title: Flush toilet

text: By the 1880s the free-standing water closet was on sale and quickly gained popularity; the free-standing water closet was able to be cleaned more easily and was therefore a more hygienic water closet. Twyford's "Unitas" model was free-standing and made completely of earthenware. Throughout the 1880s he submitted further patents for improvements to the flushing rim and the outlet. Finally, in 1888 he applied for a patent protection for his "after flush" chamber; the device allowed the basin to be refilled by a lower quantity of clean water in reserve after the water closet was flushed. The modern pedestal "flush-down" toilet was demonstrated by Frederick Humpherson of the Beaufort Works, Chelsea, England in 1885.


title: Flush toilet

text: The leading companies of the period issued catalogues, established showrooms in department stores and marketed their products around the world. Twyford had showrooms for water closets in Berlin, Germany; Sydney, Australia; and Cape Town, South Africa. The Public Health Act 1875 set down stringent guidelines relating to sewers, drains, water supply and toilets and lent tacit government endorsement to the prominent water closet manufacturers of the day.


title: Flush toilet

text: Contrary to popular legend, Sir Thomas Crapper did not invent the flush toilet. He was, however, in the forefront of the industry in the late 19th century, and held nine patents, three of them for water closet improvements such as the floating ballcock. His flush toilets were designed by inventor Albert Giblin, who received a British patent for the "Silent Valveless Water Waste Preventer", a siphon discharge system. Crapper popularized the siphon system for emptying the tank, replacing the earlier floating valve system which was prone to leaks.


title: Flush toilet

text: Although flush toilets first appeared in Britain, they soon spread to the Continent. The first such examples may have been the three "waterclosets" installed in the new town house of banker "Nicolay August Andresen" on 6 Kirkegaten in Christiania, insured in January 1859. The toilets were probably imported from Britain, as they were referred to by the English term "waterclosets" in the insurance ledger. Another early watercloset on the European continent, dating from 1860, was imported from Britain to be installed in the rooms of Queen Victoria in Ehrenburg Palace (Coburg, Germany); she was the only one who was allowed to use it.


title: Flush toilet

text: In America, the chain-pull indoor toilet was introduced in the homes of the wealthy and in hotels, soon after its invention in England in the 1880s. Flush toilets were introduced in the 1890s. William Elvis Sloan invented the Flushometer in 1906, which used pressurized water directly from the supply line for faster recycle time between flushes. The Flushometer is still in use today in public restrooms worldwide. The vortex-flushing toilet bowl, which creates a self-cleansing effect, was invented by Thomas MacAvity Stewart of Saint John, New Brunswick in 1907. Philip Haas of Dayton, Ohio, made some significant developments, including the flush rim toilet with multiple jets of water from a ring and the water closet flushing and recycling mechanism similar to those in use today.


title: Flush toilet

text: The company Caroma in Australia developed the Duoset cistern with two buttons and two flush volumes as a water-saving measure in 1980. Modern versions of the Duoset are now available worldwide, and save the average household 67% of their normal water usage.


title: Flush toilet

text: A toilet's body is typically made from vitreous china, which starts out as an aqueous suspension of various minerals called a slip. It takes about of slip to make a toilet.


title: Flush toilet

text: This slip is poured into the space between plaster of Paris molds. The toilet bowl, rim, tank and tank lid require separate molds. The molds are assembled and set up for filling and the slip-filled molds sit for about an hour after filling. This allows the plaster molds to absorb moisture from the slip, which makes it semi-solid next to the mold surfaces but lets it remain liquid further from the surface of the molds. Then, the workers remove plugs to allow any excess liquid slip to drain from the cavities of the mold (this excess slip is recycled for later use). The drained-out slip leaves hollow voids inside the fixture, using less material to keep it both lighter and easier to fire in a kiln. This molding process allows the formation of intricate internal waste lines in the fixture; the drain's hollow cavities are poured out as slip.


title: Flush toilet

text: At this point, the toilet parts without their molds look like and are about as strong as soft clay. After about one hour the top core mold (interior of toilet) is removed. The rim mold bottom (which includes a place to mount the holding tank) is removed, and it then has appropriate slanted holes for the rinsing jets cut, and the mounting holes for tank and seat are punched into the rim piece. Valve holes for rapid water entry into the toilet are cut into the rim pieces. The exposed top of the bowl piece is then covered with a thick slip and the still-uncured rim is attached on top of the bowl so that the bowl and hollow rim are now a single piece. The bowl plus rim is then inverted, and the toilet bowl is set upside down on the top rim mold to hold the pieces together as they dry. Later, all the rest of the mold pieces are removed. As the clay body dries further it hardens more and continues to shrink. After a few hours, the casting is self-supporting, and is called greenware.


title: Flush toilet

text: After the molds are removed, workers use hand tools and sponges to smooth the edges and surface of the greenware, and to remove the mold joints or roughness: this process is called "fettling". For large scale production pieces, these steps may be automated. The parts are then left outside or put in a warm room to dry, before going through a dryer at about , for about 20–36 hours.


title: Flush toilet

text: After the surfaces are smoothed, the bowls and tanks are sprayed with glaze of various kinds to get different colors. This glaze is designed to shrink and contract at the same rate as the greenware while undergoing firing. After being sprayed with glaze, the toilet bowls, tanks, and lids are placed in stacks on a conveyor belt or "car" that slowly goes through a large kiln to be fired. The belt slowly moves the glaze-covered greenware into a tunnel kiln, which has different temperature zones inside it starting at about at the front, increasing towards the middle to over degrees, and exiting at about . During the firing in the kiln, the greenware and glaze are vitrified as one solid finished unit. Transiting the kiln takes glaze-covered greenware around 23–40 hours.


title: Flush toilet

text: After the pieces are removed from the kiln and fully cooled, they are inspected for cracks or other defects. Then, the flushing mechanism may be installed on a one-piece toilet. On a two-piece toilet with a separate tank, the flushing mechanism may only be placed into the tank, with final assembly at installation.


title: Flush toilet

text: A two-piece attaching seat and toilet bowl lid are typically mounted over the bowl to allow covering the toilet when it is not in use and to provide seating comfort. The seat may be installed at the factory, or the parts may be sold separately and assembled by a plumbing distributor or the installer.


title: Flush toilet

text: The amount of water used by conventional flush toilets is usually a significant portion of personal daily water usage: for example, five 10-liter flushes per day use .


title: Flush toilet

text: Dual flush toilets allow the user to select between a flush for urine or feces, saving a significant amount of water over conventional units. Dual flush may be accomplished by pushing the flush handle up or down, or a two-segment flush pushbutton may be used whereby pressing the smaller section releases less water.


title: Flush toilet

text: Raw water flushing, including seawater flushing, is a method of water conservation, where raw water, such as seawater, is used for flush toilets. Such systems are used in places such as the majority of cities and towns in Hong Kong (see water supply and sanitation in Hong Kong), Gibraltar, and Avalon, California, United States. Heads (on ships) are typically flushed with seawater.


title: Flush toilet

text: Flush toilets may, if plumbed for it, use greywater (water previously used for washing dishes, laundry and bathing) for flushing rather than drinkable potable water.


title: Flush toilet

text: The word "toilet" initially meant "wash-room", without reference to sanitary facilities. Early indoor toilets were known as garderobes because they were used to store clothes, as the smell of ammonia was found to deter fleas and moths. However, an outhouse was usual until the nineteenth century, and only a few wealthy houses and luxury hotels had indoor toilets connected to drains and sewers. Lidded "chamber pots", kept in specially designed bedside cabinets and used in bedrooms by ladies and invalids, and portable bathtubs, could be emptied and washed in an outhouse.


title: Flush toilet

text: From the sixteenth century in England, a private room (a closet) with a flushing toilet was referred to as a Water Closet ("WC"), in contrast with an Earth Closet ("EC"), an abbreviation still used in 1960s Oxfordshire cottage sales.


title: Flush toilet

text: The descriptive terms "wash-down closet" or "water closet" only reached the United States in the 1880s. By 1890 there was increased public awareness of disease and of carelessly disposed human waste being infectious.


title: Flush toilet

text: In common North American usage, a "bathroom" now invariably contains a toilet, but not usually a bath, to the confusion of foreigners. In the UK, Australia and NZ, "Bathroom" or bath-room refers to a room with a fixed bathtub and not necessarily a toilet. The terms "bathroom", and "toilet" or “loo” (amongst other euphemisms) indicate distinct functions, although bathrooms may often include toilets.


title: Flush toilet

text: The term "water closet", now rarely used outside America, refers to a room that has both a toilet and other plumbing fixtures such as a sink or a bathtub. American Plumbers and codes use the term "water closet" or "WC" to differentiate toilets from urinals.


title: Flush toilet

text: Many European languages refer to a toilet as a "water" or "WC". The Royal Spanish Academy Dictionary accepts "váter" as a name for a toilet or bathroom, which is derived from the British term "water closet". France uses the expressions "aller aux waters" ("to go to the waters") derived from "water closet", and "w.-c." . Likewise the Romanian word "veceu" , and the Finnish word "vessa" derive from a shortened version of the abbreviation. In German, the expression "Klo" (first syllable of "Klosett") is used alongside "WC". In Italian WC or , and "water" , are very common terms to refer to the flushing toilet.


title: Flush toilet

text: It is a commonly held misconception that when flushed, the water in a toilet bowl swirls one way if the toilet is north of the equator and the other way if south of the equator, due to the Coriolis effect – usually, counter clockwise in the northern hemisphere, and clockwise in the southern hemisphere. In reality, the direction that the water takes is much more determined by the direction that the bowl's rim jets are pointed, and it can be made to flush in either direction in either hemisphere by simply redirecting the rim jets during manufacture. The relative importance of the Coriolis force can be determined by a ratio known as the Rossby number. When this number is much larger than 1, the Coriolis force is insignificant compared to the inertia effects. On the scale of bathtubs and toilets, the Rossby number is on the order of billions, and so the Coriolis effect is too weak to be observed except under carefully controlled laboratory conditions.


title: Flush toilet

text: Since the 1990s, the slang term "courtesy flush" refers to a mid-defecation flush of the toilet as a courtesy to other bathroom users or other prisoners in a cell. A courtesy flush can serve to reduce odor and cover noise.


title: Scissor Seven

text: Scissor Seven (also known as Killer 7) is a Chinese streaming television animated series. It was released internationally under the name "Scissor Seven" on Netflix. A film sequel to the series' third season was announced at the end of the season's final episode.


title: Scissor Seven

text: The clumsy and broke Seven fails a crash course in professional killing and opens a barber shop on Chicken Island as a disguise. He then decides to become an assassin, and gets stuck in a power struggle between two rivaling factions while he tries to recover his lost memories.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Survivor: Redemption Island is the twenty-second season of the American CBS competitive reality television series "Survivor". It premiered on February 16, 2011. Applications were due in January 2010, and filming lasted from August to September 2010. The season was filmed near San Juan del Sur, Nicaragua, the same location as the . The show featured returning players Russell Hantz and Rob Mariano and 16 new players to "Survivor."


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Mariano was named the winner in the final episode on May 15, 2011, defeating Phillip Sheppard and Natalie Tenerelli in an 8–1–0 vote. In addition, Mariano won $100,000 as the "Sprint Player of the Season," receiving 40% of the fans' votes; Matt Elrod, with 36%, received the next-highest total.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: This season introduced "Redemption Island" to the American version of "Survivor", based in part on concepts already used in foreign versions of the show, including "Moondram Ulagam" (3rd Island) in the Tamil version. "The Island of the Dead" in the Israeli version, "Isla Purgatoryo" (Purgatory Island) in the Philippine version's , "Ghost Island" in the Serbian version's , and the duels in the 2002 Swedish edition.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Instead of being out of the game immediately upon being voted out of their tribe, the voted off contestant would be taken to a secluded area known as Redemption Island. Once there, they were to sustain themselves in the same manner as when living with the tribe: living on limited food, water and shelter. They would be joined by the next person voted out, and those two people would face off in a duel in an arena constructed to resemble an old ruined temple, joined by two representatives from each tribe acting as observers. The winner remains in the game, and continues living at Redemption Island. The loser exits the game for good, throwing their buff into a small fire pit on their way out of the arena. At two predetermined points during the game, at the merge and with four players remaining in the game proper, the winner of the Redemption Island duel returns to the game.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Host Jeff Probst compared "Redemption Island" to the "" Outcast tribe, stating that the latter concept did not seem to work well with the audience because the Outcast twist was not revealed to the players ahead of time, and was considered unfair to the remaining players in the game. However, the Outcast tribe survived on the same meager rations as everybody else in the game. With "Redemption Island", the players were told at the start of the game of the existence and rules of Redemption Island, and Probst expected that this would affect how the tribes would vote out members. Probst also stated that the change would allow for the newer players to have a chance to recover from early mistakes such as choosing the wrong alliance or making a poor vote at Tribal Council. "Entertainment Weekly"s Dalton Ross correctly speculated that due to the Redemption Island duel as part of each episode, all regular challenges in the show were combined Reward/Immunity challenges until the tribes merged. The duels used at Redemption Island were scaled-back versions of previous challenges the show had used, and Probst stated that this was because these challenges "worked well" and eliminated any risk of the challenges going astray. The idea for allowing other players to watch the duel was a last-minute addition made by Mark Burnett. According to Probst, it gave those that attended the duel "valuable information" they could have used in their gameplay strategy, but also could have left them vulnerable to alliance shifts that might have occurred while they were absent from the tribe.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: The players were initially split into two tribes of nine, each with one returning player: Ometepe and Zapatera, both named after the islands in Lake Nicaragua. "Redemption Island" featured the return of Rob Mariano and Russell Hantz, who both previously appeared on "" and appeared separately on "" and "" (Mariano) and "" (Hantz). Their feud was a running storyline in the early episodes of "Heroes vs. Villains", and was rekindled months later during the season's live finale. While the sixteen new players were initially assigned tribes prior to the start of the game, Rob and Russell drew buffs to determine which tribe they joined.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Notable new contestants include former NFL players Steve Wright and Grant Mattos; and former Miss Maine USA Ashley Underwood.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Phillip Sheppard, Andrea Boehlke, and Francesca Hogi returned for "". Natalie Tenerelli and Stephanie Valencia were included on the public poll to choose the cast of "", but neither received enough votes to be chosen. Boehlke returned for the third time in "". Russell Hantz returned to the game on an international level as he appeared on the 2018 edition of "Australian Survivor". Rob Mariano returned for the thirty-ninth season "" serving as a mentor to new contestants, and returned to compete on "".


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Sixteen new castaways, previously divided into two tribes, Ometepe and Zapatera, were joined by returning contestants, "Boston" Rob Mariano and Russell Hantz, with Rob joining Ometepe and Russell joining Zapatera by random draw. The tribes were then told about Redemption Island, a secluded location where voted out players would go to compete in challenges for a chance to return to the game.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: Rob quickly proved to be leader of Ometepe, and kept wary of the hidden immunity idol, including sending one of his own alliance, Matt, to Redemption Island while trying to flush it out. On Zapatera, the bulk of the tribe recognized the threat that Russell could be, throwing a challenge in order to vote Russell out; Russell would lose to Matt at the next Redemption Island challenge. Matt would continue to win several more duels. After Russell's elimination, Zapatera faltered due to lack of cohesion within the tribe, and eventually approached the merge with only five members remaining, while Ometepe had six.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: The tribes merged with 12 players left in the game, including Matt, who returned from Redemption Island. Zapatera attempted to lure Matt to their side in order to tie the vote; while Matt considered blindsiding Rob, he eventually decided against it, telling this to Rob in an attempt to prove his loyalty. Despite this, Rob decided Matt could not be trusted, using his alliance to send Matt back to Redemption Island, establishing a firm Ometepe majority. The former Ometepe tribe used their numerical advantage to completely eliminate the remaining former members of Zapatera, starting with Mike, who dominated with his close friend Matt at Redemption Island. Meanwhile, Rob orchestrated the eliminations of those who he felt would be threatening to him, including close allies Grant and Ashley. The final three were Rob, Natalie, and Phillip; both Natalie and Phillip were criticized by the jury for simply following in Rob's footsteps, and Rob was voted the Sole Survivor in a vote of 8-1-0.


title: Survivor: Redemption Island

text: The season was universally panned by critics. The primary criticisms are that Redemption Island itself ruined the drama and significance of the elimination, that the cast as a whole was boring and unlikable, and that once Russell Hantz was eliminated, the competition became unfairly favorable to Rob Mariano. "Survivor" columnist of "Entertainment Weekly" Dalton Ross ranked it as the 10th-worst season, stating that "the fuse blew out" after the first three episodes, and also that "Most of the vote-offs were clearly telegraphed and the Redemption Island twist sucked the life out of the signature moment - the vote-off." "" runner-up and "People"'s "Survivor" columnist Stephen Fishbach stated that he thought it was the worst season ever. In 2013, Andrea Reiher of Zap2it ranked it as the worst season of "Survivor", saying "this season continually felt like one big 'let's win Boston Rob the "Survivor" title' game orchestrated by the producers for three months," and also criticized the Ometepe tribe as "a tribe full of gomers who were too star-struck to act against [Rob]," which "became more and more boring." In 2014, Joe Reid of "The Wire" ranked "Redemption Island" as the worst season of the series, similarly noting that "The coronation of Boston Rob was a foregone conclusion from the earliest stages...The whole season had an air of uselessness around it, and we'd have all been better off if CBS had just aired a 30-minute special where Les Moonves wrote Mariano a check." Reid also described the entire new cast as being "full of lemmings and idiots." Since 2012, "Survivor" fan site ""Survivor" Oz" has consistently ranked "Redemption Island" as the worst season ever in its annual polls ranking every season of the series. It was also ranked as the worst season of all time in 2015 on former "Survivor" contestant and reality TV podcast host Rob Cesternino's website, both by Cesternino himself and by the fan poll. This was updated in 2021 during Rob's "Survivor All-Time Top 40 Rankings" podcast where the listeners ranked it 39th out of 40 seasons. Fellow "Survivor" fan site "The Purple Rock Podcast" ranked "Redemption Island" as the sixth-worst season in 2020, describing it as "generally boring and predictable television." "Inside Survivor" ranked this season last out of the first 40 seasons citing the Redemption Island twist and Mariano's "vice grip on the game". Despite the negative reception of the season, the gameplay of Mariano was still well-received by fans. Mariano placed 4th out of the first 34 winners in a fan poll conducted by "Entertainment Weekly" in 2017. In the official "CBS Watch" issue commemorating "Survivor"s 15th anniversary, Mariano was voted by viewers as the greatest contestant in the history of the series.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: Kesavananda Bharati Sripadagalvaru & Ors. v. State of Kerala & Anr. (Writ Petition (Civil) 135 of 1970), also known as the Kesavananda Bharati judgement, was a landmark decision of the Supreme Court of India that outlined the basic structure doctrine of the Indian Constitution. The case is also known as the Fundamental Rights Case. The court in a 7-6 decision asserted its right to strike down amendments to the constitution that were in violation of the fundamental architecture of the constitution.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: Justice Hans Raj Khanna asserted through the Basic Structure doctrine that the constitution possesses a basic structure of constitutional principles and values. The Court partially cemented the prior precedent "Golaknath v. State of Punjab", which held that constitutional amendments through Article 368 were subject to fundamental rights review, but only if they could affect the 'basic structure of the Constitution'. At the same time, the Court also upheld the constitutionality of the first provision of Article 31-C, which implied that amendments seeking to implement the Directive Principles, which do not affect the 'Basic Structure,' shall not be subjected to judicial review.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: The doctrine forms the basis of power of the Indian judiciary to review and override amendments to the Constitution of India enacted by the Indian parliament.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: The 13-judge Constitution bench of the Supreme Court deliberated on the limitations, if any, of the powers of the elected representatives of the people and the nature of fundamental rights of an individual. In a verdict divided 7–6, the court held that while the Parliament has 'wide' powers, it did not have the power to destroy or emasculate the basic elements or fundamental features of the constitution.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: When this case was decided, the underlying apprehension of the majority bench that elected representatives could not be trusted to act responsibly was unprecedented. The "Kesavananda" judgment also defined the extent to which Parliament could restrict property rights, in pursuit of land reform and the redistribution of large landholdings to cultivators, overruling previous decisions that suggested that the right to property could not be restricted. The case was a culmination of a series of cases relating to limitations to the power to amend the Constitution.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: In February 1970 Swami Kesavananda Bharati, senior plaintiff and head of the Hindu monastery Edneer Matha in Edneer, Kasaragod District, Kerala, challenged the Kerala government's attempts, under two land reform acts, to impose restrictions on the management of its property. A noted Indian jurist, Nanabhoy Palkhivala, convinced Swami into filing his petition under Article 26, concerning the right to manage religiously owned property without government interference. The hearings consumed five months, and the outcome profoundly affected India's democratic processes. The case had been heard for 68 days, the arguments commencing on October 31, 1972, and ending on March 23, 1973, and its judgement consists of 700 pages.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: The Supreme Court reviewed the decision in "Golaknath v. State of Punjab", and considered the validity of the article 24th, 25th, 26th and 29th amendments. The case was heard by the largest ever Constitution Bench of 13 Judges. The bench gave eleven separate judgments, which agreed in some points and differed on others. Nanabhoy Palkhivala, assisted by Fali Nariman and Soli Sorabjee, presented the case against the government in both cases.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: Upholding the validity of clause 1 of article 13 and a corresponding provision in article 368(3), inserted by the 24th Amendment, the Court settled in favour of the view that Parliament has the power to amend the fundamental rights. However, the Court affirmed another proposition also asserted in the Golaknath case, by ruling that the expression "amendment" of this Constitution in article 368 means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the Preamble and the Constitution to carry out the objectives in the Preamble and the Directive Principles. Applied to fundamental rights, it would be that while fundamental rights cannot be abrogated, reasonable abridgement of fundamental rights could be affected in the public interest. The true position is that every provision of the Constitution can be amended provided the basic foundation and structure of the Constitution remains the same.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: CJI S M Sikri held that the fundamental importance of the freedom of the individual has to be preserved for all times to come and that it could not be amended out of existence. According to the Chief Justice, fundamental rights conferred by Part III of the Constitution of India cannot be abrogated, though a reasonable abridgment of those rights could be effected in public interest. There is a limitation on the power of amendment by necessary implication which was apparent from a reading of the preamble and therefore, according to the learned Chief Justice, the expression 'amendment of this Constitution,' in Article 368, means any addition or change in any of the provisions of the Constitution within the broad contours of the preamble, made in order to carry out the basic objectives of the Constitution. Accordingly, every provision of the Constitution was open to amendment provided the basic foundation or structure of the Constitution was not damaged or destroyed.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: Held that the preamble to the Constitution contains the clue to the fundamentals of the Constitution. According to the learned Judges, Parts III and IV of the Constitution which respectively embody the fundamental rights and the directive principles have to be balanced and harmonised. This balance & harmony between two integral parts of the Constitution forms a basic element of the Constitution which cannot be altered. The word 'amendment' occurring in Article 368 must therefore be construed in such a manner as to preserve the power of the Parliament to amend the Constitution, but not so as to result in damaging or destroying the structure and identity of the Constitution. There was thus an implied limitation on the amending power which prevented the Parliament from abolishing or changing the identity of the Constitution or any of its Basic Structure.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: Held that the Constitution of India which is essentially a social rather than a political document, is founded on a social philosophy and as such has two main features basic and circumstantial. The basic constituent remained constant, the circumstantial was subject to change. According to the learned Judges, the broad contours of the basic elements and the fundamental features of the Constitution are delineated in the preamble and the Parliament has no power to abolish or emasculate those basic elements of fundamental features. The building of a welfare State is the ultimate goal of every Government but that does not mean that in order to build a welfare State, human freedoms have to suffer a total destruction. Applying these tests, the learned Judges invalidated Article 31C even in its un-amended form.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: Held that the word 'amendment' was used in the sense of permitting a change e, in contradistinction to destruction, which the repeal or abrogation brings about. Therefore, the width of the power of amendment could not be enlarged by amending the amending power itself. The learned Judge held that the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution are reflected in its preamble and that some of the important features of the Constitution are justice, freedom of expression and equality of status and opportunity. The word 'amendment' could not possibly embrace the right to abrogate the pivotal features and the fundamental freedoms and therefore, that part of the basic structure could not be damaged or destroyed. According to the learned Judge, the provisions of Article 31d, as they hen, conferring power on Parliament and the State Legislatures to enact laws for giving effect to the principles specified in Clauses (b) and (c) of Article 39, altogether abrogated the right given by Article 14 and were for that reason unconstitutional. In conclusion, the learned Judge held that though the power of amendment was wide, it did not comprehend the power to totally abrogate or emasculate or damage any of the fundamental rights or the essential elements of the basic structure of the Constitution or to destroy the identity of the Constitution. Subject to these limitations, Parliament had the right to amend any and every provision of the Constitution.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: H R Khanna has given in his judgment that the Parliament had full power to amend the Constitution, however, since it is only a 'power to amend,' the basic structure or framework of the structure should remain intact. While as per the aforesaid views of the six learned Judges, certain "essential elements" (which included fundamental rights) of the judgment cannot be amended as there are certain implied restrictions on the powers of the parliament of India.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: According to the Judge, although it was permissible for the Parliament to effect changes in the exercise of its amending power so as to meet the requirements of changing conditions, it was not permissible to touch the foundation or to alter the basic institutional pattern. Therefore, the words 'amendment of the Constitution' in spite of the width of their sweep and in spite of their amplitude, could not have the effect of empowering the Parliament to destroy or abrogate the basic structure or framework of the Constitution.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: This gave birth to the basic structure doctrine, which has been considered as the cornerstone of the Constitutional law in India.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: The government of Indira Gandhi did not take kindly to this restriction on its powers by the court. On 26 April 1973, Justice Ajit Nath Ray, who was among the dissenters, was promoted to Chief Justice of India superseding three senior Judges, Shelat, Grover and Hegde, which was unprecedented in Indian legal history.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: The 42nd Amendment, enacted in 1976, is considered to be the immediate and most direct fall out of the judgment. Apart from it, the judgement cleared the deck for complete legislative authority to amend any part of the Constitution except when the amendments are not in consonance with the basic features of the Constitution.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: In the 1980 case "Indira Nehru Gandhi v. Raj Narain", a Constitution Bench of the Supreme Court used the basic structure doctrine to strike down the 39th amendment. The 39th Amendment was passed in 1975, during The Emergency and placed the election of the President, the Vice President, the Prime Minister and the Speaker of the Lok Sabha beyond the scrutiny of the Indian courts. Adopting this amendment was a move to suppress Gandhi's prosecution.


title: Kesavananda Bharati v. State of Kerala

text: The basic structure doctrine was also adopted by the Supreme Court of Bangladesh in 1989, by expressly relying on the reasoning in the "Kesavananda" case, in its ruling on "Anwar Hossain Chowdhary v. Bangladesh" (41 DLR 1989 App. Div. 165, 1989 BLD (Spl.) 1).


title: Amanda Lear

text: Amanda Lear (; born 1939) is a French singer, songwriter, painter, television presenter, actress, and former model.


title: Amanda Lear

text: She began her professional career as a fashion model in the mid-1960s, and went on to model for Paco Rabanne, Ossie Clark, and others. She met Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dalí, and remained his closest friend and muse for the next 15 years. Lear first came into the public eye as the cover model for Roxy Music's album "For Your Pleasure" in 1973. From the mid-1970s to the early 1980s, she was a million-album-selling disco queen, mainly in Continental Europe and Scandinavia, signed to Ariola Records. Lear's first four albums earned her mainstream popularity, charting in the top 10 of European charts, including the best-selling "Sweet Revenge" (1978). Her bigger hits included "Blood and Honey", "Tomorrow", "Queen of Chinatown", "Follow Me", "Enigma (Give a Bit of Mmh to Me)", "The Sphinx", and "Fashion Pack".


title: Amanda Lear

text: By the mid-1980s, Lear had become a leading media personality in Italy, where she hosted many popular TV shows. Although television took priority over musical activity, she continued to record, experimenting with different genres and trying to revive her career by re-recording and remixing earlier hits to various levels of success. Lear has also developed a successful career in painting, which she has long described as her biggest passion, and regularly exhibited her works in galleries across Europe and beyond since the early 1980s. She has also written a number of autobiographies, including "My Life with Dalí".


title: Amanda Lear

text: Since the 1990s, her time has been divided among music, television, movies, and painting. Despite regular album releases, she failed to achieve major success in charts with her music, but her television career has remained stellar, and she has hosted numerous primetime TV shows, mostly in Italy and France, occasionally making guest appearances in TV series. She has performed acting and dubbing roles in independent, as well as major, film productions. In the late 2000s, Lear reinvented herself as a theatrical actress, performing in long-running stage plays in France. To date, she allegedly has sold over 27 million records worldwide. Lear is also a widely recognized gay icon.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Lear's origins are unclear, with the singer providing different information about her background and keeping her birth year a secret from her long-term husband. Contested facts include her birth date and place, the gender she was assigned at birth, names and nationalities of her parents, and the location of her upbringing. Most sources claim 18 June 1939, including Bibliothèque nationale de France or 18 November 1939 to be her birth date, including GEMA. Her birth year, though, has variously been given as 1941, 1946, and 1950. During a 2010 interview with French newspaper "Libération", Lear presented her identity card to the journalist, and it read: "born 18 November 1950 in Saigon". This date, however, appears to be a fabrication, as public records show that she began university in September 1964, and that she married in December 1965. Georges Claude Guilbert claims, "Most biographers believe she was born in 1939, whatever she might declare to the contrary."


title: Amanda Lear

text: As for her birthplace, Saigon and British Hong Kong appear to be most credible versions, but places like Singapore, Switzerland, and even Transylvania have been rumoured as the singer's birthplace. She was reportedly the only child of her parents, who later divorced. Most sources, including Lear's 1965 wedding certificate from the Chelsea registry office, confirm that her father was a French army officer (possibly of British origin). Her mother appears to have had a Russian-Asian background. According to the General Register Office for England and Wales, her birth surname was Tap. According to the French Republic, her birth surname was Tapp. In a 1976 interview with Carmen Thomas for a German television show, Lear confirmed that her father was British and mother was Russian and that they both had died. However, she later claimed that her mother had a French background. In 2021, she confirmed she was born in Saigon.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Lear allegedly grew up in the South of France and in Switzerland, or between London and Paris, or in Nice. She learned English, German, Spanish and Italian in her teens, and would use multilingualism in her professional life. The academic Georges Claude Guilbert claims, "Linguists observe that she has a French accent when she speaks (and sings) in English".


title: Amanda Lear

text: "The Guardian", on 24 December 2000, summarized the information relating to these aspects of Lear's life as follows:


title: Amanda Lear

text: Allegations claiming that Lear was a drag queen or intersex circulated from the beginning of Lear's modelling and singing careers. Her alleged transgender background was commented on by Salvador Dalí himself, and remarked upon in the media and in the biographies of those who knew Lear earlier in her life, including Dalí; author Ian Gibson devoted an entire chapter to Lear in his biography of Dalí.


title: Amanda Lear

text: April Ashley, a transgender entertainer and model, claimed that in the 1950s and early 1960s, Lear, whose birth name she stated was "Alain Tap", had worked with her in the Parisian transgender revues Madame Arthur and Le Carrousel. In her book "April Ashley's Odyssey", Ashley recalls Lear performing drag acts under the stage name "Peki d'Oslo". Similar facts have been reported by Romy Haag, a transgender artist living in Germany, who ran the popular nightclub Chez Romy in Berlin and knew Lear.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Some sources claim that Dalí sponsored Lear's sex reassignment surgery in Casablanca in 1963, carried out by Georges Burou, and also that Dalí invented the stage name for her, a pun of the Catalan language ('Dalí's lover').


title: Amanda Lear

text: Despite Lear contradicting transgender allegations on numerous occasions and explaining they were part of a strategy to draw public attention, the allegations continued to persist. In 1976, Lear stated that it was "a crazy idea from some journalist", and later claimed that the rumour had been started by Dalí or even herself.


title: Amanda Lear

text: However, French, British and Italian newspapers and magazines in the 1960s and 1970s, and more recently in 2008 and 2011 and in a 2016 article in "La Stampa", included passport details and a reproduction of a copy of Lear's birth certificate, which states that she was assigned the name Alain Maurice Louis René Tap on 18 June 1939 in Saigon. The articles included a picture of Lear before her supposed transition.


title: Amanda Lear

text: In Paris, Amanda Lear was introduced to the eccentric Spanish surrealist painter Salvador Dalí. The self-proclaimed enfant terrible in the world of art, 35 years her senior, was struck by her looks and found a soul mate in her. She has since described their close and unconventional relationship as a "spiritual marriage" and remained Dalí's confidante, protégée and the closest friend through the next sixteen years. She spent every summer with Dalí at his home at Port Lligat in Catalonia and accompanied him and his wife on trips to Barcelona, Madrid, Paris and New York. She also took part in his art projects, posing for a number of Dalí's drawings and paintings, including "The Dream of Hypnos" (1965), "Venus in Furs" (1968), "Angélique Rescued from the Dragon" and "Bateau Anthotropic".


title: Amanda Lear

text: In 1965 Lear moved to London and began working as a cabaret artist. A July 1965 newspaper report about a robbery at her home described her as the strip-tease artist "Amanda Tapp, professionally known as Peki d'Oslo". An American newspaper described her in October 1965 as "one of the leading stripping stars on the European cabaret circuit".


title: Amanda Lear

text: On 11 December 1965 in the UK, she married Morgan Paul Lear, a Scottish architecture student, and adopted his name. After showing up at Lucie Daouphars' Parisian model school (known as Lucky), she was sent by Gérald Nanty to Karl Lagerfeld's then model maker at Jean Patou's. Amanda Lear was a runway model for Lagerfeld and meets Catherine Harlé, the head of a modelling agency, who offered her a contract. With her modelling assignment, she walked for rising star Paco Rabanne in 1967. Just as Harlé had predicted, her looks were very much in demand. Soon after her debut Lear was photographed by Helmut Newton, Charles Paul Wilp and Antoine Giacomoni for magazines such as "Beau" (1966), "mr." (1966), "Le Nouveau Candide", "Cinémonde" (1967), "Scandal", "", "Nova", "The Daily Telegraph", "Stern", "Bravo" and "Vogue". She modelled for fashion designers including Yves Saint Laurent and Coco Chanel in Paris and Mary Quant, Ossie Clark and Antony Price in London. After some time, Lear dropped out of art school to model full-time and went on to lead a bohemian and flamboyant life in the Swinging London of the 1960s. Lear's acquaintances included The Beatles and fellow top models Twiggy, Pattie Boyd and Anita Pallenberg. In late 1966, she began dating Brian Jones whom she first met prior through Tara Browne. Their relationship inspired Mick Jagger and Keith Richards for the track "Miss Amanda Jones" from "Between the Buttons", alluding the romance between Jones and Lear as she's described as "Ms. Jones". She became a "stalwart of London's demimonde", an exotic name on the nightclub circuit and a regular fixture in the gossip columns. The model was arrested in 1967 by the police with drugs belonging to The Rolling Stones. Lear appeared in several advertisements for major brands, modelling among others for a Chantelle underwear range and the Detchema fragrance by a French company Révillon Frères in 1967, and in 1968 played a minor role in the French comedy film "Ne jouez pas avec les Martiens" and also in the 1968 British psychedelic film "Wonderwall".


title: Amanda Lear

text: In 1971, Lear modelled for a special Christmas issue of the French edition of "Vogue", edited entirely by Salvador Dalí, and was photographed by David Bailey. She performed in a short-lived play along with the singer P.J. Proby in an Islington pub in London and 1972 saw her first on-stage appearance when she introduced Roxy Music and Lloyd Watson at the Rainbow Theatre in London in August. Lear has been briefly engaged to Bryan Ferry of Roxy Music and was famously depicted posing in a skintight leather dress leading a black panther on a leash on the cover of the band's art rock album "For Your Pleasure", released in March 1973, an image that has been described as "as famous as the album itself". Following the exposure to the music world she gained from the album cover, Lear went on to have an affair with the married David Bowie and appeared in the live performance of his hit song "Sorrow" in "The 1980 Floor Show" held in October 1973, broadcast in November 1973 as part of "The Midnight Special" TV series. Lear then contributed to the Dalí Museum, opened in the painter's home town Figueres in September 1974, by producing a series of collages decorating the doors of the museum, and was offered writing a monthly gossip column by a British magazine "Tatler".


title: Amanda Lear

text: In 1974, disillusioned by a shallow and conservative fashion industry and encouraged by her boyfriend Bowie, who paid for singing and dancing lessons, Lear decided to launch a career in music. Bowie recommended a Hungarian voice coach Florence Wiese-Norberg, with whom he also worked, and the pair subsequently recorded a demo track called "Star", which remains unreleased to date. Lear's debut single, "Trouble", a pop-rock cover of Elvis Presley's 1958 classic, was released unsuccessfully by minor label Creole Records in the United Kingdom. A French-language version of the track, "La Bagarre", was released on Polydor in France and while equally unsuccessful there, it became a minor disco hit in West Germany in early 1976. The track caught the attention of the singer, composer and producer Anthony Monn and label Ariola, which offered her a seven-year, six-album recording contract for a sum of money that Lear since has described as "astronomic". Her debut album, "I Am a Photograph", released in 1977, was recorded in Munich with most songs composed by Monn who later produced majority of her material in the disco era. The album included Lear's first European hit "Blood and Honey", as well as the follow-up Italian no. 1 single "Tomorrow", and covers of Nancy Sinatra's "These Boots Are Made for Walkin'" and Leroy Anderson's "Blue Tango". "I Am a Photograph"s mixture of lush disco, schlager, kitsch and camp, topped with Lear's deep half-spoken, half-sung vocals and her characteristic Franglais accent was a successful combination. The second edition of "I Am a Photograph", which also contained German no. 2 hit "Queen of Chinatown", included a free pin-up poster with Lear posing topless, a photo originally featured in a "Playboy" spread. Lear allegedly had affairs with Keith Moon and Jimmy Page.


title: Amanda Lear

text: In 1978, Lear continued her line of disco hits with "Sweet Revenge", an album that opens with a concept medley about a Faustian fairy tale of a girl who sells her soul to the devil for fame and fortune, and in her eventual revenge over the devil's offer finds true love. The first single from "Sweet Revenge", "Follow Me", powered by Lear's characteristic deep and recitative voice and the theme of the devil, was an instant smash hit. It reached the top 3 in the West German singles chart as well as top 10 in many European countries, and has been Lear's signature tune ever since. The "Sweet Revenge" album was certified gold in West Germany and France, and went on to sell in excess of four million copies, spawning further European hit singles "Gold" and "Enigma (Give a Bit of Mmh to Me)". Lear took part in three Italian productions in 1978: a war-time parody "Zio Adolfo in arte Führer", a softporn documentary "Follie di notte" directed by Joe D'Amato, and a six-episode controversial TV show "Stryx". Later in 1978, Lear and Monn teamed for "Never Trust a Pretty Face". The album featured a variety of genre exercises like the dance version of a war-time classic "Lili Marleen", the interpersonal ballad "The Sphinx", the cabaret-esque "Miroir", futuristic tracks "Black Holes" and "Intellectually", as well as the hit disco single "Fashion Pack (Studio 54)".


title: Amanda Lear

text: In late 1978 at a fashionable Parisian discothèque Le Palace, a French equivalent of Studio 54, Amanda Lear met bisexual French aristocrat Alain-Philippe Malagnac d'Argens de Villèle, the former lover and then adopted son of diplomat and controversial gay novelist Roger Peyrefitte.


title: Amanda Lear

text: She married him on 13 March 1979, while on a trip to the United States. The marriage lasted twenty-one years, until Malagnac's death on 16 December 2000, when he was killed by smoke in a fire at their farm house in Saint-Étienne-du-Grès. He died just six weeks after Roger Peyrefitte.


title: Amanda Lear

text: This marriage is not official for the French state. Dalí and his wife Gala both strongly disapproved of the relationship and attempted to persuade Lear to have the marriage annulled. As a consequence of this, and also the time taken up by Lear's successful career in music and television, she and her mentor began drifting apart. They sporadically kept in touch via letters and telephone through the early and mid-1980s, especially after Gala's death in 1982. Lear visited Dalí one last time at Púbol, Spain a few years before the painter died.


title: Amanda Lear

text: In the early '80s, she had her first art exhibition in Paris. According to Lear, it happened in 1979.


title: Amanda Lear

text: In late 1979, Lear recorded "Diamonds for Breakfast", which was her commercial breakthrough on the Scandinavian market (top 10 in both Sweden and Norway), producing hits "Fabulous (Lover, Love Me)" and "Diamonds", plus regional single releases "Japan", "When" and the autoerotic "Ho fatto l'amore con me". The album abandoned the Munich disco sound with its lush strings and brass arrangements in favour of an electronic new wave rock style. Lear spent most of 1980 on European promotional tours for the album and its many accompanying single releases, from Greece to Finland. She also made her first visit to Japan, where both the single "Queen of Chinatown" and the "Sweet Revenge" album had charted. Two non-album singles followed the "Diamonds for Breakfast" album in late 1980: a pop cover of Eric "Monty" Morris's early ska hit "Solomon Gundie" and the chanson-esque "Le Chat de gouttière", the latter with both music and lyrics written by Lear and recorded for francophone markets.


title: Amanda Lear

text: The Lear/Monn album success saga neared its end in 1981, when Lear had become increasingly uncomfortable with the expectations and pressures of the music business in general and her own record label in particular. At the artistic and commercial peak of her international career, but with the so-called "anti-disco backlash" beginning to take its toll, she had tentatively started recording tracks for a forthcoming album with producer Trevor Horn in London. However, Ariola did not approve of the material and informed Lear that she was to return to Munich and provide the company and the market with another Monn product. The result of these sessions was "Incognito", only partly co-written by Lear, with new wave material fueled with rock and electronic elements. "Incognito" generated only one minor hit, the French language ballad "Égal", and still met with relative success in Scandinavia. It was also her breakthrough album in South America, with three tracks recorded in Spanish: "Igual", "Dama de Berlin" and "Ninfomanía". Another non-album single followed in early 1982, a synthpop take on the pop classic "Fever". This was Lear's final collaboration with producer Anthony Monn. Shortly thereafter she took legal action against the Ariola label on the grounds of artistic differences to be released from her recording contract. The lawsuit was unsuccessful and she remained with Ariola until the end of 1983, as stipulated in the original contract. In 1982, another Italian language single, the ballad "Incredibilmente donna", was released on the greatest hits compilation "Ieri, oggi".


title: Amanda Lear

text: The double A-side single "Love Your Body"/"Darkness and Light", released in the spring of 1983, was produced by Monn's sound engineer Peter Lüdemann rather than Monn. These were Lear's final Munich recordings for Ariola and her final promotional appearance on West Germany's most important music TV show at the time, "Musikladen", in June 1983. Lear's international career momentum was slowing and effectively came to an end in December 1983 with her sixth and final Ariola album under contractual obligation. "Tam-Tam", a collaboration with Italian composers and producers, was a modern and minimalist early 1980s synthpop album with a soundscape dominated by Roland TR-808 drum machines and sequencer-programmed synthesizers. Lear again wrote all the English lyrics for the album. Although she performed some of the songs from the album on the popular Italian TV show "", she did not promote "Tam-Tam" in West Germany or any other parts of Europe and neither did the record company. As a consequence, "Tam-Tam" passed by unnoticed by the international record-buying public.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Lear launched a very successful and lucrative career as a TV presenter in Italy, thanks to the future prime minister Silvio Berlusconi, soon becoming something of a household name in that country. She hosted many successful TV shows there, including "Premiatissima" and "W le donne" (the latter adapted in France as "Cherchez la femme"), in which she frequently promoted her music. The singer recorded a string of dance singles for various European labels: "Assassino" and "Ritmo Salsa" in 1984, followed by "No Credit Card" and "Women" in 1985. A minialbum titled "A L", with four covers of classic songs, including Marilyn Monroe's "Bye Bye Baby" and "As Time Goes By" from the film "Casablanca", was recorded for Five Records and released in 1985. Her music career, however, had waned by that point and she failed to find chart success with her recordings at that time. In late 1985, Lear appeared in a series of TV spots for Fiat. She had written her first book, the autobiography "My Life with Dalí", which told about her long relationship with the famous painter. Originally published in French, the book was translated into other languages in the second half of the 1980s.


title: Amanda Lear

text: After several years as a TV entertainer in Italy on Canale 5 and France on La Cinq, Lear returned to music. Her next album, "Secret Passion", a post-disco Hi-NRG affair produced by Christian De Walden, was recorded in Los Angeles and Rome for major French label Carrere Records. The album was to be her comeback in Continental Europe, Scandinavia, the Eastern Bloc, South America and Japan, as well as a breakthrough attempt in English-speaking countries. These were the only major markets that Lear had not conquered during the Ariola years. The launch was planned for January 1987, however, just before promotion began, Lear was seriously injured in a near-fatal car accident and took months to recover, unable to promote the record properly. "Secret Passion"s commercial success was less than hoped for, and the lead single "Wild Thing" was ultimately released in a few countries such as France, Italy and Greece. While in hospital, Lear began writing a novel, "L'Immortelle", a surrealistic tale of the torments of a woman doomed to eternal youth and beauty. Watching everyone else grow older and eventually losing all her loved ones, the woman is still as beautiful but unable to stop the merciless passage of time.


title: Amanda Lear

text: A series of re-recordings of her old hits appeared on the market in the late 1980s, starting with a synthpop take of the biggest hit, "Follow Me", in 1987. The following year, Italian band CCCP Fedeli alla linea recorded a cover of her song "Tomorrow", retitled "Tomorrow (Voulez-vous un rendez-vous)", for which Lear contributed guest vocals. The single was a minor hit in Italy and Amanda's first chart success in that country in six years. In 1989, DJ Ian Levine remixed "Follow Me" and "Gold" in a Hi-NRG fashion, while Lear hosted "Ars Amanda" on Rai 3, an Italian chat show where she interviewed both Italian and international celebrities and politicians in bed. From the late 1980s, Lear has been a regular participant in the popular French radio show "Les Grosses Têtes" on RTL, televised on Paris Première. To maintain her popularity in Italy, she recorded "Uomini più uomini", an all-Italian language album, which included mainstream pop material written among others by , Paolo Conte's brother No single was released to promote the album and it turned out a commercial failure. The same year, Amanda re-recorded some of the songs in French and cut the dance single "Métamorphose" for the French-Italian re-release of the album "Tant qu'il y aura des hommes". In 1990, she released an up-tempo, promotional-only single "Do You Remember Me?" and took part in Thierry Mugler's fashion show.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Lear continued to record more dancefloor-friendly repertoire in the 1990s, starting with the 1992 song "Fantasy", which became a hit in clubs around Europe. "Cadavrexquis", her next album, was released in 1993 and featured heavily club-oriented material, including "Fantasy" and re-recordings of three songs from the disco era. Both the single and the album failed to enter any mainstream charts. Meanwhile, Lear hosted the TV show "Méfiez-vous des blondes" on TF1 and appeared in 's TV drama "Une Femme pour moi" in France. In 1994, she modeled for the fashion house Grès in Paris and again for Thierry Mugler in Berlin the following year. In May 1995, Lear debuted her new, erotic late night TV show "Peep!" in Germany, also known as "Beware of the Blondes", which she hosted for one year. The show, which used her song "Peep!" as the opening music theme, became remarkably popular in Germany, achieving over 50% of market share. In June 1995, she performed at a 1970s disco music tribute concert "La fièvre du disco" in Paris alongside Boney M. and Gloria Gaynor In autumn, the singer released "Alter Ego", an upbeat eurodance offering. The album again was not successful and did not produce any hits. As an active supporter of people suffering from HIV/AIDS, Lear made an appearance in 1996 as a model for Paco Rabanne during an annual charity event Life Ball. During her November 1996 concert at Le Palace in Paris, the singer announced her definitive departure from touring and performing live, and although she sporadically gave concerts in the following years, her live acts have been limited mostly to short TV appearances.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Lear released "Back in Your Arms" in Spring 1998, an album consisting of re-recordings of her own 1970s disco hits and remixed versions of tracks from the 1995 album "Alter Ego". The album failed to make much impact on the market, but the re-recordings have been featured on many mid-price compilations in Europe. "Back in Your Arms" was re-released with a slightly different track list and title, and a remix of "Blood and Honey" was released as the single. Her next acting and television ventures were the French movie "Bimboland", in which she starred alongside Gérard Depardieu, and an Italian makeover TV show "Il brutto anatroccolo". The theme tune to the latter was "Nuda", a cover version of Melina Mercouri's 1960 recording "Never on Sunday", which Lear recorded but never released commercially. On the set of "Il brutto anatroccolo" Lear met model and actor , some 30 years her junior. Lear and Casella began a long-term relationship and were featured prominently in the tabloid press in both France and Italy, before splitting in 2008.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Lear contributed vocals for a cover of Giorgio Moroder's 1970s hit "From Here to Eternity", recorded in 2000 with Eric D. Clark. In the morning of 16 December 2000, a fire broke out in Lear's house in Saint-Étienne-du-Grès, killing her husband Alain-Philippe, and his friend Didier Dieufis. At the time of the accident, Lear was in Milan, where she was hosting a TV show. The fire left the house in ruins, destroying personal memorabilia and a number of Dalí's paintings. As a result of the accident, she fell into depression, but soon returned to work and put on an art exhibition titled "Not a. Lear". At the end of 2001, she returned with the album "Heart", dedicated to the late husband. The album offered a cover of "Love Boat", the title song from the 1970s TV series of the same name, and the club-friendly track "I Just Wanna Dance Again", both issued as singles featuring remixes by some prominent names in the world of French dance music, such as Laurent Wolf and Junior Vasquez.


title: Amanda Lear

text: In 2002, Lear starred in "Le Défi", a musical movie written and directed by choreographer Blanca Li about an 18-year-old dropout who dreams of becoming a star in breakdancing and the ensuing conflicts with his conservative mother. Lear played the mother's understanding and encouraging best friend. She cut the title song for her Italian TV show "Cocktail d'amore" in which she interviewed some of Italy's most famous 1980s music stars, and released the single "Beats of Love" with the Belgian boy band Get Ready! Both tracks were included in the 2003 re-release of "Heart", retitled "Tendance". Next year, Lear dubbed the voice of Edna Mode in the French and Italian versions of the Disney/Pixar's blockbuster "The Incredibles", and her 1978 song "Enigma" enjoyed success in Central and Eastern Europe after exposure in the Kinder Bueno TV advert. In 2005, the singer became a judge on "Ballando con le stelle", the Italian version of "Dancing with the Stars", and released two dance singles, "Paris by Night" and the remake of Barry Manilow's "Copacabana", as well as two compilations, "Forever Glam!" and "Sings Evergreens". In 2006, Lear opened an art exhibition in New York, titled "Never Mind the Bollocks, Here's Amanda Lear", and was decorated with the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres by the French Minister of Culture Renaud Donnedieu de Vabres in recognition of her contributions to French arts and sciences. A compilation was released, the 3 CD "The Sphinx – Das Beste aus den Jahren 1976–1983", fully covering the singer's Ariola output. In October, the album "With Love" was released in France. It won critical acclaim in France and was released in the rest of Europe in early 2007. Lear made several appearances in movies, including acting in "Oliviero Rising" and dubbing for the French version of "Dragon Hunters". In 2008, she hosted several TV shows in Italy and France.


title: Amanda Lear

text: In 2009, Lear accepted the part of Cécile in the comedy "Panique au ministère", which debuted at the Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin in Paris. The show turned out a huge success and was taken on tour. The same year, she dubbed the voice of Fish in the German movie "Lacoma" directed by Christopher Roth. Her next album "Brief Encounters", was released in autumn 2009, preceded by the single "Someone Else's Eyes", a duet with Italian singer-producer Deadstar. The following month, Lear released the autobiography "Je ne suis pas celle que vous croyez..." and the EP "Brand New Love Affair". The title song was released as the lead single, accompanied with an animated music video. "Brief Encounters" was partly re-recorded and remixed and then released in "Acoustique" and "Reloaded" versions. Boy George remixed "Someone Else's Eyes" in 2010. In April 2011, Lear released the single "Chinese Walk", and joined the judging panel of the Italian TV show "Ciak... si canta!" on Rai 1. She dubbed the voice of Janet the Lioness in the French version of "Zookeeper". In September, Lear returned to theatre for the lead role in "Lady Oscar", an adaptation of Claude Magnier's 1958 play "Oscar", at the Théâtre de la Renaissance in Paris. The play was another success and was taken on tour.


title: Amanda Lear

text: Her album "I Don't Like Disco" was released in January 2012, and the single "La Bête et la Belle" sparked controversy due to its erotic imagery. In September 2012, Lear appeared as a catwalk model on Jean Paul Gaultier's fashion show in Paris and in 2013 started playing the leading part in the play "Divina" at the Théâtre des Variétés in Paris. In Spring 2014, she released "My Happiness", a tribute album with covers of Elvis Presley's songs, promoted by the single and video "Suspicious Minds". In 2015, she recorded the duet "Mai più" with Italian singer for his album "L'universo elegante". The pair then teamed for the ballad "Prima del tuo cuore" for Lear's next album "Let Me Entertain You", released in May 2016. Her play "La Candidate", a sequel to "Panique au ministère", opened in 2016 at the Théâtre de la Michodière and was subsequently taken on tour across France. At the time of an interview in the Italian program "Domenica in" on 16 October 2016, Lear had planned a retirement immediately after completing the "La Candidate" tour in Spring 2017, however, she had to cancel a number of final dates due to health issues. In 2018, she worked on the dubbing for French and Italian versions of "Incredibles 2", hosted the TV show "Voulez-vous coucher avec moi ?" on Cielo, and released another book, "Délires". In 2019, Lear joined the judging panel of the Italian TV show "Sanremo Young" on Rai 1. In 2020, Lear starred in "Si Muore Solo Da Vivi" directed by Alberto Rizzi and in "Miss" directed by Ruben Alves. In 2021, she appears in TV drama ' in France. In September, Lear returned to theatre to play Joan Crawford in ', Théâtre de la Porte Saint-Martin, in Paris, Bette Davis and Joan Crawford in the war they fought on the set of "What Ever Happened to Baby Jane?", directed by Robert Aldrich


title: Ctesiphon

text: Ctesiphon ( ; Middle Persian: 𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭 "tyspwn" or "tysfwn"; ; , ; ) was an ancient city, located on the eastern bank of the Tigris, about southeast of present-day Baghdad. Ctesiphon served as a royal capital of the empires in the Parthian and Sasanian eras for over eight hundred years. Ctesiphon was capital of the Sasanian Empire from 226–637 until the Muslim conquest of Persia in 651 AD.


title: Ctesiphon

text: Ctesiphon developed into a rich commercial metropolis, merging with the surrounding cities along both shores of the river, including the Hellenistic city of Seleucia. Ctesiphon and its environs were therefore sometimes referred to as "The Cities" (Aramaic: "Mahuza", , "al-Mada'in"). In the late sixth and early seventh century, it was listed as the largest city in the world by some accounts.


title: Ctesiphon

text: During the Roman–Parthian Wars, Ctesiphon fell three times to the Romans, and later fell twice during Sasanian rule. It was also the site of the Battle of Ctesiphon in 363 AD. After the Muslim invasion, the city fell into decay and was depopulated by the end of the eighth century, its place as a political and economic center taken by the Abbasid capital at Baghdad. The most conspicuous structure remaining today is the Taq Kasra, sometimes called the Archway of Ctesiphon.


title: Ctesiphon

text: The Latin name ' derives from Ancient Greek ' (). This is ostensibly a Greek toponym based on a personal name, although it may be a Hellenized form of a local name, reconstructed as "Tisfōn" or "Tisbōn". In Iranian-language texts of the Sasanian era, it is spelled as "tyspwn", which can be read as "Tīsfōn", "Tēsifōn", etc. in Manichaean Parthian 𐫤𐫏𐫘𐫛𐫇𐫗, in Middle Persian 𐭲𐭩𐭮𐭯𐭥𐭭 and in Christian Sogdian (in Syriac alphabet) languages. The New Persian form is "Tisfun" ().


title: Ctesiphon

text: Texts from the Church of the East's synods referred to the city as ' () or some times ' () when referring to the metropolis of Seleucia-Ctesiphon.


title: Ctesiphon

text: In modern Arabic, the name is usually "Ṭaysafūn" () or "Qaṭaysfūn" () or as "al-Mada'in" ( "The Cities", referring to Greater Ctesiphon). "According to Yāqūt [...], quoting Ḥamza, the original form was Ṭūsfūn or Tūsfūn, which was arabicized as Ṭaysafūn." The Armenian name of the city was "Tizbon" (). Ctesiphon is first mentioned in the Book of Ezra of the Old Testament as Kasfia/Casphia (a derivative of the ethnic name Cas, and a cognate of Caspian and Qazvin). It is also mentioned in the Talmud as Aktisfon. In another Talmudic reference it is written as Akistfon, located across the Tigris River from the city of Ardashir.


title: Ctesiphon

text: Ctesiphon is located approximately at Al-Mada'in, southeast of the modern city of Baghdad, Iraq, along the river Tigris. Ctesiphon measured 30 square kilometers, more than twice the surface of 13.7-square-kilometer fourth-century imperial Rome.


title: Ctesiphon

text: The archway of Chosroes ("Taq Kasra") was once a part of the royal palace in Ctesiphon and is estimated to date between the 3rd and 6th centuries AD. It is located in what is now the Iraqi town of Salman Pak.


title: Ctesiphon

text: Ctesiphon was founded in the late 120s BC. It was built on the site of a military camp established across from Seleucia by Mithridates I of Parthia. The reign of Gotarzes I saw Ctesiphon reach a peak as a political and commercial center. The city became the Empire's capital circa 58 BC during the reign of Orodes II. Gradually, the city merged with the old Hellenistic capital of Seleucia and other nearby settlements to form a cosmopolitan metropolis.


title: Ctesiphon

text: The reason for this westward relocation of the capital could have been in part due to the proximity of the previous capitals (Mithradatkirt, and Hecatompylos at Hyrcania) to the Scythian incursions.


title: Ctesiphon

text: Because of its importance, Ctesiphon was a major military objective for the leaders of the Roman Empire in their eastern wars. The city was captured by Rome five times in its history – three times in the 2nd century alone. The emperor Trajan captured Ctesiphon in 116, but his successor, Hadrian, decided to willingly return Ctesiphon in 117 as part of a peace settlement. The Roman general Avidius Cassius captured Ctesiphon in 164 during another Parthian war, but abandoned it when peace was concluded. In 197, the emperor Septimius Severus sacked Ctesiphon and carried off thousands of its inhabitants, whom he sold into slavery.


title: Ctesiphon

text: By 226, Ctesiphon was in the hands of the Sasanian Empire, who also made it their capital and had laid an end to the Parthian dynasty of Iran. Ctesiphon was greatly enlarged and flourished during their rule, thus turning into a metropolis, which was known by in Arabic as al-Mada'in, and in Aramaic as Mahoze. The oldest inhabited places of Ctesiphon were on its eastern side, which in Islamic Arabic sources is called "the Old City" ( "Madīnah al-'Atīqah"), where the residence of the Sasanians, known as the White Palace (), was located. The southern side of Ctesiphon was known as Asbānbar or Aspānbar, which was known by its prominent halls, riches, games, stables, and baths. Taq Kasra was located in the latter.


title: Ctesiphon

text: The western side was known as Veh-Ardashir (meaning "the good city of Ardashir" in Middle Persian), known as Mahoza by the Jews, Kokhe by the Christians, and Behrasir by the Arabs. Veh-Ardashir was populated by many wealthy Jews, and was the seat of the church of the Nestorian patriarch. To the south of Veh-Ardashir was Valashabad. Ctesiphon had several other districts which were named Hanbu Shapur, Darzanidan, Veh Jondiu-Khosrow, Nawinabad and Kardakadh.


title: Ctesiphon

text: Severus Alexander advanced towards Ctesiphon in 233, but as corroborated by Herodian, his armies suffered a humiliating defeat against Ardashir I. In 283, emperor Carus sacked the city uncontested during a period of civil upheaval. In 295, emperor Galerius was defeated outside the city. However, he returned a year later with a vengeance and won a victory which ended in the fifth and final capture of the city by the Romans in 299. He returned it to the Persian king Narses in exchange for Armenia and western Mesopotamia. In c. 325 and again in 410, the city, or the Greek colony directly across the river, was the site of church councils for the Church of the East.


title: Ctesiphon

text: After the conquest of Antioch in 541, Khosrau I built a new city near Ctesiphon for the inhabitants he captured. He called this new city "Weh Antiok Khusrau", or literally, "better than Antioch Khosrau built this". Local inhabitants of the area called the new city "Rumagan", meaning "town of the Romans" and Arabs called the city "al-Rumiyya". Along with Weh Antiok, Khosrau built a number of fortified cities. Khosrau I deported 292,000 citizens, slaves, and conquered people to this new city in 542.


title: Ctesiphon

text: In 590, a member of the House of Mihran, Bahram Chobin repelled the newly ascended Sasanian ruler Khosrau II from Iraq, and conquered the region. One year later, Khosrau II, with aid from the Byzantine Empire, reconquered his domains. During his reign, some of the great fame of al-Mada'in decreased, due to the popularity of Khosrau's new winter residence, Dastagerd. In 627, the Byzantine Emperor Heraclius surrounded the city, the capital of the Sassanid Empire, leaving it after the Persians accepted his peace terms. In 628, a deadly plague hit Ctesiphon, al-Mada'in and the rest of the western part of the Sasanian Empire, which even killed Khosrau's son and successor, Kavadh II.


title: Ctesiphon

text: In 629, Ctesiphon was briefly under the control of Mihranid usurper Shahrbaraz, but the latter was shortly assassinated by the supporters of Khosrau II's daughter Borandukht. Ctesiphon then continued to be involved in constant fighting between two factions of the Sasanian Empire, the Pahlav (Parthian) faction under the House of Ispahbudhan and the Parsig (Persian) faction under Piruz Khosrow.


title: Ctesiphon

text: In the mid-630s, the Muslim Arabs, who had invaded the territories of the Sasanian Empire, defeated them during a great battle known as the Battle of al-Qādisiyyah. The Arabs then attacked Ctesiphon, and occupied it in early 637.


title: Ctesiphon

text: The Muslim military officer Sa`d ibn Abi Waqqas quickly seized Valashabad and made a peace treaty with the inhabitants of Weh Antiok Khusrau and Veh-Ardashir. The terms of the treaty were that the inhabitants of Weh Antiok Khusrau were allowed to leave if they wanted to, but if they did not, they were forced to acknowledge Muslim authority, and also pay tribute ("jizya"). Later on, when the Muslims arrived at Ctesiphon, it was completely desolated, due to flight of the Sasanian royal family, nobles, and troops. However, the Muslims had managed to take some of troops captive, and many riches were seized from the Sasanian treasury and were given to the Muslim troops. Furthermore, the throne hall in Taq Kasra was briefly used as a mosque.


title: Ctesiphon

text: Still, as political and economic fortune had passed elsewhere, the city went into a rapid decline, especially after the founding of the Abbasid capital at Baghdad in the 760s, and soon became a ghost town. Caliph Al-Mansur took much of the required material for the construction of Baghdad from the ruins of Ctesiphon. He also attempted to demolish the palace and reuse its bricks for his own palace, but he desisted only when the undertaking proved too vast. Al-Mansur also used the al-Rumiya town as the Abbasid capital city for a few months.


title: Ctesiphon

text: The ruins of Ctesiphon were the site of a major battle of World War I in November 1915. The Ottoman Empire defeated troops of Britain attempting to capture Baghdad, and drove them back some before trapping the British force and compelling it to surrender.


title: Ctesiphon

text: Under Sasanian rule, the population of Ctesiphon was heavily mixed: it included Arameans, Persians, Greeks and Assyrians. Several religions were also practiced in the metropolis, which included Christianity, Judaism and Zoroastrianism. In 497, the first Nestorian patriarch Mar Babai I, fixed his see at Seleucia-Ctesiphon, supervising their mission east, with the Merv metropolis as pivot. The population also included Manicheans, a dualist church, who continued to be mentioned in Ctesiphon during Umayyad rule fixing their "patriarchate of Babylon" there. Much of the population fled from Ctesiphon after the Arab capture of the metropolis. However, a portion of Persians remained there, and some important figures of these people are known to have provided Ali with presents, which he, however, refused to take. In the ninth century, the surviving Manicheans fled and displaced their patriarchate up the Silk Road, in Samarkand.


title: Ctesiphon

text: A German Oriental Society led by Oscar Reuther excavated at Ctesiphon in 1928–29 mainly at Qasr bint al-Qadi on the western part of the site. In winter of 1931–1932 a joint expedition of the German State Museums (Staatliche Museen zu Berlin) and The Metropolitan Museum of Art continued excavations at the site, focusing on the areas of Ma'aridh, Tell Dheheb, the Taq-i Kisra, Selman Pak and Umm ez-Za'tir under the direction of Ernst Kühnel.


title: Ctesiphon

text: In the late 1960s and early 1970s, an Italian team from the University of Turin directed by Antonio Invernizzi and worked at the site, which they identified not as Ctesiphon but as Veh Ardashir. Work mainly concentrated on restoration at the palace of Khosrau II. In 2013, the Iraqi government contracted to restore the Taq Kasra, as a tourist attraction.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: Chakra () is a 2021 Indian Tamil-language action techno-thriller film written and directed by M. S. Anandan in his directorial debut. This is one of the most questionable movie for OTT release date, all over the social media, still the producers of the movie not responded to this. It is an stand-alone sequel to Irumbu Thirai. The film stars Vishal and Shraddha Srinath in the lead roles while Regina Cassandra played the antagonist. The film's theme is based on cybercrimes and e-commerce scams. where it revolves around two officers, who investigates about the robberies which occurred on Independence day.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: The film was released theatrically on 19 February and received mixed to positive reviews who praised the cast performances, action sequences and technical aspects, but criticism for writing. The film was declared an "average grosser" at the box office


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: 50 robberies occurred on Independence Day, with two masked robbers looting houses. The entire police force is clueless without the slightest lead or evidence. ACP Gayathiri is assigned for the case investigation. Gayathri learns that the 50th house belongs to her ex-boyfriend Major Chandru. Chandru's grandmother gets injured in the theft in an attempt to safeguard the Ashoka Chakra medal, which was bestowed to Chandru's late father. Chandru joins Gayathri in the investigation to retrieve the medal and solve the case. Chandru checks the case details and information from the victims, only to realize that the robbers knew the exact location of Jewels in every house. He list down the people who can get access to houses and realizes that a company known as "Dial For Help" may be involved in the case and all 50 houses had been serviced by the company under a common number belonging to a person named Marimuthu.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: The police rush to Marimuthu's house, only to find his wife there. Marimuthu's widow explains that her husband had died two years ago. Chandru, with no other clue returns. Meanwhile, a mysterious person calls the Commissioner and informs that he was responsible for all the thefts thus far and challenges the entire force that no one would be able to track him down. Accepting this as a challenge, Chandru tries to provoke the unknown person, who gives a clue to his location. They realize that it refers to a place, and they rush to the place, only to find destroyed computers. Chandru heads back to share the clues, where he reveals that the clue refers to the queen in chess and that the hacker had left a partial thumbprint on the scanner used to destroy all data. He further reveals that theft would occur in 58 more houses on August 23 due to the PM's arrival.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: Chandru deduces that the hacker they were searching for was not a man, but a woman named Leela, a chess coach. A young Leela had loved her mother tremendously and both of them had a bond with each other. Her alcoholic and abusive father tortures her mother. One day, Leela wakes up to find her mother died in her sleep. Her father immediately marries another woman and brings with her two young sons. Later Leela's father reveals that he and his new wife had suffocated and killed Leela's mother. An enraged Leela kills both her father and stepmother using electricity and water. She uses her stepmother's two sons as baits for her thefts. A cat-and-mouse chase begins between Leela and Chandru where Leela makes several attempts to kill Chandru and his team. Chandru manages to capture Leela and hands her over to the police. Chandru gets a call from Leela, who escaped and challenges him for another game hinting a sequel.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: The film was initially touted to be the sequel of Vishal's previous action thriller hacker film "Irumbu Thirai", which became a success at the box office in 2018. The film was rumored to be titled "Irumbu Thirai 2" as the film genre was quite similar to the former. However the film was later titled as "Chakra" by the filmmakers as the film story revolves around Ashoka Chakra which is the highest peacetime military decoration in India. Veteran actress K. R. Vijaya made a comeback through this film after a sabbatical of three years. In preparation for their roles, both Shraddha Srinath and Regina Cassandra underwent training in martial arts and motorcycle riding, respectively.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: The film was initially supposed to have its theatrical release on 1 May 2020 coinciding with the May Day but was postponed due to the COVID-19 pandemic in India. The film was released on 19 February 2021.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: "Chakra", made on a budget of 31.5 crore, collected 65 crore crore in its theatrical run. The film was a moderate success, despite reportedly incurring a loss of 3.5 crore.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: M Suganth of "The Times of India" gave the film 2.5/5, stating that the film was focused on momentary thrills, and it "feels rather tame." Sugandh added that weak writing let down "Chakra". A reviewer from "Sify" termed the film "An average action thriller," rating it 2.5/5. On technical aspects, the reviewer wrote, "the background score of Yuvan Shankar Raja and visuals of Balasubramaniam are average." They opined that the MS Anandan's dialogues on Digital India and how the current generation losing their privacy through mobile phones and online shopping were done and dusted in "Irumbu Thirai", and Robo Shankar's comic track was a needless addition.


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: "The Hindu" critic Srinivasa Ramanujan opined that the film "cashes in on a timely subject, but does little justice to it." He added: "The absence of a major romantic track and songs is a huge relief, as is the character arc of the villain, but certain key emotional elements get in the way a tad too many times,".


title: Chakra (2021 film)

text: Madras High Court issued a temporary stay order preventing the release of the film over copyright claims. Trident Arts studio which was initially offered to produce the film filed complaint at the High Court stating that the story of the film was initially narrated to them by the film director. It was revealed that the producer of Trident Arts, Ravi entered a contract with the director Anandan to produce the film. However, the production was later handed over to Vishal Film Factory without the consent of Trident Arts. In addition, Madras HC urged actor Vishal to pay compensation for the losses incurred by the producer of his previous film "Action." The dispute between Trident Arts and Vishal Film Factory was solved just days before the film's release.


title: Chad Everett

text: Raymon Lee Cramton (June 11, 1937 – July 24, 2012), known professionally as Chad Everett, was an American actor who appeared in more than 40 films and television series. He played Dr. Joe Gannon in the television drama " Medical Center", which aired from 1969 to 1976.


title: Chad Everett

text: He was born in South Bend, Indiana in 1937, to Virdeen Ruth (née Hopper) and Harry Clyde "Ted" Cramton. His father was a racecar driver as well as a racing mechanic and an auto parts salesman. Some confusion existed regarding the year of his birth. According to "The Washington Post", "many reference sources list Mr. Everett's date of birth as 1936, but legal records indicate he was born one year later. He routinely gave his age as consistent with a birth date in 1937." His name was later changed to Chad Everett by his agent Henry Willson.


title: Chad Everett

text: Everett said he did not mind the change because he was tired of explaining his real name: "Raymon-no-D, Cramton-no-P." He was raised in Dearborn, Michigan, where he attended Fordson High School. While there, he played on the football team as a quarterback and began acting in stage plays at age 14. During his junior year at Wayne State University in Detroit, he joined a State Department-sponsored acting troupe that toured India. "I went into acting because I'm easily bored", Everett once said. "Acting seemed to give vent to a lot of different feelings." He graduated from WSU with a degree in drama.


title: Chad Everett

text: Everett's first notable role came in an episode of the 1960-1962 detective series "Surfside 6". His first major role came a year later in the film "Claudelle Inglish", and he played a deputy in the short-lived 1963 ABC Western television series "The Dakotas". After appearing in a number of movies and television series in the later 1960s, he got his big break, landing the role of Dr. Joe Gannon on the medical drama "Medical Center", with costar James Daly.


title: Chad Everett

text: He appeared in numerous films and television series, including "The Singing Nun", "Centennial", "Hagen", "", "Star Command", and "Mulholland Drive". He also appeared as a guest star in more than 40 television series such as "Redigo"; "Melrose Place"; "The Nanny"; "Touched by an Angel"; ""; "Caroline in the City"; "Murder, She Wrote"; "The Red Skelton Show"; "The Man from U.N.C.L.E."; and "Route 66".


title: Chad Everett

text: In 1987, Everett supplied the voice of Ultraman Chuck in the English version of the animated movie "" and voiced several characters in the animated television series "The New Yogi Bear Show". He hosted Trinity Broadcasting Network's "Master's Theater". He was selected by the family of John Wayne to be the voice of the audio-animatronic figure of Wayne in Disney's Hollywood Studios' The Great Movie Ride. Based on Patrick Wayne's suggestion, Everett also provided the voice of Wayne in a scene that only appears in the VHS version of "" (replacing the Hulk Hogan scene that appeared in the theatrical and DVD versions).


title: Chad Everett

text: In 2001, Everett played one brief scene with Naomi Watts in David Lynch's "Mulholland Drive". "Salon" online magazine cited this scene as "the heart of the movie".


title: Chad Everett

text: Everett authored and self-published a book of romantic poetry, which he dedicated to wife Shelby Grant.


title: Chad Everett

text: For many years, Everett co-hosted the Labor Day Jerry Lewis Telethon, which raises money and awareness for and about the affliction of muscular dystrophy.


title: Chad Everett

text: Everett married actress Shelby Grant in Tucson, Arizona on May 22, 1966. Everett was on location in Tucson filming the 1967 movie "Return of the Gunfighter" at the time of their wedding. They had two daughters, Katherine and Shannon. The couple remained married for 45 years until her death after a brain aneurysm on June 25, 2011. Everett credited his family with being a stabilizing force in his life, stating that even in the worst of times, Grant "never threatened to leave. She would tell me that she was there for me. If not for my family, I would have been in big trouble." Grant noted his romanticism; he sent her so many flowers during their courtship that "my balcony looked like a burial ground." He also often wrote sentimental poems to Grant throughout their marriage, as well as to his daughters. The couple renewed their marriage vows every seven years.


title: Chad Everett

text: During an appearance on "The Dick Cavett Show" that aired on March 31, 1972, Everett notoriously listed his animals as "three horses and three dogs and a wife" and that his wife was " ... the most beautiful animal I own." Fellow guest Lily Tomlin gasped, "You own? I have to leave!" and walked off the set. Everett later clarified that his wife owned him as well and reported that he felt chagrined by Tomlin's departure.


title: Chad Everett

text: After "Medical Center" ended, Everett became frustrated when no movie roles were forthcoming and television roles were not working out. A long-time social drinker, he began drinking heavily. He was consuming a quart of vodka a day by the time he quit drinking in 1986. "I was a functional alcoholic." Shelby noted his alcohol-related mood swings and has said, "[F]inally I confronted him. I came into the bedroom with a big pot of coffee one morning and said 'we have a major problem to deal with here.'" A month later, Everett caught sight of himself on a video and did not like what he saw. "'Finally,' I said, 'I am really in trouble'. I stepped outside and I looked up and said 'Father, you take it. I can't handle it anymore.'" The next day, he told his daughters (who were living at home at the time), "I am addicted to alcohol, and I am not going away to detox. I am going to do it here so that you can see what happens to someone if you let a substance take control of you." He attended his first Alcoholics Anonymous meeting the next day and claimed he never drank again, attributing his discipline to his Christian faith and his self-pride.


title: Chad Everett

text: Beginning in 1973, actress Sheila Scott initiated court proceedings against Everett three times, claiming her son Dale (born 1973) was fathered by him. The lengthy and complicated paternity suit ended in 1984 when a California Court of Appeals ruled in favor of Everett. The court stated:


title: Chad Everett

text: "From the evidence adduced, the jury concluded that Everett was not Dale's father despite the 94.67 percent probability of paternity from the HLA test"... "In this appeal, we affirm a judgment following a jury verdict finding the defendant and respondent not to be the father of the minor child."


title: Chad Everett

text: Everett refused to take any more tests regarding paternity. He entered into a private financial settlement with Scott in 1973 but steadfastly maintained he was not Dale's father. In 1991, Scott was sentenced to three months' probation following a guilty verdict of "harassing" Everett for 18 years, including death threats against him and his wife. She was ordered to undergo psychological testing and to never publicly declare that Everett was Dale's father.


title: Chad Everett

text: Everett died on July 24, 2012, at his home in Los Angeles after an 18-month battle with lung cancer. He was 75 years old. He was cremated and his ashes were combined with the ashes of his wife, Shelby Grant.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: Terry Sanchez Wallace Jr. (born March 23, 1994), known professionally as Tee Grizzley, is an American rapper best known for his singles "First Day Out", "No Effort", "Colors", and "From the D to the A" (featuring Lil Yachty).


title: Tee Grizzley

text: After being released from prison in October 2016, Grizzley released his debut single "First Day Out" through YouTube. The song gained over two million views in less than three weeks, and led to Grizzley signing a record deal with 300 Entertainment and Atlantic Records in 2017. After releasing numerous mixtapes and singles throughout 2017, Grizzley released his debut studio album, "Activated" in 2018, which peaked at number 10 on the "Billboard" 200.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: Wallace was born on March 23, 1994, in Detroit, Michigan, and was raised by his grandmother in the Joy Rd. & Southfield neighborhood due to his mother and father constantly being in and out of prison. In middle school he began developing an interest in rap music and eventually formed the musical group All Stars Ball Hard along with three of his friends, JR, Po, and Lee. Wallace took the moniker of ASBH Tee, and they began uploading their songs to YouTube. In 2011, his mother was sentenced to 20 years in prison for drug trafficking and released in late 2020. His father was murdered in 2012.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: Wallace was the first member of his family to attend college in generations. He attended Michigan State University to study finance and accounting. After undergoing financial difficulties, he and a friend of his began to burglarize other students' dormitories. They stole $20,000 worth of electronics and money from other students in February 2014. On February 27, Wallace and Jeremy Ford were caught but released pending investigation.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: Wallace went on the run, and fled to Kentucky. On July 1, 2014, Wallace was one of three people arrested following an attempted robbery at a jewelry store in Lexington, Kentucky. Wallace was sentenced to nine months for the robbery, and, while already serving that sentence, he was sentenced to 18 months to 15 years for the Michigan State robberies in September 2015. On October 16, 2016, he was released from prison in Michigan.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: While in prison, Wallace began to take rapping more seriously and wrote the entirety of his debut mixtape while incarcerated. After being released from prison, where he took the name Tee Grizzley, he released his debut single "First Day Out" in November 2016. The music video, posted to YouTube, gained over 2 million views in less than three weeks. He later signed to 300 Entertainment & Atlantic Records in 2017. He released his second single, "Second Day Out", in February 2017. His third single "From the D to the A" featuring Lil Yachty was released in March 2017.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: He released "No Effort" and its accompanying music video on March 31, 2017. His debut mixtape "My Moment" was released on April 7, 2017. Grizzley said that his record sales tripled after his song was featured in a LeBron James Instagram post. Grizzley's song "Teetroit" was released on July 28, 2017. The single "Beef", featuring Meek Mill, was released on September 1, 2017. He received two 2017 BET Hip Hop Award nominations for Best New Hip-Hop Artist and Best Mixtape for "My Moment".


title: Tee Grizzley

text: He released the song "Win" on October 6, 2017. He released the song "What Yo City Like" with rapper Lil Durk on November 30, 2017, as the lead single for "Bloodas". The two then released the joint mixtape "Bloodas" on December 8, 2017. He released the single "Colors" on February 2, 2018. The single "Don't Even Trip" featuring Moneybagg Yo was released on March 14, 2018.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: On March 9, 2018, Grizzley had a feature in Lil Yachty's new album Lil Boat 2 in the song "Get Money Bros.". His debut studio album, "Activated", was released on May 11, 2018. In August, he received a 2018 MTV Video Music Award nomination for Push Artist of the Year. He released the mixtape "Still My Moment" on November 9, 2018. In May 2019, he released the single "Locked Up".


title: Tee Grizzley

text: On August 20, 2019, his vehicle was shot at in Detroit, Michigan. His aunt/manager Jobina Brown was killed in the shooting, she was 41. He and the driver survived the incident unharmed. On September 20, 2019, Grizzley released his single "Satish" accompanied with a music video to commemorate Brown's death.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: In January 2020, Tee Grizzley released the single "Red Light". In March, he released the single "Payroll" featuring Payroll Giovanni. His song "No Talkin" was featured in the Netflix film "Coffee & Kareem". He released the song "I Spy" on May 1, and "Mr. Officer" on June 5 in response to the murder of George Floyd and police brutality. The song features Queen Naija and members of the Detroit Youth Choir. He released the mixtape "The Smartest" on June 19.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: On May 7, 2021, Tee Grizzley released his third studio album, "Built for Whatever", a 19-track record that includes guest appearances from artists such as the late King Von and Young Dolph, as well as Lil Durk, YNW Melly, Quavo, G Herbo, and Big Sean.


title: Tee Grizzley

text: On April 15, 2022, Tee Grizzley released the mixtape "Half Tee Half Beast", along with a video for the track "Robbery Part 3". He explained the mixtape's title: "Yeah, I"m human like everyone else, but also the things I've been through and had to survive made me a beast".


title: Tee Grizzley

text: Grizzley is an avid gamer and began streaming in 2020 to fans on the video streaming platform Twitch. The vast majority of his streams are centered around Grand Theft Auto V.