title: Shepard Fairey

text: In 2011 "Time Magazine" commissioned Fairey to design its cover to honor "The Protester" as Person of the Year in the wake of the Arab Spring, Occupy Wall Street and other social movements around the world. This was Fairey's second Person of the Year cover for "Time", his first being of Barack Obama in 2008.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In January 2015, Shepard Fairey made a cameo appearance on "Portlandia". In July 2015, Fairey was arrested and detained at Los Angeles International Airport, after passing through customs, on a warrant for allegedly vandalizing 14 buildings in Detroit. He subsequently turned himself in to Detroit Police.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: On September 17, 2015, the Jacob Lewis Gallery presented Shepard Fairey's exhibition "On Our Hands", his first solo opening in New York City in five years. The paintings reflect on contemporary issues facing our global community: political corruption, environmental apathy and abuse of power. The exhibition coincides with Fairey's new monograph Covert to Overt, published by Rizzoli.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey created a series of posters supporting Barack Obama's 2008 candidacy for President of the United States, including the iconic "HOPE" portrait. "The New Yorker" art critic Peter Schjeldahl called the poster "the most efficacious American political illustration since 'Uncle Sam Wants You'". Fairey also created an exclusive design for Rock the Vote. Because the "Hope" poster had been "perpetuated illegally" and independently by the street artist, the Obama campaign declined to have any direct affiliation with it. Although the campaign officially disavowed any involvement in the creation or popularization of the poster, Fairey has commented in interviews that he was in communication with campaign officials during the period immediately following the poster's release. Fairey has stated that the original version featured the word "PROGRESS" instead of the word "HOPE", and that within weeks of its release, the campaign requested that he issue (and legally disseminate) a new version, keeping the powerful image of Obama's face but captioning it with the word "HOPE". The campaign openly embraced the revised poster along with two additional Fairey posters that featured the words "CHANGE" and "VOTE".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey distributed 300,000 stickers and 500,000 posters during the campaign, funding his grassroots electioneering through poster and fine art sales. "I just put all that money back into making more stuff, so I didn't keep any of the Obama money", explained Fairey in December 2009.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In February 2008, Fairey received a letter of thanks from Obama for his contribution to the campaign. The letter stated:


title: Shepard Fairey

text: On November 5, 2008, Chicago posted banners throughout the downtown business district featuring Fairey's Obama "HOPE" portrait.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey created a similar but new image of Barack Obama for "Time magazine", which was used as the cover art for the 2008 Person of the Year issue. The original iconic "HOPE" portrait was featured on the cover of "Esquire Magazine"<nowiki>'</nowiki>s February 2009 issue, this time with a caption reading, "WHAT NOW?" Shepard Fairey's influence throughout the presidential election was a factor in the artist himself having been named a Person of the Year for 2008 by "GQ".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In January 2009, the "HOPE" portrait was acquired by the U.S. National Portrait Gallery and made part of its permanent collection. It was unveiled and put on display on January 17, 2009.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Later that month, photographer and blogger Tom Gralish discovered that the poster was based on an Associated Press photograph by freelance photographer Mannie Garcia. Fairey subsequently filed a federal lawsuit against the Associated Press, seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine. Fairey subsequently admitted that he had based the poster on the AP photograph and had fabricated and destroyed evidence to hide the fact. A judge urged a settlement, stating that AP would win the case. The AP and Shepard Fairey settled out of court in January 2011.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In his December 8, 2010 appearance on "The Colbert Report", Stephen Colbert asked Fairey how he felt about having done the "HOPE" portrait of Obama and how "that hope was working out for him now?" to which Fairey replied: "You know, I'm proud of it as a piece of grassroots activism, but I'll just leave it at that".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In an interview with "Esquire" in 2015 Fairey said that Obama had not lived up to his expectations, "not even close". He continued, "Obama has had a really tough time, but there have been a lot of things that he's compromised on that I never would have expected. I mean, drones and domestic spying are the last things I would have thought [he'd support]."


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey created a mutt version of the red, white, and blue poster, donating it to help support pet adoptions, from an image of a rescued shaggy dog taken by photographer Clay Myers. Four hundred limited edition prints were offered by Adopt-A-Pet.com, a nonprofit organization that helps shelters, humane societies and rescue groups advertise their homeless pets to potential adopters. The poster, which was also offered as a free download, was featured on the cover of the spring 2009 edition of "Dog’s Life" magazine.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In 2014, Fairey painted a towering mural, 9 stories high, paying tribute to Nelson Mandela and the 25th anniversary of the Purple Rain Protest. It is a public artwork on Juta Street in Braamfontein, Johannesburg, overlooking the Nelson Mandela Bridge. The mural is Fairey's first work in Africa and is seen by many as a sequel to the iconic Barack Obama HOPE poster.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: "It is a huge exclamation point downtown..." said Patrick Gaspard, American Ambassador to South Africa, which makes us remember the entire liberation struggle and the remarkably peaceful transition to freedom Nelson Mandela achieved.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey created an adaptation of the Obama HOPE poster for satirical Kentucky politician Honest Gil Fulbright. Frank L. Ridley, the actor who portrays Fulbright, is featured on the poster, along with the words "SOLD", which refers to Fulbright's "honest" political message: ""I'm only in this thing for the money, but at least I'm honest about it.""


title: Shepard Fairey

text: As a tribute to the victims of the November 2015 Paris attacks, Fairey created a poster representing Marianne, the French national icon, surrounded by the national motto "Liberté, égalité, fraternité". In June 2016, this design was painted as a mural on 186 rue Nationale, Paris. Fairey made a gift of the poster to Emmanuel Macron, who hung it in his office upon assuming the presidency of France.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In the night of the 13th December 2020, an anonymous group tagged over the mural in an act of protest against the state. The motto was crossed out with white paint and replaced by the tag "Marianne pleure" (Marianne cries), and red tears were added to the face of Marianne. Fairey reacted to the act by declaring his support for all who protest against injustice and that he understood the goals of the action.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: This series was made during the 2016 presidential campaign as a protest on Donald Trump's racist declarations and policies. This work aims to promote gender equality and fights discrimination against minorities. This work stands out to many as it provokes people to respect their common humanity. The title of the work comes from a line in the Constitution and features portraits of Native Americans, African Americans, Muslims, and Latinas, aiming to defend their dignity.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: This work is a mural for Urban Nation in Berlin, Germany. The street art was created in 2014 by Fairey. The work became a motto for street artists and demonstrated Fairey's political support for anti-war movements and peace. The work was made like traditional street art with spray paint and features many of Fairey's motifs and symbols from other works. This repetition includes the black and red cartoon-like style with repetition of symbols such as roses.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Shepard Fairey has always been open about social and political topics and often donates and creates artwork in order to promote awareness of these social issues and contributes directly to these causes.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In the early 2000s, Fairey began donating to organizations such as Chiapas Relief Fund, the ACLU, Feeding America, and the Art of Elysium. Following the Obama campaign, Fairey donated proceeds from these poster sales to the ACLU and Feeding America. In September 2010, Fairey created a poster for the ACLU with actress Olivia Wilde as the Statue of Liberty holding a megaphone and a clipboard, the ACLU's weapons of choice.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: The Obey Awareness Program, operated by Obey Clothing, was founded in 2007 as an extension of Fairey's humanitarian efforts. This program allows Fairey to support causes he believes in by selling specially designed merchandise and donating 100% of the profits raised to handpicked organizations and their causes. Past non-profit organizations benefiting from this program include Hope for Darfur, 11th Hour Action, Feed America, earthquake relief in Haiti, Dark Wave / Rising Sun for Japan relief, and Adopt-a-Pet.com. Environmentally related non-profit organizations such as the Surfrider Foundation, Urban Roots, the Alaskan Wildlife Refuge and more also received donations. The latest Obey Awareness T-shirts benefitted the Go Campaign, an organization that improves the lives of orphans and vulnerable children around the world by partnering with local heroes to deliver local solutions.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey sits on the advisory board of Reaching to Embrace the Arts, a nonprofit organization that provides art supplies to disadvantaged schools and students. In 2007, Fairey was commissioned to create a logo for "Music Is Revolution Foundation" and became a board member of the Music Is Revolution Foundation, a nonprofit organization that supports music education for students in public schools.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: As a type 1 diabetic, Fairey often contributes to non-profit organizations assisting in medical research. He is one of the earliest supporters of Give to Cure, a non-profit organization devoted to accelerating the process of finding cures for human diseases. Fairey created the first Give To Cure sticker series with 20 distinct designs. In addition, he created three special edition prints to commemorate the inaugural Give To Cure campaign. In January 2012, Fairey created an exclusive print called "The Cure" for the Juvenile Diabetes Research Foundation (JDRF), the leading global organization funding type 1 diabetes research. All proceeds from the sale went toward the JDRF. In June 2013, a feature documentary called "The Human Trial" about the quest to cure type 1 diabetes caught the attention of Fairey who then created the movie poster in order to raise funds for the film.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Every year since 2009, Fairey has contributed his art to raise funds for the RUSH Philanthropic Arts Foundation. In August 2011, Fairey donated the Buddhist inspired piece Mandala Ornament (valued at $12,000) to help raise funds for the Foundation through the ART FOR LIFE online auction, the primary annual fundraising effort that helps support thousands of underserved New York children. Proceeds from the annual gala and auction benefitted the Foundation's signature arts education and gallery programs, which directly serve 2,300 students each year.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In June 2009, Fairey created a poster in support of the plight of Aung San Suu Kyi to bring awareness to the human rights cause in Burma. The proceeds from this print benefitted the Human Rights Action Center and the U.S. Campaign for Burma.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In 2009, Fairey teamed up with artist and activist Ernesto Yerena, activist Marco Amador and musician Zack de la Rocha of Rage Against the Machine, to create, distribute, and sell posters countering dehumanizing and anti-immigrant rhetoric for the We Are Human Campaign. A majority of the proceeds went to the National Day Labor Organizing Network (NDLON) and Puente, a grassroots community group that fights for human dignity.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey has also created artwork to benefit the David Lynch Foundation for Consciousness-Based Education and World Peace (DLF). In April 2009, Fairey created a poster for the David Lynch Foundation's "Change Begins Within" benefit concert. In April 2011, Fairey donated unique collector's items to the foundation's "Download for Good" campaign. In April 2015, Fairey created a commemorative poster for the 10-year anniversary of the music of David Lynch, with all proceeds from poster sales going to the foundation.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In November 2009, Fairey partnered with LGBT grassroots organization FAIR to auction "Defend Equality Love Unites" posters to raise awareness and funds for the fight for gay and lesbian marriage equality.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey is a supporter of artist movements such as The Art of Elysium, an organization aiming to affect social change by making art available to striving artists and young people battling serious illnesses. In August 2010, Fairey donated one original Burmese Monk fine art piece as well as an opportunity for a live portrait sitting for Art of Elysium. In September 2014, Fairey curated The Art of Elysium's GENESIS showcase of emerging L.A. artists, creatives, , and social leaders.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In May 2010, Fairey partnered with Feeding America and The Advertising Council to create an outdoor public service advertisement to raise awareness about domestic hunger.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In 2011, Fairey was named honorary chair of the Young Literati, a philanthropic group of the Library Foundation of Los Angeles. Fairey has created artwork and curated several Young Literati Annual Toast events benefitting the Library Foundation. Fairey's wife Amanda has held the position of chair of the Library Foundation since 2013.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In December 2011, Fairey contributed to the Robert Rauschenberg Foundation's inaugural "Artist as Activist" print project to benefit the Coalition for the Homeless. Fairey created an original print called "The Future is Unwritten" to commemorate Rauschenburg's dedication to important social issues and the mission of the Coalition for the Homeless. The print was sold on Artnet to raise over $150,000 to support the Coalition's life-saving programs.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In July 2013, Fairey did a public arts project for the nonprofit L.A. Fund for Education. Fairey's design titled "Create Your Future" was one of three installments in the #ArtsMatter campaign, which was a collaborative effort with P.S. ARTS and featured the art displayed on billboards and buses across the city of Los Angeles to send the message that arts matter in schools. Again in 2015, Fairey contributed to P.S. Arts, and collaborated with Marc Phillips Decorative Rugs to create a one-of-kind rug for a benefit auction for P.S. Arts.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In March 2014, Fairey created a portrait of Ai Weiwei with "Friends of Ai Weiwei", a group of Ai supporters who were trying to promote awareness of the artists’ legal status in China where authorities had confiscated his passport. Proceeds from the posters went toward Friends of Ai Weiwei's efforts to help the artist and to promote free speech. The following year Ai Weiwei was granted a visa, reversing a decision not to grant him the travel document.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Shepard Fairey has also created works to support school safety, and posters with his art were seen at the March for Our Lives rally in Washington, D.C. on March 24, 2018.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Street art is characterized by a nonpermissive art method of production, which reveals the rebellious nature and activism that challenges the viewer's perspective regarding the surrounding environment. Street art has features that distinguish it from other art forms such as graffiti and public art. The defiant nature of the art form itself reveals the defiant structure of Fairey's art and the political challenge it has on others.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey has been criticized for failing to obtain permission and to provide attribution for works he used. Fairey has threatened to sue artists for the same technique. Austin, Texas-based graphic designer Baxter Orr did his own take on Fairey's work in a piece called "Protect", with the iconic Obey Giant face covered by a SARS respiratory mask. Orr marketed the prints as his own work. On April 23, 2008, Orr received a cease-and-desist order from Fairey's attorneys, telling him to stop selling "Protect" because it violated Fairey's trademark. Fairey threatened to sue, calling the designer a "parasite".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Originally, Fairey had claimed his HOPE poster was based on a 2006 copyrighted photo of then-Senator Barack Obama seated next to actor George Clooney, taken in April 2006 by Mannie Garcia on assignment for the Associated Press, which wanted credit and compensation for the work. Garcia believes that he personally owns the copyright for the photo, and has said, "If you put all the legal stuff away, I’m so proud of the photograph and that Fairey did what he did artistically with it, and the effect it's had". Fairey said his use of the photograph fell within the legal definition of fair use. Fairey claims he used pieces of the photo as raw material to create a heroic and inspirational political portrait, the aesthetic of which was fundamentally different from the original photo. Lawyers for both sides tried to reach an amicable agreement.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In February 2009, Fairey filed a federal lawsuit against the Associated Press, seeking a declaratory judgment that his use of the AP photograph was protected by the fair use doctrine and so did not infringe their copyright. At first, Fairey claimed that he used the photo of Clooney and Obama, cropped the actor out of the shot, and made other changes. In October 2009, Shepard Fairey admitted he had tried to deceive the Court by destroying evidence that he had instead used the photograph alleged by the AP. Fairey admitted he had used a close-up shot of Obama, also taken by Mannie Garcia, as the AP had long alleged. The solo photo appears much more similar to the final HOPE poster than the photo of Clooney and Obama. Fairey's lawyers announced they were no longer representing him, and Laurence Pulgram, an intellectual property lawyer, stated that the revelation definitely put Mr. Fairey's case "in trouble".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In May 2010, a judge urged Fairey to settle. The parties settled in January 2011. On February 24, 2012, Fairey pleaded guilty to criminal contempt of court for "destroying documents and manufacturing evidence." On September 7, 2012, Fairey was sentenced to 300 hours of community service, ordered to pay a $25,000 federal fine, and placed on probation for two years by U.S. Magistrate Judge Frank Maas.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Shepard Fairey was also charged with destruction of property in 2015 for tagging 18 posters at unsanctioned sites. The case was later dismissed.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Liam O'Donoghue interviewed Fairey for "Mother Jones" and questioned the artist about criticism related to his use of images from social movements, specifically images created by black artists. O'Donoghue later posted an article, titled "Shepard Fairey’s Image Problem", on several independent media sites. O' Donoghue explored Fairey's use of copyright-protected images while defending his own copyright-protected works from being used by other artists and corporations. Fairey cited his collaboration with Public Enemy, his funding of the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, and his six-figure charitable contributions for Darfur assistance as responses to charges of exploitation.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: "I challenge anybody to fuck with that, know what I mean", Fairey stated. "It's not like I'm just jumping on some cool rebel cause for the sake of exploiting it for profit. People like to talk shit, but it's usually to justify their own apathy. I don't want to demean anyone's struggles through casual appropriation of something powerful; that's not my intention."


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Erick Lyle has accused Fairey of cynically turning graffiti culture into a self-promoting advertising campaign. On the other hand, "San Diego Union-Tribune" art critic Robert L. Pincus says Fairey's work "is political art with a strong sense of visual style and emotional authenticity. Even in times when political art has ebbed, Fairey's has just the right balance of seriousness, irony and wit to fit the mood of the moment". "The Walrus" contributor Nick Mount wrote "Following the example set by gallery art, some street art is more about the concept than the art. 'Fuck Bush' isn’t an aesthetic; it’s an ethic. Shepard Fairey’s Obey Giant stickers and Akay’s Akayism posters are clever children of Duchamp, ironic conceptual art." But Stephen Heller of "The New York Times" suggested that Fairey's political art has similarities to political art from the past, for instance to political art created by Andy Warhol.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In a "New York Times" review of "E Pluribus Venom" at Jonathan LeVine Gallery, art critic Benjamin Genocchio described Fairey's art as "generic" despite the range of mediums and styles used by the artist. Genocchio went on to say that it was tempting to see Fairey's art as just another luxury commodity.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Andrew Michael Ford, the director of Ad Hoc Art, said that Fairey's practice does not "match up" in the minds of people who view his work. Ford suggests that some people will view Fairey's work as "very commercial". In his comments, he suggested that Fairey is "ripe" for criticism because he profits from politically and socially charged works. Ford stated that, despite his criticism, he is a fan of Fairey work.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Artists Mark Vallen, Lincoln Cushing, Josh MacPhee, and Favianna Rodriguez have documented that Fairey has appropriated work by Koloman Moser, Ralph Chaplin, Pirkle Jones, Rupert Garcia, Rene Mederos, Félix Beltrán, and Gary Grimshaw, among others. In his critique, "Obey Plagiarist Shepard Fairey", Vallen dissects various works by Fairey, demonstrating them to be plagiarized from the work of other artists. Jamie O'Shea criticizes Vallen's approach for a "nearly ubiquitous lack of understanding of the artist’s use of appropriated imagery in his work and the longstanding historical precedent for this mode of creative expression," in addition to being masked in a thin "veneer of obvious envy in most cases".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Art critic Brian Sherwin lashed out at O’Shea's criticism of Mark Vallen by saying that O’Shea's "SUPERTOUCH" article was nothing more than "damage control". Sherwin questioned O’Shea's defense of Fairey, noting that Fairey is a "SUPERTOUCH" author and business associate of O’Shea. Sherwin suggests that O’Shea has a "vested" interest in making sure that Fairey is viewed positively by the public since he has curated art exhibits involving Fairey and has written extensively about the artist. Sherwin wrote that O’Shea once served as editor in chief for "Juxtapoz" and has worked as a creative director hired by corporate art collections as a corporate liaison for acquisitions. Sherwin concluded that the public will "question the artist who says to question everything," regardless of O’Shea's Mark Vallen "damage control" on "SUPERTOUCH." Sherwin implied that O'Shea's critique of Vallen was selective because key negative facts about Fairey's history were left out in the article. The dispute between Sherwin and O’Shea was cited by Dan Wasserman on "The Boston Globe"’s "Out of Line".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Bloggers have criticized Fairey for accepting commissions from corporations such as Saks Fifth Avenue, for which his design agency produced illustrations inspired by Constructivism and Alexander Rodchenko. Fairey defends his corporate commissions by saying that clients such as Saks Fifth Avenue help him to keep his studio operational and his assistants employed. Fairey has acknowledged the irony of being a street artist exploring themes of free speech while at the same time being an artist hired by corporations for consumer campaigns. He says simply that designers and artists have to make money to survive.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: "I consider myself a populist artist," Fairey says. "I want to reach people through as many different platforms as possible. Street art is a bureaucracy-free way of reaching people, but T-shirts, stickers, commercial jobs, the Internet – there are so many different ways that I use to put my work in front of people."


title: Shepard Fairey

text: In August 2011, Fairey received a black eye and a bruised rib after being attacked outside of the Kodboderne 18 nightclub in Copenhagen, Denmark. Fairey claims the two assailants called him "Obama illuminati" and ordered him to "go back to America". He believes the attack was the result of a misunderstanding over his artwork, which commemorated the demolition of the legendary Ungdomshuset (youth house) at Jagtvej 69. His mural showed a peace dove in flight surrounded by a circle of Tønder lace above the word "Peace"; it was vandalized within 24 hours of its unveiling with graffiti slogans "no peace" and "go home, Yankee hipster".


title: Shepard Fairey

text: The media reported that the artwork was commissioned by the Copenhagen Municipality, but the original mural was organized by Fairey's Copenhagen gallery, V1. It was not a government-sponsored work.


title: Shepard Fairey

text: Fairey lives in the Los Feliz district of Los Angeles with his wife Amanda and daughters Vivienne and Madeline. In addition to his successful graphic design career, Fairey also DJs at many clubs under the names DJ Diabetic and Emcee Insulin, as he has Type 1 diabetes.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: Geronimo Stilton is an Italian children's chapter book series written by Elisabetta Dami under the pen name of the title character. Scholastic Corporation has published the English version of the series in the US since February 2004, and the books are published by Sweet Cherry Publishing in the UK.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The series is set in a fictional version of Earth dominated by anthropomorphic mice and rats and focuses on the title character, a mouse who lives in New Mouse City on Mouse Island. A best-selling author in-universe, Geronimo Stilton works as editor and publisher for the newspaper "The Rodent's Gazette". He has a younger sister named Thea Stilton, a cousin named Trap Stilton, and his favourite nephew, nine-year-old Benjamin Stilton. Geronimo is a nervous, mild-mannered mouse who prefers a quiet life, yet keeps getting into faraway adventures with Thea, Trap, and Benjamin to both fictional and real locations. The books are written as fictional memoirs of him going on them and designed and distributed in full color, depicting important words in the text as colored and in illustrative typefaces.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The series, combined with many spin-off series, has sold over 180 million copies worldwide, and with over 200 entries, it is one of the best-selling book series. The books have been translated into 49 languages, with more languages in progress. The series has also been adapted into an animated television series of the same name, theatrical shows, and video games.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: In the 1990s, Elisabetta Dami found herself unable to have children, so she volunteered at children's hospitals to deal with this. Inspired by Patch Adams, who participates in Clown Care, she told humorous and adventurous stories starring the character of Geronimo Stilton and teaching morals to entertain patients. They appeared to love the stories, which would lead to her writing and publishing such stories.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: This character was born from my heart to bring me closer to a dream I sadly was not able to fulfil: that of having children. ... I started doing volunteer work with sick children. It was at the time when an American doctor called Patch Adams taught us that children need to laugh in order to recover ... I invented and told funny stories about a clumsy mouse that had lots of adventures, with twists in the plots and guaranteed happy endings. I wanted to entertain children, see their eyes bristling with joy and create a bridge toward enchantment. It was already Geronimo, the shy mouse that ... naturally, as a firm believer in teamwork, ended up calling on the help of his many friends. Thanks to him I became a mum to millions of children and experienced the friendship that helps one achieve everything, as well as honesty and sincerity that instil value in every single gesture, not to mention the curiosity and sense of adventure that keep you going.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: Not all books and spin-off series are listed. The following lists are of ones that have been or are planned to be released in English unless otherwise noted.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The series is aimed toward female audiences and focuses on the Thea Sisters, a group of five friends who are from different continents and were the students of Thea Stilton.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The series focuses on Geronimo's ancestor, Geronimo Stiltonoot, in the Stone Age where dinosaurs co-exist with mice and prehistoric mammals.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The series is set in a parallel universe based on space opera, featuring Geronimo Stiltonix as the captain of the entire spaceship MouseStar1.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The series focuses on Geronimo Superstilton and the Heromice, a team of superheroes who live in Muskrat City and watch over the crimes prevailing in the city.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The series is set in the Viking Age and stars Geronimo Stiltonord, who lives in the village of Mouseborg and faces fiery, mouse-eating dragons every day.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: Taking the place of the original graphic novels, the "Geronimo Stilton Reporter" series are adaptations of episodes from the "Geronimo Stilton" animated series, which ended the year before the first entry was published.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: "Publishers Weekly" review of "Lost Treasure of the Emerald Eye" praised the book for its fast pace, chapter format, full-color design, and usage of colored typefaces. "Kirkus Reviews" review of the Special Edition book "The Hunt for the Hundredth Key" states that "the simplistic mysteries and silly jokes are in line with other series outings, 'special edition' status notwithstanding." Its review of "Geronimo on Ice!" found it to be average, criticizing the plot holes, and remarks that it "skates by without landing any impressive tricks."


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: "Kirkus Reviews" reviews of "Cavemice" entry "The Stone of Fire" and "Spacemice" entry "Alien Escape" were positive, albeit criticized the slow pacing at the beginning of the former. Its review of "Creepella Von Cacklefur" entry "Fright Night" felt the plot wasn't "the strongest of Stilton spinoffs". Its review of "The Kingdom of Fantasy" entry "The Enchanted Charms" was mixed, criticizing the plot for not being original and appealing enough, but praising the art and incorporation of puzzles.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: Martha Conover of "The Washington Post" noted "Geronimo Stilton" as a children's series with potentially negative racial stereotypes.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: There are also audiobooks of the Geronimo Stilton books published by Scholastic Audio Books, available on CD and as downloadables through various services such as OverDrive and Audible. There are three stories in the first three collections (1–3, 4–6, 7–9), book 10 is sold by itself, and the remaining books are sold in pairs (11–12, 13–14, 15–16, 17–18, 20–21, 22 and 24, 25–26). Books 1 through 10 are read by Edward Herrmann. Books 11–18, 20–22 and 24, and 25–26 are read by Bill Lobley.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: An animated series of the same name debuted in Italy on 15 September 2009. The show ran for 78 episodes across three seasons (26 episodes for each season) with the series finale airing on 28 February 2017.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: The "Kingdom of Fantasy" series has been developed into a musical theatre show, which has been performed in Spanish in Barcelona, Spain, in Dutch in Hong Kong and The Netherlands, in Dutch/Flemish in Belgium, and in both English and French in Montreal, Canada.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: In 2016, Oregon Children's Theatre produced "Geronimo Stilton: Mouse in Space", a world-premiere adaptation of "Mouse in Space!" by John Maclay, and the first live-action production of Geronimo Stilton media in the United States. The production was performed in Canada in 2018.


title: Geronimo Stilton

text: Sony Computer Entertainment partnered with Virtual Toys to develop two video games based on the series for PlayStation Portable. The first, "Geronimo Stilton in the Kingdom of Fantasy", was released in Europe on 3 November 2011. The follow-up, "Geronimo Stilton: Return to the Kingdom of Fantasy", was released in the continent on 31 October 2012. In North America, both titles were released exclusively on the PlayStation Store on 16 July 2013.


title: Melting point

text: The melting point (or, rarely, liquefaction point) of a substance is the temperature at which it changes state from solid to liquid. At the melting point the solid and liquid phase exist in equilibrium. The melting point of a substance depends on pressure and is usually specified at a standard pressure such as 1 atmosphere or 100 kPa.


title: Melting point

text: When considered as the temperature of the reverse change from liquid to solid, it is referred to as the freezing point or crystallization point. Because of the ability of substances to supercool, the freezing point can easily appear to be below its actual value. When the "characteristic freezing point" of a substance is determined, in fact, the actual methodology is almost always "the principle of observing the disappearance rather than the formation of ice, that is, the melting point."


title: Melting point

text: For most substances, melting and freezing points are approximately equal. For example, the melting point "and" freezing point of mercury is . However, certain substances possess differing solid-liquid transition temperatures. For example, agar melts at and solidifies from ; such direction dependence is known as hysteresis. The melting point of ice at 1 atmosphere of pressure is very close to ; this is also known as the ice point. In the presence of nucleating substances, the freezing point of water is not always the same as the melting point. In the absence of nucleators water can exist as a supercooled liquid down to before freezing.


title: Melting point

text: The metal with the highest melting point is tungsten, at ; this property makes tungsten excellent for use as electrical filaments in incandescent lamps. The often-cited carbon does not melt at ambient pressure but sublimes at about ; a liquid phase only exists above pressures of and estimated (see ). Hafnium carbonitride (HfCN) is a refractory compound with the highest known melting point of any substance to date and the only one confirmed to have a melting point above at ambient pressure. Quantum mechanical computer simulations predicted that this alloy (HfNC) would have a melting point of about 4,400 K. This prediction was later confirmed by experiment, though a precise measurement of its exact melting point has yet to be confirmed. At the other end of the scale, helium does not freeze at all at normal pressure even at temperatures arbitrarily close to absolute zero; a pressure of more than twenty times normal atmospheric pressure is necessary.


title: Melting point

text: A Kofler bench is a metal strip with a temperature gradient (range from room temperature to 300 °C). Any substance can be placed on a section of the strip, revealing its thermal behaviour at the temperature at that point. Differential scanning calorimetry gives information on melting point together with its enthalpy of fusion.


title: Melting point

text: A basic melting point apparatus for the analysis of crystalline solids consists of an oil bath with a transparent window (most basic design: a Thiele tube) and a simple magnifier. Several grains of a solid are placed in a thin glass tube and partially immersed in the oil bath. The oil bath is heated (and stirred) and with the aid of the magnifier (and external light source) melting of the individual crystals at a certain temperature can be observed. A metal block might be used instead of an oil bath. Some modern instruments have automatic optical detection.


title: Melting point

text: The measurement can also be made continuously with an operating process. For instance, oil refineries measure the freeze point of diesel fuel "online", meaning that the sample is taken from the process and measured automatically. This allows for more frequent measurements as the sample does not have to be manually collected and taken to a remote laboratory.


title: Melting point

text: For refractory materials (e.g. platinum, tungsten, tantalum, some carbides and nitrides, etc.) the extremely high melting point (typically considered to be above, say, 1,800 °C) may be determined by heating the material in a black body furnace and measuring the black-body temperature with an optical pyrometer. For the highest melting materials, this may require extrapolation by several hundred degrees. The spectral radiance from an incandescent body is known to be a function of its temperature. An optical pyrometer matches the radiance of a body under study to the radiance of a source that has been previously calibrated as a function of temperature. In this way, the measurement of the absolute magnitude of the intensity of radiation is unnecessary. However, known temperatures must be used to determine the calibration of the pyrometer. For temperatures above the calibration range of the source, an extrapolation technique must be employed. This extrapolation is accomplished by using Planck's law of radiation. The constants in this equation are not known with sufficient accuracy, causing errors in the extrapolation to become larger at higher temperatures. However, standard techniques have been developed to perform this extrapolation.


title: Melting point

text: Consider the case of using gold as the source (mp = 1,063 °C). In this technique, the current through the filament of the pyrometer is adjusted until the light intensity of the filament matches that of a black-body at the melting point of gold. This establishes the primary calibration temperature and can be expressed in terms of current through the pyrometer lamp. With the same current setting, the pyrometer is sighted on another black-body at a higher temperature. An absorbing medium of known transmission is inserted between the pyrometer and this black-body. The temperature of the black-body is then adjusted until a match exists between its intensity and that of the pyrometer filament. The true higher temperature of the black-body is then determined from Planck's Law. The absorbing medium is then removed and the current through the filament is adjusted to match the filament intensity to that of the black-body. This establishes a second calibration point for the pyrometer. This step is repeated to carry the calibration to higher temperatures. Now, temperatures and their corresponding pyrometer filament currents are known and a curve of temperature versus current can be drawn. This curve can then be extrapolated to very high temperatures.


title: Melting point

text: In determining melting points of a refractory substance by this method, it is necessary to either have black body conditions or to know the emissivity of the material being measured. The containment of the high melting material in the liquid state may introduce experimental difficulties. Melting temperatures of some refractory metals have thus been measured by observing the radiation from a black body cavity in solid metal specimens that were much longer than they were wide. To form such a cavity, a hole is drilled perpendicular to the long axis at the center of a rod of the material. These rods are then heated by passing a very large current through them, and the radiation emitted from the hole is observed with an optical pyrometer. The point of melting is indicated by the darkening of the hole when the liquid phase appears, destroying the black body conditions. Today, containerless laser heating techniques, combined with fast pyrometers and spectro-pyrometers, are employed to allow for precise control of the time for which the sample is kept at extreme temperatures. Such experiments of sub-second duration address several of the challenges associated with more traditional melting point measurements made at very high temperatures, such as sample vaporization and reaction with the container.


title: Melting point

text: For a solid to melt, heat is required to raise its temperature to the melting point. However, further heat needs to be supplied for the melting to take place: this is called the heat of fusion, and is an example of latent heat.


title: Melting point

text: From a thermodynamics point of view, at the melting point the change in Gibbs free energy (ΔG) of the material is zero, but the enthalpy ("H") and the entropy ("S") of the material are increasing (ΔH, ΔS > 0). Melting phenomenon happens when the Gibbs free energy of the liquid becomes lower than the solid for that material. At various pressures this happens at a specific temperature. It can also be shown that:


title: Melting point

text: Here "T", "ΔS" and "ΔH" are respectively the temperature at the melting point, change of entropy of melting and the change of enthalpy of melting.


title: Melting point

text: The melting point is sensitive to extremely large changes in pressure, but generally this sensitivity is orders of magnitude less than that for the boiling point, because the solid-liquid transition represents only a small change in volume. If, as observed in most cases, a substance is more dense in the solid than in the liquid state, the melting point will increase with increases in pressure. Otherwise the reverse behavior occurs. Notably, this is the case of water, as illustrated graphically to the right, but also of Si, Ge, Ga, Bi. With extremely large changes in pressure, substantial changes to the melting point are observed. For example, the melting point of silicon at ambient pressure (0.1 MPa) is 1415 °C, but at pressures in excess of 10 GPa it decreases to 1000 °C.


title: Melting point

text: Melting points are often used to characterize organic and inorganic compounds and to ascertain their purity. The melting point of a pure substance is always higher and has a smaller range than the melting point of an impure substance or, more generally, of mixtures. The higher the quantity of other components, the lower the melting point and the broader will be the melting point range, often referred to as the "pasty range". The temperature at which melting begins for a mixture is known as the "solidus" while the temperature where melting is complete is called the "liquidus". Eutectics are special types of mixtures that behave like single phases. They melt sharply at a constant temperature to form a liquid of the same composition. Alternatively, on cooling a liquid with the eutectic composition will solidify as uniformly dispersed, small (fine-grained) mixed crystals with the same composition.


title: Melting point

text: The freezing point of a solvent is depressed when another compound is added, meaning that a solution has a lower freezing point than a pure solvent. This phenomenon is used in technical applications to avoid freezing, for instance by adding salt or ethylene glycol to water.


title: Melting point

text: In organic chemistry, Carnelley's rule, established in 1882 by Thomas Carnelley, states that "high molecular symmetry is associated with high melting point". Carnelley based his rule on examination of 15,000 chemical compounds. For example, for three structural isomers with molecular formula CH the melting point increases in the series isopentane −160 °C (113 K) n-pentane −129.8 °C (143 K) and neopentane −16.4 °C (256.8 K). Likewise in xylenes and also dichlorobenzenes the melting point increases in the order meta, ortho and then para. Pyridine has a lower symmetry than benzene hence its lower melting point but the melting point again increases with diazine and triazines. Many cage-like compounds like adamantane and cubane with high symmetry have relatively high melting points.


title: Melting point

text: A high melting point results from a high heat of fusion, a low entropy of fusion, or a combination of both. In highly symmetrical molecules the crystal phase is densely packed with many efficient intermolecular interactions resulting in a higher enthalpy change on melting.


title: Melting point

text: An attempt to predict the bulk melting point of crystalline materials was first made in 1910 by Frederick Lindemann. The idea behind the theory was the observation that the average amplitude of thermal vibrations increases with increasing temperature. Melting initiates when the amplitude of vibration becomes large enough for adjacent atoms to partly occupy the same space. The Lindemann criterion states that melting is expected when the vibration root mean square amplitude exceeds a threshold value.


title: Melting point

text: Assuming that all atoms in a crystal vibrate with the same frequency "ν", the average thermal energy can be estimated using the equipartition theorem as


title: Melting point

text: where "m" is the atomic mass, "ν" is the frequency, "u" is the average vibration amplitude, "k" is the Boltzmann constant, and "T" is the absolute temperature. If the threshold value of "u" is "ca" where "c" is the Lindemann constant and "a" is the atomic spacing, then the melting point is estimated as


title: Melting point

text: Several other expressions for the estimated melting temperature can be obtained depending on the estimate of the average thermal energy. Another commonly used expression for the Lindemann criterion is


title: Melting point

text: where "θ" is the Debye temperature and "h" is the Planck constant. Values of "c" range from 0.15 to 0.3 for most materials.


title: Melting point

text: In February 2011, Alfa Aesar released over 10,000 melting points of compounds from their catalog as open data. This dataset has been used to create a random forest model for melting point prediction which is now freely available. Open melting point data are also available from "Nature Precedings". High quality data mined from patents and also models developed with these data were published by Tetko "et al".


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Aditya Pancholi (born 4 January 1965) is an Indian actor, producer and playback singer working in Hindi cinema.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: He was signed for a few television video films produced by Hiba, which was owned by Stardust magazine owner Nari Hira. Pancholi made his acting debut with "Shahadat" in 1985. In 1986, he did the television films "Sone Ka Pinjra", "Siyahi", "Kalank Ka Tika", "Afshar Ki Saali" and "Maryam Ki Beti". Later that year, he ventured into mainstream Bollywood with "Sasti Dulhan Mahenga Dulha". During this time, he adopted the stage name Aditya Pancholi.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: In 1987, Pancholi gave performances in two television movies: "Abhishek" and "Khatarnaak Irade". In "Abhishek", he portrayed a well-known businessman who used his father's wealth in enjoying leisure time and used a new costume to help depressed and troubled people. In "Khatarnaak Irade", Pancholi played the role of a womanising lifeguard who got himself into trouble while falling in love with a married woman played by Anju Mahendru.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: During 1995 he also starred in the TV series Mahashakti in DD Metro opposite Juhi Chawla. This series was to be released in 1989 as a Vaada raha milan ka, but the film was released as a TV series on DD Metro.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: In 2014 he starred in the television film ("My Father Godfather"), which was to be released in theatres, but was released on the World Wide Web and television.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Pancholi had his first prominent Bollywood role with a supporting role in Feroz Khan's "Dayavan" (1988), opposite Vinod Khanna and Madhuri Dixit. He appeared in Dharamyudh with Sunil Dutt, Suresh Oberoi and Shatrughan Sinha. Later that year, he collaborated with K.C. Bokadia in "Kab Tak Chup Rahungi", opposite Amala. This was his first lead role in Bollywood and established him as a lead actor in the industry. His next release that year was "Qatil", in which he starred opposite Sangeeta Bijlani. Pancholi portrayed a lawyer's son who resists the death penalty and imprisonment and proves himself guilty of the murder of a prostitute, but was trapped when a friend betrayed him by removing all of the evidence.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: In 1989, Pancholi starred in the romance "Mohabat Ka Paigham", opposite Meenakshi Sheshadri. He had a major role in Mukul S. Anand's multi-starrer action film "Maha Sangram", which featured an ensemble cast of Vinod Khanna, Govinda and Madhuri Dixit. He also sang a few lines in the song "Dhak Dhak Dhak" with Alisha Chinai. He next starred in the comedy film "Baap Numbri Beta Dus Numbri", which became one of the highest-grossing films of the year. He next starred opposite upcoming actress Madhuri Dixit in "Sailaab". Pancholi would close the year with a double-role in "Zakhmi Zameen", opposite Jaya Prada. His second role as an antagonist was in the sports action thriller "Awwal Number", opposite Dev Anand and Aamir Khan. His other releases included Taqdeer Ka Tamasha, Atishbaaz and Veeru Dada.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Pancholi began 1991 with "Naamcheen", opposite Ekta Sohini, in which he played an unemployed young man who steps into the underworld to make money and becomes one of the wealthiest people of his city; but loses his family and friends in the race for wealth and decides to kill the two rival gangsters to rehabilitate their goons and surrenders to the police. His next major release was "Vishnu-Devaa" that saw him pair with Sunny Deol, Neelam and Sangeeta Bijlani. The film was the seventeenth highest-grossing film of the year. He paired with Jeetendra to play one of the title roles in "Shiv Ram". Later that year, he collaborated with director Mahesh Bhatt in "Saathi", opposite Mohsin Khan and Varsha Usgaonkar. He followed with a supporting role in the multi-starrer "Akayla", opposite Kiran Juneja. The film featured an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Amrita Singh, Jackie Shroff and Meenakshi Sheshadri. It became the seventh-highest-grossing film of the year. His last release of the year was "Jeevan Daata", opposite Chunky Pandey, Kimi Katkar and Sonu Walia.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: He started 1992 with the romance film "Yaad Rakhegi Duniya", opposite debutant Rukhsar Rehman. Pancholi portrayed a terminally ill man who falls in love with a girl, who herself suffers from a terminal illness. Also released in 1992 was the action movie Sahebzaade with Sanjay Dutt. His last release of the year was the multi-starrer action film "Tahalka", opposite Dharmendra, Naseeruddin Shah. Pancholi portrays an army officer and is paired with Ekta Sohini. The film emerged as the fifth-highest-grossing film of the year.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Pancholi turned producer for the first time in the 1993 romance action film "Chor Aur Chaand" and acted in the lead role opposite Pooja Bhatt. In the same year he starred in the action film Muqabla opposite Govinda, Karishma Kapoor, Shakti Kapoor and Asrani. His next release was the action film "Game", opposite Naseeruddin Shah, Rahul Roy and Sangeeta Bijlani. His only release of 1994 was Sanjay Gupta's multi-starrer action film "", featuring an ensemble cast of Sanjay Dutt, Raveena Tandon, Karisma Kapoor and Atul Agnihotri. "Aatish" was one of the highest-grossing movies at the box office.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: He began 1995 with the lead role in the action film "Surakshaa", in which he was paired with Sheeba with an ensemble cast of Sunil Shetty, Saif Ali Khan, Divya Dutta and Monica Bedi. In the same year he acted in the movies and The Gambler and Ram Shastra with Jackie Shroff, Manisha Koirala and Anupam Kher. Pancholi reunited with Shetty and Khan for another multi-starrer lead role in the 1996 action film "Ek Tha Raja", with Neelam, Pratibha Sinha and Indrani Banerjee. Later that year, Pancholi collaborated with South Indian director T. Rama Rao in "Jung", portraying a double-role opposite Mithun Chakraborty, Ajay Devgan, Rambha and Sujata Mehta. Pancholi played an innocent train driver who is wrongly punished for a murder that was committed by a look-alike gangster, which was a box office success. His next release of the year was "Khilona", opposite Ayub Khan and Monica Bedi. His other movies included Zordaar, Muqadama and Mafia.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Pancholi switched to antagonistic and supporting roles as 1997 approached, starting with Aziz Mirza's romantic comedy "Yes Boss", opposite Shah Rukh Khan and Juhi Chawla. "Yes Boss" was one of the highest-grossing movies of the year. He earned a nomination for the Filmfare Award for Best Performance in a Negative Role. His next release was "Hameshaa", opposite Saif Ali Khan and Kajol, with Pancholi in a negative role.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: During 1998 and 1999 he appeared in the movies Devta, (1998), Hafta Vasuli, Benaam, Aaya Toofan(1999). Pancholi paired with Sanjay Dutt and Manisha Koirala to play the antagonist in "Baaghi" (2000). Later that year, he reunited with Sanjay Gupta to play a police inspector in "Jung", opposite Sanjay Dutt, Jackie Shroff, Raveena Tandon and Shilpa Shetty. His last release of the year was "Tarkieb", opposite Nana Patekar, Tabu and Shilpa Shetty. Long delayed movie Bhai no 1 with Farah (actress) his only release in 2001 Bhagwaat Ek Jung with Mithun Chakraborty.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: In 2002, Pancholi had his next major release with a supporting role in Vipul Amrutlal Shah's heist thriller "Aankhen", which featured an ensemble cast of Amitabh Bachchan, Akshay Kumar, Arjun Rampal, Sushmita Sen and Paresh Rawal. The film was one of the highest-grossing films of the year. His other releases of 2002 were , Gautam Govinda and Yeh Dil Aashiqanaa. In 2003 he appeared in a patriotic movie Border Hindustan Ka, with Faisal Khan, Rajat Bedi, Akshaye Khanna and Sudesh Berry. He made a cameo appearance in Chalte Chalte.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Pancholi collaborated with Sanjay Gupta for the fifth time in the 2004 action thriller "Musafir", playing the main antagonist opposite Anil Kapoor, Sameera Reddy, Mahesh Manjrekar, Koena Mitra, Shakti Kapoor and Sanjay Dutt. The movie received negative reviews, but Pancholi received positive reviews for his performance, with Taran Adarsh labelling his performance "first-rate".


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Pancholi had a comeback as the antagonist in Chandan Arora's low-budget action film "Striker" (2010). Pancholi restricted himself to antagonist and character roles, with films such as "Rush" (2012), "Hridayanath" (2012), "Mumbai Mirror" (2013), "Race 2" (2013), "Jai Ho" (2014), "Dishkiyaoon" (2014), "Hero" (2015) and "Bajirao Mastani" (2015).


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: In 2016, after a decade-long trial, a local metropolitan court in Mumbai found Aditya Pancholi guilty of assaulting a business associate in a fit of rage in 2005, and sentenced him to a one-year imprisonment with a fine of Rs. 20,000/- (US$300). Pancholi has appealed against the judgment in a higher court.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: In 2019, actress Kangana Ranaut, who had previously been in a relationship with him, filed a police complaint claiming that Pancholi had drugged, raped, assaulted and blackmailed her for sex repeatedly over a prolonged period starting in 2003. She repeated these claims in an interview to "Aap ki Adalat" on India TV and cited an incident of assault which had occurred in public.


title: Aditya Pancholi

text: Eyewitnesses to the incident say that Pancholi stopped the rickshaw in which Ranaut was travelling, compelled her to get out of the vehicle and slapped her face. Pancholi stated in his defence that the accusations was false and as despicable as her entire relationship with him. He said that in fact, Ranaut had exploited him both financially and emotionally in a calculated manner and used his influence to secure a foothold for herself as an actress. The trial is yet to begin. Aditya Pancholi had earlier been accused of raping his ex-girlfriend Pooja Bedi's 15-year-old maid during the time when he and Pooja were dating - he was later found guilty.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: Falling for Christmas is a 2022 American Christmas romantic comedy film starring Lindsay Lohan as a spoiled heiress who loses her memory in a skiing accident and lands in the care of a lodge owner widower at Christmastime. The film is directed by Janeen Damian, in her directorial debut, from a screenplay by Jeff Bonnett and Ron Oliver. Chord Overstreet, George Young, Jack Wagner and Olivia Perez also appear in supporting roles.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: It marked Lohan's first role in a major production in over a decade following a series of career setbacks while recovering from addiction and legal issues. Brad Krevoy and Michael Damian serve as producers on the film, which was first announced in May 2021. It began filming in Utah in early November 2021 and wrapped the following month. Lohan, her sister Aliana and Overstreet recorded songs for the project which were also featured in a soundtrack album.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: The film was released on November 10, 2022, by Netflix, after a screening event for fans, hosted by the cast and crew, was held in New York City the day before. "Falling for Christmas" received generally mixed reviews from critics, who mostly found the story to be formulaic and clichéd but praised Lohan's acting return and on-screen presence. It had one of the best opening weekends for a Netflix original movie in 2022 on the streaming service.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: Spoiled hotel heiress Sierra Belmont has been newly appointed as "vice president of atmosphere" at the luxury ski resort in Aspen owned by her father, Beauregard, despite having no interest in the business. While her father is away on business, Sierra goes up a mountain top with her influencer boyfriend Tad for a photo shoot where he proposes to her. However, the harsh wind causes Sierra, who was wearing skis, to lose balance. Sierra falls from the top of the mountain, is separated from Tad and hits her head on a tree. Unconscious, Sierra is found by Jake Russell, who she bumped into earlier just after his failed business pitch to her father, and is taken to a hospital. Sierra loses her memory due to the accident and the hospital staff is unable to verify her identify.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: Jake offers the amnesiac Sierra a place at his bed and breakfast hotel, the Northstar Lodge, until she can remember who she is or someone comes to claim her. After taking the name Sarah from a stuffed toy that belongs to Jake's daughter Avy, Sierra decides to help him and his family at the lodge in hopes of getting her memory back, but struggles. However, Sierra bonds with Jake and his family, especially Avy, as she finds out that she lost her mother a couple years ago and feels sympathy for her, due to losing her own when she was younger and starts to trigger memories. After improving in helping the lodge, Sierra adjusts to a normal life. As the hotel is struggling, Sierra comes up with a party to raise funds for the hotel.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: Meanwhile, Tad is lost in the woods and finds shelter with recluse Ralph, who takes him to town on foot. At the Belmont, the hotel staff don't think to look for Sierra and Tad as they believe that they are away on a trip. After four days, Beauregard returns from his trip where he finds out that Sierra is missing and informs the Sheriff, who has just retrieved Tad and Ralph. At the party, the town comes together to support the Northstar Lodge, which is declared a historic site. Before Jake can thank Sierra, Tad and her father rush in to take her home, restoring her memory. On Christmas Day, Sierra does her own chores, much to the staff and Tad's surprise.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: Sierra decides she will do things for herself going forward and resigns from the position her father created for her realizing the hotel business is not for her. Meanwhile, Avy reveals to Jake that her wish was for him to find love and convinces him to seek out Sierra. Realizing that she fell in love with Jake, Sierra breaks off her engagement with Tad and, shortly after, Jake confesses his love to her. Sierra also decides to go back and help Jake run the Northstar Lodge, especially when she finds out that it is sold out for the season after she publicly thanked them at a press conference. Beauregard believes he owes Jake a debt of gratitude for finding Sierra and so decides to invest in the Northstar Lodge. They end with a very happy Christmas all together.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: In May 2021, Netflix announced that Lindsay Lohan would return to acting by starring in a Christmas romantic comedy for the streaming service and revealed its premise. The film's production details were reported by "Variety", with Janeen Damian set to direct the screenplay written by Jeff Bonnett and Ron Oliver. Motion Picture Corporation of America's Brad Krevoy and Riviera Films' Michael Damian would be producing, while Amanda Phillips, Eric Jarboe and David Wulf served as executive producers. It was scheduled to start production in November, so it would be released for the 2022 holiday season. In October, Michael Damian confirmed in an interview that filming would begin the following month in Utah, elaborating on the project:


title: Falling for Christmas

text: In early November, it was announced Chord Overstreet had been cast as Lohan's love interest in the film. George Young, Jack Wagner and Olivia Perez would also appear in undisclosed roles. In the following week, Netflix released a first look of the film, a publicity still featuring Lohan and Overstreet, which was still untitled. A production listing then reported principal photography for the film, under the working title "Christmas in Wonderland", would take place in Utah, from November 8 to December 15, 2021. It was filmed in Park City and Salt Lake City. Overstreet was originally considered for the role of Tad Fairchild. Lohan improvised some of the comedy scenes and did some of her own stunts. Lohan was involved in her character's costuming. After the production, Lohan spoke about the importance of receiving a credit as executive producer: "It's a really different role that I get to play aside from just starring in the movie. It's being involved in the projects at every step: the whole casting process, the editing and production process. And even parts of the script." Writer Ron Oliver said:


title: Falling for Christmas

text: In February 2022, Netflix released its 2022 movie preview with a video teaser featuring footage from its most anticipated releases that included a clip of Lohan in the film, officially titled "Falling for Christmas". That same month, Lohan talked to "Vogue" about her decision to join the film:


title: Falling for Christmas

text: In July 2022, Lohan's mother Dina revealed her daughter Aliana would also be appearing in "Falling for Christmas", as well as contributing with two songs. She had previously shared that both siblings would be singing in the film. On October 3, Netflix released the official poster and more information about the project, with Lohan describing her character Sierra as "Extravagant. Temperamental. Glamorous." On October 7, Netflix shared the movie's official trailer. After the release, the filmmakers talked about working with Lohan and the film's reception: "She's such an amazing actress and comedian and it was really fun working with her. She's really prepared and very professional and really enjoys her work. [...] it's just now coming to fruition and we're just now seeing how the world is embracing it. We will be very open to a sequel, that sounds like a lot of fun."


title: Falling for Christmas

text: The trailer for "Falling for Christmas" featured a cover version of "Jingle Bell Rock" recorded by Lohan for the film as a nod to her performance of the song in 2004's teen comedy "Mean Girls". Netflix announced the full track would be available to stream on November 4, a week prior to the film's premiere. The full length version features a rap verse by Ali Tomineek, and a lyric video with footage from the film accompanied its digital release. A performance of "Everybody Loves Christmas" by Overstreet and a rendition of "Jingle Bells" by Aliana Lohan are also featured in the movie. On November 25, 2022, producer Michael Damian released his track "Must Be Christmas" recorded for the film. The soundtrack album, which includes the three original songs by Lindsay Lohan, Aliana Lohan and Chord Overstreet, along with the entire film score by Nathan Lanier, was released on November 11, 2022:


title: Falling for Christmas

text: The film was released on November 10, 2022, on Netflix. The cast and crew attended a special fan screening premiere event on November 9 at the Paris Theater in Manhattan. It debuted at number one on Netflix's most watched movies list the day after its release. It had the fourth-biggest opening weekend for a Netflix original since May 2022 and the best start for an English-speaking film released on a Thursday on the streaming service. According to Whip Media's weekly ranker, it was the second most streamed movie overall in the United States in its debut tracking week (November 7–13), which only counted its first four days, and rose to number one in the following week. It also went on to become the top-streamed film globally on Netflix in its second week. It ranked on Nielsen's U.S. overall streaming ratings top 10 at ten, which covers series and film viewing on TV sets only, and third among movies after its first four days of availability. As of December 16, 2022, "Falling for Christmas" was the most-watched holiday movie released in 2022 by U.S. households that season, according to smart TV data collected by Samba TV.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: A week after the release, Lohan reacted to the response the film received and thanked the crew and fans on social media: "I can't even begin to tell everyone how grateful I am for this incredible moment! To all of the fans and longtime believers in me, I appreciate you. My heart is filled with so much love and gratitude. Thank you Netflix for letting me bring this story to life with such a wonderful cast, director, producers and crew!" "Falling for Christmas" aired on Dutch television channel RTL 8 in prime time on December 19, 2022, becoming one of few Netlix original programming of its kind to have been broadcast on a TV channel.


title: Falling for Christmas

text: Samantha Bergeson of the IndieWire stated the film features Lohan's "career-best work in years" and called it "the "Citizen Kane" of Netflix Christmas Movies", continuining that "Lohan absolutely owns the film, with Overstreet a worthy counterpart and a generous scene partner." In "the Guardian", Benjamin Lee called the film "as bland and cloying as any other low-budget festive romance but serves as a strong reminder of [Lohan's] confident screen presence." Writing for "Vanity Fair", Richard Lawson said Lohan "is back in bright form in the better-than-average Christmas B-movie film" that "is as dumbly winning as it's trying to be. In a more profound sense, it is heartening to see Lohan looking and acting well." David Roony of "THR" claimed that "if you're going to do an "Overboard" knockoff that slides into the generic sludge of sentimental holiday-season rom-com, then at least find a couple of leads with the charisma and chemistry to pull it off." Courtney Howard of "Variety" expressed that the film's "subversive spirit, female-forward smarts and sweet sentimentality remix the formulaic and festive, making all things merry and bright" and it is Lohan's "new, snappy and vibrant work that excels," describing her as "hilarious [...] yet also delicately faceted when melancholic moments arise."


title: Falling for Christmas

text: "The A.V. Club"'s Luke Thompson wrote that "it's silly, sitcom-y, and impossible to call "good," but "Falling for Christmas" is the kind of bad that feels almost appealing," calling Lohan the best part of the holiday rom-com that "occasionally charms" despite being predictable and formulaic. Ed Potton of "the Times" described it as an "aggressively unambitious blend of pantomime acting, knackered plotting and will-this-do? dialogue," with Lohan being "the least worst thing in it, showing the odd flicker of her old charisma." Writing for "RogerEbert.com", Marya E. Gates called it a "tinsel-covered twist on "Overboard"", commenting "there is a warmth to this film that's hard to resist" and that "Lohan's irrepressible charm" holds it together. In "Rolling Stone", K. Austin Collins also called it a formulaic film that "reminds audiences what made [Lohan] a movie star in the first place", writing, "This healthy dollop of Christmas camp [...] is eager to give Lohan something to do. That's the point, and that's what the movie pleasingly accomplishes." Sandra Gonzalez of CNN said: "Some actors shoot for Oscars, and that's great. Lohan's magic power has always been bringing to life films that have the simple goal of being unchallenging delights. If for that and that alone, "Falling for Christmas" is a gift." The "Los Angeles Times"s Noel Murray praised Lohan's performance, stating that she brings "every bit of her earthy charisma to a rare leading role" and "a spontaneous sincerity to even the corniest scenes. The movie's wrapping is shiny and plastic, but its star quality is genuine."


title: Falling for Christmas

text: In December 2022, Rotten Tomatoes ranked "Falling for Christmas" as the 90th best Christmas movie of all time. "The Independent", "TheWrap", "Cosmopolitan", TV Guide, "Seventeen", "Den of Geek", "Elle", "Women's Health", CafeMom, "the A.V. Club", "Star Tribune", "York Vision", Young Hollywood, "Harper's Bazaar", "Bloomberg", the New York Film Academy, "The Herald", "Radio Times", "Huffington Post UK", "the New York Times" and "Vanity Fair", among others, listed it as one of the best holiday movies of the season.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Donald Trump's use of social media attracted attention worldwide since he joined Twitter in May 2009. Over nearly twelve years, Trump tweeted around 57,000 times, including about 8,000 times during the 2016 election campaign and over 25,000 times during his presidency. The White House said the tweets should be considered official statements. When Twitter banned Trump from the platform in January 2021 during the final days of his term, his handle @realDonaldTrump had over 88.9 million followers. On November 19, 2022, Twitter's new owner, Elon Musk, reinstated his account.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: For most of Trump's presidency, his account on Twitter, where he often posted controversial and false statements, remained unmoderated in the name of "public interest". Congress performed its own form of moderation: on July 16, 2019, the House of Representatives voted mostly along party lines to censure him for "racist comments" he had tweeted two days previously. In the face of this political censure, his tweets only accelerated. An investigation by "The New York Times" published November 2, 2019, found that, during his time in office to date, Trump had already retweeted at least 145 accounts that "have pushed conspiracy or fringe content, including more than two dozen that have since been suspended." In 2020, Trump also spread misinformation about the COVID-19 pandemic.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: During his 2020 reelection campaign, he falsely suggested that postal voting or electoral fraud may compromise the election, prompting Twitter to either remove such tweets or label them as disputed. After his election loss, Trump persistently undermined the election results in the weeks leading to Joe Biden's inauguration. His tweets played a role in inciting the January 6, 2021, attack of the US Capitol during the formal counting of electoral votes. Though the Senate eventually acquitted Trump during his second impeachment, social media companies swiftly banned him. Facebook and Instagram announced a permanent ban (although, in June 2021, they said they would revisit the ban in January 2023). Twitter permanently suspended his @realDonaldTrump handle, followed by the official account of his campaign (@TeamTrump) and the accounts of allies who posted on his behalf, like Trump campaign digital director Gary Coby. Twitter also deleted three tweets by Trump on the @POTUS handle and barred access to the presidential account until Joe Biden's inauguration. During the first week that Trump was banned on several platforms (January 9–15), election-related misinformation declined 73 percent, according to research analytics firm Zignal Labs.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: As Trump continued to issue brief statements, his spokesperson Liz Harrington tweeted screenshots of them under the Save America logo from June 2021 to June 2022. Since then, however, her Twitter handle @realLizUSA has been infrequently used. She said she would move to Truth Social, a Trump-affiliated social media application that launched on February 21, 2022.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: The emergence of social media has changed the way in which political communication takes place in the United States. Political institutions such as politicians, political parties, foundations, institutions, and political think tanks are all using social media platforms, like Facebook and Twitter, to communicate with and engage voters. Regular individuals, politicians, "pundits" and thought leaders alike are able to voice their opinions, engage with a wide network, and connect with other likeminded individuals. According to Wael Ghonim, social media can reinforce pre-existing beliefs rather than promote new ones. Social media, while a great source of gathering volunteers and money, serves the main purpose of affirming political beliefs and strengthening a political base. Politicians have a platform to communicate with that is different from the mainstream media. Politicians have the ability to raise large amounts of money in relatively short periods of time through social media campaigns. In 2012, President Barack Obama raised over a billion dollars for his campaign, which broke the fundraising record. Around $690 million was raised through online donations including social media, email, and website donations, and more money was raised from small donors than ever before.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: The 2008 US presidential election was the first election in which candidates utilized the Internet and social media networking as a communicative tool incorporated into candidates' campaigns. In 2008, President-elect Barack Obama was the first to use the Internet to organize supporters, advertise, and communicate with individuals in a way that had been impossible in previous elections. Obama utilized sites like YouTube to advertise through videos. The videos posted on YouTube by Obama's were viewed for 14.5 million hours.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: , more candidates were utilizing a wider array of social media platforms. Politicians were now on social networking sites like Twitter, Instagram, YouTube and other new social media tools and mobile apps. Some of the candidates used social media sites to announce their candidacy. Barack Obama emailed a video to 13 million when he announced his intention to run for re-election, and Mitt Romney sent out a tweet.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: By May 16, 2011, @BarackObama was followed by 7.4 million people, including twenty-eight world leaders. His account became the third account to reach 10 million followers in September 2011.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: From his official declaration of candidacy in 2015, Donald Trump benefited from large numbers of supporters active on social media. Some supporters called themselves "Centipedes" online.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: As president, Trump preferred to communicate over social media, announcing policy changes and the dismissals of staff members there. Trump largely bypassed the White House Press Secretary, and his administration ended the daily White House press briefing. Trump preferred "to dictate and dominate the news cycle"; his communications emphasized his political grievances, promoted conspiracy theories, and attacked those he regarded as enemies.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump used the retweet feature on Twitter to forward messages he agreed with (often posts praising him), no matter how obscure their authors were. At times, Trump retweeted himself, and sometimes commented "so true" while doing so.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: The @realdonaldtrump handle had amassed 88.7 million followers by the time Twitter suspended it in January 2021 after the 2021 United States Capitol attack.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: When Trump announced his presidential campaign in 2015, he had 2.98 million followers; his follower count thereafter increased rapidly. Many of his followers, however, were fake accounts and Twitter bots: a May 2017 analysis concluded that, of the then-30.9 million followers of Trump's personal Twitter account, 51 percent were real and 49 percent were fake. In mid-2018, Twitter conducted a site-wide crackdown on fake accounts, reducing the total number of users of the site by about 6 percent; as a result, Trump lost about 100,000 of his then-53.4 million followers. Trump repeatedly complained about reductions in the number of followers, claiming that Twitter was biased against him, and raised his complaints in tweets and in a private meeting with Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey. In October 2018, the research group SparkToro estimated that more than 6 percent of Trump's followers were "bots, spam, inactive or propaganda"—a significantly higher percentage than for followers of other American politician Twitter accounts.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump's advisors warned him that his tweets may alienate some of his supporters. In a June 2017 Fox News poll, 70 percent of respondents said Trump's tweets hurt his agenda. In a January 2019 UMass Lowell poll, 68 percent of all respondents aged 18–37 said Trump tweeted too much.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In November 2016, shortly after winning the election, Trump said in a "60 Minutes" interview that, as president, his use of social media would be "very restrained, if I use it at all." Trump went on to Tweet more than 25,000 times during his presidency; by the first half of 2019, he was tweeting as frequently as he had as a candidate, and he doubled this rate during the second half of 2019 and the first half of 2020. On his most prolific day, June 5, 2020, he tweeted 200 times.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In addition to the tweets he put out, he was also the intended recipient of tweets by others. In 2019, Donald Trump was tagged on Twitter at a rate of 1,000 times per minute, according to "The New York Times."


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Before, he had been using a Samsung Galaxy S3 which only has Android 4.3.1 as its latest OS, a version of Android which Google marked as unsupported and discontinued as of Trump's inauguration. Since then, he has used an iPhone to use Twitter.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: The iPhone Twitter app used by Trump in 2018 lacked certain security features, and "Politico" reported in May 2018 that Trump's phone "has gone as long as five months" without being checked by security experts.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: On October 24, 2018, "The New York Times" reported that Trump was still using his personal iPhones for phone calls, even though his aides and US intelligence officials have warned him that Russian and Chinese spies are listening. Trump responded by tweeting: "I only use Government Phones." The tweet was sent from an iPhone. (In the same tweet, he claimed that he has only "one" such government phone and that it is "seldom used.")


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump's @realDonaldTrump Twitter account was breached twice by Dutch hacker Victor Gevers, both times by guessing weak passwords. The first incident took place in 2016, using the guessed password "yourefired". The password was guessed because it had previously been discovered in a 2012 LinkedIn password breach. The second incident took place in October 2020, when his account was breached by guessing the password "maga2020!". Although reports of the second attack were denied by Twitter and the White House, they were later confirmed by Dutch prosecutors in December 2020.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Throughout his presidency, Trump frequently appeared to issue orders through his tweets. Whether these tweets were official directives was unclear. A US National Archives spokesman said that Trump's tweets are considered presidential records.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In 2017, the Department of Justice argued in one court case that Trump's tweets were "official statements of the President of the United States." In another case, the DOJ argued they were official policy statements but that the tweets were also "personal conduct that is not an exercise of state power." The "ABA Journal" wrote in 2017, "There's little caselaw on to what extent government use of social media can be considered official or a 'public forum,' which affords First Amendment protection to people who might be excluded based on their viewpoints."


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In 2019, the Secretary of the US Navy said he did not interpret a Trump tweet as a "formal order to act" after Trump tweeted that the Navy should not take away Chief Petty Officer Edward Gallagher's status as a Navy SEAL.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In 2020, a court asked that Trump clarify his intention after he tweeted what appeared to be an order calling for the disclosure of documents related to Russian interference in the 2016 election. In a court filing White House Chief of Staff Mark Meadows said that: "The President indicated to me that his statements on Twitter were not self-executing declassification orders and do not require the declassification or release of any particular documents."


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In 2009, marketing staffer Peter Costanzo suggested to Trump that he could use social media to draw attention to his book, "Think Like a Champion", which was due to be released later that year. He was unable to use the username @DonaldTrump, as it was already being used by a parody account. He and his marketing team decided to use the username @realDonaldTrump. Trump joined Twitter in March 2009 and sent out his first tweet on May 4, 2009, advertising his upcoming appearance on the "Late Show with David Letterman", which was due to air a couple of days later.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: From 2009 to 2011, tweets posted by the @realDonaldTrump account included the phrase "from Donald Trump" to distinguish them from those written by his staff, but by about June 2011, as Trump's use of the platform increased, those identifying labels disappeared. During the 2016 campaign, some tweets were sent from an Android phone, and others from an iPhone. The Android tweets were more likely to be sent outside of business hours and to take a more combative tone. The iPhone tweets were suspected to be written and sent by members of Trump's staff, a suspicion that was largely confirmed using sentiment analysis; machine learning and natural language processing could still frequently distinguish Trump's tweets from others sent in his name, even when staffers attempted to emulate his writing style.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In 2012, following the victory of Obama in the presidential election, Trump tweeted a chain of disparaging comments about Obama's win. He mocked Obama for playing basketball and blamed the Chinese for creating "the concept of global warming". Trump tweeted the next day, "but we'll have to live with it!" and: "We have to make America great again!" In response, Obama sarcastically quipped on "The Tonight Show With Jay Leno": "This all dates back to when [he and Trump] were growing up together in Kenya," referring to the birther conspiracy.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump's Twitter activity significantly increased beginning in 2013; he tweeted more frequently and with more politically charged rhetoric.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Twitter was an important tool in Trump's 2016 presidential election campaign, and has been credited as contributing to his victory. Former White House communications director Anthony Scaramucci recalled that Trump: "felt that there was no separation between his brand and the media, that there was an intersection of value for himself personally between his brand and saturating it in the media". Daniel Pfeiffer, Obama's former strategy communications advisor, commented that Trump is: "way better at the internet than anyone else in the GOP which is partly why he is winning". According to "The New York Times", other presidential aides have described Trump "as a sophisticated version of a parrot, given his penchant for repeating information almost unfiltered, as soon as he had processed it."


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In 2017, Trump was described as "possibly the first 'social media' and 'reality TV' president" in an article by Van Jones on CNN's website in October 2017. Following Trump's inauguration, he gained control of the official US presidential Twitter account (@POTUS), which had been created by Obama. Trump's first tweets as president were made from his personal account, but he has used both accounts. After Joe Biden won the November 2020 presidential election, Twitter said it planned to hand over the @POTUS account to Biden upon his inauguration on January 20, 2021, which has since happened.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump frequently watched the Fox News show "Fox & Friends" and often tweeted reactions to what he has seen on the show. For example, on January 2, 2018, Trump tweeted that his "Nuclear Button" was "much bigger & more powerful" than Kim Jong-un's, following a Fox News segment about Kim's "nuclear button" minutes before. Trump watches several hours of cable news shows each day, using the "Super TiVo" he had installed at the White House. News organizations have compiled lists of Trump tweets directly repeating what he was watching. The result is that stories that Fox concentrates on become nationally important stories by virtue of the fact that they appear in presidential tweets, setting up a feedback loop. During his first year in office, he mentioned the "Fox & Friends" Twitter account more than any other account.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In January 2016, a review by "The New York Times" found that one in every eight posts by Trump on Twitter "was a personal insult of some kind". From the beginning of his term until May 2019, Trump had insulted 598 people (including private citizens), places, and things on Twitter; targets of insults included politicians, journalists, news outlets, television hosts and programs, former staffers and associates, government agencies, business leaders, books critical of him, the State of California and State of New York, and entire countries. "The New York Times" published an inventory of all of Trump's Twitter insults from 2015 until January 2021.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump often gave opponents nicknames such as "Crooked Hillary" and "Lyin' Ted". In 2015, he tweeted against an 18-year-old college student who had challenged him at a New Hampshire political forum, which led to a wave of online harassment against her. In December 2016, as president-elect, he responded to criticism from the president of United Steelworkers Local 1999 in Indiana by tweeting that the local union leader "has done a terrible job representing workers"; the union president received threatening phone calls afterward.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In 2017, the Qatar diplomatic crisis erupted. An escalation of the Qatar–Saudi Arabia diplomatic conflict, it began when Saudi Arabia, United Arab Emirates, Bahrain, and Egypt abruptly cut off diplomatic relations with Qatar, alleging that the Qatari government supported terrorists. The severing of relations included withdrawing ambassadors, and imposing trade and travel bans. In a series of tweets, Trump praised the Gulf nations' move against Qatar, took credit for engineering the crisis, and repeatedly criticized Qatar, undermining simultaneous efforts by Trump's Secretary of State Rex Tillerson, US Ambassador to Qatar Dana Shell Smith, and Secretary of Defense James Mattis, all of whom took a neutral stance, called for dialogue and compromise in the interests of regional security, and noted that Qatar hosted the Al Udeid Air Base.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: In September 2017, Trump posted tweets about North Korea that some saw as violating Twitter's rule against making threats of violence. On September 19, he stated that under certain circumstances, "we will have no choice but to totally destroy #NoKo", and on September 23, "Just heard Foreign Minister of North Korea speak at U.N. If he echoes thoughts of Little Rocket Man, they won't be around much longer!" ("Little Rocket Man" was Trump's nickname for North Korean leader Kim Jong-un). In response to user concerns, Twitter cited newsworthiness and whether the tweet is of public interest as factors they consider in whether a tweet violates their rules. The company acknowledged that these guidelines are internal, and stated they would update their public-facing rules to reflect them.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: On January 4, 2020, Trump threatened in a tweet that "if Iran strikes any Americans, or American assets," it could expect that "52 Iranian sites (representing the 52 American hostages taken by Iran many years ago)...important to Iran & the Iranian culture" would be "HIT VERY FAST AND VERY HARD." Deliberately targeting cultural sites would have been a war crime. The next day, he tweeted: "Should Iran strike any U.S. person or target, the United States will quickly & fully strike back, & perhaps in a disproportionate manner."


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump has been criticized for his practice of retweeting or copying material from social media accounts posting antisemitic, racist, or false information, such as claims exaggerating the number of crimes committed by black people.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: PolitiFact singled out as particularly obviously false an image retweeted by Trump that claimed that 81 percent of white murder victims are killed by black people. Politifact noted that, besides being a five-fold exaggeration, the claim was sourced to the non-existent "Crime Statistics Bureau, San Francisco"; it later highlighted this retweet when awarding its 2015 "Lie of the Year" badge to Trump's entire presidential campaign. The fake statistics were first posted by a neo-Nazi Twitter account.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: An image posted by Trump on July 2, 2016, called Hillary Clinton the "Most Corrupt Candidate Ever!" and featured a six-pointed star reminiscent of the Jewish Star of David; the image first appeared in a June 15 tweet by @FishBoneHead1, a Twitter account described by the Associated Press as being known for "anti-Clinton and right-leaning messages and images" and by "Mic" as promoting "violent, racist memes," before making its way to 8chan's /pol/ on June 22. Trump's social media manager Dan Scavino responded that the image had been sourced by him from a Twitter page "where countless images appear" and that he had assumed that the star referred to a sheriff's badge. Under two hours later, the tweet was deleted from Trump's account in favor of a nearly identical tweet with a circle in place of the star, but Trump later blamed the deletion on his staff, stating: "I would've rather defended it." Jeremy Diamond of CNN observed: "It wasn't the six-pointed star alone that evoked anti-Semitism – it's the combination of the star with a background of money and an accusation of corruption, which suggests stereotypical views of Jews and money and raises conspiracy theories that Jews control political systems." The episode led Dana Schwartz, a Jewish employee of Trump's son-in-law Jared Kushner, to write an open letter to him in protest, to which he responded.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: On July 2, 2017, Trump tweeted a video of himself attacking Vince McMahon during WrestleMania 23 with the CNN logo over McMahon's face. In response, Brian Stelter of CNN issued a statement saying that Trump was "encouraging violence against reporters" and "involved in juvenile behavior far below the dignity of his office". CNN also responded to the tweet by quoting Sarah Huckabee Sanders who claimed the previous week "The president in no way form or fashion has ever promoted or encouraged violence." Homeland Security Advisor Tom Bossert said that "no one would perceive [the tweet] as a threat." Trump subsequently said that CNN took the post too seriously, adding that CNN has "hurt themselves very badly".


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: The clip appeared on pro-Trump subreddit, r/The Donald, about four days earlier, and was created by a Reddit account which had previously posted racist, antisemitic and bigoted content. A White House official later denied that the video came from Reddit; the official declined "to respond to questions about where the president obtained the clip." , the tweet had been retweeted over 330,000 times, making it Trump's most retweeted post.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: On November 29, 2017, Trump retweeted three inflammatory and unverified anti-Muslim videos from Britain First, a British far-right and ultranationalist group that has a history of posting misleading videos. One of the videos purported to show an assault by a Muslim immigrant, but the assailant was neither a Muslim nor an immigrant. Another video was filmed in 2013 during the Syrian Civil War, showing a man, who is believed to be an Al-Nusra supporter, destroying a statue of Mary and stating: "No-one but Allah will be worshipped in the land of the Levant." A third video contains footage filmed during a period of violent unrest following the 2013 Egyptian coup d'état. The videos had been shared by Britain First deputy leader Jayda Fransen, who was convicted of religiously aggravated harassment in Britain in 2016. Trump's promoting inflammatory content from an extremist group was without precedent among modern American presidents.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump's actions were widely condemned both in the US and abroad by politicians, commentators and religious leaders of various faiths and across the political spectrum; also by several civil rights and advocacy groups and organizations. The incident resulted in calls for Trump to be banned from the UK, but his invitation to visit to the United Kingdom was not withdrawn. When asked by PBS NewsHour, 29 Democratic and four Republican senators criticized the tweets. Prime Minister of the United Kingdom Theresa May said in a statement, "it is wrong for the president to have done this" and "Britain First seeks to divide communities through their use of hateful narratives which peddle lies and stoke tensions." Then Foreign Secretary Boris Johnson called Britain First a "hateful" organization which does not reflect British values. However, he did abstain from calling out Trump for sharing the videos.


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: Trump's sharing of the tweets was praised across far-right circles, increased Islamophobic comment on social media, and elevated the profile of Britain First. In Britain, Fransen and Britain First leader Paul Golding hailed Trump's re-tweets, saying: "Donald Trump himself has retweeted these videos and has around 44 million followers! God Bless You Trump!"


title: Social media use by Donald Trump

text: White House press secretary Sarah Huckabee Sanders defended Trump's tweets, saying "Whether it's a real video, the threat is real and that is what the president is talking about." On November 30, 2017, Sanders said that Trump's actions "elevate the conversation to talk about a real issue and a real threat, that's extreme violence and extreme terrorism." Trump responded to criticism from May by publicly rebuking her on Twitter, sparking a rare rift between the United Kingdom and the United States. On December 18, almost three weeks after being retweeted by Trump, the accounts of Britain First, Paul Golding and Jayda Fransen were all suspended by Twitter.