title: SriLankan Airlines

text: Five of the six aircraft that have been destroyed, and all of the reported deaths of SriLankan Airlines passengers and employees, have been a result of the civil conflict in Sri Lanka.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: On 3 May 1986, a bomb planted by the liberation group LTTE exploded on board Flight UL512 before takeoff at Bandaranaike International Airport. The bomb, which had been timed to explode in-flight, went off while the Lockheed L-1011 'Tristar' aircraft was on the ground, killing 21 of 128 passengers. Officials believe the bomb may have been concealed in crates of meat and vegetables that were being freighted to the Maldives. Other reports believe that the bomb was hidden in the aircraft's 'Fly Away Kit'.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: In 1992, the right landing gear of an Air Lanka Boeing 737-200 (registration 4R-ULL) at Madras airport (now Chennai International Airport) failed upon landing and the right engine came into contact with the runway. The aircraft pulled to the right and finally came to a stop, with the nose wheel and right-wing on the grass to the right of the landing runway. The right engine caught fire – extinguished by the airport safety services – and the 104 passengers and 12 crew evacuated the aircraft via the chutes on the left side without injury. The damage to the aircraft was substantial; the plane was subsequently repaired and sold. The Indian Directorate General of Civil Aviation concluded that "the accident occurred as a result of a failure of the right-hand main landing gear beam during the landing due to pre-existing stress corrosion cracks and pits at its inboard lug hole and higher than normal landing loads contributed to its failure".


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: On 24 July 2001, the LTTE launched a major pre-dawn attack on Sri Lankan Airforce hangar located along the Bandaranaike International Airport. The raid left at least 19 people dead, including all 14 LTTE Cadres, two army commandos and three air force personnel. Two of SriLankan Airlines' Airbus A330 planes (4R-ALE and 4R-ALF), one A320 (4R-ABA) and one of their A340 planes (4R-ADD) were destroyed. Two other planes were damaged (A340 4R-ADC and A320 4R-ABB). A number of military planes were also damaged and destroyed.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: SriLankan Airlines has not made a profit since 2008. When it last recorded a profit, while under the management of Emirates Airline. In 1998, Emirates won a proposal to handle the island nation's flag airline, Air Lanka. Following that, Emirates rebranded the aging carrier as SriLankan and modernized its fleet with contemporary Airbus A330 aircraft. Emirates obtained ten years management rights as part of the equity purchase. It later sold its ownership in the carrier for US$53 million, resulting in a nearly US$20 million loss.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: Sri Lanka currently has no bankruptcy protection act, and the only option for a closedown would be a complete liquidation. If the Government is to shut down the airline, it will be compelled to write off this debt to the state banks and the Ceylon Petroleum Corporation. This could raise significant concerns about the two state banks' liquidity by foreign rating agencies and could seriously jeopardise the prospects of Sri Lankan's entire banking sector. The Government as the guarantor would also be called upon for immediate repayment of the international bond worth US$175 million.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: The numerous accusations the SriLankan Airlines and Government could face in multiple jurisdictions regarding non-payment of aircraft rents could add insult to injury. This will gradually raise the risk premium for airlines leasing aircraft in Sri Lanka, making the country unappealing as a base for a carrier. However, one party might breathe a sigh of relief; Airbus, which is currently facing a more than US$ billion claim for the airline over the tainted A330 and A350 transactions for 2013.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: In 2016 and 2017, SriLankan's losses were impacted by the costs in relation to the much-publicised cancellation of its Airbus A350 lease agreements. If the majority of the fleet were all due for heavy maintenance in later years, this could imply a significant charge of LKR 3 billion per annum for the prior years if restated. Such a change would make a further dent in the profits recorded during the Emirates era, as the maintenance cost was legitimately understated.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: SriLankan subsidiary Mihin Lanka has never recorded an annual profit since its inception in 2007 and an accumulated loss of LKR17.27 billion in 2016. The financial performance for the current year has followed the same tread of losses. For the 6-month period loss of LKR 181 million and for the remainder of the financial year it was budgeted to lose a further LKR billion. A few months after Mihin Lanka shut down losses exceed LKR 13 billion. Most of the company's assets were acquired by SriLankan Airline on October 29, 2016.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: In 2020, SriLankan Airline lost a little over US$200 million. In this period airline debt obligations today exceed over US$900 million (LKR 372 billion). The bulk of these appears to be debts to state banks and the CPC, both wholly owned by the Government of Sri Lanka. The Airline also has at least one, sovereign guaranteed, internationally-issued bond worth US$175 million.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: According to the Finance Ministry data, SriLankan lost LKR 24.5 billion from April to July 2021, as the company, which is already losing money, encountered even more difficulties during the SARS-CoV 2 outbreak. In the fiscal year ending March 2021, SriLankan lost LKR 58 billion.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: In March 2015, a report was released following a Board of Inquiry investigation into corruption at SriLankan during the time it was under the chairmanship of Nishantha Wickramasinghe. The Board has reported that corruption was widespread and confirmed the allegations of Nishantha Wickramasinghe's affairs. However, the Mahinda Rajapaksa Information Centre denied the allegations and accused the report of being biased and invalid, accusing the head of the committee of publicly supporting the current government in the elections and lacking technical knowledge about the aviation industry. It further claimed that he had been bribed to submit such a report as a publicity stunt to humiliate the previous government and that most of the points within it were untrue. The airline's short-lived Air-Taxi service and its mismanagement was found to have caused the loss of millions of dollars to the airline.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: In October 2015, the Presidential Commission of Inquiry to Investigate and Inquire into Serious Acts of Fraud, Corruption and Abuse of Power, State Resources and Privileges (PRECIFAC) attempted to summon Wickramasinghe to inquire about various irregularities in the Airline; however, they were unable to locate him, and his wife claimed he had not come home for three years and that she was unaware of his whereabouts. Later he notified the PRECIFAC that he was abroad and was unable to give a statement.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: On 14 April 2021, the SriLankan Airlines in its official Twitter handle claimed that Sri Lankan cargo had made history by operating three successive cargo charter flights to Entebbe International Airport which is Uganda's only international airport uplifting over 102 metric tonnes of printed papers in February 2021. The information on whether what kind of printed papers were not revealed by Sri Lankan Airlines due to confidential reasons. However, the cargo carrier deleted the tweet for unknown reasons and it created doubts about the transparency of Sri Lankan Airlines and speculations arose about the transfer of "printed papers" cargo charter flights that departed to Uganda in February 2021. Sri Lankan Airlines later issued a statement clarifying that the printed material which was deported to Uganda included only the Ugandan currency notes and it further revealed that due to security reasons with bordering Kenya, Ugandan government preferred to obtain printed Ugandan shilling currency notes from a global security printer. The Biyagama branch of the De La Rue company is responsible for printing currency notes to countries including Uganda. SriLankan insisted that the consignment was purely commercial in nature and brought much needed foreign revenue to the airlines as well as for the country.


title: SriLankan Airlines

text: SriLankan Airlines decided to sue Airbus for $ 1 billion as damages, loss of reputation, reimbursement of costs, and interests. The action follows the information revealed in the judgment of the Crown Court of the United Kingdom approving the Deferred Prosecution Agreement between the Serious Fraud Office and Airbus SE. The national carrier has also demanded from Airbus for cancellation of the A350-900 Purchase Agreement for four A350-900 aircraft, returning the advance payment of $ 19 million made for those four A350-900 aircraft.


title: SM Supermalls

text: SM Supermalls, also simply known as SM, owned by SM Prime, is a chain of shopping malls in the Philippines that as of November 18, 2022 has 82 malls located across the country and 20 more scheduled to be opened for an eventual total of 102 malls. It also has 7 malls in China, including SM Tianjin which is the sixth largest in the world in terms of gross leasable area (GLA). SM Supermalls has become one of the biggest mall operators in Southeast Asia. Combined, the company has about 9.24 million square meters of gross floor area (GFA). It has 17,230 tenants in the Philippines and 1,867 tenants in China.


title: SM Supermalls

text: The company was started in 1958 as Shoemart by Henry Sy, with its first store in Manila. In the 1960s, Shoemart expanded its shoe store chain in different locations. In 1972, Shoemart turned into a full-line department store.


title: SM Supermalls

text: In 1985, the company ventured into the supermarket and home appliance store business. It opened the first "Supermall" in the same year named SM North EDSA in Quezon City.


title: SM Supermalls

text: On March 16 to May 15, 2020, all SM malls were temporarily closed due to the enhanced community quarantines caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, with the exception of essential businesses.


title: SM Supermalls

text: The following is a list of SM shopping malls in the Philippines. Gross floor area is based on the latest press release of SM Prime Holdings, and on SM Supermall Mall Profile literature.


title: SM Supermalls

text: These strip malls, officially and collectively known SMDC The Strips, are located at various SMDC Residences. The format of each strip mall's official name is SMDC Strip followed by the name of the SMDC Residence where it is located.


title: SM Supermalls

text: These are SM Malls which are either under construction or proposed. Those in bold italics are included in SM Prime's latest investor kit presentation and offer supplement.


title: SM Supermalls

text: These 1 SM Malls are under construction or still in proposal stage. Those in bold italics are included in SM Prime's latest investor kit presentation and offer supplement.


title: SM Supermalls

text: SM Supermalls have also become a place for esports tournaments for games such as with its SM Cyberzone launching MLBB Tournaments in ever SM Supermall around the country. Mobile Legends: Bang Bang LIGA2KONTRIBIDA with Nadine Lustre as a brand ambassador was held at SM City North EDSA and SM Mall of Asia. SM City Cebu hosted Cyberzone Game Fest 2019 with a Mobile Legends tournament.


title: Farida Jalal

text: Farida Jalal (born Farida Sami; 18 May 1950) is an Indian actress who primarily worked in Hindi films. In a film career spanning almost fifty years, Jalal appeared in over 200 films. Best known for her character-driven roles in independent cinema and supporting work in mainstream Bollywood productions, Jalal has received such accolades as four Filmfare Awards and two Bengal Film Journalists Association Awards.


title: Farida Jalal

text: Jalal started her career with "Taqdeer" (1967). She went on to play leading and supporting roles in numerous motion pictures through the 1970s and early 80s. She is widely remembered for her roles in "Paras" (1971), "Henna" (1991) and "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge" (1995), all of which garnered the Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress. She became a household name after portraying motherly roles and strong female characters in the 1990s and the early 2000s. She has also won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance for her role in "Mammo" (1994). She won the Best Actress Award at the 2012 Harlem International Film Festival for her role in "A Gran Plan" (2012).


title: Farida Jalal

text: She has successfully transitioned to numerous shows on Indian television alongside her work in films. Some of her notable works are the sitcom "Yeh Jo Hai Zindagi", "Dekh Bhai Dekh", "Shararat" and "Ammaji Ki Galli". She was seen in Zee TV's "Satrangi Sasural" portraying the role of Gomti Vatsal a.k.a. Dadi Maa and famous for Naani's role in Star Plus's Shararat.


title: Farida Jalal

text: Farida Jalal, who was born on 18 May 1950 in Mumbai India, started her career in the 1960s when she won the United Film Producers Talent Hunt sponsored by Filmfare in 1965. She, along with Rajesh Khanna was chosen as a finalist and both were presented on stage as winners at the Filmfare Awards function. She got her first film offer for "Taqdeer" from Tarachand Barjatya who happened to be in the audience. In an interview in 2014, she said, when asked her about the initial part of her career: "I started my acting career when I was just out of my school St Joseph's Convent in Panchgani, in a film called "Taqdeer". I took part in a talent contest and even won. Kaka (Rajesh Khanna) and I were the finalists. How was I to know that I'd soon be doing a film "Aradhana" with him?".


title: Farida Jalal

text: She usually played the sister or rejected fiancée of the male lead, but almost never the female lead. One of her most critically acclaimed roles is in "Bobby", where she played the part of a mentally disabled would-be fiancée of Rishi Kapoor. During the 1980s, her roles progressed from sister and girlfriend to aunt, mother, or grandmother. She is also remembered for her part in "Aradhana", in which she plays Rajesh Khanna's girlfriend, and sings the song "Baagon mein baahar hai, kaliyon pe nikhaar hai" (loosely translated as "The gardens are fine, the buds are out).


title: Farida Jalal

text: When asked as to how she started getting typecast as a hero's sister, she quoted in an interview: "It all started with "Gopi" where I was offered the greatest Mr Dilip Kumar's sister's role. Forget about refusing, I jumped at the offer. Even if I had the chance to just go and observe him on the set I'd have done it. I love the man. I remember during those days each and every actor was copying Dilip Saab whether it was Dharmendra, Jeetendra, or Manoj Kumar. I was much in demand as Dilip Saab's sister. Every hero wanted the same. Every actor wanted me to play his sister. Sometimes the sister was the film's heroine. The official heroine would just sing her songs, whereas I had all the dramatic scenes. I got my recognition and the awards. In a film called "Paras" I was Sanjeev Kumar's sister. But I had a lot more to do than Raakhee-di who played the heroine. I got my first award for it. Then I got my second award for "Majboor", a film written by Salimbhai and Javedbhai where Bachchan Saab played my brother. It was so heartening. Why would I want to be heroine when I was getting the stronger parts as the sister?"


title: Farida Jalal

text: During the 1990s, Jalal had a part in many major hits in India, among them "Raja Hindustani", "Kuch Kuch Hota Hai", "Dil To Pagal Hai", "Kaho Naa... Pyaar Hai", "Kabhi Khushi Kabhie Gham..." and "Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge", for which she won a Filmfare Award for Best Supporting Actress in 1995. Farida Jalal played the lead in the film "Mammo". The film won the National Film Award for Best Feature Film in Hindi. Jalal won the Filmfare Critics Award for Best Performance. She acted in many television serials, such as the hit sitcom "Dekh Bahi Dekh".


title: Farida Jalal

text: She was grandly acclaimed for her role in the 1994 film "Mammo", for which she received the Filmfare Best Performance Award. Earlier, she was also nominated multiple times for 'Best Supporting Actress Award', one for the Amitabh Bachchan-Parveen Babi-Pran starrer "Majboor" where she played Amitabh's disabled sister.


title: Farida Jalal

text: Farida Jalal though, could not get a major break as heroine against any big star except Rajesh Khanna in "Aaradhana", but she played the lead role in "Jeevan Rekha" in which her husband Tabrez was the hero. Pran and Ajit were also in the film. A song of the film; "Yaar mere, meri baahon me aaja" by Mohammed Rafi from this film had become popular, and is still popular.


title: Farida Jalal

text: Jalal starred in "Shararat (Thoda Jadu, Thodi Nazaakat)", in which she played a leading role. The comedy is currently airing on the Disney Channel.


title: Farida Jalal

text: In 2005, she co-hosted the 50th Filmfare Awards alongside Saif Ali Khan and Sonali Bendre, in Mumbai. In 2008, she made a special appearance in the Punjabi film "Yaariyan". Recently, she appeared in the soap opera "Balika Vadhu".


title: Farida Jalal

text: Farida Jalal did lot of Hindi dubbing for other actresses as well. Her notable work was for Swaroop Sampat (Naram Garam), Archana (Buddha Mil Gaya), Jaya Prada (Takkar).


title: Farida Jalal

text: In 2017, she was the victim of a death hoax. On 19 February, rumours did the rounds that she had died. Annoyed, the lady asked her publicist to put the rumours to rest.


title: Farida Jalal

text: Jalal was married to actor Tabrez Barmavar, who hailed from Bhatkal, Karnataka. She met her husband on the sets of Jeevan Rekha and fell in love in the course of the film and got married in November 1978. As she was not getting too many film offers after marriage, the couple moved to Bangalore where her husband had a soap factory business. They have a son named Yaseen. Her husband died in September 2003.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: The Stanford Prison Experiment is a 2015 American docudrama thriller film directed by Kyle Patrick Alvarez, written by Tim Talbott, and starring Billy Crudup, Michael Angarano, Ezra Miller, Tye Sheridan, Keir Gilchrist, Olivia Thirlby, and Nelsan Ellis. The plot concerns the 1971 Stanford prison experiment, conducted at Stanford University under the supervision of psychology professor Philip Zimbardo, in which students played the role of either a prisoner or correctional officer.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: The project was announced in 2002 and remained in development for twelve years, with filming beginning on August 19, 2014, in Los Angeles. The film was financed and produced by Sandbar Pictures and Abandon Pictures, and premiered at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival on January 26, before beginning a limited theatrical release on July 17, 2015. The film received mostly positive reviews from critics.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: Stanford University psychology professor Philip Zimbardo conducts a psychological experiment to investigate the hypothesis that roles in social situations, rather than individual personality traits, cause participants' behavior. In the experiment, Zimbardo selects eighteen male students to participate in a 14-day prison simulation to take roles as prisoners or guards. They receive $15 per day. The experiment is conducted in a mock prison located in the basement of Jordan Hall, the university's psychology department building. The students who are guards become abusive, as does Zimbardo himself, as they immerse themselves in their assigned roles. Two students who play the role of prisoners quit the experiment early due to psychological meltdowns. After being chastised and roughly brought back to reality by his girlfriend Christina Maslach, Zimbardo abruptly stops the entire experiment after only six days.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: A film about the Stanford prison experiment was first announced in 2002, when producer Brent Emery signed Tim Talbott to write the script for the film. Problems beset and delayed the project for twelve years, including financing and the 2007 writers' strike. In 2006, two competing films about the experiment were in development, one at Maverick Films and the other Inferno's "The Experiment", which was a remake of the German film "Das Experiment" from 2001. Maverick Films, having an ownership break up in August 2008, continued on as Imprint Entertainment Imprint was expected to start filming in January 2009 under producer Christopher McQuarrie.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: On August 19, 2014, Sandbar Pictures and Abandon Pictures came on board to finance the film. Kyle Patrick Alvarez was set to direct, and producers were Brent Emery, Lizzie Friedman, Greg Little, Lauren Bratman and Brian Geraghty.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: On August 19, 2014, it was announced that Billy Crudup, Ezra Miller and Michael Angarano would play lead roles. On August 26, Jack Kilmer joined the cast to play Jim Randall, one of the student prisoners whose personality makes him a perfect subject to comply. On August 28, Nicholas Braun joined the film to play Karl Vandy, an abusive and sadistic guard. On September 4, Brett Davern was added to the cast, playing Hubbie Whitlow, an affable young participant whose failed escape attempt leads to grueling humiliation at the hands of sadistic guards. On September 9, Jesse Carere joined the cast to play Paul Beattie, Prisoner 5704, a gangly man who counts smoking as his only vice. On October 10, more of the ensemble cast was announced, including Olivia Thirlby as Dr. Christina Maslach, professor Zimbardo's future wife and fellow academic, Nelsan Ellis as Jesse Fletcher, Tye Sheridan as prisoner Peter Mitchell, James Frecheville as guard Matthew Townshend, Johnny Simmons as prisoner Jeff Jansen, and Ki Hong Lee as prisoner Gavin Lee.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: The film premiered at the Sundance Film Festival on January 26, 2015. By coincidence, "Experimenter", a film about another notorious psychological experiment, the Milgram experiment, had premiered at Sundance the day before.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: IFC Films acquired the US rights to the film on March 5, 2015. The film was theatrically released on July 17, 2015, by IFC Films, and on Blu-Ray and iTunes on November 17, 2015.


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: Upon its premiere at the 2015 Sundance Film Festival, "The Stanford Prison Experiment" received a positive response from critics. Review aggregator Rotten Tomatoes indicates an 84% approval rating, based on reviews from 98 critics, with an average score of 6.97/10. The site's consensus states: "As chillingly thought-provoking as it is absorbing and well-acted, "The Stanford Prison Experiment" offers historical drama that packs a timelessly relevant punch." On the review site Metacritic, the film has a score of 67 out of 100, based on 26 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: Leslie Felperin of "The Hollywood Reporter" gave the film a positive review, writing: "For all its flaws it's a rich, thought-provoking film which, while challenging, is not without humor and visual pleasures." Kyle Smith of the "New York Post" felt that "Tim Talbott's dense script provides much to discuss and argue about, providing both left and right with talking points." Jordan Hoffman of "The Guardian" gave the film four out of five stars and judged that "Director Kyle Patrick Alvarez deserves all the praise in the world for the way he cranks up this pressure cooker script." Edward Douglas in his review for ComingSoon praised the film, remarking: "While this is going to be a polarizing and divisive film, it's one that people will talk about after seeing it, almost as if it was made as an experiment itself."


title: The Stanford Prison Experiment (film)

text: However, Justin Chang of "Variety" criticized the film, saying "The combination of relentless forward drive and gruesomely fastidious detail, while audacious and admirable in theory, begins to pay dwindling returns in a picture that feels rather longer than its 122-minute running time."


title: Robert Smigel

text: Robert Smigel (born February 7, 1960) is an American actor, comedian, writer, director, producer, and puppeteer, known for his "Saturday Night Live" "TV Funhouse" cartoon shorts and as the puppeteer and voice behind Triumph the Insult Comic Dog. He also co-wrote the first two "Hotel Transylvania" films and "You Don't Mess with the Zohan", all starring Adam Sandler.


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel was born in New York City, to Lucia and Irwin Smigel, an aesthetic dentist, innovator and philanthropist. He is Jewish and frequently went to Jewish summer camp. He attended Cornell University, studying pre-dental, and graduated from New York University in 1983 with a degree in political science.


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel began developing his comedic talent at The Players Workshop in Chicago, where he studied improvisation with Josephine Forsberg. Bob Odenkirk was a fellow student there. Smigel was also a member of the Chicago comedy troupe "All You Can Eat" in the early 1980s.


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel first established himself as a writer on "Saturday Night Live" by joining the writing staff when Lorne Michaels returned as executive producer for the 1985–1986 season. Smigel was hired after then-"SNL" producers Al Franken and Tom Davis saw Smigel in a Chicago sketch show. After the 1985–1986 season proved to be a disappointment with critics, in the ratings, and with Brandon Tartikoff (who was planning to have "SNL" canceled by the last episode of season 11 due to its sliding ratings), Michaels fired most of the cast and writers, retained the cast and writers who were standouts during the otherwise dismal season (Smigel being one of them), and hired new ones for the 1986–1987 season. This is when Smigel began to write more memorable sketches, including one where host William Shatner urged worshipful attendees at a "Star Trek" convention to "get a life." Smigel rarely appeared on screen, though he was credited as a featured player in the early 1990s and played a recurring character in the "Bill Swerski's Superfans" sketches.


title: Robert Smigel

text: While on a writers' strike from "Saturday Night Live" following the 1987–88 season, Smigel wrote for an improvisational comedy revue in Chicago with fellow "SNL" writers Bob Odenkirk and Conan O'Brien called "Happy Happy Good Show".


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel co-wrote "Lookwell" with Conan O'Brien for NBC. The pilot never went to series, but it has become a cult hit and has screened live at "The Other Network", a festival of un-aired TV pilots produced by Un-Cabaret, featuring live and taped intros by Smigel. Smigel later became the first head writer at "Late Night with Conan O'Brien", where he created numerous successful comedy bits, including one where Smigel performed only the lips of public figures which were superimposed on photos of the actual people. (This technique was pioneered on the "Clutch Cargo" cartoon series as a cost-saving measure, and was known as Syncro-Vox.)


title: Robert Smigel

text: In 1996, Smigel wrote and performed on the short-lived "Dana Carvey Show", a primetime sketch comedy program on ABC. Despite its premature end, the show provided Smigel the opportunity to debut his first cartoon "The Ambiguously Gay Duo". Upon the show's cancellation, Smigel continued developing more cartoon ideas the following summer and would begin airing them on "Saturday Night Live" under the "TV Funhouse" banner. Smigel would later claim "My whole career came out of the impulse to do cartoons on "The Dana Carvey Show"."


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel's most famous creation, however, would be the foul-mouthed puppet Triumph the Insult Comic Dog, who mercilessly mocks celebrities and others in the style of a Borscht Belt comedian. This character debuted on "Late Night with Conan O'Brien" in February 1997 and would continue to make appearances on the show, as well as others, for many years to come.


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel continued to establish himself on "Saturday Night Live" by producing short animated segments under the title "TV Funhouse", which usually satirizes public figures and popular culture. It spawned a TV show on Comedy Central featuring a mix of puppets, animation, and short sketches, although only eight episodes were aired (during the winter of 2000–2001). Smigel occasionally appears in films (usually alongside "SNL" veterans such as Adam Sandler). According to interviews, Smigel helped punch up the scripts for "Little Nicky" and "The Wedding Singer". Smigel acted alongside fellow "SNL" writer Bob Odenkirk in "Wayne's World 2" as a nerd backstage at an Aerosmith concert. His contributions were uncredited.


title: Robert Smigel

text: In 2000, he voiced a sage bulldog named Mr. Beefy in "Little Nicky". Smigel, along with Adam Sandler and Judd Apatow, wrote the script for the film "You Don't Mess with the Zohan" in which Smigel played Yosi, an Israeli electronics salesman. Smigel is also one of the executive producers of the film, which is a first for him despite his frequent collaborations with Sandler.


title: Robert Smigel

text: It was reported in 2006 that Smigel and Adam Sandler were working on an animated sitcom for Fox called "Animals". Fox has not made any official statement regarding the show. Additionally, Smigel played a gay mailman in the Adam Sandler film "I Now Pronounce You Chuck and Larry" and Yari the Mechanic in the "Mister Softee" episode of "Curb Your Enthusiasm".


title: Robert Smigel

text: He voiced Ray and a parody of the "Star Wars" character, Emperor Palpatine, in the first episode of "", as well as the monster 100 in the episode of the same name of "Aqua Teen Hunger Force".


title: Robert Smigel

text: Currently living in New York, he co-wrote and co-executive produced the films "Hotel Transylvania" (2012) and "Hotel Transylvania 2" (2015), in which he voiced Marty, a fake version of Dracula, and Harry Three-Eye, respectively. In the fifth season of the FX show, "Louie", Smigel received a story credit on the episode "Cop Story", as a similar incident as to what appears in the show actually happened to him, down to the cop crying in his apartment while Smigel went out, found the missing gun and carried it home, terrified that anyone would notice. Michael Rapaport's character wasn't based on the man Smigel knew, however, since all Smigel ever told Louis C.K. about was the gun itself.


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel created, wrote, executive produced, and starred as Triumph the Insult Comic Dog in "The Jack and Triumph Show", alongside Jack McBrayer in 2015. It was announced in January 2016 that Smigel would be starring as Triumph in "Triumph's Election Special 2016" on Hulu the following February.


title: Robert Smigel

text: In September 2020, after being brought on to develop the project in 2019, Fox announced that Smigel would executive produce "Let's Be Real" — a one-off adaptation of the French satirical series "Les Guignols".


title: Robert Smigel

text: On June 16, 2022, Smigel was arrested for unlawful entry of the Longworth House Office Building in Washington, D.C, along with eight other individuals associated with "The Late Show with Stephen Colbert". CBS released a statement saying that “Their interviews at the Capitol were authorized and pre-arranged through Congressional aides of the members interviewed," and that "After leaving the members’ offices on their last interview of the day, the production team stayed to film stand-ups and other final comedy elements in the halls when they were detained by Capitol Police.” Fox News pundit Tucker Carlson accused Smigel of "insurrection" and that it was "exactly like what happened" in apparent reference to the 2021 United States Capitol attack. Stephen Colbert addressed the incident in his monologue, stating that Smigel had committed "First-Degree Puppetry" and that "Drawing any equivalence between rioters storming our Capitol to prevent the counting of electoral ballots and a cigar-chomping toy dog is a shameful and grotesque insult to the memory of everyone who died.” The United States Capitol Police released a statement saying that “This is an active criminal investigation, and may result in additional criminal charges after consultation with the U.S. Attorney.”


title: Robert Smigel

text: Smigel has a wife, Michelle, and three children. Michelle and Robert serve on the board of NEXT for AUTISM, formerly New York Collaborates for Autism, a non-profit organization founded in 2003 to address the needs of autistic individuals and their families, as their eldest child has autism. Smigel created the "Night of Too Many Stars", a biannual celebrity fundraiser to benefit autism education. He won a writing Emmy for the 2012 broadcast of "Night of Too Many Stars".


title: State Farm

text: State Farm Insurance is a large group of mutual insurance companies throughout the United States with corporate headquarters in Bloomington, Illinois.


title: State Farm

text: State Farm is the largest property and casualty insurance provider, and the largest auto insurance provider, in the United States.


title: State Farm

text: State Farm relies on exclusive agents (also known as captive agents) to sell insurance. Only State Farm agents can sell State Farm insurance, and their agents can sell only State Farm products.


title: State Farm

text: The bank opened in May 1999 and is operated by State Farm Financial Services, FSB, a subsidiary of State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Co. These are separate from its insurance products. State Farm Bank does not have branch offices. Its regular banking services, which include checking and savings accounts, certificates of deposit, and money market accounts, are available to consumers countrywide via the Internet or over the phone, and through agents. Home mortgages are available countrywide over the phone or through agents.


title: State Farm

text: In the 1950s, State Farm held a contest among the agents, to come up with ideas to expand the State Farm business. Robert H. Kent, a State Farm agent in Chicago, came up with the idea of providing auto loans to existing policyholders. Robert H. Kent was friends with a local bank president at LaSalle NW, and the two teamed up to pilot the auto finance program. State Farm liked the idea so much that it was rolled out to all the agents. Robert H. Kent received royalties on the program for 20 years. This event created the first marketing partnership between insurance companies and banks.


title: State Farm

text: State Farm was founded in June 1922 by retired farmer George J. Mecherle as a mutual automobile insurance company owned by its policyholders. The firm specialized in auto insurance for farmers and offered better rates than rival companies, which must also cover expensive premiums of the urban motorists. It later expanded services into other types of insurance, such as homeowners and life insurance, and then to banking and financial services.


title: State Farm

text: As of December 2017, State Farm had 70,000 employees and 19,000 agents. February 2014 figures show the group servicing 80 million policies in the United States and Canada, of which over 44,000,000 are for automobiles, 27,000,000 are for fire, 7,000,000 for life, and more than 2 million bank accounts.


title: State Farm

text: Michael L. Tipsord is chairman and CEO of State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company, and president and chief executive officer of State Farm Fire and Casualty Company, State Farm Life Insurance Company, and other principal State Farm affiliates.


title: State Farm

text: By 2017, State Farms announced its plan to exit eleven facilities in America with the goal of streamlining and improving processes. In 2014, it already sold its operations in Canada to Desjardins Group, which continued to use the State Farm name. Canadian policies were transferred to be underwritten by Desjardins Group on January 1, 2015. The State Farm brand continued to be used for agents and marketing until 2018. In 2018, State Farm Canada was officially rebranded to Desjardins Insurance through Desjardins Insurance Agents. The whole transition was completed in 2019.


title: State Farm

text: The State Farm interlocked red tri-oval logo was created in the mid-to-late 1940s and later updated in 1953. For nearly 60 years, this design was critical to its brand image.


title: State Farm

text: On December 23, 2011, State Farm decided to transform its interlocked tri-oval logo to a contemporary logo to showcase the company's core service offerings of auto, fire, and life. The new logo was introduced January 1, 2012, in celebration of the company's 90th anniversary. It consists of a simple three-oval design adjacent to the State Farm wordmark. According to Pam El, marketing vice president at State Farm, a change in image was needed to employ a bolder presence that could compete in today's digital world.


title: State Farm

text: State Farm Mutual Automobile Insurance Company is the parent company of several wholly owned State Farm subsidiaries:


title: State Farm

text: The State Farm jingle ("Like a good neighbor, State Farm is there") was written by American singer-songwriter Barry Manilow in 1971. A cover was released by Weezer in 2011. State Farm's first commercial jingle was created for "The Jack Benny Program" in the 1960s.


title: State Farm

text: In June 2011, State Farm's premiered its "Get to a Better State" campaign. This campaign focuses on making humor out of unfortunate problems that are commonly faced. These commercials then make light of the situation by demonstrating how easy it is to contact an agent and correct the problem that has occurred. Each of these commercials follows a similar structure. A group of one to three people find themselves in an unfortunate situation. Someone in the group will then call on their State Farm agent by singing the jingle “like a good neighbor, State Farm is there”. A State Farm agent will then appear, as if by magic, and help the group out with their problem. There are a few commercials that deviate from this structure, but still follow the same ultimate pattern.


title: State Farm

text: Also in 2011, State Farm premiered its "State of..." advertising campaign. One notable commercial, "State of Unrest", shows a man awake at 3:00 in the morning on the phone with a State Farm representative. The man's wife sees him talking on the phone in a secretive manner. She is suspicious and asks who is on the phone, to which her husband says: "It's Jake from State Farm" (the original Jake from State Farm was portrayed by Jake Stone, who actually worked for the company). The man's wife then takes the phone and asks, "What are you wearing, 'Jake from State Farm?'", to which the male agent responds in a timid way, "Uh, khakis". The undaunted wife says, "She sounds hideous", and the husband replies, "Well she's a guy, so…" In May 2015, a variation of "State of Unrest" premiered, starring The Coneheads from "Saturday Night Live", with Dan Aykroyd and Jane Curtin reprising their respective roles as Beldar and Prymaat. This ad series later added Laraine Newman as Connie.


title: State Farm

text: In late 2014, State Farm released a critically acclaimed commercial showing a man (played by Justin Bartha) who says that he will "never" do something (such as getting married, having kids, moving to the suburbs, and buying a minivan), only to do all of those. At the end of the commercial, he admits that he is "never letting go." The commercial is based on the saying "never say never" and how people say that they will "never" do something, only to do it anyway.


title: State Farm

text: In 2015, State Farm released "The Hoopers", a series of State Farm commercials focusing on a family, including NBA players Chris Paul playing the father, DeAndre Jordan playing the mother, Kevin Love playing the son, Kevin Garnett playing the grandfather and Damian Lillard playing the baby. Additionally, a State Farm agent plays the role of a helpful neighbor in the set of commercials.


title: State Farm

text: In 2020, Kevin Miles took over the role of Jake from State Farm from Jake Stone in a series of commercials, the first ad airing before Super Bowl LIV, as a reimagining of the original 2011 "State of Unrest" commercial from the "State of..." campaign. Craig Miller of State Farm's agency The Marketing Arm said the character was so popular people were still dressing as him for Halloween. Jake from State Farm, who wears a red shirt and khakis, appeared in different settings, including a beekeeper outfit and a parody of "The Bachelorette", and in a number commercials with celebrities, including Alfonso Ribeiro, Chris Paul, Aaron Rodgers and Paul Rudd. On his first anniversary as Jake, Miles appeared in a commercial during Super Bowl LV in which Drake appeared as his stand-in. According to Marketing Arm, Jake is better known than Katie Couric or Hilary Swank and 80 percent of those who know him like him.


title: State Farm

text: State Farm Safety Patrol – State Farm, in partnership with several U.S. highway authorities, operates a service called the State Farm Safety Patrol which provides free roadside assistance to stranded motorists on participating highways. When a driver calls the designated telephone number for the Safety Patrol, they will respond and provide the following services: fuel refills; radiator refills; engine oil refills. Most Safety Patrol personnel are also CPR and Automated External Defibrillator certified. They work to reduce accident rates, minimize the duration time of incidents, assist disabled drivers and remove road debris. Turnpikes which currently participate include, Florida's Turnpike in the State of Florida and the Pennsylvania Turnpike in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. In Ohio, State Farm–branded safety patrol vans service major highways in the Cincinnati, Toledo, Cleveland, Columbus, Dayton, Akron, and Canton areas on weekdays.


title: State Farm

text: In early 2009, the State Farm Florida subsidiary, the state's largest insurer, offered to withdraw from writing property insurance business in Florida after state regulators refused to approve a 47% property rate increase. State Farm said that, in Florida, it had paid out US$1.21 in claims for every dollar in premiums since 2000. Several other home insurers had pulled out of Florida as well; many homeowners used the Citizens Property Insurance Corporation run by the state government. State Farm has since decided to remain in Florida, although with a reduced amount of property policies.


title: State Farm

text: In 2010, State Farm and Renaissance jointly formed DaVinci Reinsurance Ltd. which insured more than 3.5 million homes in 2010.


title: State Farm

text: A 2007 investigation by CNN reported that major car insurance companies, including State Farm and Allstate Insurance, were increasingly fighting claims of those alleging injury. Some injured parties argued these were unfair practices. State Farm and Allstate have denied these allegations. This followed on the heels of criminal investigations by the states of Louisiana and Mississippi, alleging that State Farm had wrongly denied claims stemming from Hurricane Katrina.


title: State Farm

text: Plaintiff's attorney Richard F "Dickie" Scruggs later pleaded guilty in March 2008 for his role in trying to pay Judge Henry Lackey of Mississippi a US$50,000 bribe for a favorable ruling in a related case involving a US$26.5 million settlement after Hurricane Katrina.


title: State Farm

text: In 1993, Todd Hindin filed a lawsuit against State Farm for allegedly keeping a list of prominent lawyers referred to within State Farm as the "Jewish Lawyers List". Any claims made by clients of these attorneys were automatically forwarded to State Farm's fraud unit, potentially on the basis of the religion and national origin of the lawyers. These claims would then be neither settled nor paid. State Farm initially claimed that this was not a matter of discrimination, but of coincidence. However, Dr. Frank Taylor (an experienced economist on retainer for the Appellants) argued that despite the fact that the population of the states involved had Jewish populations between 2-5% of the total population, the list was composed of nearly 15% religiously or ethnically Jewish lawyers. Individuals who had worked for State Farm, including former Divisional Claim Superintendent Ron Middler, testified that the list was potentially used to screen the lawyers mentioned in the list. State Farm paid out $30 million to Todd Hindin and his clients for discrimination on the basis of religion and national origin.


title: State Farm

text: Bad faith: Documents that Hindin uncovered would assist in another case in 2003, "Campbell v. State Farm", in which State Farm had to pay out $145 million in punitive damages (later reduced by the U.S. Supreme Court) after acting in bad faith. State Farm had to pay damages to the families of two individuals who were victims in a car accident that Campbell was responsible for, despite originally informing Campbell and his family "that their assets were safe, that they had no liability for the accident, that [State Farm] would represent their interests, and that they did not need to procure separate counsel."


title: State Farm

text: Under CEO Michael L. Tipsord, State Farm has announced a Green Mission to "lead by example" in environmental philanthropy. Ceres has found that State Farm invests millions of US dollars to finance energy companies. Others place State Farm's fossil fuel investments at US $22.4 million. State Farm was viewed as not considering climate change in their investments.


title: State Farm

text: In order to rectify the situation and show its green credentials, State Farm has committed to reducing its greenhouse gas emissions by 50% by 2030.


title: State Farm

text: 80% of State Farm facilities now have a Energy Star score of 75% or higher; this is significantly above the average for Fortune 50 companies.


title: State Farm

text: On May 24, 2022, State Farm ended its partnership with GenderCool, an organization that seeks to raise awareness of "transgender and non-binary youth", after receiving backlash from right-wing and conservative political figures and media outlets.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: Underworld: Evolution is a 2006 American action horror film directed by Len Wiseman. The film is a sequel to the 2003 film, "Underworld", and the second installment in the "Underworld" franchise. The plot follows Selene and Michael, again played by Kate Beckinsale and Scott Speedman, respectively, as they fight to protect the Corvinus bloodline from its hidden past.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: In 1202, an army led by the three vampire elders (Markus, Viktor, and Amelia) arrives at a village full of Werewolves and capture their target: Markus's twin brother, William Corvinus, the first and most powerful werewolf. Despite Markus's defiance, Viktor orders that William be imprisoned in a secret location forever.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: In the present day, Markus awakens and kills regent Kraven. Alexander Corvinus, A.K.A "Lorenz Macaro", the forefather to both the vampire and Lycan races, sends in a team of "cleaners" to investigate the aftermath from the battle in the Lycans' lair. Macaro examines Viktor's corpse and finds a metal disc inside; it is the match to a pendant originally worn by Sonja. Michael obtained the other half of the pendant after the death of Lucian.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: Meanwhile, vampiress Selene takes Michael to a safe house. Using the knowledge obtained from Kraven's blood, Markus tracks the pair down and attacks them, but they escape and hide in a warehouse. That night, Selene recalls seeing the pendant as a child, but does not know its significance. Wanting to know why Markus wants it, the two travel to the hideout of the exiled vampire historian Andreas Tanis


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: Tanis reveals that Markus was the first vampire, one of the three sons of Macaro, the first immortal. Markus was bitten by a bat and metamorphosed into a vampire, while William was bitten by a wolf and became a werewolf. The third son remained human and gave rise to a line of mortal descendants including Michael, who turned into the first Lycan-Vampire hybrid. The first werewolves created by William were entirely animal and unable to return to their human forms. Due to William's destructiveness, Markus approached Viktor, then a dying mortal warlord, and offered to turn him and his army into vampires in exchange for tracking down and stopping William, and in destroying those he had infected. Tanis further reveals that Selene's father was the architect who built William's prison and that the pendant is the key. Viktor killed Selene's family because they knew the prison's location, but made Selene into a vampiress with the location of the prison encoded in her blood. After Selene and Michael leave, Markus arrives and drinks Tanis' blood to learn Selene and Michael's location, killing Tanis.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: Selene and Michael visit Macaro, who refuses to assist Selene in killing his sons. Markus arrives, fights Michael and impales him. He learns the location of William's prison by drinking Selene's blood, mortally wounds his father and obtains the other half of the pendant. He intends, with William, to rule the world as the god-like master of a race of vampire-Lycan hybrids. On Macaro's bidding, Selene drinks his blood, enhancing her physical strength and healing abilities to a level equivalent to that of a hybrid. Afterwards, Macaro blows up his ship, killing himself.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: Selene, aboard Macaro's helicopter, leads his cleaners to the prison to kill Markus, who has already freed William. In the ensuing battle, William bites the cleaners, turning them into werewolves. Michael, presumed dead, awakens and joins the fight, killing William by ripping his head off. Selene battles Markus and kills him by pushing him into the rotor blades of the cleaners' crashed helicopter.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: After the battle, Selene realizes that Alexander's blood granted her hybrid abilities, including being immune to the effects of sunlight, which is lethal to vampires.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: The film opened at #1 on 3,207 screens with a weekend box office (January 20–22, 2006) of $26.9 million, for an average of $8,388 per theater. As of March 12, 2006, the film had grossed a total of $62.3 million in the United States and $111.3 million worldwide.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: As of August 31, 2021, "Underworld: Evolution" has a 17% overall approval rating on Rotten Tomatoes based on 104 reviews. The site's consensus reads, "A visual and aural assault on the senses, this vampire-werewolf sequel makes a lot of noise and features a heavy-handed, overly convoluted story." Audiences polled by CinemaScore gave the film an average grade of "B+" on an A+ to F scale. A few scenes of the film were shown in a panel at Comic-Con in San Diego, in July 2005; however, these scenes did not contain any plot spoilers of the script, with attendees only being informed about the new hybrids by production designer Patrick Tatopoulos. The preview was well-received as hundreds of fans waited hours to see a clip of the film, as well as Kate Beckinsale and the other stars.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: Jeannette Catsoulis of "The New York Times" criticized the film's "steel-blue filter" and described it as "a monotonous barrage of computer-generated fur and fangs." Peter Hartlaub of the "San Francisco Chronicle" began his review by saying, "you can tell that "Underworld: Evolution" is trying to be an artistic action-horror film, because every scene is bathed in the color blue," going on to say that the film is "an admirable attempt to test the boundaries of the genre," though is confusing and not fun to watch.


title: Underworld: Evolution

text: The next film in the series, the prequel "", depicted the background history that led to the Vampire-Lycan War of the first and second films. A fourth and fifth film, the sequels to "Underworld: Evolution", titled "" and "", were released on January 20, 2012 and January 6, 2017, respectively.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The Battle of Algiers (; ) is a 1966 Italian-Algerian war film co-written and directed by Gillo Pontecorvo. It is based on events undertaken by rebels during the Algerian War (1954–1962) against the French government in North Africa, the most prominent being the eponymous Battle of Algiers, the capital of Algeria. It was shot on location in a Roberto Rossellini-inspired newsreel style: in black and white with documentary-type editing to add to its sense of historical authenticity, with mostly non-professional actors who had lived through the real battle. The film's score was composed by Pontecorvo and Ennio Morricone. It is often associated with Italian neorealist cinema.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The film concentrates mainly on revolutionary fighter Ali La Pointe during the years between 1954 and 1957, when guerrilla fighters of the FLN went into Algiers. Their actions were met by French paratroopers attempting to regain territory. The highly dramatic film is about the organization of a guerrilla movement and the illegal methods, such as torture, used by the French to stop it. Algeria succeeded in gaining independence from the French, which Pontecorvo addresses in the film's epilogue.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The film has been critically acclaimed. Both insurgent groups and state authorities have considered it to be an important commentary on urban guerrilla warfare. It occupies the 48th place on the "Critics' Top 250 Films" of the 2012 "Sight & Sound" poll, as well as 120th place on "Empire" magazine's list of the "500 greatest movies of all time". It was selected to enter the list of the "100 Italian films to be saved". A subject of sociopolitical controversy, the film was not screened for five years in France; it was eventually released in 1971.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: "The Battle of Algiers" reconstructs the events that occurred in the capital city of French Algeria between November 1954 and December 1957, during the Algerian War of Independence. The narrative begins with the organization of revolutionary cells in the Casbah. Because of partisan warfare between the Algerian locals and Pied-Noir, in which both sides commit acts of increasing violence, France sends French Army paratroopers to the city to fight against and capture members of the National Liberation Front (FLN). The paratroopers are depicted as neutralizing the whole of the FLN leadership through either assassination or capture. The film ends with a coda depicting nationalist demonstrations and riots, suggesting that although France won the Battle of Algiers, it lost the Algerian War.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The tactics of the FLN guerrilla insurgency and the French counter insurgency, and the uglier incidents of the war are depicted. Both colonizer and colonized commit atrocities against civilians. The FLN commandeer the Casbah via summary execution of Algerian criminals and suspected French collaborators; they commit terrorism, including actions like the real-life Milk Bar Café bombing, to harass Europeans. The security forces resort to killings and indiscriminate violence against the opposition. French paratroops are depicted as routinely using torture, intimidation, and murder.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Pontecorvo and Solinas created several protagonists in their screenplay who are based on historical war figures. The story begins and ends from the perspective of Ali la Pointe (Brahim Haggiag), a petty criminal who is politically radicalized while in prison. He is recruited by FLN commander El-hadi Jafar, played by Saadi Yacef, who was a veteran FLN commander.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Lieutenant-Colonel Mathieu, the paratroop commander, is the principal French character. Other characters are the boy Petit Omar, a street urchin who is an FLN messenger; Larbi Ben M'hidi, a top FLN leader who provides the political rationale for the insurgency; and Djamila, Zohra, and Hassiba, three FLN women urban guerrillas who carry out a terrorist attack. "The Battle of Algiers" also features thousands of Algerian extras. Pontecorvo intended to have them portray the "Casbah-as-chorus", communicating with chanting, wailing, and physical effect.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: "The Battle of Algiers" was inspired by the 1962 book "Souvenirs de la Bataille d'Alger", an FLN military commander's account of the campaign, by Saadi Yacef. Yacef wrote the book while he was held as a prisoner of the French, and it served to boost morale for the FLN and other militants. After independence, the French released Yacef, who became a leader in the new government. The Algerian government backed adapting Yacef's memoir as a film. Salash Baazi, an FLN leader who had been exiled by the French, approached Italian director Gillo Pontecorvo and screenwriter Franco Solinas with the project.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Yacef wrote his own screenplay, which does not have any conversations or plot. The Italian producers rejected it as too biased towards the Algerians. Although sympathetic to Algerian nationalism, the producers wanted the film to deal with events from a more neutral perspective. The final screenplay of "The" "Battle of Algiers" has an Algerian protagonist and depicts the cruelty and suffering of both Algerians and the French, "pieds-noir" and military forces.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: To meet the demands of film, "The Battle of Algiers" uses composite characters and changes the names of certain persons. For example, Colonel Mathieu is a composite of several French counterinsurgency officers, especially Jacques Massu. Saadi Yacef has said that Mathieu was based more on Marcel Bigeard, although the character is also reminiscent of Roger Trinquier. Accused of portraying Mathieu as too elegant and noble, screenwriter Solinas denied that this was his intention. He said in an interview that the Colonel is "elegant and cultured, because Western civilization is neither inelegant nor uncultured".


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: For "The" "Battle of Algiers", Pontecorvo and cinematographer Marcello Gatti filmed in black and white and experimented with various techniques to give the film the look of newsreel and documentary film. The effect was so convincing that American releases carried a notice that "not one foot" of newsreel was used.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Pontecorvo's use of fictional realism enables the movie "to operate along a double-bind as it consciously addresses different audiences." The film makes special use of television in order to link western audiences with images they are constantly faced with that are asserted to express the "truth". The film seems to be filmed through the point of view of a western reporter, as telephoto lenses and hand-held cameras are used, whilst "depicting the struggle from a 'safe' distance with French soldiers placed between the crowds and camera."


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Pontecorvo chose to cast non-professional Algerians. He chose people whom he met, picking them mainly on appearance and emotional effect (as a result, many of their lines were dubbed). The sole professional actor of the movie was Jean Martin, who played Colonel Mathieu; Martin was a French actor who had worked primarily in theatre. Pontecorvo wanted a professional actor, but one who would not be familiar to most audiences, as this could have interfered with the movie's intended realism.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Martin had been dismissed several years earlier from the Théâtre National Populaire for signing the manifesto of the 121 against the Algerian War. Martin was a veteran; he had served in a paratroop regiment during the Indochina War and he had taken part in the French Resistance. His portrayal had autobiographical depth. According to an interview with screenwriter Franco Solinas, the working relationship between Martin and Pontecorvo was not always easy. Unsure whether Martin's professional acting style would contrast too much with the non-professionals, Pontecorvo argued about Martin's acting choices.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Saadi Yacef, who plays El-Hadi Jaffar, and Samia Kerbash, who plays Fathia, were both members of the FLN and Pontecorvo is said to have been greatly inspired by their accounts. The actors credited are:


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Sound – both music and effects – perform important functions in the movie. Indigenous Algerian drumming, rather than dialogue, is heard during a scene in which female FLN militants prepare for a bombing. In addition, Pontecorvo used the sounds of gunfire, helicopters and truck engines to symbolize the French methods of battle, while bomb blasts, ululation, wailing and chanting symbolize the Algerian methods. Gillo Pontecorvo wrote the music for "The Battle of Algiers", but because he was classified as a "melodist-composer" in Italy, he was required to work with another composer as well; his good friend Ennio Morricone collaborated with him. The solo military drum, which is heard throughout the film, is played by the famous Italian drummer Pierino Munari.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Pontecorvo resisted the temptation to romanticise the protagonists. He portrays the cruelty of attacks committed by both the FLN and the French. The film won the Golden Lion at the Venice Film Festival and was nominated for three Academy Awards (in non-consecutive years, a unique achievement): Best Foreign Language Film in 1967, and Best Screenplay (Gillo Pontecorvo and Franco Solinas) and Best Director (Gillo Pontecorvo) in 1969.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Other awards include The City of Venice Cinema Prize (1966), the International Critics Award (1966), the City of Imola Prize (1966), the Italian Silver Ribbon Prize (director, photography, producer), the Ajace Prize of the Cinema d'Essai (1967), the Italian Golden Asphodel (1966), Diosa de Plata at the Acapulco Film Festival (1966), the Golden Grolla (1966), the Riccione Prize (1966), Best Film of 1967 by Cuban critics (in a poll sponsored by Cuban magazine "Cine"), and the United Churches of America Prize (1967).


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Roger Ebert gave the film 4/4 stars, calling it "a great film" that "exists at this level of bitter reality. It may be a deeper film experience than many audiences can withstand: too cynical, too true, too cruel and too heartbreaking. It is about the Algerian war, but those not interested in Algeria may substitute another war; "The Battle of Algiers" has a universal frame of reference". The film occupies the 48th place on the "Critics' Top 250 Films" of the 2012 "Sight & Sound" poll, as well as 120th place on "Empire" magazine's list of the 500 greatest movies of all time. In 2010, "Empire" also ranked the movie 6th in The 100 Best Films Of World Cinema. It was selected to enter the list of the "100 Italian films to be saved".


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The American film director Stanley Kubrick praised the film by stating: "All films are, in a sense, false documentaries. One tries to approach reality as much as possible, only it’s not reality. There are people who do very clever things, which have completely fascinated and fooled me. For example, "The Battle of Algiers". It’s very impressive." Also, according to Anthony Frewin, Kubrick's personal assistant, he stated: "When I started work for Stanley in September 1965 he told me that I couldn’t really understand what cinema was capable of without seeing "The Battle of Algiers". He was still enthusing about it prior to his death."


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The American filmmaker Steven Soderbergh listed the film as an inspiration on his film "Traffic" noting that the film (along with Costa-Gavras's "Z") had "that great feeling of things that are caught, instead of staged, which is what we were after."


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The British-American filmmaker Christopher Nolan listed the film as one of his favorites and is credited for inspiring his films such as The Dark Knight Rises and Dunkirk.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The Palestinian-American academic Edward Said (famous for his work "Orientalism") praised "The Battle of Algiers" (along with Pontecorvo's other film, "Burn!") as the two films "...stand unmatched and unexcelled since they were made in the 60s. Both films together constitute a political and aesthetic standard never again equaled."


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The British-Pakistani writer and activist Tariq Ali has placed "The Battle of Algiers" in his top 10 films list for the Sight and Sound poll of the greatest films of all time.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The German filmmaker Werner Herzog admired the film and it was one of the few films that was required viewing to his film school students.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The English filmmaker Ken Loach listed the film as one of his top 10 favorite films of all time and mentioned the film's influence on his filmmaking by saying: “It used non-professional actors. It was not over-dramatic. It was low key. It showed the impact of colonialism on daily lives. These techniques had an important influence on my filmmaking… I saw the film when it came out in 1966. It was one of a number of films that influenced me."


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of 99% based on 87 reviews, with an average rating of 9.06/10; the site's consensus reads: "A powerful, documentary-like examination of the response to an occupying force, "The Battle of Algiers" hasn't aged a bit since its release in 1966." On Metacritic, the film has a weighted average score of 96 out of 100 based on 22 critics, indicating "universal acclaim".


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: In 2007, the film was ranked at No. 5 by "The Guardian"s readers' poll on its list of "40 greatest foreign films of all time".


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Not all reception was positive. In France, "Cahiers du cinéma" devoted a special feature to the film consisting of five articles by critics, philosophers, and film scholars. Their collective negative assessment of the film was cast in such strong terms that "it undermined, on moral grounds, the legitimacy of any critic or analyst who did not condemn the film, let alone anyone who dared consider it worthy of filmic attention."


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Given national divisions over the Algerian War, the film generated considerable political controversy in France and was banned there for five years. People continued to argue about the grounds of the war and colonialism, and argued anew over how these were portrayed in the film. This film was the first available to "Metropole" French that directly confronted French imperialism. The director received death threats from persons on the far right sympathetic to the French military view.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Pontecorvo stated "The Algerians put no obstacles in our way because they knew that I'd be making a more or less objective film about the subject. The French authorities, who were very sensitive on the Algerian issue, banned the film for three months." Due to repeated threats of violence from fascist groups, the government banned screenings of the film for four years, although Pontecorvo believed he had made a politically neutral film.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: The release of "The Battle of Algiers" coincided with the decolonization period and national liberation wars, as well as a rising tide of left-wing radicalism in Western nations in which a large minority showed interest in armed struggle. Beginning in the late 1960s, "The Battle of Algiers" gained a reputation for inspiring political violence; in particular, the tactics of urban guerrilla warfare and terrorism in the movie supposedly were copied by the Black Panthers, the Provisional Irish Republican Army, the Palestinian Liberation Organization and the Jammu Kashmir Liberation Front. "The Battle of Algiers" was apparently Andreas Baader's favourite movie.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: President Arturo Frondizi (Radical Civic Union, UCR) directed introduction of the first course on counter-revolutionary warfare in the Higher Military College. By 1963, cadets at the Navy Mechanics School (ESMA) started receiving counter-insurgency classes. In one of their courses, they were shown the movie "The Battle of Algiers". Antonio Caggiano, archbishop of Buenos Aires from 1959 to 1975, was associated with this as military chaplain. He introduced the movie approvingly and added a religiously oriented commentary to it. ESMA was later known as a center for the Argentine Dirty War and torture and abuse of insurgents and innocent civilians.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: Anibal Acosta, one of the ESMA cadets interviewed 35 years later by French journalist Marie-Monique Robin, described the session:


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: They showed us that film to prepare us for a kind of war very different from the regular war we had entered the Navy School for. They were preparing us for police missions against the civilian population, who became our new enemy.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: During 2003, the press reported that United States Department of Defense (the Pentagon) offered a screening of the movie on August 27. The Directorate for Special Operations and Low-Intensity Conflict regarded it as useful for commanders and troops facing similar issues in occupied Iraq.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: According to the Defense Department official in charge of the screening, "Showing the film offers historical insight into the conduct of French operations in Algeria, and was intended to prompt informative discussion of the challenges faced by the French."


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: At the time of the 2003 Pentagon screening, legal and "pirate" VHS and DVD versions of the movie were available in the United States and elsewhere, but the image quality was degraded. A restored print had been made in Italy in 1999. Rialto Pictures acquired the distribution rights to re-release the film again in the United Kingdom in December 2003 as well as in the United States and in France on separate dates in 2004. The film was shown in the "Espace Accattone", rue Cujas in Paris, from November 15, 2006, to March 6, 2007.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: On October 12, 2004, The Criterion Collection released the movie, transferred from a restored print, in a three-disc DVD set. The extras include former US counter-terrorism advisors Richard A. Clarke and Michael A. Sheehan discussing "The Battle of Algiers"s depiction of terrorism and guerrilla warfare. Directors Spike Lee, Mira Nair, Julian Schnabel, Steven Soderbergh, and Oliver Stone discussed its influence on film. Another documentary in the set includes interviews with FLN commanders Saadi Yacef and Zohra Drif.


title: The Battle of Algiers

text: A new high-definition digital transfer, supervised by director of photography Marcello Gatti, was released by Criterion on Blu-ray Disc in 2011.


title: Wave interference

text: In physics, interference is a phenomenon in which two waves combine by adding their displacement together at every single point in space and time, to form a resultant wave of greater, lower, or the same amplitude. Constructive and destructive interference result from the interaction of waves that are correlated or coherent with each other, either because they come from the same source or because they have the same or nearly the same frequency. Interference effects can be observed with all types of waves, for example, light, radio, acoustic, surface water waves, gravity waves, or matter waves.


title: Wave interference

text: The word "interference" is derived from the Latin words "inter" which means "between" and "fere" which means "hit or strike", and was coined by Thomas Young in 1801.


title: Wave interference

text: The principle of superposition of waves states that when two or more propagating waves of the same type are incident on the same point, the resultant amplitude at that point is equal to the vector sum of the amplitudes of the individual waves. If a crest of a wave meets a crest of another wave of the same frequency at the same point, then the amplitude is the sum of the individual amplitudes—this is constructive interference. If a crest of one wave meets a trough of another wave, then the amplitude is equal to the difference in the individual amplitudes—this is known as destructive interference. In ideal mediums (water, air are almost ideal) energy is always conserved, at points of destructive interference energy is stored in the elasticity of the medium. For example when we drop 2 pebbles in a pond we see a pattern but eventually waves continue and only when they reach the shore is energy absorbed away from the medium.


title: Wave interference

text: Constructive interference occurs when the phase difference between the waves is an even multiple of (180°), whereas destructive interference occurs when the difference is an odd multiple of . If the difference between the phases is intermediate between these two extremes, then the magnitude of the displacement of the summed waves lies between the minimum and maximum values.


title: Wave interference

text: Consider, for example, what happens when two identical stones are dropped into a still pool of water at different locations. Each stone generates a circular wave propagating outwards from the point where the stone was dropped. When the two waves overlap, the net displacement at a particular point is the sum of the displacements of the individual waves. At some points, these will be in phase, and will produce a maximum displacement. In other places, the waves will be in anti-phase, and there will be no net displacement at these points. Thus, parts of the surface will be stationary—these are seen in the figure above and to the right as stationary blue-green lines radiating from the centre.


title: Wave interference

text: Interference of light is a unique phenomenon in that we can never observe superposition of the EM field directly as we can for example in water. Superposition in the EM field is an assumed and necessary requirement, fundamentally 2 light beam pass through each other and continue on their respective paths. Light can be explained classically by the superposition of waves, however a deeper understanding of light interference requires knowledge of wave-particle duality of light which is due to quantum mechanics. Prime examples of light interference are the famous double-slit experiment, laser speckle, anti-reflective coatings and interferometers. Traditionally the classical wave model is taught as a basis for understanding optical interference, based on the Huygens–Fresnel principle however an explanation based on the Feynman path integral exists which takes into account quantum mechanical considerations.


title: Wave interference

text: The above can be demonstrated in one dimension by deriving the formula for the sum of two waves. The equation for the amplitude of a sinusoidal wave traveling to the right along the x-axis is


title: Wave interference

text: where formula_2 is the peak amplitude, formula_3 is the wavenumber and formula_4 is the angular frequency of the wave. Suppose a second wave of the same frequency and amplitude but with a different phase is also traveling to the right


title: Wave interference

text: where formula_6 is the phase difference between the waves in radians. The two waves will superpose and add: the sum of the two waves is


title: Wave interference

text: This represents a wave at the original frequency, traveling to the right like its components, whose amplitude is proportional to the cosine of formula_10.


title: Wave interference

text: A simple form of interference pattern is obtained if two plane waves of the same frequency intersect at an angle.


title: Wave interference

text: Interference is essentially an energy redistribution process. The energy which is lost at the destructive interference is regained at the constructive interference.


title: Wave interference

text: One wave is travelling horizontally, and the other is travelling downwards at an angle θ to the first wave. Assuming that the two waves are in phase at the point B, then the relative phase changes along the "x"-axis. The phase difference at the point A is given by


title: Wave interference

text: Constructive interference occurs when the waves are in phase, and destructive interference when they are half a cycle out of phase. Thus, an interference fringe pattern is produced, where the separation of the maxima is


title: Wave interference

text: and is known as the fringe spacing. The fringe spacing increases with increase in wavelength, and with decreasing angle .


title: Wave interference

text: The fringes are observed wherever the two waves overlap and the fringe spacing is uniform throughout.


title: Wave interference

text: A point source produces a spherical wave. If the light from two point sources overlaps, the interference pattern maps out the way in which the phase difference between the two waves varies in space. This depends on the wavelength and on the separation of the point sources. The figure to the right shows interference between two spherical waves. The wavelength increases from top to bottom, and the distance between the sources increases from left to right.


title: Wave interference

text: When the plane of observation is far enough away, the fringe pattern will be a series of almost straight lines, since the waves will then be almost planar.


title: Wave interference

text: Interference occurs when several waves are added together provided that the phase differences between them remain constant over the observation time.


title: Wave interference

text: It is sometimes desirable for several waves of the same frequency and amplitude to sum to zero (that is, interfere destructively, cancel). This is the principle behind, for example, 3-phase power and the diffraction grating. In both of these cases, the result is achieved by uniform spacing of the phases.


title: Wave interference

text: It is easy to see that a set of waves will cancel if they have the same amplitude and their phases are spaced equally in angle. Using phasors, each wave can be represented as formula_21 for formula_22 waves from formula_23 to formula_24, where


title: Wave interference

text: A diffraction grating can be considered to be a multiple-beam interferometer; since the peaks which it produces are generated by interference between the light transmitted by each of the elements in the grating; see interference vs. diffraction for further discussion.


title: Wave interference

text: Because the frequency of light waves (~10 Hz) is too high for currently available detectors to detect the variation of the electric field of the light, it is possible to observe only the intensity of an optical interference pattern. The intensity of the light at a given point is proportional to the square of the average amplitude of the wave. This can be expressed mathematically as follows. The displacement of the two waves at a point is:


title: Wave interference

text: where represents the magnitude of the displacement, represents the phase and represents the angular frequency.


title: Wave interference

text: Thus, the interference pattern maps out the difference in phase between the two waves, with maxima occurring when the phase difference is a multiple of 2. If the two beams are of equal intensity, the maxima are four times as bright as the individual beams, and the minima have zero intensity.


title: Wave interference

text: Classically the two waves must have the same polarization to give rise to interference fringes since it is not possible for waves of different polarizations to cancel one another out or add together. Instead, when waves of different polarization are added together, they give rise to a wave of a different polarization state.


title: Wave interference

text: Quantum mechanically the theories of Paul Dirac and Richard Feynman offer a more modern approach. Dirac showed that every quanta or photon of light acts on its own which he famously stated as "every photon interferes with itself". Richard Feynman showed that by evaluating a path integral where all possible paths are considered, that a number of higher probability paths will emerge. In thin films for example, film thickness which is not a multiple of light wavelength will not allow the quanta to traverse, only reflection is possible.


title: Wave interference

text: The discussion above assumes that the waves which interfere with one another are monochromatic, i.e. have a single frequency—this requires that they are infinite in time. This is not, however, either practical or necessary. Two identical waves of finite duration whose frequency is fixed over that period will give rise to an interference pattern while they overlap. Two identical waves which consist of a narrow spectrum of frequency waves of finite duration (but shorter than their coherence time), will give a series of fringe patterns of slightly differing spacings, and provided the spread of spacings is significantly less than the average fringe spacing, a fringe pattern will again be observed during the time when the two waves overlap.


title: Wave interference

text: Conventional light sources emit waves of differing frequencies and at different times from different points in the source. If the light is split into two waves and then re-combined, each individual light wave may generate an interference pattern with its other half, but the individual fringe patterns generated will have different phases and spacings, and normally no overall fringe pattern will be observable. However, single-element light sources, such as sodium- or mercury-vapor lamps have emission lines with quite narrow frequency spectra. When these are spatially and colour filtered, and then split into two waves, they can be superimposed to generate interference fringes. All interferometry prior to the invention of the laser was done using such sources and had a wide range of successful applications.


title: Wave interference

text: A laser beam generally approximates much more closely to a monochromatic source, and thus it is much more straightforward to generate interference fringes using a laser. The ease with which interference fringes can be observed with a laser beam can sometimes cause problems in that stray reflections may give spurious interference fringes which can result in errors.


title: Wave interference

text: Normally, a single laser beam is used in interferometry, though interference has been observed using two independent lasers whose frequencies were sufficiently matched to satisfy the phase requirements.


title: Wave interference

text: It is also possible to observe interference fringes using white light. A white light fringe pattern can be considered to be made up of a 'spectrum' of fringe patterns each of slightly different spacing. If all the fringe patterns are in phase in the centre, then the fringes will increase in size as the wavelength decreases and the summed intensity will show three to four fringes of varying colour. Young describes this very elegantly in his discussion of two slit interference. Since white light fringes are obtained only when the two waves have travelled equal distances from the light source, they can be very useful in interferometry, as they allow the zero path difference fringe to be identified.


title: Wave interference

text: To generate interference fringes, light from the source has to be divided into two waves which have then to be re-combined. Traditionally, interferometers have been classified as either amplitude-division or wavefront-division systems.


title: Wave interference

text: In an amplitude-division system, a beam splitter is used to divide the light into two beams travelling in different directions, which are then superimposed to produce the interference pattern. The Michelson interferometer and the Mach–Zehnder interferometer are examples of amplitude-division systems.


title: Wave interference

text: In wavefront-division systems, the wave is divided in space—examples are Young's double slit interferometer and Lloyd's mirror.


title: Wave interference

text: Interference can also be seen in everyday phenomena such as iridescence and structural coloration. For example, the colours seen in a soap bubble arise from interference of light reflecting off the front and back surfaces of the thin soap film. Depending on the thickness of the film, different colours interfere constructively and destructively.


title: Wave interference

text: In acoustics, a beat is an interference pattern between two sounds of slightly different frequencies, "perceived" as a periodic variation in volume whose rate is the difference of the two frequencies.


title: Wave interference

text: With tuning instruments that can produce sustained tones, beats can be readily recognized. Tuning two tones to a unison will present a peculiar effect: when the two tones are close in pitch but not identical, the difference in frequency generates the beating. The volume varies like in a tremolo as the sounds alternately interfere constructively and destructively. As the two tones gradually approach unison, the beating slows down and may become so slow as to be imperceptible. As the two tones get further apart, their beat frequency starts to approach the range of human pitch perception, the beating starts to sound like a note, and a combination tone is produced. This combination tone can also be referred to as a missing fundamental, as the beat frequency of any two tones is equivalent to the frequency of their implied fundamental frequency.


title: Wave interference

text: Interferometry has played an important role in the advancement of physics, and also has a wide range of applications in physical and engineering measurement.


title: Wave interference

text: Thomas Young's double slit interferometer in 1803 demonstrated interference fringes when two small holes were illuminated by light from another small hole which was illuminated by sunlight. Young was able to estimate the wavelength of different colours in the spectrum from the spacing of the fringes. The experiment played a major role in the general acceptance of the wave theory of light.


title: Wave interference

text: In quantum mechanics, this experiment is considered to demonstrate the inseparability of the wave and particle natures of light and other quantum particles (wave–particle duality). Richard Feynman was fond of saying that all of quantum mechanics can be gleaned from carefully thinking through the implications of this single experiment.


title: Wave interference

text: The results of the Michelson–Morley experiment are generally considered to be the first strong evidence against the theory of a luminiferous aether and in favor of special relativity.


title: Wave interference

text: Interferometry has been used in defining and calibrating length standards. When the metre was defined as the distance between two marks on a platinum-iridium bar, Michelson and Benoît used interferometry to measure the wavelength of the red cadmium line in the new standard, and also showed that it could be used as a length standard. Sixty years later, in 1960, the metre in the new SI system was defined to be equal to 1,650,763.73 wavelengths of the orange-red emission line in the electromagnetic spectrum of the krypton-86 atom in a vacuum. This definition was replaced in 1983 by defining the metre as the distance travelled by light in vacuum during a specific time interval. Interferometry is still fundamental in establishing the calibration chain in length measurement.


title: Wave interference

text: Interferometry is used in the calibration of slip gauges (called gauge blocks in the US) and in coordinate-measuring machines. It is also used in the testing of optical components.


title: Wave interference

text: In 1946, a technique called astronomical interferometry was developed. Astronomical radio interferometers usually consist either of arrays of parabolic dishes or two-dimensional arrays of omni-directional antennas. All of the telescopes in the array are widely separated and are usually connected together using coaxial cable, waveguide, optical fiber, or other type of transmission line. Interferometry increases the total signal collected, but its primary purpose is to vastly increase the resolution through a process called Aperture synthesis. This technique works by superposing (interfering) the signal waves from the different telescopes on the principle that waves that coincide with the same phase will add to each other while two waves that have opposite phases will cancel each other out. This creates a combined telescope that is equivalent in resolution (though not in sensitivity) to a single antenna whose diameter is equal to the spacing of the antennas farthest apart in the array.


title: Wave interference

text: An acoustic interferometer is an instrument for measuring the physical characteristics of sound waves in a gas or liquid, such velocity, wavelength, absorption, or impedance. A vibrating crystal creates ultrasonic waves that are radiated into the medium. The waves strike a reflector placed parallel to the crystal, reflected back to the source and measured.


title: Wave interference

text: Quantum interference is quite different from the classical wave interference described above. Below, an enumeration of the important differences is provided. Quantum interference is, however, similar to optical interference.


title: Wave interference

text: Let formula_33 be a wavefunction solution of the Schrödinger equation for a quantum mechanical object. Then the probability formula_34 of observing the object at position formula_35 is formula_36 where * indicates complex conjugation. Quantum interference concerns the issue of this probability when the wavefunction is expressed as a sum or linear superposition of two terms formula_37:


title: Wave interference

text: Usually, formula_39 and formula_40 correspond to distinct situations A and B. When this is the case, the equation formula_37 indicates that the object can be in situation A or situation B. The above equation can then be interpreted as: The probability of finding the object at formula_35 is the probability of finding the object at formula_35 when it is in situation A plus the probability of finding the object at formula_35 when it is in situation B plus an extra term. This extra term, which is called the "quantum interference term", is formula_45 in the above equation. As in the classical wave case above, the quantum interference term can add (constructive interference) or subtract (destructive interference) from formula_46 in the above equation depending on whether the quantum interference term is positive or negative. If this term is absent for all formula_35, then there is no quantum mechanical interference associated with situations A and B.


title: Wave interference

text: The best known example of quantum interference is the double-slit experiment. In this experiment, electrons, atoms or other quantum mechanical objects approach a barrier with two slits in it. If the quantum object succeeds in passing through the slits, its position is measured with a detection screen a certain distance beyond and behind the barrier. For this system, one lets formula_39 be that part of the wavefunction that passes through one of the slits and lets formula_40 be that part of the wavefunction that passes through the other slit. When the object almost reaches the screen, the probability of where it is located is given by the above equation. In this context, the equation says that the probability of finding the object at some point just before it hits the screen is the probability that would be obtained if it went through the first slit plus the probability that would be obtained if it went through the second slit plus the quantum interference term, which has no counterpart in classical physics. The quantum interference term can significantly change the pattern observed on the detection screen.


title: Wave interference

text: The separation of formula_50 is particularly clear in the path integral formulation of quantum mechanics in the context of the double-slit experiment. formula_39 consists of the path integral contributions in which the paths pass through the first slit; formula_40 consists of the path integral contributions in which they pass through the second slit.


title: Wave interference

text: Here is a list of some of the differences between classical wave interference and quantum interference:


title: Rochelle Aytes

text: Rochelle Aytes is an American actress and model. She is best known for her role as April Malloy on ABC drama series "Mistresses" (2013–16) and as the voice of Rochelle in the critically acclaimed video game "Left 4 Dead 2" (2009). Aytes also starred in the auto-biography story film of TLC titled "" as Perri "Pebbles" Reid, short-lived series "Drive" and "The Forgotten" (2009–10), as well as "Criminal Minds" and "Work It". In film, Aytes has appeared in "White Chicks", "Madea's Family Reunion" and "Trick 'r Treat". Aytes also had a recurring role as Agent Greer, an ex-CIA officer, on the CBS television series "Hawaii Five-0".


title: Rochelle Aytes

text: Aytes was born in Harlem, New York City, and attended Fiorello H. LaGuardia High School. She graduated with a Bachelor of Arts in Fine Arts from State University of New York at Purchase college. She began her career as model and has appeared in commercials for McDonald's, L'Oreal, Coca-Cola and Mercedes-Benz.


title: Rochelle Aytes

text: Aytes made her film debut in the 2004 comedy "White Chicks", as Denise Porter. She is also known for playing Lisa Breaux in Tyler Perry's "Madea's Family Reunion", where Aytes plays a woman who is caught in a relationship in which her fiancé (Blair Underwood) beats and threatens her. In 2006, she played Nicole Jamieson in the test pilot episodes of "Tyler Perry's House of Payne". She also provides the voice for Rochelle in "Left 4 Dead 2". In 2007, Aytes guest starred in the Fox series "Bones" as Felicia Saroyan, the sister of Lab Supervisor, Cam. She starred in the independent film "Trick 'r Treat" She played role Leigh Barnthouse in the 2007 Fox series "Drive". She also played Tara Kole in the TV show "NCIS" from CBS. Aytes also appeared in the TNT drama series "Dark Blue" in 2010.


title: Rochelle Aytes

text: Aytes was a regular cast member in the ABC drama series "The Forgotten" from 2009 to 2010, playing Detective Grace Russell who teams up with a volunteer group, including former Chicago police detective, Christian Slater, to solve cases of missing or unidentified homicide victims. From 2010 to 2011, she had a recurring role in the ABC series "Detroit 1-8-7" as prosecutor Alice Williams, until her character was murdered in the episode "Key to the City", which aired on January 11, 2011. In 2011, Aytes guest starred in three episodes as Amber James, the former girlfriend of Keith Watson, in the seventh season of ABC comedy-drama "Desperate Housewives". She is represented by Ryan Daly of Zero Gravity Management. She also starred in the short-lived ABC sitcom "Work It" in 2012.


title: Rochelle Aytes

text: In 2012, Aytes was cast as one of the four leads, along with Alyssa Milano, Yunjin Kim and Jes Macallan, in the ABC drama series "Mistresses" about the lives of four female friends and their involvement in an array of illicit and complex relationships. The series premiered on June 3, 2013. Aytes played the role of Perri "Pebbles" Reid in the 2013 biographical film "" about the R&B and hip hop musical trio TLC. In 2013, she also began appearing as Savannah Hayes, Derek Morgan's (played by Shemar Moore) girlfriend on the CBS series, "Criminal Minds". When Moore moved to "S.W.A.T.", her character was written out. However, Aytes was then cast as his character Hondo's girlfriend Nichelle on "S.W.A.T." as well, starting in Season 3.


title: Mannitol

text: Mannitol is a type of sugar alcohol used as a sweetener and medication. It is used as a low calorie sweetener as it is poorly absorbed by the intestines. As a medication, it is used to decrease pressure in the eyes, as in glaucoma, and to lower increased intracranial pressure. Medically, it is given by injection or inhalation. Effects typically begin within 15 minutes and last up to 8 hours.


title: Mannitol

text: Common side effects from medical use include electrolyte problems and dehydration. Other serious side effects may include worsening heart failure and kidney problems. It is unclear if use is safe in pregnancy. Mannitol is in the osmotic diuretic family of medications and works by pulling fluid from the brain and eyes.


title: Mannitol

text: The discovery of mannitol is attributed to Joseph Louis Proust in 1806. It is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines. It was originally made from the flowering ash and called manna due to its supposed resemblance to the Biblical food. Mannitol is on the World Anti-Doping Agency's banned drug list due to concerns that it may mask other drugs.


title: Mannitol

text: In the United States, mannitol is indicated for the reduction of intracranial pressure and treatment of cerebral edema and elevated intraocular pressure.


title: Mannitol

text: In the European Union, mannitol is indicated for the treatment of cystic fibrosis (CF) in adults aged 18 years and above as an add-on therapy to best standard of care.