title: Professional wrestling holds

text: The wrestler takes hold of a supine opponent's legs and pivots rapidly, elevating the opponent and swinging the opponent in a circle. The wrestler may release the hold in mid-air or simply slow until the back of the opponent returns to the ground. This move is used by Cesaro as the "Cesaro Swing".


title: Professional wrestling holds

text: This move commonly sees an attacking wrestler dive over an opponent who is facing them, usually bent over forwards, catching the opponent in a waistlock from behind and landing back-first behind the opponent. From that position the wrestler rolls forward into a sitting position, pulling the opponent over backwards and down to the mat so that they lands on their back into a sitout pin position. While being held on the shoulders of an attacking wrestler in a position where the opponent is straddling the head of the attacking wrestler while facing in the other direction. This move can be used as a counter from various powerbombs and other moves such as a Gory bomb. The move was used by Melina as the "Last Call". Naomi uses this move to set up for the F.T.G submission manouvre.


title: Professional wrestling holds

text: This involves a wrestler suspending an opponent upside down on a turnbuckle, with the opponent's back being up against it. To do this, the opponent's legs are then hooked under the top ropes, leaving the opponent facing the attacking wrestler, upside down. Often an attacking wrestler will choke, kick, or stomp the opponent until the referee uses up their five count. The technique is also used to trap an opponent while the attacking wrestler runs at them and delivers some form of offensive maneuver, such as a running knee attack or a baseball slide.


title: Avesta

text: The Avesta () is the primary collection of religious texts of Zoroastrianism, composed in the Avestan language.


title: Avesta

text: The Avesta texts fall into several different categories, arranged either by dialect, or by usage. The principal text in the liturgical group is the "Yasna", which takes its name from the Yasna ceremony, Zoroastrianism's primary act of worship, and at which the "Yasna" text is recited. The most important portion of the "Yasna" texts are the five Gathas, consisting of seventeen hymns attributed to Zoroaster himself. These hymns, together with five other short Old Avestan texts that are also part of the "Yasna", are in the Old (or 'Gathic') Avestan language. The remainder of the "Yasna"<nowiki>'s</nowiki> texts are in Younger Avestan, which is not only from a later stage of the language, but also from a different geographic region.


title: Avesta

text: Extensions to the Yasna ceremony include the texts of the "Vendidad" and the "Visperad". The "Visperad" extensions consist mainly of additional invocations of the divinities ("yazata"s), while the "Vendidad" is a mixed collection of prose texts mostly dealing with purity laws. Even today, the "Vendidad" is the only liturgical text that is not recited entirely from memory. Some of the materials of the extended Yasna are from the "Yashts", which are hymns to the individual "yazata"s. Unlike the "Yasna", "Visperad" and "Vendidad", the "Yasht"s and the other lesser texts of the Avesta are no longer used liturgically in high rituals. Aside from the "Yasht"s, these other lesser texts include the "Nyayesh" texts, the "Gah" texts, the "Siroza", and various other fragments. Together, these lesser texts are conventionally called "Khordeh Avesta" or "Little Avesta" texts. When the first "Khordeh Avesta" editions were printed in the 19th century, these texts (together with some non-Avestan language prayers) became a book of common prayer for lay people.


title: Avesta

text: The term "Avesta" is from the 9th/10th-century works of Zoroastrian tradition in which the word appears as Middle Persian "abestāg", Book Pahlavi "ʾp(y)stʾkʼ". In that context, "abestāg" texts are portrayed as received knowledge, and are distinguished from the exegetical commentaries (the "zand") thereof. The literal meaning of the word "abestāg" is uncertain; it is generally acknowledged to be a learned borrowing from Avestan, but none of the suggested etymologies have been universally accepted. The widely repeated derivation from *"upa-stavaka" is from Christian Bartholomae ("Altiranisches Wörterbuch", 1904), who interpreted "abestāg" as a descendant of a hypothetical reconstructed Old Iranian word for "praise-song" (Bartholomae: "Lobgesang"); but this word is not actually attested in any text.


title: Avesta

text: The surviving texts of the Avesta, as they exist today, derive from a single master copy produced by collation and recension in the Sasanian Empire (224–651 CE). That master copy, now lost, is known as the 'Sassanian archetype'. The oldest surviving manuscript ("K1") of an Avestan language text is dated 1323 CE. Summaries of the various Avesta texts found in the 9th/10th century texts of Zoroastrian tradition suggest that a significant portion of the literature in the Avestan language has been lost. Only about one-quarter of the Avestan sentences or verses referred to by the 9th/10th century commentators can be found in the surviving texts. This suggests that three-quarters of Avestan material, including an indeterminable number of juridical, historical and legendary texts, have been lost since then. On the other hand, it appears that the most valuable portions of the canon, including all of the oldest texts, have survived. The likely reason for this is that the surviving materials represent those portions of the Avesta that were in regular liturgical use, and therefore known by heart by the priests and not dependent for their preservation on the survival of particular manuscripts.


title: Avesta

text: A pre-Sasanian history of the Avesta, if it had one, lies in the realm of legend and myth. The oldest surviving versions of these tales are found in the ninth to 11th century CE texts of Zoroastrian tradition (i.e. in the so-called "Pahlavi books"). The legends run as follows: The twenty-one "nask"s ("books") of the Avesta were created by Ahura Mazda and brought by Zoroaster to his patron Vishtaspa ("Denkard" 4A, 3A). Supposedly, Vishtaspa ("Dk" 3A) or another Kayanian, Daray ("Dk" 4B), then had two copies made, one of which was stored in the treasury, and the other in the royal archives ("Dk" 4B, 5). Following Alexander's conquest, the Avesta was then supposedly destroyed or dispersed by the Greeks, after they had translated any scientific passages of which they could make use ("AVN" 7–9, "Dk" 3B, 8). Several centuries later, one of the Parthian emperors named Valaksh (one of the Vologases) supposedly then had the fragments collected, not only of those that had previously been written down, but also of those that had only been orally transmitted ("Dk" 4C).


title: Avesta

text: The "Denkard" also records another legend related to the transmission of the Avesta. In this story, credit for collation and recension is given to the early Sasanian-era priest Tansar (high priest under Ardashir I, "r." 224–242 CE, and Shapur I, 240/242–272 CE), who had the scattered works collected - of which he approved only a part as authoritative ("Dk" 3C, 4D, 4E). Tansar's work was then supposedly completed by Adurbad Mahraspandan (high priest of Shapur II, "r." 309–379 CE) who made a general revision of the canon and continued to ensure its orthodoxy ("Dk" 4F, "AVN" 1.12–1.16). A final revision was supposedly undertaken in the 6th century CE under Khosrow I ("Dk" 4G).


title: Avesta

text: In the early 20th century, the legend of the Parthian-era collation engendered a search for a 'Parthian archetype' of the Avesta. According to the theory of Friedrich Carl Andreas (1902), the archaic nature of the Avestan texts was assumed to be due to preservation via written transmission, and unusual or unexpected spellings in the surviving texts were assumed to be reflections of errors introduced by Sasanian-era transcription from the Aramaic alphabet-derived Pahlavi scripts. The search for the 'Arsacid archetype' was increasingly criticized in the 1940s and was eventually abandoned in the 1950s after Karl Hoffmann demonstrated that the inconsistencies noted by Andreas were actually due to unconscious alterations introduced by oral transmission. Hoffmann identifies these changes to be due, in part, to modifications introduced through recitation; in part to influences from other Iranian languages picked up on the route of transmission from somewhere in eastern Iran (i.e. Central Asia) via Arachosia and Sistan through to Persia; and in part due to the influence of phonetic developments in the Avestan language itself.


title: Avesta

text: The legends of an Arsacid-era collation and recension are no longer taken seriously. It is now certain that for most of their long history the Avesta's various texts were handed down orally, and independently of one another, and that it was not until around the 5th or 6th century CE that they were committed to written form. However, during their long history, only the Gathic texts seem to have been memorized (more or less) exactly. The other less sacred works appear to have been handed down in a more fluid oral tradition, and were partly composed afresh with each generation of poet-priests, sometimes with the addition of new material. The Younger Avestan texts are therefore composite works, with contributions from several different authors over the course of several hundred years.


title: Avesta

text: The texts became available to European scholarship comparatively late, thus the study of Zoroastrianism in Western countries dates back to only the 18th century. Abraham Hyacinthe Anquetil-Duperron travelled to India in 1755, and discovered the texts among Indian Zoroastrian (Parsi) communities. He published a set of French translations in 1771, based on translations provided by a Parsi priest. Anquetil-Duperron's translations were at first dismissed as a forgery in poor Sanskrit, but he was vindicated in the 1820s following Rasmus Rask's examination of the Avestan language ("A Dissertation on the Authenticity of the Zend Language", Bombay, 1821). Rask also established that Anquetil-Duperron's manuscripts were a fragment of a much larger literature of sacred texts. Anquetil-Duperron's manuscripts are at the Bibliothèque nationale de France ('P'-series manuscripts), while Rask's collection now lies in the Royal Library, Denmark ('K'-series). Other large Avestan language manuscript collections are those of the British Museum ('L'-series), the K. R. Cama Oriental Library in Mumbai, the Meherji Rana library in Navsari, and at various university and national libraries in Europe.


title: Avesta

text: In its present form, the Avesta is a compilation from various sources, and its different parts date from different periods and vary widely in character. Only texts in the Avestan language are considered part of the Avesta.


title: Avesta

text: According to the "Denkard", the 21 "nask"s (books) mirror the structure of the 21-word-long "Ahuna Vairya" prayer: each of the three lines of the prayer consists of seven words. Correspondingly, the "nask"s are divided into three groups, of seven volumes per group. Originally, each volume had a word of the prayer as its name, which so marked a volume's position relative to the other volumes. Only about a quarter of the text from the "nask"s has survived to the present day.


title: Avesta

text: The contents of the Avesta are divided topically (even though the organization of the "nask"s is not), but these are not fixed or canonical. Some scholars prefer to place the categories in two groups, one liturgical, and the other general. The following categorization is as described by Jean Kellens (see bibliography, below).


title: Avesta

text: The "Yasna" (from "yazišn" "worship, oblations", cognate with Sanskrit "yajña"), is the primary liturgical collection, named after the ceremony at which it is recited. It consists of 72 sections called the "Ha-iti" or "Ha". The 72 threads of lamb's wool in the "Kushti", the sacred thread worn by Zoroastrians, represent these sections. The central portion of the Yasna is the "Gathas", the oldest and most sacred portion of the Avesta, believed to have been composed by Zarathushtra (Zoroaster) himself. The "Gathas" are structurally interrupted by the "Yasna Haptanghaiti" ("seven-chapter "Yasna""), which makes up chapters 35–42 of the "Yasna" and is almost as old as the "Gathas", consists of prayers and hymns in honor of Ahura Mazda, the Yazatas, the Fravashi, Fire, Water, and Earth. The younger "Yasna", though handed down in prose, may once have been metrical, as the "Gathas" still are.


title: Avesta

text: The "Visperad" (from "vîspe ratavo", "(prayer to) all patrons") is a collection of supplements to the "Yasna". The "Visparad" is subdivided into 23 or 24 "kardo" (sections) that are interleaved into the Yasna during a Visperad service (which is an extended Yasna service).


title: Avesta

text: The "Vendidad" (or "Vidēvdāt", a corruption of Avestan "Vī-Daēvō-Dāta", "Given Against the Demons") is an enumeration of various manifestations of evil spirits, and ways to confound them. The "Vendidad" includes all of the 19th "nask", which is the only "nask" that has survived in its entirety. The text consists of 22 "Fargard"s, fragments arranged as discussions between Ahura Mazda and Zoroaster. The first "fargard" is a dualistic creation myth, followed by the description of a destructive winter (compare Fimbulvetr) on the lines of the Flood myth. The second "fargard" recounts the legend of "Yima". The remaining "fargard"s deal primarily with hygiene (care of the dead in particular) ["fargard" 3, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16, 17, 19] as well as disease and spells to fight it [7, 10, 11, 13, 20, 21, 22]. "Fargard"s 4 and 15 discuss the dignity of wealth and charity, of marriage and of physical effort, and the indignity of unacceptable social behaviour such as assault and breach of contract, and specify the penances required to atone for violations thereof. The "Vendidad" is an ecclesiastical code, not a liturgical manual, and there is a degree of moral relativism apparent in the codes of conduct. The "Vendidad"s different parts vary widely in character and in age. Some parts may be comparatively recent in origin although the greater part is very old.


title: Avesta

text: The Vendidad, unlike the Yasna and the Visparad, is a book of moral laws rather than the record of a liturgical ceremony. However, there is a ceremony called the "Vendidad", in which the Yasna is recited with all the chapters of both the Visparad and the Vendidad inserted at appropriate points. This ceremony is only performed at night.


title: Avesta

text: The "Yasht"s (from "yešti", "worship by praise") are a collection of 21 hymns, each dedicated to a particular divinity or divine concept. Three hymns of the Yasna liturgy that "worship by praise" are—in tradition—also nominally called "yasht"s, but are not counted among the "Yasht" collection since the three are a part of the primary liturgy. The "Yasht"s vary greatly in style, quality and extent. In their present form, they are all in prose but analysis suggests that they may at one time have been in verse.


title: Avesta

text: The "Siroza" ("thirty days") is an enumeration and invocation of the 30 divinities presiding over the days of the month. (cf. Zoroastrian calendar). The "Siroza" exists in two forms, the shorter ("little "Siroza"") is a brief enumeration of the divinities with their epithets in the genitive. The longer ("great "Siroza"") has complete sentences and sections, with the "yazata"s being addressed in the accusative.


title: Avesta

text: The Siroza is never recited as a whole, but is a source for individual sentences devoted to particular divinities, to be inserted at appropriate points in the liturgy depending on the day and the month.


title: Avesta

text: The five "Nyayesh"es, abbreviated "Ny.", are prayers for regular recitation by both priests and laity. They are addressed to the Sun and Mithra (recited together thrice a day), to the Moon (recited thrice a month), and to the Waters and to Fire. The "Nyayesh"es are composite texts containing selections from the Gathas and the Yashts, as well as later material.


title: Avesta

text: The five "gāh"s are invocations to the five divinities that watch over the five divisions ("gāh"s) of the day. "Gāh"s are similar in structure and content to the five "Nyayesh"es.


title: Avesta

text: The "Afrinagan"s are four "blessing" texts recited on a particular occasion: the first in honor of the dead, the second on the five epagomenal days that end the year, the third is recited at the six seasonal feasts, and the fourth at the beginning and end of summer.


title: Avesta

text: All material in the "Avesta" that is not already present in one of the other categories is placed in a "fragments" category, which – as the name suggests – includes incomplete texts. There are altogether more than 20 fragment collections, many of which have no name (and are then named after their owner/collator) or only a Middle Persian name. The more important of the fragment collections are the "Nirangistan" fragments (18 of which constitute the "Ehrbadistan"); the "Pursishniha" "questions," also known as "Fragments Tahmuras"; and the "Hadokht Nask" "volume of the scriptures" with two fragments of eschatological significance.


title: Avesta

text: Only texts preserved in the Avestan language count as scripture and are part of the Avesta. Several other secondary works are nonetheless crucial to Zoroastrian theology and scholarship.


title: Avesta

text: The most notable among the Middle Persian texts are the "Dēnkard" ("Acts of Religion"), dating from the ninth century; the "Bundahishn" ("Primordial Creation"), finished in the eleventh or twelfth century, but containing older material; the "Mainog-i-Khirad" ("Spirit of Wisdom"), a religious conference on questions of faith; and the "Book of Arda Viraf", which is especially important for its views on death, salvation and life in the hereafter. Of the post-14th century works (all in New Persian), only the "Sad-dar" ("Hundred Doors, or Chapters"), and "Revayats" (traditional treatises) are of doctrinal importance. Other texts such as "Zartushtnamah" ("Book of Zoroaster") are only notable for their preservation of legend and folklore. The "Aogemadaeca" "we accept," a treatise on death is based on quotations from the Avesta.


title: Robert Lopez

text: Robert Lopez (born February 23, 1975) is an American songwriter for musicals, best known for co-creating "The Book of Mormon" and "Avenue Q", and for co-writing the songs featured in the Disney computer-animated films "Frozen", its sequel, "Frozen II", and "Coco", with his wife Kristen Anderson-Lopez. Of only seventeen people who have won an Emmy, a Grammy, an Oscar and a Tony Award, nicknamed by Philip Michael Thomas in 1984 as the "EGOT", he is the youngest (at 39 years & 8 days old) and quickest (10 years) to win all four, and, as of 2022, is the only person to have won all four awards more than once (Emmy (3), Grammy (3), Oscar (2) and Tony (3)).


title: Robert Lopez

text: Robert Lopez was born in Manhattan, to Katherine (Lowe) and Frank Lopez. He is partly of Filipino descent through his father (who was born on a ship in the middle of the ocean after departing Manila); his paternal grandfather was Filipino, and his paternal grandmother was of half Filipino and half Scottish-American descent (both originally resided in Manila). His father was director of publications for NYU Langone Medical Center.


title: Robert Lopez

text: Lopez spent much of his childhood in Greenwich Village, except for one year in Massachusetts while his father was working for Clark University. Upon their return to New York City when he was six years old, "it was a fluke" that he started piano lessons at Greenwich House Music School. The apartment they were subletting at the time happened to have a piano; his mother asked if he was interested in taking lessons, and he said yes. At age seven, his parents bought a piano for him, he saw his first Broadway show, and he wrote his first song. At age 11, he wrote his first opening number. At around age 12, he briefly moved away from the piano and tried playing the saxophone, as well as taking courses in musical composition at other music schools.


title: Robert Lopez

text: Lopez went on to Hunter College High School and then to Yale University where he graduated in 1997 with a Bachelor of Arts degree in English (the type of academic degree expressly discussed in the second song of "Avenue Q"). While at Yale, he wrote three plays (of which two were musicals) and was a member of the Yale Spizzwinks(?) a cappella group, and was influenced by professors such as Vincent Scully, John Hollander and Harold Bloom. During his time at Yale, he vaguely hoped to make a living writing musicals and "had no [other] career options"; towards that end, he avoided courses that would prepare him for a career in something more secure like law or medicine.


title: Robert Lopez

text: Upon graduating from Yale, Lopez moved back in with his parents and brother in Greenwich Village, where he lived for four years until he was able to earn enough money writing songs for Theatreworks USA to rent an apartment of his own. During this period, he took temporary jobs at companies like Pfizer and worked as a weekend receptionist for his old music school, Greenwich House.


title: Robert Lopez

text: In 1998, while participating in the BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theater Workshop, he met another aspiring songwriter, Jeff Marx. Their first project together, "Kermit, Prince of Denmark", a Muppet parody of "Hamlet", won the Kleban Award for lyrics, though The Jim Henson Company rejected the script, saying it did not have enough "kid appeal." The story was considered for the next Muppet film by Chris Curtin in 2004, until Curtin left the Disney Company. Highlights from the unproduced musical were performed by Rick Lyon, Rebecca Jones, and Susan Blackwell at the BMI Workshop.


title: Robert Lopez

text: In 1999, Lopez and Marx, who collaborated on both music and lyrics, began work on "Avenue Q", a stage musical which, using puppet characters, similar to those on "Sesame Street", dealt with adult themes and ideas. The show, for which Lopez also provided the animated segments, was his first professional experience. After playing Off-Broadway, the show transferred in July 2003 to Broadway's John Golden Theatre, where it proved both a critical and popular success, winning the 2004 Tony Award for Best Musical, and earning Lopez and Marx the Tony Award for Best Original Score. The Original Cast Recording was nominated for a Grammy Award in 2004.


title: Robert Lopez

text: In 2005, Lopez began working on a new musical project with his musical partner Jeff Marx, and with Matt Stone and Trey Parker, the creators of "South Park", a series which, in 2003, Lopez had mentioned as a partial inspiration for "Avenue Q". "The Book of Mormon" premiered on Broadway at the Eugene O'Neill Theatre on March 24, 2011, following previews from February 24. The show received numerous theater awards, including the 2011 Tony for Best Musical, as well as two more Tony Awards for Lopez: Best Original Score and Best Book of a Musical. The production's original cast recording also earned Lopez the 2012 Grammy Award for Best Musical Theater Album.


title: Robert Lopez

text: In early 2006, Lopez collaborated with his brother, Billy, on several episodes of the Nickelodeon series "Wonder Pets", for which they shared a Daytime Emmy award with the series' other composers and music director, Jeffrey Lesser, in 2008. In January 2007, a musical adaptation of the Disney/Pixar film "Finding Nemo", which Lopez co-wrote with his wife, Kristen Anderson-Lopez, opened at Disney's Animal Kingdom theme park.


title: Robert Lopez

text: On January 18, 2007, Lopez and Marx again collaborated to write four of the songs for the hit TV show "Scrubs" on the show's 123rd episode titled "My Musical." TV Guide named the episode one of the best 100 TV show episodes of all time in 2009. Lopez, along with Jeff Marx, was recognized with an Emmy nomination for the song "Everything Comes Down to Poo" from the above-mentioned episode. Stephanie D'Abruzzo, who originated the roles of Kate Monster and Lucy the Slut in "Avenue Q", guest-starred in the episode.


title: Robert Lopez

text: In April 2010, Lopez wrote the song "Bet Against the American Dream," which was featured on the NPR program ‘’This American Life’’. The song was written in the style of a Broadway show tune, and parodied a scene from the musical ‘’The Producers’’ to illustrate the story of a real-life hedge fund called Magnetar that made millions of dollars when the housing market collapsed. On June 25, 2010, Lopez won his second Daytime Creative Arts Emmy for Outstanding Achievement in Music Direction and Composition for his work on "The Wonder Pets!".


title: Robert Lopez

text: In 2011, Lopez again worked with Matt Stone and Trey Parker on the "South Park" episode "Broadway Bro Down.”


title: Robert Lopez

text: Lopez also co-wrote two songs for the Disney Channel animated series "Phineas and Ferb": "Aerial Area Rug," for the episode "Magic Carpet Ride," and "Fly On the Wall," for the episode of the same name. Lopez composed a song for "The Simpsons" episode "A Totally Fun Thing That Bart Will Never Do Again" titled "Enjoy It While You Can" which aired on April 29, 2012.


title: Robert Lopez

text: Lopez and his wife Kristen Anderson-Lopez wrote seven songs for "Winnie the Pooh", released in 2011 by Walt Disney Animation Studios. They also wrote an original song for "Wreck-It Ralph" that was cut from the finished film.


title: Robert Lopez

text: In 2013, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez wrote songs for Disney Animation's feature film "Frozen". The song "Let It Go" won the Academy Award for Best Original Song, making Lopez the 12th person to achieve the EGOT. On February 8, 2015, they won another Grammy for their work on "Frozen" for the Grammy Award for Best Song Written for Visual Media for "Let It Go".


title: Robert Lopez

text: In development for several years by Lopez and Anderson-Lopez, their romantic-comedy musical "Up Here" debuted August 9, 2015, at the La Jolla Playhouse in San Diego. Lopez describes "Up Here" as "It's kind of like Annie Hall meets Cirque du Soleil. It's a romantic comedy with a huge theatrical twist."


title: Robert Lopez

text: It was announced in late 2015 that Lopez would be writing original songs for the revival of the cult comedy series "Mystery Science Theater 3000".


title: Robert Lopez

text: Lopez and his wife were attached to write the music for the Disney film "Gigantic", an animated retelling of "Jack and the Beanstalk", but the film was shelved in October 2017.


title: Robert Lopez

text: The Disney/Pixar film "Coco", released in November 2017, features Lopez and Anderson-Lopez's song "Remember Me". The song won the 2018 Academy Award for Best Original Song, making Lopez the first double EGOT winner. Most recently, Lopez and Anderson-Lopez composed the theme music from the MCU show "WandaVision", which premiered on Disney+ on January 15, 2021.


title: Robert Lopez

text: During his participation in the 1999 BMI Lehman Engel Musical Theatre Workshop, Robert Lopez met and began dating lyricist Kristen Anderson. As described in a 2003 "The New York Times" profile, the pair, struggling in a cash-strapped post-college period that recalls the storyline of "Avenue Q"s Princeton and Kate Monster, "live[d] in Astoria, Queens, [drove] a 1989 Buick and survive[d] on fast food".


title: Robert Lopez

text: The couple married in 2003 and their two daughters, Katie and Annie, had voice parts in "Frozen", with Katie voicing 5-year-old Anna and Annie voicing a troll. They currently reside in the Park Slope neighborhood of Brooklyn.


title: Thought disorder

text: A thought disorder (TD) is any disturbance in cognition that adversely affects language and thought content, and thereby communication. A variety of thought disorders were said to be characteristic of people with schizophrenia. A content-thought disorder is typically characterized by the experience of multiple delusional fragments. The term "thought disorder" is often used to refer to a formal thought disorder.


title: Thought disorder

text: A formal thought disorder (FTD) is a disruption of the form or structure of thought. Formal thought disorder, also known as disorganized thinking, results in disorganized speech and is recognized as a major feature of schizophrenia and other psychoses. FTD is also associated with conditions including mood disorders, dementia, mania, and neurological diseases. Disorganized speech leads to an inference of disorganized thoughts.


title: Thought disorder

text: Types of thought disorders include derailment, pressured speech, poverty of speech, tangentiality, verbigeration, and thought blocking.


title: Thought disorder

text: Formal thought disorder is a disorder of the form of thought rather than of content of thought that covers hallucinations and delusions. FTD, unlike hallucinations and delusions, is an observable, objective sign of psychosis. FTD is a common and core symptom of a psychotic disorder and may be seen as a marker of its severity, and also as a predictor of prognosis. It reflects a cluster of cognitive, linguistic, and affective disturbances that have generated research interest in the fields of cognitive neuroscience, neurolinguistics, and psychiatry.


title: Thought disorder

text: Eugen Bleuler, who named schizophrenia, held that thought disorder was its defining characteristic. However, disturbances of thinking and speech such as clanging or echolalia may be present in Tourette syndrome, or other symptoms as found in delirium. A clinical difference exists between these two groups. Those with psychoses are less likely to show an awareness or concern about the disordered thinking, while those with other disorders do show awareness and concerns about not being able to think clearly.


title: Thought disorder

text: Content-thought disorder is a thought disturbance in which a person experiences multiple, fragmented delusions, typically a feature of schizophrenia and some other mental disorders including obsessive–compulsive disorder and mania. At the core of thought-content disturbance are abnormal beliefs and convictions, after accounting for the person's culture and backgrounds; these range from overvalued ideas to fixed delusions. Typically, abnormal beliefs and delusions are non-specific diagnostically, even if some delusions are more prevalent in one disorder than another.


title: Thought disorder

text: Neurotypical thoughtconsisting of awareness, concerns, beliefs, preoccupations, wishes, fantasies, imagination, and conceptscan be illogical, and can contain beliefs and prejudices/biases that are obviously contradictory. Individuals also have considerable variations, and the same person's thinking also may shift considerably from time to time.


title: Thought disorder

text: Content-thought disorder is not limited to delusions. Other possible abnormalities include suicidal ideas, violent ideas, and homicidal ideas as well as the following:


title: Thought disorder

text: In psychosis, delusions are the most common thought-content abnormalities. A delusion is a firm and fixed belief based on inadequate grounds not amenable to rational argument or evidence to the contrary, and not in sync with regional, cultural, or educational background. Delusions are common in people with mania, depression, schizoaffective disorder, delirium, dementia, substance use disorders, schizophrenia, and delusional disorders. Common examples in mental status examination include the following:


title: Thought disorder

text: Formal thought disorder (FTD), or simply "thought disorder", is also known as disorganized speech. It is evident from disorganized thinking, and is one of the hallmark features of schizophrenia. Formal thought disorder is a disorder of the form of thought rather than of the content of thought that covers hallucinations and delusions. FTD, unlike hallucinations and delusions, is an observable objective sign of psychosis. FTD is a common and core symptom of a psychotic disorder and may be seen as a marker of its severity and also as a predictor of prognosis. It reflects a cluster of cognitive, linguistic, and affective disturbances, that has generated research interest from the fields of cognitive neuroscience, neurolinguistics, and psychiatry.


title: Thought disorder

text: FTD is a complex, multidimensional syndrome characterized by deficiencies in the logical organizing of thought needed to achieve goals. FTD can be subdivided into clusters of positive and negative symptoms, as well as objective versus subjective symptoms. Within the scale of positive and negative symptoms they have been grouped into positive formal thought disorder (posFTD) and negative formal thought disorder (negFTD). Positive subtypes were those of pressure of speech, tangentiality, derailment, incoherence, and illogicality. Negative subtypes were those of poverty of speech and poverty of content. The two groups were posited to be at either end of a spectrum of normal speech. However, later studies showed these to be poorly correlated. A comprehensive measure of formal thought disorder is the "Thought and Language Disorder (TALD) Scale".


title: Thought disorder

text: Nancy Andreasen preferred to call the thought disorders collectively as "thought-language-communication disorders" (TLC disorders).


title: Thought disorder

text: Within the "Thought, Language, Communication (TLC) Scale" up to seven domains of FTD have been described with most of the variance accounted for by just two or three domains. Some TLC disorders are more suggestive of a severe disorder and given priority by listing them in the first 11 items.


title: Thought disorder

text: The DSM V categorises FTD as "a psychotic symptom, manifested as bizarre speech and communication." FTD may include incoherence, peculiar words, disconnected ideas, or a lack of the unprompted content we would expect from normal speech. Clinical psychologists typically assess FTD by initiating an exploratory conversation with patients and observing the patient's verbal responses.


title: Thought disorder

text: FTD is often used to establish a diagnosis of schizophrenia, and as such, in cross-sectional studies 27–80% of patients with schizophrenia present with FTD. FTD, although a hallmark feature of schizophrenia, is also widespread amongst those with other psychiatric disorders; up to 60% of those with schizoaffective disorder, and 53% of those with clinical depression show FTD, suggesting FTD is not pathognomonic of schizophrenia. Around 6% of healthy probands show a mild form of FTD.


title: Thought disorder

text: The characteristics of FTD vary amongst disorders. Multiple studies show that FTD in mania is marked by irrelevant intrusions and pronounced combinatory thinking, usually with a playfulness and flippancy lacking in patients with schizophrenia. The FTD present in patients with schizophrenia, however, was characterised by disorganisation, neologism, and fluid thinking; as well as confusion with word-finding difficulty.


title: Thought disorder

text: There is limited data on the longitudinal course of FTD. The most comprehensive longitudinal study of FTD done to date found a distinction in the longitudinal course of thought disorder symptoms between schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders. The study also found an association between pre-index assessments of social, work and educational functioning and the longitudinal course of FTD.


title: Thought disorder

text: It has been proposed that formal thought disorder relates to neurocognition via semantic memory. Semantic network impairment in people with schizophrenia measured by the difference between fluency ( e.g. number of animals' names produced in 60 seconds) and phonological fluency (e.g. number of words beginning with "F" produced in 60 seconds) predicts the severity of formal thought disorder, suggesting that verbal information (through semantic priming) is unavailable. Other hypotheses include working memory deficit (being confused about what has already been said in a conversation) and attentional focus.


title: Thought disorder

text: FTD in schizophrenia has been found to be associated with structural and functional abnormalities in the language network. Structural studies have found bilateral grey matter deficits in the language network. In particular, the bilateral inferior frontal gyrus, bilateral inferior parietal lobule and bilateral superior temporal gyrus to be FTD correlates. However, there are studies that did not find an association between FTD and structural aberrations of the language network and regions not included in the language network have been associated with FTD. Thus, future research is needed to clarify whether there is an association with FTD in schizophrenia and neural abnormalities in the language network.


title: Thought disorder

text: There has also been investigation into the transmitter systems that might cause FTD. Studies have found that glutamate dysfunction, due to a rarefication of glutamatergic synapses in the superior temporal gyrus in patients' schizophrenia, is a major cause for positive FTD.


title: Thought disorder

text: The heritability of FTD has been demonstrated in myriad family and twin studies. Imaging genetics studies, using a semantic verbal fluency task performed by the participants during functional MRI scanning, revealed that alleles linked to glutamatergic transmission contribute to functional aberrations in typical language-related brain areas. However, FTD is not solely genetically determined: environmental influences, such as allusive thinking in parents during childhood, and general environmental risk factors for schizophrenia (childhood abuse, migration, social isolation, cannabis, etc.) also contribute to the pathophysiology of FTD.


title: Thought disorder

text: The origins of FTD have also been conceptualized from a social-learning perspective. Singer and Wynne contended that familial communication patterns play a key role in shaping the development of FTD— believing that dysfunctional social interactions undermine a child's development of cohesive, stable mental representations of the world, therefore increasing their risk of developing FTD.


title: Thought disorder

text: Antipsychotic medication is often utilised to treat FTD. The vast majority of studies examining the efficacy of antipsychotic treatment do not report the effects on syndromes or symptoms. Nevertheless, there are six older studies reporting on the effects of antipsychotic treatment on FTD. From these studies and from clinical experience, we know that antipsychotics are often an effective treatment for patients with positive or negative FTD. There is, however, a subgroup of patients with treatment refractory FTD.


title: Thought disorder

text: Cognitive Behavioural Therapy is another example of a treatment for FTD. There is currently very little research exploring the effectiveness of CBT for individuals with FTD. Large randomised controlled trials evaluating the effectiveness of CBT for treating psychosis often exclude individuals with high levels of FTD due to FTD reducing therapeutic alliance which is associated with key outcomes in therapy. However, there is some provisional evidence suggesting that FTD may not preclude the effectiveness of CBT.


title: Thought disorder

text: Kircher and colleagues have suggested that the following methods should be used in CBT for treating patients with FTD:


title: Thought disorder

text: In the general population, there will always be abnormalities in language and their presence is therefore not always diagnostic of any condition. Language abnormalities can occur in schizophrenia and other disorders such as mania or depression, and can also occur in anybody who may simply be tired or stressed. To distinguish thought disorder, patterns of speech, severity of symptoms, their frequency, and resulting functional impairment can be considered.


title: Thought disorder

text: Symptoms of thought disorder include derailment, pressured speech, poverty of speech, tangentiality, and thought blocking. FTD is a hallmark feature of schizophrenia, but is also associated with other conditions including mood disorders, dementia, mania, and neurological diseases. Impaired attention, poor memory, and difficulty formulating abstract concepts may also reflect thought disorder, and can be observed or assessed with mental status tests such as serial sevens or memory tests.


title: Thought disorder

text: There are many types of thought disorder. They are also referred to as symptoms of formal thought disorder of which 30 are described including:


title: Thought disorder

text: Some recent (2015, 2017) psychiatric/psychological glossaries defined thought disorder as disturbed thinking or cognition that affects communication, language, or thought content including poverty of ideas, neologisms, paralogia, word salad, and delusions


title: Thought disorder

text: which are disturbance of both thought content and thought formand suggested the more specific terms of content thought disorder and formal thought disorder,


title: Thought disorder

text: with content thought disorder defined as a thought disturbance characterized by multiple fragmented delusions, and formal thought disorder defined as disturbance in the form or structure of thinking.


title: Thought disorder

text: For example, DSM-5 (2013) only used the word formal thought disorder, mostly as a synonym of disorganized thinking and disorganized speech.


title: Thought disorder

text: This is in contrast with ICD-10 (1992) which only used the word "thought disorder", always accompanied with "delusion" and "hallucination" separately, and a general medical dictionary (2002) that although generally defined thought disorders similarly to the psychiatric glossaries, but also used the word in other entries as ICD-10 did.


title: Thought disorder

text: The recent psychiatric text (2017) also mentioned when describing thought disorder as a "disorganization syndrome" within the context of schizophrenia:


title: Thought disorder

text: The same text also mentioned that some clinicians use the term "formal thought disorder" broadly referring to abnormalities in thought form plus any psychotic cognitive sign or symptom, and that various studies examining cognition and subsymdromes in schizophrenia may refer to formal thought disorder as "conceptual disorganization" or "disorganization factor."


title: Thought disorder

text: It was believed that thought disorder occurred only in schizophrenia, but later findings indicate it may occur in other psychiatric conditions including mania, and occurs even in people without mental illness. Also, people with schizophrenia don't all exhibit thought disorder, so not having any thought disorder doesn't mean the person doesn't have schizophrenia, i.e. the condition is not very specific to the disease.


title: Thought disorder

text: When adopting specific definitions of thought disorder subtypes and classifying them as positive and negative symptoms, Nancy Andreasen found


title: Thought disorder

text: that different subtypes of thought disorder occur at different frequencies among those with manic, depression, and schizophrenia. People with mania have pressured speech as the most prominent symptom, but also have relatively high rates of derailment, tangentiality, and incoherence which are as prominent as in those with schizophrenia. They are likelier to have pressured speech, distractibility, and circumstantiality.


title: Thought disorder

text: People with schizophrenia have more negative thought disorder including poverty of speech and poverty of content of speech, but also have relatively high rates of certain positive thought disorders.


title: Thought disorder

text: Derailment, loss of goal, poverty of content of speech, tangentiality and illogicality are particularly characteristic of schizophrenia.


title: Thought disorder

text: People with depression have relatively less thought disorders; the most prominent are poverty of speech, poverty of content of speech, and circumstantiality. She found the diagnostic usefulness of dividing the symptoms into subtypes, such as having negative thought disorders without the full affective symptoms highly suggest schizophrenia.


title: Thought disorder

text: She also found prognostic values of negative/positive symptom divisions. In manic patients, most thought disorders return to normal levels 6 months after evaluation which suggests that thought disorders in this condition, although as severe as in schizophrenia, tend to be recoverable. In people with schizophrenia, however, negative thought disorders remain after six months, and sometimes worsen. Positive thought disorders get better somewhat. Also, negative thought disorder is a good predictor of some outcomes, e.g. patients with prominent negative thought disorders do worse on social functioning six months later.


title: Thought disorder

text: So, in general, having more prominent negative symptoms suggest a worse outcome. Nevertheless, some people may do well, respond to medication, and have normal brain function. The positive symptoms are similar vice versa.


title: Thought disorder

text: In schizophrenia, thought disorders' severity tend to be more stable than hallucinations and delusions. Prominent thought disorders are more unlikely to diminish in middle age compared to positive symptoms.


title: Thought disorder

text: Less severe thought disorder may occur during the prodromal and residual periods of schizophrenia. Treatment for thought disorder may include psychotherapy such as cognitive behavior therapy (CBT) and/or psychotropic medications.


title: Thought disorder

text: DSM-5 include delusions, hallucinations, disorganized thought process (formal thought disorder), and disorganized or abnormal motor behavior (including catatonia) as key symptoms in "psychosis." Although not specific to different diagnoses, certain aspects of psychosis are characteristic of some diagnoses.


title: Thought disorder

text: Schizophrenia spectrum disorders (e.g., schizoaffective disorder, schizophreniform disorder) typically consist of prominent hallucinations and/or delusions as well as formal thought disorderdisplayed as severe behavioral abnormalities including disorganized, bizarre, and catatonic behavior.


title: Thought disorder

text: Psychotic disorders due to general medical conditions and substance-induced psychotic disorders typically consist of delusions and/or hallucinations.


title: Thought disorder

text: Delusional disorder and shared psychotic disorder, which are more rare, typically consist of persistent delusions.


title: Thought disorder

text: Research found that most formal thought disorders are commonly found in schizophrenia and mood disorders, but poverty of speech content is more common in schizophrenia.


title: Thought disorder

text: Experienced clinicians may distinguish true psychosis, such as in schizophrenia, and bipolar mania, from malingering, when an individual fakes illness for other gains, by clinical presentations. For example, malingerers feign thought contents with no irregularities in form such as derailment or looseness of associations. Negative symptoms including alogia may not be present. In addition, chronic thought disorder is typically distressing.


title: Thought disorder

text: Typically, autism spectrum disorders (ASD), whose diagnosis requires onset of symptoms prior to 3 years of age, can be distinguished from early-onset schizophrenia by disease onset occurrence (schizophrenia manifestation under age 10 is extremely rare) and the fact that ASD patients don't display formal thought disorders.


title: Thought disorder

text: However, it has been suggested that individuals with autism spectrum disorders (ASD) display language disturbances like those found in schizophrenia; a 2008 study found that children and adolescents with ASD showed significantly more illogical thinking and loose associations than control subjects. The illogical thinking was related to cognitive functioning and executive control; the loose associations were related to communication symptoms and to parent reports of stress and anxiety.


title: Thought disorder

text: Rorschach inkblots have shown to be a very useful tool in assessing thought disorder in disturbed patients. A series of inkblots are shown and the responses to them by the patients are recorded and further analyzed to determine disturbances of thought. The nature of the assessment itself offers insight to the cognitive processes of another and how they respond to equivocal stimuli. Hermann Rorschach first developed this test as a measure for diagnosing schizophrenia after realizing that people with schizophrenia gave drastically different interpretations of Klecksographie inkblots as compared to others who's thought process was considered normal. It has since been one of the most widely used assessment tools in diagnosing thought disorders.


title: Thought disorder

text: The Thought Disorder Index (TDI), also called the Delta Index, was developed to help further determine the severity of thought disorder in verbal responses. TDI scores are mainly derived from verbally expressed interpretations of the Rorschach Inkblot Test, but TDI can also be used with other verbal samples including the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale. TDI includes a twenty-three-category scoring index. Each category scores the level of severity on a scale from 0–1, with .25 being mild and 1.00 being most severe (.25, .50, .75, 1.00).


title: Thought disorder

text: The concept of thought disorder has been criticized as being based on circular or incoherent definitions. For example, symptoms of thought disorder are inferred from disordered speech, based on the assumption that disordered speech arises because of disordered thought. Incoherence, or word salad, refers to speech that is semantically unconnected and conveys no meaning to the listener.


title: Thought disorder

text: Furthermore, although thought disorder is typically associated with psychosis, similar phenomena can appear in different disorders, potentially leading to misdiagnosis—for example, in the case of incomplete yet potentially fruitful thought processes.


title: Thought disorder

text: Another criticism related to the separation of symptoms of schizophrenia into negative/positive symptoms, including thought disorder, is that it oversimplifies the complexity of thought disorder and its relationship with other positive symptoms. Later factor analysis studies found that negative symptoms tend to correlate with one another, while positive symptoms tend to separate into two groups.


title: Thought disorder

text: The three clusters became roughly known as negative symptoms, psychotic symptoms, and disorganization symptoms.


title: Thought disorder

text: Alogia, a thought disorder traditionally classified as a negative symptom, can be separated into two separate groups: poverty of speech content as a disorganization symptom, and poverty of speech, response latency, and thought blocking as negative symptoms.


title: Thought disorder

text: Nevertheless, the efforts that led to the positive/negative symptom diametrics may allow the more accurate characterization of schizophrenia in the later works.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The flag of Texas is the official flag of the U.S. state of Texas. It is well known for its prominent single white star which gives the flag its commonly-used name: "Lone Star Flag". This lone star, in turn, gives rise to the state's nickname: "The Lone Star State". The flag, flown at homes and businesses statewide, is highly popular among Texans and is treated with a great degree of reverence and esteem within Texas. Along with the flag of Hawaii, it is one of two state flags to have previously served as a national flag of an independent country. In 2001, the North American Vexillological Association surveyed its members on the designs of the 72 U.S. state, territorial, and Canadian provincial flags and ranked the Texas flag second, behind New Mexico.


title: Flag of Texas

text: Legislation authorizing the flag was introduced in the Congress of the Republic of Texas on December 28, 1838, by Senator William H. Wharton. The flag was adopted on January 25, 1839, as the national flag of the Republic of Texas. "Accompanying the original Act ... is a drawing by Peter Krag of the national flag and seal ... although in the original President Lamar's approval and signature are at the top and upside down[.]" When Texas became the 28th U.S. state on December 29, 1845, the national flag became the state flag. From 1879 until 1933 there was no official state flag, although the Lone Star Flag remained the de facto state flag; in adopting the Revised Civil Statutes of 1879, the Legislature repealed all statutes not expressly continued in force; since the statutes pertaining to the flag were not among those renewed, Texas was formally flagless until the passage of the 1933 flag law.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The actual designer of the flag is unknown. Some claim that Dr. Charles B. Stewart of Montgomery, Texas, is either the designer of the flag or drew the image used by the Third Congress when enacting the legislation adopting the flag. However, Stewart's drawing "looks suspiciously like a tracing of the Peter Krag art, including the upside down signature of President Lamar".


title: Flag of Texas

text: The exact shades of red, white, and blue to be used in the flag are specified by Texas statute to be the same as those of the flag of the United States, which are:


title: Flag of Texas

text: The Texas Flag Code assigns the following symbolism to the colors of the Texas flag: blue stands for loyalty, white for purity, and red for bravery. The code also states that the single ("lone") star "represents ALL of Texas and stands for our unity as one for God, State, and Country".


title: Flag of Texas

text: The idea of the single red stripe and single white stripe actually dates back to the short-lived Republic of Fredonia, a small state near modern Nacogdoches which seceded from Mexico in 1826 before being forcibly re-integrated. The new state was formed through an alliance between local Anglo settlers and Native American tribes and the Fredonian flag used a white and red stripe to symbolize the two ethnic/racial groups from which the state was formed. Though this rebellion ultimately failed it served as an inspiration to the later Texas Revolution.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The idea of the "lone star" is, in fact, an older symbol predating the flag which was used to symbolize Texans' solidarity in declaring independence from Mexico. A similar lone star was on the "Burnet Flag", which resembled the flag of the short-lived Republic of West Florida. The "Lone Star" is still seen today as a symbol of Texas' independent spirit, and gave rise to the state's official nickname "The Lone Star State".


title: Flag of Texas

text: The pledge was instituted by the Texas Legislature in 1933. The pledge originally referred to the "Texas flag of 1836" (which was the Burnet Flag, and not the Lone Star Flag then in use). In 1965, the error was corrected by deleting the words "of 1836" because the current flag was not officially adopted by the Texas government until 1839. In 2007, the phrase "one state under God" was added. The addition of "under God" has been challenged in court, though an injunction was denied.


title: Flag of Texas

text: As of 2001 (amended 2017), the pledge is recited standing at attention with one's right hand over one's heart. A person in uniform instead renders a military salute. The Texas Pledge is always recited after reciting the Pledge of Allegiance to the American flag every morning in the majority of schools across the state.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The flag is required by law to be displayed on or near the main administration building of each state institution during each state or national holiday, and on any special occasion of historical significance, permanently above both doors of the Texas State Capitol, alone at the north door, and under the U.S. flag at the south door, with the exception being if the flags are at half mast or if the POW/MIA flag is being flown with the U.S. flag; in which event the Texas flag shall only fly at the North Door. State law also requires that the state flag be flown at or near any International Port of Entry. When displayed vertically, the blue stripe should be at top and, from the perspective of an observer, the white stripe should be to the left of the red stripe.


title: Flag of Texas

text: During revolutionary eras of Texas history, during the Spanish Texas period, Mexican Texas period, and the times of the Texas Revolution, a great number and variety of flags appeared.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The Lone Star and Stripes/Ensign of the First Texas Navy/War Ensign flag was widely used by both Texan land and naval forces. This flag was simply the United States flag with a Lone star in the canton. This flag echoes an earlier design, carried by the forces of James Long in failed 1819 and 1821 attempts to separate Texas from Spanish control. This earlier flag was exactly the same, save for the canton having a red background rather than blue. There is evidence that the Lone Star and Stripes was used at the battles of Goliad, the Alamo, and San Jacinto, and the first Congress of the Republic of Texas as convened under it in 1836. Although interim President David Burnet issued a decree making the Lone Star and Stripes the first official flag of the Republic of Texas, it never became the legal national flag. It did remain the naval flag of Texas until annexation, and was noted for being "beneficial to our [Texan] Navy and Merchantmen" due to its resemblance to the U.S. flag. Despite its unofficial status, the flag remained well known inside the region and internationally as the symbol of Texas. The official blue and gold "Burnet Flag", on the other hand, was little known by Texans, and no contemporary illustrations of it have been discovered except for on the first series 2 dollar note of the Texas Dollar. An 1837 chart of national flags printed in Philadelphia showed the Lone Star and Stripes as the national flag of Texas, and Texas Senator Oliver Jones, who led the 1839 committee which approved the Lone Star Flag, was unaware that the Lone Star and Stripes was not the current official flag. Later, prior to the American Civil War, this flag was carried by Floridian militiamen in Pensacola during the seizure of U.S. property in that city.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The "Come and Take It Flag" was created by the people of Gonzales, featuring the phrase, a black five pointed star, and the image of the town cannon Mexican forces had demanded they turn over. In March 1831, Juan Gomez, a lieutenant in the Mexican Army, granted a small cannon to the colony of San Antonio. It was then transported to Gonzales, Texas and later was the object of Texas pride. At the minor skirmish known as the Battle of Gonzales, a small group of Texans successfully resisted the Mexican forces who had orders to seize their cannon. As a symbol of defiance, the Texans had fashioned a flag containing the phrase along with a black star and an image of the cannon which they had received six years earlier from Mexican officials.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The so-called "Alamo Flag" or "1824 flag" was created by replacing the Eagle in the center of the Mexican tricolor with the year "1824", referencing the 1824 Constitution of Mexico, in support of which Texas was fighting. This was the first flag approved for use by rebel forces by a Texan legislative body. In 1835, the Texan provisional government approved the use of this flag for privateers preying on Mexican commerce. It has often been said that the 1824 flag was flown by Texan forces at the Battle of the Alamo. However, this was never alleged until 1860, long after the battle had occurred. Modern writers have pointed out that the presence of the 1824 flag at the time and place of the battle is highly unlikely. A similar flag was flown at least briefly by Texan Tejano forces, featuring two black, six pointed stars in place of the date. It is likely that the actual "Alamo flag" referred to by accounts of the time was the Lone Star and Stripes, which had been depicted in use at earlier battles such as Goliad, and was widely referred to as the "Texian flag".


title: Flag of Texas

text: The Dodson Tricolor or Dodson flag was designed and sewn by a Mrs. Sarah Dodson during the Revolution. It resembled the flag of Revolutionary France, but with longer proportions and the Texan Lone Star in the canton. Stephen F. Austin was initially so alarmed by the obvious symbolism that he requested the flag not be used, but it nevertheless flew over Texan forces in Cibolo Creek, and may have been the first Texan flag raised over San Antonio. The flag was one of two that flew over the small cabin in which Texas delegates ratified their declaration of independence.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The Burnet Flag was adopted by the Texan Congress on December 10, 1836. The name refers David G. Burnet, who was provisional president of the Republic of Texas when the flag was adopted. It consisted of an azure background with a large golden star, inspired by the 1810 "Bonnie Blue Flag" of the Republic of West Florida. Variants of the Burnet Flag with a white star, virtually identical to the Bonnie Blue Flag, were also common. Other variants featured the star (of either color) upside down, and/or ringed with the word TEXAS, with each letter filling one of the gaps of the star.


title: Flag of Texas

text: In early 1861, between the secession of Texas from the U.S. and its accession to the Confederacy, Texas flew an unofficial, variant flag of Texas with fifteen stars, representing the fifteen slave states. No drawings exist of the flag; there are only imprecise descriptions. The flag may have been based on the state flag or the Bonnie Blue Flag.


title: Flag of Texas

text: This flag was created for the Texas Centennial Exposition of 1936, a world fair located in Dallas to mark the 100th anniversary of Texas independence.


title: Flag of Texas

text: It is an urban legend that the Texas flag is the only state flag that is allowed to fly at the same height as the U.S. flag. However, the legend is false. Neither the Joint Resolution for Annexing Texas to the United States nor the Ordinance of Annexation contains any provisions regarding flags. According to the United States Flag Code, any state flag can be flown at the same height as the U.S. flag, but the U.S. flag should be on its right (the viewer's left). Consistent with the U.S. Flag Code, the Texas Flag Code specifies that the state flag should either be flown below the U.S. flag if on the same pole or at the same height as the U.S. flag if on separate poles.


title: Flag of Texas

text: The Texas governor currently uses a flag consisting of the state coat of arms (a lone star encircled by live oak and olive branches) on a light blue circle, all on a dark blue field with a white star in each corner. The flag has been in use since the late 1960s or early 1970s. The design has never been formally adopted by executive order or legislation. Legislation was introduced to the Texas Legislature in 2007 and 2009 to adopt the 1839 pilot flag/civil ensign of the Republic of Texas as the official flag of the Governor of Texas. While the 2007 bill died in committee, the 2009 bill was passed by the House but died in a Senate committee due to the flag's similarity to the flag of Russia.


title: Flag of Texas

text: Amendments to the Texas Flag Code, signed into law in 1993, authorize the Governor to adopt a flag of his or her own choosing, but this executive authority has not been exercised.


title: Flag of Texas

text: Texas's flag is similar to the flag of Chile, first used in 1817. However, the Chilean flag has a blue canton with a white star rather than the entire left side being blue, with the red bottom stripe begins below the canton. One author suggests that both the Chilean flag and the Texas flag were designed to look like the flag of the United States from afar while at sea.


title: Flag of Texas

text: Many flags used by municipalities, counties, and other entities in Texas use the same basic scheme as the Texas flag.


title: Kaabil

text: Kaabil () is a 2017 Indian Hindi-language romantic action thriller film directed by Sanjay Gupta, written by Vijay Kumar Mishra, produced by Rakesh Roshan under his banner FilmKraft Productions. It stars Hrithik Roshan, Yami Gautam, Ronit Roy and Rohit Roy. The music was composed by Rajesh Roshan. Principal photography of the film began on 30 March 2016.


title: Kaabil

text: The film follows a blind voiceover artist who becomes disillusioned when his wife faces injustice and dies. He becomes a vigilante and decides to seek revenge against those responsible for his wife's death, while also dodging police with a cover that no one would believe a blind man can kill someone. "Kaabil" was released theatrically on 25 January 2017. Roshan received the Nomination of Filmfare Award for Best Actor for his performance at the 63rd Filmfare Awards. The film was commercially successful despite performing weakly upon its release in China in 2019.


title: Kaabil

text: Rohan Bhatnagar is a kind young man who has been blind since birth and works as a voice-over artist in animated programmes for a living. Through his friends, he meets Supriya, a working woman who is also blind, but proudly independent. The two fall in love and get married. One night, on their way back home after dining out, they are interrupted by Amit Shellar, a local goon and younger brother of Madhavrao Shellar, a well-known politician. He and his friend Wasim, drunkenly misbehave with the couple, enraging Rohan. The next morning while Rohan is at work, Amit and Wasim sneak into the house and assault Supriya. A horrified Rohan immediately calls the police; Officer Chaubey advises him to get his wife medically examined in 24 hours to prove the assault. While Rohan and Supriya are on their way to the clinic, they are kidnapped by Shellar's men and held captive for 36 hours. After being set free, Rohan and Supriya are criticized by police for the delay in getting Supriya clinically examined, and are accused of being liars. Heartbroken, they return home. Supriya attempts to live normally but Rohan becomes silent and introspective, which hurts her. One morning, Rohan returns early from work to apologize to Supriya for not being as supportive as he should have, only to find her corpse, hanging from the ceiling fan. Madhavrao visits Rohan and reveals that his brother Amit assaulted Supriya not once but twice.


title: Kaabil

text: Rohan finds Supriya's suicide note, which ascertains that Amit had assaulted her a second time; this second assault led to her suicide. Shattered, Rohan implies to Officer Chaubey that he will avenge his wife's death, challenging that Chaubey will know who did it but will be able to do nothing about it, just like he did nothing about Supriya's case. Rohan uses his voice modulating skills to lure the culprits to places that Rohan knows well. First, he tricks Wasim and hangs him, leaving Amit's handkerchief behind to frame Amit. He then lures Amit to the warehouse where he and Supriya were held captive for 36 hours. He finds Amit by scent, tying him down to be burned alive in an explosion. Chaubey suspects Rohan for Amit and Wasim's murders and puts him under house arrest. Rohan gets past the police with the help of his friend, and calls Madhavrao to a building under construction that was to be Rohan and Supriya's new home. There, Rohan kills him and makes it look like a suicide. Rohan later relates the story to Chaubey: he made it look as if Amit killed Wasim, then Madhavrao committed suicide due to the pain of Amit's death. With no evidence against Rohan, a blind man, Chaubey stands helpless. His vengeance completed, Rohan scatters Supriya's ashes at sea.


title: Kaabil

text: Sanjay Gupta announced the film officially in January 2016 with Hrithik Roshan portraying the lead role, Rakesh Roshan producing the project and Rajesh Roshan composing the film score. Yami Gautam was confirmed to play the lead heroine while brothers Ronit Roy and Rohit Roy have played negative role in the film.


title: Kaabil

text: The film is produced by Rakesh Roshan under his production house under FilmKraft Productions Pvt. Ltd. Rajesh Roshan will compose the music and Salim–Sulaiman giving background music to the film and Resul Pookutty for the film's sound design. The film's cinematography was performed by Sudeep Chatterjee and Ayananka Bose.


title: Kaabil

text: The principal photography commenced in Mumbai in March 2016. The entire shooting is scheduled to be completed by July 2016. The movie is slated to release on 25 January 2017. Filming for the first schedule wrapped on 19 June 2016. Film shooting was completed in 77 days.


title: Kaabil

text: The film was released on 25 January 2017 worldwide along with Rahul Dholakia's "Raees" starring Shah Rukh Khan. "Kaabil" opened in 2700 screens whereas "Raees" opened in 3500 screens. On 2 February 2017, "Kaabil" was released across Pakistan, becoming the first Indian film to be screened in Pakistan, post lifting of ban on Indian films after the 2016 Uri terror attack and its aftermath. It was released in Hindi along with its Tamil dubbed version titled "Balam".


title: Kaabil

text: Following the good performance of the film at the box-office, Kaabil was released on around 200 more screens in India, on 2 February 2017. "Kaabil" was released in China on 5 June 2019.


title: Kaabil

text: Taran Adarsh of Bollywood Hungama gave the movie 4 out of 5 stars and wrote, "On the whole, KAABIL is gripping, gut-wrenching and is likely to stay with you for a long time."


title: Kaabil

text: "The Indian Express" gave the movie 1.5 out of 5 and said, "Hrithik does all the heavy lifting and remains the only bright spot in this dispirited mess of a movie. He still has the moves. What he needs is a plot."


title: Kaabil

text: Meena Iyer of "Times of India" gave the film a rating of 4/5 stars, noting that the movie seemed to be inspired by the 1989 movie "Blind Fury" and the 2014 Korean movie "Broken". Iyer praised Roshan's performance as his "all-time best", and felt that the character Rohan was "vulnerable as a lover and menacing as a killing-machine".


title: Kaabil

text: Sarita A. Tanwar of "Daily News and Analysis" gave the rating of 4/5 stars stating "Kaabil is old-school, emotional and forceful. And an absolute must for all Hrithik Roshan fans. And if you aren't his fan, you might feel differently after this film".


title: Kaabil

text: Writing for "The Hindu", Namrata Joshi gave the film 2 out of 5 and called it a "predictable revenge and retribution saga that offers nothing new other than the visually impaired protagonists."


title: Kaabil

text: Rachit Gupta from "Filmfare" wrote "Hrithik carries this film on his capable shoulders. His perfectly nuanced performance is the reason you’ll enjoy the thrills of Kaabil." and gave the movie 3 stars out of 5.


title: Kaabil

text: Bollywood Bubble gave the movie a rating of 4 out of 5 and said, "‘Kaabil’ will present you a far bitter truth. It'll draw a very uncomfortable, shrewd reality wherein the ones in greater need of support are the ones often thrown on the edge, laughed at. It'll show you a world in desperate need of more compassion, more kindness."


title: Kaabil

text: Joginder Tuteja of Movie Talkies gave the rating of 4/5 stars and said, "Rakesh Roshan has ensured that Kaabil turns out to be a commercial film for the audiences that has all the right ingredients in place and that too in the right proportions. It must have been quite a challenge to have three creative brains (Sanjay, Hrithik and himself) to blend seamlessly and deliver a product which is in just the right synch. That happens with Kaabil and that is the right reason why the final outcome keeps you glued on the screen right till the end."


title: Kaabil

text: "Business Standard" criticized the movie's plot and direction: "I’m not sure what’s more infuriating about this film – whether it’s regressive or stupid. Or whether it’s regressive and stupid and joyless and monotonous and silly and pointless. In fact, let’s call Kaabil for what it is: a B-movie with well-known actors. Worse, it’s exacerbated by shoddy CG, fake earnestness and a needless item number."


title: Kaabil

text: Udita Jhunjhunwala from "First Post" gave the rating of 3/5 and wrote, "If you are able to look past many of these niggles it's thank to Hrithik Roshan's committed performance which keeps you rooting for his Rohan all the way."


title: Kaabil

text: Sukanya Varma from "Rediff.com" gave the film 2.5 on 5, and felt that "Kaabil serves nothing beyond an unabashed platform to vaunt a seething Hrithik, sentimental Hrithik, snarky Hrithik, sly Hrithik or spry Hrithik...". Saibal Chaterjee from NDTV gave the movie 2.5 out of 5, calling the film "...paisa vasool ( worth the money) fare, if not more."


title: Kaabil

text: Mike McCahill from "The Guardian" gave the film 2 out of 5, and remarked that "Sanjay Gupta's tale of a blind dubbing artist avenging the ghost of his wife is the sort of nonsense the Indian film industry stopped churning out 20 years ago."


title: Kaabil

text: The soundtrack for "Kaabil" is composed by Rajesh Roshan. The song "Haseeno Ka Deewana" is a cover version of "Sara Zamana" from Roshan's original soundtrack to the film "Yaarana" (1981). The original "Yaarana" version was sung by Kishore Kumar, and featured Amitabh Bachchan and Neetu Singh in the music video. The "Kaabil" cover version is sung by Payal Dev with rapper Raftaar, while the music video is an item number featuring Urvashi Rautela.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: Genius is a 2018 Indian Hindi-language romantic action thriller film directed by Anil Sharma. It marks the debut of his son Utkarsh Sharma as a male lead, who also featured as a child actor in Sharma's 2001 film "," Ishita Chauhan and Mithun Chakraborty, with Ayesha Jhulka, Nawazuddin Siddiqui and Malti Chahar play supporting roles in the film.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: The film starts with Vasudev Shastri (Utkarsh Sharma), a genius RAW (Research and Analysis Wing) agent, being labelled as incompetent because he had failed in an important mission and got himself too injured to work again. Later, when he sits by a park depressed, Nandini (Ishitha Chauhan), the love of his life, consoles him. The film then goes into a flashback where Vasudev Shastri who is a topper yet charming man who comes to IIT where the second ranker, Nandini Chauhan, out of jealousy, decides to make his life hell. She constantly detests him, but Vasu outsmarts her every time. Besides being the friendly "genius" around campus, he secretly uses his hacking talent working part time for RAW.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: The day before the final exam in IIT, Nandini reluctantly visits Vasu to get help regarding a theorem. There, Vasu admits to Nandini that he had been long in love with her. Hearing this, Nandini immediately hatches a cunning plan and gives Vasu sleeping pills so that he is unable to attend the exam the next day. However, Vasu outsmarts her this time as well and reaches the exam hall before her. Vasu doesn't at all seem angry with her and instead helps her with an unexpected glitch and walks away smiling after completing his paper. On the day of the results, Nandini learns that Vasu had intentionally submitted a blank paper just to let her top. Seeing his dedication towards love, Nandini madly falls in love with him but doesn't reveal it and flies off to the US for her dream job.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: On the other hand, senior members of RAW, impressed by Vasu's intelligence, try to convince him to join RAW. After learning that his parents were killed in communal riots planned by ISI of Pakistan, Vasu finally decides to join RAW to take revenge against ISI. The film returns to the present, where Vasu, who is labelled incompetent by RAW, uses a walking stick and suffers from acute tinnitus and several injuries since his failed mission.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: Nandini had taken a break from her job to return to India and take care of Vasu. She takes Vasu to her house in Puducherry, where her mother is pleasantly surprised to see Nandini (who had never valued personal relationships before her career) make huge sacrifices for Vasu's welfare. Vasu and Nandini spend some romantic moments, but their happiness is short lived as Vasu starts having hallucinations about his failed mission.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: A confused Nandini tries to take Vasu to the USA for treatment. Vasu refuses and narrates the tragic story of his failed mission to Nandini, after which he leaves to track MRS, the mastermind of ISI in India and the prime target of his failed mission. Soon after, it is shown that all the hallucinations were just a drama set up by Vasu to track his enemies. He, one by one, kills everyone who had helped MRS. On the other hand, MRS senses Vasudev's return and plans to kill him in a masquerade party. In the masquerade party, Vasu saves himself but gets injured once again. Seeing Vasu's miserable condition, Nandini breaks down. MRS, who was secretly observing them, takes advantage of this and kidnaps Nandini. Soon after, the senior members of RAW acknowledge his competence. With the help of RAW, Vasu finds Nandini, saves Mathura from a huge blast and finally kills MRS by drowning him in the river. All members of RAW praise him. The film ends with him sharing a big hug with Nandini.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: The film received generally poor reviews. Reviews were particularly critical of the confusing narrative and the standard of acting. Bollywood Hungama gave it 1/5 stars saying, "On the whole, GENIUS is an extremely poor and senseless fare." Ronak Kotecha of The Times of India was equally critical of the film giving it 2/5 stars. The Indian Express gave it a "nil" rating describing it as feeling redundant.


title: Genius (2018 Hindi film)

text: The music of the film is composed by Himesh Reshammiya,"Tera Fitoor" and "Dil Meri Na Sune" two of the most hits song of 2018 and Monty Sharma composed the background score, while lyrics are penned by Manoj Muntashir, Kumaar, and Shabbir Ahmed. The first song of the film "Tera Fitoor", which is sung by Arijit Singh was released on 12 July 2018 . The album was released on 9 August 2018 by Tips Music.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry the Platypus (also known as Agent P or Perry) is a fictional bipedal platypus from the American animated series "Phineas and Ferb" and "Milo Murphy's Law". Perry was created by Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh. Perry is featured as the star of the B-plot for every episode of the series, alongside his nemesis Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz. A mostly silent character, his lone vocal characteristic (a rattling of his beak) is provided by Dee Bradley Baker.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry is the pet of the Flynn-Fletcher family and is perceived by his owners as mindless and domesticated. In secret, however, he lives a double life as a member of an all-animal espionage organization referred to as the O.W.C.A. (Organization Without a Cool Acronym). Many secret entrances to his underground lair exist all around the Flynn-Fletcher residence, such as the side of the house, most notably the tree that his owners sit under in the backyard, and several other everyday objects that seem to elude the family's attention. Perry has also been shown to have entrances in Hawaii, London, and South Dakota. He engages in daily battles with Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, an evil scientist who desires to take over the tri-state area with obscure contraptions, or "-inators", that work perfectly according to his intended function but fail in his application of them every time.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry was made a platypus because of the animal's striking appearance and the lack of public knowledge of the animal, which allowed the writers to make things up about the species. Critical reception for the character from both professionals and fans have been considerably positive. Merchandising of the character include plush toys, t-shirts, wooden toys, glasses, and coloring books, along with appearances in literature and multiple video games.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry is the docile pet platypus of the blended Flynn-Fletcher family, who adopted him because his unfocused gaze made it seem as if he were looking at both Phineas and Ferb at the same time, as shown in the 2011 movie, "". Unbeknownst to them, Perry lives a double life as a crime-fighting spy working for the "Organization Without a Cool Acronym"/The O.W.C.A, going by the codename "Agent P." He reports to his superior, Major Monogram, via telecast in his large, high-tech, underground hideout. Every day, he engages in battles with the evil scientist Dr. Heinz Doofenshmirtz, who tries using inventions to take over the tri-state area. Perry is always able to foil Doofenshmirtz's plans and in doing so accidentally leads to the destruction of whatever form of contraption his owners, Phineas Flynn and Ferb Fletcher, are building in order to make summer better. Phineas and Ferb are aware that something happens to get rid of their scheme for the day, but do not know that Perry is the cause behind it and are largely dismissive of it. Their sister, Candace, also does not know that Perry is behind the destruction and is driven to near insanity trying to figure it out.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry and Doofenshmirtz at first seem to loathe each other in the beginning of the series, and have been arch-nemeses since the day they met. However, they are often cordial and friendly towards one another and it is said by Doofenshmirtz that Perry is his best friend in the episode "The Chronicles of Meap", and Perry will often act to save Doofenshmirtz's life when his plot inevitably blows up in his face. Doofenshmirtz also went out of his way in one episode to become closer to Perry after he is assigned to a new villain. Habitually, their daily brawls involve Doofenshmirtz devising a scheme, which Perry goes to stop after being briefed by Major Monogram. He is trapped by Doofenshmirtz while trying to do so and is told of the doctor's scheme, usually pertaining to some backstory or pet peeve. He then escapes and the two fight, Perry coming out victorious with Doofenshmirtz yelling "Curse you, Perry the Platypus!". The two rely on this daily structure, Doofenshmirtz even specifically mentioning it in "Journey to the Center of Candace" and in episodes such as "It's About Time!" in which Doofenshmirtz temporarily replaces Perry with secret agent Peter The Panda and they become depressed about not having each other to fight. When this happens, Perry realizes he misses Doofenshmirtz too. When Perry does not arrive on the scene of Doofenshmirtz's evil plan, the doctor hesitates to execute his plans and fears for where Perry has gone, though he notes that he "hopes something terrible has happened to him.". Sometimes, they decided not to fight and have fun, as shown in "Happy New Year!" and "Candace Disconnected".


title: Perry the Platypus

text: In "", an alternate reality (yet more evil and ruthless) version of Perry (known as Platyborg) appears. Platyborg would later return in the episode sequel, "Tales from the Resistance: Back to the 2nd Dimension". Perry's secret would be revealed to Phineas, Ferb, their friends, and Dr. Doofenshmirtz and got their memories erased in order for Phineas and Ferb to keep Perry as a pet.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: In "Milo Murphy's Law", Perry becomes a recurring character. Over the course of the second season, he is tasked with watching over Dr. Doofenshmirtz as he attempts (and fails) to do good around Danville. Doofenshmirtz is at first oblivious to this mission and assumes Perry is being his friend, and so pushes him away upon finding out. They eventually reconcile and Perry reveals his intentions to donate his earnings towards Doofenshmirtz's cause. He also appears in "".


title: Perry the Platypus

text: In addition to the main television series, Perry has appeared in several pieces of "Phineas and Ferb" merchandise. To date, he has appeared in all "Phineas and Ferb" novelizations, published by Disney Press. The character has been adapted into a 20-inch plush toy, released by The Walt Disney Company. The plush has a button on its hand that allows it to emit Perry's signature chattering noise. Certain t-shirts based on the series released by both Disney and the online retail website "Zazzle" also display Perry and the phrase "Hey, where's Perry?" which most characters like Phineas, Isabella, Stacy, Irving, Ferb, and Lawrence utter when Perry goes to Major Monogram in his secret lair in almost every episode. There also is a T-shirt with Perry's face. Perry appears in the Nintendo DS video game based on the series, simply titled "Phineas and Ferb," where a mini-game involves Perry stopping Doofenshmirtz's latest evil scheme. As of June 28, 2012, Perry appeared in the video game "Where's My Perry?". On April 1, 2014, Perry is also a playable character in the video game "Disney Infinity".


title: Perry the Platypus

text: While working on the animated television series "Rocko's Modern Life," "Phineas and Ferb" co-creators Dan Povenmire and Jeff "Swampy" Marsh utilized several recurring elements in the episodes that they wrote. Among these were actions sequences and chase scenes. Povenmire and Marsh wanted to reuse these elements in their series and chose Perry to execute it. The pair gave him a consistent and continuous nemesis in the form of Doofenshmirtz as a means of allowing viewers to get to know him.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: While choosing a species for Perry, Povenmire and Marsh wanted to keep in mind selecting one that was uncommon, an animal that kids could not "pick out at a pet store and beg [their parents] for." They chose a platypus because of the animal's obscure and striking appearance. The animal was scarcely used in American animated programs, so the pair opined that Perry "would not have to compete with preconceived notions that viewers might bring to a more conventional critter." The blank storyboard they were given allowed them to "make stuff up" since "no one knows very much about [them]."


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry has a theme song tentatively entitled "Perry," performed by Randy Crenshaw and Laura Dickinson, and written by Povenmire and Marsh, who write the majority of songs in the series. The song, along with the number "Gitchee Gitchee Goo" from the episode "Flop Starz," was the first musical composition Povenmire and Marsh pitched to The Walt Disney Company. They were nervous doing so, because, as Povenmire explained, "Disney has a big history of music -- what if they hate it?" Their reaction, however, was considerably positive and the pair was asked to write a song for each episode, which they vehemently agreed to. The opening lyrics for the song describe Perry as a standard textbook definition of a platypus: "He's a semi-aquatic, egg-laying mammal of action!"


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Like the other characters of the series, Perry was structured in a simple style to allow young viewers to easily draw him. In keeping with the show's general design scheme, Perry is constructed of geometric shapes in a style reminiscent of Tex Avery's. Povenmire uses different design styles for drawing Perry depending on how he is portrayed. When Perry is portrayed as a domesticated and mindless pet, Povenmire begins with a square shaped like a loaf of bread. He then draws his front legs and feet before drawing his bill, which is set at a certain angle. Povenmire then draws his eyeballs, which are never focused and look in opposing directions in a daze. He concludes the figure by adding his hind legs, tail, hair, and finally color. When designing Perry, Povenmire stated that he chose to color Perry teal because he thought "it looked cool", though it was discovered in 2020 that platypuses coincidentally glow a very similar color when under ultraviolet light.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: When portrayed as a secret agent, Povenmire starts with a similar bread loaf square design but draws it standing up vertically and places a fedora on the top of his head, which is combined with the square torso. In contrast to his mindless and wild-eyed expression as a pet, the secret agent version of Perry is detailed with eyes "full of steely blue resolve." Povenmire proceeds by drawing his arms, with bare hands that are open and prepared for fighting or any danger. His legs are bent, as well prepared for an act of danger or action needed. Povenmire finishes the design by adding his beaver tail and color.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry's undercover identity as a pet leads to characters throughout the series to deem him as a "mindless domestic pet" that "doesn't do much". This definition of the character led to Phineas and Ferb spearheading production of a new toyline based on Perry called "Perry the Inaction Figure," whose tagline revolved around it not doing anything but allowing the customer to make it whatever they desire it to be. In all actuality, Perry is a skilled fighter who is able to perform several implausible judo fighting moves and escapes. He has access to several different types of technology and inventions provided to him by The O.W.C.A., including a hover craft dubbed the "Platypusmobile," a jet ski, and a whistle set that allows him to summon different types of animals. His favorite color is perry-winkle.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Although his appearance as a domestic pet is mostly a cover, Perry has nonetheless expressed care and devotion for the Flynn-Fletcher family. In the episode "The Ballad of Bad Beard", Perry managed to drag Candace out of the Dark Cave before it caved in because of Dr. Doofenshmirtz's "self-destruction button" which Candace had accidentally pressed while under the orange moss hallucination, thinking it was a vending machine. He did this even though he knew that Candace saw that Perry was a secret agent talking to Agent E (Eagle) and to Major Monogram in a cracked egg. Candace thought she was just hallucinating because of the orange moss she accidentally touched earlier in the episode. Also, when an invention of Doofenshmirtz's in the episode "Journey to the Center of Candace" might cause severe harm to Phineas and Ferb, Perry thoroughly beats up Doofenshmirtz and quickly handcuffs him. He then ties him to a pipe and, instead of just leaving him like he usually does in the series, calls for special forces from the O.W.C.A. to come and arrest the doctor, though they never show up. In "Oh, There You Are, Perry," Doofenshmirtz is downgraded to a low threat level and Perry is reassigned to a new nemesis. This causes him to have to leave his home with the Flynn-Fletchers, which makes him sad and he does not enjoy his new villain. Phineas and Ferb are fearful about where Perry could have gone to and put up several flyers around town for people to find him. They decide to throw a concert on the roof of a building, singing a song about how much they love Perry and want him to come home. Concurrently, Perry is reassigned to Doofenshmirtz again and returns to the brothers once more.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Though Perry is anthropomorphic, he cannot speak; only communicating through an "aggravated purr" type of noise made by flapping his bill. This noise is provided by actor Dee Bradley Baker; to this day, Povenmire and Marsh do not understand how Baker produces the noise. Thomas Sangster, who voices Ferb, is good at making the noise and is considered second only to Baker himself. When in his "Agent P" persona, Perry is almost completely silent and communicates only by body language, facial expressions, hand gestures and occasionally pantomime. Povenmire also revealed that he did not actually know what a platypus sounded like when choosing the noise Baker would make, and that its resemblance to an actual platypus's noises were coincidental.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: As a character, Perry has been well received by both fans and critics. As Cynthia Littleton of "Variety" magazine wrote, "Perry the platypus is a breakout star from the Disney Channel toon "<nowiki>'Phineas and Ferb.'</nowiki>"" "The New York Times" writer Susan Stewart called him "intrepid." Jean Yoo, a press member for Disney Channel, said that Perry is "suave" and "makes James Bond look like a rank amateur." Aaron H. Bynum of "Animator Insider" opined that he is "indubitably confident." Carly H. of Scholastic, Inc. declared Perry "pretty darn awesome." Josh Jackson, editor of "Paste", described Perry and Doofenshmirtz's relationship as "pitch-perfect." "The Daily Star" claimed that Perry was an "amazing mammal" and stated that everyone can be like him.


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Certain reviewers have also commented negatively about Perry and his subplot, which Sherry Robinson of the "St. Petersburg Times" considers "pretty trippy." Kevin McDonough of "Sun Coast Today" described it as "complicated" and "loosely connected" to the rest of the series, writing that he is "not sure what this accomplishes except to add the noise of explosions to the already constant din of singing and screaming." Ed Liu of "Toon Zone" feels it is "truly puzzling what Perry the secret agent is doing in this show in the first place." Liu considers his subplot to be a type of "throw everything against the wall and see what sticks" element and writes that "many of the earlier episodes of the show don't manage to do a very good job of balancing the subplot and the main one."


title: Perry the Platypus

text: Perry was nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids' Choice Award in 2014 under the category of Favorite Animated Animal Sidekick.


title: Prothrombin time

text: The prothrombin time (PT) – along with its derived measures of prothrombin ratio (PR) and international normalized ratio (INR) – is an assay for evaluating the "extrinsic" pathway and common pathway of coagulation. This blood test is also called "protime INR" and "PT/INR". They are used to determine the clotting tendency of blood, in such things as the measure of warfarin dosage, liver damage, and vitamin K status. PT measures the following coagulation factors: I (fibrinogen), II (prothrombin), V (proaccelerin), VII (proconvertin), and X (Stuart–Prower factor).


title: Prothrombin time

text: PT is often used in conjunction with the activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) which measures the "intrinsic" pathway and common pathway of coagulation.


title: Prothrombin time

text: The reference range for prothrombin time depends on the analytical method used, but is usually around 12–13 seconds (results should always be interpreted using the reference range from the laboratory that performed the test), and the INR in absence of anticoagulation therapy is 0.8–1.2. The target range for INR in anticoagulant use (e.g. warfarin) is 2 to 3. In some cases, if more intense anticoagulation is thought to be required, the target range may be as high as 2.5–3.5 depending on the indication for anticoagulation.


title: Prothrombin time

text: Prothrombin time is typically analyzed by a laboratory technologist on an automated instrument at 37 °C (as a nominal approximation of normal human body temperature).


title: Prothrombin time

text: The prothrombin time ratio is the ratio of a subject's measured prothrombin time (in seconds) to the normal laboratory reference PT. The PT ratio varies depending on the specific reagents used, and has been replaced by the INR. Elevated INR may be useful as a rapid and inexpensive diagnostic of infection in people with COVID-19.


title: Prothrombin time

text: The result (in seconds) for a prothrombin time performed on a normal individual will vary according to the type of analytical system employed. This is due to the variations between different types and batches of manufacturer's tissue factor used in the reagent to perform the test. The INR was devised to standardize the results. Each manufacturer assigns an ISI value (International Sensitivity Index) for any tissue factor they manufacture. The ISI value indicates how a particular batch of tissue factor compares to an international reference tissue factor. The ISI is usually between 0.94 and 1.4 for more sensitive and 2.0–3.0 for less sensitive thromboplastins.


title: Prothrombin time

text: The INR is the ratio of a patient's prothrombin time to a normal (control) sample, raised to the power of the ISI value for the analytical system being used.


title: Prothrombin time

text: The prothrombin time is the time it takes plasma to clot after addition of tissue factor (obtained from animals such as rabbits, or recombinant tissue factor, or from brains of autopsy patients). This measures the quality of the "extrinsic pathway" (as well as the "common pathway") of coagulation. The speed of the "extrinsic pathway" is greatly affected by levels of functional factor VII in the body. Factor VII has a short half-life and the carboxylation of its glutamate residues requires vitamin K. The prothrombin time can be prolonged as a result of deficiencies in vitamin K, warfarin therapy, malabsorption, or lack of intestinal colonization by bacteria (such as in newborns). In addition, poor factor VII synthesis (due to liver disease) or increased consumption (in disseminated intravascular coagulation) may prolong the PT.