an increased support for separatist radicals. This led indirectly to the outbreak of the Irish War of Independence in 1919. The creation of the Irish Free State that followed this conflict in effect represented a territorial loss for the United Kingdom that was all but equal to the loss sustained by Germany, and furthermore, compared to Germany, a much greater loss in terms of its ratio to the country's prewar territory. However, the new Irish Free State remained a dominion within the British Empire.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: World War I also caused a major realignment in British parliamentary politics by leading to the rise of the democratic socialist Labour Party and to the break-up and decline of the social liberal Liberal Party. Liberal Prime Minister H. H. Asquith ran into disagreements with not only the Conservative Party opposition but members of his own party led by David Lloyd George who disagreed with his handling of the war. Although Asquith agreed to form a coalition government, the disputes continued and eventually Lloyd George led a faction of the Liberals to form a new coalition government with the cooperation of the Conservatives. During the 1918 "coupon" election Conservatives and Liberals endorsed by the Coalition won a landslide majority in the British Parliament. However, the split between Lloyd George's National Liberals and Asquith's Independent Liberals fatally weakened the party. On the other hand, the Labour Party remained unified despite tensions between pacifist and pro-war leaders, used the war to expand the British trade union movement, and benefitted from the establishment of universal suffrage under the Representation of the People Act 1918. As a result both Liberal factions performed poorly in the 1922 general election while Labour became the Official Opposition for the first time. The Liberals reluctantly collaborated with Labour to help it form a brief minority government under Ramsay MacDonald. The Liberals would not fully reunify until Asquith's death in 1928, and thereafter primarily expressed influence through confidence and supply arrangements and coalitions in the event of a hung parliament.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: While disillusioned by the war, it having not achieved the high ideals promised by President Woodrow Wilson, American commercial interests did finance Europe's rebuilding and reparation efforts in Germany, at least until the onset of the Great Depression. American opinion on the propriety of providing aid to Germans and Austrians was split, as evidenced by an exchange of correspondence between Edgar Gott, an executive with The Boeing Company and Charles Osner, chairman of the Committee for the Relief of Destitute Women and Children in Germany and Austria. Gott argued that relief should first go to citizens of countries that had suffered at the hands of the Central Powers, while Osner made an appeal for a more universal application of humanitarian ideals. The American economic influence allowed the Great Depression to start a domino effect, pulling Europe in as well.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Alsace-Lorraine returned to France, the region which had been ceded to the Kingdom of Prussia in 1871 after the Franco-Prussian War. At the 1919 Peace Conference, Prime Minister Georges Clemenceau's aim was to ensure that Germany would not seek revenge in the following years. To this purpose, the chief commander of the Allied forces, Marshal Ferdinand Foch, had demanded that for the future protection of France the Rhine river should now form the border between France and Germany. Based on history, he was convinced that Germany would again become a threat, and, on hearing the terms of the Treaty of Versailles that had left Germany substantially intact, he observed that "This is not Peace. It is an Armistice for twenty years."


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The destruction brought upon French territory was to be indemnified by the reparations negotiated at Versailles. This financial imperative dominated France's foreign policy throughout the 1920s, leading to the 1923 Occupation of the Ruhr in order to force Germany to pay. However, Germany was unable to pay, and obtained support from the United States. Thus, the Dawes Plan was negotiated after Prime Minister Raymond Poincaré's occupation of the Ruhr, and then the Young Plan in 1929.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Also extremely important in the War was the participation of French colonial troops (who amounted for around 10% of the total number of troops deployed by France across the war), including the Senegalese "tirailleurs", and troops from Indochina, North Africa, and Madagascar. When these soldiers returned to their homelands and continued to be treated as second class citizens, many became the nuclei of pro-independence groups.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Furthermore, under the state of war declared during the hostilities, the French economy had been somewhat centralized in order to be able to shift into a "war economy", leading to a first breach with classical liberalism.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Finally, the socialists' support of the National Union government (including Alexandre Millerand's nomination as Minister of War) marked a shift towards the French Section of the Workers' International's (SFIO) turn towards social democracy and participation in "bourgeois governments", although Léon Blum maintained a socialist rhetoric.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: “But with its faceless state machinery and unremitting mechanized slaughter, the war instead collapsed these old ideals” (Roberts 2). When the war was over and the men returned home, the world was a vastly different place than it had been before the war. Many ideals and beliefs were shattered with the war. Those returning from the front lines, and even those who were on the Homefront, were left to pick up the pieces of what was left of those ideals and beliefs, and try to rebuild them. Before the Great War, many thought this war would be a quick war, like many before had been. With new technology and weapons though, the war was at a stalemate for a large part of it, dragging what many thought would be a quick war out into a long, grueling war. With so much death and destruction done to France, it is not surprising when looking back that the way of life for French citizens was forever changed.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Many citizens saw the change in culture and blamed the war for taking away the rose tinted glasses that society had viewed things through. Many scholars and writers, such as Drieu la Rochelle, found many ways to describe this new view on reality such as stripping away clothes (Roberts 2). This comparison of the new reality and clothing being stripped away also ties into the fact that gender roles changed greatly after the war.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: During the war many jobs had been left to women because many men were fighting on the front lines. This gave women a new sense of freedom that they had not been able to experience ever before. Not many women wanted to go back to how things were before the war, when they expected to stay at home and take care of the house. When the war was over many of the older generations and men wanted women to return to their previous roles.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: At a time where gender roles were so heavily defined and intertwined with the culture of many places, for French citizens viewing how many women went against said roles after World War 1, or the Great War as it was called at the time, it was ghastly. While gender roles had slowly been changing over time since the Industrial Revolution gave more work options outside of the home in factories, it had never been such a quick and drastic change as it was after World War 1. During the war many men went off to fight, leaving behind factory jobs that were usually seen as a man's job only. These jobs had to be filled and without men there to fill the jobs, it was women who stepped up to fill the hole instead. France suffered a great loss of life during World War 1, leaving many jobs unable to be refilled even after the war.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Debates and discussions concerning gender identity and gender roles in relation to society became one of the main ways to discuss the war and people's stances on it (Roberts 5). The war left people struggling to grasp the new reality. There were mixed reactions to the new way of life after World War 1 and how it affected both men and women. Some people were willing to completely embrace the new standards that were emerging following the war, while others harshly rejected the changes, seeing the changes as summarizing all the horrors they experienced during the war. Others looked for ways to compromise between the new and old way of life, tried to combine the ideals and beliefs from before and after the war to find a healthy middle ground.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Discussions pertaining to women during post-war debates often split the view of women into three categories—the “modern woman,” the “mother,” and the “single woman” (Roberts 9). These categories broke up the view of women by the roles they took on, the jobs they did, the way they acted, or by the beliefs they might hold. These categories also came to encompass the views of gender roles in relation to before and after the war. The “mother” category relates back to the role of women before the Great War, the woman who stayed at home and took care of the household while the husband was off at work. The “modern woman” relates to how many women were after the war, working jobs meant for men, engaging in sexual pleasures, and often doing things at a fast pace. The “single woman” was the middle ground between the other two that were very different from one another. The “single woman” came to represent the women who would never be able to marry because there were not enough men for every woman to marry (Roberts 10).


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: One thing that sparked much debate in regards to the postwar woman is fashion. During the war things like cloth material were rationed, with people being encouraged to not use as much fabric, so that there would be enough for the military. In response to these rations, women wore shorter dresses and skirts, usually about knee length, or pants. This change in apparel was something that many women continued to wear even after the war ended. It was such a drastic change to the clothing norms for women before the war. This change led to some “modern women” to be described in harsh lights, as if wearing dresses and skirts that short showed that those women were promiscuous.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Those coming back from the war, from the fighting, were very traumatized and had wanted to come back to a home that was not very changed in order to give themselves a sense of normalcy. When these men came back to a home that had changed a lot they did not know what to make of it. Gone were the times of very defined gender roles that most of society conformed to. It was often hard for these traumatized men to accept these new changes, especially the changes in how women behaved.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: In 1882 Italy joined with the German Empire and the Austro-Hungarian Empire to form the Triple Alliance. However, even if relations with Berlin became very friendly, the alliance with Vienna remained purely formal, as the Italians were keen to acquire Trentino and Trieste, parts of the Austro-Hungarian empire populated by Italians.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: During World War I Italy aligned with the Allies, instead of joining Germany and Austria. This could happen since the alliance formally had merely defensive prerogatives, while the Central Empires were the ones who started the offensive. With the Treaty of London, Britain secretly offered Italy Trentino and Tyrol as far as Brenner, Trieste and Istria, all the Dalmatian coast except Fiume, full ownership of Albanian Valona and a protectorate over Albania, Antalya in Turkey and a share of the Turkish and German colonial empire, in exchange for Italy siding against the Central Empires.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: After the victory, Vittorio Orlando, Italy's President of the Council of Ministers, and Sidney Sonnino, its Foreign Minister, were sent as the Italian representatives to Paris with the aim of gaining the promised territories and as much other land as possible. In particular, there was an especially strong opinion about the status of Fiume, which they believed was rightly Italian due to Italian population, in agreement with Wilson's Fourteen Points, the ninth of which read:


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: ""A readjustment of the frontiers of Italy should be effected along clearly recognizable lines of nationality"".


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Nevertheless, by the end of the war the Allies realized they had made contradictory agreements with other Nations, especially regarding Central Europe and the Middle-East. In the meetings of the "Big Four", in which Orlando's powers of diplomacy were inhibited by his lack of English, the Great powers were only willing to offer Trentino to the Brenner, the Dalmatian port of Zara, the island of Lagosta and a couple of small German colonies. All other territories were promised to other nations and the great powers were worried about Italy's imperial ambitions; Wilson, in particular, was a staunch supporter of Yugoslav rights on Dalmatia against Italy and despite the Treaty of London which he did not recognize. As a result of this, Orlando left the conference in a rage. This simply favored Britain and France, which divided among themselves the former Ottoman and German territories in Africa.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: In Italy, the discontent was relevant: Irredentism (see: "irredentismo") claimed Fiume and Dalmatia as Italian lands; many felt the Country had taken part in a meaningless war without getting any serious benefits. This idea of a "mutilated victory" ("vittoria mutilata") was the reason which led to the "Impresa di Fiume" (""Fiume Exploit""). On September 12, 1919, the nationalist poet Gabriele d'Annunzio led around 2,600 troops from the Royal Italian Army (the Granatieri di Sardegna), nationalists and irredentists, into a seizure of the city, forcing the withdrawal of the inter-Allied (American, British and French) occupying forces.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The "mutilated victory" ("vittoria mutilata") became an important part of Italian Fascist propaganda.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The Republic of China had been one of the Allies; during the war, they had sent thousands of labourers to France. At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, the Chinese delegation called for an end to Western imperialistic institutions in China, but was rebuffed. China requested at least the formal restoration of its territory of Jiaozhou Bay, under German colonial control as the Kiautschou Bay Leased Territory since 1898. But the western Allies rejected China's request, instead granting transfer to Japan of all of Germany's pre-war territory and rights in China. Subsequently, China did not sign the Treaty of Versailles, instead signing a separate peace treaty with Germany in 1921.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The Austro-Hungarian and German concessions in Tianjin were placed under the administration of the Chinese government; in 1920 they occupied the Russian area as well.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The western Allies' substantial accession to Japan's territorial ambitions at China's expense led to the May Fourth Movement in China, a social and political movement that had profound influence over subsequent Chinese history. The May Fourth Movement is often cited as the birth of Chinese nationalism, and both the Kuomintang and Chinese Communist Party consider the Movement to be an important period in their own histories.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Because of the treaty that Japan had signed with Great Britain in 1902, Japan was one of the Allies during the war. With British assistance, Japanese forces attacked Germany's territories in Shandong, China, including the East Asian coaling base of the Imperial German Navy. The German forces were defeated and surrendered to Japan in November 1914. The Japanese navy also succeeded in seizing several of Germany's island possessions in the Western Pacific: the Marianas, Carolines, and Marshall Islands.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: At the Paris Peace Conference in 1919, Japan was granted all of Germany's pre-war rights in Shandong province in China (despite China also being one of the Allies during the war): outright possession of the territory of Jiaozhou Bay, and favorable commercial rights throughout the rest of the province, as well as the South Seas Mandate over the German Pacific island possessions that the Imperial Japanese Navy had taken. Also, Japan was granted a permanent seat on the Council of the League of Nations. Nevertheless, the Western powers refused Japan's request for the inclusion of a "racial equality" clause as part of the Treaty of Versailles. Shandong reverted to Chinese control in 1922 after mediation by the United States during the Washington Naval Conference. Weihai followed in 1930.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: The experiences of the war in the west are commonly assumed to have led to a sort of collective national trauma afterward for all of the participating countries. The optimism of 1900 was entirely gone and those who fought became what is known as "the Lost Generation" because they never fully recovered from their suffering. For the next few years, much of Europe mourned privately and publicly; memorials were erected in thousands of villages and towns.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: So many British men of marriageable age died or were injured that the students of one girls' school were warned that only 10% would marry. The 1921 United Kingdom census found 19,803,022 women and 18,082,220 men in England and Wales, a difference of 1.72 million which newspapers called the "Surplus Two Million". In the 1921 census there were 1,209 single women aged 25 to 29 for every 1,000 men. In 1931 50% were still single, and 35% of them did not marry while still able to bear children.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: As early as 1923, Stanley Baldwin recognized a new strategic reality that faced Britain in a disarmament speech. Poison gas and the aerial bombing of civilians were new developments of the First World War. The British civilian population, for many centuries, had not had any serious reason to fear invasion. So the new threat of poison gas dropped from enemy bomber aircraft excited a grossly exaggerated view of the civilian deaths that would occur on the outbreak of any future war. Baldwin expressed this in his statement that "The bomber will always get through." The traditional British policy of a balance of power in Europe no longer safeguarded the British home population.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: One gruesome reminder of the sacrifices of the generation was the fact that this was one of the first times in international conflict whereby more men died in battle than from disease, which was the main cause of deaths in most previous wars.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: This social trauma made itself manifest in many different ways. Some people were revolted by nationalism and what they believed it had caused, so they began to work toward a more internationalist world through organizations such as the League of Nations. Pacifism became increasingly popular. Others had the opposite reaction, feeling that only military strength could be relied upon for protection in a chaotic and inhumane world that did not respect hypothetical notions of civilization. Certainly a sense of disillusionment and cynicism became pronounced. Nihilism grew in popularity. Many people believed that the war heralded the end of the world as they had known it, including the collapse of capitalism and imperialism. Communist and socialist movements around the world drew strength from this theory, enjoying a level of popularity they had never known before. These feelings were most pronounced in areas directly or particularly harshly affected by the war, such as central Europe, Russia and France.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Artists such as Otto Dix, George Grosz, Ernst Barlach, and Käthe Kollwitz represented their experiences, or those of their society, in blunt paintings and sculpture. Similarly, authors such as Erich Maria Remarque wrote grim novels detailing their experiences. These works had a strong impact on society, causing a great deal of controversy and highlighting conflicting interpretations of the war. In Germany, German nationalists including the Nazis believed that much of this work was degenerate and undermined the cohesion of society as well as dishonoring the dead.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Throughout the areas where trenches and fighting lines were located, such as the Champagne region of France, quantities of unexploded ordnance have remained, some of which remain dangerous, continuing to cause injuries and occasional fatalities in the 21st century. Some are found by farmers ploughing their fields and have been called the iron harvest. Some of this ammunition contains toxic chemical products such as mustard gas. Cleanup of major battlefields is a continuing task with no end in sight for decades to come. Squads remove, defuse or destroy hundreds of tons of unexploded ammunition from both World Wars every year in Belgium, France, and Germany.


title: Aftermath of World War I

text: Many towns in the participating countries have war memorials dedicated to local residents who lost their lives. Examples include:


title: Harry Daghlian

text: Haroutune Krikor Daghlian Jr. (May 4, 1921 – September 15, 1945) was an American physicist with the Manhattan Project, which designed and produced the atomic bombs that were used in World War II. He accidentally irradiated himself on August 21, 1945, during a critical mass experiment at the remote Omega Site of the Los Alamos Laboratory in New Mexico and died 25 days later from the resultant radiation poisoning.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: Daghlian was irradiated as a result of a criticality accident that occurred when he accidentally dropped a tungsten carbide brick onto a 6.2 kg plutonium–gallium alloy bomb core. This core, subsequently nicknamed the "demon core", was later involved in the death of another physicist, Louis Slotin.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: Haroutune Krikor Daghlian Jr., of Armenian-American descent, was born in Waterbury, Connecticut, on May 4, 1921, one of three children of Margaret Rose ("née" Currie) and Haroutune Krikor Daghlian. He had a sister, Helen, and a brother, Edward. Soon after his birth the family moved across state to the coastal town of New London, Connecticut. He was educated at Harbor Elementary School, where he played violin in the school orchestra, and at Bulkeley High School. In 1938, at the age of 17, he entered the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, intending to study mathematics, but became interested in physics, particularly particle physics, which was then emerging as an exciting new field. This interest led him to transfer to the West Lafayette, Indiana, campus of Purdue University, from which he graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in 1942. He then commenced work on his doctorate, assisting Marshall Holloway with the cyclotrons. In 1944, while still a graduate student, he joined Otto Frisch's Critical Assembly Group at the Los Alamos Laboratory of the Manhattan Project.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: During an experiment on August 21, 1945, Daghlian was attempting to build a neutron reflector manually by stacking a set of tungsten carbide bricks in an incremental fashion around a plutonium core. The purpose of the neutron reflector was to reduce the mass required for the plutonium core to attain criticality. He was moving the final brick over the assembly, but neutron counters alerted Daghlian to the fact that the addition of that brick would render the system supercritical. As he withdrew his hand, he inadvertently dropped the brick onto the center of the assembly. Since the assembly was nearly in the critical state, the accidental addition of that brick caused the reaction to go immediately into the prompt critical region of neutronic behavior. This resulted in a criticality accident.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: Daghlian reacted immediately after dropping the brick and attempted to knock the brick off the assembly without success. He was forced to disassemble part of the tungsten-carbide pile in order to halt the reaction.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: Daghlian was estimated to have received a dose of 510 rem (5.1 Sv) of neutron radiation, from a yield of 10 fissions. Despite intensive medical care, he developed symptoms of severe radiation poisoning, and his sister and widowed mother were flown out to care for him. He fell into a coma and died 25 days after the accident. He was the first known fatality caused by a criticality accident. His body was returned to New London, where he was buried at Cedar Grove Cemetery.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: As a result of the incident, safety regulations for the project were scrutinized and revised. A special committee was established to review any similar experiments and recommend appropriate safety procedures. This change of procedures included needing a minimum of two people involved in such an experiment, using at least two instruments monitoring neutron intensities with audible alerts, and preparing a plan for operating methods and any contingencies that might occur during similar experiments. Additionally, discussions and designs for remote-controlled test devices were initiated, eventually leading to the creation of the Godiva device.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: These changes did not prevent another criticality accident from happening at Los Alamos the following year. Louis Slotin, a colleague of Daghlian's, was killed in 1946 while performing criticality tests on the same plutonium core. After these two incidents it became known as the "demon core", and all similar criticality experiments were halted until remote-controlled assembly devices were more fully developed and available.


title: Harry Daghlian

text: In 2000, the city of New London erected a memorial stone and flagpole in Calkins Park to honor Daghlian. The monument bears an inscription: "though not in uniform, he died in service to his country."


title: Kathryn Erbe

text: Kathryn Elsbeth Erbe is an American actress. She is best known for her role as Alexandra Eames on "", a spin-off of "Law & Order", and Shirley Bellinger in the HBO series "Oz".


title: Kathryn Erbe

text: Erbe was born in Newton, Massachusetts, the daughter of Elsbeth and Richard Erbe. Her father is a research geneticist. She graduated from New York University (NYU) in 1989.


title: Kathryn Erbe

text: While an undergraduate student at NYU, Erbe was cast as the daughter of Lynn Redgrave's character on the sitcom "Chicken Soup". She later became a member of Steppenwolf Theatre Company and has starred in many of their productions, including "A Streetcar Named Desire", "Curse of the Starving Class", and "The Grapes of Wrath", which ran for six months and won the 1990 Tony Award for Best Play. Erbe earned a Tony Award nomination in 1991 for her portrayal of Mary in "The Speed of Darkness".


title: Kathryn Erbe

text: Erbe starred in such films as "What About Bob?", "Stir of Echoes", "Rich in Love", and the independent films "Dream with the Fishes", "Love from Ground Zero", and "Entropy". She played opposite David Caruso in "Kiss of Death". She portrayed Shirley Bellinger on the HBO series "Oz", including a scene in which she did full frontal nudity, to critical acclaim. She made a guest appearance on "" in 1997. From 2001 to early 2010, she starred as Detective Alexandra Eames on the NBC/USA Network series "", alongside Vincent D'Onofrio.


title: Kathryn Erbe

text: In 2010, both Erbe and D'Onofrio left "Criminal Intent". Erbe signed on to reprise the role of Detective Eames for the eight-episode final season of the series, joining Vincent D'Onofrio, who had already signed up to return as Detective Robert Goren. She has reprised the role in guest appearances on "". In 2014, Erbe appeared in an episode of "Last Week Tonight" parodying her role on "Law & Order: Criminal Intent". She also recently played Fay Ambrose, the wife of Detective Harry Ambrose, in the USA Network's "The Sinner".


title: Kathryn Erbe

text: Erbe was married to actor Terry Kinney, who also starred in "Oz", from 1993 until their divorce in 2006. Together they have two children, a daughter, Maeve, and a son, Carson.


title: Day6

text: Day6 (; stylized in all caps) is a South Korean pop rock band under the label JYP Entertainment. The group debuted on September 7, 2015, with the EP "The Day," which peaked at No.2 on "Billboard"s World Album Chart a week following its release. The band consists of four members: Sungjin, Young K, Wonpil and Dowoon. Originally a six-piece band, Junhyeok departed on February 27, 2016, and Jae departed on December 31, 2021. All of the Day6 members are heavily involved in writing, composing and producing the band's music.


title: Day6

text: In 2017, the band released two songs every month of the year for their "Every Day6" project. By the end of the project, 25 songs were added to their discography, with genres ranging from hard rock and upbeat sing-a-longs to mellow ballads. Their first full-length album, "Sunrise," consisted of songs released in the first half of the "Every Day6" project. It was number 14 on "Billboard"s "The 25 Greatest K-Pop Albums of the 2010s: Staff List," and the project kick-off song "I Wait" was placed No.81 on "Billboard"s "The 100 Greatest K-Pop Songs of the 2010s: Staff List."


title: Day6

text: JYP Entertainment initially announced the debut of a five-member band called 5LIVE, composed of Sungjin, Jae, Young K, Junhyeok, and Wonpil. In 2014, the band began promotions by appearing on the fourth episode of Mnet's reality-survival program "Who is Next: Win" and releasing a song titled "Lovely Girl" as part of the original soundtrack of 2013 TV series "Bel Ami".


title: Day6

text: Day6 released their debut EP, "The Day", with the lead single "Congratulations" on September 7, 2015, marking their debut. The album charted at No.2 on "Billboard"s World Album Chart a week following its release.


title: Day6

text: Day6 held their first live concert "D-Day" for 2 nights in November 21–22, 2015 at YES24 MUVhall. Aside from performing songs from their debut album, the band also did multiple covers and played some unreleased materials of theirs.


title: Day6

text: On October 18, 2015, Day6 held their first overseas showcase in Taiwan, which was also their first overseas schedule, at ATT Show Box.


title: Day6

text: On December 5, 2015, Day6 held their first overseas fanmeeting in Singapore at the Marina Bay Sands Convention Centre.


title: Day6

text: On February 27, 2016, JYP Entertainment stated that Junhyeok had departed from the band due to personal reasons and terminated his contract with the company. Day6 remained as a five-member band.


title: Day6

text: On March 30, 2016, Day6 released their second EP, "Daydream", with the lead single "Letting Go". On March 31, Day6 made their official stage debut on the music program "M Countdown", six months after their initial debut. Following the release, the band held their second live concert "Dream" for 2 nights on May 28–29, 2016 at YES24 Live Hall, and one night overseas in Bangkok, Thailand at the Thunder Dome.


title: Day6

text: On December 29, 2016, Day6 announced their upcoming monthly project in 2017 titled "Every Day6", in which the band would release two songs every month on the sixth along with concerts prior to the song's release, music videos, and 4 fixed V Live broadcasts.


title: Day6

text: Day6 released their first monthly single with the release of lead single "I Wait" and sidetrack "Goodbye Winter" on January 6, 2017. Their second monthly single was released with the lead single "You Were Beautiful" and sidetrack "My Day" on February 6.


title: Day6

text: Their third monthly single with the lead single "How Can I Say" and sidetrack "I Would" was released on March 6. They also promoted on the music program "M Countdown" on March 9. Their fourth monthly single consisting of the lead single "I'm Serious" and sidetrack "Say Wow" was released on April 6. They also promoted on "M Countdown" the same day. Their fifth monthly single was released on May 8, with the lead single "Dance Dance" and sidetrack "Man in a Movie".


title: Day6

text: In June 2017, Day6 released their first full-length album, "Sunrise", with a total of 14 tracks. It consists of the releases from January to May, the rebooted version of "Letting Go", the final version of "Congratulations", and two new tracks: "I Smile" (the lead single of the album) and "Lean On Me". Day6 also announced their official fanclub name, "My Day", the same day.


title: Day6

text: Their July single consisting of the lead single "Hi Hello" and sidetrack "Be Lazy" was released on July 6. Their August single consisting of the lead single "What Can I Do" and sidetrack "Whatever!" released on August 7. Their September single with the lead single "I Loved You" and sidetrack "I'll Remember" released on September 6. Day6 originally would released their October single on October 7 and later installment to released on September 29, which consists of the lead single "When You Love Someone" and the sidetrack "I Need Somebody". The music videos of their August, September, and October singles were a three-part story about high school friendship and love.


title: Day6

text: Day6 held their North American meet and greet tour, Day6 Live & Meet in North America 2017, hosted by SubKulture Entertainment. The tour started in Los Angeles on October 20, Austin on October 22, New York on October 24, Detroit on October 27, and stopped in Toronto on October 29.


title: Day6

text: Their November single consisting of the lead single "All Alone" and sidetrack "Pouring" was released on November 6. On November 28, JYP Entertainment announced the band's first nationwide tour in 2018, Every Day6 Concert Nationwide Tour. The tour started in Busan on January 20–21, Daegu on January 27 and stopped in Daejeon on February 10.


title: Day6

text: On December 6, Day6 official concluded their monthly project with the releases of their second full-length album, "Moonrise". The album contained the previous releases from July to November, the lead single "I Like You", two sidetrack ("Better Better" and "I'll Try"), and the final versions of the B-sides from their debut EP "The Day".


title: Day6

text: Day6 made their official debut in Japan on March 14 with their first Japanese single, "If (Mata Aetara)". The single also serves as theme song for the Japanese drama "Repeat". The music video for the single was released on February 2.


title: Day6

text: In April 2018, Day6 announced their first Japanese concert, Day6 1st Live in Japan 'The Best Day' on June 13 at Tsutaya O-East in Tokyo.


title: Day6

text: In May 2018, it was announced that Day6 would release their second Japanese single, "Stop the Rain", on July 25, which was produced by Japanese guitarist Ubukata Shinichi (member of ELLEGARDEN and Nothing's Carved In Stone).


title: Day6

text: In June 2018, Day6 released their first greatest hits album in Japan, "The Best Day", which is composed of the band's previous Korean singles and three new-version tracks: "Congratulations" (English Ver.), "I Wait" (Japanese Ver.), and "You Were Beautiful" (English Ver.).


title: Day6

text: On June 26, Day6 released their third EP "". The EP contains seven tracks, with the lead single titled "Shoot Me". The second part, "", was released on December 10 with the lead single "days gone by". On October 17, 2018, between the release of the two parts, their first Japanese studio album "Unlock" was released.


title: Day6

text: Day6 went on their first world tour, titled "Youth", subsequently performing in 24 cities in Asia, Australia, North America and Europe from June 22, 2018, to January 29, 2019.


title: Day6

text: On January 10, 2019, the Day6 YouTube account announced that recruitment for their second-generation fan club would begin that month.


title: Day6

text: Day6 released their fifth extended play "" on July 15, 2019. They received their first-ever music show win on July 24. They embarked on their second world tour "Gravity" on August 9.


title: Day6

text: On October 22, they released their third Korean-language studio album, "". On December 4, they released their second compilation album "The Best Day2".


title: Day6

text: On April 27, 2020, JYP Entertainment announced that Day6 would be releasing a new album titled "" on May 11. The day before the album's scheduled release, JYP Entertainment announced that Day6 would be taking a temporary hiatus to focus on their health. Although Day6 is temporarily halting group activities, the band still released their EP "" on May 11 at 6 p.m. KST. The lead single "Zombie" debuted at No. 8 on Melon's realtime chart at 7 p.m. KST and rose as high as No. 4 at 1 a.m. KST on May 12. "Zombie" also went up to No. 1 spot after debuting No. 2 in Bugs. In addition, all seven B-side tracks from the album have been charting in the top 100 on Melon, Bugs, and Genie since the album's release.


title: Day6

text: In August 2020, JYP Entertainment announced Day6's first subunit, Even of Day, composed of Young K, Wonpil and Dowoon, which debuted on August 31 with their EP "," which produced the single "Where the Sea Sleeps." Even of Day partook in the first segment of web music show "Secret Atelier" where they released a single, "So, This Is Love," on January 15, 2021, as a result of the show. On January 24, Even of Day held their first online concert, Online Party Night: The Arcane Salon.


title: Day6

text: It was announced in February 26 that Day6 would make a full group comeback in April 2021. On March 8, 2021, Sungjin announced during his a V Live broadcast that he would be enlisting for his mandatory military service on the same day, having already recorded for the upcoming album. Day6 released their seventh extended play "" and its lead single "You Make Me" on April 19; the album marked the final installment of "The Book of Us" series. Due to Sungjin's military enlistment, the group decided that they would not be doing album promotions for "The Book of Us: Negentropy".


title: Day6

text: On July 5, 2021, Even of Day returned with their second EP, "Right Through Me" and its lead single of the same name. Young K debuted as Day6's second soloist with his first extended play, "Eternal," on September 6. He also enlisted in the military on October 12, where he will be serving in KATUSA. Dowoon debuted as Day6's third soloist with his first digital single, "Out of the Blue", on September 27, which is a duet with Song Heejin.


title: Day6

text: On December 31, 2021, Jae announced via Twitter that he will be taking a hiatus from his promotions as a member of the band. The same day, JYPE announced that he will be leaving the band and ending his exclusive contract with JYP Entertainment due to personal reasons.


title: Day6

text: On February 7, 2022, Wonpil debuted as Day6's fourth soloist with his first studio album, "Pilmography". He enlisted as a member of the Republic of Korea Navy on March 28.


title: Day6

text: On September 6, 2022, it was confirmed that Sungjin would be the first member to be discharged from the military, will retire from military service on September 7.


title: USD Coin

text: USD Coin (USDC) is a digital stablecoin pegged to the United States dollar. USD Coin is managed by a consortium called Centre, which was founded by Circle and includes members from the cryptocurrency exchange Coinbase and Bitcoin mining company Bitmain, an investor in Circle. USDC is issued by a private entity and should not be confused with a central bank digital currency (CBDC).


title: USD Coin

text: USDC is primarily available as an Ethereum ERC-20 token, and on blockchains including Hedera Hashgraph, Algorand, Avalanche, Solana, Stellar, and TRON.


title: USD Coin

text: Circle claims that each USDC is backed by a dollar held in reserve, or by other "approved investments", though these are not detailed. The wording on the Circle website changed from the previous "backed by US dollars" to "backed by fully reserved assets" in June 2021.


title: USD Coin

text: USDC reserves are regularly attested (but not audited) by Grant Thornton, LLP, and the monthly attestations can be found on the Centre Consortium's website.


title: USD Coin

text: On March 29, 2021, Visa announced that it would allow the use of USDC to settle transactions on its payment network.


title: The Jerk

text: The Jerk is a 1979 American comedy film directed by Carl Reiner and written by Steve Martin, Carl Gottlieb, and Michael Elias (from a story by Steve Martin and Carl Gottlieb). This was Martin's first starring role in a feature film. The film also features Bernadette Peters, M. Emmet Walsh, and Jackie Mason.


title: The Jerk

text: Navin R. Johnson is the white adopted son of black sharecroppers, who grows to adulthood naïvely unaware of his obvious adoption. He stands out in his family not just because of his skin color but because of his utter lack of rhythm when his adoptive family plays spirited blues music. One night, he hears a champagne-style rendition of "Crazy Rhythm" on the radio and spontaneously begins to dance; he excitedly sees this as a calling and decides to leave for St. Louis, from which the song was broadcast. On the way, he stops at a motel, where a dog wakes him up by barking at his door. Navin thinks the dog is trying to warn of a fire. He wakes up the other hotel guests to rescue them, telling the dog they will name him "Lifesaver." After everyone realizes it was a false alarm, one of the guests suggests naming the dog "Shithead." Navin takes the dog as his own, indeed naming it Shithead.


title: The Jerk

text: Navin gets a job and room at a gas station owned by Harry Hartounian. He is thrilled to find that he is listed in the local phone book, as his name is "in print" for the first time. Not long after, a gun-wielding lunatic randomly flips through the phone book and picks "Johnson, Navin R." as his next "random victim bastard." As the madman watches through his rifle scope, waiting for a clear shot, Navin fixes the slippery glasses of a customer, Stan Fox, by adding a handle and a nose brake. Fox offers to split the profits 50/50 with Navin if he can market the invention, then departs. Seizing his chance, the crazed sniper shoots but misses. The lunatic chases Navin to a traveling carnival, where Navin hides out, eventually getting a job with SJM Fiesta Shows as a weight guesser. While employed there, Navin meets an intimidating daredevil biker named Patty Bernstein and has a sexual relationship with her, finally realizing what his "special purpose" (his mother's euphemism for his penis) is for. He then meets a woman named Marie and arranges a date with her. Patty confronts them, but Marie knocks her out. While courting, Navin and Marie walk along the beach and sing "Tonight You Belong to Me"; Navin plays the ukulele and Marie the cornet. Navin and Marie fall in love, but Marie reluctantly leaves him because of his lack of financial security. She writes a note and slips out while Navin is in the bath. He becomes depressed, telling Shithead to leave and find a better master, then changes his mind after the dog immediately tries to run off.


title: The Jerk

text: At an emotional and financial low, Navin is soon contacted by Stan Fox with exciting news: his glasses invention, now called the Opti-Grab, is selling big and he is entitled to half of the profits. Now extremely rich, he finds and marries Marie, and they buy an extravagant mansion. Their life becomes one of splendor and non-stop partying. However, "motion-picture director" Carl Reiner files a class action lawsuit against Navin and claims that the Opti-Grab caused his eyes to be crossed, and that his resulting poor vision caused the death of a stunt driver in the film he was directing. Over nine million other people with the same vision complaint (including the judge and jury foreman) are awarded a total of $10 million in damages; divided among all litigants, each gets $1.09. Bankrupt and yet again depressed, he yells at Marie for looking at him like he was "some kind of a jerk, or something" and walks out, abandoning her and his dog. He winds up on the streets, homeless. His story now told, he resigns himself to a life of misery and memories of Marie. But to his amazement and joy, she suddenly appears, along with Shithead and Navin's family, bringing good news: having carefully invested small sums of money Navin has been sending home, his family has become wealthy. They pick him up off the street, and he and Marie move into the Johnsons' new house—a bigger, yet nearly identical version of their old shack.


title: The Jerk

text: The story ends as the entire family dances on the porch and sings "Pick a Bale of Cotton"; Navin dances along, now having gained perfect rhythm.


title: The Jerk

text: Director Carl Reiner, credited as "Carl Reiner, the Celebrity", plays himself. Former Playboy Playmate Sharon Johansen plays Mrs. Hartounian, while Alfred Dennis has a small role as Irving. In addition there are uncredited appearances by Reiner's son Rob Reiner as the truck driver who picks up Navin, character actor Larry Hankin briefly appears as a circus hand.


title: The Jerk

text: By 1977, comedian Steve Martin was experiencing wild success. He wished to cross over to a film career, believing it promised more longevity. Basing his film proposal on a line from his act—"It wasn't always easy for me; I was born a poor black child"—he fleshed out his ideas into a series of notes he intended to deliver to studios. With confidence in his budding standup career, he imagined it would not be difficult to break into Hollywood. Instead, he found it more difficult than expected. Bill McEuen was acquainted with Paramount Pictures president David Picker, and passed along his notes, which the studio read carefully. It described a series of odd jobs lead character "Steve" would hold in his saga, but Paramount passed on the project.


title: The Jerk

text: Picker moved to Universal Studios around this time, and moved the film along with him. Martin was able to pick which director he wanted to work with, and chose Carl Reiner, famous for his work on "The Dick Van Dyke Show".


title: The Jerk

text: The duo met constantly, and the film's title grew out of their conversations. Martin recounts in his memoir:It needs to be something short, yet have the feeling of an epic tale. Like Dostoyevsky's "The Idiot", but not that. Like "The Jerk".


title: The Jerk

text: Martin wrote the part of "Marie" with Bernadette Peters in mind. He adapted several bits of his standup act to fit within the film, such as a monologue in which he emotionally exits a scene, remarking "I don't need anything," but nevertheless picking up each object he passes on his way out. In co-writing the script with Carl Gottlieb and Michael Elias, their goal was to provide a laugh on each page of the screenplay.


title: The Jerk

text: In shooting the film, Reiner "ran a joyful set", according to Martin, with the cast and crew eating lunch together each day. Martin's favorite moment of the film, as he detailed in his 2007 memoir "Born Standing Up", was the scene in which he and Peters sing "Tonight You Belong to Me". Martin felt the moment was touching, and waited in anticipation at the film's premiere screening in St. Louis. Unfortunately, much of the audience left during the scene to buy more popcorn.


title: The Jerk

text: An alternate, comic introduction of Marie (Peters)—near the train ride Navin was running at the carnival was shot. When her nephew takes off on the train, Navin rescues him, and in returning the boy to Marie, has the bill of his engineer's cap pulled down over his eyes so he cannot see the toy village he (Navin) destroys like a lunatic. This scene might have been edited due to a reference to Godzilla.


title: The Jerk

text: Another scene that was cut featured Gailard Sartain as a Texas oil millionaire who tearfully begs Navin for money to replace the cracked, dried-out leather seats on his private jet. Navin grants his request and he gratefully states, "Now I can fly my friends to the Super Bowl like a MAN, and not some damned BUM!"


title: The Jerk

text: The television version features a scene in which a forlorn Navin, trying to forget Marie, spends 6 hours on the Round Up carnival ride. The boss orders the ride stopped, and Navin is removed by two carnival workers, who sit him down on the ride's stairs. "What are you looking at?", he asks them. "Haven't you seen a man so broken he needed to spin?".


title: The Jerk

text: The film is considered to have been a box office smash for the time, earning over $73 million domestically, (making the movie the eighth highest-grossing of 1979) and $100 million worldwide, having been produced on a relatively low budget of $4 million.


title: The Jerk

text: On review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes, the film has an approval rating of 83% based on 42 reviews, with an average rating of 6.9/10. The site's critical consensus reads, "Crude, crass, and oh so quotable, "The Jerk" is nothing short of an all-out comedic showcase for Steve Martin." On Metacritic, the film received a score of 61 based on 14 reviews, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Jerk

text: Janet Maslin of "The New York Times" wrote that "The Jerk" "is by turns funny, vulgar and backhandedly clever, never more so than when it aspires to absolute stupidity. And Mr. Martin, who began his career with an arrow stuck through his head, has since developed a real genius for playing dumb ... Even when it's crude—which is quite a lot of the time—it's not mean-spirited ... Mr. Martin and his co-star, Bernadette Peters, work very sweetly together, even when they sing a duet of 'Tonight You Belong to Me', carrying sweetness to what could easily have become an intolerable extreme."


title: The Jerk

text: BBC film review rated the movie 2 out of 5 stars and described the film as an "early watered-down version of the crude comedy the Farrelly Brothers would later take to new extremes" and made references to it having similar themes to the early 1980s parody film "Airplane!"


title: The Jerk

text: VideoHound's Golden Movie Retriever reviewed the film for its book and rated the movie as being two and a half stars. The author of the review referred to Steve Martin's silly, exaggerated acting as complementary to the early comedian Jerry Lewis.


title: The Jerk

text: "The Jerk" has been praised as not only one of Martin's best comedic efforts, but also one of the funniest films ever made. In 2000, readers of "Total Film" magazine voted "The Jerk" the 48th greatest comedy film of all time. This film is No. 20 on Bravo's "100 Funniest Movies" and No. 89 on the American Film Institute list AFI's 100 Years...100 Laughs. IGN ranked the film as the 10th top comedy film of all time.


title: The Jerk

text: "Premiere" magazine voted Steve Martin's performance of Navin Johnson No. 99 on their list, "The 100 Greatest Performances of All Time". A BBC poll of more than 250 critics rated the film as the 99th greatest comedy of all time.


title: The Jerk

text: Christiane Kubrick hailed it as one of Stanley Kubrick's favorite films of all time. It led to Kubrick meeting with Martin to discuss working together on his film "Eyes Wide Shut".


title: The Jerk

text: In a 2015 interview with "The Hollywood Reporter", Steve Martin was asked if the film would be accepted in this day and age with all of the "heightened racial sensitivity." His response was that he hadn't watched the movie himself in a very long time, but when he reflects on his experience with making the movie he recalls everyone being treated "with such respect" throughout the filming process.


title: The Jerk

text: "The Jerk" had a television film sequel, "The Jerk, Too" (1984), starring Mark Blankfield as Navin and co-starring Stacey Nelkin. It was executive produced, but not written, by Steve Martin.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Lucas Vázquez Iglesias (; born 1 July 1991) is a Spanish professional footballer who plays as a right winger or right-back for La Liga club Real Madrid.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Starting his career at Real Madrid, he made his first-team debut in 2015 after a season on loan at Espanyol. He made his La Liga debut with the latter. Since returning to Real Madrid in 2015 he has appeared in more than 200 matches for the club and has won 15 major trophies including four Champions Leagues and three La Liga titles.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Born in Curtis, Galicia, Vázquez arrived at Real Madrid's youth system in 2007, aged 16. He made his senior debuts in the 2010–11 season with the C-team and, the following campaign, scored four goals in 23 games to help the reserves return to the second division after a five-year absence; his first came on 25 February 2012 in a 2–2 home draw against La Roda CF.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Vázquez made his first appearance in the second level on 17 August 2012, playing six minutes in a 1–2 away loss against Villarreal CF. He scored his first professional goal on 15 October, netting the winner in a 3–2 home success over UD Las Palmas.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: On 19 August 2014, Vázquez was loaned to La Liga's RCD Espanyol, in a season-long deal. He made his debut in the competition on 30 August, coming on as a second-half substitute for Salva Sevilla in a 1–2 home loss against Sevilla FC.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Vázquez scored his first goal in the Spanish top flight on 5 October 2014, netting the first in a 2–0 home success over Real Sociedad. On 3 June of the following year, he signed a four-year permanent deal with the "Pericos", for a €2 million fee.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: On 30 June 2015, Real Madrid exercised their buyback clause and Vázquez returned to the club. He made his debut on 12 September in a 6–0 away win over his former team Espanyol, and his first start came a week later, in a 1–0 home defeat of Granada CF.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Vázquez scored his first competitive goal on 30 December 2015, replacing Karim Benzema for the final 15 minutes of the league fixture against Real Sociedad and netting in a 3–1 success at the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium. He contributed with seven appearances in the season's UEFA Champions League, as the tournament ended in a win; in the final against Atlético Madrid, he again came on for the Frenchman late into the second half of a 1–1 draw, and converted his attempt in the penalty shootout triumph.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Vázquez started the 2016 UEFA Super Cup against fellow Spaniards Sevilla FC, providing an assist to Sergio Ramos in injury time to take the game to extra time, where Real Madrid eventually won 3–2. He signed a new contract on 26 October 2016, running until 2021.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Vázquez appeared 33 times during 2016–17 and scored twice, helping Real Madrid to its first league in five years. He added ten matches in the campaign's Champions League, scoring once in the group stage as his team also conquered the latter tournament.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Vázquez made ten appearances during the 2017–18 Champions League and added one goal, when Madrid won their third consecutive and 13th overall title in the competition.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: In November 2019 he broke his toe after dropping a weight on it. After returning, he made 18 appearances during the league season, as Real Madrid won the 2019–20 La Liga.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Being a regular started during the 2020–21 season, he injured himself on 10 April 2021, in a 2–1 El Clásico win over FC Barcelona and was ruled out for the remainder of the season with a Posterior cruciate ligament injury in his left knee. On 3 June 2021, he signed a new three-year contract, which keeps him until 2024 at Madrid.


title: Lucas Vázquez

text: Vázquez did not represent Spain at any youth level. On 17 May 2016 he, Saúl Ñíguez and Sergio Rico were the three uncapped players named in Vicente del Bosque's provisional squad for UEFA Euro 2016 in France, and he also made it to the final list of 23. He made his debut on 7 June, starting and playing 61 minutes in a 0–1 friendly loss to Georgia at the Coliseum Alfonso Pérez. He appeared once in the tournament, replacing Álvaro Morata in the 70th minute of a 0–2 round-of-16 defeat against Italy at the Stade de France. He was then included in the final squad for the 2018 FIFA World Cup, making his debut in the competition on 15 June when he replaced David Silva for the final four minutes of the 3–3 group stage draw to Portugal.


title: Lists of Power Rangers episodes

text: <onlyinclude>This is a list of "Power Rangers" episodes. "Power Rangers" is adapted from the 45-year-long line of Japanese "tokusatsu" television series known as "Super Sentai". Over 900 episodes have aired since "Mighty Morphin Power Rangers" premiered in 1993, with the 942nd episode being the premiere of the 29th season, "Power Rangers Dino Fury" (season 2), on March 3, 2022.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Professional wrestling throws are the application of professional wrestling techniques that involve lifting the opponent up and throwing or slamming them down. They are sometimes also called "power" maneuvers, as they are meant to emphasize a wrestler's strength. Many of these moves are used as finishers by various wrestlers, who refer to them by several different names that reflect their gimmick. Moves are listed under general categories whenever possible.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: An armbreaker is any move in which the wrestler slams the opponent's arm against a part of the wrestler's body, usually a knee or shoulder.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler grabs one of the opponent's arms, jumps and connects both their knees against the opponent's stretched arm. As the wrestler falls onto their back they forces the opponent's arm down into both knees, thus damaging it.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A move in which the wrestler uses their opponent's momentum to the opponent's disadvantage. The wrestler hooks the opponent's arm and flips them over on to the mat. The wrestler may roll on to their side to give the move extra momentum.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This move is performed when an opponent runs towards the wrestler facing them. When the opponent is in range, the wrestler hooks the opponent's near arm with both hands and falls backwards forcing the wrestler's own momentum to cause them to flip forwards over the head of the wrestler and on to their back. Despite its name, it actually comes from Mexican "lucha libre", not Japanese "puroresu".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler grabs their opponent's arm, then turns to face the other direction and pulls the opponent over their shoulder. It is essentially the same as the "ippon seoi nage" found in judo.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: An arm drag which sees the wrestler being spun in front of the opponent's body in a tilt-a-whirl, and then ending it with an arm drag.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This arm drag sees the wrestler being held in a wheelbarrow hold by the opponent, and then going for an over the shoulder arm drag as they free their legs off of the opponent's waist. It was used by AJ Lee as a transition move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: An arm wringer or spinning wristlock is a move in which the wrestler grabs the opponent's wrist with both hands and twists it over the wrestler's head to spin the arm around, either with enough force to flip the opponent to the mat or just to hyperrotate the joints while standing. When used as a hold, the wrestler often yanks the arm for added effect.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A move in which the wrestler goes behind an opponent, then puts their head under the opponent's shoulder. They then lift their opponent up, and drops them tailbone-first on the wrestler's knee. Known in Mexico's "lucha libre" as "silla eléctrica" (Spanish for electric chair).


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Periodically called a "Manhattan drop", this is a move in which the wrestler puts their head under the opponent's shoulder and lifts the opponent up and then drops their groin on the wrestler's knee.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Better known as a full nelson bomb, this move sees the wrestling apply a full nelson hold to the opponent from behind. The wrestler then lifts the opponent into the air and falls into a seated position, driving the opponent tailbone-first on to the mat. This move is used by Bubba Ray Dudley, who dubbed it the "Bubba Bomb/Bully Bomb".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A backbreaker refers to professional wrestling moves in which a wrestler drops an opponent so that the opponent's back impacts or is bent backwards against a part of the wrestler's body, usually the knee.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A back body drop or backdrop (also sometimes called a shoulder back toss), is a move in which a wrestler bends forward or crouches in front of their opponent, grabs hold of the opponent, and stands up, lifting the opponent up and over and dropping them behind the back. It is applied frequently against a charging opponent. In Japan, a backdrop is the term for what is called a belly-to-back suplex in America, so in Japan, it is called shoulder throw.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Innovated by Hiroyoshi Tenzan. This move sees the opponent runs towards the wrestler. The wrestler ducks, hooks one of the opponent's legs with one of their arms, stands up and falls backwards, flipping the opponent and driving them back first down to the mat, with the wrestler landing on top of the opponent.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler stands slightly to the side of their opponent, grabs the opponent by the nape in a single or double collar tie, and throws them forward, causing the opponent to flip over onto their back. It is considered a very basic technique, so basic that a forward rolling fall is commonly called a biel bump and is mainly used by very large wrestlers to emphasize power and strength over finesse.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A brainbuster is a move in which a wrestler puts their opponent in a front facelock, hooks their tights, and lifts them up as if they were performing a vertical suplex. The wrestler then jumps up and falls onto their back so that the opponent lands on their head while remaining vertical.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A bulldog, originally known as bulldogging or a bulldogging headlock or the headlock jawbreaker, is any move in which the wrestler grabs an opponent's head and jumps forward, so that the wrestler lands, often in a sitting position, and drives the opponent's face into the mat. This move plus some other variations are sometimes referred to as facebusters.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler applies a cobra clutch and then leaps forward, falling into a sitting position and driving the face of the opponent into the ground.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A cutter is a three-quarter facelock bulldog. This move sees an attacking wrestler, while facing away from the opponent, apply a three-quarter facelock (reaching back and grabbing the head of the opponent, thus pulling the opponent's jaw above the wrestler's shoulder) before falling backwards (sometimes after running forwards first) to force the opponent face-first to the mat below.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler jumps from the turnbuckle behind the opponent, then applies a headlock, driving the opponent's face into the mat. Popularized by Rick Steiner. It is also used by Trevor Murdoch as a finisher.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also known as a "diving Famouser". The wrestler springboards off one of the ropes or jumps from the top turnbuckle, dropping a leg across the nape of a leaning forward opponent. This move was popularized by Billy Gunn as one of his signature moves.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The attacking wrestler picks up the opponent in a fireman's carry. The wrestler then proceeds by holding their opponent's legs with one arm and applying a headlock with their other arm in a similar fashion to an air raid crash. From here, the attacking wrestler twists the opposite way and quickly switches back, throwing the opponent's legs out backwards and drops down to the mat while holding the opponent's head, forcing them to fall face first into a bulldog position. This move is used by TNA wrestler James Storm, who dubbed it the "eight second ride".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Begins with the wrestler holding the opponent in a full nelson. The wrestler then falls forward onto their back or into a sitting position, driving the opponent face-first. The move was popularized by Jillian Hall.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler hooks a half nelson hold on their opponent with one arm and their opponent's waist with the other, then leaps forward into a sitting position, driving the face of the opponent into the ground. This move is a signature of Edge who calls it "Winning Edge".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The attacking wrestler stands side-to-side and slightly behind the opponent, facing in the opposite direction, then leaps in the air and drops to a seated position, driving the opponent neck- and back-first to the mat. In another variation, the attacker runs to the opponent and executes the move. This is usually referred to as a lariat takedown.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A version that involves the wrestler placing one knee against the base of a bent over opponent's neck, then dropping to force the opponent down to the mat, landing on the opponent's upper body. There is also a diving version.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler jumps in the air and uses one leg to push down on the head of an opponent who is leaning forward, which drives the opponent face-first into the mat. The move was innovated by Johnny Ace, calling it the "Ace Crusher II" and later popularized by Billy Gunn, who called it the "Famouser" (which was also used by Dolph Ziggler) or "Fame-Ass-Er", the latter name used when he wrestled as "Mr. Ass." Marty Jannetty performed a version of the move where he applied a wristlock to the opponent first, which became known as the "Rocker Dropper". Kelly Kelly later adopted the same variation as her finishing maneuver, calling it "K2".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: An inverted version of this sees the attacking wrestler drop the opponent on the back of their head, as done in a reverse bulldog. This can be achieved by first holding an opponent in an inverted facelock or by simply grabbing the opponent and forcibly leaning them back before lifting their far (or sometimes inside) leg, rotating so the leg is over the opponent's head, and dropping to a sitting position, kneeling, or a split-legged position and maintained into a pin. WWE wrestler Melina popularized this move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The one-handed bulldog is in fact more of a facebuster than an actual bulldog and generally sees a wrestler run up from behind their opponent, grab the opponent's head with one hand, and leap forward. Kenny Omega has used a variation, called the "Kotaro Krusher," where he performed a jump from the canvas to 6 feet before hitting the bulldog.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Standing next to or diagonally behind an opponent, the attacking wrestler leaps up, grabs the opponent's head and pulls backwards, resulting in both individuals landing supine. WWE wrestler Dolph Ziggler uses this move, which he calls the "Zig Zag".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Similar to a hangman, where the wrestler catches the opponent in a side headlock, running towards any set of ropes. The wrestler then jumps over them and bulldogs the opponent, driving the chin/face of the opponent into the top rope. The wrestler would eventually either land standing or seated on the apron or the outside of the ring.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The same maneuver can be used on a cornered opponent (who is facing away from the ring) to drive their face into the top turnbuckle.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler stands to the side of the opponent and applies a side headlock. The wrestler then spins around in a circle and drops into a seated position, driving the opponent face-first into the mat.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler applies a headlock on the opponent, then runs towards the ropes and bounces off, driving the opponent face-first into mat as they land. WWE Hall of Fame member Trish Stratus popularized this move and is known as "Stratusfaction" and by Bo Dallas as the "Bo-Dog".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler places both hands behind the opponent's head, then falls into a seated position, slamming the opponent's face into the canvas. Another variation sees the wrestler placing one hand behind the opponent's head and the other behind the back, then falling backwards into a bulldog. WWE Hall of Fame member Mick Foley used this move as his signature move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This bulldog sees the opponent clutching the wrestler in a wheelbarrow bodyscissors. The wrestler then falls downwards while still scissoring their legs around the opponent's waist, and pushes by hitting their palms against the canvas. As they gets rebounded back to the opponent, the attacker releases their legs, quickly places their hand behind the opponent's head, and goes for a bulldog. The bulldog is usually one-handed rather than a headlock bulldog.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A catapult or slingshot catapult is a throw that typically starts with the opponent on their back, and the wrestler standing and facing them. The wrestler hooks each of the opponent's legs in one of their arms, then falls backwards to slingshot the opponent into a turnbuckle, ladder, rope, mat, etc. This can also be held for a backbreaker.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A chokeslam is any body slam in which the wrestler grasps their opponent's neck, lifts them up, and slams them to the mat, causing them to land on their back. The move is used by numerous wrestlers, often larger ones who portray "monster" characters.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This move is performed in the same style as a chokeslam, but instead the wrestler grabs the opponent by their armpit and slams them to the mat, causing them to land on their back. Two examples of this move are the "Rock Bottom" as performed by The Rock and the "Book End" by Booker-T.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This move is performed in the same style as a chokeslam, but instead the wrestler grabs the opponent with a clawhold. Rowan uses this move as a finisher and Lars Sullivan uses it as a signature.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: In this slam a wrestler places the opponent in a cobra clutch and then lifts the opponent into the air by their neck before jumping backwards, falling face down or into a sitting position, driving the opponent back first down to the mat. This move was used by “The One” Billy Gunn and nicknamed “The One and Only” and later popularized by Ted DiBiase Jr., who named it the "Dream Street". Jinder Mahal uses this move calling it the "Khallas".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The DDT is a move innovated by Jake "The Snake" Roberts, performed by putting the opponent's head underneath the attacker's arm in a front facelock and then falling back, driving the opponent's head into the mat.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A driver is a move in which the wrestler clutches the opponent's body in some form before falling into a sitout position while dropping the opponent on their back, neck, and/or shoulders.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Used as a finisher by Rey Fenix, this move starts with the wrestler having their opponent up on their shoulders as if they are going to perform a muscle buster, but then spin their opponent around into a Michinoku driver II-B.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler stands behind an opponent and applies a cobra clutch on their opponent, placing one of their hands against the opponent's neck after hooking the opponent's arm with it. They then scoop the opponent's near leg with their other arm and lift the opponent up, flip the opponent upside down, and then either kneel or sit down, driving the opponent down to the mat on their neck. Another variation has the attacking wrestler apply a pumphandle prior to executing this technique and is used by wrestlers like Jinder Mahal.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also known as a "joker driver", In this variation of a driver, the wrestler lifts the opponent on their shoulders in an electric chair sitting position and then takes hold of the opponent and pulls them over their shoulder and down to the mat while falling to a sit out position so that the opponent lands on their upper back and neck between the legs of the wrestler, facing towards them, usually resulting in a pin. A one-handed variation is used by Kenny Omega, known as the "one-winged angel". Chris Hero has also used this move as well, calling it the "Rubik's Cube".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This move was innovated by Shiro Koshinaka and it was called a "samurai driver '94" as a finisher. The wrestler places the opponent in a front facelock and hooks one of the opponent's legs with their free arm. The wrestler then lifts the opponent upside down or on to their shoulders, and then sits down, driving the opponent between their legs, head and shoulder first. A wrist-clutch variation of this driver exists which sees the wrestler lift the opponent on to their shoulders, and while the opponent is on their shoulders, he/she uses the hand hooking the opponent's leg to reach upwards and clutch the wrist of the arm opposite the hooked leg. While maintaining the wrist-clutch, they then perform the driver. There is a further variation that does not include the shoulder lift that sees the wrestler hook the leg and wrist while the opponent is standing in front of him/her, lift the opponent upside down and then fall to the sitout position. This move was made popular by wrestler Low Ki who calls it the "Ki Krusher". A cross legged version is used by CIMA, who calls it the "perfect driver".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This variation involves grabbing and pulling by the opponent's wrist, then lifting them up into the air, before falling to their back, driving the opponent to the ground on the back of their head/neck. This was popularized by Shingo Takagi as "the last falconry", now used as "the last of the dragon".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This was invented by Kensuke Sasaki. The wrestler stands behind an opponent and applies a half nelson hold on their opponent, placing one of their hands against the opponent's neck after hooking the opponent's arm with it. They then scoop the opponent's near leg with their other arm and lift the opponent up, flip the opponent upside down, and then either kneel or sit down, driving the opponent down to the mat on their neck. Another variation has the attacking wrestler apply a pumphandle prior to executing this technique. This variation has been used by Jordynne Grace ("Grace driver"), Pénta El Zero M ("Pénta driver"), Yoshi-Hashi ("karma)", Shingo Takagi ("made in Japan") and several other wrestlers.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Innovated by Taka Michinoku, and technically known as a sitout scoop slam piledriver. Facing their opponent, the wrestler reaches between their opponent's legs with their right arm and reaches around the opponent's neck from the same side with their left arm. They then lift the opponent up and turn them around so that they are held upside down, as in a scoop slam, before dropping down into a sitout position, driving the opponent down to the mat neck and shoulder first. Many people call it the Michinoku Driver because it is used more often than the original Michinoku Driver.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A variation of the Michinoku Driver II in which the wrestler stands behind the opponent, applies an inverted facelock, lifts them upside down, and then drops down to a sitting position, driving the opponent down to the mat between the wrestler's legs upper back first. The move was also used by Vampiro with the name "nail in the coffin".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The attacking wrestler drapes an opponent over their shoulders in a fireman's carry position and then takes hold of the opponent and pulls them over their shoulder and down to the mat while falling to a sitting position so that the opponent lands on their upper back and neck between the legs of the wrestler, facing towards them. A cross-legged and wrist-clutch version of this move also exists. It is used as finishing moves by wrestlers such as Chris Sabin ("cradle shock"), Santos Escobar ("phantom driver)" and Susie ("panic switch"). Former WWE diva Ivory and current WWE superstar Dana Brooke use this as a signature move and finisher move respectively. Shinsuke Nakamura formally used the move as a finisher as "Landslide", only to later change his finisher to "Bomaye/Kinsasha", although he would still use the move as a signature.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Similar to the wheelbarrow facebuster but instead of dropping their opponent face first, they drop their opponent so that the opponent lands on their upper back and neck between the legs of the wrestler, facing towards them, usually resulting in a pin.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler lifts the opponent on their shoulders in an electric chair sitting position and then falls backwards driving the opponent back-first into the mat. There is also a driver, a facebuster and a suplex variation of the move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A facebreaker is any move in which the wrestler slams their opponent's face against a part of the wrestler's body, usually the knee.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This facebreaker involves an attacking wrestler, who is standing face-to-face with an opponent, hooking both hands around the opponent's head and then leaping to bring both knees up to the face of the opponent. The wrestler then falls backwards to the mat, thus forcing the opponent to fall forwards and impact the exposed knees. The move was originated by Phillip Michael Grant, and later popularized by Chris Jericho, who named it the "Codebreaker". Bushi uses a diving variation called "MX" where he dives from the top rope to hit the double knee facebreaker. Liv Morgan's "201" is a variation where she stands 90 degrees from the opponent, and delivers the double knees or shins while she is landing on her back.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This move is performed in a manner similar to the TKO, but instead of dropping their opponent face first on the mat, they would be dropped face first on the knee of the wrestler performing the move. Austin Theory is currently using this move as a finisher ever since he moved up to the Main Roster. Shawn Spears also used this move as a finisher during his second tenure in the WWE as "Tye Dillinger" calling it the "Tye-Breaker".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also known as the "Foot Stunner". The user applies a standing wrist lock on their opponent, then places their foot on the opponent's face and falls backwards, forcing the opponent's face into their foot. This move is used as a finishing move by Gail Kim ("Eat Defeat"), Chuck Taylor ("Sole Food"), Xavier Woods ("Lost in the Woods") and Enzo Amore ("JawdonZo"). Colt Cabana ("Eat The Feet") and Mia Yim ("Seoul Food") also used it as their signature move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The move is a standard facebreaker which involves the wrestler facing an opponent and grabbing him or her by the head or hair and pulling the opponent's face down, dropping it on to the wrestler's knee. Often used by a wrestler to stun an opponent and set him or her up for another move. Many other facebreakers use the knee to inflict the damage; one variation sees the wrestler apply a standing side headlock, and simultaneously pull the opponent forward and smash the wrestler's knee to the opponent's head. Triple H popularized this move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also described as a hangman's facebreaker or an over the shoulder facebreaker, this facebreaker is performed when an attacking wrestler, who is standing in a back to back position with an opponent, reaches back to pull the opponent's head over their shoulder before (while keeping a hold of the opponent's head) spinning round to twist the opponent's head over as they drop down to one knee forcing the opponent face-first into the wrestlers exposed knee in one quick fluid motion.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Similar to the double knee facebreaker, but with only one knee. Shawn Spears used this move during his second tenue in the WWE as "Tye Dillinger", calling it "Perfect 10". Ricochet uses this move, calling it "Recoil" and Gregory Helms also uses it


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A facebuster, also known as a faceplant, is any move in which the wrestler forces their opponent's face down to the mat which does not involve a headlock or facelock.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also known as the S.O.S. or table-top suplex. The wrestler lifts the opponent up so the opponent is horizontal across the wrestler's body then falls backward, throwing the opponent over their head down to the mat back-first. This slam can be either bridged into a pin, or the wrestler can float over into another fallaway slam. This move is sometimes used as a continuation move from catching the opponent's high-cross body, to emphasize the wrestler's strength. John "Bradshaw/JBL" Layfield and Scott Hall are notable examples for the use of this move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: This moves shows the wrestler grab an opponent like a fallaway slam but instead of just throwing them backwards the wrestler, while hanging onto the opponent, does a backflip slamming the opponent back first into the mat while landing on top of them chest first. The attacker may also choose to maintain their hold on the opponent after the landing in an attempt to score a pinfall. This move was innovated by Scott Steiner and is currently used by Cameron Grimes primarily as a counter to a charging opponent performing a running crossbody. Grimes calls it the 'Collision Course'. This move requires a great deal of lower body strength and agility to perform as it can be dangerous to the wrestler performing the backflip as he/she can land head first and risk serious injury from failing to rotate properly. "Hangman" Adam Page and Mandy Rose are also known to use this move.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A fireman's carry involves the wrestler holding the opponent in place over both shoulders. From this position, various throws can be performed.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A wrestler lifts the opponent on to their shoulders and spins around and around until they get dizzy and crash to the ground. This move has been made famous notably by WWE Hall of Famer Gorilla Monsoon and NXT UK's Tyler Bate. This move was the finisher of Mike Rotunda during his time in the WWF in the mid-80s.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also known as the UFO (Unidentified Flying Opponent), this move is performed from an Argentine Backbreaker Rack Hold. Occasionally, the person doing the move can do it without their hands on their opponent, typically on the hips. Used by Cesaro.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also known as the "Death Valley Bomb" in Japan, this move is performed from a fireman's carry. The wrestler throws the opponent off their shoulders and falls in the direction that the opponent's head is facing, driving the opponent's head or back into the mat. Similar to the fireman's carry takeover, with more of an emphasis on targeting the neck. The Death Valley driver was innovated by Louie Spicolli (although he credited Etsuko Mita as the DVD originator). Kazuchika Okada uses this move as "Heavy Rain." Buddy Murphy uses a pumphandle lift version called "Murphy's law". Velveteen Dream uses a cartwheel version of the move itself called the "Dream valley driver". A reverse-thrown variation exists, which sees the wrestler drop the opponent in the opposite direction feet-first. This variant was used by former NXT Rookie Lucky Cannon which he called "Lucky Break" and by the late former WCW and WWF star Sean O'Haire as the "Widow Maker".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: Also known as the "Victoria Driver" or "Burning Hammer", this move is executed from an Argentine backbreaker rack position. The wrestler then falls sideways, driving the opponent's head to the mat. This is considered an extremely dangerous move, as the opponent's body cannot roll with the natural momentum of the move to absorb the impact. In a cut-throat variation of this driver, instead of holding the body of the opponent, a wrestler holds the far arm of the opponent across the opponent's own throat and maintains it by holding the opponent's wrist before performing the inverted Death Valley driver. The Inverted Death Valley Driver was innovated by Kotetsu Yamamoto in the 1970s but popularized by Kenta Kobashi as the "Burning Hammer". Michael Elgin uses a sit-out variation of the "Burning Hammer" so as not to hurt the head or neck of his opponent allowing them to roll left or right, while Tyler Reks' "Burning Hammer" saw her flip the opponent onto their stomach before impact (as in an inverted Fireman's Carry Takeover).


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: A variation between the regular Death Valley driver and the inverted one. The opponent lies on their side on the shoulders of the wrestler, facing either the opposite or the same direction as the wrestler, with the wrestler holding the opponent by the lower leg and either the head or lower arm. The wrestler then falls sideways, driving the opponent down to the mat shoulder and neck first. Cesaro used this move a few times and now uses it as his signature move, named the "Swissblade".


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The attacking wrestler first lifts their opponent over their shoulders in a fireman's carry position. The attacking wrestler then pushes the opponent forward and off their body, slamming the opponent face-down onto the mat. The wrestler may land in a kneeling or squatting position. This move was used by Mojo Rawley.


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler performs the fireman's carry from a standing position, then swings the opponent around and drops them into a "Emerald Flowsion". The move is used by Hiromu Takahashi as the "Dynamite Plunger" and Jordan Devlin as "Ireland's Call."


title: Professional wrestling throws

text: The wrestler performs the fireman's carry from a standing position, then tosses the opponent off their shoulders and drops the opponent into a Headlock Elbow Drop. It is currently used by Hirooki Goto as the "GTW."