title: Stephanie Beacham

text: Beacham began appearing on British television in 1967 and made her big screen debut in the 1970 film "The Games", before starring opposite Marlon Brando in the 1971 film "The Nightcomers". She was then given her own soap opera in "Marked Personal" (1973–1974) before having starring roles in "Tenko" (1981–1982), "Connie" (1985). By the mid-1970s, Beacham had become widely known as a "scream queen" for her roles in multiple horror films including "Dracula A.D. 1972" (1972), "Schizo" (1976) and "Inseminoid" (1981), however it was her role as Sable Colby in the ABC series "Dynasty" (1985–1989) and its spin-off "The Colbys" (1985–1987) that would make her a household name on both sides of the Atlantic. She subsequently starred in the films "Troop Beverly Hills" (1989), "The Wolves of Willoughby Chase" (1989) and the television series "Sister Kate" (1989–1990), for which she was nominated for a Golden Globe Award, "Beverly Hills, 90210" (1991–1994) and "No Bananas" (1996).


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: Her television roles into the 20th century include Phyl Oswyn in the ITV prison-based drama series "Bad Girls" (2003–2006), Martha Fraser in the long-running ITV soap opera "Coronation Street" (2009, 2022–present), and Lorraine in the Sky One sitcom "Trollied" (2012), as well as venturing into reality television competing on "Strictly Come Dancing" (2007) and "Celebrity Big Brother" (2010). On stage, she starred as Maria Callas in a 2010 UK touring production of the play "Master Class".


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: Beacham, one of four siblings, was born in Barnet, Hertfordshire, England, the daughter of Joan (née Wilkins), a housewife, and Alic, who was an insurance executive and the managing director of the Grosvenor estate. She attended Barnet's Queen Elizabeth's Girls' Grammar School and later travelled to Boulogne-Billancourt in Paris, France, to study mime with Étienne Decroux, before attending the Royal Academy of Dramatic Art (RADA) in London.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: Beacham's initial goal was to teach dance movement to deaf children, but she began a career in modelling and then began acting in television. Her first screen role was in the BBC series "The Queen's Traitor" in 1967, in which she played Mary, Queen of Scots. During an interview, thinking Barnet sounded uninteresting, she told a reporter from the "Northern Echo" she was born in Casablanca, where her favourite Bogart/Bergman film was set. After many further guest appearances in television series such as "The Saint", "Callan", and "UFO", Beacham's first film roles were in "The Games" directed by Michael Winner, and "Tam Lin" directed by Roddy McDowall, both released in 1970. She would work with Winner again in 1971's "The Nightcomers", in which she starred opposite Marlon Brando. Beacham appeared nude in one scene, during the filming of which Brando wore Y-fronts and wellington boots under the bed clothes to ensure Winner did not film anything lower than was necessary. Horror would be a genre that Beacham appeared in often during this period, and she was subsequently cast as Jessica Van Helsing in Hammer's "Dracula A.D. 1972" alongside Peter Cushing.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: Beacham continued to appear in film, television and on stage. Her next role was as a repertory player with the Nottingham Playhouse, where she played several lead and feature roles, including the role of Nora in the Henrik Ibsen play "A Doll's House". In 1973, she played Georgina Layton in Thames Television's daytime drama "Marked Personal". The same year, she made an Italian film, "Si può essere più bastardi dell'ispettore Cliff?" The film was released in the US in 1977 as "Mafia Junction" and in the UK as "Blue Movie Blackmail". It was later released on home video, now retitled as "Super Bitch" as the producers of the film attempted to capitalise on the success of the Joan Collins film "The Bitch". Beacham also continued to work in horror films, including "And Now the Screaming Starts" (1973), "House of Mortal Sin" (1975), "Schizo" (1976) and "Inseminoid" (1981) – a film she admits taking for the fee.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: From 1981 to 1982, Beacham featured as a member of the ensemble cast of the BBC series "Tenko", about a group of women prisoners of war held captive by the Japanese after their invasion of Singapore in 1942. Following this, she continued working in theatre and television before landing the lead role in the 13-part ITV drama series "Connie" (1985). Her roles in "Tenko" and "Connie" helped to springboard her into one of her most well-remembered roles, that of the devious matriarch Sable Colby on the television series "The Colbys" (1985–1987). "The Colbys" was a spin-off of the opulent prime-time soap "Dynasty" which had been the highest rating programme in the USA that year. Beacham was cast opposite Charlton Heston as the tent-pole couple of the new show. "The Colbys" never experienced the success of its parent show and was cancelled after two seasons, though in 1988, Beacham was invited to reprise the role of Sable on "Dynasty", playing opposite Joan Collins in a season-long "battle of the bitches" scenario.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: After "Dynasty" was cancelled in 1989, Beacham landed the lead role in the children's fantasy film "The Wolves of Willoughby Chase", playing an evil governess. She was then cast in the US sitcom "Sister Kate", taking the lead role as a nun taking care of children in an orphanage. The series lasted for one season and was cancelled in 1990, though she earned a Golden Globe nomination for the role. She then returned to Britain to play Mrs. Peacock in an ITV game show version of the board game "Cluedo" (1990). Reuniting with "Dynasty" producer Aaron Spelling, Beacham also had a recurring guest role in the popular teen drama "Beverly Hills, 90210", playing Iris McKay, the estranged mother of Luke Perry's character Dylan. Beacham appeared in six different television series produced by Spelling, including "Dynasty" and its spin-off, "The Colbys", "The Love Boat", "Beverly Hills, 90210", "Burke's Law," and "Charmed". In 1993, Beacham signed on to play Dr. Kristin Westphalen in the NBC science fiction series "seaQuest DSV", produced by Steven Spielberg. Her character was the chief oceanographer and medical doctor for the submarine "seaQuest", however Beacham left the programme after its first season. Throughout the 1990s, she continued to make guest appearances on television programmes, working in both the UK and the US. In 1996, she starred in the BBC drama "No Bananas" which was set during the war years.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: In 2003, Beacham returned to the UK to take a role in the ITV prison drama "Bad Girls". She played inmate Phyllida "Phyl" Oswyn for four years, partnered with Beverly "Bev" Tull (played by Amanda Barrie) as the "Costa Cons". She remained with the series to the end in 2006. In 2006, she played the Wicked Witch in a production of "Snow White and the Seven Dwarves" in Guildford. She appeared there again the following year in a production of "Jack and the Beanstalk". She also appeared in the 2006 movie "Love and Other Disasters". She returned to stage work and toured the UK in 2007 as a lead in the Noël Coward play "Hay Fever". Later that year, she competed in the 2007 series of the BBC's "Strictly Come Dancing" with professional partner Vincent Simone, though she was eliminated early in the competition (the second of fourteen celebrities) on 14 October 2007. In 2008, Beacham filmed scenes for Steven Berkoff's film, then known as "Naked in London" but later released as "Moving Target".


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: In November 2008, it was announced that Beacham had joined the cast of ITV's "Coronation Street" portraying Martha Fraser, a love interest for Ken Barlow (played by William Roache). She made her first appearance on 26 January 2009 and her last on 4 May 2009. In 2009, Beacham was involved in launching the Sense-National Deafblind and Rubella Association "Fill in the Gaps" campaign which aims to give the elderly the support they need to maintain a good quality of life. She also attended the Parliamentary launch of the campaign in June 2006.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: In February 2010, Beacham appeared in the final episode of the BBC series "Material Girl". In April 2010, she made a guest appearance in the long-running BBC hospital drama series "Casualty". She then starred as Maria Callas in a UK tour of "Master Class" from 2010 to 2011. In January 2010, Beacham entered Channel 4's seventh and final series of "Celebrity Big Brother" as a housemate; she was the only female to make it to the final and finished in fifth place on 29 January 2010.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: In October 2011, Beacham released her autobiography "Many Lives", in which she discusses her life and career. The book includes a foreword written by her "Coronation Street" co-star William Roache. In 2012, Beacham reunited with her "Dynasty" co-star Joan Collins in a UK television advert for Snickers. She also appeared as store manager Lorraine Chain in Sky1's supermarket-based sitcom "Trollied" for eight episodes between August 2012 and October 2012. The same year, she also appeared in three episodes of Sky Living's "Mount Pleasant" as Aunty Pam. In January 2013, Beacham guest starred in an episode of "Death in Paradise". From 2014 to 2016 played Maureen in the BBC sitcom "Boomers". She also starred in the film "Wild Oats" (2016) with Shirley MacLaine and Demi Moore.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: In October 2016, Beacham starred as Princess Margaret in the play, "A Princess Undone" by Richard Stirling, premiered at the Cambridge Arts Theatre. In 2017, Beacham starred opposite Miriam Margolyes in the comedy series "Bucket". In February 2021, Beacham's agent and novelist Melanie Blake announced plans to plans to launch a new British soap opera, "Falcon Bay". She confirmed that Beacham would star in the soap if she secures the rights to the production. In October 2022, Beacham had a role in the action thriller film "Renegades" alongside Lee Majors, Danny Trejo and Patsy Kensit. In November 2022, it was announced that Beacham would reprise the role of Martha Fraser in "Coronation Street". Her comeback episode was broadcast on 21 November 2022. In December 2022, Beacham guest-starred in an episode of "Whitstable Pearl" and played Elizabeth Hurley's mother in the Christmas romantic comedy film "Christmas in the Caribbean".


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: Beacham is partially deaf, having been born with no hearing in her right ear and 80% hearing in her left ear.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: She married actor John McEnery in 1973; she became pregnant shortly after the wedding but suffered a miscarriage when she was three months pregnant. She revealed in an interview her stillborn son was cremated. Beacham and McEnery divorced in 1979. They have two daughters, Phoebe (b. 1974) and Chloe (b. 1977).


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: She dated Marlon Brando after starring with him in "The Nightcomers" (1971) and later had relationships with Eric Clapton and Imran Khan in the 1980s, then a cricketer, later a politician who became Prime Minister of Pakistan. Beacham is currently in a relationship with doctor Bernie Greenwood; the couple became engaged in 2013.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: Beacham was successfully treated for skin cancer in 2009. She had a recurrence of the disease in 2011 but has again recovered.


title: Stephanie Beacham

text: In March 2016 Beacham told "The Sunday Telegraph" that she had been raped, when she had been an up-and-coming actress, in her twenties.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Auckland Airport is the largest and busiest airport in New Zealand, with over 21 million passengers in the year ended March 2019. The airport is located near Māngere, a residential suburb, and Airport Oaks, a service hub suburb south of the Auckland city centre. It is both a domestic and international hub for Air New Zealand, and the New Zealand hub of Jetstar.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The airport is one of New Zealand's most important infrastructure assets, providing thousands of jobs for the region. It handled 71 per cent of New Zealand's international air passenger arrivals and departures in 2000. It is one of only two commercial airports in New Zealand (the other being Christchurch) capable of handling Boeing 747 and Airbus A380 aircraft.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The airport has a single runway, 05R/23L, which is Cat IIIb capable (at a reduced rate of movements) in the 23L direction. It has a capacity of about 45 flight movements per hour, and is currently the busiest single-runway airport in Oceania. In November 2007 work began on a new northern runway, to be built in several stages and to be used mainly by smaller aircraft, freeing up capacity on the main runway. The project was put on hold for at least 12 months in October 2009, however, and deferred for a further few years in August 2010 following consultation with airlines and a review of capacity management options. The timing of the recommencement of construction of the second runway will be demand driven relative to the capacity of the existing runway. The expected completion date for the second runway is now 2025.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The site of the airport was first used as an airfield by the Auckland Aero Club. In 1928, the club leased some land from a dairy farmer to accommodate the club's three De Havilland Gypsy Moths. The club president noted at the time that the site "has many advantages of vital importance for an aerodrome and training ground. It has good approaches, is well drained and is free from power lines, buildings and fogs." Prior to rebuilding, this was known as Mangere Aerodrome.


title: Auckland Airport

text: From 1948, the RNZAF Base Auckland at Whenuapai served as the civilian airport for Auckland. This was chosen, despite the hills adjacent to Whenuapai limiting the ability of newer aircraft to use the facilities, to the lack of cost to the Auckland City Council, as the site was already established as an RNZAF base. A September 1948 report by Sir Frederick Tymms recommended that Whenuapai Airport be replaced with a larger purpose-built airport located in either Māngere or Pakuranga. In 1958, the New Zealand Government commissioned Leigh Fisher Associates to survey and design the international airport at Māngere.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In 1960 work started to transform the site into Auckland's main airport. Much of the runway is on land reclaimed from the Manukau Harbour. The first flight to leave was an Air New Zealand DC-8 in November 1965, bound for Sydney. The airport was officially opened the following year, with a 'grand air pageant' on Auckland Anniversary weekend, 29 to 31 January 1966.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Upon the airport's opening, the runway was originally 2,590m long, with an extension to its current length carried out in 1973.


title: Auckland Airport

text: A new international terminal, named after Jean Batten, was built in 1977. Prior to this, all flights used what is now the domestic terminal. In 2005, the international terminal was altered, separating arriving and departing passengers.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Previously taxiway 'Alpha' (parallel to the main runway) had been modified and designated as Runway 23R/05L so that rehabilitation work could be completed on the main runway 23L/05R. After the work was completed, the temporary runway reverted to taxiway alpha, although the main runway retained its L/R designations. In 2007, construction began on a second runway to the north of the current one. Initially the new runway would have been long and catered for regional flights operated by Air New Zealand using turboprop aircraft. This would have cost $32 million and would have improved the efficiency of the airport by removing smaller planes (which require longer separation distances from the air turbulence wakes of preceding jet airliners) from the main runway. At a later stage, the runway would have been lengthened to to allow it be used by small jets (such as the Boeing 737 and Airbus A320) on domestic and trans-Tasman flights. In August 2009, however, the project was put on hold due to a downturn in air travel, and later in 2010 the project was suspended.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Construction for Stage One started in November 2007. Stage Two saw the runway being lengthened to , which enabled domestic jet flights to use it. Stage Three (final stage) bought the lengthening of the runway to , allowing medium-sized international jet flights to land there, from destinations such as the Pacific Islands or Australia. Eventually a new domestic terminal would also be built to the north to better utilise the new runway. The new runway will thus free up the longer southern runway to handle more heavy jet operations. The ten-year project would cost NZ$120 million, not including substantial extensions planned for the airport arrivals/departure buildings and associated structures.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In 2009, an extension to the international terminal was constructed, creating Pier B. Pier B covers and has been designed to allow for the addition of new gates when required. It currently has two gates, both capable of handling Airbus A380 aircraft. In May 2009, Emirates became the first airline to fly the A380 to Auckland, using the aircraft on its daily Dubai–Sydney–Auckland route.


title: Auckland Airport

text: On 2 October 2012 Emirates began operating the Dubai–Melbourne–Auckland with an A380, having previously operated the route with a B777-300ER. From 2 October 2013, the A380 took over from a B777-300ER on the Dubai–Brisbane–Auckland route This will mean that Emirates now serves Auckland solely with A380s, and Auckland Airport becomes the only airport in the world, other than Dubai, to have three scheduled Emirates A380s on the ground at the same time. In 2014, Singapore Airlines was the second airline to operate A380s at the airport.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In 2013, the domestic terminal undertook a series of upgrades costing a total of $30 million. Stage one ran from January 2013 to March 2013, and involved changes to the drop off points and roads outside the terminal. In the second half of 2013, the baggage claim belts were lengthened, parts of the apron was changed, and new corridors were connected to the jetbridges. The two different sides to the terminals now share a centralised security screening area following the upgrade and an extra storey was added to the western wing to provide an airside connection between the Air New Zealand side of the terminal and the Jetstar side of the terminal. The work took 12 months to complete.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In early 2014, the airport released their 30-year vision for the future, which envisaged the airport to combine both the international and domestic operations into one combined building based around the existing international terminal. This will see new domestic piers built to the south of the existing international precinct within the next 5 years. The plan also allows for the extension of the current international piers and also the creation of new piers for international operations. A new 2,150 metres long northern runway will be able to cater for aircraft up to the size of the 777 and 787 jets. New public transport links including a new railway station and line may be built in the future. The plan has been split into four implementation phases. Phase 1 will see all operations combined into one terminal precinct as well as improved road network surrounding the terminal within the next five years. Phase 2 sees the new northern runway constructed as well as the extension of the terminal forecourt by 2025. Phase 3 involves the extension of both international and domestic piers by 2044. Phase 4 sees the northern runway extended to a length of around .


title: Auckland Airport

text: From the 2015 Annual Report, work will commence on extending Pier B in the current financial year. This project will allow for three more gates to be built. This will double, from three to six, the number of A380 aircraft Auckland Airport can accommodate at any one time. Also, it will increase the number of B787-9 aircraft that can be accommodated from six to nine. This development has been requested by airlines for greater capacity, in the future 4 more gates will be built on the northern side of Pier B.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In early 2022, construction will begin on a new domestic terminal that will merge onto the existing international terminal to the east.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Auckland Airport consists of two terminals; the International Terminal and the Domestic Terminal. The two terminals are located approximately 500m apart and are connected by a free shuttle bus service and a signposted walkway. The airport has 65 gates in total, 23 with Jetbridges and 42 remote stands for aircraft parking.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In 1993, the CAA instituted the requirement that all international airports in New Zealand must keep airside departing and arriving passengers separate. Auckland Airport was granted an exemption to this rule, allowing the airside mingling of arriving and departing passengers to continue, on the basis that all international flights operating into Auckland originated from airports with adequate security screening. Following the September 11 attacks and further regulation by the ICAO, the CAA required the airport to physically separate arriving and departing passengers by 2006. In the interim period until passenger separation was achieved, flights to the US as well as all Qantas, and for a short time Cathay Pacific, flights were restricted to departing from gates where a secondary X-ray and metal detector inspection was operating.


title: Auckland Airport

text: To physically separate arriving and departing passengers, Auckland Airport decided to build a new departure level on top of the existing one, with the existing floor becoming the arrivals level. The existing departure lounges were kept by installing glass walls to separate the waiting areas from the newly designed arrivals corridor, and escalators were installed to transport passengers from the new departures level down to each departure lounge. The modifications to the terminal were completed in December 2005, and also involved the expansion of retail space within the pier by 600 square metres and an increase in the number of bus gates to four.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The two previously separate domestic terminal buildings have now been connected by a common retail area. The Jetstar check-in area is located in the western end of the terminal, in the building previously used by Ansett New Zealand, Qantas, and Pacific Blue. The Air New Zealand check-in area is located in the centre of the terminal. There are nine gates that have jetbridges in the domestic terminal.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Jetstar domestic A320 services operate from gates 20–23 (jetbridge gates). Gate 24 (tarmac gate) is used by both Jetstar and Air New Zealand's A320 aircraft. Gates 60–63 were used for Jetstar regional flights, with 62 and 63 being bus gates in a separate building at the Jetstar end of the terminal. Gates 20 and 21 were turned into 60 and 61 during peak regional times. Air New Zealand mainline services operate from gates 24–33. Gates 28 through to 33 all have jetbridges, while gates 25, 26 and 27 don't exist. Air New Zealand Link services operate from the regional section of the domestic terminal. This is located at the eastern end of the terminal and consists of gates 34–50 (excluding gate numbers 37, 38 and 44, which do not exist). These gates are linked to the terminal by covered walkways, and passengers walk across the apron to the aircraft.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Gates 51–59 are used by third-level operators Air Chathams, Alliance Airlines, and Barrier Air. Further to the east, gates 101–106 are used for Business Jets and long-term parking.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Auckland connects to 26 domestic and 49 international destinations in North and South America, Asia, Oceania and the Middle East. Air New Zealand operates the most departures from the airport followed by Jetstar and Qantas.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Auckland International Airport Limited (AIAL) was formed in 1988, when the New Zealand Government corporatised the airport. It had previously been run by the Auckland Regional Authority, covering the five councils in the Auckland region.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The Government was AIAL's majority shareholder, the rest being held by the local councils. In 1998 the Government sold its shareholding, and AIAL became the fifth airport company in the world to be publicly listed. At that time the major shareholders were Auckland City Council (25.8 per cent), Manukau City Council (9.6 per cent) and North Shore City Council (7.1 per cent). North Shore City Council sold its shares in 1999 and Auckland City Council sold its share down to 12.8 per cent in 2002. After amalgamation into the Auckland Council, the local authority now owns a 22.4 per cent stake worth $1.13 billion as of May 2014.


title: Auckland Airport

text: AIAL appears on the New Zealand Stock Exchange () and Australian Stock Exchange (). International shareholders hold around 40 per cent of the shares, domestic approximately 60 per cent. The company has a Standard & Poor's credit rating of A+/Stable/A-1.


title: Auckland Airport

text: As at 31 December 2015, Auckland Airport was the biggest listed company on the NZX, with a market capitalisation of $6.85 Billion NZD.


title: Auckland Airport

text: AIAL enjoys diverse revenue streams, and operates a 'dual-till' approach, whereby its finances are split into aeronautical and non-aeronautical balance sheets. Aeronautical income is derived from airfield charges, terminal services charge and the airport development charge (or departure fee). Non-aeronautical revenue comes from its significant property portfolio, car park, and retail income. Due to the airport having little-to-no competition, the aeronautical side of the business is subject to information disclosure requirements as set by the Commerce Commission. Income from the non-aeronautical side of the business accounts for just over half of its revenue. The airport has been criticised by airlines, led by Air New Zealand, for its purportedly high landing charges. Research conducted in September 2010 by aviation consultants Jacobs, however, indicates that Auckland Airport international charges are slightly below the average of the 20 largest international airports flown by Air New Zealand.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The diversity in revenue was of benefit during the downturn in international aviation following the events of 11 September 2001, and subsequently the 2002 Bali bombings, SARS outbreak and the Iraq War. The airport was able to rely on steady income from the non-aeronautical side of the business, which softened the blow of international events.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In July 2009 Auckland Airport elected to delay a scheduled increase in its landing charges from 1 July 2009 to assist its airline customers during the recession. The scheduled increase was put in place on 1 March 2010. The company has in the past reportedly been singled out by airline lobby group IATA for its consistent excessive level of profits. Airlines such as Air New Zealand complain of excessive landing charges. On 5 June 2007, the airport's 60 per cent profit margin was criticised by IATA director general and CEO Giovanni Bisignani. He said the airport had a "happy monopoly" and that IATA would ask the New Zealand government to investigate.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Until July 2008, AIAL charged all departing international passengers (12 years old or older) a $25 departure fee. This has been replaced with a passenger services charge levied on the airlines for each arriving and departing international passenger. This charge has commenced at $13 and was planned to rise by 50 cents a year for two years to $14.


title: Auckland Airport

text: In 2012, Auckland Airport envisaged to cut the international passenger fee and hike the domestic travellers charges in FY-2013.


title: Auckland Airport

text: On 8 July 2010, AIAL announced it had entered into an agreement to take a 24.99 per cent shareholding in Queenstown Airport Corporation Limited, the operator of Queenstown Airport, and form a strategic alliance between the two airports. The shareholding will cost NZ$27.7 million, through the issue of new shares. The alliance is expected to generate an extra 176,000 passengers through Queenstown Airport. AIAL has an option to increase its shareholding in Queenstown Airport to 30–35 per cent at any time up to 30 June 2011, subject to the approval of the Queenstown Lakes District Council. The new share capital from would allow Queenstown Airport to fund growth of the airport's operating capacity and to pay regular dividends back to the community via the Queenstown Lakes District Council shareholding.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Auckland Airport owned radio frequencies over a 15-year period. It purchased the Radio Hauraki frequency 1476 AM in 1990, and began operating adult contemporary and flight information radio station Info Music from the domestic terminal. It purchased 1XD Counties Manukau L Double L and its 1404 AM, 1548 AM and 702 AM frequencies in 1992, and changed the station name to Info Music Counties 1476 and then Airport Radio AKL1476. The 1476 frequency was leased to Independent Broadcasting Company in 1993, which used it at various times for Auckland 1476, The Breeze on 91, Lifestyle Radio, and Today 99.8FM. It was leased to talkback station The Point 1XD in 1994, and made available to Auckland Radio Trust to rebroadcast the BBC World Service in 1998. It was sold in 2005.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Two state highways connect to the airport; State Highway 20A and State Highway 20B. State Highway 20A leaves the airport to the north along George Bolt Memorial Drive and travels through Māngere as an expressway before joining State Highway 20. State Highway 20B leaves the airport to the east and crosses Pūkaki Creek before travelling along Puhinui Road to an interchange with State Highway 20 in Wiri.


title: Auckland Airport

text: A heavy rail connection from the airport to Auckland CBD was initially conceived as an extension of the Onehunga Branch line via Māngere Bridge and the suburb of Māngere. Another proposal was the construction of a heavy rail line to the east of the airport to connect with the North Island Main Trunk line near Puhinui Station, or the creation of a loop to connect the airport to both the Onehunga Line and the North Island Main Trunk Line.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The preferred option since 2016 is an entirely new light rail line running from the airport to central Auckland via a direct alignment through Mangere, Onehunga and Mount Roskill. At Mount Roskill, it would connect to the planned Dominion Road light rail line which would continue on to Queen Street in Central Auckland before reaching a final terminus in the Wynyard Quarter waterfront development area.


title: Auckland Airport

text: There are several cycle routes connecting the airport to the surrounding suburbs, consisting of both off-road tracks and on-road cycle lanes.


title: Auckland Airport

text: The statistical area of Auckland Airport covers northwest of the actual airport, had an estimated population of as of with a population density of people per km.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Auckland Airport had a population of 630 at the 2018 New Zealand census, an increase of 63 people (11.1%) since the 2013 census, and a decrease of 180 people (−22.2%) since the 2006 census. There were 150 households, comprising 321 males and 306 females, giving a sex ratio of 1.05 males per female. The median age was 35.6 years (compared with 37.4 years nationally), with 135 people (21.4%) aged under 15 years, 126 (20.0%) aged 15 to 29, 327 (51.9%) aged 30 to 64, and 42 (6.7%) aged 65 or older.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Ethnicities were 31.4% European/Pākehā, 49.0% Māori, 19.5% Pacific peoples, 19.5% Asian, and 1.4% other ethnicities. People may identify with more than one ethnicity.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Although some people chose not to answer the census's question about religious affiliation, 45.7% had no religion, 36.2% were Christian, 5.7% had Māori religious beliefs, 3.3% were Hindu, 2.4% were Muslim, 1.0% were Buddhist and 3.3% had other religions.


title: Auckland Airport

text: Of those at least 15 years old, 66 (13.3%) people had a bachelor's or higher degree, and 69 (13.9%) people had no formal qualifications. The median income was $36,600, compared with $31,800 nationally. 75 people (15.2%) earned over $70,000 compared to 17.2% nationally. The employment status of those at least 15 was that 306 (61.8%) people were employed full-time, 51 (10.3%) were part-time, and 15 (3.0%) were unemployed.


title: Gail Porter

text: Gail Porter (born 23 March 1971) is a Scottish television personality, former model and actress. She started her television career in children's TV, before branching out into modelling and presenting mainstream TV. In the 1990s, she famously posed nude for "FHM", which was projected on to the Houses of Parliament. Later in her career, Porter has been affected by alopecia, a condition which causes hair loss.


title: Gail Porter

text: Porter attended Portobello High School in Edinburgh. She studied for a BTEC HND in media production at West Herts College. After making an unsuccessful bid to join the presentation team of the BBC children's show "Blue Peter", she presented family-friendly television programmes, or ones aimed at children. They include "Children's BBC Scotland", "T.I.G.S", "MegaMag", "Up For It!", "Children in Need", "Fully Booked", "The Movie Chart Show", "Top of the Pops", and "Live & Kicking", work for "CITV", and programmes such as "The Big Breakfast" and "Gail Porter's Big 90s" for VH1.


title: Gail Porter

text: In the late 1990s she began to pose for magazines such as "FHM". A nude photograph of Porter was projected on the Houses of Parliament in 1999 as part of a guerrilla marketing campaign, and accompanied it with a message to vote for her in the "FHM" Sexiest Women Poll. In her autobiography, Porter says she did not know about the stunt until it was reported the following day. In an interview with the BBC in 2020, she said that the incident left her so distraught that she was unable to get out of bed for a long time.


title: Gail Porter

text: In 2001, Porter took part in the reality television show "Celebrity Blind Man's Bluff" and on "Lily Savage's Blankety Blank". In 2003, she was on Channel 4's "The Games", although injury curtailed her participation.


title: Gail Porter

text: In 2004 to 2006 she presented three series of "Dead Famous" and in 2009 presented episodes of "The Gadget Show", temporarily replacing Suzi Perry. In 2008 to 2011, Porter was a regular panelist on Channel 5's "The Wright Stuff".


title: Gail Porter

text: In 2010, she was a guest team captain on "What Do Kids Know?" with Rufus Hound, Joe Swash and Sara Cox on Watch. In August 2010, she began the Two Way Street campaign for solicitors Russell Jones & Walker, an initiative to develop the relationship between large goods vehicle drivers and cyclists, keeping them safer. In October 2010, Porter hosted a documentary on Current TV, "Gail Porter on Prostitution" which investigated prostitution laws.


title: Gail Porter

text: On 27 August 2015 she entered the "Celebrity Big Brother" house representing the UK. On 15 September, she was the fourth housemate to be evicted after spending 20 days in the house.


title: Gail Porter

text: In 2017 she became the brand ambassador for the insolvency practitioner Creditfix, meeting with the public and speaking openly about her struggles with debt in several corporate videos.


title: Gail Porter

text: In 2018, she joined 26 other celebrities at Metropolis Studios and performed an original Christmas song called Rock With Rudolph, a song written and produced by Grahame and Jack Corbyn. The song was recorded in aid of Great Ormond Street Hospital and was released digitally through independent record label Saga Entertainment on 30 November 2018 under the artist name The Celebs. The music video debuted exclusively with The Sun on 29 November 2018 and had its first TV showing on Good Morning Britain on 30 November 2018. The song peaked at number two on the iTunes pop chart.


title: Gail Porter

text: At the start of 2022, Porter was a presenter of "Spooked Scotland" (or branded as "Haunted Scotland" for the American audience) alongside Chris Fleming.


title: Gail Porter

text: In 2005 Porter developed alopecia totalis, losing her hair. She decided not to wear a hat or wig in order to raise awareness of the condition. She became ambassador for the Little Princess Trust, a charity which provides wigs to children with hair loss. On "Richard & Judy" on 15 February 2006 she showed her hair, eyebrows and eyelashes were beginning to grow back. On 12 April 2006 she said "It is possible that I'm going to get my hair back." By May 2010 hair had grown on three-quarters of her scalp. By the end of the year, her hair had started falling out again.


title: Gail Porter

text: Porter's alopecia totalis was the subject of the BBC "ONE Life" series documentary "Gail Porter Laid Bare" on 31 May 2006. Her autobiography, "Laid Bare: My Story of Love, Fame and Survival", was published in September 2007.


title: Gail Porter

text: Porter tried stand-up comedy and appeared at the Comedy Store on 23 November 2009 in the "Laughing Point" event to help the youth homelessness charity, Centrepoint.


title: Gail Porter

text: Porter married Toploader guitarist Dan Hipgrave in August 2001 and gave birth to their daughter Honey on 3 September 2002. She said in February 2005 that they had separated eight months earlier. Before they met, Porter was in a relationship with Keith Flint, vocalist from The Prodigy.


title: Gail Porter

text: On 8 September 2011, Porter told BBC Radio 5 Live's presenter Phil Williams that she had been detained under the Mental Health Act of 2007 for 17 days of treatment against her will. She stated the signature on the documents to have her involuntarily committed to psychiatric treatment was that of her boyfriend, after texting him to say she felt suicidal. She said she had been "very frail, so who knows". She said she felt no benefit from the stay. She praised the staff but said the resources and facilities were under-funded.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: In the "Back to the Future" franchise, the DeLorean time machine is a time travel device made by retrofitting a DMC DeLorean vehicle with a flux capacitor. The car requires 1.21 gigawatts ("jigawatts/jigowatts") of power and needs to travel 88 miles per hour (142 km/h) to initiate time travel.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The control of the time machine is the same in all three films. The operator is seated inside the DeLorean (except the first time, when the remote control is used), and turns on the time circuits by turning a handle near the gear lever, activating a unit containing multiple fourteen- and seven-segment displays that show the destination (red), present (green), and last departed (yellow) dates and times. After entering a target date with the keypad inside the DeLorean, the operator accelerates the car to 88mph (142km/h), which activates the flux capacitor. As it accelerates, several coils around the body glow blue/white while a burst of light appears in front of it. Surrounded by an electrical current similar to a Tesla coil, the whole car vanishes in a flash of white/blue light seconds later, leaving a pair of fiery tire tracks. A digital speedometer is attached to the dashboard so that the operator can accurately gauge the car's speed. Various proposals have been brought forth in the past by fans of the movie franchise for why the car has to be moving at 88 mph to achieve temporal displacement, but actually the production crew chose the velocity simply because they liked how it looked on the speedometer, modified for the movie. The actual speedometer on the production DeLorean's dashboard only goes up to 85 mph, and the car itself was criticized for being underpowered.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Observers outside the vehicle see an implosion of plasma as the vehicle disappears, leaving behind a trail of fire aligned with the DeLorean's tires (which can also appear in midair), while occupants within the vehicle see a quick flash of light and instantaneously arrive at the target time in the same spatial location (relative to the Earth) as when it departed. In the destination time, immediately before the car's arrival, three large and loud flashes occur at the point from which the car emerges from its time travel. After the trip, the exterior of the DeLorean is extremely cold, and frost forms from atmospheric moisture all over the car's body. Vents on the back heat the vehicle after time travel.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The DeLorean suffers assorted malfunctions and damage over the course of the trilogy. In the first film, the car has starter problems and has a hard time restarting once stopped, much to Marty's repeated frustration. In the second film, the destination time display malfunctions and begins to show a series of random dates, causing Doc to be sent back to 1885 when the DeLorean is struck by lightning with him inside. In the third film, a note left by Doc's 1885 self reveals that the DeLorean's flying circuits (added by him in 2015) were destroyed by the strike. After Marty travels back to 1885, the fuel line and fuel injection manifold both suffer damage, leaving the car unable to move under its own power.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The time machine is electric and requires a power input of to operate, originally provided by a plutonium-fueled nuclear reactor. In the first movie, following Marty's accidental trip from 1985 to 1955, Doc has no access to plutonium in 1955, so he outfits the car with a large pole and hook in order to channel the power of a lightning bolt into the flux capacitor and send Marty back to 1985. During Doc's first visit to 2015, he has the machine refitted to fly in addition to standard road driving, and he replaces the nuclear reactor with a "Mr. Fusion" generator that uses garbage as fuel.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Although the Mr. Fusion unit provides the required power for the time machine, the DeLorean is still powered by an internal combustion engine for propulsion. The fuel line is damaged during Marty's trip to 1885 in "Back to the Future Part III"; after he and Doc patch it, they attempt to use whiskey as a replacement fuel since commercial gasoline is not yet available. The test fails, damaging the car's fuel injection manifold and leaving it unable to travel under its own power.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Doc and Marty consider options to reach the required 88 mph (such as pulling it with horses, which fails because the car barely breaks 30 mph) and ultimately settle on pushing the car with a steam locomotive. They replace the DeLorean's standard wheels with a set designed to mate with train rails. For the extra power needed to push it up to speed, Doc adds his own version of "Presto Logs" (a chemically treated mixture of pressed wood and anthracite) to the locomotive's boiler and chooses a location with a straight section of track long enough to achieve 88 mph.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The power required is pronounced in the film as "one point twenty-one "jigo"watts", with a jigowatt referring to "one billion watts." The spelling of jigowatts is used in the script and was also the spelling used in the closed-captioning in earlier home video versions of the film. However, the correct spelling is ""giga"watts". Although rarely used, the "j" sound at the beginning of the SI prefix "giga-" is an acceptable pronunciation. Later versions of closed captioning, such as in the 2020 DVD Trilogy release have corrected the spelling to gigawatts. In the DVD commentary for "Back to the Future," Bob Gale states that he had thought it was pronounced this way because it was how a scientific adviser for the film pronounced it.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The "flux capacitor", which consists of a rectangular-shaped compartment with three flashing Geissler-style tubes arranged in a "Y" configuration, is described by Doc as "what makes time travel possible." The device is the core component of the time machine.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: As the time machine nears 88 mph, light coming from the flux capacitor begins pulsing more rapidly until it becomes a steady stream. Doctor Emmet Brown originally conceived the idea for the flux capacitor on , 1955, when he slipped on the edge of his toilet while hanging a clock in his bathroom and hit his head on the sink. In 1955 “Doc” had named the flux capacitor the “Flux Compresser” as shown on 1955 “Doc’s” diagram A similar, but possibly steam-powered, flux capacitor is also seen in the chimney headlamp of Doc's second time machine, the Time Machine Locomotive, at the end of "Back to the Future Part III."


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Although the films do not describe exactly how the flux capacitor works, Doc mentions at one point that the stainless steel body of the DeLorean has a direct and influential effect on the "flux dispersal", but he is interrupted before he can finish the explanation. The flux capacitor requires 1.21 gigawatts of electrical power to operate, which is roughly equivalent to the power produced by 15 typical commercial airplane jet engines.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The instruction manual for the AMT/ERTL DeLorean model kit says: "Because the car's stainless steel body improves the flux dispersal generated by the flux capacitor, and this in turn allows the vehicle smooth passage through the space-time continuum."


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The time circuits are an integral part of the DeLorean time machine. They were built with an input device and a display. The display was divided into three sections: destination time (shown in red), present time (shown in green), and last time departed (shown in yellow), all annotated with Dymo labels. Each display includes a month, a day, a year, and the hour and minutes in that point in time. The years on the time circuits were limited to four digits and there were no possible negative years that could be reached, i.e. years before "0 A.D." (1 B.C.). This means the DeLorean could travel to any time from 12:00 am on January 1, 1 B.C. to 11:59 p.m. on December 31, A.D. 9999. It is unknown what would happen if one were to travel to the latter date since, after only one minute, it would be the year A.D. 10000 and the time circuits would no longer be able to show the present time.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The destination time display shows the date that the operator wants the DeLorean to go to (when the operator types in a date using the keypad in the DeLorean, it will be shown in the destination time display), the present time display shows the DeLorean's current location in time, and the last time departed display shows what point in time the DeLorean originally was after making a journey through time. Doc demonstrated its capabilities to Marty after its first test, giving three well-known but erroneous dates as examples: the signing of the Declaration of Independence, July 4, 1776; the birth of Christ, December 25, 0000; and the day that he invented time travel, November 5, 1955.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: During the second film, because of Biff Tannen's fiddling after he steals the DeLorean, the time circuits began malfunctioning, displaying January 1, 1885 in the destination time display. A bolt of lightning triggered the malfunction to send the DeLorean from 1955 to 1885. Though the vehicle was in mid-air, the spin created by the lightning bolt allowed it to reach 88 mph. Doc was trapped in 1885 and repairs were impossible because the time circuit control microchip, which powered the time circuits, was destroyed by the lightning bolt, and suitable replacement parts would not be invented until at least 1947. Doc placed repair instructions and a schematic diagram in the time machine to enable his 1955 counterpart to repair it using components from that era — which included vacuum tubes — before boarding it up within


title: DeLorean time machine

text: a silver mine. He then wrote Marty a letter explaining the situation and handed it over to Western Union, with instructions to deliver it to Marty in 1955.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The Mr. Fusion Home Energy Reactor is the name of a power source used by the DeLorean time machine in the "Back to the Future" trilogy. It can be seen for the first time at the end of "Back to the Future" when Doc pulls into the McFly's driveway after a trip to the year 2015. It is a parody of Mr. Coffee machines, which were very popular at the time of filming. The appliance from which the prop was made was actually a Krups "Coffina" model coffee grinder.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The Mr. Fusion Home Energy Reactor converts household waste to power for the time machine's flux capacitor and time circuits using nuclear fusion, presumably cold fusion. In the film, Mr. Fusion allows the DeLorean time machine to generate the required 1.21 gigawatts needed to travel to any point in time. The energy produced by Mr. Fusion replaces plutonium as the primary power source of the DeLorean's time travel, allowing the characters to bypass the arduous power-generation requirements upon which the plot of the first film hinges. The plutonium fission reactor was most likely left installed underneath Mr. Fusion as a backup power source.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The Mr. Fusion can provide enough power to the flux capacitor and the time circuits, but is not used to power up the DeLorean itself, which makes use of an ordinary gasoline combustion engine to reach the 88 mph speed necessary for it to time travel. This limitation proved crucial in the third movie when Doc and Marty find themselves stuck in 1885 and unable to drive the DeLorean due to a punctured fuel line. The vehicle's hover system is powered by Mr. Fusion and is capable of bringing the DeLorean up to the required 88 mph; the combustion engine was also probably left on board as a backup. However, the flight systems were destroyed as a result of a lightning strike, leaving Marty to rely on the original combustion engine, which in turn was disabled.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The vents attached to the back of the DeLorean were designed to cool the nuclear reactor that the flux capacitor used to generate 1.21 gigawatts of electricity after making a trip through time. After traveling through time, the vents would expel a cloud of cold air as the time machine vented. Later, after the DeLorean's hover conversion in 2015, they were used to propel the DeLorean while in flight. When they were operating, they lit up to a bright white color. After the initial acceleration, the vents would stop glowing. It is possible they may have controlled operation of the vehicle while in flight. A similar pair of vents were used on the Time Train's tender for propulsion.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The plutonium chamber is what originally powers the flux capacitor and the time circuits. At the end of the first film, it was replaced by the Mr. Fusion Reactor during Doc's trip to 2015. It is possible that the plutonium chamber is still installed under Mr. Fusion as a backup source.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The roentgen meter was a meter in the DeLorean time machine that measured the amount of radiation in roentgens produced by the plutonium powering the flux capacitor. Should the plutonium chamber run out, an alarm will sound, indicating that it needs refueling. This occurred to Marty McFly after he arrived in 1955 without any plutonium. Dr. Emmett Brown had intended to load the plutonium case into the DeLorean prior to his planned trip to 2015, but was prevented from doing so by the arrival of the Libyan terrorists from whom he stole the plutonium. The roentgen meter was one of the many items that Doc had annotated with Dymo labels. It is unknown if it is still part of the DeLorean following the installation of the Mr. Fusion Energy Reactor.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The digital speedometer in the DeLorean was used in synchronization with its analog counterpart to determine the speed of the car as it accelerated to reach temporal displacement. It played a more significant role in the third film. While attempting to return to 1985, Marty McFly referred to the digital speedometer as the locomotive pushing the DeLorean accelerated, calling out the speed over one of the walkie talkies as Doc attempted to board the DeLorean.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The wormhole emitter was a part of the DeLorean that was positioned on the car's roof. Its purpose is to create wormholes that allow the car to travel through time.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: This is located near the gear lever. Its purpose is to activate the time circuits, but on some occasions, it was pushed accidentally. In the first film, Marty unwillingly pushed the lever while using the DeLorean to flee from Libyan terrorists. This happened again in the second film; Doc unknowingly bumped into the lever while on his way to find Marty.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: This is one of the essential parts of the DeLorean. The operator uses it to type in a target date that they want the DeLorean to go to. After typing in a date, it will appear on the destination time display.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: 1955 Doc placed this brass alarm clock on the dashboard of the DeLorean which he set to go off when it was time for Marty to drive toward the lightning bolt at the clock tower. Following Marty's return to 1985, the alarm clock stays on the DeLorean's dashboard for the remainder of the series, but plays no further roles.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The flying circuits were added to the DeLorean at the end of the first film, enabling it to fly, in addition to the tires that can rotate horizontally to provide upward thrust. At the end of the second film, they were destroyed by a gigawatt overload as a result of the DeLorean being struck by lightning with its time circuits still on — which in turn activated the flux capacitor, sending the time machine and Doc back to 1885. Doc mentioned this, as well as the car never being able to fly again.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: When attempting to push the DeLorean up to 88 mph with a steam locomotive, Doc installed the boiler temperature gauge (which is apparently connected to the locomotive's boiler) in the DeLorean's cockpit to indicate when each of the Presto Logs inside the boiler will fire, which will make the locomotive go faster. The gauge had four zones: white (500°), green (1000°), yellow (1500°), and red (2000°). The red zone (which is marked "boiler") also has an orange and yellow layer underneath it to indicate when the boiler's temperature is up to dangerous levels (2500°). The meter starts in the white zone, which no log will fire. When it reaches the green zone, the first log will fire. When it reaches the yellow zone, the second log will fire. When it reaches the red zone, the third and final log will fire. As it reached the orange and yellow sections in the red zone, the locomotive started to fall apart.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: During the DeLorean's first test run with Einstein inside it, Doc had built a special remote that is hooked to the car. The remote is similar to an RC car remote and has a digital speedometer that is synchronized with the one on the DeLorean. It is possible that it also has the ability to control the time circuits. Doc uses it to move the car a few feet away and make it accelerate up to 88 mph with its brake on. When the car got near that speed, Doc releases the brake and lets it move towards him and Marty as it disappears one minute into the future with Einstein before it could hit them. Following this event, the remote is no longer used and it is unknown what happens to it afterwards.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: After Doc traveled to 2015, he outfitted an orange 2015 license plate with a barcode display on the back of the DeLorean while giving it an upgrade with 2015 technology. It can be seen at the end of the first film. Unlike the DeLorean's other equipment, it does not play a major role in the films. The DeLorean originally had a normal license plate that said "OUTATIME", which came off during the DeLorean's first test run.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: After 1955 Doc and Marty recovered the DeLorean from the mine, 1955 Doc installed a vacuum tube circuit board on the car's front hood in order to restore the car's time travel ability.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: In the first film, 1955 Doc installs a long pole with a hook on the top of the DeLorean to channel a lightning strike into the flux capacitor once it makes contact with a cable connected to the top of the Hill Valley Courthouse (which is where the lightning will strike) while accelerating at 88 mph in order to send Marty back to 1985. While the DeLorean disappears to 1985, the pole itself is left behind in 1955.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: After the DeLorean was recovered from the mine, 1955 Doc replaced the rotted-away tires with whitewalls, which are later replaced with train wheels. During Marty and Doc's attempt to return to 1985, the whitewalls are used as a cushion between the DeLorean and the stolen locomotive.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: While in 1885, Doc replaced the 1955 whitewall tires with train wheels that allow the DeLorean to travel on tracks.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: For most of the first film, the 1.21 gigawatts are supplied by a plutonium-powered nuclear fission reactor and, with the absence of plutonium, a bolt of lightning channeled directly into the flux capacitor by a long pole and hook in the film's climactic sequence. At the end of the first film, and for the remainder of the trilogy, the plutonium nuclear reactor is replaced by a "Mr. Fusion Home Energy Reactor" generator possibly acquired in 2015. The "Mr. Fusion" device apparently converts household waste into electrical power; the name suggests nuclear fusion. Due to a "hover conversion" made in 2015, the car also becomes capable of hovering and flight, though it lost this ability at the end of the second film.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: After purchasing the DeLorean (it is unknown who or where Doc bought it from) and modifying it into a time machine, Doc brought it to the Twin Pines Mall and tests it out by using a remote control to send it one minute into the future with his dog Einstein in it, leaving its license plate behind. He also shows Marty the major functions of the DeLorean: the flux capacitor, the time circuits, and the plutonium chamber that powers them. After refueling the time machine with plutonium stolen from Libyan terrorists (who previously stole the plutonium from a power plant), Doc prepares to travel into the future, but the Libyans unexpectedly arrive and shoot Doc. Marty uses the DeLorean to flee from the Libyans and is transported to 1955 after accidentally activating the time circuits, but without the plutonium that is needed to power it. Once there, Marty flees from Old Man Peabody (who thinks he's an alien), crushing one of his baby pine trees in the process, and stops in an undeveloped area. Due to problems with the starter and with the plutonium chamber empty, Marty is forced to hide the DeLorean behind a sign and cover it with branches to keep anyone from seeing it. Marty later shows it to 1955 Doc, who then has it brought back to his workshop. At one point, they had to cover the DeLorean with a tarp to keep Lorraine Baines, Marty's future mother, from seeing it.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Unable to obtain plutonium, Marty and 1955 Doc (after reading a 1985 flyer that Marty had with him following his trip to 1955) decide to harness the power of a lightning strike that will happen one week later to power the flux capacitor in order to send Marty back to 1985. Doc installs a cable leading from the top of the Hill Valley Courthouse (which is where the lightning will strike) down to the street as a means to harness the lightning strike and attaches a long pole and hook to the DeLorean to channel the lightning strike into the flux capacitor once the hook makes contact with the cable while the DeLorean is accelerating at 88 mph. He also places an alarm clock on the DeLorean's dashboard, which is set to ring to signal Marty to drive towards the cable at 88 mph. Doc brought the DeLorean (still covered under the tarp) to the Courthouse to make preparations. While doing this, a cop nearly discovers the time machine before Doc stops him, pretending that it is specialized weather sensing equipment. When the plan is put in motion, complications arise due to the DeLorean undergoing another starter problem and the cable being disconnected by a fallen branch. Despite these major setbacks, the plan succeeds, sending Marty back to 1985 ten minutes before his original departure; Marty had reset the DeLorean to return to 1985 earlier so he would have a chance to warn Doc of his upcoming death since 1955 Doc wouldn't listen to Marty's warnings. This event resulted in two DeLoreans existing in 1985 at the same time: one used by the new timeline’s Marty to escape from the Libyan terrorists and then disappearing to 1955 and the other appearing with the original Marty following his trip from 1955 to 1985.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: After returning to 1985, the DeLorean once again suffers another starter problem, forcing Marty to run to the Twin Pines Mall (now called Lone Pine Mall due to Marty's actions in 1955). He arrives too late as Doc is gunned down and watches his counterpart escape to 1955 in the other DeLorean while the Libyans crash into a photo booth, but it is revealed that Doc's death was averted since he had listened to Marty's warning after all. After recovering the DeLorean (which apparently had its starter fixed) and taking Marty home, Doc travels to October 21, 2015, with Einstein, where he upgrades the DeLorean with 2015 technology (replacing the plutonium chamber with a Mr. Fusion Reactor, outfitting a barcode license plate on the back, and giving it the ability to fly), but briefly returns to 1985 to pick up Marty (who brings his girlfriend Jennifer Parker along) and get him to help stop his future son from committing a crime. While there, the DeLorean is stolen by Biff Tannen (who discovers that it's a time machine), who then travels back to November 12, 1955, the same day as the climax of the first film, to give his past self a sports almanac to be used for gambling. Once Biff returns to 2015 without Doc knowing, Doc, Marty, Jennifer (who has fallen unconscious after seeing her future self), and Einstein return to 1985, but find themselves in an alternate timeline where Hill Valley is ruled by Biff that Doc describes as 1985A (alternate 1985). Because of Biff's tampering, the time circuits have malfunctioned, displaying random dates. After learning of 2015 Biff's actions, Marty and Doc travel back to 1955 to restore the timeline. Upon arrival, the DeLorean is hidden behind the same sign that Marty hid the DeLorean in the first film. During the mission, Marty had to wait for 2015 Biff to return to 2015 in his DeLorean in order to retrieve the almanac without 2015 Biff knowing and to prevent further changes to the timeline. Doc later uses the DeLorean to pick up Marty (accidentally switching on the malfunctioning time circuits) and chase down Biff, where they recover and destroy the almanac, but Doc is unable to land the DeLorean due to strong turbulence. It is struck by lightning again in the very same electrical storm, this time by accident.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: According to writers Bob Gale and Robert Zemeckis, the lightning causes the DeLorean to spin at 88 miles per hour, and Doc later states in a letter to Marty that the bolt caused a "gigawatt overload" which "shorted out the time circuits and destroyed the flying circuits". The lightning strike causes the DeLorean to disappear from 1955, travelling back in time to January 1, 1885 (earlier in the film, Doc mentions that the time circuits are not functioning correctly; several instances in the film that show the destination time circuit displaying January 1, 1885 as the destination when the time circuits malfunctioned).


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Once in 1885, the DeLorean is hidden in a mine because suitable replacement parts to replace its destroyed microchip will not be invented until 1947 (presumably referring to the transistor, invented in that year). 1955 Doc and Marty recover the DeLorean from the mine and 1955 Doc builds a vacuum tube circuit assembly to replace the destroyed microchip circuitry and restore the vehicle's time travel capabilities. The tires have disintegrated in storage, so 1955 Doc replaces them with whitewalls. The gasoline engine is still functional, but the flying circuits are not.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Due to the events in the first two films, a total of four DeLoreans existed at the same time in 1955: the first in 1955 Doc's lab (taking place during the events of the first film), the second hidden somewhere by 2015 Biff after stealing the DeLorean in 2015, the third used by Doc and Marty to travel to 1955 and undo the changes caused by 2015 Biff, and the fourth hidden in the mine, only existing after Doc is transported to 1885.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: In a letter Doc wrote to Marty in 1885, Doc states he is happy in his new life there and requests that Marty not attempt to retrieve him, but instead to return to 1985 and destroy the DeLorean, believing that it has brought them and the world nothing but disaster. However, Marty and 1955 Doc learn of the tragedy that will come to Doc's way when he is murdered by Biff's grandfather, Buford "Mad Dog" Tannen, on September 7, 1885; therefore, 1955 Doc agrees to send Marty back to 1885 to rescue his future self. This resulted in two DeLoreans existing in 1885: the one hidden in the mine after Doc is sent to 1885 by the lightning strike, and the one that Marty uses to travel to 1885 to rescue Doc.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: When Marty arrives in 1885, the DeLorean's fuel line is damaged while driving off-road during a Native American attack and is forced to hide it in a cave. He and Doc later recover it and patch up the line. When Clara Clayton came to see Doc, the DeLorean is once again hidden under a tarp so Clara cannot see it. They attempt to use whiskey as a replacement fuel, since commercial gasoline is not yet available; the test fails, destroying the fuel injection and ignition systems and leaving the car unable to travel under its own power. They try using horses as an alternate means to get the car up to 88 mph, but this fails since the horses' top speed is approximately 30 mph. They then decide to use a steam locomotive to push the DeLorean up to 88 mph. After speaking to the train engineer, they learn that in order for the locomotive to reach 88 mph, it would have to be on a straight track with a flat surface, with no cars coupled behind it, and with the boiler heated up to dangerous levels. After stealing the locomotive, Doc had his version of "Presto Logs" (pressed wood treated with anthracite) added to the boiler to provide the extra power needed to push the car up to 88 mph. Doc also replaces the 1955-style wheels with cast iron train wheels that fit on the track rails before loading the DeLorean onto the tracks and uses the old tires and a wooden support to cushion the locomotive's "cow catcher" and the car's rear end. Since each of the three "Presto Logs" fire at different intervals with increasing power, Doc installs a boiler temperature gauge on the DeLorean's dashboard to indicate when the car will experience a sudden burst of acceleration. Marty and Doc make the run on a flat, straight section of track leading to an unfinished bridge over Shonash Ravine (which would have been renamed Clayton Ravine if Marty and Doc have not saved Clara from falling in earlier); once the car reaches 88 mph, the Mr. Fusion unit provides the power required to activate the flux capacitor and make the jump through time. Upon reaching the end of the track, the DeLorean disappears to 1985 with Marty (with Doc staying behind with Clara) while the locomotive falls down the cliff and is destroyed in the explosion.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: When the DeLorean makes its final trip to 1985, it lands on the now-completed bridge and crosses over Shonash Ravine (now called Eastwood Ravine due to the townsfolk believing that Clint Eastwood, the name that Marty used in 1885, fell in and was killed) before coasting to a stop. Marty bails out seconds before it is struck and destroyed by an oncoming freight train. Later, Doc, Clara, and their children: Jules and Verne, appear in the same location where the DeLorean was destroyed, piloting a new time machine in the form of a steam-powered train. After picking up Einstein, the couple and their children depart for an unknown time period.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: In the films, the DeLorean time machine is a licensed, registered vehicle in the state of California, where the films take place. The vanity license plate used in the film reads "OUTATIME", a deliberate anomaly, as the maximum number of symbols on California plates is seven characters. When Doc returns from 2015, it is a barcode license plate, which implies that by that year license plates have moved to other more sophisticated means of tracking and registering.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: In "The Animated Series", Doc builds another DeLorean into a time machine, restoring most of its features, including Mr. Fusion and the hover conversion (Doc either rebuilds the one destroyed at the end of "Part III" or he simply builds a new one). He also seemingly adds the capability to travel through space in addition to time (i.e., appear at a different location from the one it departed), similar to the TARDIS from "Doctor Who". The cartoon DeLorean time machine has many add-ons, including a back seat in normal two-door mode, the ability to transform into a four-door, a pop-out covered wagon top, a blimp, a rear video screen, and a voice activated time input.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: "" features a chronal duplicate of the original DeLorean, which Doc Brown recovered from the timestream after the destruction of the original. This DeLorean is created at the end of "Back to the Future Part II"; when the original time machine was struck by lightning: while the DeLorean itself is sent to 1885, a fully functional duplicate appears (apparently unmanned and undamaged) in 2025, where Doc retrieves it with the Time Train before Griff Tannen could. This Clone DeLorean is effectively the same as the "Part II" one, including the occasional glitches in the time circuits (mostly affecting the last time departed time display), but with a new automatic retrieval feature that automatically brings the Clone DeLorean to a set time and location of Doc's choosing every time Doc doesn't return to the car in a fixed amount of time. The original DeLorean made a brief appearance in Marty Mcfly's nightmare where Doc sends it one minute into the future, which copies the events of the first film. However, the only difference is that it does not return from its one-minute trip.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The Clone DeLorean appears outside of Doc's house after Marty recovers Doc's notebook from Biff Tannen. Inside is Einstein, a tape recorder with a message from Doc that tells Marty about the automatic retrieval system, and a mysterious shoe. After learning that Doc is stuck somewhere in time, he activates the time circuits, but the last time departed time display is faulty, forcing Marty to use Einstein and the shoe to find out Doc's whereabouts. He eventually learns that Doc is in 1931 and will be killed by Irving "Kid" Tannen, Biff's father. Marty travels to 1931, one day before Doc's death, appearing in the middle of a police chase (the glitch in the time circuits is resolved after the police car bumps into the Clone DeLorean). After getting away from the police, he hides the Clone DeLorean behind a sign.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: After rescuing Doc, they prepare to return to 1986, but Marty discovers that he is disappearing; it turns out his grandfather Artie Mcfly will be killed by Kid as a result of Marty's earlier actions. Upon being caught by Officer Danny Parker, Marty swipes the DeLorean keys and travels several hours back (with Doc staying behind) to rescue Artie from Kid to ensure his existence before he and Doc return to 1986, but find themselves in a dystopian future which was brought into existence due to Kid not being arrested. Marty and Doc return to 1931 to correct the timeline (Doc hides the DeLorean in the DeSoto Lot to ensure that no one can find it and later uses it to get Einstein down from the Courthouse), but their actions resulted in the creation of a second dystopian future, with Doc disappearing from existence.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: After returning to 1986, Marty crashes the Clone DeLorean into a billboard and after he gets out (breaking the window in the process), the Clone DeLorean falls through the billboard and crashes onto the ground, becoming badly damaged. Marty uses one of its wheels and a battery to get over a nearby wall. The Clone DeLorean is later restored by an alternate version of Doc Brown (who took six months to repair it) who has never developed time travel technology, having access to limited notes about the flux capacitor. After traveling six months back in time, he picks up Marty and they return to 1931. As such, the time circuits of the alternate Clone DeLorean become even more glitchy (resulting in them arriving two months late), accumulating errors as severe as the interval of time traveled, with increasing damage with every time travel attempt: as such, Citizen Brown, the alternate version of Doc, has to install a diagnostic console made of materials available in 1931 (appearing as a plywood box with a diagnostic lightbulb and three similar bulbs placed on the coils on the outer body).


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Apparently, part of the problem is chromium parts becoming unstable during time travel, according to Citizen Brown. After a falling out between the duo, Citizen Brown leaves in the alternate Clone DeLorean and picks up Edna Strickland, one of the game's main villains, having decided to have her help change his younger self's career after learning of Edna's unhappy future. Marty foils their attempts, leading Edna to steal the alternate Clone DeLorean with Officer Parker in pursuit. The original Doc arrives in the original Clone DeLorean as Citizen Brown disappears from existence due to earlier events in the game; i.e., because Marty restored the original timeline (the events of all three films), the original Doc and Clone DeLorean are brought back into existence. Officer Parker nearly arrests Marty and Doc for allegedly having the car that Edna got away in. After they explain to him that there is more than one DeLorean, Marty explains to Doc that the alternate Clone DeLorean had malfunctioning time circuits. To make matters worse, the entire town of Hill Valley disappears around them; Edna had unwillingly time traveled to 1876. They go to "Mary Pickford's" house and see that the alternate Clone DeLorean had been destroyed. After they get information from Mary, who was really Edna, they go to 1876. After they stop the fire that would've burned down Hill Valley, they chase down Edna, who is trying to get away in the alternate Clone DeLorean. Marty hoverboards to Edna's DeLorean and synchronizes the two DeLoreans by attaching signal dishes called flux synchronizers over the diagnostic lightbulbs on Edna's DeLorean and pointing them at the receiving dish on Doc's DeLorean (which was apparently attached to its front hood recently), which is flying behind the one that Edna is driving. While doing this, Edna unsuccessfully tries to shake Marty off as he moves around her DeLorean. Their actions result in Edna's DeLorean suffering minor damages: the rear mirror being damaged, one of its windshield wipers being torn off, and the Mr. Fusion Reactor being knocked open (although Marty manages to close it). Once Marty finishes this task, he returns to Doc's DeLorean as they begin their return to 1931, activating the flux capacitor on Edna's DeLorean and making it speed up to 88 mph with its time circuits set to 1931. After they all return to 1931, Edna crashes in front of the police station and is then arrested by Officer Parker for her crimes. Edna's DeLorean then vanishes because of the time ripples catching up with them, causing "chronal decay" (i.e., since Citizen Brown's timeline ceased to exist, the alternate Clone DeLorean was erased from existence). Marty and Doc return to 1986, where three DeLoreans (one normal, one blue, and one black) suddenly arrive with different versions of Marty. The duo leave the Martys arguing before departing to an unknown time in their own DeLorean.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: It is implied that the Time Train stays with Clara, Jules, and Verne, passingly mentioned as enjoying the same nomadic life around the time-stream of Doc, but it is never seen in the game.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: In "", Doc, who now lives in a lab called the Institute of Future Technology, had created an 8-passenger DeLorean that can fly just like the original DeLorean (which can be seen in the ride and in the outside display) and the Time Train (which can only be seen in display outside of the attraction). Unlike the original DeLorean, the flux capacitor is in the front of the cockpit along with a small screen, the time circuits, the keypad, and the speedometer. It is also equipped with a sub-ether time-tracking scanner that allows Doc to pinpoint the location of the original DeLorean in time. The original DeLorean is shown to have its original "OUTATIME" license plate instead of the bar code license plate, but it could just mean that this DeLorean is actually a new one being built into a time machine. Doc can be seen traveling in the original DeLorean in the ride's queue videos. In the attraction, Biff Tannen (who stowed away in one of the institute's time machines that had recently visited 1955) steals the original DeLorean, prompting Doc to send the riders to the 8-passenger DeLorean and use it to go after Biff. The ride begins with the 8-passenger DeLorean traveling to 2015 Hill Valley where it chases Biff across the town. Biff and the riders then travel to the ice age where the 8-passenger DeLorean experiences a temporally engine failure after Biff causes an avalanche that damages it. The 8-passenger DeLorean catches up to Biff in the "Cretaceous Period". Biff's DeLorean gets damaged by a T-Rex and lands in a volcano while the T-Rex swallows the 8-passenger DeLorean, but spits it back out. The 8-passenger DeLorean lands in the lava and follows Biff as he goes over a cliff. The riders then bump into him, sending both DeLoreans back to 1991. In a post-credits scene, Clara Clayton, who has built the Time Train with Doc, reveals to have currently repaired the DeLorean and travels back to 1947 to a farm.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: In "Doc Brown Saves the World", there was a repaired DeLorean time machine which included new replacement parts from 2015. The DeLorean is also seen in a video promoting "Doc Brown Saves the World", and it is unknown as to whether or not a flux capacitor was inside.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The Time Train was a second time machine that appears at the end of Part III, which is powered by steam instead of gasoline. Doc built it out of a steam locomotive (most likely a different one that Doc either purchased or stole since the one that Marty and Doc used to push the DeLorean up to 88 mph was destroyed).


title: DeLorean time machine

text: It homages the submarine "Nautilus" from Jules Verne's novel "Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas". It took Doc ten years to build it. The flux capacitor is inside the chimney headlamp at the front of the locomotive. The time circuits appear as rotating dials that are identical to the DeLorean's time circuits, though are not clearly seen in the film. The sides of the cabin (which display Doc's initials: ELB) are capable of opening the same way as the DeLorean's gullwing doors, but can also deploy stairs that allow people to climb on board. Its tender also has vents which function the same way as the DeLorean's. How Doc was able to create the flux capacitor and time circuits for the Time Train in 1885 is unexplained, but it is assumed that Doc used parts from the hoverboard that Marty left behind in 1885 and the broken DeLorean that was buried in the mine to build them (all while ensuring that Marty and his 1955 counterpart would be able to repair it). Unlike the DeLorean, the external components of the Time Train were symmetrical on both sides of the vehicle, possibly representing a more sophisticated grasp of the time travel technology on Doc's part, despite being constructed from more primitive materials. Interestingly, before the Time Train appeared in 1985, it triggered the bells and gates on the nearby railroad crossing as if another train was coming. This could mean that the Time Train is so powerful that it enables a connection with its destination time even before arriving to that point of time.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Following its completion and its first time travel test, Doc and his family traveled to 2015 and beyond to give it a hover conversion, allowing it to fly just like the DeLorean. When Doc returned to 1985 to pick up Einstein and meet up with Marty and Jennifer, he chose the most likely place that they might be at that given time, the site of the DeLorean's destruction. After introducing his sons, Jules and Verne, and giving Marty a picture of him and Doc in 1885, Doc activates the train's flying capabilities and departs to an unknown time.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Universal Studios special effects department built three main DeLorean time machines for the movie "Back to the Future". The film's producers characterized the DeLoreans with three names: the A car, B car, and C car.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The "A" car, also known as the Hero car, was the most detailed and utilized vehicle during production. After filming was over, the "A" car was delivered to Universal Studios Hollywood as an attraction piece. As time passed, visitors started taking parts off the vehicle and wandering off with them. Bob Gale selected a team to repair the car so it could be in a perfect condition. The vehicle is currently being displayed at the Petersen Automotive Museum in Los Angeles.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The "B" car, also known as the Stunt Car used in all three movies, was mainly used for stunts. After purposely being struck by a train during production, the car was left as a pile of rubble. Movie car customizer Jay Ohrberg used the "B" car wreckage to construct various DeLorean replicas. The "B" car's body panels were sold to Planet Hollywood Hawaii, where it was hooked up on the ceiling of the restaurant until its shutdown in 2010. The car was sold at auction to Bill and Patrick Shea after Back to the Future HQ reached out to Planet Hollywood to find the car's remains. The stunt car is currently being displayed at Hubbardston, Massachusetts.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The "C" car was used for interior footage and was torn apart so the camera could fit inside the car. The vehicle was left at Universal Studios Hollywood, many of its parts were put together on a replica remodeled by Tom Talmon Studios for Universal Japan. Universal Japan sold the car to a private company and the vehicle is currently being displayed on the company's entryway.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: There were three extra DeLoreans used through the production of the sequels. The fiberglass car used on special effects was reportedly destroyed. The stunt train, better known as The Oxnard Car, was displayed in Universal Studios, Florida, from the early 1990s to 2020. The studio decided to replace the original car with a replica to be stored for restoration. The desert car with the blue cross over tube was left at Universal Studios Hollywood; Tom Talmon Studios used parts of this car on a replica displayed on Universal Japan. After Japanese workers stole some of the car props, ScreenUsed acquired the car for restoration and then settled the car for auction. Bill and Patrick Shea ended up buying it, and they placed the car on display at Hubbardston, Massachusetts.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The time machine went through several variations during production of the first film, "Back to the Future". In the first draft of the screenplay, the time machine was a laser device that was housed in a room; at the end of the draft the device was attached to a refrigerator and taken to a nuclear bomb test. Spielberg vetoed the idea, concerned that children might attempt to climb into one. Zemeckis suggested the DeLorean because it offered mobility, a unique design, and would appear like an alien UFO to a 1950s family due to its characteristic gullwing doors (which were inspired by the Mercedes-Benz 300 SL). The original ending of the 1985 film "Back to the Future" was to have Marty outrun a nuclear explosion at a test site to power the DeLorean's flux capacitor in order to travel back to 1985. However, during the movie's filming, it went overbudget and behind schedule, and Universal refused to grant the producers any more money, as it couldn't afford the desert location to shoot such scenario. Ultimately, the power source was changed to the lightning strike at the clock tower in Hill Valley as a result.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The DeLorean was developed under the supervision of Lawrence Paull, who designed it with artist Ron Cobb and illustrator Andrew Probert. They intended for the vehicle to look fixed together from common parts. The Ford Motor Company offered $75,000 to use a Ford Mustang instead; Gale responded that "Doc Brown doesn't drive a fucking Mustang". Michael Fink was hired as the art department liaison and tasked with realizing Cobb's sketches and overseeing the car's construction. Paull and Canton, who had worked with him on "Blade Runner" (1982) and "Buckaroo Banzai" (1984), respectively, recruited him. Fink had a project lined up but agreed to help in the free weeks he had remaining.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Three DeLoreans used were purchased from a collector—one for stunts, one for special effects, and one for normal shots. They were unreliable and often broke down. was chosen as the time travel speed because it was easy to remember and looked "cool" on the speedometer. A custom speedometer was built to simulate 88mph, as a 1979 law passed by then-President Jimmy Carter had limited speedometers to 85mph to reduce speeding. The Flux Capacitor, necessary for time travel, was called the Temporal Field Capacitor; Zemeckis said the name was not believable. From his work on the 1979 drama "The China Syndrome", Fink had learned of Neutron flux. He and Zemeckis simultaneously suggested renaming it the Flux Capacitor. Cobb and Probert had already placed the Flux Capacitor on the external and interior roof of the DeLorean. Fink placed it next to the driver. Fink constructed the device using a NEMA box and backlit Torr High-Voltage relays. The time display was constructed from LMB boxes. When Fink left, he picked Michael Scheffe to replace him. Scheffe finished the Flux Capacitor build and built the "Mr. Fusion" replacement power supply out of a Krups coffee grinder.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The flying DeLorean used a combination of live-action footage, animation, and a 1:5 scale (approximately long) model built by Steve Gawley and the model shop crew and filmed against a blue screen. Months were spent building the model from epoxy, steel, and aluminum. Halogen lamps were fitted to the tires to simulate thrusters; the tires were made from aluminum to withstand the heat. Blue chalk was rubbed on the windscreen to conceal the lack of riders— the last effect produced by ILM.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: The act of the DeLorean traveling through time is referred to as the "time slice" effect. Zemeckis only knew that he wanted it to be a violent transition. He described it like a "Neanderthal sitting on the hood of the DeLorean and chipping away the fabric of time in front of him". He suggested a crack in time opening before the car, but animators could not determine what would be on the reverse of the opening visible to the audience. An electrical effect enveloping the car was abandoned because a similar process had been used in the science fiction film "The Terminator" (1984). Other ideas included a wave of energy that moved over the car before exploding and blowing open a hole in time, and a "cubist" effect where the car would break into separate segments, each individually expanding in proportion before disappearing. Takahashi developed artwork showing the segments popping out from the DeLorean and glowing. Gale liked the effect, but Zemeckis did not; Spielberg found it unrealistic.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Takahashi animated separate effects like contrails and flashing lights; Zemeckis opted to use them all. The effects were drawn in black and white and optically manipulated afterward. This resulted in the DeLorean appearing to emit various effects that strike in front of the car to create an explosion that opens the time slice. This was combined with practical effects including smoke, sparks, and flash-bulbs. Fire emitting from the tires was intended to start the sequence but the gas jet mechanism repeatedly failed; it only functioned for two of the six shots required. Peggy Regan animated flames and reflections for consistency. The trails of fire left behind the DeLorean were practical, but the actual movement was slow. The footage was sped up and smoke added where the car disappeared. Fox and Lloyd were filmed against a reflective mylar blue screen set to match the car park's wet surface and composited into the trails of fire. Reflections of the actors were matte paintings filmed through a ripple glass to add texture. A stuntman in a dog suit portrays Doc's dog when in the moving car. It was suggested that the DeLorean emerge from the time slice in sections that slam into each preceding section. Norwood and Charlie Mullen outlined an animation and Ellen Lichtwardt animated a glow to the vehicle. The effect is so quick as to be imperceptible. Zemeckis preferred this as he did not want the audience to think too much about how everything worked.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: Different parts from three 1982 DeLoreans were used in the first film. Liquid nitrogen was poured onto the car for scenes after it had travelled through time to give the impression that it was cold. The base for the nuclear reactor was made from the hubcap from a Dodge Polara. Aircraft parts and blinking lights were added for effect. In one of the first scenes, carbon dioxide extinguishers were hidden inside the DeLorean to simulate the exhaust effect. Ultimately, five real DeLoreans were used in the filming of the trilogy, plus one "process" car built for interior shots. In the off-road scenes in the third film, a modified-for-off-road VW Beetle frame was fitted to the DeLorean with the whitewall tires and baby Moon hubcaps. A seventh DeLorean was also used in the filming; however, this one was merely a full-sized, fiberglass model used for exterior shots where the vehicle hovers above the set as well as when the actors interact with the vehicle.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: While the original PRV V6 engines were retained in the physical cars for filming, the film's sound effects artists used the sound of a Porsche 928 V8 and the "Star Wars"'s landspeeder for the engine sounds in the movie.


title: DeLorean time machine

text: As of November 2021, approximately 122 DeLoreans are known to be converted to "Back to the Future" Time Machines.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: Andrei Rublev (, "Andrey Rublyóv") is a 1966 Soviet arthouse biographical historical drama film directed by Andrei Tarkovsky and co-written with Andrei Konchalovsky. The film was re-edited from the 1966 film titled "The Passion According to Andrei" by Tarkovsky which was censored during the first decade of the Brezhnev era in the Soviet Union. The film is loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev, the 15th-century Russian icon painter. The film features Anatoly Solonitsyn, Nikolai Grinko, Ivan Lapikov, Nikolai Sergeyev, Nikolai Burlyayev and Tarkovsky's wife Irma Raush. Savva Yamshchikov, a famous Russian restorer and art historian, was a scientific consultant of the film.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: "Andrei Rublev" is set against the background of early-15th-century Russia. Although the film is only loosely based on the life of Andrei Rublev, it seeks to depict a realistic portrait of medieval Russia. Tarkovsky sought to create a film that shows the artist as "a world-historic figure" and "Christianity as an axiom of Russia's historical identity" during a turbulent period of Russian history that ultimately resulted in the Tsardom of Russia.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: The film's themes include artistic freedom, religion, political ambiguity, autodidacticism, and the making of art under a repressive regime. Because of this, it was not released domestically in the officially atheist Soviet Union for years after it was completed, except for a single 1966 screening in Moscow. A version of the film was shown at the 1969 Cannes Film Festival, where it won the FIPRESCI prize. In 1971, a censored version of the film was released in the Soviet Union. The film was further cut for commercial reasons upon its U.S. release through Columbia Pictures in 1973. As a result, several versions of the film exist.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: Although these issues with censorship obscured and truncated the film for many years following its release, the film was soon recognized by many western critics and film directors as a highly original and accomplished work. Even more since being restored to its original version, "Andrei Rublev" has come to be regarded as one of the greatest films of all time, and has often been ranked highly in both the "Sight & Sound" critics' and directors' polls.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: "Andrei Rublev" is divided into eight episodes, with a prologue and an epilogue only loosely related to the main film. The main film charts the life of the great icon painter through seven episodes which either parallel his life or represent episodic transitions in his life. The background is 15th century Russia, a turbulent period characterized by fighting between rival princes and the Tatar invasions.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: The film's "prologue" shows the preparations for a hot air balloon ride. The balloon is tethered to the spire of a church next to a river, with a man named Yefim (Nikolay Glazkov) attempting to make the flight by use of a harness roped beneath the balloon.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: At the very moment of his attempt, an ignorant mob arrive from the river and attempt to thwart the flight, putting a firebrand into the face of one of the men on the ground assisting Yefim. In spite of this the balloon is successfully released and Yefim is overwhelmed and delighted by the view from above and the sensation of flying, but he cannot prevent a crash-landing shortly after.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: He is the first of several creative characters, representing the daring escapist, whose hopes are easily crushed. After the crash, a horse is seen rolling on its back by a pond, one of many horses in the film.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: Andrei (Anatoly Solonitsyn), Daniil (Nikolai Grinko) and Kirill (Ivan Lapikov) are wandering monks and religious icon painters, looking for work. The three represent different creative characters.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: Andrei is the observer, a humanist who searches for the good in people and wants to inspire and not frighten. Daniil is withdrawn and resigned, and not as bent on creativity as on self-realization. Kirill lacks talent as a painter, yet still strives to achieve prominence. He is jealous, self-righteous, very intelligent and perceptive.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: The three have just left the Andronikov Monastery, where they have lived for many years, heading to Moscow. During a heavy rain shower they seek shelter in a barn, where a group of villagers is being entertained by a jester (Rolan Bykov). The jester, or skomorokh, is a bitterly sarcastic enemy of the state and the Church, who earns a living with his scathing and obscene social commentary and by making fun of the Boyars. He ridicules the monks as they come in, and after some time Kirill leaves unnoticed.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: Shortly after, a group of soldiers arrive to arrest the skomorokh, whom they take outside, knock unconscious and take away, also smashing his musical instrument. As the rain has stopped, Kirill returns. Kirill wants to leave, so Andrei wakes up resting Daniil. Unaware of what has happened to the jester, Daniil thanks the villagers for the shelter. As they walk on, the heavy rain starts again.


title: Andrei Rublev (film)

text: Kirill arrives at the workshop of Theophanes the Greek (Nikolai Sergeyev), a prominent and well-recognized master painter, who is working on a new icon of Jesus Christ. Theophanes is portrayed as a complex character: an established artist, humanistic and God-fearing in his views yet somewhat cynical, regarding his art more as a craft and a chore in his disillusion with other people.